Umuceli

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      <text bytes="27138" sha1="11ru1az6bs6o8dnu6jk4lq7eatuei7p" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kalimbeza Rice field.jpg|thumb|umurima w'umuceri&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;|219x219px]]

[[Dosiye:Husked Rice. 03.jpg|thumb|Husked Rice]]

[[Dosiye:Husked Rice. 02.jpg|thumb|Husked Rice]]

[[Dosiye:Chokuwa rice.jpg|thumb|Chokuwa rice]]

[[Dosiye:Kala Namak Rice crop.jpg|thumb|Kala Namak Rice crop]]

[[Dosiye:Tabanan-Regency Indonesia Rice-paddies-06.jpg|thumb|Umurima wimuceri]]

[[Dosiye:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid rice Sanyou-1.6.jpg|thumb|Umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:White, Brown, Red &amp; Wild rice.jpg|thumb|White, Brown, Red &amp; Wild rice]]

[[Dosiye:Bali, Rice fields in the forest, East Bali, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Bali, Rice fields in the forest, East Bali, Indonesia]]

[[Dosiye:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Green rice sheaves planted]]

[[Dosiye:Rice planting in Bhutan 01.jpg|thumb|Rice planting ]]

[[Dosiye:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|Umuceri wumweru]]

[[Dosiye:Rice and curry 3.jpg|thumb|Rice]]

[[Dosiye:Kala Namak Rice crop.jpg|thumb|Kala Namak Rice crop]]

[[Dosiye:Farm rice.jpg|thumb|Farm rice]]

[[Dosiye:Gudu Shah Rice farm.jpg|thumb|Farm rice]]

[[Dosiye:Rice farm..jpg|thumb|Farm rice]]

[[Dosiye:Farmers harvesting rice.jpg|thumb|Gusarura umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Rice farm in Gombe.jpg|thumb|Umurima wimuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Farming Of Rice.jpg|thumb|Gutera umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Rice farm 2022.jpg|thumb|Umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Cajun woman hulling rice.jpg|thumb|'''Cajun woman hulling rice''']]

[[Dosiye:Rice cleaning in Bama.jpg|thumb|Gusukura umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Ghana, Rural women laying rice out to dry. 01.jpg|thumb|Ghana, Rural women laying rice out to dry]]

[[Dosiye:Parboiled rice drying.jpg|thumb|Parboiled rice drying]]

[[Dosiye:Rice processing in South East Nigeria12.jpg|thumb|Gutunganya umuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Five kg rice bags.jpg|thumb|Five kg rice bags]]

[[Dosiye:Raw rice (white).jpg|thumb|Raw rice (white)]]

[[Dosiye:Brown rice.jpg|thumb|Brown Rice]]

[[Dosiye:Uncooked brown, red and black rice.jpg|thumb|'''Uncooked brown, red and black rice''']]

[[Dosiye:Tricolor brown rice.jpg|thumb|'''Tricolor brown rice''']]

[[Dosiye:Brown rice 001.jpg|thumb|Brown Rice]]

[[Dosiye:Rice business in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Ubucuruzi bwumuceri]]

[[Dosiye:Tranplant-rice-tahiland.JPG|thumb|Tran]]

=== Iriburiro ===
[[Dosiye:Man_harvesting_rice_in_Don_Det,_Laos.jpg|thumb|gusarura umuceri|228x228px]]
[[File:Koeh-232.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;''Oryza sativa''&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Rice planting in Bhutan 01.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'umuceri]]
[[Dosiye:Rice In A Bowl.jpg|thumb|Umuceri]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5090}}
'''Umuceli''' cyangwa '''Umuceri''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Oryza'') bawutera aho amazi ari mu bibaya, ariko atari mu mugezi hagati. Iyo weze barawusarura, bakawuhura, bakawugosora;umuceli weze neza urererana. Iyo bamaze kuwugosora, bawuhunika mu magunira, bakawubika ahameze neza, ukaba wahamara igihe kirekire utononekaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/a/mu-rwanda-abahinzi-b-umuceri-mu-bugarama-bari-mu-gihombo/5989217.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/07/rusizi-umuceri-udatoneye-ikilo-ni-frw-410-abahinzi-bavuga-ko-bahojejwe-amarira/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132106/https://umuseke.rw/2022/07/rusizi-umuceri-udatoneye-ikilo-ni-frw-410-abahinzi-bavuga-ko-bahojejwe-amarira/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

'''Aho igihingwa gikunda kwera''': Umuceri ukunda kwera mu bishanga by’uturere dushyuha (tw’imirambi n’imisozi iringaniye), ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku moko y'umuceri yahingwa imusozi. Umuceri tuza kuvuga ni uhingwa mu butaka bw’ibumba n’ubundi bwose bu­dahitisha amazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/abahinga-umuceri-i-mishenyi-bamenye-ibanga-ryo-gukoresha-ifumbire/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226133614/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/abahinga-umuceri-i-mishenyi-bamenye-ibanga-ryo-gukoresha-ifumbire/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gutegura umurima ===
Mbere yo gutera umuceri, ni ngombwa kurwanya isuri ku mabanga y’imisozi akikije igishanga kigiye guhingwamo umuceri. Icya kabiri, ubutaka bugomba kuba bumeze neza kugira ngo igihingwa kizakure neza kandi ubutaka buringaniye. Gutegura umurima habamo gutabira no gusanza, kuvanga amazi n’ibyondo no kuringaniza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Asian rice (Oryza sativa) grass.jpg|thumb|Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Asian rice (Oryza sativa) grass]]
Gutegura umurima ni ukuwutunganya kugira ngo uterwemo umuceri. Bikorwa mu byiciro binyuranye: gutabira no gusanza (inshuro 1 kugeza kuri 2), kuvuruga no kuringaniza (inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3) umurima kugira ngo umuceri uzamere neza. Iyo mirimo ishobora gukorwa ubutaka bwumutse cyangwa burimo amazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rugali.com/tag/umuceri/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132107/https://rugali.com/tag/umuceri/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Rusizi-Hegitari-nshya-950-zigiye-gutunganywa-mu-kibaya-cy-umuceri-cya-Bugarama&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|umuceri]]

=== Gutera ===

* '''Gufumbira'''
* '''Gutegura imitabo (imirenzo cyangwa udutanda) yo guhumbikamo iteganyirijwe umurima wa m2'''500            

Udutanda 3 twa m1 y’ubugari, uburebure = m 6 

* Intera iri hagati y’imitabo = cm 40-50 by’inzira ituma bashobora gukoramo isuku

* Kuringaniza neza udutabo dukoresheje [[igiti]] cyangwa akabaho.

* Gushyiramo ifumbire ya NPK '''gr 12.5 kuri buri m2 1''' cyangwa '''udufuniko 2''' tw’uducupa tuzamo amazi kuko agafuniko 1 kagira gm 6 , ifumbire uhita uyivanga n’igitaka ukoresheje intoki cyangwa ifumbire y’imborera yaboze neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/bugesera-abahinzi-bumuceri-babangamiwe-namateme-make-mu-mirima-yabo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132106/https://www.isangostar.rw/bugesera-abahinzi-bumuceri-babangamiwe-namateme-make-mu-mirima-yabo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Gutegura imbuto n’ifumbire (imbuto ziba zimeze gute?, ifumbire ikoreshwa ryari?)'''

* '''Kujonjora(gutoranya) no guhungira imbuto'''

* Gutoranya imbuto nziza dukoresheje uburyo bwo kuzinika mu mazi menshi iz’ibihuhwe  zikareremba, tukazivanamo. 
* Inzima zibiye (zagiye) mu mazi nizo zonyine zishyirwa mu muti wa kitazine ufunguye mu gihe cy’amasaha 24. Uwo muti ufungurwa ku buryo bukurikira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.inyenyerinews.org/truth-reconciliation/mukankiko-akomeje-kumena-umuceri-w-abandi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132112/https://www.inyenyerinews.org/truth-reconciliation/mukankiko-akomeje-kumena-umuceri-w-abandi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

-Litiro 1 y’amazi + ml 10 z’umuti wa Kitazine cyangwa gm 5 za Beam(udufuniko 5 tw’amacupa ya fanta)

-Igerambuto kuri Ha : kg 25-30 cyangwa kg 1.25 – 1.5 kuri m2 500 (boroke).

* Nyuma yo kuzikura mu muti, imbuto zigomba kumutswa zakuwe mu mufuka kugira ngo  

umuti uzifateho (kumutsa imbuto mbere yo kuzinika mu mazi, bifata igice cy’umunsi)     

* Kwinika imbuto mu mazi mu gihe cy’amasaha 48–72 duhindura amazi buri munsi

* Gutindikira imbuto zinuwe mu mazi, mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 ahantu hahehereye kugira ngo  zihange (ziseke). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amasezerano.com/umuceri-ni-ingenzi-mu-kurinda-indwara-zuruhu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123070013/https://www.amasezerano.com/umuceri-ni-ingenzi-mu-kurinda-indwara-zuruhu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibindi: ===
Guhungira imbuto bigira akamaro ko gukingira imbuto uduhumyo dutera indwara nk’indwara yitwa Bakanae cyangwa gukururumba, n’iya Cyumya (Uburima), n’iy’ibidomo by’ikigina (brown spot), n’ifata  impeke (grain rot). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umunsi.com/inkuru-yurupfu-rwumucuranzi-wacurangiraga-israel-mbonyi-yashenguy-benshi-ishimwe-etienne/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132113/https://umunsi.com/inkuru-yurupfu-rwumucuranzi-wacurangiraga-israel-mbonyi-yashenguy-benshi-ishimwe-etienne/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Guhumbika'''

* '''Igerambuto n’ubucucike bwazo'''

• Batera kg 0.15 Kg - 0.2 kuri Ari bitewe n’ubwoko bw’imbuto.

* Biba imbuto uzinyanyagiza ku buryo bumwe mu mitabo.

'''Guhumbika imbuto z’umuceri mu mitabo'''

'''Gutata neza ubuhumbikiro nyuma yo kubiba imbuto mu dutabo/uturenzo'''

* Gutwikira aho wabibye imbuto mu dutabo n’ibyatsi byumye cyangwa amashara(amashangara) kugira ngo ubutaka bukomeze buhehereye, butumagara no kwirinda ko inyoni zakwangiza imbuto.

* Gutwikurura (kuvanaho) ibyatsi hashize '''iminsi 4-5''' uhereye igihe ingemwe zatangiye kuzamuka(kumera) (Ifoto ya 16).
* Amazi ari hagati y’udutabo agomba guhora areshya n’udutabo kuko bituma ibyatsi bitamera mu buhumbikiro no gutuma udutabo duhora duhehereye.

=== Kugemura ===

* Gushyiramo ifumbire y’ibanze: gr 70/m2.
* Umuceri ugemurwa umaze ibyumweru 3 uhumbitswe.
* Batera ingemwe z’umuceri ku mirongo iteganye, itandukanyijwe na cm 25. Ingemwe na zo ziba zitandukanyijwe na cm 25.
* Batera ingemwe 2-3 mu kobo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/49507236&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gufata neza umuceri ===

=== Ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mu buhinzi bw’umuceri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|1
|Ifumbire y’ibanze

|NPK (17-17-17)

                    
|10kg/ 500 m2
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-Ishyirwa mu murima mbere yo gutera.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

-Ifasha gukura neza mu ntangiriro no kubyara.

-Umunyungugu wose wa fosifore n’uwa Potasiyumu nk’ifumbire y’ibanze.
|-
|2
|Ifumbire mbaturamusaruro ya mbere: mu gihe cyo kubyara
|Ire (46%)
|2.5kg/

500 m2
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-Gushyiramo Ire hashize iminsi 30 bateyemu murima.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

-Kongerera umuceri ubushobozi bwo kubyara bituma amahundo yiyongera kuri m2
|-
|3
|Ifumbire mbaturamusaruro ya kabiri: mu gihe cy’ikorwa ry’amahundo
|Ire (46%)
|2.5kg/

500 m2
| - Gushyiramo  Ire mu gihe umuceri utangiye guhaga(gutwita)

-Kugabanya ibihuhwe biterwa no kutibangurira cyangwa kutabangurirana cyangwa kuramburura k’umuceri

-kongera umubare w’intete ku ihundo no kugabanya ibihuhwe
|}
[[Dosiye:Agriculture work.jpg|left|thumb]]

== Gucunga neza amazi ==
* Amazi ni ikintu gikomeye mu buhinzi bw’umuceri, ni yo mpamvu amazi yuhira umuceri agomba gukoreshwa neza mu buryo butuma atanga umusaruro.
* Umuhinzi w’umuceri agomba gukora uko ashoboye amazi akenewe akaboneka mu byiciro binyuranye by’imikurire y’igihingwa cy’umuceri:

-  Mu gihe cyo kugemeka no kubyara: igihingwa cy’umuceri cyakwangirika kibuze amazi ahagije, kikagwingira cyangwa se ntigifate rwose.

-Mu gihe cyo kubyara no gutangira kuzana amahundo:  muri iki gihe, igihingwa cy’umuceri gishobora kwihanganira amazi make. Igipimo cy’amazi kigomba kuguma hasi kugira ngo kubyara byihute.

- Mu gihe cyo gutangira kuzana amahundo- Kurabya: irinde ko umurima w’umuceri uburamo amazi.

- Mu gihe cyo kurabya-kwera: mu gihe cyo kwagika no kurabya n’igihe gikurikiraho  gututubikana k'umuceri biba biri ku rwego rwo hejuru. Kubura kw’amazi mu murima bituma intete ziba ibihuhwa kandi umuceri ukera nabi. Amazi avanwa mu murima hagati y’iminsi 15 na 20 nyuma yo kwagika mu rwego rwo kwihutisha kwera  no kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuceri ukurura Azote nyinshi.

* '''Kubagara hakoreshwa ikibagazo  kizenguruka'''

* Uburyo bw’imihingire: gutegura umurima neza cyane cyane kuvuruga, kuzuza amazi mu murima.
* '''Uburyo bwo kwirinda ibyatsi mbere:''' Gukoresha imbuto z’umuceri zitarimo imbuto z’ibyatsi bibi, no guhora ukora isuku ku miyoboro n’amadige (guhora uyiharura, ukuraho ibyatsi).
* Gukoresha ikibagazo ni ukugisunika hagati y’imirongo nk’uko bigaragara ku ifoto. Ibi bibagazo bigira akamaro ko kuvangavanga ibyatsi bikuze (ariko bidakuze cyane) ndetse n’imbuto zabyo mu gitaka (mu cyondo) bikabuza ibyatsi kumera mu murima.

'''Kunyuza ikibagazo gisunikwa hagati y’imirongo'''

'''Imiyoboro n’amadige'''

* Guhinga umuceri bigendana n’ibikorwaremezo nk’imiyoboro n’amadige. Umuhinzi agomba kubifata neza no kubikoresha ku buryo butanga umusaruro kuko amazi ari ikintu cy’ingenzi ku burumbuke bw’umuceri.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/MINGARI-yanzuye-ko-igiciro-cyumuceri-kigiye-kuba-kimwe-hose-mu-gihugu&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://amahaho.com/fr/collections/rice-umuceri&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indwara ===

==== 1.Kirabiranya y'umuceri(''Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae'' (''Xoo'') ====
Iyi ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twa bagiteri (''Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae'' (''Xoo''), ikarangwa no kurabirana kw’amababi cyangwa kw’igihingwa cyose. Igice gifashwe gihinduka icyatsi kijujuka, kikazahinduka umuhondo werurutse. Umuceri ukiri muto urababuka burundu. Isoko y’ubwandu ishobora kuba ibyatsi byo ku mpande y’igishanga, ibicericeri (ibishogoshogo) cyangwa umuceri  wo mu gasozi. Iyi ndwara yinjirira mu bikomere by’igihingwa mu gihe cyo kugemūra cyangwa se iyo umuceri ukomerekejwe n’umuyaga cyangwa imvura.&lt;ref&gt;https://migro.co.rw/product/tanzania-no-1-1&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya: ====
Gukoresha imbuto zihangana; kwirinda ibintu byose bibika ubwandu; kutarenza urugero rw’umunyungugu wa azote; kurinda ko ibitanda n’imirima birengerwa n’amazi.

==== 2.Uburima ====

==== Uburima : Pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia Oryzae): ====
Ni indwara mbi cyane, iterwa n’agahumyo gato katabonwa n’amaso. Ifata ingingo zose : ibibabi, uduti, indabo n’impeke. Ikunda gukara cyane mu buhumbikiro, umuceri ugeze igihe cyo guhagika, guterera n’igihe cyo kurabya.

==== Ibiranga indwara y’Uburima: ====
Amababi azaho amabara y’ikigina cyijimye, ajya kuba maremare, asongoye, y’ikijuju hagati, ku mababi kandi hazaho utudomo tw’icyatsi cyenda kuba ikijuju dusa nkaho turimo amazi dufite ishusho y’uruziga cyangwa imeze nk’igi, amabara akuze aba nk’afite inkovu; ku bufubiko bw’indabo haza ho utubara tw’ikigina; mu gihe cyo guterera, ku ipfundo rya nyuma riri hasi y’indabo hazaho uruziga rwirabura, agati ko hejuru y’iryo pfundo kakuma, ihundo ntirizemo impeke; uruti (igikenyeri) ruruma; mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe zirashya zikababuka zose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/waruziko-umuceri-ufite-ubushobozi-bwo-kurinda-indwara-zikomeye-nka-kanseri-ndetse-no-gutuma-ugira-uruhu-rwiza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132108/https://yegob.rw/waruziko-umuceri-ufite-ubushobozi-bwo-kurinda-indwara-zikomeye-nka-kanseri-ndetse-no-gutuma-ugira-uruhu-rwiza/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ibituma iyo ndwara yiyongera: ====
Gukoresha azote nyinshi mu murima; ubushyuhe bwinshi buvanze n’ubutohe; ivu ryinshi rirunze hamwe.

''Uburima bwo ku mababi''

''Amahundo arwaye''

==== Uko wakwirinda indwara y’Uburima bw’Umuceri: ====
Gutera imbuto zihangana; gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika(Thiram-Benomyl,..); gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero nyarwo; kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima; isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye; gutwika ibikenyeri by’umuceri nyuma yo gusarura; gutera imiti (Tebuconazole, Benomyl, Kitazine,...); kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga; no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhinzi (ubucucike bw’imbuto mu murima, ifumbire nyayo ku rugero nyarwo, amazi mu murima ku rugero...).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.agakiza.org/Nyuma-yo-kuvumbura-iri-banga-umuceri-bawugurira-kuwumara.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132108/https://www.agakiza.org/Nyuma-yo-kuvumbura-iri-banga-umuceri-bawugurira-kuwumara.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''3. Indwara iterwa na virusi y’umuceri''' (RYMV) ====
Indwara ya Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ni icyorezo cyibasiye umuceri mu bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, ikaba igaragara mu bihugu hafi ya byose bihinga umuceri. Iyi ndwara iterwa na Virusi yagaragaye no mu gihugu cya Turukiya.

''Umuceri wafashwe n’indwara iterwa na virusi.''

Indwara iterwa na Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ikwirakwizwa n’amoko menshi y’udukoko, [[inka]], imbeba n’indogobe. Iyo udukoko dukwirakwiza virusi  turiye umuceri wafashwe  duhita tuyikwirakwiza ku muceri utarandura n’indi mirima  igiterwa aho hafi cyangwa ubuhumbikiro. Umuceri, ibihingwa virusi zihishamo zigakuriramo n’ibishibu cyangwa ibimera byimeza mu mirima hagati y’ibihembwa by’ihinga bituma virusi zikomeza kuguma mu murima. Indwara iterwa na virusi ishobora no gukwirakwizwa n’amatembabuzi ava ku gihingwa ajya ku kindi (amazi yo kuhira, amazi ava ku gututubikana kw’igihinwa  no gukoranaho kw’ibice by’igihingwa birwaye n’ibizima ndetse no ku bisigazwa by’ibihigwa).

Virusi ishobora no kuboneka mu mizi y’ibihingwa byafashwe kandi ishobora kwanduza ibindi bihingwa binyuze mu bikomere by’imizi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ehaho.rw/product/993 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132113/https://ehaho.rw/product/993 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibimenyetso: ===
* Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya virusi y’umuceri mbere na mbere bigaragara nk’imirongo y’amabara y’umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi aza ku ntangiriro y’amababi akiri mato,. Ayo mabara agenda akura ateganye n’imitsi y’amababi akagaragara nk’amabara y’umuhondo cyangwa oranje.
* Amababi aje nyuma y’uko igihingwa gifatwa aza afite amabara kandi akenshi aba yizingazinze.
* Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma amababi ahinduka ikigina cyijimye  kandi n’amahundo ntasohoke neza.
* Umuceri warembejwe na virusi uragwingira, ukabyara ibyana bike, ukagira amahundo atarimo impeke kandi akenshi uruma.
* [[Dosiye:Helminthosporium oryzae at Oryza sativa (01).jpg|thumb|indwara y'umuceri ]]Umuceri wafashwe nyuma y’minsi 20-50 ugemuwe ushobora kugaragaza amabara y’umuhondo, ukarabya ukazana n’imbuto ariko ukagwingira.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/success-stories/article/umwihariko-w-ifumbire-y-umwimerere-ikorwa-mu-isukari-n-umuceri&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ni gute wayirwanya ===
Gukoresha imbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo buboneye bwo kurwanya indwara ya virusi y’umuceri (RYMV).

'''Ubundi buryo bwo kuyirwanya burimo ubu bukurikira:'''

* Gukoresha uburyo bwo guhingira rimwe ahantu hanini hagatererwa rimwe umuceri, hanyuma wasarurwa hakararizwa hose kugira ngo virusi n’ibihingwa bizikwirakwiza bitiyongera.
* Bakimara gusarura, gutaba mu butaka ibisigazwa by’umuceri, ibishibu by’umuceri n’uwimejeje kugira ngo bagabanye ibishobora kubika virusi mu murima no kugira ngo virusi n’ibizikwirakwiza bipfe,
* Gutera mbere y’uko ibikwirakwiza virusi byiyongera,
* Kurandura no gutwika umuceri wafashwe cyane cyane iyo ubwandu bukiri ku rugero rwo hasi,
* Kubagara buri gihe umuceri ndetse na nyuma yo gusarura kugira ngo ugabanye isoko y’indiri za virusi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/abashinwa-badukana-umuceri-mu-cyiri-hari-abangaga-kuwurya-bawita-amagi-y-ibimonyo&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 4. Ingenge z’imigongo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola) ====
Iyi ndwara irangwa n’imirongo y’icyatsi cyijimye isa n’itose ku dutsi tw’ibibabi. Aya mabara agenda yaguka kandi yiyegeranya, agahinduka ikijuju gishyira umuhondo,akenshi ayo mabara akaba mu kibabi hagati. Indwara irakura, amababi agahinduka ikijuju cyerurutse, ubundi akuma.

Ibimenyetso by’ingenge z’amababi

'''Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya''':

* Mu ngamba zo kwirinda iyi ndwara harimo: guterera igihe ingemwe zitarwaye zavuye ku mbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku kigero kiringaniye. Ni ngombwa kandi kugira isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye, kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima, gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika (Thiram-Benomyl: gr 1 ya Thiram na gr 1 ya Benomyl) muri kg y’imbuto, ukinika imbuto muri iyo mvange igihe cy’amasaha 24 mbere yo kuzitera mu buhumbikiro.
* Igihe indwara yagaragaye, koresha imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole mu murima wafashwe, na Benomyl igihe indwara yagaragye mu buhumbikiro.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/igiciro-cy-umuceri-udatonoye-cyiyongereye&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|umuceli]]

=== Ibyonnyi, Udukoko n’ibyatsi bibi ===

==== 1.Nkongwa ====
Inyo za nkongwa zinjira mu gikenyeri, zikarya umutima, zigapfumura mu mapfundo.

Iyo umuceri ufashwe ukiri muto ntukura neza, amababi aba umuhondo, akuma. Iyo umuceri ufashwe nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa urimo kurabya, impeke ntizizamo neza; zireruruka kandi zikaba ibihuhwe.

Mu gihe cy’isarura, nkongwa zitangira kwiyubururira mu gice cyo hasi cy’igikenyeri. Iyo ihinga rihise rikurikira isarura, bituma nkongwa yiyongera.

''Ifoto igaragaza Nkongwa y’umuceri''

==== Uko warwanya nkongwa: ====
Gutaba mu mazi ibisigazwa byo mu murima kugira ngo bibore vuba; no gutera imiti igihe ari ngombwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article700 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132112/http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article700 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2. Isazi y’umuceri ===
'''Isazi y’umuceri''' ('''''Diopsis Thoracic'''''a) : Ni agakoko gafite amabara abiri : ahegereye umutwe ni umukara, naho ahandi ni nk’ikigina. Inyo ziva mu magi y’iyi sazi ni zo zangiza cyane nka nkongwa. Isazi n’inyo, byombi birya amababi, bikanyunyuza amazi. Inyo zizamuka mu ntimatima zihereye mu mizi, zikarya umutima w’igikenyeri. Umuceri utarabumbura uhinduka umuhondo. Iyo umuceri ufashwe umaze guhagika cyangwa mbere yo kuraba, amahundo ntiyirema neza, nta n’impeke  zizamo.

''Ifoto igeragaza Isazi y’umuceri''

* '''Kuyirwanya:''' Umurima ugomba guhora urimo isuku. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kongera amazi mu murima ukigaragaramo ibimenyetso by’ubwone bw’isazi y’umuceri. Hanyuma rero ni na ngombwa kurwanya isazi y’umuceri, cyane cyane ikoze mu bireti.  

=== 3. Imbeba: ===
Imbeba zo mu mazu n’iz‘igasozi, zose zibasha kwangiza umuceri mu murima k’urugero rwa 20%. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:

* Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije
* [[Dosiye:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|imbeba]]Gukoresha imitego, imiti n’izindi nyamaswa zirya imbeba.

=== 4. Inyoni: ===
Inyoni z’amoko atandukanye zona umuceri zigatera igihombo ku musaruro kigera ku rugero rwa 25%-30%.

'''Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:'''

* Kurinda umuceri mu mirima hakoreshejwe abantu bazirukana,
* Guterera igihe ukoresheje imbuto nziza zitarwaye z’ubwoko bwihanganira inyoni (NERICA) bufite amababi asongoye inyoni zidashobora kwitendekaho;

'''NB:''' Nta buryo buhamye bwo kubuza inyoni kwangiza umuceri uretse kuzirukana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article3803 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226132107/http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article3803 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ibyatsi bibi:'''

Ibyatsi bibi bikunze kuboneka mu murima w’umuceri mu [[Rwanda]] biri mu bwoko bukurikira: umutete(Echnochloa crusgali, Echnochloa Colonum); urukangaga(Cyperus diformis); umurago (Cyperus rutondus) n’ibindi.

'''Uburyo bwo kubirwanya''':

* Gukoresha mu rugero imiti itwika ibyatsi
* Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije;
* Kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima;
* Guhungura imbuto ukoresheje umuti wa ''Thiran'' na B''enomyl'', (gr 1 ya ''Thiran'' na gr 1 ya ''Benomyl'' mu  kilo cy’imbuto. Kwinika imbuto mu mvange y’amazi n’umuti mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 mbere yo kubiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro;
* Kuvura indwara igihe yagaragaye mu murima ukoresheje  imiti nka ''Propiconazole'' cyangwa T''ebuconazole'' na ''Benomyl'' mu buhumbikiro.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fwJV9-Suzo&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gusarura ===

* Amazi agomba kuvanwa mu murima iminsi 7-10 days mbere yo gusarura, ariko ntibirenze iminsi 10.
* Kuvanamo amazi mbere ho iminsi 10 byongera umuceri umenetse (ibimene)
* Umuceri usarurwa nyuma y’iminsi 120-150 utewe kandi umusaruro uri hagati ya Toni 3 na Toni 9 z’umuceri udatonoye kuri Ha;
* [[Dosiye:Man harvesting rice in Don Det, Laos.jpg|thumb|Gusarura umuceri]]Gukata ibitsinsi by’umuceri ukoresheje Najoro (Akayuya) byibura kuri cm 10 hejuru y’ubutaka.

'''Guhura umuceri'''

* Guhita uhura ako kanya ukimara kuwusarura kugira ngo twirinde ko unyanyagira.
* Kuwuhura ukoresheje igihuzo banyongesha ikirenge cyangwa bakubita kuri shitingi irambuye  ku butaka neza birinda kuwuvanga n’amabuye n’ibindi bitari umuceri.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/96282/amakosa-6-abantu-bakunze-gukora-mu-guteka-umuceri-96282.html&lt;/ref&gt;

''' '' '''''

'''Ku bwanyu'''

* Ingano y’amazi cyangwa ubutote bw’umuceri (GMC) usarurwa ugereranyije ni hagati  20 na 30 % bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere.
* Kuringaniza igipimo cy’amazi mu ntete (kwanika) kugeza kuri 14 % ni ngombwa ku muceri wo gutonorwa bigabanya intete zimenetse ndetse ukanabikika igihe kirekire. 

* [[Dosiye:Rice Drying in Basey.JPG|thumb|Kwanika Umuceri]]kwanika umuceri udatonoye neza kugeza ku rugero rwizewe rw’ubutote rwa 14 % ni ukuwusanza neza utarundanyije cyane, byibura '''cm 5''' ku mbuga ya sima cyangwa shitingi no kuwukorakora buri kanya (buri minota 30 - 60) kugira ngo wume kimwe wose.

 
* Kuwanika ku zuba buhoro buhoro mu minsi 2-3 (amasaha 6-8 ku munsi bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere bigabanya kumenagurika mu gihe cyo kuwutonora. Ni ngombwa kwirinda kuwumisha vuba vuba mu gihe gito nk’umunsi umwe.
* Gupima igipimo cy’ubuhehere bw’umuceri wavuyeho igishishwa 
** Gusebwa no kuwuhekenya 

== Umuceri ==
Gutonora umuceri ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi mu gutunganya umusaruro w’umuceri. Intego nyamukuru yo gutonora umuceri  ni ugukuraho igishishwa cy’inyuma n’udushishwa tundi tutwikiriye intete kugira ngo ugere ku ntete iribwa ifite ibara ry’umweru, udafite ubundi busembwa.

Bitewe n’amahitamo y’abaguzi ku isoko, umuceri wagombye kuba urimo ibimene bike cyane.

==== Kugosora umuceri hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa Urutaro ====
Umuceri ni igihingwa kidakunda izuba kikaba igihingwa gikunda amazi cyane kandi gikoreshwa cyane mu Rwanda nko mu bukwe, mu bigo by'amashuri ndetse no mu ma hoteri. Umuceri ni igihingwa gifite akamaro kanini mu iterambere ry'igihugu ugakundwa n'abana cyane kuko usanga nk'iyo bawutetse mu bigo by'amashuri abanyeshuri bashima cyane 
Mu Rwanda ahantu hakunzwe guhingwa umuceri ni mu karere ka Rwamagana, Gicumbi na Bugarama ukaba ufasha abaturage kwiteza imbere no guhahira imiryango yabo.
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ibimera]]
[[Category:Ibiribwa]]
[[Category:Ubuhinzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]</text>
      <sha1>11ru1az6bs6o8dnu6jk4lq7eatuei7p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grégoire Kayibanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2489</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:32:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Bahutu Manifesto]]</comment>
      <origin>142158</origin>
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      <text bytes="3460" sha1="837jivmogh4rk7bi7dgxt1jf3tcuqh6" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Perezida w'u Rwanda[[Dosiye:Grégoire Kayibanda (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |1961-1973
|-
!Ababanjirije
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dominique Mbonyumutwa]]
|-
!Uzasimbura
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Juvénal Habyarimana]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Amakuru yihariye
|-
!Ivuka
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nka maypole 1 nka 1924 Musambira (Rwanda) 
|-
!Urupfu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nko ku ya 15 Ukuboza nka 1976 (52 ans) Kabgayi
|-
!Impamvu y'urupfu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Indwara 
|-
!Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rwanda
|-
!Iyobokamana
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gatolika 
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Amakuru yumwuga
|-
!Umwuga
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |politiki
|-
!Ishyaka rya politiki
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Parmehutu]] 
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Amakuru yinshinjabyaha
|-
!Ikirego cy'inshinjabyaha
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |gukoresha nabi ububasha 
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557995 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata]
|}
[[Dosiye:Gaspard Cyimana, Gregoire Kayibanda, Soapy Williams, and John Kennedy.jpg|thumb]]
'''Gregoire Kayibanda''' ([[1 Gicurasi ]] [[1924]] – [[15 Ukuboza]] [[1976]]), wafashe ubutegetsi ku itariki ya [[26 Ukwakira]] [[1961]] ni [[Perezida]] wa [[Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda|2]] Ukwakira 1961 &amp;ndash;  5 Nyakanga 1973) w’u [[Rwanda]] kuva rwabona ubwigenge yakuwe mu butegetsi kugeza akuwe ku butegetsi Kuri [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. 
 
== Imyaka yo hambere hamwe n'uburere ==
Grégoire Kayibanda yavukiye i Tara, mu Rwanda. Yaturutse mu majyepfo y’igihugu kandi akomoka mu bwoko bw’Abahutu.

== Guverinoma ==
[[Dosiye:Stamp of Rwanda - 1962 - Colnect 154928 - Independence.jpeg|thumb|418x418px|stamp of rwanda]]
Abenshi mu bahutu bari bamaze igihe kinini banga ubutegetsi buri mu maboko ya rubanda rugufi. Abunganira Abahutu bashishikarijwe na [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] , hamwe n'Ababiligi b'Ababirigi (barushagaho kugira uruhare muri Kongo). Inshingano z'umuryango w’abibumbye, itsinda ry’abatutsi n’abatuye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] zagize uruhare mu mvururu ziyongera mu mibereho no muri politiki. Gregoire Kayibanda, Umuhutu wo mu bwoko, yayoboye umutwe w'Abahutu. Yashinze ishyaka rya politiki rya Parmehutu ( ''Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu'' ; Ishyaka rya ''Emancipation'' Movement Party), yandika &quot;Manifeste y'Abahutu&quot; mu 1957. Itsinda ryahise riba igisirikare.
[[Dosiye:Stamp of Rwanda - 1962 - Colnect 154932 - Independence.jpeg|thumb|Kayibanda]]
Mu gusubiza, mu 1959 yashinze ishyaka ry’abatutsi UNAR, rigizwe n’abashakaga ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda n’[[Uburundi]] bushingiye ku bwami buriho. Iri tsinda naryo ryahise rihinduka igisirikare. Intonganya zatangiye hagati ya UNAR na Parmehutu. Kwiyamamaza kwa Kayibanda kwagejeje ku bahutu ku butegetsi bwa mbere mu Rwanda.

Kayibanda yari Perezida w'u Rwanda kuva 1962 kugeza ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973, ubwo yahirikwaga na Minisitiri w’ingabo, Jenerali Juvénal Habyarimana mu butegetsi bwa gisirikare. N'ubwo bivugwa ko nta maraso afite, biturutse ku guhirika ubutegetsi, bivugwa ko abantu 55, cyane cyane abakozi ba Leta, abanyamategeko cyangwa abacuruzi bafitanye isano n'ubutegetsi bwabanje, bishwe. Imiryango yabantu yakiriye amafaranga yo kwishyura guceceka kwabo. Guverinoma nshya yafunze Kayibanda n'umugore we ahantu hihishe (bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya Kabgayi), aho bivugwa ko bishwe n'inzara.

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bahutu Manifesto]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kayibanda, Grégoire}}
[[Ikiciro:Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] 
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abatwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]</comment>
      <origin>142133</origin>
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      <text bytes="1372" sha1="ebzd2zmdw4u3itx8j2jo4umeynsn1au" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Batwa2.jpg|thumb|Umutwa&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:Batwa women in Burundi.jpg|thumb|Abatwakazi&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Clay pot 2.jpg|thumb|inkono z'ikorwa na batwa]]
[[Dosiye:Ruanda bambini.jpg|thumb|abatwa]]
'''Abatwa''' bakaba bari mu bwoko bw’abo bita aba ''pygmés abasangwa butaka'' . Ni bagufi mu gihagararo bakaba banabarwa mu bantu batuye bwa mbere mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari byo muri Afurika yo hagati nkuko ubasanga i [[Burundi]], [[RDC]] no mu [[Rwanda]]. Abatwa bakaba bafitanye isano n’andi moko y’[[abapygmés]] bo muri ako karere kandi bazwiho guhiga mumashyamba.
[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|thumb|rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|center|thumb|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Dosiye:Twa dancers.jpg|thumb|twa dance]]
N’ubwo Abatwa bavuga i[[kinyarwanda]] nk’[[abahutu]] n’[[abatutsi]], banenwa n’abandi baturage nkaho ntacyo bavuze. Abatwa ni 3% y’abaturage b’uRwanda kandi bakaba bafite uruhare ruto cyane muri [[politiki]] y’igihugu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kituochakatiba.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_view&amp;gid=1199&amp;Itemid=36 Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu, Kituo Cha Katiba, Nyakanga, 2012 – Gashyantare, 2013] &lt;/ref&gt; 

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]

[[Category:Rwanda]]
[[Category:Burundi]]
[[Category:Umuryango]]</text>
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    <title>Agnes Matilda Kalibata</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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'''Matilda Kalibata''' '''Agnes''' ni Umunyarwandakazi w'inzobere mu bijyanye n'ubuhinzi ndetse akaba yari minisitiri w’[[Ubuhinzi]] n’Ubworozi w'igihugu cy'u Rwanda kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2014&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=213&amp;Itemid=276&amp;lang=rw Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/12/un-under-fire-over-choice-of-corporate-puppet-as-envoy-at-key-food-summit&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204621/https://agra.org/zt_team/dr-agnes-kalibata-2/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2019-nas-awards/Kalibata.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-09-22 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419160201/http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2019-nas-awards/Kalibata.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Dosiye:Agnes_Karibata.jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya Agnes kalibata]]
[[File:Agnes_Kalibata_2019_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Agnes Kalibata mu mwaka wa 2019 ]]

= Ubuzima bwo hambere n'Uburezi =
Kalibata yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] akurira mu buzima bw'impunzi mu gihugu cya [[Ubugande|Uganda]] arerwa n'ababyeyi bari bafite amikoro macye.&lt;ref&gt;https://medium.com/@AGRAAlliance/by-agnes-kalibata-1bfa6118ecad&lt;/ref&gt; Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye na entomologiya na biohimiya, akurikirwa n'impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buhinzi, haba muri kaminuza ya Makerere yo muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150719004926/https://ifdc.org/board-of-directors/agnes-kalibata/&lt;/ref&gt; Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. muri entomologiya ayikuye muri kaminuza ya Massachusetts Amherst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi mu mwaka wa 2005, yakoze ubushakashatsi mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ubuhinzi cya Kawanda n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubuhinzi bubera mu bice by'ubushyuhe, ku bufatanye na kaminuza ya Makerere ya Uganda na kaminuza ya Massachusetts&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

= Umwuga =
Kalibata yabaye minisitiri w’ubuhinzi n’umutungo w’u [[Rwanda]] kuva mu 2008 kugeza 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Muri manda ye yose, yateje imbere ikoreshwa ry’ubumenyi bushingiye ku bumenyi mu buhinzi mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa no guteza imbere ibiribwa, yibanda ku miryango y'abahinzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yashyize mu bikorwa politiki, igamije guhuza abahinzi n’abaturanyi n’abakiriya, ndetse na gahunda yo guhinga amakoperative, na gahunda yo kugabirana [[inka]] byorohereza imiryango gutunga inka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://modernfarmer.com/2013/10/rwandas-ag-minister-agnes-matilda-kalibata/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424100909/https://modernfarmer.com/2013/10/rwandas-ag-minister-agnes-matilda-kalibata/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu myaka itandatu yari minisitiri, urwego rw’ubukene mu Rwanda rwaragabanutse hejuru ya 50%; ingengo y’imari y’ubuhinzi y’umwaka yavuye kuri miliyoni 10 US $ igera kuri miliyoni 150 USD; n'u Rwanda rwabaye [[igihugu]] cya mbere cyashyize umukono ku masezerano muri gahunda rusange yo guteza imbere ubuhinzi muri Afurika (gahunda ya Komisiyo y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Yashimiwe na benshi kubera ibyo bagezeho,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ariko imiryango imwe iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanenze iyo politiki kuko inkunga y'amafaranga yahawe gusa abahinzi bakurikiza politiki ya leta yo guhuza ubutaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Mu mwaka wa 2014, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije wa [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza y’u Rwanda]] mu iterambere ry’inzego.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Agnes Kalibata - 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agnes Kalibata]]
Kuva muri Nzeri 2014, yabaye perezida w'Umuryango ushinzwe impinduramatwara y’ibidukikije muri Afurika (AGRA),&lt;ref&gt;https://agra.org/who-we-are-our-leadership/agnes-kalibata-3/&lt;/ref&gt;  umuryango uyobowe n’Afurika ufite intego yo kuzamura umutekano w’ibiribwa n’amafaranga y’imiryango ingana na miliyoni 30 zizwi mu bihugu 11 bya Afurika 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://agra.org/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717024845/https://agra.org/who-we-are/ |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=AGRA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na, mubindi, gutanga uburyo bwo kubona imbuto nziza ninguzanyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ari kandi mu buyobozi bw'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ifumbire mvaruganda n'ikigo cy'ubuyobozi cya Anand, muri Gujarati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnes Kalibata |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18942831 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalibata yagize uruhare runini muri MINAGRI, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’umutungo w’u Rwanda; yagizwe umunyamabanga uhoraho wa minisiteri mu 2006, Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe ubuhinzi mu 2008, na Minisitiri w’ubuhinzi n’umutungo wuzuye mu 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexandre |first=Kayitare |title=DR AGNES KALIBATA IS AWARDED YARA PRIZE FOR HAVING PROMOTED FOOD SECURITY IN RWANDA |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/FlashNews/Fn%2007%20September%202012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528062950/http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/FlashNews/Fn%2007%20September%202012.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-28 |access-date=2019-02-13 |website=MINAGRI Weekly Flash News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-14 |title=Prize Laureates |url=https://africafoodprize.org/laureates/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-02 |website= |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakoze kandi indi myanya myinshi harimo umuyobozi w’inama y’ikigo cy’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi ndetse n’umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku mavuriro mu Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agnes M. Kalibata |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/annual-meetings-2016/speakers/agnes-m-kalibata/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121005607/https://www.afdb.org/en/annual-meetings-2016/speakers/agnes-m-kalibata/ |archive-date=2016-11-21 |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=African Development Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakoze mu Nama Ngishwanama y'Ikigo Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi ku biribwa ndetse anayobora umushinga wa [[Banki y'Isi]] mu Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Université nationale du Rwanda à Butare.JPG|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]
Kalibata yabaye umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi mpuzamahanga y’ifumbire mvaruganda (IDFC) kuva mu 2008, aho ayoboye komite nyafurika y’ubuyobozi, akaba n'umwe mu bagize komite nyobozi n’ubugenzuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Ni umwe mu bagize inama nyinshi z’igihugu ndetse n’amahanga harimo nka [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza y’u Rwanda]], Ubushobozi bw’Afurika, Inama y’Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi, Komisiyo ishinzwe kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere hamwe n’itsinda ry’ubuhinzi n’inzobere mu kwihaza mu biribwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Muri 2019, umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye, António Guterres, yashyizeho Kalibata nk'intumwa idasanzwe mu nama y’ibiribwa 2021. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2019-12-16/ms-agnes-kalibata-of-rwanda-special-envoy-for-2021-food-systems-summit Ms. Agnes Kalibata of Rwanda - Special Envoy for 2021 Food Systems Summit] [[United Nations]], press release of December 16, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

= Imyanya ya politiki =
Kalibata yagize uruhare runini mu guharanira uburinganire mu Rwanda, ashimangira inyungu z’ubukungu zo gushishikariza abagore kugira uruhare runini muri sosiyete kuko u Rwanda rwakize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994 yahitanye abantu 800.000 mu mezi atatu bigatuma abaturage b’u Rwanda 60% b’abagore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anthony Faiola |date=19 May 2008 |title=Women pave way for Rwanda's revival |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2008/05/19/women_pave_way_for_rwandas_revival.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

= Amashimwe n'ibihembo =
Mu mwaka wa 2012, Kalibata yahawe igihembo cya Yara (ubu cyitwa igihembo cy’ibiribwa muri Afurika), gishimangira umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa ikigo cyayoboye imbaraga zo guhindura ukuri mu buhinzi muri Afurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Muri 2018, kaminuza ya Liege, [[Ububiligi|mu Bubiligi]] yamuhaye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro kubera ubuyobozi bw'icyubahiro (2018).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Niwe wahawe umudari w’imibereho rusange ya NAS 2019: wasobanuwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ubumenyi nk’igihembo cyubahwa cyane, uyu mudari uhabwa buri mwaka umuhanga ukoresha siyanse ku nyungu rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

*[[Inama y’Abaminisitiri]]

==  Notes  == 
{{Reflist}}  


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalibata, Agnes Matilda}}
[[Category:Abanyarwanda]] 
[[Category:Abaminisitiri]]
[[Category:Abagore]]</text>
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    <title>Joseph Habineza</title>
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      <text bytes="705" sha1="ruuyj4ouiwct1omejast9a7rj9gpv5d" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:African_child_sports.jpg|thumb|Joseph Habineza yitabye Imana kuwa 20 /08/2021(dead)]]
[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|left|thumb|300x300px|Rwanda]]
'''Joseph Habineza''' () Minisitiri wa [[Siporo]] n’[[Umuco]] (cyangwa w’Umuco na Siporo; MINISPOC mu magambo ahinnye y’[[icyongereza]]) muri Repubulika y’u [[Rwanda]].

== ==
*[[Inama y’Abaminisitiri]]

== Imiyoboro  ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110221101857/http://igihe.wikirwanda.org/news.php?groupid=7&amp;news_cat_id=11&amp;news_id=10659 Uwari Minisitiri wa Siporo n’ Umuco Joseph Habineza yatangaje impamvu z’ ukwegura kwe]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Habineza, Joseph}}
[[Category:Abanyarwanda]] 
[[Category:Abaminisitiri]]
[[Category:Abagabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikigori</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="23299" sha1="i3ocon6uscsxytrw8dhwe5o6z90owlz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Zea_mays_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikigori&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Maispflanze.jpg|thumb|Maispflanze]]
[[Dosiye:Maize plant diagram.svg|thumb|Maize plant diagram]]
[[Dosiye:Starr-120606-7054-Zea mays-ears for sale-Laulima Farm Kipahulu-Maui (25026486812).jpg|thumb|ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 'glass gem' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.43.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 'lourdious' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.4.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Maize Plant (2).JPG|thumb|Maize Plant ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays (2943636083).jpg|thumb|Zea mays ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 15-p.bot-zea.mays-19.jpg|thumb|Zea mays ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 15-p.bot-zea.mays-25.jpg|thumb|Imizi yigiti kikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 15-p.bot-zea.mays-24.jpg|thumb|Zea mays ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 15-p.bot-zea.mays-08.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays drought (01).jpg|thumb|Zea mays drought ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays convar. saccharata cob.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Field in Drôme 01.jpg|thumb|Imurima wibigori]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays var. ceratina.jpg|thumb|Zea mays var]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 004.JPG|thumb|Zea mays]]
[[Dosiye:Specimen of Zea Mays Everta.jpg|thumb|Specimen of Zea Mays Everta]]
[[Dosiye:Maisfeld - Zea mays 1.jpg|thumb|Maisfeld - Zea mays]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays subsp. Mays. Locatie De Kruidhof.JPG|thumb|Zea mays subsp. Mays]]
[[Dosiye:Maize Farm in Northern Ghana.jpg|thumb|Maize Farm]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays subsp. mays inflorescence.jpg|thumb|Zea mays subsp]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 15-p.bot-zea.mays-10.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Maize 4.jpg|thumb|Maize ]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
[[Dosiye:Maíz (Zea mays) - Coloración de los granos.jpg|thumb|Maíz (Zea mays) ]]
[[Dosiye:Multicolored glass gem corn.jpg|thumb|GEM corn]]
[[Dosiye:Glass gem corn with husk.jpg|thumb|'''Glass gem corn with husk''']]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|Ikigori]]
&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&amp;q=ikigori&amp;cvid=28d3956e237c494ca8bfe52be0fc6c56&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg8MgYIAhBFGDwyBggDEEUYPNIBCDMxNTBqMGoxqAIAsAIA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;PC=U531 ikigori - Search]&lt;/ref&gt;'''Ikigori''' (''ubuke'': '''Ibigori'''; izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] ''Zea mays''; izina mu [[cyongereza]]: ''Maize'' cyangwa ''Corn''; izina mu [[gifaransa]]: ''Maïs'') ni [[ikimera]] n’[[ikiribwa]].

Abahinzi bo mu murenge wa Gashali ho mu [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karere ka Karongi]] mu ntara y’iburengerazuba, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y’indobanure y’ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Birambo.
[[File:Ab food 06.jpg|thumb|Ikigori|249x249px]]
[[Dosiye:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|left|thumb|ikigori]]
Twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama 100 ari izi zikurikira : amazi angana na garama 10,3. Garama 362 za [[kalisiyumu]], Karoli muri garama 100 zingana na 8,1. Harimo kandi amagarama 76,9 by’ibinyasukari, gararama 3,6 bya Lipide, gr 6,16 bya Vitamine A, 0,385 bya vitamine B1 NA Miligarama 0,201 za B2, miligarama 3,632 za vitamine B3 na PP, Miligarama 241 za acide gras, miligarama 304 z’umunyu ngugu na7,3 gr za Fibre, 6gr z’umunyu ngugu wa Feri, 3,5garama za [[Potasiyumu]], 2,87 garama za [[manyeziyumu]], 127gr za [[sodiyumu]] na 35garama za [[fosifori]]. MUKARERE KA [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|RWAMAGANA]] BAKUNDA GUHINGA IGIHINGWA KIKIGORI BITEWE NUKO HARI UBUTAKA BUSHOBORA GUTANGA UMUSARURO. 
 
Ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry’ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w’umuntu. Nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti Doctissimo.fr rubivuga, ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w’umuntu, kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n’ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye. Inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya Mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri “Amido”ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri Korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk’ikiribwa cy’ibanze.

[[File:Ibigori.jpg|thumb|Ibigori]]
[[File:Corncobs.jpg|thumb|250px|left|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ibigori&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|250px|thumb|IROZA]]
[[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|250px|INTETE ZICYATSI]]
[[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|250px|INTETE]]
Icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri [[Afurika]], i [[Burayi]] n’ahandi, kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk’ingano ndetse n’uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk’igikoma, ubugali n’ibindi. Kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya “Pelle-agra” ni ukuvuga indwara y’uruhu iterwa no kubura Vitamine PP. Ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n’ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa. Ubundi ifu y’icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori. Ariko kandi bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy’ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n’ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose.
[[Dosiye:Zea_mays_(2943636083).jpg|thumb|UMURIMA WIBIGORI]]
Icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse, cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y’ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta. Ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y’inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk’uko biri mu muco gakondo w’Abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]].

Ibigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bihingwa ku isi yose, mu turere twose tw'ubuhinzi haba imisozi migifi, iringaniye ndetse n'imisozi miremire. Ibigori byera mu butaka bunyuranye cyane cyane byera neza mu butaka bw'isi ndende, buseseka kandi buhitisha amazi, burimo ibumba n'ifumbire y'imborera ibuha intungagihingwa zihagije. Ibigori bihingwa mu butaka bw'isi ndende, bubika amazi, bworoshye kandi bufumbiye.

N'ubwo ibigori byera ku butaka bunyuranye, ntabwo byera neza mu butaka bwagundutse burimo umucanga mwinshi n'ibumba ryinshi, kereka bashyizemo ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda, kandi ni ngombwa cyane guhinga bajya hasi kandi bagasukira kugira ngo amazi ahite neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibigori/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226124254/https://umutihealth.com/ibigori/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amoko yamamazwa n’ibiyaranga ===

* Mu misozi migufi n’iciriritse hahingwa amoko ya Kigega (ZM607), ISARM081 (Pool15_ QPM_SR), Ndaruhutse (Pool 32), H513, SC513, SC525, ISARM101, ISARM103, RHM101, RHM102, RHM103. WH505.
* Mu misozi miremire hera Tamira (Pool 9A), Mamesa (Pool 8A), ISARH071, PAN691,H 628, H 624 na PAN 691.
* Hari kandi imbuto z'ibyimanyi ziboneka habanguriwe amoko asanzwe y'ibigori n'andi moko arangwa n'ibyo umushakashatsi ukora amoko y'imbuto yifuza (zihanganira amapfa cyangwa indwara n'ibyonnyi, yera vuba cyangwa se atanga umusaruro mwiza n'ibindi. Muri ayo moko twavuga:

'''1. RHM104:'''yihanganira izuba kandi iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye kuva kuri m 900 kugeza kuri m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Impuzandengo y'umusaruro ugera kuri toni 7.9kuri hegitari.

Imbuto shingiro y'ubu bwoko ituburwa n'ishami rya RAB rishinzwe imbuto n’ama sosiyeti amwe n’amwe y’abikorera mu butubuzi bw’imbuto.

'''2. RHM1407''': iberanye n'imisozi iciriritse, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Iyi mbuto yakorewe igenzura mu buryo bwa laburatwari n'uburyo busanzwe bigaragara ko yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori. Aho yageregerejwe yatanze umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 7.87 kuri Ha.

'''3. RHT132:''' iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 1400 na m 2000 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira.

'''4. RHM1409:''' iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira mu rugero. Umusaruro mpuzandengo wayo ni toni 8.67 kuri hegitari.

'''5. RHM1402:''' iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.59 kuri hegitari. Nta sosiyeti irafata iyi mbuto kugira ngo iyitubure.

'''6. RHMM111:'''iberanye by'umwihariko n'imisozi iringaniye ariko ikonja. Ni imbuto yera vuba cyane, yerera iminsi 100. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 6.16 kuri hegitari.

'''7.''' '''RHMMM113:''' iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Ni imbuto yerera iminsi 110. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.23 kuri hegitari.

'''8.''' '''RHMH1520''' iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.
[[Dosiye:Drying maize picture.jpg|thumb|Ikigoli]]
9. '''RHMH1521:''' : iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-56336649&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegura umurima ===
Mu [[Rwanda]], abahinzi benshi b'ibigori bakoresha uburyo bumenyerewe bwo gutegura umurima:

* '''Isuka'''

Uburyo bwo gutegura umurima bakoresheje isuka bukoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buto. Ubu buryo ntibwihuta, bukoresha abakozi benshi ariko burizewe.

* '''Imashini zihinga'''

Imashini zihinga zikoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buringanye cyangwa bunini kubera ko izi mashini zihenda kandi ntizibonerwe ibyuma bisimbura ibishaje ku buryo bworoshye, igiciro cyo hejuru cy'amavuta zikoresha ndetse n'igiciro gihanitse cyo kuzikodesha.

* '''Imashini nto zisunikwa'''

Ubu ni uburyo bwiza ku bahinzi bafite ubutaka buto cyangwa buringaniye kuko zikoresha amavuta make kandi zikaba zidahenze n'ubwo zitaberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye. Izi mashini zikoreshwa ibintu byinshi kandi biroroshye kuzikoresha. Icyakora abahinzi benshi ntibarasobanukirwa n'ibyiza byo gukoresha imashini, bitewe ahari n'uko zikiri nshya ku isoko.

* '''Inyamaswa zihinga'''

Ubu ni uburyo bwo gukoreshwa inyamaswa zikurura amasuka ahinga. Ubu buryo bufasha umuhinzi guhinga ubutaka bunini no gutera ibigori byinshi ugereranyije no guhingisha isuka isanzwe. Gusa rero ubu buryo ntibuberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye cyangwa buhanamye.Ubu buryo kandi busaba kugura no korora imfizi yifashishwa mu gukurura amasuka ahinga.

Nyuma yo kureba uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegure umurima, ni ngombwa kandi kurwanya isuri mu murima kugira ngo itazangiza ibigori umusaruro umuhinzi yari yizeye ntuboneke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/maize/pests_and_diseases/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226124254/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/maize/pests_and_diseases |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Kurwanya isuri hifashijwe :'''

Amaterasi y’indinganire

Gucukura imiringoti,

Gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka bifata ubutaka

* '''Kurima bwa mbere''' bavanamo urwiri n'ibindi byatsi bibi  iyo biri mu murima.
* '''Guhinga bwa kabiri''' (gutabira) cyangwa gusanza bagiye gutera imbuto.

'''Gufumbira'''

Mu murima ugiye guterwamo ibigori hashyirwa Toni 10 kuri ha z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu gihe cy’itabira. Iyo ubutaka bwagundutse cyane, batera ishwagara mu murima mu byumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera ku rugero rwa Toni 2,5 na Toni 5 z’ishwagara kuri ha, ikamaramo ibihembwe bine by‘ihinga. Hashyirwa mu murima ifumbire mvaruganda: kg 250 za NPK(17-17-17) kuri ha, cyangwa kg 100 za DAP mu gihe cy’itera cyangwa imaze kumera. Iyo hashize ibyumweru bitandatu nyuma yo gutera, bakongeramo 100 kg za Ire kuri ha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/nyagatare-bishimiye-igiciro-gishya-cy-ibigori-bakifuza-ko-cyakurikizwa&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gutera imbuto ===

* Haterwa imbuto ingana na kg 20-25 z’imbuto kuri ha.
* Ibigori biterwa ku ntera ya cm 80 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 hagati y’utwobo tw’imbuto, kandi hagaterwa ibigori bibiri muri buri kobo. Iyo bashaka gutera ikigori kimwe mu kobo, batera ku ntera ya cm 70 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 y’utwobo tw’imbuto.

==== Igihe cyo gutera ====

* Ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cy'umuhindo, mu misozi migufi no mu misozi iciriritse, batera ibigori mu byumweru bibiri bya nyuma by’ukwezi kwa Nzeli, n’ibyumweru bibiri bya mbere by’ukwezi k’Ukwakira.  
* Ku gihembwe cy'ihinga cya kabiri, batera mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare.
* Mu misozi mireremire, batera mu kwezi k’Ukwakira ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cya mbere no mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare mu gihembwe cya kabiri, ariko hari n’abageza mu kwezi kwa Werurwe bagitera.
* Mu bishanga batera mu kwezi kwa Kamena, ibishanga bimaze kumuka.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/hari-icyizere-ko-ku-bwiza-n-umusaruro-w-ibigori-byatuburiwe-mu-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kubikenura (Kubikorera cyangwa gufata neza ibigori) ===
Imirimo ikorwa mu rwego rwo gukenura cyangwa gufata neza igihingwa cy'ibigori, harimo kubagara inshuro ebyiri, kwicira, no gusukira.

* '''Kubagara'''

Ibigori bibagarwa inshuro ya mbere bikimara kumera bifite cm 10 z’uburebure. Iryo bagara rigamije gukuramo ibyatsi bibi byacuranwa intungagihingwa n'ibigori, no kumena ubutaka kugira ngo ibigori bibashe gukura neza.

* '''Kwicira'''

Ibigori babyicira mu gihe babagara ubwa kabiri. Kwicira ni ukurandura utugori tudasa neza nk'ibindi, biba bigaragara ko tutazera neza cyangwa se kugabanya umubare w'ibigori  byameze mu mwobo umwe iyo birenze bibiri.

* '''Gusukira/ Kuhira'''

Iyo ibigori bimaze kugera ku burebure bwa cm30, barabisukira. Gusukira ni ukwegereza agataka ibigori, hagamijwe kubishyigikira kugira ngo bikure neza kandi bishinge imizi byoye guhungabanywa n'umuyaga.

=== Kurwanya indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ingenzi ku bigori ===
'''1. ''Nkongwa y’ibigori''''': ni udukoko bita Busseola fusca, sesania colanistis, eldana sacharina. Utwo dukoko dukwirakwizwa n’utunyugunyugu dutera amagi mu bigori mu gihe cy’imicyo. Ubwone bu­garagazwa n’imyobo mu ruti, mu ntete no ku mababi y’ibigori, ikikijwe n’amabyi ya nkong­wa.&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Ubucuruzi-bw-ibigori-byokeje-n-ibitetse-bwaciwe-i-Bujumbura&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Ibimenyetso bya nkongwa y’ibigori'' ====
'''Ibimenyetso bya Nkongwa y’ibigori: ubwone bwa''' Busseola fusca ku mababi y’ibigori (A) imyobo y’ubwone (B) imyobo n’umwanda wa Nkongwa mu ruti rw’ikigori rw’ikigori (C), umutima w’igihingwa cy’kigori wapfuye(D), ubwone ku kigori n’intete zacyo, (E) n’imyobo yuzuyemo umwanda wa Nkongwa n.intete zariwe (F).

Bayirwanya batera kare, basimburanya ibihingwa, kurunda ibigorigori mu kimpoteri cyabyo cyangwa gukoresha imiti nka Dursban 48% 1,5l/Ha cyangwa béta-cyfluthrine 2,5%  hakoreshejwe ml 10 z’umuti muri litiro 10 z’amazi kuri ari 1.

'''2''. Indwara y’imigongo cyangwa ingenge y’amabara''''' bita “Maize streak virus” ikwirakwizwa n’agakoko bita Cicadulina rubila. Igaragazwa n’imirongo y’umweru ku kibabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2023/02/breaking-impanuka-ikomeye-yubwanikiro-bwibigori-biravugwa-ko-yaguyemo-abantu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226124259/https://umuseke.rw/2023/02/breaking-impanuka-ikomeye-yubwanikiro-bwibigori-biravugwa-ko-yaguyemo-abantu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Ibimenyetso bw’ingenge z’amababi y’ibigori'' ====
Bayirwanya baterera rimwe kandi kare,  bakarandura ibyafashwe bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.

'''3. ''Kubabuka kw’amababi y’ibigori''''': iyi indwara iterwa n’agahumyo bita “Helmnthosporium turcicum“. Ni indwa­ra ifata amababi y’ikigori ikagaragazwa n’amabara manini arambuye ku mababi. Ikara cyane mu gihe cy’imvura.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Bubakiwe-uruganda-rwibigori-ariko-rumaze-imyaka-2-rudakora&lt;/ref&gt;

==== '''''Ibimenyetso by’indwara ibabura amababi y’ibigori'''''. ====
Mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya, batera ku gihe imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara kandi hagakores­hwa imbuto ihungijwe umuti wa Thiran na benomyl. Ni ngombwa kandi kurunda ibigorigori mu cyimpoteri cyabyo ahitaruye.

'''4. ''Nkongwa idasanzwe'''''

Nkongwa idasanzwe (Fall Armyworm: Spodoptera frugiper- da) ni icyonnyi kidasanzwe gitera igihombo kinini cyane iyo kitarwanyijwe bikwiye. Icyi cyonnyi cyibasira cyane cyane ibigori ndetse n’ibindi bihingwa nk’amasaka n’ibisheke.
[[Dosiye:Zea mays male flowers.jpg|thumb|ikigori]]
''Nkongwa idasanzwe n’ubwone bwayo    Nkongwa idasanzwe ifite ishushyo y’inyuguti ya “Y”''

=== Kuyirinda ===

* Guhinga ugeza isuka hasi  ugamije  kugaragaza, kuvanamo cyangwa gutaba  nkongwa    n’ibikonoshwa byayo,
* Kubagara umurima igihe cyose hagaragayemo ibyatsi no kugira isuku mu nkengero zawo,
* Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa nyuma yo gusarura,
* Kongerera ibihingwa ubudahangarwa hakoreshwa ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza n’imvar   uganda ku bipimo nyabyo hamwe no kuhira,
* Gusimburanya mu murima ibinyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe (ibishyimbo, [[soya]],..) cyangwa   n’ibinyabijumba (ibirayi, ibijumba),
* Gusura umurima byibuze inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru, ureba niba nta bimenyetso by’iki   cyonnyi birimo.

Igihe ubisanzemo ihutire gutanga amakuru ku babishinzwe (Abajyanamab’ubuhinzi, abafashamyumvire, n’abashinzwe ubuhinzi mu Kagari, Umurenge, Akarere,RAB…)

=== Kuyirwanya ===

* Gutoragura nkongwa mumurima no kuzica,
* Gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nka:

* Cypermethrin 4%+profenofos 40% (urugero: roket, target, cypro, jaket,…)    ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
* Lambda-Cyhalothrin 50g/l, ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
* Pyrethrum 5% EWC, ku rugero rwa 8ml muri 1l y’amazi
* Acetamiprid 20g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin 16g/l, 4-6ml muri 1l y’amazi,
* Imidacloprid 200g/l ku rugero rwa 1ml muri 1l y’amazi.

=== ''Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori'' ===
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori ni idwara iterwa na virusi z’ubwoko bubiri ari zo  ''Maize chlorotic mottle virus'' (Machlomovirus: Tombusviridae) na  ''Sugarcane mosaic virus'' (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) cyangwa se ubundi bwoko bwa virusi ifata ibinyampeke yo mu bwoko bwitwa Potyviridae.

'''Ibimenyetso'''

Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori yigaragaza ku buryo bwinshi bitewe n’ubwoko, ikigero cy’ubwandu n’ibihe. Mu bimenyetso

biyigaragaza harimo amababi y’ikigori cyafashwe ahinduka umuhondo hanyuma agatangira kwuma ahereye ku mpande agana imbere. Iyo gifashwe kikiri gito cyuma gihereye ku mutwe. Iyo gifashwe cyaramaze guheka, umuheko ugaragara nk’aho ikigori cyeze, nyamara iyo uwuvanyeho ibishishwa usanga imbere intete zidakuze kandi ari nke cyane (Castillo and Herbert, 1974; Castillo Loayza, 1977; Niblett and Caflin, 1978; Uyemoto et al., 1981).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/a/6946641.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya ===

* Gukoresha imbuto zujuje ubuziranenge ziboneka ku bacuruzi b’inyongera  musaruro bemewe;
* Gukurikiza amabwiriza y’imihingire myiza atangwa n’abamamaza buhinzi (urugero: guterera ku gihe, guterera rimwe, intera zo gutereraho, igerambuto, gufumbira neza, kubagara, n’ibindi…),
* Kurandura no gukuraho ibigori byose byagaragaje uburwayi bigatabwa nibura mu cyobo gifite metero imwe (m1) y’ubujyakuzimu,
* Kwirinda gutera ibigori hafi y’umurima ugaragaramo Cyumya/Kirabiranya,
* Gusimburanya ibigori n’ibindi bihingwa bitari ibinyampeke,
* Kutagaburira amatungo impungure zasaruwe ku bigori birwaye,
* Kwirinda gukwirakwiza imbuto cyangwa ibikomoka ku bigori byagarayeho indwara, uva mu karere ujya mu kandi.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ubuzima-115/article/kigali-biravugwa-ko-impanuka-ikomeye-y-ubwanikiro-bw-ibigori-bwaguye-yahitanye&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gusarura ===

* Sarura ibigori bimaze kwera neza no kuma,
* Amababi n’ibishishwa biba byarumye
* Igice cy’ikigori gifashe ku giti kiba cyatangiye guhindura ibara kibaba ikigina cyangwa umukara,
* Bigori biba byumye utabyotsa
* Iyo usatuye intete usanga imbere harumye
* Byibyra ¾ by’ibigori biba byaratangiye kugwa bisa n’ibigiye kuva ku biti,
* Urugero rw’ubuhehere ruba rugeze kuri 35%.

==== Gutema, kwanika no gutonora ibigori ====

* Bishobora gukorwa n’intoki bahwanyuza kimwe kimwe cyangwa bagatema ibiti byabyo bikiriho ibigori hanyuma bakabyanika mu murima kugira ngo bikomeze kuma.  Ibigori byanitse mu murima byuma nka nyuma y’ibyumweru kuva kuri kimwe kugera kuri bitatu  bitewe n’uko ibihe by’izuba n’imvura bimeze. Nyuma y’aho ibigori bishobora gutonorwa  bigahunikwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/sobanukirwa-akamaro-ko-gukoresha-imisatsi-yibigori/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226124258/https://yegob.rw/sobanukirwa-akamaro-ko-gukoresha-imisatsi-yibigori/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kumisha no guhumgura ===
Kwanika ibigori mu murima bishobora kunganirwa no kongera kubyanika mu nyubako zabugenewe kuko bigabanya ibyago byo kuzana uruhumbu.

Ibigori bishobora kujyanwa hanze y’ubwanikiro bikanikwa ku zuba ku birago cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo byume neza bigere ku ugero rw’ubuhehere rwifuzwa mbere y’uko bihungurwa.

Ibigori bigomba guhungurwa bigeze ku gipimo cy’ubuhehere cya 13-14%. Guhungura n’intoki ni bwo buryo bumenyerewe. Ubundi buryo bwo guhunguza udukoresho bafata mu ntoki cyangwa imashini zihungura ibigori bishobora koroshya akazi no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhungura byinshi.

''Akuma gahungura ibigori   Imashini ihungura ibigori.''

Ibigori bihungurwa kubera impamvu zikurikira:

* Guhungira intete biroroha kandi bikagira umumaro kurushaho,
* Kubihungira bikorwa n’uuti muke
* Ibigori bihunguye bimara igihe kinini bitangiritse
* Hakenerwa umwanya muto wo kubihunika
* Biroroshye kugenzura no gusuzuma umusaruro
* Ibyonnyi ntibibyangiza nk’uko byakwangiza ibigori bidahunguye.Iyo ibigori bimaze guhungurwa, biragosorwa, bigahungirwa hakoreshejwe umuti wa Actellic super ku rugero rwa gr 10 z’umuti muri kg 100 z’ibigori.

=== Guhunika ===

* Ibigori byumye bishobora guhunikwa bidahunguye cyangwa ari intete zigunguye.  Bihunikwa mu bitebo, ibigega cyangwa imifuka. Imifuka igomba guterekwa ku mbaho zigiye hejuru y’ubutaka kugira ngo umwuka utemberemo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/intandaro-yigabanuka-ryumusaruro-wibigori-muri-bugesera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226124251/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/intandaro-yigabanuka-ryumusaruro-wibigori-muri-bugesera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiyoboro ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134018/http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=rw&amp;volumeid=141&amp;cat=35&amp;storyid=3949 Ikigori : Ingirakamaro mu bitunga umubiri]

[[Category:Ibigori]]
[[Category:Ibimera]]
[[Category:Ubuhinzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ingagi zo mu birunga</title>
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      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: ibijyanye n’ingagi mu Rwanda (RDB, Kwita Izina), itumanaho, ingano, ikarita, amafoto, gukuraho inyandiko zibyibushye, ibyiciro</comment>
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| title = Ingagi zo mu birunga
| image = [[File:Susa group, mountain gorilla.jpg|260px]]
| caption = Ingagi y'ingabo ikuze (''silverback'') yo mu itsinda rya Susa, mu [[Rwanda]]
| header1 = Ishyirwa mu byiciro
| label2 = Ubwami | data2 = [[Inyamaswa]] (''Animalia'')
| label3 = Urwego | data3 = Inyamabere (''Mammalia'')
| label4 = Itsinda | data4 = [[Inguge]] (''Primates'')
| label5 = Umuryango | data5 = ''Hominidae''
| label6 = Ubwoko rusange | data6 = [[Ingagi]] (''Gorilla'')
| label7 = Ubwoko | data7 = Ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (''Gorilla beringei'')
| label8 = Ubwoko buto | data8 = ''G. b. beringei''
| header9 = Izina ry'ubumenyi
| data10 = ''Gorilla beringei beringei''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Matschie, 1903&lt;/small&gt;
| header11 = Uko zihagaze
| label12 = IUCN | data12 = Ziri mu kaga (EN)&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39999/176396749 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |year=2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| label13 = Umubare | data13 = ≈ 1 063 (2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;mecu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mountain Gorilla Census Results Announced |url=https://mecu.ucdavis.edu/2019/12/16/mountain-gorilla-census-results-announced/ |website=Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, UC Davis |date=2019-12-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| header14 = Aho ziboneka
| data15 = [[File:Mountain gorilla Distribution range.png|250px|Aho ingagi zo mu birunga ziboneka]]
}}
'''Ingagi zo mu birunga''', zitwa kandi ingagi zo mu misozi miremire (izina ry'ubumenyi: ''Gorilla beringei beringei''), ni bumwe mu bwoko buto bubiri bw'[[ingagi]] zo mu burasirazuba bwa [[Afurika]]. Ziboneka gusa ahantu habiri ku [[isi]]: mu [[Imisozi ya Virunga|misozi y'Ibirunga]], ahahurira [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], no mu ishyamba rya Bwindi muri Uganda.

Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku kubungabunga [[ibidukikije]] ([[Abishyize Hamwe Bashinzwe Kubungabunga Isi|IUCN]]) uzishyira mu bwoko buri mu kaga. Mu mwaka wa 2018 habarurwaga ingagi zo mu birunga zigera ku 1 063 ku isi yose. Zamenyekanye cyane kubera ubushakashatsi bwa [[Dian Fossey]], kandi ni imwe mu nkingi z'[[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|ubukerarugendo bw'u Rwanda]].

== Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'ivumburwa ==
Ingagi zo mu birunga ni ubwoko buto bw'ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (''Gorilla beringei''), hamwe n'ingagi zo mu bibaya byo mu burasirazuba (''G. b. graueri''). Abahanga bamwe bakeka ko ingagi zo mu ishyamba rya Bwindi zaba ari ubundi bwoko buto bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;

Mu Kwakira 1902, umusirikare w'[[Abadage|Umudage]] Robert von Beringe yarashe ingagi ebyiri mu rugendo rwo kugena imipaka y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba y'[[Ubudage|Abadage]]. Imwe muri zo yoherejwe mu nzu ndangamurage y'ibinyabuzima i [[Berlin]], aho umuhanga Paul Matschie yayise ''Gorilla beringei'', ayitirira uwayirashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Schaller, G. B. |year=1963 |title=The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/mountaingorillae0000scha |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-73635-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1925, Umunyamerika Carl Akeley yemeje umwami Albert I w'[[Ububiligi]] gushyiraho Pariki ya Albert (ubu ni [[Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga]]), kugira ngo arinde inyamaswa zo mu Birunga.&lt;ref name=&quot;schaller&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere y'umubiri ==
Ubwoya bw'ingagi zo mu birunga ni burebure kandi ni bwinshi kurusha ubw'izindi ngagi, bigatuma zishobora kubaho ahantu hakonje. Buri ngagi igira ishusho y'izuru yihariye, ifasha abashakashatsi kuzitandukanya. Ingabo zikuze zirusha cyane ingore ubunini, kandi zigira ubwoya bw'ibara ry'ifeza ku mugongo, niyo mpamvu zitwa ''silverback'' (« umugongo w'ifeza »).&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt; Iyo zihagaze, ingabo zikuze zigira uburebure bwa metero 1,61 kugeza kuri 1,71, n'ibiro biri hagati ya 120 na 191; ingore zo ni nto, zipima hagati y'ibiro 70 na 98.&lt;ref name=&quot;williamson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=E. A. |last2=Butynski |first2=T. M. |year=2013 |chapter=Gorilla beringei, eastern gorilla |title=Mammals of Africa |volume=2: Primates |editor1-last=Butynski |editor1-first=T. M. |editor2-last=Kingdon |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Kalina |editor3-first=J. |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |pages=45–53 |isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&amp;pg=RA1-PA45 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingagi zigenda ku maguru ane zishingikirije ku mugongo w'intoki, kandi amaboko yazo arusha amaguru uburebure. Zigira [[amenyo]] ameze nk'ay'abantu, atuma zishobora guhekenya ibimera byinshi; ingabo zikuze zigira imikaka minini zikoresha iyo zirwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igihe.com/news-2-95-1258.html |title=Ingagi zo mu Birunga: inyamaswa zifite byinshi zihuriyeho n'abantu |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306071035/http://igihe.com/news-2-95-1258.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aho ziba ==
[[File:Gorilla mother and baby at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Ingore n'umwana wayo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]]]
Ingagi zo mu birunga ziba mu [[amashyamba]] y'[[Umusozi|imisozi]] miremire ahorana ibicu, igihu n'ubukonje. Mu Birunga, amatsinda menshi aba ku mabanga y'[[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]] bitatu bizimye: [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]], Mikeno na [[Ikirunga cya Bisoke|Bisoke]]. [[Ikimera|Ibimera]] biba ari byinshi cyane hasi ku misozi, bikagenda bigabanuka uko uzamuka; ingagi zimara igihe kinini mu mashyamba y'[[igiti|ibiti]] bya ''Hagenia'' no mu mashyamba y'[[imigano]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;

Zirinzwe muri pariki enye:
* [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] mu [[Rwanda]];
* [[Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]];
* Pariki y'igihugu ya Mgahinga muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]];
* Pariki y'igihugu y'ishyamba rya Bwindi muri Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;
Muri izo pariki harimo kandi andi moko y'[[ibinyabuzima]] arinzwe n'[[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya CITES]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pariki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingagi muri Parike Nasiyonali y’Ibirunga |url=http://www.karabaye.com/news/article.php?id=0105 |accessdate=2011-01-19 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306144347/http://karabaye.com/news/article.php?id=0105 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibereho ==
=== Ibyo zirya ===
[[File:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female eating root.jpg|thumb|right|Ingore irya umuzi]]
Ingagi zo mu birunga zirya ahanini ibimera. Amababi, imishibu, uduti n'imitima yatwo bigize hafi 86 % by'ibyo zirya, biva ku moko y'ibimera agera ku 142. Zirya kandi ibishishwa by'ibiti, imizi, indabo n'[[urubuto|imbuto]], ndetse rimwe na rimwe udukoko. Kubera ko zikeneye ibiryo byinshi, zimara igice kinini cy'umunsi zirisha, zikaruhuka saa sita; buri mugoroba buri ngagi yiyubakira icyari cy'ibimera iraramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;

=== Imiryango ===
Ingagi zibana mu matsinda ahamye ayoborwa n'ingabo ikuze. Hafi 61 % by'amatsinda agizwe n'ingabo imwe ikuze n'ingore nyinshi, naho 36 % akagira ingabo zikuze zirenze imwe. Itsinda ntirirwanira ubutaka: ingabo iriyobora irinda itsinda ryayo aho kurinda aho riba. Amatsinda ahora yimuka ashaka ibyo kurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot; /&gt;

=== Itumanaho ===
Abashakashatsi bamaze kumenya amajwi 25 atandukanye ingagi zo mu birunga zikoresha. Menshi muri yo azifasha gushyikirana mu bimera byinshi aho zitabasha kubonana: urugero, iyo zigenda, amajwi magufi asa no kwitotomba agaragaza aho buri ngagi iherereye mu itsinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;harcourt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Harcourt |first1=A. H. |last2=Stewart |first2=K. J. |last3=Hauser |first3=M. |year=1993 |title=Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context, and interspecific comparison |journal=Behaviour |volume=124 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–122 |doi=10.1163/156853993X00524 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyo ingabo ikuze ishaka gutera ubwoba cyangwa kwerekana imbaraga zayo, ikora ibikorwa bikurikirana: irasakuza, igahagarara ku maguru abiri, ikajugunya ibimera, ikikubita mu gituza n'ibiganza, ikiruka iruhande, igashishimura ibimera, hanyuma igakubita hasi ibiganza.&lt;ref name=&quot;maple&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Maple |first1=T. L. |last2=Hoff |first2=M. P. |year=1982 |title=Gorilla Behavior |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |location=New York |isbn=978-0-442-25152-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/gorillabehavior0000mapl |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubushakashatsi ==
Umunyamerika George Schaller yamaze amezi 20 yiga ingagi zo mu birunga guhera mu 1959, nyuma atangaza ibitabo bibiri bya mbere bisobanura imibereho yazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;schaller&quot; /&gt; Mu 1967, [[Dian Fossey]] yatangiye ubushakashatsi bwamaze imyaka 18 mu Birunga by'u Rwanda; igitabo cye ''Gorillas in the Mist'' (1983) cyatumye isi yose imenya izi ngagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;fossey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Fossey, D. |year=1983 |title=Gorillas in the Mist |url=https://archive.org/details/gorillasinmist00dian |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0-395-28217-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fossey yiciwe mu Birunga mu Ukuboza 1985, nyuma y'imyaka myinshi arwanya ubuhigi bw'ingagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot; /&gt;

== Ibarura n'umubare wazo ==
[[File:Ingagi_mu_birunga.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Ingagi mu Birunga]]
Umubare w'ingagi zo mu birunga wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya 1980:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Ibarura ry'ingagi zo mu birunga
! Umwaka !! Agace !! Umubare
|-
| 1981 || Ibirunga || 254&lt;ref name=&quot;aveling&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aveling |first1=C. |last2=Harcourt |first2=A. H. |year=1984 |title=A census of the Virunga gorillas |journal=Oryx |volume=18 |pages=8–13 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300018524 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1989 || Ibirunga || 320&lt;ref name=&quot;gorillacd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Good News for Mountain Gorillas |url=http://gorillacd.org/2010/12/15/mountain-gorilla-census-results-population-increases-by-263/ |publisher=gorilla.cd |date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217091716/http://gorillacd.org/2010/12/15/mountain-gorilla-census-results-population-increases-by-263/ |archive-date=2013-12-17 |url-status=usurped |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2003 || Ibirunga || 380&lt;ref name=&quot;gorillacd&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2010 || Ibirunga || 480&lt;ref name=&quot;gateway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingagi zo mu Birunga zariyongereye |url=http://www.rwandagateway.org/rw/spip.php?article625 |accessdate=2011-01-02 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234747/http://rwandagateway.org/rw/spip.php?article625 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2015–2016 || Ibirunga || 604&lt;ref name=&quot;mecu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2018 || Bwindi–Sarambwe || 459&lt;ref name=&quot;mecu&quot; /&gt;
|}
Ibarura ryo mu 2010 ryasanze mu Birunga hari ingagi 480 ziri mu miryango 36, hamwe n'ingabo 14 zibana zonyine; bivuze ko umubare wazo wiyongereyeho 26,3 % mu myaka irindwi, ni ukuvuga 3,7 % buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;gateway&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gorillacd&quot; /&gt; Iyo ubishyize hamwe, mu 2018 ingagi zo mu birunga zari zigera ku 1 063 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;mecu&quot; /&gt;

Amatsinda yamenyerejwe kwegerwa n'abantu (ku bw'ubushakashatsi n'ubukerarugendo) yiyongera vuba kurusha andi, kuko arindwa cyane kandi akavurwa n'abaganga b'amatungo iyo yafashwe n'imitego cyangwa n'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;

== Ibibazo bizugarije ==
* Kubura aho ziba: amashyamba azengurutswe n'abaturage benshi n'imirima y'[[ubuhinzi]], bigatuma aho ingagi ziba hadashobora kwaguka.
* Ubuhigi n'imitego: n'ubwo ingagi ubwazo zidahigwa cyane, zifatirwa mu mitego iba yatezwe izindi nyamaswa.
* Indwara: ingagi zishobora kwandura indwara z'abantu, cyane cyane iz'ubuhumekero nk'[[ibicurane]].
* Intambara: intambara n'umutekano muke mu karere byagiye bizibasira, cyane cyane mu gice cya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo-Kinshasa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt;
* Inkongi: rimwe na rimwe inkongi z'umuriro zifata amashyamba y'Ibirunga; hari igihe ingagi zo mu Rwanda zahungiye muri Kongo-Kinshasa kubera inkongi.&lt;ref name=&quot;inkongi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igihe.com/news-2-95-97.html |title=Ingagi zo mu Rwanda zahungiye inkongi y’umuriro muri Congo Kinshasa |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815110539/https://www.igihe.com/news-2-95-97.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kubungabunga n'ubukerarugendo ==
[[File:Mountain gorilla toddler of the Nkuringo troop in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Ingagi nto yo mu itsinda rya Nkuringo, muri Bwindi (Uganda)]]
Mu 1978 ni bwo umushinga ''Mountain Gorilla Project'' (''Projet Gorille de Montagne'') watangiye, maze ingagi zo mu gice cy'u Rwanda zitangira kumenyerezwa gusurwa n'abakerarugendo.&lt;ref name=&quot;pariki&quot; /&gt; [[Ubukerarugendo]] bw'ingagi bwahindutse isoko y'ingenzi y'[[amafaranga]] yo kurinda pariki, kandi bukurura ba mukerarugendo benshi mu karere.&lt;ref name=&quot;gateway&quot; /&gt;

Kubera ibikorwa byo kuzibungabunga, umubare wazo wariyongereye ku buryo mu 2018 IUCN yazikuye mu rwego rw'ubwoko « buri mu kaga gakomeye » (CR), izishyira mu rwego rw'ubwoko « buri mu kaga » (EN).&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot; /&gt; Imiryango nka [[Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International]] ikomeje ubushakashatsi n'ibikorwa byo kuzirinda.

=== Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda ===
Mu Rwanda, ingagi zisurwa muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]], mu [[Akarere ka Musanze]] mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y’Amajyaruguru]]. Ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2017, Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Iterambere (RDB) rwazamuye igiciro cy’uruhushya rwo gusura ingagi kiva ku madolari 750 kigera ku 1 500, kandi umugabane w’amafaranga y’ubukerarugendo ugenerwa abaturage baturiye pariki uva kuri 5 % ugera kuri 10 %.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Increase of Gorilla Permit Tariffs |url=https://rdb.rw/increase-of-gorilla-permit-tariffs/ |website=Rwanda Development Board |date=2017-05-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwita Izina ===
[[File:Mountain Gorilla statues at Kwita Izina grounds Kinigi Rwanda.jpg|thumb|right|Ibishushanyo by'ingagi ahabera umuhango wa Kwita Izina, i Kinigi]]
Kuva mu 2005, buri mwaka mu nkengero za [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]], mu [[Akarere ka Musanze]], habera umuhango wa ''Kwita Izina'': abana b’ingagi bavutse muri uwo mwaka bahabwa amazina. Izina ry’uwo muhango rikomoka ku [[Kwita izina|mugenzo nyarwanda]] wo kwita izina umwana wavutse. Kugeza mu 2025, ingagi nto nibura 438 zari zimaze kwitwa amazina.&lt;ref name=&quot;aa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Rwanda's baby gorilla naming ceremony, story behind annual event |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/explainer-rwanda-s-baby-gorilla-naming-ceremony-story-behind-annual-event/3680155 |website=Anadolu Agency |date=2025-09-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Clear}}
== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
Mountain Gorilla in Volcanoes Park, Rwanda.jpg|Ingagi muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Berggorilla-Guhonda-Sabyinyo.jpg|Guhonda, ingabo ikuze y’itsinda rya Sabyinyo
Volcanos NP m gorilla JF2.jpg|Ingagi muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Kwita izina2010.JPG|Umuhango wa Kwita Izina mu 2010
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ingagi]]
* [[Imibereho y'ingagi]]
* [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
* [[Imisozi ya Virunga]]
* [[Parike nkuru z'u Rwanda]]
* [[Dian Fossey]]
* [[Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International]]
* [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Impundu]]
* [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
{{Commonscat|Gorilla beringei beringei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingagi zo mu birunga}}
[[Ikiciro:Inyamabere]]
[[Ikiciro:Inyamaswa]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ISO 4217</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141902</id>
      <parentid>114019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141902</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19998" sha1="ldg14axtcpvts63iri98salt5bslcvp" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:ISO Logo (Red square).svg|thumb|ikiranganego cya iso|312x312px]]
n[[File:South East Asia Exchange Rates (6031878489).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|center]]

== '''ISO 4217'''&lt;br /&gt;Active codes ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! itege&amp;shy;kon&amp;shy;genga !! umu&amp;shy;bare !! faranga rizamo !! ibihugu
|-
| AED ||784 ||[[Idiramu UAE]] ||[[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]]
|-
| AFN ||971 ||[[Afugani]]  ||[[Afuganisitani]]
|-
| ALL ||008 ||[[Ileki rya Alubaniya]] ||[[Alubaniya]]
|-
| AMD ||051 ||[[Idiramu rya Arumeniya]] ||[[Arumeniya]]
|-
| ANG ||532 ||[[Igwilida Antiye Nederilande]] ||[[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]]
|-
| AOA ||973 ||[[Ikwanza ry’Angola]] ||[[Angola]]
|-
| ARS ||032 ||[[Ipezo ry’Arijantine]] ||[[Arijantina]]
|-
| AUD ||036 ||[[Idolari rya Ositaraliya]] ||[[Ositaraliya]], [[Kiribati]], [[Nawuru]], [[Norfolk Island]], [[Tuvalu]]
|-
| AWG ||533 ||[[Igwilida Nyarubani]] ||[[Aruba]]
|-
| AZN ||944 ||[[Imanati Nyazeribayijani]] ||[[Azeribayijani]]
|-
| BAM ||977 ||[[Amamarike Ahindurwa]] ||[[Bosiniya na Herizegovina]]
|-
| BBD ||052 ||[[Idolari rya Barubadosi]] ||[[Barubadosi]]
|-
| BDT ||050 ||[[Itaka Nyabangaladeshi]] ||[[Bangaladeshi]]
|-
| BGN ||975 ||[[Ilevi Nyabulugariya]] ||[[Buligariya]]
|-
| BHD ||048 ||[[Idenari rya Bahireyini]] ||[[Bahirayini]]
|-
| BIF ||108 ||[[Ifaranga ry’Uburundi]] ||[[Uburundi]]
|-
| BMD ||060 ||[[Idolari rya Berimuda]] ||[[Berimuda]]
|-
| BND ||096 ||[[Idorali rya Buruneyi]] ||[[Buruneyi]], [[Singapore]]
|-
| BOB ||068 ||[[Boliviyano]] ||[[Boliviya]]
|-
| BOV ||984 ||Muvidole Nyaboliviya||[[Boliviya]]
|-
| BRL ||986 ||[[Irili rya Burezile]] ||[[Burezile]]
|-
| BSD ||044 ||[[Idolari rya Bahamasi]] ||[[Bahamasi]]
|-
| BTN ||064 ||[[Ingulutirumu rya Butani]] ||[[Butani]]
|-
| BWP ||072 ||[[Ipula rya Botswana]] ||[[Botswana]]
|-
| BYR ||974 ||[[Irubule rya Belarusi]]||[[Belarusi]]
|-
| BZD ||084 ||[[Idolari rya Belize]] ||[[Belize]]
|-
| CAD ||124 ||[[Idolari rya Kanada]] ||[[Kanada]]
|-
| CDF ||976 ||[[Ifaranga rya Kongo]] ||[[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]
|-
| CHE ||947 ||[[Ero]] ||[[Ubusuwisi]]
|-
| CHF ||756 ||[[Ifaranga ry’Ubusuwisi]] ||[[Ubusuwisi]], [[Liyeshitensiteyine]]
|-
| CHW ||948 ||. ||[[Ubusuwisi]]
|-
| CLF ||990 ||[[Unidadesi ya fomento]] ||[[Shili]]
|-
| CLP ||152 ||[[Ipezo rya Shili]] ||[[Shili]]
|-
| CNY ||156 ||[[Iyeni Reniminibi ry’Ubushinwa]] ||[[Ubushinwa]] 
|-
| COP ||170 ||[[Ipezo rya Kolombiya]] ||[[Kolombiya]]
|-
| COU ||970 ||[[Urugero rw’Agaciro Ndahinduka UVC]] ||[[Kolombiya]]
|-
| CRC ||188 ||[[Ikoloni rya Cosita Rika]] ||[[Kosita Rika]]
|-
| CUP ||192 ||[[Ipezo rya Kiba]] ||[[Kiba]]
|-
| CVE ||132 ||[[Esikudo rya Kapu Veride]] ||[[Kapu Veri]]
|-
| CZK ||203 ||[[Ikoruna rya Ceke]] ||[[Cekiya]]
|-
| DJF ||262 ||[[Ifaranga rya Jibuti]] ||[[Jibuti]]
|-
| DKK ||208 ||[[Ikorone rya Danemarike]] ||[[Danimarike]], [[Ibirwa bya Farowe]], [[Goronulande]]
|-
| DOP ||214 ||[[Ipezo rya Dominika]] ||[[Repubulika ya Dominikani]]
|-
| DZD ||012 ||[[Idenari rya Aligeriya]] ||[[Aligeriya]]
|-
| EGP ||818 ||[[Ipawundi rya Misiri]] ||[[Misiri]]
|-
| ERN ||232 ||[[Nakfa rya Eritereya]] cyangwa [[Inakifa rya Eritereya]]||[[Eritereya]]
|-
| ETB ||230 ||[[Ibiri rya Etiyopiya]] ||[[Etiyopiya]]
|-
| EUR ||978 ||[[Ero]] || [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi]] , [[Andora]], [[Kosovo]], [[Monako]], [[Montenegoro]], [[Mutagatifu Marino]], [[Vatikani]]
|-
| FJD ||242 ||[[Idolari Fiji]] ||[[Fiji]]
|-
| FKP ||238 ||[[Ipawundi by’Ibirwa bya Falukilande]] ||[[Ibirwa bya Folukilande]]
|-
| GBP ||826 ||[[Ipawundi Siterilingi]] ||[[Ubwongereza]], ([[Geworugiya y’Epfo n’Ibirwa bya Sanduwice y’Epfo]])
|-
| GEL ||981 ||[[Ilari Geworugiya]] ||[[Geworugiya]]   
|-
| GHS ||936 ||[[Isedi rya Gana]] ||[[Gana]]
|-
| GIP ||292 ||[[Ipawundi rya Giburalitari]] ||[[Giburalitari]]
|-
| GMD ||270 ||[[Idalasi rya Gambiya]] ||[[Gambiya]]
|-
| GNF ||324 ||[[Ifaranga rya Gineya]] ||[[Gineya]]
|-
| GTQ ||320 ||[[Ikwetsali rya Gwatemala]] ||[[Gwatemala]]
|-
| GYD ||328 ||[[Idolari rya Guyana]] ||[[Giyana]]
|-
| HKD ||344 ||[[Idolari Hongo Kongo]] ||[[Hongo Kongo]]
|-
| HNL ||340 ||[[Ilempira rya Hondurasi]] ||[[Hondurasi]]
|-
| HTG ||332 ||[[Igurude rya Hayiti]] ||[[Hayiti]]
|-
| HUF ||348 ||[[Iforenti rya Hongiriya]] ||[[Hongiriya]]
|-
| IDR ||360 ||[[Irupi rya Indonesiya]] ||[[Indonesiya]]
|-
| ILS ||376 ||[[Ishekeli rya Isirayeli]] ||[[Isirayeli]]
|-
| INR ||356 ||[[Rupi ry’Ubuhinde]] ||[[Butani]], [[Ubuhinde]]
|-
| IQD ||368 ||[[Idenari rya Iraki]] ||[[Irake]]
|-
| IRR ||364 ||[[Iriyali ry’Irani]] ||[[Irani]]
|-
| ISK ||352 ||[[Ikorona rya Isilande]] ||[[Isilande]]
|-
| JMD ||388 ||[[Idolari rya Jamayika]] ||[[Jamayika]]
|-
| JOD ||400 ||[[Idenari rya Yorudaniya]] ||[[Yorudani]]
|-
| JPY ||392 ||[[Iyeni ry’Ubuyapani]] ||[[Ubuyapani]]
|-
| KES ||404 ||[[Ishilingi rya Kenya]] ||[[Kenya]]
|-
| KGS ||417 ||[[Isomu rya Kirigizasitani]] ||[[Kirigizasitani]]
|-
| KHR ||116 ||[[Iriyeli rya Kamboji]] ||[[Kambodiya]]
|-
| KMF ||174 ||[[Ifaranga rya Komore]] ||[[Komore]]
|-
| KPW ||408 ||[[Iwani rya Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]] ||[[Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]]
|-
| KRW ||410 ||[[Iwani rya Koreya y’Amajyepfo]] ||[[Koreya y’Amajyepfo]]
|-
| KWD ||414 ||[[Idenari rya Koweti]] ||[[Koweti]]
|-
| KYD ||136 ||[[Idolari ry’Ibirwa bya Kayimani]] ||[[Ibirwa bya Kayimani]]
|-
| KZT ||398 ||[[Itenge rya Kazakisitani]] ||[[Kazakisitani]]
|-
| LAK ||418 ||[[Ikipu rya Lawosi]] ||[[Lawosi]]
|-
| LBP ||422 ||[[Ipawundi rya Libani]] ||[[Libani]]
|-
| LKR ||144 ||[[Irupi rya Siri Lanka]] ||[[Siri Lanka]]
|-
| LRD ||430 ||[[Idolari rya Liberiya]] ||[[Liberiya]]
|-
| LSL ||426 ||[[Iloti rya Lesoto]] ||[[Lesoto]]
|-
| LTL ||440 ||[[Ilitasi rya Lituwaniya]] ||[[Lituwaniya]]
|-
| LVL ||428 ||[[Ilatsi rya Lativiya]] ||[[Lativiya]]
|-
| LYD ||434 ||[[Idenari rya Libiya]] ||[[Libiya]]
|-
| MAD ||504 ||[[Idiramu rya Maroke]] ||[[Maroke]], [[Sahara y’Uburengerazuba]]
|-
| MDL ||498 ||[[Ilewu rya Moludova]] ||[[Molidova]] 
|-
| MGA ||969 ||[[Ifaranga rya Madagasikari]] ||[[Madagasikari]]
|-
| MKD ||807 ||[[Idenari rya Masedoniya]] ||[[Masedoniya ya Ruguru]]
|-
| MMK ||104 ||[[Ikiyati rya Mayanimari]] ||[[Mayanimari]]
|-
| MNT ||496 ||[[Ituguriki rya Mongoliya]] ||[[Mongoliya]]
|-
| MOP ||446 ||[[Ipataka rya Makawo]] ||[[Makawo]] 
|-
| MRO ||478 ||[[Ugwiya rya Moritaniya]] ||[[Moritaniya]]
|-
| MUR ||480 ||[[Irupi ry’Ibirwa bya Morise]] ||[[Morise]]
|-
| MVR ||462 ||[[Irufiya rya Malidive]] ||[[Malidivezi]]
|-
| MWK ||454 ||[[Ikwaca rya Malawi]] ||[[Malawi]]
|-
| MXN ||484 ||[[Ipezo rya Megizike]] ||[[Megizike]]
|-
| MXV ||979 ||[[Urugero rw’Ishoramutungo UDI]] ||[[Megizike]]
|-
| MYR ||458 ||[[Iringiti rya Maleziya]] ||[[Malesiya]]
|-
| MZN ||943 ||. ||[[Mozambike]]
|-
| NAD ||516 ||[[Idolari rya Namibiya]] ||[[Namibiya]]
|-
| NGN ||566 ||[[Inayira rya Nigeriya]] ||[[Nigeriya]]
|-
| NIO ||558 ||[[Ikorudoba Oro rya Nikaragwa]] ||[[Nikaragwa]]
|-
| NOK ||578 ||[[Ikorone rya Noruveje]] ||[[Noruveje]]
|-
| NPR ||524 ||[[Irupi rya Nepali]] ||[[Nepali]]
|-
| NZD ||554 ||[[Idolari Zelande Nshya]] ||[[Ibirwa bya Kuke]], [[Nuveli Zelande]], [[Niyuwe]], [[Piticayirine]], [[Tokelawu]]
|-
| OMR ||512 ||[[Iriyali rya Omani]] ||[[Omani]]
|-
| PAB ||590 ||[[Ibalubowa rya Panama]] ||[[Panama]]
|-
| PEN ||604 ||[[Inuvo solu rya Peru]] ||[[Peru]]
|-
| PGK ||598 ||[[Ikina rya Papuwa Gineya Nshya]] ||[[Papuwa Nuveli Gineya]]
|-
| PHP ||608 ||[[Ipezo rya Filipine]] ||[[Filipine]]
|-
| PKR ||586 ||[[Irupi rya Pakisitani]] ||[[Pakisitani]]
|-
| PLN ||985 ||[[Iziloti rya Polonye]] ||[[Polonye]]
|-
| PYG ||600 ||[[Igwarani rya Paragwe]] ||[[Paragwe]]
|-
| QAR ||634 ||[[Iriyali rya Katari]] ||[[Katari]]
|-
| RON ||946 ||[[Ilewu rya Romaniya]] ||[[Romaniya]]
|-
| RSD ||941 ||. ||[[Seribiya]]
|-
| RUB ||643 ||[[Irubule ry’Uburusiya]] ||[[Uburusiya]], [[Abukaziya]]
|-
| RWF ||646 ||[[Ifaranga ry’Urwanda]] ||[[Rwanda]]
|-
| SAR ||682 ||[[Iriyali ry’Arabiya Sawudite]] ||[[Arabiya Sawudite]]
|-
| SBD ||090 ||[[Idolari ry’Ibirwa bya Salomoni]] ||[[Ibirwa bya Solomoni]]
|-
| SCR ||690 ||[[Irupi rya Seyishele]] ||[[Seyishele]]
|-
| SDG ||938 ||[[Ipawundi rya Sudani]] ||[[Sudani]]
|-
| SEK ||752 ||[[Ikorona rya Swede]] ||[[Suwede]]
|-
| SGD ||702 ||[[Idolari rya Singapuru]] ||[[Singapore]], [[Buruneyi]]
|-
| SHP ||654 ||[[Ipawundi rya Mutagatifu Helena]] ||[[Helena Ntagatifu]]
|-
| SLL ||694 ||[[Ilewone]] ||[[Siyera Lewone]]
|-
| SOS ||706 ||[[Ishilingi rya Somaliya]] ||[[Somaliya]] 
|-
| SRD ||968 ||[[Idolari rya Surinamu]] ||[[Surinamu]]
|-
| STD ||678 ||[[Idobura rya Sawo Tome na Purensipe]] ||[[Sawo Tome na Purensipe]]
|-
| SYP ||760 ||[[Ipawundi rya Siriya]] ||[[Siriya]]
|-
| SZL ||748 ||[[Ililangeni rya Swazilande]] ||[[Eswatini]]
|-
| THB ||764 ||[[Ibahiti rya Tayilande]] ||[[Tayilande]]
|-
| TJS ||972 ||[[Isomoni rya Tajiki]] ||[[Tajikisitani]]
|-
| TMT ||934 ||[[Imanati rya Turikimenisitani]] ||[[Turikimenisitani]]
|-
| TND ||788 ||[[Idenari rya Tunisiya]] ||[[Tunisiya]]
|-
| TOP ||776 ||[[Ipanga rya Tonga]] ||[[Tonga]]
|-
| TRY ||949 ||[[Ilira rya Turukiya]] ||[[Turukiya]], [[Shipure y’Amajyaruguru]]
|-
| TTD ||780 ||[[Idolari rya Tirinida na Tobago]] ||[[Tirinida na Tobago]]
|-
| TWD ||901 ||[[Idolari rya Tayiwani Nshya]] ||[[Tayiwani]] 
|-
| TZS ||834 ||[[Ishilingi rya Tanzaniya]] ||[[Tanzaniya]]
|-
| UAH ||980 ||[[Ihariviniya rya Ukerene]] ||[[Ikerene]]
|-
| UGX ||800 ||[[Ishilingi rya Uganda]] ||[[Yuganda]]
|-
| USD ||840 ||[[Idolari rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] ||[[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], [[Samowa Nyamerika]], [[Teritwari y’Inyanja y’Abahinde Nyongereza]], [[Antiye za Nederilande]], [[Ekwadoro]], [[Saluvadoro]], [[Gwami]], [[Hayiti]], [[Ibirwa bya Marishali]], [[Mikoronesiya]], [[Ibirwa bya Mariyana y’Amajyaruguru]], [[Palawu]], [[Panama]], [[Puwerito Riko]], [[Timoro-Lesite]], [[Ibirwa bya Takisi na Kayikosi]], [[Ibirwa bya Virigini]], [[Berimuda]] 
|-
| USN ||997 ||Idolari rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (Umunsi ukurikira)   ||[[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]
|-
| UYU ||858 ||[[Ipezo rya Irigwe]] ||[[Irigwe]]
|-
| UZS ||860 ||[[Isamu rya Uzubekisitani]] ||[[Uzubekisitani]]
|-
| VEF ||937 ||[[Ibolivari rya Venezuwela]] ||[[Venezuwela]]
|-
| VND ||704 ||[[Idongi rya Viyetinamu]] ||[[Viyetinamu]]
|-
| VUV ||548 ||[[Ivatu rya Vatuwana]] ||[[Vanuwatu]]
|-
| WST ||882 ||[[Itala rya Samowani]] ||[[Samowa y’Uburengerazuba]]
|-
| XAF ||950 ||[[faranga CFA BEAC]] ||[[Kameruni]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Cade]], [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]], [[Gabo]]
|-
| XAG ||961 ||[[Ifeza]] ||
|-
| XAU ||959 ||[[Zahabu]] ||
|-
| XBA ||955 ||[[Urugero Rukomatanije Nyaburayi]] ||(EURCO) (Ingero z’Amasoko ya Bo)
|-
| XBB ||956 ||[[Urugero rw’Ifaranga ry’Iburayi]] ||(E.M.U.-6) (Ingero z’Amasoko ya Bo)
|-
| XBC ||957 ||[[Urugero rwa konte Nyaburayi]] ||(E.U.A.-9) (Ingero z’Amasoko ya Bo)
|-
| XBD ||958 ||[[Urugero rwa konte Nyaburayi]] ||(E.U.A.-17) (Ingero z’Amasoko ya Bo)
|-
| XCD ||951 ||[[Idolari rya Karayibe y’Uburasirazuba]] ||[[Angwiya]], [[Antigwa na Baribuda]], [[Dominika]], [[Gerenada]], [[Monserati]], [[Mutagatifu Kitsi na Nevisi]], [[Mutagatifu Lusiya (Leta)|Mutagatifu Lusiya]], [[Mutagatifu Visenti na Gerenadine]]
|-
| XDR ||960 ||[[Uburenganzira Budasanzwe bw’Igishushanyo]] ||[[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari]]
|-
| XFU ||Nil ||[[Ifaranga-UIC]] ||[[International Union of Railways]]
|-
| XOF ||952 ||[[Ifaranga CFA BCEAO]] ||[[Bene]], [[Burukina Faso]], [[Kote Divuwari]], [[Guneya-Biso]], [[Mali]], [[Nigeri]], [[Senegali]], [[Togo]]
|-
| XPD ||964 ||[[Paladiyumu]] ||
|-
| XPF ||953 ||[[Ifaranga CFP]] ||[[Polinesiya Nyamfaransa]], [[Nuveli Kalidoniya]], [[Walisi na Fatuna]]
|-
| XPT ||962 ||[[Pulatinumu]] ||
|-
| XTS ||963 ||||Itegekongenga ku mpamvu z’igerageza
|-
| XXX ||999 ||||Nta faranga rizamo
|-
| YER ||886 ||[[Iriyali rya Yemeni]] ||[[Yemeni]]
|-
| ZAR ||710 ||[[Irandi ry’Afurika y’Epfo]] ||[[Afurika y’Epfo]]
|-
| ZMK ||894 ||[[Ikwaca rya Zambiya]] ||[[Zambiya]]
|-
| ZWL ||932 ||[[Idolari rya Zimbabwe]] ||[[Zimbabwe]]
|}

== Obsolete currency codes ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! itegekongenga !! umubare !! faranga rizamo !! &quot;From&quot; !! &quot;Until&quot;&lt;br /&gt;-01-01 !! &quot;Replaced by EUR&quot;
|-
| ADF ||… ||[[Ifaranga ry’Urwanda]] ||? ||1999 ||rowspan=24 |'''EUR'''
|-
| ADP ||020 ||[[Ipeseta ry’Andora]]  ||? ||1999
|-
| ATS ||040 ||[[Ishilingi rya Ositiriya]] ||1945 ||1999
|-
| BEF ||056 ||[[Ifaranga Mutungo ry’Ububiligi]] ||1832 ||1999
|-
| CYP ||196 ||[[Ipawundi rya Shipure]] ||1879 ||2008
|-
| DEM ||276 ||[[Imarike ry’Ubudage]] ||1948 ||1999
|-
| EEK ||223 ||[[Ikorone rya Esitoniya]] ||1992 ||2011
|-
| ESP ||724 ||[[Ipeseta rya Esipanye]] ||1869 ||1999
|-
| FIM ||246 ||[[Imarika rya Finilande]] ||1860 ||1999
|-
| FRF ||250 ||[[Ifaranga ry’Ubufaransa]] ||1960 ||1999
|-
| GRD ||300 ||[[Idarakuma ry’Ubugereki]] ||1954 ||2001
|-
| HRK ||191 ||[[Ikuna rya Korowasiya]] ||1992 ||2022
|-
| IEP ||372 ||[[Ipawundi rya Irilande]] ||1938 ||1999
|-
| ITL ||380 ||[[Ilira ry’Ubutaliyani]] ||1861 ||1999
|-
| LUF ||442 ||[[Ifaranga rya Lugizamburu]] ||1944 ||1999
|-
| MCF ||… ||||1960 ||1999
|-
| MTL ||470 ||[[Ilira rya Malita]] ||||2008
|-
| NLG ||528 ||[[Igwilida rya Nederilande]] ||1810s ||1999
|-
| PTE ||620 ||[[Esikudo rya Porutigali]] ||1911-05-22 ||1999
|-
| SIT ||705 ||[[Itolari rya Siloveniya]] ||1991-10-08 ||2007
|-
| SKK ||703 ||[[Ikoruna rya Silovakiya]]  ||1993-02-08 ||2009
|-
| SML ||… ||||1864 ||1999
|-
| VAL ||… ||||1929 ||1999
|-
| XEU ||954 ||[[Urugero rw’Ifaranga ry’Iburayi ECU]] ||? ||1999
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! itegekongenga !! umubare !! faranga rizamo !! &quot;From&quot; !! &quot;Until&quot; !! &quot;Replaced by&quot;
|-
| AFA ||004 ||. ||1925 ||2003 ||AFN 
|-
| AHK ||040 ||[[Austro-Hungarian krone]] ||1892 ||1921 ||CSK  
|-
| AON ||024 ||[[Ikwanza Lishya ry’Angola]] ||1990 ||1995 ||AOR 
|-
| AOR ||982 ||[[Ikwanza Ritunganijwe ry’Angola]] ||1995 ||1999 ||AOA 
|-
| ARL ||… ||[[Ipezo ry’Arijantine]] ||1970-01-01 ||1983-05-05 ||ARP 
|-
| ARP ||… ||[[Ipezo ry’Arijantine]] ||1983-06-06 ||1985-06-14 ||ARA 
|-
| ARA ||… ||[[Ositarali rya Arijantine]] ||1985-06-15 ||1991-12-31 ||ARS 
|-
| AZM ||031 ||[[Imanati Nyazeribayijani]] ||1992-08-15 ||2006-01-01 ||AZN 
|-
| BDT ||    ||. ||February 1972 ||Still in use||
|-
| BGL ||100 ||Ilevi A/52 rya Bulugariya ||1962 ||1999-07-05 ||BGN 
|-
| BOP ||… ||[[Ipezo rya Boliviya]] ||1963-01-01 ||1987-01-01 ||BOB 
|-
| BRB ||… ||[[Ikuruzeyiro rya Burezile]] ||1967 ||1986 ||BRC 
|-
| BRC ||… ||[[Ikuruzado rya Burezile]] ||1986 ||1989 ||BRN 
|-
| BRN ||… ||[[Ikuruzado Rishya rya Burezile]] ||1989-01-15 ||1990-03-15 ||BRE 
|-
| BRE ||… ||[[Ikuruzeyiro rya Burezile]] ||1990 ||1993 ||BRR 
|-
| BRR ||… ||[[Ikuruzeyiro Rili rya Burezile]] ||1993-08-01 ||1994 ||BRL 
|-
| CSD ||891 ||[[Idenari rya Seribiya]] ||2003-07-03 ||2006 ||RSD 
|-
| CSK ||200 ||[[Ikorona rya Cekosilovakiya]] ||? ||1993-02-08 ||CZK na SKK 
|-
| CUC ||931 ||[[Ipezo rya Kiba]] ||1994 ||2022 ||CUP
|-
| DDM ||278 ||[[Imarike rya DDR]] ||1948-06-21 ||1990-07-01 ||DEM 
|-
| ECS ||218 ||[[Isukari rya Ekwadoro]] ||? ||2000 ||USD 
|-
| ECV ||983 ||[[Urugero rw’Agaciro Ndahinduka UVC]] ||1993 ||2000-01-09 ||- 
|-
| ESA ||996 ||Ipeseta rya Esipanye (Konte ’A’)||? ||? ||ESP 
|-
| ESB ||995 ||Ipeseta rya Esipanye (rihindurwa) ||? ||? ||ESP 
|-
| GGK ||300 ||. ||1873 ||1922 ||GPM 
|-
| GPM ||300 ||. ||1922 ||1923 ||GRM 
|-
| GHC ||288 ||. ||1967 ||2007-07-01 ||GHS 
|-
| GNE ||… ||[[Isili rya Gineya]] ||1971 ||1985 ||GNF 
|-
| GQE ||… ||[[Ekwele rya Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] ||1975 ||1985 ||XAF 
|-
| GWP ||624 ||[[Ipezo rya Gineya-Biso]] ||1975 ||1997 ||XOF 
|-
| ILP ||… ||[[Ipawundi rya Isirayeli]] ||1948 ||1980 ||ILR 
|-
| ILR ||… ||[[Ishekeli Rishaje rya Isirayeli]] ||1980-02-24 ||1985-12-31 ||ILS 
|-
| ISJ ||… ||[[Ikorona Rishaje rya Isilande]] ||? ||1981 ||ISK 
|-
| LAJ ||… ||[[Ikipu rya Lawosi]] (Ipoto poli rya Lawosi) ||? ||1979 ||LAK 
|-
| MAF ||… ||[[Idiramu rya Maroke]]  ||1921 ||1960–1976 ||MAD 
|-
| MGF ||450 ||[[Ifaranga rya Madagasikari]] ||1963-07-01 ||2005-01-01 ||MGA 
|-
| MKN ||… ||. ||? ||1993 ||MKD 
|-
| MLF ||… ||[[Ifaranga rya Mali]] ||? ||1984 ||XOF 
|-
| MVQ ||… ||[[Irupi rya Malidivezi]] ||? ||1981 ||MVR 
|-
| MXP ||… ||. ||? ||1993 ||MXN 
|-
| MZM ||508 ||[[Imetikale rya Mozambike]] ||1980 ||2006-06-30 ||MZN
|-
| NFD ||…  ||. ||1865 ||1949 ||CAD
|-
| PEH ||… ||[[Isolu rya Peru]] ||1863 ||1985-02-01 ||PEI 
|-
| PEI ||… ||[[Inti rya Peru]] ||1985-02-01 ||1991-10-01 ||PEN 
|-
| PLZ ||616 ||[[Iziloti rya Polonye]] A/94 ||? ||1995 ||PLN 
|-
| ROL ||642 ||[[Ilewu rya Romaniya]] A/05 ||1952-01-28 ||2005 ||RON 
|-
| RUR ||810 ||[[Irubule ry’Uburusiya]] ||1992 ||1997-12-31 ||RUB 
|-
| SDD ||736 ||[[Idenari rya Sudani]] ||1992-06-08 ||2007-01-10 ||SDG 
|-
| SRG ||740 ||[[Igwilida rya Suriname]] ||? ||2004 ||SRD 
|-
| SUR ||… ||[[Irubule rya USSR]] ||1961 ||1991 ||RUR 
|-
| SVC ||222 ||[[Ikoloni rya Eli Saluvadoro]] ||1892 ||2001 ||USD 
|-
| TJR ||762 ||[[Irubule rya Tajiki]] ||1995-05-10 ||2000-10-30 ||TJS 
|-
| TMM ||795 ||[[Imanati rya Turikimenisitani]] ||1993-11-01 ||2008-12-31 ||TMT 
|-
| TRL ||792 ||[[Ilira rya Turukiya]] A/05 ||? ||2005 ||TRY 
|-
| UAK ||804 ||[[Ikaribovaneti rya Ukerene]] ||? ||1996-09-02 ||UAH 
|-
| UGS ||… ||[[Ishilingi rya Yuganda]] ||? ||1987 ||UGX 
|-
| UYN ||… ||[[Ipezo Rishaje rya Irigwe]] ||? ||1993-03-01 ||UYU 
|-
| VEB ||862 ||[[Ibolivari rya Venezuwela]] ||? ||2008-01-01 ||VEF 
|-
| XFO ||… ||[[Ifaranga-Zahabu]] ||? ||2003 ||XDR 
|-
| YDD ||720 ||[[Idenari rya Yemeni]] ||? ||1996-06-11 ||YER 
|-
| YUD ||… ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1966-01-01 ||1989-12-31 ||YUN 
|-
| YUN ||… ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1990-01-01 ||1992-06-30 ||YUR 
|-
| YUR ||… ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1992-07-01 ||1993-09-30 ||YUO 
|-
| YUO ||… ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1993-10-01 ||1993-12-31 ||YUG 
|-
| YUG ||… ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1994-01-01 ||1994-01-23 ||YUM 
|-
| YUM ||891 ||[[Idenari rya Yugosilaviya]] ||1994-01-24 ||2003-07-02 ||CSD 
|-
| ZAL ||991 ||[[Irande Mutungo rya Afurika y’Epfo]] ||1985-09-01 ||1995-03-13 ||- 
|-
| ZRN ||180 ||[[Izayire Rishya]] ||1993 ||1997 ||CDF 
|-
| ZRZ ||… ||[[Izayire]] ||1967 ||1993 ||ZRN 
|-
| ZWC ||… ||. ||1970-02-17 ||1980 ||ZWD 
|-
| ZWD ||716 ||[[Idolari rya Zimbabwe]] A/06 ||1980-04-18 ||2006-07-31 ||ZWN 
|-
| ZWN ||942 ||[[Idolari rya Zimbabwe]] A/08 ||2006-08-01 ||2008-07-31 ||ZWR 
|-
| ZWR ||935 ||[[Idolari rya Zimbabwe]] A/09 ||2008-08-01 ||2009-02-02 ||ZWL 
|}

== Ibindi ==
* ALK Ileki Ishaje y’Alubaniya (Albanian Old Lek)
* AOK Ikwanza Lishya ry’Angola (Angolan New Kwanza) 
* BAD Idenari rya Bosiniya na Herizegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina Dinar)
* BEC Ifaranga Rihindurwa ry’Ububiligi (Belgian Franc Convertible)
* BEL Ifaranga Mutungo ry’Ububiligi (Belgian Franc Financial)
* BGJ Ilevi A/52 rya Bulugariya (Bulgarian Lev A/52)
* BGK Ilevi A/62 rya Bulugariya (Bulgarian Lev A/62)
* BYB Irubule rya Belarusi (Belarussian Rouble)
* CNX Idolari rya Banki y’Abaturage b’Ubushinwa (Chinese Peoples Bank Dollar)
* CSJ Ikoruna A/53 rya Cekosilovakiya (Czechoslovak Krona A/53)
* GEK Ikupo rya Geworugiya (Georgian Coupon)
* GWE Esikudo rya Gineya (Guinea Escudo)
* HRD Idenari rya Korowasiya (Croatian Dinar)
* LSM Imaloti rya Lesoto (Lesotho Maloti)
* LTT Italonasi rya Lituwani (Lithuanian Talonas)
* LUC Ifaranga Rihindurwa rya Lugizamburu (Luxembourg Convertible Franc)
* LUL Ifaranga Mutungo rya Lugizamburu (Luxembourg Financial Franc)
* LVR Irubule rya Lativiya (Latvian Ruble)
* MTP Maltese Pound (Ipawundi rya Malite)
* MZE Esikudo rya Mozambike (Mozambique Escudo)
* NIC Ikorudoba rya Nikaragwa (Nicaraguan Cordoba)
* RHD Idolari rya Rodesiya (Rhodesian Dollar)
* TLE Esikudo rya Timoro (Timor Escudo)
* UGW Ishilingi Rishaje rya Yuganda (Uganda Old Schilling)
* VNC Idongi Rishaje ya Viyetinamu (Viet Nam Old Dong)

[[Category:Amafaranga]]</text>
      <sha1>ldg14axtcpvts63iri98salt5bslcvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikinyafurikansi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142000</id>
      <parentid>103278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="907" sha1="hugfzgxl0pzf30h3inwm5ge3u057ruj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Idioma afrikáans.png|thumb|Ikarita y’Ikinyafurikansi]]
[[Dosiye:Ilala on malawi lake.jpg|thumb|llala]]
'''Ikinyafurikansi'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org ; download.jw.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Icyafurikanzi'''&lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com&lt;/ref&gt; , '''Ikinyafurikaneri'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe]&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu kinyafurikansi : ''Afrikaans'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Afurika y’Epfo]], [[Namibiya]], [[Zambiya]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''afr'''.

== Imibare ==
* '''een''' – rimwe
* '''twee''' – kabiri
* '''drie''' – gatatu
* '''vier''' – kane
* '''vyf''' – gatanu
* '''ses''' – gatandatu
* '''sewe''' – karindwi
* '''agt''' – umunani
* '''nege''' – icyenda

== Wikipediya mu kinyafurikansi ==
* http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuisblad

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikidage]]</text>
      <sha1>hugfzgxl0pzf30h3inwm5ge3u057ruj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142175</id>
      <parentid>140968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:49:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]]</comment>
      <origin>142175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="823" sha1="izro4w2ro8t4cwy1votoo4vhkn39hpw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:DCongoNorthKivu.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita ya Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Rwanda rainfall forecast.png|thumb]]
'''Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''Province du Nord-Kivu'' ) ni intara yo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

== Amateka ==
Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, Ababiligi bimuriye Abanyarwanda benshi muri iyo ntara, cyane cyane i Masisi, binyuze muri gahunda yiswe [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]].

== Uburezi ==
Mu mujyi wa [[Beni]] hari [[Kaminuza ya Leta ya Semuliki]] (UOS), kaminuza ya Leta yashinzwe mu 2004.

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kaminuza ya Leta ya Semuliki]]
* [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]]

[[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibendera ry’igihugu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141832</id>
      <parentid>133573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141832</origin>
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      <text bytes="1841" sha1="j88vfkm0ugzhi73axwm2xun72c66dua" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Flags at Josef Odlozil Memorial in Prague 14June2010 02.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;amabendera y’igihugu&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Sears Tower lobby for the olympics.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;amabendera y’igihugu&lt;/span&gt;]]Ibendera ry’igihugu ni kimwe mu birango bitatu biranga igihugu ku isi hose.Nta gihugu kitagira ibendera na kimwe ku isi kitagira ibendera. Ibendera riba rikozwe mu itambaro cy'umwenda bitewe ni uko abenegihugu bakifuza kigashushanywa mu mabara hagendewe ku byo igihugu kifirizwa kumenyekanamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.rlrc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&amp;t=f&amp;f=74763&amp;token=f77843b618ad30639def740f721ddc61c9afdbdc&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Amabara y'ibendera'''

Ibendera ryose ry'igihugu riba rigizwe n'amabara make cyangwa menshi hashingiwe ku ntego runaka igihugu kihaye mu burere mboneragihugu bwacyo.Dufatiye urugero ku ibendera ry'u Rwanda, rigizwe n'amabara atatu ariyo : ubururu,umuhondo n'icyatsikibisi. Buri bara muri aya rifite igisobanuro cyaryo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rlrc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&amp;t=f&amp;f=74762&amp;token=cb41274d1a4b2d1626672542e40024a521270e26&lt;/ref&gt;

N'''i nde ugena ingano z'ibendra ry'igihugu?'''

Ingano z'ibendera ry'igihugu zigenwa kandi zigashyirwaho na Minisitiri ufite inshingano zo kurinda ibendera ry'igihugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Ni nde ushobora gutunga ibendera ry'igihugu?'''

Umwene gihugu,(umuryango, ikigo) uwo ari wese ubifitiye kandi wabiherewe uburenganzira,ashobora gutunga no gukoresha ibendera mu bintu bidatesha agaciro ibirango by'igihugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Ibirango by'igihugu'''

Igihugu cyose kigira ibirango bitatu arirbyo:

1.Ibendera ry'igihugu

2.Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu

3.Ikirangantego cy'igihugu

Ibendera ry'igihugu ririndwa kandi rigacungwa na Minisiteri y'ubutegetsi n'uburere mboneragihugu.

[[Ikiciro:Amabendera y’Igihugu| ]]</text>
      <sha1>j88vfkm0ugzhi73axwm2xun72c66dua</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikimasedoniyani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141817</id>
      <parentid>102452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3584" sha1="lfwbolciwvqmmmfts2i2c8hf1ziu76a" xml:space="preserve">[[File:MapOfMacedonianSpeakers.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’ikimasedoniyani &lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:Macedonian Slavic dialects.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’ikimasedoniyani &lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Ikimasedoniyani'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; babelserver.org ; lexvo.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Ikimacedoniya'''&lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com&lt;/ref&gt; na '''Ikinyamacedoniya'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org &lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu kimasedoniyani : ''македонски јазик'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Masedoniya ya Ruguru]], [[Alubaniya]], [[Buligariya]], [[Ubugereki]], [[Seribiya]] na [[Romaniya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''mkd'''.

== Alfabeti y’ikimasedoniyani ==
Ikimasedoniyani kigizwe n’inyuguti 31 : '''а б в г д ѓ е ж з ѕ и ј к л љ м н њ о п р с т ќ у ф х ц ч џ ш'''
:inyajwi 5 : '''а е и о у'''
:indagi 26 : '''б в г д ѓ ж з ѕ ј к л љ м н њ п р с т ќ ф х ц ч џ ш'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;31&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[А]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Б]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[В]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Г]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Д]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ѓ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Е]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ж]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[З]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ѕ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[И]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ј]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[К]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Л]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Љ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[М]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Н]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Њ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[О]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[П]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Р]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[С]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Т]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ќ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[У]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ф]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Х]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ц]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ч]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Џ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ш]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;31&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|а||align=&quot;center&quot;|б||align=&quot;center&quot;|в||align=&quot;center&quot;|г||align=&quot;center&quot;|д||align=&quot;center&quot;|ѓ||align=&quot;center&quot;|е||align=&quot;center&quot;|ж||align=&quot;center&quot;|з||align=&quot;center&quot;|ѕ||align=&quot;center&quot;|и||align=&quot;center&quot;|ј||align=&quot;center&quot;|к||align=&quot;center&quot;|л||align=&quot;center&quot;|љ||align=&quot;center&quot;|м||align=&quot;center&quot;|н||align=&quot;center&quot;|њ||align=&quot;center&quot;|о||align=&quot;center&quot;|п||align=&quot;center&quot;|р||align=&quot;center&quot;|с||align=&quot;center&quot;|т||align=&quot;center&quot;|ќ||align=&quot;center&quot;|у||align=&quot;center&quot;|ф||align=&quot;center&quot;|х||align=&quot;center&quot;|ц||align=&quot;center&quot;|ч||align=&quot;center&quot;|џ||align=&quot;center&quot;|ш
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Amagambo n’interuro mu kimasedoniyani ==
* '''Здраво''' – Muraho
* '''Зборувате ли англиски?''' – Uvuga icyongereza?
* '''Како сте?''' – Amakuru? 
* '''Добро сум''' – Ni meza 
* '''Да''' – Yego
* '''Не''' – Oya

== Imibare ==
* '''еден''' – rimwe
* '''два''' – kabiri
* '''три''' – gatatu
* '''четири''' – kane
* '''пет''' – gatanu
* '''шест''' – gatandatu
* '''седум''' – karindwi
* '''осум''' – umunani
* '''девет''' – icyenda
* '''десет''' – icumi

== Wikipediya mu kimasedoniyani ==
* http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Главна_страница

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikinyasilave]]
[[Category:Masedoniya ya Ruguru]]</text>
      <sha1>lfwbolciwvqmmmfts2i2c8hf1ziu76a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igikirigizi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142015</id>
      <parentid>122547</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:34:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6057" sha1="hvf5lyluu0d9alfmk5hbvazhoxmyxej" xml:space="preserve">[[File:LocationKyrgyzstan.svg|thumb|350px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’Igikirigizi&lt;/span&gt;]]

Ururimi rwa '''Igikirigizi'''&lt;ref&gt;download.jw.org&lt;/ref&gt;  cyangwa '''Igikirigisi'''&lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com&lt;/ref&gt; , '''Ikirigizi'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org ; frenchmozilla.fr&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu gikirigizi : ''кыргызча'' cyangwa ''кыргыз тили'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Kirigizisitani]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''kir'''.

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

== Alfabeti y’igikirigizi==
Igikirigizi kigizwe n’inyuguti 36 : '''а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ң о ө п р с т у ү ф х ц  ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;36&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[А]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Б]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[В]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Г]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Д]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Е]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ё]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ж]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[З]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[И]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Й]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[К]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Л]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[М]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Н]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ң]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[О]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ө]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[П]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Р]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[С]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Т]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[У]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ү]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ф]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Х]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ц]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ч]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ш]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Щ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ъ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ы]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ь]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Э]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ю]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Я]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;36&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|а||align=&quot;center&quot;|б||align=&quot;center&quot;|в||align=&quot;center&quot;|г||align=&quot;center&quot;|д||align=&quot;center&quot;|е||align=&quot;center&quot;|ё||align=&quot;center&quot;|ж||align=&quot;center&quot;|з||align=&quot;center&quot;|и||align=&quot;center&quot;|й||align=&quot;center&quot;|к||align=&quot;center&quot;|л||align=&quot;center&quot;|м||align=&quot;center&quot;|н||align=&quot;center&quot;|ң||align=&quot;center&quot;|о||align=&quot;center&quot;|ө||align=&quot;center&quot;|п||align=&quot;center&quot;|р||align=&quot;center&quot;|с||align=&quot;center&quot;|т||align=&quot;center&quot;|у||align=&quot;center&quot;|ү||align=&quot;center&quot;|ф||align=&quot;center&quot;|х||align=&quot;center&quot;|ц||align=&quot;center&quot;|ч||align=&quot;center&quot;|ш||align=&quot;center&quot;|щ||align=&quot;center&quot;|ъ||align=&quot;center&quot;|ы||align=&quot;center&quot;|ь||align=&quot;center&quot;|э||align=&quot;center&quot;|ю||align=&quot;center&quot;|я
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== umugereka – ubuke == 
* [[Dosiye:Greek alphabet.png|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza inyuguti z'ururimi rw'ikigiriki nuko zisomwa.]]а / ы / о (ё) / у → -'''лар''' /-'''лор''' ; -'''дар''' /-'''дор''' ; -'''тар''' / -'''тор''' :
** '''аяктар''' &amp;ndash; '''аяктар''' ikirenge – ibirenge
** '''балык''' &amp;ndash; '''балыктар''' ifi – amafi
** '''агач''' &amp;ndash; '''агачтар''' [[igiti]] – ibiti
** '''таш''' &amp;ndash; '''таштар''' ibuye – amabuye
* е / и / ө / ү → -'''лер''' /-'''лөр''' ; -'''дер''' /-'''дөр''' ; -'''тер''' / -'''төр''' :
** '''үй''' &amp;ndash; '''үйлөр''' inzu – amazu
** '''көз''' &amp;ndash; '''көздөр''' ijisho – amaso
** '''эркек''' &amp;ndash; '''эркектер''' umugabo – abagabo 
** '''тиш''' &amp;ndash; '''тиштер''' iryinyo – amenyo

== Amagambo n’interuro mu gikirigizi==
* '''Салам!''' – Muraho
* '''Hoş geldin''' – Murakaza neza 
* '''Кандайсың?''' – Amakuru? 
* '''Жакшы''' – Ni meza 
*'''Сиз Кыргызча сүйлөйсүзбү?''' – Uvuga [[icyongereza]]?
*'''Сиз Кыргызча сүйлөйсүзбү?''' – Uvuga icyongereza?
  
== Imibare ==  
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No0.jpg|thumb|84x84px|Zeru]]'''бир''' – rimwe
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No1.jpg|thumb|103x103px|Rimwe ]]'''эки''' – kabiri
* '''үч''' – gatatu
* '''төрт''' – kane
* '''беш''' – gatanu
* '''алты''' – gatandatu
* '''жети''' – karindwi
* '''сегиз''' – umunani
* '''тогуз''' – icyenda
* '''он''' – icumi
* '''он бир''' – cumi na rimwe
* '''он эки''' – cumi na kaviri
* '''он үч''' – cumi na gatatu
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No2.jpg|thumb|94x94px|Kabiri]]'''он төрт''' – cumi na kane
* '''он беш''' – cumi na gatanu
* '''он алты''' – cumi na gatandatu
* '''он жети''' – cumi na karindwi
* '''он сегиз''' – cumi n’umunani
* '''он тогуз''' – cumi n’icyenda
* '''жыйырма''' – makumyabiri
* '''жыйырма бир''' – makumyabiri na rimwe
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No3.jpg|thumb|103x103px|Gatatu]]'''жыйырма эки''' – makumyabiri na kaviri
* '''жыйырма үч''' – makumyabiri na gatatu
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No4.jpg|thumb|92x92px|Kane]]'''жыйырма төрт''' – makumyabiri na kane
* '''жыйырма беш''' – makumyabiri na gatanu
* '''жыйырма алты''' – makumyabiri na gatandatu
* '''жыйырма жети''' – makumyabiri na karindwi
* [[Dosiye:Greek sign language No5.jpg|thumb|110x110px|Gatanu]]'''жыйырма сегиз''' – makumyabiri n’umunani
* '''жыйырма тогуз''' – makumyabiri n’icyenda 
* '''отуз''' – mirongo itatu
* '''кырк''' – mirongo ine
* '''элүү''' – mirongo itanu
* '''алтымыш''' – mirongo itandatu
* '''жетимиш''' – mirongo irindwi
* '''сексен''' – mirongo inani
* '''токсон''' – mirongo cyenda
* '''жүз''' – ijana
* '''миң''' – igihumbi

== Wikipediya mu gikirigizi ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101219081949/http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA

==  Notes  == 
&lt;references/&gt;  
 

[[Category:Indimi z’ikinyaturukiya]]
[[Category:Kirigizisitani]]</text>
      <sha1>hvf5lyluu0d9alfmk5hbvazhoxmyxej</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikibulugariya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141591</id>
      <parentid>135388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T14:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: intangiriro, abaruvuga, amateka, ikibonezamvugo, alfabeti, inyandiko; gukuraho inyandiko zidafite ihuza</comment>
      <origin>141591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4781" sha1="cdaygodzn9jhye627a198ebdi5ysp82" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png|thumb|Ahavugwa indimi z’ikinyasilave; ikibulugariya kiri mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa [[Burayi]]]]
'''Ikibulugariya''' cyangwa '''Ikinyabulugariya''', nanone cyitwa '''Ikibuligare''' (mu kibulugariya: ''български език'', ''bălgarski ezik''), ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rw’ikinyasilave cyo mu majyepfo ruvugwa cyane cyane muri [[Bulugariya]], aho ari rwo rurimi rwemewe n’amategeko. Ni kimwe mu ndimi zemewe z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi kuva mu 2007.

Ikibulugariya cyandikwa mu nyuguti z’ikinyakirilike. Gifitanye isano rya hafi n’[[ikimasedoniyani]], kandi gitandukanye n’izindi ndimi nyinshi z’ikinyasilave kuko amazina yacyo adahinduka bitewe n’umwanya afite mu nteruro, kandi kigashyira akabimburizina (''article'') inyuma y’izina.

== Izina ==
Mu kinyarwanda, ururimi rwitwa ''Ikibulugariya'' (izina rikoreshwa na Google)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe |url=http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw |website=Google}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Ikinyabulugariya'' cyangwa ''Ikibuligare''. Kode yarwo muri ISO 639-1 ni bg, muri ISO 639-3 ni bul.

== Abaruvuga n’aho ruvugwa ==
[[File:Bulgarian dialects by Todor Bozhinov.png|thumb|Ikarita y’imvugo z’ikibulugariya]]
Ikibulugariya kivugwa n’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 ku isi&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulgarian language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgarian-language |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Itegeko Nshinga rya Bulugariya (ingingo ya 3) rivuga ko ikibulugariya ari rwo rurimi rwemewe rw’igihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria |url=https://www.parliament.bg/en/const |website=National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva Bulugariya yinjira mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi ku wa 1 Mutarama 2007, ikibulugariya cyabaye rumwe mu ndimi zemewe z’uwo muryango, n’inyuguti z’ikinyakirilike ziba izemewe zawo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Languages |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/languages_en |website=European Union |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Hanze ya Bulugariya, ikibulugariya kivugwa n’amatsinda y’Abanyabulugariya batuye mu [[Ikerene]], [[Molidova]], [[Seribiya]], [[Romaniya]], [[Turukiya]] n’[[Ubugereki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot; /&gt;.

== Amateka ==
Ikibulugariya cya kera (''Old Bulgarian'') ni rwo rurimi rw’ikinyasilave rwa mbere rwanditswe, mu kinyejana cya 9, ku ngoma ya mbere ya Bulugariya. Kizwi kandi ku izina rya ''Old Church Slavonic'', ururimi rw’iyobokamana rw’Abasilave. Inyuguti z’ikinyakirilike zahanzwe muri icyo gihe n’abigishwa ba Siriri na Metodiyo mu mashuri ya Preslav na Ohrid&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot; /&gt;.

== Ikibonezamvugo ==
Ikibulugariya n’ikimasedoniyani ni zo ndimi zonyine z’ikinyasilave zitagihindura amazina bitewe n’umwanya afite mu nteruro (nta ''cas'' zikigira). Akabimburizina gashyirwa nk’umugereka inyuma y’izina: urugero, ''град'' (umujyi) → ''градът'' (umujyi uwo)&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot; /&gt;.

== Alfabeti y’ikibulugariya ==
Ikibulugariya kigizwe n’inyuguti 30 z’ikinyakirilike. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira yerekana buri nyuguti n’uko yandikwa mu nyuguti z’ikilatini:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! А а !! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Д д !! Е е !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Й й !! К к !! Л л !! М м !! Н н !! О о
|-
| a || b || v || g || d || e || zh || z || i || y || k || l || m || n || o
|-
! П п !! Р р !! С с !! Т т !! У у !! Ф ф !! Х х !! Ц ц !! Ч ч !! Ш ш !! Щ щ !! Ъ ъ !! Ь ь !! Ю ю !! Я я
|-
| p || r || s || t || u || f || h || ts || ch || sh || sht || ă || y || yu || ya
|}

== Amagambo n’interuro mu kibulugariya ==
* Здравей (''zdravey'') – Muraho
* Говорите ли английски? (''govorite li angliyski?'') – Uvuga icyongereza?
* Как си? / Как сте? (''kak si? / kak ste?'') – Amakuru?
* Добре съм (''dobre săm'') – Ni meza
* Да (''da'') – Yego
* Не (''ne'') – Oya

== Imibare ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ikibulugariya !! Imivugire !! Ikinyarwanda
|-
| едно || edno || rimwe
|-
| две || dve || kabiri
|-
| три || tri || gatatu
|-
| четири || chetiri || kane
|-
| пет || pet || gatanu
|-
| шест || shest || gatandatu
|-
| седем || sedem || karindwi
|-
| осем || osem || umunani
|-
| девет || devet || icyenda
|-
| десет || deset || icumi
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bulugariya]]
* [[Sofiya]]
* [[Ikimasedoniyani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [[:bg:|Wikipediya mu kibulugariya]]

[[Ikiciro:Indimi z’ikinyasilave]]
[[Ikiciro:Bulugariya]]</text>
      <sha1>cdaygodzn9jhye627a198ebdi5ysp82</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igitamili</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141971</id>
      <parentid>102434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5001" sha1="matc3fec0w0nhnwh6hivjrjazelmyne" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tamilspeakers.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’igitamili&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Igitamili'''&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; babelserver.org ; frenchmozilla.fr ; download.jw.org ; lexvo.org &lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Igitamulu''' &lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu gitamili : '''தமிழ்''' ''tamiḻ'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Ubuhinde]], [[Siri Lanka]] na [[Singapore]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-1]] '''tam'''.

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== umugereka – ubuke ==
-'''கள்''' :
* '''பறவை''' – '''பறவைகள்''' inyoni – inyoni

== Alfabeti y’Igitamili ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; 
|+&quot;Tamil compound table&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;46pt&quot;|inyajwi →
ingombajwi
↓
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|அ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஆ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|இ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஈ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|உ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஊ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|எ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஏ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஐ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஒ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஓ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஔ
|-
!க்
|க
|கா
|கி
|கீ
|கு
|கூ
|கெ
|கே
|கை
|கொ
|கோ
|கௌ
|-
!ங்
|ங
|ஙா
|ஙி
|ஙீ
|ஙு
|ஙூ
|ஙெ
|ஙே
|ஙை
|ஙொ
|ஙோ
|ஙௌ
|-
!ச்
|ச
|சா
|சி
|சீ
|சு
|சூ
|செ
|சே
|சை
|சொ
|சோ
|சௌ
|-
!ஞ்
|ஞ
|ஞா
|ஞி
|ஞீ
|ஞு
|ஞூ
|ஞெ
|ஞே
|ஞை
|ஞொ
|ஞோ
|ஞௌ
|-
!ட்
|ட
|டா
|டி
|டீ
|டு
|டூ
|டெ
|டே
|டை
|டொ
|டோ
|டௌ
|-
!ண்
|ண
|ணா
|ணி
|ணீ
|ணு
|ணூ
|ணெ
|ணே
|ணை
|ணொ
|ணோ
|ணௌ
|-
!த்
|த
|தா
|தி
|தீ
|து
|தூ
|தெ
|தே
|தை
|தொ
|தோ
|தௌ
|-
!ந்
|ந
|நா
|நி
|நீ
|நு
|நூ
|நெ
|நே
|நை
|நொ
|நோ
|நௌ
|-
!ப்
|ப
|பா
|பி
|பீ
|பு
|பூ
|பெ
|பே
|பை
|பொ
|போ
|பௌ
|-
!ம்
|ம
|மா
|மி
|மீ
|மு
|மூ
|மெ
|மே
|மை
|மொ
|மோ
|மௌ
|-
!ய்
|ய
|யா
|யி
|யீ
|யு
|யூ
|யெ
|யே
|யை
|யொ
|யோ
|யௌ
|-
!ர்
|ர
|ரா
|ரி
|ரீ
|ரு
|ரூ
|ரெ
|ரே
|ரை
|ரொ
|ரோ
|ரௌ
|-
!ல்
|ல
|லா
|லி
|லீ
|லு
|லூ
|லெ
|லே
|லை
|லொ
|லோ
|லௌ
|-
!வ்
|வ
|வா
|வி
|வீ
|வு
|வூ
|வெ
|வே
|வை
|வொ
|வோ
|வௌ
|-
!ழ்
|ழ
|ழா
|ழி
|ழீ
|ழு
|ழூ
|ழெ
|ழே
|ழை
|ழொ
|ழோ
|ழௌ
|-
!ள்
|ள
|ளா
|ளி
|ளீ
|ளு
|ளூ
|ளெ
|ளே
|ளை
|ளொ
|ளோ
|ளௌ
|-
!ற்
|ற
|றா
|றி
|றீ
|று
|றூ
|றெ
|றே
|றை
|றொ
|றோ
|றௌ
|-
!ன்
|ன
|னா
|னி
|னீ
|னு
|னூ
|னெ
|னே
|னை
|னொ
|னோ
|னௌ
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; 
|+&quot;Grantha compound table&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;46pt&quot;|inyajwi  →
&quot;Grantha consonants&quot;
↓
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|அ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஆ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|இ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஈ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|உ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஊ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|எ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஏ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஐ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஒ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஓ
!width=&quot;40pt&quot;|ஔ
|-
!ஶ்
|ஶ
|ஶா
|ஶி
|ஶீ
|ஶு
|ஶூ
|ஶெ
|ஶே
|ஶை
|ஶொ
|ஶோ
|ஶௌ
|-
!ஜ்
|ஜ
|ஜா
|ஜி
|ஜீ
|ஜு
|ஜூ
|ஜெ
|ஜே
|ஜை
|ஜொ
|ஜோ
|ஜௌ
|-
!ஷ்
|ஷ
|ஷா
|ஷி
|ஷீ
|ஷு
|ஷூ
|ஷெ
|ஷே
|ஷை
|ஷொ
|ஷோ
|ஷௌ
|-
!ஸ்
|ஸ
|ஸா
|ஸி
|ஸீ
|ஸு
|ஸூ
|ஸெ
|ஸே
|ஸை
|ஸொ
|ஸோ
|ஸௌ
|-
!ஹ்
|ஹ
|ஹா
|ஹி
|ஹீ
|ஹு
|ஹூ
|ஹெ
|ஹே
|ஹை
|ஹொ
|ஹோ
|ஹௌ
|-
!க்ஷ்
|க்ஷ
|க்ஷா
|க்ஷி
|க்ஷீ
|க்ஷு
|க்ஷூ
|க்ஷெ
|க்ஷே
|க்ஷை
|க்ஷொ
|க்ஷோ
|க்ஷௌ
|}

== Amagambo n’interuro mu gitamili ==

== Imibare ==
{| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:200%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;font-size:50%&quot;
!  0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 100 || 1000
|-
|- style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;
!  ௦ || ௧ || ௨ || ௩ || ௪ || ௫ || ௬ || ௭ || ௮ || ௯ || ௰ || ௱ || ௲
|-
|}

* '''ஒன்றுı''' (oṉṛu) – rimwe
* '''இரண்டு''' (iraṇṭu) – kabiri
* '''மூன்று''' (mūṉṛu) – gatatu 
* '''நான்கு''' (nāṉku) – kane
* '''ஐந்து''' (aintu) – gatanu
* '''ஆறு''' (āṛu) – gatandatu
* '''ஏழு''' (ēḻu) – karindwi
* '''எட்டு''' (eṭṭu) – umunani
* '''ஒன்பது''' (oṉpatu) – icyenda
* '''பத்து''' (pattu) – icumi

== Wikipediya mu gitamili ==
* http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/முதற்_பக்கம்

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikidaravidiyani]]
[[Category:Ubuhinde]]
[[Category:Singapore]]
[[Category:Siri Lanka]]</text>
      <sha1>matc3fec0w0nhnwh6hivjrjazelmyne</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikigalisiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141900</id>
      <parentid>102444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3450" sha1="h0xt75acjp83hw1j3shrnyp2n1gt7hb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Galician linguistic areas.PNG|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’Ikigalisiya&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Ikigalisiya'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; microsoft.com ; translationproject.org ; lexvo.org ; babelserver.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Ikigalegani'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu kigalisiya : ''galego'' cyangwa ''lingua galega'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Galisiya]] muri [[Esipanye]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''glg'''.

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Alfabeti y’ikigalisiya ==
Ikigalisiya kigizwe n’inyuguti 22 : '''a b c (ch) d e f g h i l (ll) m n (nh) ñ o p q r (rr) s t u v x z'''
:inyajwi 5 : '''a e i o u'''
:indagi 17 : '''b c d f g h l m n p q r s t v x z'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;22&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[A]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[B]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[C]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[D]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[E]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[F]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[G]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[H]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[I]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[L]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[M]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[N]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ñ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[O]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[P]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Q]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[R]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[S]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[T]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[U]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[V]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[X]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Z]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;22&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|a||align=&quot;center&quot;|b||align=&quot;center&quot;|c||align=&quot;center&quot;|d||align=&quot;center&quot;|e||align=&quot;center&quot;|f||align=&quot;center&quot;|g||align=&quot;center&quot;|h||align=&quot;center&quot;|i||align=&quot;center&quot;|l||align=&quot;center&quot;|m||align=&quot;center&quot;|n||align=&quot;center&quot;|ñ||align=&quot;center&quot;|o||align=&quot;center&quot;|p||align=&quot;center&quot;|q||align=&quot;center&quot;|r||align=&quot;center&quot;|s||align=&quot;center&quot;|t||align=&quot;center&quot;|u||align=&quot;center&quot;|v||align=&quot;center&quot;|x||align=&quot;center&quot;|z
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Imibare ==
[[File:MapaLinguisticoGalego.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’Ikigalisiya&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Imyaka n’Indimi&lt;/span&gt;]]

* '''número''' – umubare
* '''números''' – imibare
* '''un''' – rimwe
* '''dous''' – kabiri
* '''tres''' – gatatu
* '''catro''' – kane
* '''cinco''' – gatanu
* '''seis''' – gatandatu
* '''sete''' – karindwi
* '''oito''' – umunani
* '''nove''' – icyenda
* '''dez''' – icumi
* '''once''' – cumi na rimwe
* '''doce''' – cumi na kaviri
* '''trece''' – cumi na gatatu
* '''catorce''' – cumi na kane
* '''quince''' – cumi na gatanu
* '''dezaseis''' – cumi na gatandatu
* '''dezasete''' – cumi na karindwi
* '''dezoito''' – cumi n’umunani
* '''dezanove''' – cumi n’icyenda
* '''vinte''' – makumyabiri 
* '''trinta''' – mirongo itatu
* '''corenta''' – mirongo ine
* '''cincuenta''' – mirongo itanu
* '''sesenta''' – mirongo itandatu
* '''setanta''' – mirongo irindwi
* '''oitenta''' – mirongo inani
* '''noventa''' – mirongo cyenda
* '''cen''' – ijana
* '''mil''' – igihumbi
* '''un milhom''' – miliyoni

== Wikipediya mu kigalisiya ==
* http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikiromanisi]]
[[Category:Galisiya]]</text>
      <sha1>h0xt75acjp83hw1j3shrnyp2n1gt7hb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikilituwaniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142053</id>
      <parentid>102450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3807" sha1="eqlnjaful3g4my3rizm4xdnemx9ojgi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Map of dialects of Lithuanian language.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’Ikilituwaniya&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Ikilituwaniya'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; microsoft.com ; lexvo.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Ikinyalitwani'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu kilituwaniya : ''lietuvių'' cyangwa ''lietuvių kalba'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Lituwaniya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''lit'''.

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Alfabeti y’ikilituwaniya ==
Ikinyaturukiya kigizwe n’inyuguti 32 : '''a ą b c č d e ę ė f g h i į y j k l m n o p r s š t u ų ū v z ž'''
:inyajwi 12 : '''a ą e ę ė i į y o u ų ū'''
:indagi 20 : '''b c č d f g h j k l m n p r s š t v z ž'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;32&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[A]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ą]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[B]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[C]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Č]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[D]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[E]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ę]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ė]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[F]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[G]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[H]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[I]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Į]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Y]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[J]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[K]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[L]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[M]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[N]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[O]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[P]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[R]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[S]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Š]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[T]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[U]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ų]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ū]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[V]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Z]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ž]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;32&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|a||align=&quot;center&quot;|ą||align=&quot;center&quot;|b||align=&quot;center&quot;|c||align=&quot;center&quot;|č||align=&quot;center&quot;|d||align=&quot;center&quot;|e||align=&quot;center&quot;|ę||align=&quot;center&quot;|ė||align=&quot;center&quot;|f||align=&quot;center&quot;|g||align=&quot;center&quot;|h||align=&quot;center&quot;|i||align=&quot;center&quot;|į||align=&quot;center&quot;|y||align=&quot;center&quot;|j||align=&quot;center&quot;|k||align=&quot;center&quot;|l||align=&quot;center&quot;|m||align=&quot;center&quot;|n||align=&quot;center&quot;|o||align=&quot;center&quot;|p||align=&quot;center&quot;|r||align=&quot;center&quot;|s||align=&quot;center&quot;|š||align=&quot;center&quot;|t||align=&quot;center&quot;|u||align=&quot;center&quot;|ų||align=&quot;center&quot;|ū||align=&quot;center&quot;|v||align=&quot;center&quot;|z||align=&quot;center&quot;|ž
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Imibare ==
* '''skaitvardis''' – umubare
* '''skaitvardžiai''' – imibare
* '''vienas''' – rimwe
* '''du''' – kabiri
* '''trys''' – gatatu
* '''keturi''' – kane
* '''penki''' – gatanu
* '''šeši''' – gatandatu
* '''septyni''' – karindwi
* '''aštuoni''' – umunani
* '''devyni''' – icyenda
* '''dešimt''' – icumi
* '''vienuolika''' – cumi na rimwe
* '''dvylika''' – cumi na kaviri
* '''trylika''' – cumi na gatatu
* '''keturiolika''' – cumi na kane
* '''penkiolika''' – cumi na gatanu
* '''šešiolika''' – cumi na gatandatu
* '''septyniolika''' – cumi na karindwi
* '''aštuoniolika''' – cumi n’umunani
* '''devyniolika''' – cumi n’icyenda
* '''dvidešimt''' – makumyabiri
* '''trisdešimt''' – mirongo itatu
* '''keturiasdešimt''' – mirongo ine
* '''penkiasdešimt''' – mirongo itanu
* '''šešiasdešimt''' – mirongo itandatu
* '''septyniasdešimt''' – mirongo irindwi
* '''aštuoniasdešimt''' – mirongo inani
* '''devyniasdešimt''' – mirongo cyenda
* '''šimtas''' – ijana
* '''tūkstantis''' – igihumbi

== Wikipediya mu kilituwaniya ==
* http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrindinis_puslapis

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikibalitike]]
[[Category:Lituwaniya]]</text>
      <sha1>eqlnjaful3g4my3rizm4xdnemx9ojgi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igisilovaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141697</id>
      <parentid>78984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4304" sha1="p5khl4lo70zbxucpkuzsv8jjbgal0su" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:NPR Velká Fatra.svg|center|thumb|444x444px|[[Silovakiya]]]]
'''Igisilovaki'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; frenchmozilla.fr ; lexvo.org ; babelserver.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Igisilovakiya'''&lt;ref&gt;www.kpr.eu&lt;/ref&gt; , '''Igisilovake'''&lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com ; translationproject.org &lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu gisilovaki : ''slovenčina'' cyangwa ''slovenský jazyk'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Silovakiya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''slk'''. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-1]] '''sk'''.
[[Dosiye:PL_Jeden_z_wielu_(Trzeszczkowska)_28.jpg|thumb|Igisilovaki]]
Mu w’2000 twashyizeho amahuriro y’ururimi rw’igisilovaki, guhera ubwo twakiriye abanyamuryango bashya baturutse muri Silovakiya no muri [[Cekiya]].

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Alfabeti y’igisilovaki ==
Igisilovaki kigizwe n’inyuguti 46 : '''a á ä b c č d ď dz dž e é f g h ch i í j k l ĺ ľ m n ň o ó ô p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y ý z ž'''
:inyajwi 14 : '''a á ä e é i í o ó ô u ú y ý'''
:indagi 32 : '''b c č d ď dz dž f g h ch j k l ĺ ľ m n ň p q r ř s š t ť v w x z ž'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;46&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[A]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Á]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ä]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[B]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[C]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Č]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[D]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ď]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Dz]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Dž]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[E]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[É]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[F]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[G]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[H]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[CH]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[I]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Í]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[J]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[K]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[L]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ĺ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ľ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[M]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[N]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ň]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[O]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ó]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ô]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[P]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Q]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[R]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ř]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[S]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Š]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[T]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ť]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[U]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ú]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[V]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[W]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[X]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Y]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ý]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Z]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ž]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;46&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|a||align=&quot;center&quot;|á||align=&quot;center&quot;|ä||align=&quot;center&quot;|b||align=&quot;center&quot;|c||align=&quot;center&quot;|č||align=&quot;center&quot;|d||align=&quot;center&quot;|ď||align=&quot;center&quot;|dz||align=&quot;center&quot;|dž||align=&quot;center&quot;|e||align=&quot;center&quot;|é||align=&quot;center&quot;|f||align=&quot;center&quot;|g||align=&quot;center&quot;|h||align=&quot;center&quot;|ch||align=&quot;center&quot;|i||align=&quot;center&quot;|í||align=&quot;center&quot;|j||align=&quot;center&quot;|k||align=&quot;center&quot;|l||align=&quot;center&quot;|ĺ||align=&quot;center&quot;|ľ||align=&quot;center&quot;|m||align=&quot;center&quot;|n||align=&quot;center&quot;|ň||align=&quot;center&quot;|o||align=&quot;center&quot;|ó||align=&quot;center&quot;|ô||align=&quot;center&quot;|p||align=&quot;center&quot;|q||align=&quot;center&quot;|r||align=&quot;center&quot;|ř||align=&quot;center&quot;|s||align=&quot;center&quot;|š||align=&quot;center&quot;|t||align=&quot;center&quot;|ť||align=&quot;center&quot;|u||align=&quot;center&quot;|ú||align=&quot;center&quot;|v||align=&quot;center&quot;|w||align=&quot;center&quot;|x||align=&quot;center&quot;|y||align=&quot;center&quot;|ý||align=&quot;center&quot;|z||align=&quot;center&quot;|ž
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Amagambo n’interuro mu gisilovaki ==
* '''Ako sa voláte?''' – Witwa nde?
* '''Volám sa  ... ''' – Nitwa ... 
* '''Hovoríte po anglicky ?''' – Uvuga icyongereza?
* '''Áno / Hej''' – Yego
* '''Nie''' – Oya

== Imibare ==  
* '''jeden''' – rimwe
* '''dva''' – kabiri
* '''tri''' – gatatu
* '''štyri''' – kane
* '''päť''' – gatanu
* '''šesť''' – gatandatu
* '''sedem''' – karindwi
* '''osem''' – umunani
* '''deväť''' – icyenda
* '''desať''' – icumi

== Wikipediya mu gisilovaki ==
*http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Начална_страница

==  Notes  == 
&lt;references/&gt;  

[[Category:Indimi z’ikinyasilave]]
[[Category:Silovakiya]]</text>
      <sha1>p5khl4lo70zbxucpkuzsv8jjbgal0su</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikilativiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141741</id>
      <parentid>119811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3613" sha1="663x7e22jb1uopyxx5m53meenluag9h" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Latvaldialekti.svg|thumb|350px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita y’Ikilativiya&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Ikilativiya'''&lt;ref&gt;microsoft.com ; translationproject.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Ikilativiyani''' (izina mu kilativiya : ''latviešu valoda'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Lativiya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''lav''' (na '''lvs''').

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Alfabeti y’ikilativiya ==
Ikilativiya kigizwe n’inyuguti 33 : '''a ā b c č d e ē f g ģ h i ī j k ķ l ļ m n ņ o p r s š t u ū v z ž'''
:inyajwi 9 : '''a ā e ē i ī o u ū'''
:indagi 24 : '''b c č d f g ģ h j k ķ l ļ m n ņ p r s š t v z ž'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;33&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[A]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ā]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[B]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[C]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Č]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[D]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[E]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ē]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[F]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[G]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ģ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[H]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[I]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ī]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[J]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[K]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ķ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[L]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ļ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[M]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[N]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ņ]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[O]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[P]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[R]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[S]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Š]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[T]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[U]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ū]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[V]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Z]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ž]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;33&quot; | 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|a||align=&quot;center&quot;|ā||align=&quot;center&quot;|b||align=&quot;center&quot;|c||align=&quot;center&quot;|č||align=&quot;center&quot;|d||align=&quot;center&quot;|e||align=&quot;center&quot;|ē||align=&quot;center&quot;|f||align=&quot;center&quot;|g||align=&quot;center&quot;|ģ||align=&quot;center&quot;|h||align=&quot;center&quot;|i||align=&quot;center&quot;|ī||align=&quot;center&quot;|j||align=&quot;center&quot;|k||align=&quot;center&quot;|ķ||align=&quot;center&quot;|l||align=&quot;center&quot;|ļ||align=&quot;center&quot;|m||align=&quot;center&quot;|n||align=&quot;center&quot;|ņ||align=&quot;center&quot;|o||align=&quot;center&quot;|p||align=&quot;center&quot;|r||align=&quot;center&quot;|s||align=&quot;center&quot;|š||align=&quot;center&quot;|t||align=&quot;center&quot;|u||align=&quot;center&quot;|ū||align=&quot;center&quot;|v||align=&quot;center&quot;|z||align=&quot;center&quot;|ž
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Imibare ==
* '''viens''' – rimwe
* '''divi''' – kabiri
* '''trīs''' – gatatu
* '''četri''' – kane
* '''pieci''' – gatanu
* '''seši''' – gatandatu
* '''septiņi''' – karindwi
* '''astoņi''' – umunani
* '''deviņi''' – icyenda
* '''desmit''' – icumi
* '''vienpadsmit''' – cumi na rimwe
* '''divpadsmit''' – cumi na kaviri
* '''trīspadsmit''' – cumi na gatatu
* '''četrpadsmit''' – cumi na kane
* '''piecpadsmit''' – cumi na gatanu
* '''sešpadsmit''' – cumi na gatandatu
* '''septiņpadsmit''' – cumi na karindwi
* '''astoņpadsmit''' – cumi n’umunani
* '''deviņpadsmit''' – cumi n’icyenda
* '''divdesmit''' – makumyabiri
* '''trīsdesmit''' – mirongo itatu
* '''četrdesmit''' – mirongo ine
* '''piecdesmit''' – mirongo itanu
* '''sešdesmit''' – mirongo itandatu
* '''septiņdesmit''' – mirongo irindwi
* '''astoņdesmit''' – mirongo inani
* '''deviņdesmit''' – mirongo cyenda
* '''simts''' – ijana
* '''tūkstoš''' – igihumbi

== Wikipediya mu kilativiya ==
* http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sākumlapa

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikibalitike]]
[[Category:Lativiya]]</text>
      <sha1>663x7e22jb1uopyxx5m53meenluag9h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igiceke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142001</id>
      <parentid>122545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4059" sha1="g7mfso1lpbulloeib7k65lso8c56p2p" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Český jazyk.png|thumb|Cekiya]]
[[Dosiye:Geographical_distribution_of_extant_Slavic_and_East_Baltic_languages_2015.png|thumb|Ikwirakwizwa ry’imiterere y’indimi z'igisilave n'iz'iburasirazuba bwa Baltique 2015]]
'''Igiceke'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=rw Gukoresha Imigaragarire ya Google mu Rurimi Rwawe] ; translationproject.org ; lexvo.org&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa '''Ikinyaceke'''&lt;ref&gt;translationproject.org&lt;/ref&gt; (izina mu [[Ikimasedoniyani|kimasedoniyani]] : ''čeština'' cyangwa ''český jazyk'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rwa [[Cekiya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''ces'''.
[[Dosiye:Znojmo Old Town Panorama from Castle 20190217.jpg|center|thumb|440x440px|znojmo old town]]
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Alfabeti y’igiceke ==
Igiceke kigizwe n’inyuguti 42 : '''a á b c č d ď e é ě f g h ch i í j k l m n ň o ó p q r ř s š t ť u ú ů v w x y ý z ž'''
:inyajwi 14 : '''a á e é ě i í o ó u ú ů y ý'''
:indagi 28 : '''b c č d ď f g h ch j k l m n ň p q r ř s š t ť v w x z ž'''

&lt;center&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;42&quot; | 
|-
|width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[A]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Á]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[B]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[C]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Č]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[D]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ď]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[E]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[É]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ě]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[F]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[G]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[H]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[CH]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[I]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Í]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[J]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[K]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[L]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[M]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[N]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ň]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[O]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ó]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[P]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Q]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[R]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ř]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[S]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Š]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[T]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ť]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[U]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ú]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ů]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[V]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[W]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[X]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Y]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ý]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Z]]||width=3% align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Ž]]
|-
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|-
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|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Amagambo n’interuro mu giceke ==
* '''Jak se jmenujete?''' – Witwa nde?
* '''Jmenuji se ... ''' – Nitwa ... 
* '''Mluvíte anglicky?''' – Uvuga [[icyongereza]]?
* '''Jak se máte?''' – Amakuru? 
* '''Mám se dobře''' – Ni meza 
* '''Dobrý den!''' – Mwaramutse
* '''Děkuji''' – Murakoze

== Imibare ==
* '''jeden''' – rimwe
* '''dva''' – kabiri
* '''tři''' – gatatu
* '''čtyři''' – kane
* '''pět''' – gatanu
* '''šest''' – gatandatu
* '''sedm''' – karindwi
* '''osm''' – umunani
* '''devět''' – icyenda
* '''deset''' – icumi 

== Wikipediya mu giceke ==
* http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavní_strana

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Indimi z’ikinyasilave]]
[[Category:Cekiya]]</text>
      <sha1>g7mfso1lpbulloeib7k65lso8c56p2p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusave</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142101</id>
      <parentid>122611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:21:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: ifishi y'ikimera, imiterere, umusave mu Rwanda, inyandiko; gukuraho amafoto atari ay'umusave</comment>
      <origin>142101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3547" sha1="dbmojt5830fxmk1u9g4tp9gzjg6pum6" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Markhamia
| species = lutea
| authority = (Benth.) K.Schum.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markhamia lutea |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/144259403/149036077 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) &amp; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Markhamia lutea at Palappuzha (1).jpg
| image_caption = Indabo z'umusave
}}
'''Umusave''' (izina ry'ubumenyi mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]]: ''Markhamia lutea''; mu Cyongereza ''Nile tulip'' cyangwa ''Nile trumpet'') ni [[igiti]] cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].

Ni igiti gihora gifite amababi, gikura vuba, kirangwa n'indabo nini z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda. Mu Rwanda gikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi buvanze n'amashyamba: gitanga inkwi, amakara, ibiti byo kubaka n'imishingiro y'ibishyimbo, kandi giterwa ku mbibi z'imirima no hafi y'ingo.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Markhamia lutea leaves at Secunderabad W IMG 6691.jpg|thumb|left|Amababi y'umusave]]
Umusave ni igiti gihora gifite amababi, gishobora kurenga metero 10 z'uburebure aho gikomoka, ariko kikagira metero 4 kugeza kuri 5 gusa iyo cyatewe ahandi. Amababi yacyo, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 20 kugeza kuri 30, akunze guteranira ku mitwe y'amashami.

Indabo zacyo ziteranye ku mitwe y'amashami; zimeze nk'impanda, z'umuhondo, zifite utudomo tw'umutuku n'icunga mu muhogo, kandi zifite uburebure bwa santimetero 5 kugeza kuri 6. Imbuto zacyo ni udusanduku dushobora kugera kuri santimetero 70 z'uburebure, turimo imbuto nyinshi zifite amababa. Gitubururwa hakoreshejwe imbuto. Izina ''Markhamia'' ryahawe mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro Umwongereza Clements Markham (1830–1916).

== Mu Rwanda ==
Umusave ni igiti kavukire mu Rwanda, kiboneka urugero mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]] no mu ishyamba rya Gishwati. Gikurira ku butumburuke bwa metero 900 kugeza kuri 2 000, ahagwa imvura ya milimetero 800 kugeza kuri 2 000 ku mwaka, kandi gikunda ubutaka bw'ibumba ritukura.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markhamia lutea |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/suitable-tree/node/22525 |website=Suitable tree species (Rwanda) |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi buvanze n'amashyamba (''agroforesterie''): giterwa ku mbibi z'imirima, mu mirima imbere, ku nkengero z'ingo nk'uruzitiro ruzima, no ku miringoti irwanya isuri. Gitanga inkwi, amakara, ibiti byo kubaka, imiti, ibyo inzuki zirya n'imishingiro y'ibishyimbo; kandi gitanga igicucu, gitaka, n'amababi yacyo agafumbira ubutaka. Gishobora gukonorwa no gutemwa kikongera kumera.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;/&gt;

== Uko kibungabunzwe ==
Ku rutonde rutukura rwa UICN, umusave ushyirwa mu moko adafite ikibazo cyo kuzimira (''Least Concern'').&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;/&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Markhamia lutea 1zz.jpg|Amashami n'amababi
Markhamia lutea (3437939685).jpg|Igiti cy'umusave
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Spathodea campanulata]], ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Umuko]]
* [[Igiti]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Markhamia_lutea Amafoto y'umusave] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/suitable-tree/node/22525 ''Markhamia lutea''] kuri World Agroforestry

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igitoki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141766</id>
      <parentid>126219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141766</origin>
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      <text bytes="7328" sha1="ayondnl4ued02c47v10qkviy556dwnn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Plantains.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Imishaba: Ibitoki bitekwa&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plantains.jpg&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
[[File:Banana plant 2.jpg|alt=Igitoki cy'inyamunyo|thumb|223x223px|Igitoki cy'inyamunyo&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banana_plant_2.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[Dosiye:Musa-sp3.1.jpg|thumb|igitoki]]

[[Dosiye:Green raw bananas.jpg|thumb|Green raw bananas]]

[[Dosiye:Growing banana fruit.jpg|thumb|Growing banana fruit]]

[[Dosiye:Banana dágua.jpg|thumb|Banana ]]

[[Dosiye:A group of Banana on the banana tree.jpg|thumb|A group of Banana on the banana tree]]

[[Dosiye:Banana 6.jpg|thumb|Banana ]]

[[Dosiye:BananaPlantKythira.jpg|thumb|Urutoki]]

= Intangiriro =
'''Igitoki''' (ubwinshi: '''ibitoki''') cyangwa  '''Igitoke''' (ubwinshi: '''Ibitoke''') (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] : ''Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana'') ni [[igiti]], [[urubuto]] n’[[ikiribwa]].

Igitoki ni igihingwa ngandurarugo kiboneka ku buryo butagoye ku buryo n'umuturage wo mu cyiciro cya mbere aba ashobora kukigaburira umuryango we. Kigira amoko atandukanye: Imishaba (Ibitoki bitekwa mu mavuta), inyamunyo (Kiribwa  gitogosheje mu mazi ariko gishobora no gutekwa ifiriti) , kamaramasenge, (Kiribwa nk'imineke), Gros Michel (imineke), Poyo(imineke), Fiya n'ibindi byinshi.......
[[File:Rwanda banana.jpg|thumb|Rwanda banana&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rwanda_banana.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Matoke.JPG|thumb|Matoke]]
Igitoki kiri mu byo kurya biribwa cyane kandi kenshi mu ngo nyinshi zo mu gihugu cyacu by’umwihariko iburasirazuba aho usanga ari ryo funguro nyamukuru bagira. Ese wari uzi impamvu imineke iba irimo isukari nyamara wahekenya igitoki ntuyumvemo? Burya biterwa nuko habamo amidon/starch idapfa gushwanyaguzwa na za enzymes zo mu gifu bityo aho gukoreshwa nk’isukari mu mubiri igakora nka fibre. Iyo rero umuneke uhiye, ya amidon niyo ihindukamo isukari wumva iryohereye mu muneke. Si ibyo gusa kuko igitoki tugisangamo izindi ntungamubiri zinyuranye nka fibre, umunyungugu wa potasiyumu na vitamin B6.
Habonekamo kandi phosphore, ubutare, magnesium na zinc ndetse na vitamin C.
[[File:An entire cluster of plantains.jpg|thumb|Igitoki cy'imishaba&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An entire cluster of plantains.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;]]
== Akamaro k’igitoki mu buzima ==
=== Kugabanya ibiro ===
Bitewe n'uko mu gitoki dusangamo amidon igoye gushwanyaguzwa iri mu gifu, bituma kurya igitoki byafasha mu kugabanya ibiro kuko uwakiriye atinda gusonza nuko bigatuma umubiri we utwika ibinure byinshi.

=== Kuringaniza isukari yo mu maraso ===
Kurya igitoki bituma umubiri urushaho kuzamura igipimo cya insulin bityo bikarinda kuba wagira isukari nyinshi ari byo bitera indwara ya diyabete. Kuba kandi harimo vitamin B6 bifasha mu kuringaniza isukari by’umwihariko ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 (iterwa n’isukari nyinshi mu maraso).

=== Gufasha mu igogorwa ===
Mu gitoki kuba harimo fibre ndetse na amidon igoye gushwanyaguza bituma kiba cyiza mu igogorwa no kurinda gutumba nyuma yo kurya. Gifasha kandi mu kurwanya indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zishobora gufata mu nzira y’igogorwa.

=== Kurinda kanseri y’amara ===
Uko amidon itinda mu mara kubera kudapfa gushwanyagurika bituma za bagiteri zo mu mara nziza zikora umusemburo ziyifashishije nuko ukica bagiteri mbi zatera indwara zinyuranye zo mu mara harimo na kanseri ishobora gufata mu mara.

=== Ikoreshwa ry’intungamubiri ===
Kurya ibitoki bifasha umubiri gukoresha no gukamura izindi ntungamubiri ziturutse mu bindi wariye. By’umwihariko bifasha umubiri gukoresha kalisiyumu n’indi myunyungugu. Igitoki kiribwa mu buryo bunyuranye aho ushobora kugiteka mu buryo buzwi nka “agatogo”.

=== Kugabanya cholesterol mbi ===
Za fibres zirimo hamwe na amidon nibyo bifasha mu kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi mu maraso. Niyo mpamvu abantu bafite cholesterol iri hejuru bagirwa inama yo kurya igitoki kenshi kuko bituma cholesterol igabanuka.

=== Umutima ukora neza ku muvuduko mwiza ===
Kuba igitoki kirwanya cholesterol mbi kandi birinda kuba imitsi yakifunga bityo birinda umutima kuba watera nabi, bikanarinda indwara y’umuvuduko udasanzwe w’amaraso ukunze guturuka ku kwifunga kw’imitsi y’amaraso. Ibi kandi igitoki kibifashwamo no kuba gikungahaye kuri potasiyumu.

=== Igipimo cy’amaraso kiringaniye ===
Ibitoki bikungahaye kuri vitamin B6 bikaba ari byo bituma biba ifunguro ryiza mu gutuma ugira insoro zitukura nyinshi bityo ukagira amaraso ahagije mu mubiri wawe.

=== Imikorere myiza y’umubiri ===
Akandi kamaro ko kurya ibitoki ni uko gifasha umubiri gukoresha ibinure bibitse bigahindukamo ingufu umubiri ukoresha. Kandi kuba harimo vitamin B6 bituma enzyme zikora neza akazi kazo ko gushwanyaguza ibyo wariye bityo umubiri wose ugakora neza.

=== Gufasha impyiko ===
Igitoki gifasha mu kuringaniza amazi n’imyunyu mu mubiri bityo bigafasha impyiko kuko akazi kazo ka mbere ari ukuyungurura amaraso no kuringaniza amazi umubiri ukeneye. Kurya igitoki, bifasha mu kurinda indwara zinyuranye zishobora gufata impyiko harimo na kanseri y’impyiko. Igitoki gishobora no kuribwa gikaranze mu mavuta nk’ifiriti. 
[[File:Rwanda sambaza.jpg|thumb|Ifiriti y'igitoki&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rwanda_sambaza.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;]]
=== Imikorere y’ubwonko ===
Kuba igitoki gituma umubiri udatakaza vuba amazi bituma kiba kiza mu mikorere y’ubwonko. Dore ko bugizwe n’amazi ku gipimo cyo hejuru kandi kugabanyuka kwayo bikaba bibangamira imikorere myiza yabwo.

=== Kurwanya impiswi ===
Ubwacyo cyifitemo enzymes zifasha mu kurwanya impiswi kimwe n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’ibyo kurya byanduye nka shigellosis. Kubirya nyuma y'uko urwara impiswi bigufasha kuyikira vuba, gusa ntuzibagirwe n’indi miti igenewe kurwanya impiswi.

=== Kwiheba no kwigunga ===
Ibitoki birimo tryptophan ikaba poroteyine ihindurwamo serotonin, uyu ukaba umusemburo w’ibyishimo. Serotonin ifasha kuruhuka no kumva muri wowe utuje.
Hano unabishoboye igitoki wagihekenya kuko niho tryptophan iba ari nyinshi kurenza mu gitoki gitetse na salade y’igitoki burya ibaho,ikaba nayo ifite akamaro.

=== Uruhu rwiza ===
Aho kugura ibyo kwisiga bihenze gerageza guhekenya igitoki. Iyo ari kibisi kiba kirimo vitamin A, ikaba ingenzi mu gutuma ugira uruhu rucyeye kandi runoze.

=== Amagufa akomeye ===
Igitoki kibamo kandi potasiyumu ikaba izwiho gufasha amagufa gukura neza no gukomera by’umwihariko ku bana bakiri bato no ku bageze mu zabukuru.
[[Dosiye:Umuzuzu.jpg|thumb|igitoki cyumuzuzu]]

== Ni gute kiribwa ==
Uretse aho twavuze ko ubishoboye wagihekenya ubusanzwe igitoki kiribwa gitetse;

Ushobora kugiteka maganda cyangwa impogora, aha ni ha handi ugicanira mu mazi kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye, ukaba wateguye isosi yo kukirisha.
Kucyotsa, nabwo bikaba bikorwa kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye ibi bikunze kuboneka mu tubari.
Ushobora kugiteka cyonyine cyamara gushya ukagikoramo umunyigi, nkuko usonga ubugari ubundi ugategura isosi yo kukirisha 
Umunyige nawo uraryoha iyo ufite isosi nziza.
Kugiteka bisanzwe mu mazi ari byo twakita kugitogosa, noneho ukavangamo ibirungo ushaka byose ndetse washaka ukanakaranga
Ushobora kandi kugiteka ifiriti, gusa twibutse ko ifiriti kubera ubushyuhe bw’amavuta ishobora kwangiza zimwe mu ntungamubiri by’umwihariko vitamin C.
== Ishakiro ==</text>
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    <title>Amashaza</title>
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      <id>141926</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:29Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141926</origin>
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      <text bytes="5754" sha1="rj8vrlelfyr86567gv2oq9i2zxm14vd" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ibimera]]   
[[Category:Ibiribwa]]
[[Dosiye:PeaspodsJuly08.jpg|thumb|Amashaza|294x294px]]
[[Dosiye:-2019-07-20 Garden pea (Pisum sativum) in flower, Trimingham.JPG|thumb|Amashaza|298x298px]]
[[Dosiye:Dried Green Peas.jpg|thumb|Amashaza atetse|374x374px]]
[[Dosiye:(Pisum sativum), A pea is a most commonly green.JPG|thumb|(Pisum sativum), A pea is a most commonly green|306x306px]]
[[Dosiye:Doperwt rijserwt peulen Pisum sativum.jpg|thumb|Amashaza akiri mu murima|399x399px]]
[[Dosiye:Pisum sativum MHNT.BOT.2010.12.9.jpg|thumb|291x291px]]
[[Dosiye:Pisum sativum seedling (8755683513).jpg|thumb|Pisum sativum seedling ]]
[[Dosiye:Pisum sativum MHNT.BOT.2010.12.9.jpg|thumb|Amashaza]]
[[Dosiye:-2020-06-28 Garden pea (Pisum sativum), Trimingham, Norfolk (2).JPG|thumb|Amashaza|451x451px]]
Amashaza ashobora kuba yumye cyangwa se mabisi (Urunyongwe) ari byo bitonore by’amashaza, ni ibyo kurya bikundwa kandi ni mu gihe kuko ruryoha cyane. Rukaba rushobora gutekwa rwonyine nk’imboga zo kurisha ibindi byo kurya nk’umuceri, umutsima cyangwa rugatekanwa n’ibindi nk’igitoki cyangwa ibirayi ari naho benshi bakunze kuruteka. Urunyogwe uko waruteka kose, ni ifunguro ryuzuye intungamubiri zinyuranye kandi zifitiye akamaro gakomeye umubiri wacu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/hari-abahinzi-burubyiruko-bakunda-izuba-kurusha-imvura/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227102056/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/hari-abahinzi-burubyiruko-bakunda-izuba-kurusha-imvura/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Gicumbi-Habonetse-amashaza-yerera-amezi-abiri&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Ibimera]]   
[[Category:Ibiribwa]]

[[Dosiye:Peas_in_pods_-_Studio.jpg|thumb|Amashaza]]

=== Intungamubiri ===

* Ingufu
* Ibinyasukari
* Poroteyine
* Fibre
* Ibinure bitarimo cholesterol
* Vitamini zinyuranye nka Vitamin B9, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B2, Vitamini A, [[Vitamini C]], Vitamini E na Vitamin K
* Imyunyungugu nka Sodiyumu, Potasiyumu, Kalisiyumu, Umuringa, Ubutare, Magnesium, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc
* Beta carotene
* Beta crypto-xanthin
* Lutein-zeaxanthin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100506/https://umutihealth.com/urunyogwe/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=3542117893fe8653ab5fe46cfd0aef7ca46&amp;vario=38ae9c7ebfb68ea795483d270f5934b71d&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rba.co.rw/post/Minisitiri-wIntebe-Dr-Ngirente-yasuye-ibikorwa-byamajyambere-mu-karere-ka-Rutsiro&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akamaro ku buzima ===

* [[Dosiye:Pisum sativum Горох лущильний - зелений горошок.jpg|thumb|Urunyongwe rwa mashaza]]Nkuko tubibonye hejuru, mu runyogwe dusangamo vitamin B9 ari yo izwi nka folic acid cyangwa folate. Iyi ni imwe muri vitamin zo mu itsinda rya vitamin B ikaba ari vitamin ikenerwa n’umwana ukiri mu nda ya nyina kugirango DNA ye ikorwe neza. Muri 100g z’urunyogwe habonekamo 64mcg zayo zingana na 16% z’ikenewe ku munsi. Iri funguro ni ingenzi rero ku mugore utwite kuko ririnda umwana kuzavukana ubumuga akenshi bukunze gufata urutirigongo.

* Urunyogwe kandi rurimo vitamin C muri 100g dusangamo 40mg cyangwa 67% z’ikenewe ku munsi. Iyi vitamin ikaba ari ingenzi mu gufasha umubiri gusohora imyanda no kongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa bwawo. Ibi bikaba birinda umuntu indwara zandura

* Mu runyogwe kandi dusangamo beta-sitosterol. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko imboga n’imbuto zikize kuri yo zifasha mu kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi mu mubiri

* Kandi urunyogwe rukungahaye kuri vitamin K. Muri 100g dusangamo 24.8mcg zingana na 21% z’iyikenewe ku munsi. Uretse kuba vitamin K ifasha amaraso kuvura no gukama iyo dukomeretse, ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko iyi vitamin igira uruhare mu gutuma amagufa akomera ndetse imyunyungugu akeneye akabasha kuyibika. Ibi rero bigira uruhare mu kurinda indwara zinyuranye zangiza amagufa ndetse binafasha mu kurinda indwara ya Alzheimer; ikaba ifata ahanini abageze mu zabukuru ikabatera kwibagirwa ku buryo n’izina rye aba atakiryibuka. Ibi iyi vitamin ibikora irinda iyangirika ry’udutsi two mu bwonko.

* Nkuko twabibonye mu runyogwe harimo beta-carotene, lutein na zea-xanthin hamwe na vitamin A (muri 100g harimo 765 IU bingana na 25.5%). Vitamin A ikaba ari ingenzi mu gutuma amaso, uruhu n’ibindi bice by’umubiri bikora neza. Naho ziriya flavonoids zo zikaba zirinda kanseri zinyuranye cyane cyane kanseri y’ibihaha n’iyo mu nzira y’igogorwa cyane cyane mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/ubuhinzi-bw-imbuto-bwahinduriye-ubuzima-munyaneza-ku-buryo-yinjiza-asaga&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bwiza.com/?nyanza-bahinga-bahendwa-bagasarura-bahendwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227102100/https://bwiza.com/?Nyanza-Bahinga-bahendwa-bagasarura-bahendwa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Icyitonderwa ===
Urunyogwe rwiza ni urusaruwe uwo munsi, mbese rutaranamba kuko uko rugenda runamba niko runatakaza intungamubiri. Niba wifuza kurubika rudatetse, ibyiza ni ukurushyira mu ishashi cyangwa ikindi kintu gikoze muri purasitike noneho ukagishyira mu mazi kikarengerwa (ariko amazi ntiyinjiremo). Aho ushobora no kurubika rukamara iminsi 3 rutatangirika. Niba ufite firigo naho warushyiramo, ariko nabwo ukabanza kurushyira mu kintu cya pulasitike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230227102051/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/orange/crop_management&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Imbuto]]</text>
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    <title>Umutingito na tsunami mu Buyapani</title>
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      <text bytes="5403" sha1="66r50qck45c1vygu20yy59ygft9bnin" xml:space="preserve">[[File:SH-60B helicopter flies over Sendai.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:2011TsunamiFireVehicles.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:JAPAN EARTHQUAKE 20110311.png|thumb|left|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani''' cyangwa '''Umutingito na Tsunami mu Buyapani''', '''Umutingito udasanzwe mu Buyapani''' (izina mu [[kiyapani]] : 東北地方太平洋沖地震 Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin) ni [[umutingito]] na umutingito udasanzwe ([[tsunami]]) tariki ya 11 Werurwe 2011 ku gipimo cya M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 9,0 wahitanye abantu hejuru ya 12,300 i [[Tōhoku]] mu [[Ubuyapani|Buyapani]].

Igihungu cy’Ubuyapani ubu cyirimumazi abira kikaba gikeneye ubufasha  bwinshi kandi bukomeye cyane kuko cyibasiwe cyane na cyakibazo cy’amazi aremereye ndetse n’''umutingito udasanzwe'' (''tsunami'') Ubuyapani bukaba bukomerewe cyane, kuko bikomeje gusatira mu murwa mukuru [[Tokyo]], Tsunami ikaba ifite umuvunduko ukomeye cyane kuko ntaho aya mazi agera ngo hagire igisigara akaba abanzirizwa n’umutingito ugashegesha ibintu byinshi nk’amazu yemwe nayitwa ko akomeye, hanyuma hakaza amazi menshi cyane kdi aremereye agatwara byose. 

Mu Buyapani, hari ikindi kintu cyasandaye ku mashini ya kabiri y’uruganda rukoresha ingufu nukleyeri ku munsi wa kane nyuma y’uko rwangijwe n’umutingito w’isi. Ibyo byateje ubwoba ko ibyuma by’urwo ruganda bishobora kurekura imyuka yanduza. Icyo kintu cyasandaye muri iki gitondo cyo ku ya 15 y’ukwa 3 mu mwaka w’2011 ku ruganda rw’ahitwa Fukushima, cyaje gikurikira ikindi cyasandaye umunsi umwe n’iminsi itatu mbere y’iyo taliki. Ibibazo kuri urwo ruganda byatangiye  ubwo umutingito w’isi na tsunami yaje iwukurikira byatumye amashanyarazi abura kuri urwo ruganda. Icyo kibazo cyatumye ibyuma bikonjesha imashini kugirango zidashongeshwa n’ubushyuhe bwinshi zidakora.

Abategetsi bo mu Buyapani bari kugerageza gusubiza ibintu mu buryo ku ruganda rukora ingufu za nuclear ruri i [[Fukushima]] rwasinzikajwe n’umutingito w’isi hamwe na tsunami kuwa 5 w’icyumweru gishize.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gahuza/amakuru/2011/03/110316_ubuyapani.shtml Ubuyapani: ibibazo mu ruganda rwa nucleaire]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tubibutse ko muri iyi minsi igihugu cy’Ubuyapani kitorohewe namba n’umutingito umaze guhitana abarenga 10.000; gusa abapfa bo biyongera buri munsi ku buryo umubare wabo ugenda urushaho kwiyongera uko umunsi ushira.

== Ingaruka z’umutingito ==
[[File:An aerial view of tsunami damage in an area north of Sendai, Japan, taken from a U.S. Navy helicopter.jpg|thumb|left|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani&lt;/span&gt;]]

Ku wa Gatanu w’icyumweru gishize, igihugu cy’u Buyapani gisanzwe kizwiho kwibasirwa n’imitingito inshuro nyinshi buri munsi, cyahuye n’umutingito ukabije kuko wari ku rwego rwa 8.9 ku gipimo cya Richter, ukaba ariwo wa 5 munini, kuva mu mwaka wa 1900. Uwo mutingito waturutse mu Nyanja ya Pasifika, uteza tsunami yageze kuri kilometero 10 mu Buyapani rwagati, cyane cyane mu gice cy’Amajyaruguru ashyira Uburasirazuba. Ababuriwe irengero n’abapfuye barenga 2000, kandi ingaruka zikomeje kwiyongera, aho inganda zimwe na zimwe za nucléaire zangiritse zigateza ubushyuhe bukomeye mu kirere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igihe.com/news-1-39-11264.html |title=Umutingito wo mu Buyapani wahinduye igihe umunsi umara ku isi, n’aho isi yikaragira |access-date=2011-03-31 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515020702/http://www.igihe.com/news-1-39-11264.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Uretse gukora ku Buyapani ariko, uwo mutingito wahinduye imiterere y’isi, n’ubwo bitagaragaye cyane. Nk’uko bitangazwa na the U.S. Geological Survey, uwo mutingito wasunitse ubutaka bw’u Buyapani, ubwigiza kure y’inyanja ho metero zirenga 2.4 ugereranyije na mbere

Birashoboka ko bitagaragarira amaso ko amasaha y’umunsi yiyongereye ariko abahanga mu by’ubumenyi n’imiterere y’isi  (''Geophysique'') barabyemeza ko ubu umunsi utakireshya nk`uko wareshyaga. Ibi ni nyuma y’umutingito wabereye mu gihugu cy’Ubuyapani. Uriya mutingito wagize ingaruka ku bintu byinshi cyane: inkombe z’inyanja zarahindutse, ibirwa bimwe na bimwe birazimira, ubutaka busa n’ubwimutse bugana mu gice cya ruguru cy’Isi (''Hemisphere Nord''). Ku buryo ubungubu igihe [[Isi]] yamaraga yizenguruka (''rotation'') kiyongereyeho amasegonda 0.000 006 (imibare ya [[Nasa]]. Iki gihe ni gito ariko gishobora kuzagira ingaruka nko guhinduka kwa kalendari, amasaha n’ibindi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zahabutimes.com/ikoranabuhanga/ibindi-binyuranye/2135-ingaruka-zumutingito-wo-mu-buyapani-ku-isi.html Ingaruka z`umutingito wo mu Buyapani ku Isi]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ingaruka z`uyu mutingito zirenze kure cyane iz’uheruka muri [[Shili]]. Umutingito wo muri [[Sumatra]] (2004) wari wateye umunsi kugabanuka ho amasegonda 0.000 0068. 

Guhera mu mwaka wa 1990 iki  nicyo cyago kigize ingaruka zikomeye ku isi. Naho Abayapani bo baremeza ko iki ari cyo cyago batazibagirwa nyuma yo kuraswa kw’imijyi ya [[Nagasaki]] na [[Hiroshima]] (yarashwe n`Abanyamerika muri 1945)

==  Notes  == 
&lt;references/&gt;  

[[Category:Imitingito]]
[[Category:Ubuyapani]]</text>
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    <title>Patrick Mazimhaka</title>
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'''Kayumbu Mazimhaka Patrick '''(yavutse 26 Mata 1948) ni Visi Perezida wa Komisiyo ya  Afurika Yunze Ubumwe.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazimhaka, Patrick}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] 
[[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki]] 
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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    <title>Ibireti</title>
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[[Dosiye:Fields of white daisies (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium ).JPG|thumb|Ibireti|239x239px]]
[[Dosiye:Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium.jpg|thumb|Ibireti|321x321px]]
[[Dosiye:Flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium 20180430.jpg|left|thumb]]
'''Ibireti''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] : ''Tanacetum cinerariifolium''; izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''pyrèthre'') ni [[ikimera]] kivamo umuti wica udukoko uva mu ndabo z'umweru n'umuhondo zijya gusa na zimwe bazi ku izina rya [[Marigarita]]. Kubera uwo muti wabyo byashoboye kubaho imyaka n'imyaka byirinda. 
[[Dosiye:Ibireti_Musanze.jpg|thumb|Ibireti muri Musanze|248x248px]]
[[File:Tanacetum cinerariifolium MHNT.BOT. 2012.10.14.JPG|thumb|''Tanacetum cinerariifolium ''|250x250px]]
[[Category:Ibimera]]
[[Category:Indabo]]</text>
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    <title>Akarere ka Gakenke</title>
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      <text bytes="2821" sha1="c1wdp1vss3jv8ui35z3qra03of7r39f" xml:space="preserve">== Ibiro by'akarere ka Gakenke ==
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name=Akarere ka Gakenke
|settlement_type=[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|District]]
|image_map=GakenkeDist.png
|map_caption=Shown within Northern Province and Rwanda
|subdivision_type=Country
|subdivision_name=[[Rwanda]]
|subdivision_type2=Province
|subdivision_name2=[[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Northern]]
|seat_type=Capital
|seat=[[Gakenke]]
|area_total_km2=704
|population_as_of=2012 census
|population_total=338234
|population_density_km2=auto
}}
[[Dosiye:Gakenke District office.jpg|thumb|Akarere ka Gakenke]]
'''Akarere ka Gakenke''' ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu tugize u [[Rwanda]]. Gaherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Gafite ubuso bungana na 7604.06km2; Imirenge 19; Utugali 97 ndetse n'Imidugudu 617. Kandi gatuwe n'[[Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire|abaturage]] barenga 382932; kandi ubucucike bw'abaturage ni 540km2.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gakenke.gov.rw/&lt;/ref&gt; Aka karere katangiye gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo kubaka hamwe no gutandukanya imikoreshereze y'ubutaka n'ibikorwa rusange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gakenke district gets new master plan |url=http://monpalais.com/2012/02/rwanda-gakenke-district-gets-new-master-plan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710072131/http://monpalais.com/2012/02/rwanda-gakenke-district-gets-new-master-plan/ |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=www.monpalais.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akarere ka Gakenke Kagaragra mu bikorwa bitandukanye harimo kubakira abatishoboye,[[umuganda]], bagatabarana aho rukomeye n'ibindi bikorwa bigiye bitandukanye.[[Dosiye:GakenkeDist.png|thumb|akrere ka gakenke]]

=== Akarere ka Gakenke gakora ibiribwa bitandukanye by'ubukungu harimo&lt;ref&gt;umuseke&lt;/ref&gt; ===

# Ubuhinzi
# Ubworozi
# bucuruzi

== Imirenge ==
Akarere ka Gakenke kagabanijwemo [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] 19 (imirenge): [[Umurenge wa Busengo|Busengo]], [[Umurenge wa Coko|Coko]], [[Umurenge wa Cyabingo|Cyabingo]], [[Umurenge wa Gakenke|Gakenke]], [[Umurenge wa Gashenyi|Gashenyi]], [[Umurenge wa Mugunga|Mugunga]], [[Umurenge wa Janja|Janja]], [[Umurenge wa Kamubuga|Kamubuga]], [[Umurenge wa Karambo|Karambo]], [[Umurenge wa Kivuruga|Kivuruga]], [[Umurenge wa Mataba|Mataba]], [[Umurenge wa Minazi|Minazi]], [[Umurenge wa Muhondo|Muhondo]], [[Umurenge wa Muyongwe|Muyongwe]], [[Umurenge wa Muzo|Muzo]], [[Umurenge wa Nemba|Nemba]], [[Umurenge wa Ruli|Ruli]], [[Umurenge wa Rusasa|Rusasa]] na [[Umurenge wa Rushashi|Rushashi]].

== Reba ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152931/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/events/Inzego.doc Inzego.doc] &amp;#x2014; Province, District and Sector information from ''MINALOC'', the Rwanda ministry of local government.
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gakenke| ]]</text>
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    <title>Liyeji</title>
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'''Liyeji''' (izina mu kinyaholande : Luik; izina mu gifaransa : Liège; izina mu kiwaluni : Lîdj; izina mu gidage : Lüttich) n’umujyi w’Ububiligi.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kizito Mihigo</title>
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      <text bytes="15998" sha1="e75bkt8xuiota9mmqaq3tj3yw830jc4" xml:space="preserve">'''Mihigo Kizito''' (yavukiye i [[Kibeho]] taliki ya 25 [[Nyakanga]] 1981 − 17 [[Gashyantare]] 2020 i [[Kigali]]) ni umuhanzi, umucuranzi n'umuririmbyi w'umunyarwanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kizitomihigo.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=194&amp;Itemid=161&amp;lang=rw Amateka ya Kizito Mihigo - Kizitomihigo.com]&lt;/ref&gt;Amavu n'amavuko Kizito Mihigo yavutse ku wa gatandatu, taliki ya 25 Nyakanga 1981, i [[Kibeho]], umwe mu mirenge y’Akarere ka [[Nyaruguru]], mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Gikongoro]] mu ntara y’[[Amajyepfo]] y’u [[Rwanda]].Ni [[umwana]] wa gatatu mu bana batandatu. Ababyeyi be Buguzi Augustin na Ilibagiza Placidie, bamureze mu bukristu gatolika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Igihe&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190211074253/http://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/kizito-mihigo/biography-13647 Ubuzima bwa Kizito Mihigo] Igihe.com, [[Nyakanga]] 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ibyiruka ==
Afite imyaka icyenda yatangiye guhimba uturirimbo tw’abana, maze nyuma y’imyaka itanu, aza kuvamo umuhanzi w’indirimbo za Kiriziya Gatolika uzwi mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060017/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-11-20/59903/ Kizito Mihigo uses music to promote peace and reconciliation]
 - The New Times (Mu Cyongereza), 20 [[Ugushyingo]] 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 1994 ise umubyara (Buguzi Augustin) yishwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Mu binyamakuru bitandukanye, Kizito Mihigo yakunze kuvuga ko gucika ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe [[Abatutsi]] biri mu byamuhaye inganzo y’ubutumwa aririmba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075007/http://www.alterinfo.net/GENOCIDE-AU-RWANDA-13-ans-apres-Temoignage-du-rescape-KIZITO-MIHIGO-CROIRE-EN-DIEU-APRES-LE-GENOCIDE_a8443.html Génocide au Rwanda - 13 ans après: Témoignage du rescapé Kizito Mihigo]
 - Alter Infos (Mu Gifaransa), [[Gicurasi]] 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Amaze kugira imyaka 14, ubwo yigaga mu mwaka wa mbere muri Seminari nto ya [[Karubanda]] i [[Butare]], yahimbye indirimbo nyinshi ziririmbwa muri [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Mu mwaka wa 2000, (ubwo yari afite imyaka 19), Kizito Mihigo yari afite indirimbo zirenga 200 za Missa.&lt;ref name=&quot;imirasire&quot;&gt;[http://www.imirasire.com/amakuru-yose/imyidagaduro/mu-rwanda-50/article/sobanukirwa-n-amwe-mu-mateka-y-umuhanzi-kizito-mihigo/ Sobanukirwa n’ amwe mu mateka y’ umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo]
 - Imirasire.com, 7 Mata 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2001 yagize uruhare mu ishyirwa mu manota ry'[[Rwanda Nziza|indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.panapress.com/Un-artiste-rwandais-s-insurge-contre-les--falsificateurs-de-l-histoire--du-genocide-de-1994--13-769237-18-lang2-index.html Un artiste rwandais s'insurge contre les &quot;falsificateurs de l'histoire&quot; du génocide de 1994]
 - Panapress.com (Mu Gifaransa), 7 Mata 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ya muzika ==
[[Dosiye:LogoCNSMDP.svg|thumb|Ishuri ryigisha umuzikki riherereye mu mujyi wa Paris mu bufaransa aho nyakwigendera KIZITO Mihigo yize |336x336px]]
Mu mwaka wa 2003 yagiye kwiga Muzika mu [[Uburayi|Burayi]], maze mu kwezi kwa cyenda 2008, aza kubona impamyabumenyi DFE « Diplôme de Fin d’Etudes », mu ishuri rya [[Conservatoire de Musique]] de [[Paris]] mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;imirasire&quot;/&gt;

Yigishije muzika mu ishuri ryisumbuye « Institut provincial » ryo mu
[[Ububirigi|Bubiligi]], kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza muri 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;imirasire&quot;/&gt;

===Ibihangano===
Kizito Mihigo afite indirimbo zigera kuri 400 ziganjemo izo mu Kiriziya G  atorika&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2014/12/141229_kizito_rwanda Rwanda: la perpétuité requise pour Kizito Mihigo]
 - [[BBC]] (Mu Gifaransa), 30 Ukuboza 2014&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva yagera ku mugabane w’u Burayi, uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] yatangiye guhimba
n’izindi ndirimbo zitari iza [[Kiriziya]], ahubwo zitanga ubutumwa bw'Amahoro n'Ubwiyunge muri sosiyete cyane cyane mu Banyarwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Igihe&quot;/&gt;

'''Izagiye zimenyekana ni nka''': 

*Twanze gutoberwa amateka  
*Turi abana b’u Rwanda
*Umujinya Mwiza
*Ijoro ribara uwariraye
*Inuma
*Iteme
*Arc en ciel
*Urugamba rwo Kwibohora
*Intare yampaye agaciro
*Igisobanuro cy'urupfu

==Ubukangurambaga ku bumwe n'ubwiyunge==
Mu mwaka wa 2010, Kizito Mihigo yashinze ''[[Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix]] (Kizito Mihigo Peace Foundation) - KMP - '' iharanira amahoro n’ubumuntu mu bantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Igihe&quot;/&gt;
[[Dosiye:Rwanda_Makes_Peace_sign.jpg|thumb|Nyakwigendera Kizito Mihigo yaranzwe n'ibikorwa by'urukundo no guharanira amahoro ariko nyuma y'igihe kirekire aza gusubira inyuma bimuviramo guhanwa n'amategeko y'u Rwanda]]
Iyi fondation yashinzwe hagamijwe ubukangurambaga ku bumwe n’ubwiyunge ikoresheje ubuhanzi, muri za gereza, no mu mashuri &lt;ref name=&quot;amahoro&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170924091414/http://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/kizito-mihigo/amakuru/article/kizito-mihigo-na-kmp-bizihije Kizito Mihigo na KMP bizihije umunsi mpuzamahanga w’amahoro ]
 - Igihe.com, Nzeri 2013&lt;/ref&gt;. KMP kandi yakoraga ibyitwa ''Ikiganiro mpuzamadini'' cyahuzaga abanyamadini batandukanye kuri Radiyo na Televiziyo by'igihugu mu isaha imwe mu cyumweru yahariwe y'ikiganiro kitwa ''Umusanzu w'Umuhanzi'' cyategurwaga na Fondation KMP. &lt;ref name=&quot;amadini&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151103052032/http://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/kizito-mihigo/amakuru/article/kizito-mihigo-yashyize-ahagaragara Kizito Mihigo yashyize ahagaragara ibiganiro mpuzamadini bibera muri KMP  ]
 - Igihe.com, Mutarama 2014&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibihembo yahawe ===
Muri [[Kanama]] 2011, Kizito Mihigo yahawe n'umufasha wa Perezida wa Repuburika, Madamu [[Jeannette Kagame]], igihembo cyagenewe urubyiruko rw'indashyikirwa (CYRWA award).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175430/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-08-20/84730/ First Lady awards Young Rwandan Archivers]
 - The New Times (Mu Cyongereza), 21 Kanama 2011&lt;/ref&gt; 

Muri [[Mata]] 2013, Kizito na Fondation ye bahawe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Imiyiborere (RGB), igihembo cy'amafaranga y'u Rwanda 8 000 000 (Miliyoni Umunani), nk'umuryango utari uwa Leta ukora ibikorwa bishyigikira imiyobore myiza &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151006165523/http://greatlakesvoice.com/civil-society-organs-win-rgb-grants/ Civil Society Organs win RGB awards]
 - Great Lakes Voice (Mu Cyongereza), 21 Mata 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ubuzima bwe bwite==
Kizito Mihigo ni ingaragu, kandi nta mwana afite. Ni umukirisitu gatorika, n'umukunzi wa Karate na Sinema. &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082613/http://www.independent.co.ug/rwanda-ed/rwanda/6524-peace-messenger Kizito Mihigo using music to spread peace in society]
 - The Independent (Mu Cyongereza), 3 Ukwakira 2012&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2009, yagiye yandikwa n'ibinyamakuru by'imyidagaduro byo mu Rwanda, nk'umwe mu basore bakurura abakobwa benshi mu gihugu. Muri 2012 yavuzweho urukundo rw'ibanga hamwe n'umuririmbyikazi [[Miss Jojo]], ariko babajijwe n'itangazamakuru, bose barabihakana &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;/&gt;.

==Ifungwa n'urubanza==
Tariki ya 15 [[Mata]] 2014, [[Polisi]] y'igihugu yerekanye uyu muhanzi ivuga ko yamufatiye mu byaha byo kugambanira ubutegetsi buriho na [[Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame]]. Imbere y'itangazamakuru, Kizito Mihigo yarabyemeye abisabira imbabazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;arrestation&quot;&gt;[http://rfi.fr/afrique/20140416-rwanda-kagame-karegeya-kizito-mihigo-fdlr-rnc-fpr-attaque-police/ Rwanda: quatre personnes arrêtées, dont le chanteur Kizito Mihigo]
 - [[RFI]] (Mu Gifaransa), 16 Mata 2014 &lt;/ref&gt; 

Kuvuga ko Kizito Mihigo yafashwe byatangajwe amaze iminsi irenga icyumweru aburiwe irengero &lt;ref name=&quot;umuryango&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140925230014/http://umuryango.rw/spip.php?article11824 Kizito Mihigo ari he? Ese yaba yaratangiye guhura n’ingaruka z’&quot;Igisobanuro cy’urupfu&quot;?]
 - Umuryango.rw, 16 [[Mata]] 2014&lt;/ref&gt;. N'ubwo polisi y'u Rwanda yari yabanje kuvuga ko itazi aho uyu muhanzi yari ari mu cyumweru cyabanjirije iyerekanwa rye, urubuga [[WikiLeaks]] ruzwiho kumena amabanga ya za Leta zitandukanye zo ku isi rwavuze ko Kizito Mihigo yari yafashwe tariki ya 4 Mata, ni ukuvuga iminsi icumi mbere y'uko polisi imwerekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WikiLeaks&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150918111224/http://www.wikileaks-forum.com/rwanda/581/-le-timing-de-larrestation-de-kizito-mihigo/29347/ Le timing de l'arrestation de Kizito Mihigo]
 - [[WikiLeaks]] (Mu Gifaransa) 14 Mata 2014&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Indirimbo yateye ikibazo ===
Gufatwa kwa Kizito Mihigo kandi, byabaye amaze gusohora indirimbo yitwa ''Igisobanuro cy'urupfu''. Iyi ndirimbo ntiyashimishije abategetsi b'u Rwanda kuko yahise ibuzwa gucurangwa igisohoka ndetse ikurwa no kuri Internet. Mu nkuru zijyanye n'ifatwa rya Mihigo ndetse n'urubanza rwe, ibinyamakuru mpuzamahanga nka [[BBC]], televiziyo [[Al Jazeera]], televiziyo [[France 24]], [[Radio France Internationale]] na Radio [[France Inter]], byagarutse kenshi kuri iyo ndirimbo, bigaragaza ko uyu muhanzi ashobora kuba yarazize amwe mu magambo ayigize. Muri iyi ndirimbo ifite iminota isaga icumi, harimo amagambo nka: &quot; ''Jenoside yangize imfubyi, ariko ntikanyibagize abandi bantu nabo bababaye bazize urugomo rutiswe Jenoside [...] Nta rupfu rwiza rubaho, rwaba Jenoside cyangwa Intambara, uwishwe n'abihorera, uwazize impanuka cyangwa uwazize indwara, abo bavandimwe bose ndabasabira... 'Ndi umunyarwanda' ijye ibanzirizwa na 'Ndi umuntu''...&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera&quot;&gt;[http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/12/11/rwanda-gospel-singerontrial.html Dissident ‘choirboy’: Rwandan gospel star on trial]
 - [[Al Jazeera]] (Mu Cyongereza),11 [[Ukuboza]] 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;France24&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;France Inter&quot;&gt;[http://www.franceinter.fr/emission-la-bas-si-jy-suis-rwanda-20-ans-un-pouvoir-autoritaire-et-alors Rwanda 20 ans, un pouvoir autoritaire ? Et alors ?...]
 - [[France Inter]] (Mu Gifaransa), 7 [[Gicurasi]] 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibyavuzwe n'abantu batandukanye nyuma y'ifungwa ry'uyu muhanzi ===
Nyuma y'ifatwa ry'uyu muhanzi wari uzwi nk'inshuti ikomeye y'ubutegetsi bw'u [[Rwanda]] n'umutoni wa Perezida [[Paul Kagame]], havuzwe byinshi mu itangazamakuru, abantu ku giti cyabo babivuga kwinshi, imiryango mpuzamahanga n'ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bigira icyo bitangaza. Umunyamakuru w'umubirigi [[Colette Braeckman]] yanditse ko Kizito Mihigo yafashijwe na Perezida Paul Kagame kwiga ibijyanye na Muzika mu [[Uburayi|Burayi]], avuga ko azi Kizito Mihigo ku giti cye, kandi ko atiyumvisha uburyo yakora ibyo ashinjwa&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Soir&quot;&gt;[http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2014/04/25/kizito-mihigo-chanteur-vedette-et-accuse-en-aveux/ Kizito Mihigo: Chanteur vedette et accusé en aveux]
 - [[Le Soir]] (Mu Gifaransa), 16 [[Mata]] 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;rue&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165453/http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/note/233031 Kagamé off the record : « Il peut vous hypnotiser »]
 - [[Rue89]] (Mu Gifaransa), 7 Kamena 2014&lt;/ref&gt;.Musenyeri [[Joseph André Léonard]] umushumba wa Arikidiyosezi ya [[Buruseri]] nawe yavuze ko yatunguwe cyane no kuba Kizito Mihigo yarafashwe nk'umugizi wa nabi. Ati: &quot;Bibeshye ku muntu, jyewe sinshobora kubona muri Kizito Mihigo umuntu wagirira nabi igihugu&lt;ref name=&quot;jambo&quot;&gt;[http://www.jambonews.net/actualites/20150730-mgr-leonard-je-ne-peux-pas-voir-en-kizito-mihigo-un-homme-qui-serait-dangereux-pour-la-societe/ Mgr Léonard : « Je ne peux pas voir en Kizito Mihigo un homme qui serait dangereux pour la société »]
 - Jambo News (Mu Gifaransa), 30 [[Nyakanga]] 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;.

Ikinyamakuru &quot;The [[Huffington Post]]&quot; cyo cyatangaje ko abenshi mu bakurikirana ifatwa n'urubanza by'uyu muhanzi, bavuga ko Kizito Mihigo yategetswe kwemera ibyaha ashinjwa no kubisabira imbabazi kugira ngo abe yarekurwa. Icyo kinyamakuru kikavuga ko n'ubwo yabyubahirije, ntacyo byamumariye kuko atarekuwe nk'uko yari abyiteze.&lt;ref name=&quot;huff&quot;&gt;[http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/faustin-kabanza/rwanda-le-chanteur-popula_b_8379394.html Rwanda: Le chanteur populaire Kizito Mihigo n'aura pas été libéré pour autant...]
 - [[Huffington Post]] (Mu Gifaransa), 27 Ukwakira 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Imiryango Mpuzamahanga ====
Nyuma y'ifatwa rya Kizito Mihigo n'abo bareganwa, imiryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye nka [[Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme]] - FIDH, [[Reporters Sans Frontières]], [[Amnesty Internationale]] na [[Human Rights Watch]] yanenze imyitwarire y'inzego z'umutekano z'u [[Rwanda]] zabanje guhisha abakekwa, mbere yo kuberekana. [[FIDH]] yavuze ko idasobanukiwe neza ifatwa rya Kizito Mihigo mu migambi yo guhungabanya umutekano kandi azwi nk'umuntu uharanira amahoro&lt;ref name=&quot;FIDH&quot;&gt;[http://rfi.fr/afrique/20140414-rwanda-trois-personnes-arretees-journaliste-chanteur-menace-attentat Rwanda: Trois personnes arrêtées, pour &quot;menace&quot; contre l'État]
 - [[RFI]] (Mu Gifaransa), 14 Mata 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Ibihugu ====
[[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika]] n'[[Ubwongereza]], byavuze ko bihangayikishijwe n'ifatwa ry'uyu muhanzi n'abo bareganwa. [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika|Amerika]] yasabye Leta y'u [[Rwanda]] kugenera Kizito Mihigo na bagenzi be urubanza rw'intabera, kandi mu Rwanda hakubahirizwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo n'ubw'itangazamakuru &lt;ref name=&quot;USA&quot;&gt;[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140424-rwanda-washington-preoccupe-vague-arrestations/Rwanda: Washington préoccupé par la vague d'arrestations]
 - [[RFI]] (Mu Gifaransa), 24 Mata 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;.

===Urubanza===
Tariki ya 6 [[Ugushyingo]] 2014, nyuma yo gusubikwa inshuro ebyiri, nibwo urubanza rwa Mihigo rwatangiye. Kizito Mihigo yongeye kwemera ibyaha byose ashinjwa, avuga ko abyicuza kandi abisabira imbabazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTBF&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085611/http://www.rtbf.be/culture/musique/detail_rwanda-accuse-de-terrorisme-le-musicien-kizito-mihigo-plaide-coupable?id=8395801 Rwanda: accusé de &quot;terrorisme&quot;, le musicien Kizito Mihigo plaide coupable]
 - [[RTBF]] (Mu Gifaransa), 6 [[Ugushyingo]] 2014&lt;/ref&gt;. Abareganwa na Kizito Mihigo, bose (uko ari batatu) baburanye bahakana ibyo baregwa, ndetse bakavuga ko bakorewe iyicarubozo&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Mail&quot;&gt;[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2853028/Rwandan-accused-plotting-against-regime-alleges-torture.html Rwandan accused of plotting against regime alleges torture]
 - [[Daily Mail]] (Mu Cyongereza), 28 Ugushyingo 2014 &lt;/ref&gt;.

===Icyifuzo cy'ubushinjacyaha===
Muri uru rubanza, ubushinjacyaha bwasabiye Kizito Mihigo igihano cyo gufungwa burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;/&gt;

===Icyemezo cy'urukiko===
Tariki ya 27 Gashyantare 2015, urukiko rukuru rwa [[Kigali]] rwakatiye uyu muhanzi igihano cy'imyaka icumi y'igifungo. Rwamuhamije ibyaha byo kugambirira kugirira nabi ubutegetsi, ariko rumukuraho icyaha cy'iterabwoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;France24&quot;&gt;[http://france24.com/fr/20150228-rwanda-chanteur-populaire-kizito-mihigo-condamne-a-10-ans-prison-genocide-tutsi-hutu-kagame Le chanteur rwandais Kizito Mihigo condamné à 10 ans de prison]
 - [[France 24]] (Mu Gifaransa), 27 Gashyantare 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

===Imbabazi za Perezida wa Repuburika===
Tariki ya 14 Nzeri 2018, nyuma yo kureka ikirego cy'ubujurire yari yaratanze mu rukiko rw'ikirenga, umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo yahawe imbabazi na Perezida wa Repuburika [[Paul Kagame]]. Mihigo yasohotse muri gereza ari kumwe na Madamu Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, umunyapolitiki nawe wari umaze imyaka 8 mu buroko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Imbabazi&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083727/http://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kizito-mihigo-na-ingabire-victoire-barekuwe Perezida Kagame yahaye imbabazi Kizito Mihigo na Ingabire Victoire] Igihe.com, [[Nzeri]] 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

==Imbuga zimuvuga==
*[http://www.kizitomihigo.com Urubuga bwite rwa Kizito Mihigo]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116033158/http://www.kmp.rw/ Urubuga rwa Fondation KMP]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mihigo, Kizito}}
[[Category: Abahanzi]]
[[Category: Abaririmbyi]]
[[Category: Abagabo]]
[[Category: Abanyarwanda]]
[[Category: Abatutsi]]
[[Category: Umuziki nyarwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abahutu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="384" sha1="8pcwvccq72wwu8ce1nz2ekpk3iokjbs" xml:space="preserve">'''Abahutu''' ni abantu bari bagize kimwe mu byiciro byarangaga Abanyarwanda ariko cyane cyane bikareberwa ku mibereho yabo mu Rwanda rwo hambere y’abakoroni. Ariko abakoroni bageze mu RWANDA  baza kubihundura ubwoko.
[[Dosiye:Flag Map of Rwanda (1961-2001).png|center|thumb|320x320px|Rwanda]]
== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]

[[Category:Abahutu| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga kw'isi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12278" sha1="4u5gzcz6l0yzn1hiqyjx1zku2vl80xo" xml:space="preserve">Ishyirahamwe ry'Abaganga kw'Isi ('''WMA''') ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry'igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y'imiryango y'abaganga b'umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye, bityo 
[[Dosiye:Front_view_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Medical_Association.jpg|thumb|Ikigo cy'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi (WMA)]]
rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose.  ryatangijwe kuwa 18 Nzeri 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;wma.net&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/history/|title=History|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ,rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b'ingaga z'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye 114 muri 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/members/members-list-printable/|title=Members' List|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.wma.net/news-post/wma-general-assembly-6&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse n'Abaganga barenga miliyoni 10.

Irishyirahamwe (WMA) ritanga urubuga kubanyamuryango baryo rwo kuvugana bisanzuye, bagakorana, kugirango bagere kumikorere inoze kandi y'ubunyamwuga no kongera ubunyamwuga bw'isanzuye ku baganga ku isi yose. imikoranire, WMA afite intego yo koroshya imikoranire, kwita kubarwayi ndetse ahantu hafite ubuzima, bongera imibereho myiza y'abantu bose ku isi.

== Intego ==
Intego ya WMA ni ugukorera inyokumuntu mu guharanira kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myigishirize y'ibijyanye n'ubuvuzi , ubumenyi buhagije kubuvuzi, ubuvuzi bunoze  no guhabwa serivisi z'ubuvuzi nziza ku bantu bose ku isi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/|title=About the WMA|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Dosiye:Dr._Nikan_Khatibi_at_the_California_Medical_Association_House_of_Delegates_Meeting.png|thumb|Inama yahuje abayobozi b'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi]]

== Amateka ==
Irishyirahamwe cg umuryango (WMA) washinzwe ku wa 18 Nzeri 1947, Ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu 28 bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y'iri shyirahamwe i [[Paris]]. uy' umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy'umuryango w'abaganga w'abongereza mu 1945 , mu nama yabereye i London kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b'abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n'intambara y'isi yose II.

Mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw'amafaranga buturuka mu b'anyamuryango , mu 1948 , inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa WMA mu mujyi wa New York mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n'umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n'ibindi bigo b'iwushamikiyeho. ubunyamabanga bw'iri shyirahamwe WMA bwagumye New york kugeza mu 1974 igihe ku mpamvu z'umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya Geneve nk'umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga (WHO,ILO,ICN,ISSA,etc.) bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa Ferney-voltaire. Abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y'umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa &quot;World Medical Assembly&quot; Inama Rusange 1962. 

Kuva Muntangiriro WMA yagaragaje kwita cyane [[medical ethics|k'ubuvuzi bunoze]]  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose , ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi. n'isesengura ry'amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya Hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya II mu 1948 i Geneva . inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita &quot;[[declaration of geneva|inyandiko y'i Geneve]].&quot;

Nanone mu nama rusange ya II raporo ku &quot;ibyaha by'intamabara n'ubuvuzi&quot; yarakiriwe. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y'ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange III mu 1949.
[[Dosiye:Medical_emergency.jpg|thumb|ingobyi y'abarwayi (Imbangukiragutabara)]]
Na Nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri , WMA yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi, ibyaha byakozwe n'abaganga mu bihe by'intambara,   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n'ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n;'amategeko agenga umwuga w'ubuvuzi. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu 1952, akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z'ishyirahamwe WMA n'amakuru yayo agezweho.

== Ubuyobozi ==

=== Inteko rusange ===
Ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe WMA ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n'abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga, abofosiye n'abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga (associate members).

=== Urugaga ===
Inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari twoː Afurika, Asiya, [[Burayi|Uburayi]], Amerika y'abalatino, Amerika y'amajyaruguru na Pasifika. iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi (President) buri mwaka, ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n'ibirori. Umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango.

Buri myaka ibiri, ururgaga rwa WMA, ukuyemo abayobozi(Presidents) batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki. nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by'umuryango, umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n'urugaga.

== Ubunyamabanga ==
Ubunyamabanga bw'ishyirahamwe buherereye in Ferney-Voltaire, [[Ubufaransa|France]], iruhande n'umujyi wa Geneva.

== Indimi zikoreshwa ==
[[icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]], n'icyesipanyol  Unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n'ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora.

== Ubunyamuryango ==
WMA ifite ibyiciro by'abanyamuryango bikurikira
* '''Abanyamuryango shingiro'''ː ahanini bashingiye kubanyamuryango bamashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye ku isi
* '''Abanyamuryango bigengaː''' aba ni abaganga baba abanyamuryango ba WMA bitanyuze mu mashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu byabo , bafite uburenganzira bwo gutora ndetse no kuba mu nama y'inteko rusange binyuze bu bo ubwabo bitoraniriza ngo babahagararire.
Andi makuru y'abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano ([https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/members/ WMA Membership]):

== Imishinga ==
WMA ikora ku bintu bitandukanye,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/&lt;/ref&gt; Ibyigenzi ni:
* Ubuvugizi
* Ubugenzuzi bw'umwuga
* Inzego z'ubuzima
* Uburenganzira bwa muntu
* Ubuzima rusange
Mu bijyanye no kunoza imikorere ,WMA Ifite inyandiko nyinshi n'imyanzuro yemejwe n'inteko rusange byose bigerageza kuha umurongo amashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu imbere, leta zitandukanye ndetse n'imiryango ku isi yose. ingingo nyinshi zizweho nk'uburenganzira bw'abarwayi, ubushakashatsi ku bantu , kwita kubarwayi n'inkomere mu bihe by'amakimbirane, itotezwa ry'imfungwa, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, kubomeza urubyaro no guhumana kw'ikirere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/|title=Medical Ethics|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WMA ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira:
* Uburezi bujyanye n'ubuvuzi
* Gutegura abazakora mu bijyanye na serivisi z'ubuzima
* Ubwirinzi bw'abarwayi
* Imiyoborere no guteza imbere umwuga
* Ubuvugizi ku baganga n'uburenganzira bw'abarwayi
* Ubuzima n'ubwirinzi mu kazi
* Demokarasi mu mashyirahamwe mashya y'abaganga
* Amabwiriza y'ubuzima bw'abaturange 
* Imishinga nk'iyo kugabanya itabi n'y'inkingo
WMA ukora kandi kuri gahunda z'uburezi nka &quot;prison medicine course&quot;(kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti), amasomo kubijyanye n'igituntu kigikatu, ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya George Mason na International Society for Microbial Resistance

== Ibyashyizwe ahagaragara ==
Zimwe munyandiko z'amategeko n'ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi WMA (zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/publications/|title=Publications|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga [https://www.wma.net/publications/ website]. Murizo harimo:
* The World Medical Journal
* The WMA Medical Ethics Manual
* The World Medical and Health Policy Journal
* Caring Physicians of the World
* Toolkits
* Background Documents

== Imibanire izwi ==
Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y'ubuvuzi n'amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y'ubucuruzi. nubwo byose bitarimo, uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y'ishyirahamwe rya WMA ndetse n'imikoranire. 

=== Aho Bigishiriza (WMA Cooperating Centers) ===
* Center for Global Health and Medical Diplomacy, University of North Florida on Medical leadership and Medical Diplomacy
* Center for the Study of International Medical Policies and Practices - CSIMPP, George-Mason-University, Fairfax, Virginia on Microbial resistance and development of public (health) policy
* Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Tübingen
* Institut de droit de la santé, Université de Neuchâtel, Suisse
* Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Wiltwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

=== Abafatanya Bikorwa ===
* Bayer Pharmaceuticals
* Eli Lilly and Company
* GlaxoSmithKline
* Pfizer, Inc.

=== Imyigishirize ===
* Health Sciences Online HSO
* Health InterNetwork (HINARI)

=== Imiryango Mpuzamahanga ===
* Amnesty International - AI
* International Federation of Associations of Pharmaceutical Physicians - IFAPP
* International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers &amp; Associations IFPMA
* International Hospital Federation - IHF
* International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims - IRCT
* Physicians for Human Rights - PHR
* International Society for Health and Human Rights - ISHHR
* World Health Editors’ Network - WHEN
* Public Service International - PSI
* World Self-Medication Industry - WSMI

=== Abanyeshuri biga ubuganga ===
* International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations - IFMSA

=== Umuryango w'abarwayi ===
* International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations - IAPO

=== Imiryango y'umwuga ===
* World Health Professions Alliance - WHPA
* World Dental Federation - FDI
* International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP
* International Council of Nurses - ICN
* Guidelines International Network - G-I-N
* International Confederation of Midwives - ICM
* International Council of Medical Scientific Organizations CIOMS
* International Federation of Physiotherapists - WCPT
* Medical Women’s International Association - MWIA
* World Federation for Medical Education - WFME
* World Psychiatric Association - WPA
* World Veterinary Association  - WVA (MOU mutually signed by the WVA and WMA on 12 October 2012)
* One Health Initiative
* Red Cross/Red Crescent
* International Committee of the Red Cross - ICRC
* The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - IFRC

=== Imiryango y'uturere ===
* African Medical Association - AfMA
* Confederation of Medical Associations of Asia and Oceania - CMAAO
* Conference of the Central and East European Chambers
* European Forum of Medical Associations and EFMA/WHO
* Forum of Ibero-American Medical Associations - FIEME
* Medical Association of South East Asian Nations - MASEAN
* Medical Confederation of Latin-America and the Caribbean - CONFEMEL
* Standing Committee of European Physicians - CPME
WMA aft umubkano  n'umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima World Health Organization (WHO), n'umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|United Nations]] nets n'udushami two dutandukanye twita k'ubuzima.

IOther examples of relationships are the Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the International Organization for Migration (IMO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

== Kubindi wareba ==
* Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
* Declaration of Geneva
* Declaration of [[Helsinki]]
* Declaration of [[Tokyo]]. Guidelines for Physicians Concerning Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Relation to Detention and Imprisonment
* International Code of Medical Ethics
* Standing Committee of European Doctors
* World Health Professions Alliance (WHPA)
* World Health Organization (WHO)

== Inkomoko ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Izindi Mbuga ==
* &lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.wma.net Official website]&lt;/span&gt;{{Official website|www.wma.net}}
* [https://www.wma.net/policy/ Handbook of WMA Policies]</text>
      <sha1>4u5gzcz6l0yzn1hiqyjx1zku2vl80xo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akarere ka Gasabo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141620</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="11833" sha1="tqtd5mdxa4bqye0labh7roj1zgml4do" xml:space="preserve">[[File:GasaboDist.png|thumb|Akarere ka Gasabo]]
[[Dosiye:An aerial of Kigali Convention Center on June 19, 2019. Photo by Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|U [[Rwanda|R]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;wanda rwa Gasabo]]
Gasabo ni kamwe mu turere dutatu tugize umujyi wa [[Kigali]], [[umurwa]] mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]] kakaba gaherereye mu Majyaruguru ashyira Iburasirazuba bwaw.  Ibiro byako biherereye mu murenge wa Remera, mu Kagari ka Nyarutarama. Aka karere  kandi gahana imbibi n'uturere tune turimo: [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]]: mu Burengerazuba, mu Majyepfo: [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]], Mu majyaruguru: [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]], mu Majyaruguru: [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|Rwamagana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://gasabonew.prod.risa.rw/akarere/menya-akarere Menya Akarere]&lt;/ref&gt;  Akarere ka Gasabo karimo uduce twinshi tw'umujyi ubwawo, twavuga nka Kacyiru, [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], Nyarutarama na [[Kimihurura]] n'ahandi henshi. Muraka karere niho hubatswe urwibutso rwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]] rwa Gisozi, ahashyinguwe inzirakarengane zigera (300 000) zazize jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari kandi bimwe mu bimenyetso bigize  amateka  ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu. Ndetse muri aka karere ni naho habarizwa ibiro by'umukuru w'igihugu ndetse na za minisiteri zitandukanye. 

Ibarura ry'abaturage n'imiturire ryakozwe n'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'ibarurishamibare (NISR) muri 2022, igaragaza ko Akarere ka Gasabo  gafite ubuso bungana 430.30 Km2, gatuwe n'abaturage 879, 505 barimo abagabo 443 987 n'abagore 435, 518.&lt;ref&gt;[https://igicumbi.com/gasabo-ibintu-45-bitandukanye-ukwiriye-kumenya-mu-akarere-ka-gasabo/ Gasabo, ibintu 45 bitandukanye ukwiriye kumenya mu Akarere ka Gasabo - Igicumbi]&lt;/ref&gt;  

Aka karere gafite ubucucike bwa 2.056/km2, kagizwe n'imirenge  cumi n'itanu (15)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715201035/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; , Utugali73, n'Imidugudu 479.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Amwe mu mateka ==
Mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, Akarere ka Gasabo kitwaga komini Gikomero. Yagabanyijwemo imirenge 10: Bumbogo, Gasabo, Gicaca, Gikomero, Gishaka, Kayanga, Nduba, Rutunga, Sha na Shango Ariko uyu munsi, akarere ka Gasabo kagabanijwemo imirenge 15 (imirenge): Bumbogo, Gatsata, Jali, Gikomero, Gisozi, Jabana, Kinyinya, Ndera, Nduba, Rusororo, Rutunga, Kacyiru, Kimihurura, Kimironko na Remera.

=== Imiterere ===
[[Dosiye:Gasabo_morning_sunrise.jpg|thumb|Gasabo morning sunrise]]
Aka karere karangwa no kuvanga imisozi miremire ifite uburebure bwa metero 1.800, cyane cyane iherereye mu cyaro, ibibaya bigororotse n’ibibaya. Ifite ibishanga birenga 30 n' inzuzi nto zinyura mu mibande. [[Umugezi]] munini udasanzwe ufite uburebure bwa 50Km na 1.000M z'ubugari ni wo ukomoka mu kiyaga cya Muhazi ukanyura mu mibande y'ibishanga na boggy mbere yo kwisuka mu ruzi rwa Nyabugogo hanyuma ugahuza n'umugezi wa Nyabarongo. Na none, ikiyaga cya [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|Muhanzi]] mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba gihana imbibi n'akarere ka Gasabo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, andi masoko y'amazi afite akamaro ni: Umugezi wa Rusumo muri Rugende urangirira mu ruzi rwa Akagera, uruzi rwa Buliza unyura mu bigo bya Karuruma, Umulindi na Rusine mbere yo kwisuka mu ruzi rwa Nyabugogo. Ibi bishanga cyangwa ibishanga bitanga amahirwe mukarere niba bigaruwe neza bishobora kuzamura cyangwa kongera umusaruro w' ubuhinzi, guteza imbere ubukerarugendo, guteza imbere ibidukikije.

Ifite ibihe bibiri byingenzi byikirere mu mwaka, aribyo ibihe byizuba nimvura. Ibihe bibiri by'ikirere bigenda bisimburana mu mwaka, bityo akarere kagira ibihe bibiri byumye n'ibihe by'imvura nkuko byasobanuwe hano habanza.
'''Imbibi z' akarere ka Gasabo'''

Mu buso 29.2 km2 bw'Akarere ka Gasabo igice kinini cyabwo ni icyaro (84%) mu gihe igice gito kigereranya umujyi wateye imbere (16%).

=== Ibikorwa remezo biherereye mu Karere ka Gasabo ===
Akarere ka Gasabo kagiye kuzamura no kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo by’akarere bijyanye n' igishushanyo mbonera cy’Umujyi wa Kigali nk’amashuri, imihanda, ibitaro, amazu, amatorero, uturere tw’ubukerarugendo, urwibutso, amasoko, [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], etc...

1.[[Umurenge wa Bumbogo|Bumbogo]]

2.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717043322/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=158 Gatsata]

3.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200717044759/https://gasabo.gov.rw/index.php?id=159 Gikomero]

4.Gisozi

5.Jabana

6.Jali

7.Kimihurura
[[File:Cargo_Bike_rider_in_kigali.jpg|thumb|kacyiru umwe mu mirenge ibarizwa muri Gasabo]]

8.[[Umurenge wa Kacyiru|Kacyiru]]

[[Umurenge wa Mageragere|9.Kimironko]]

10.Kinyinya

11.Remera

12.Rutunga

13.Nduba

14.Ndera 

15.Rusoro

= Ubukerarugendo mu Karere ka Gasabo =

== Amakuru y'ibanze ==
'''Akarere ka Gasabo''' ni kimwe mu turere 3 tugize '''Umujyi wa Kigali''', mu Rwanda. Ni akarere kagari kandi gifite abaturage benshi muri ako gahugu, gahuza imiturire y'umujyi, amateka, n'ibyiza bitandukanye. Gasabo ari ho haboneka ibigo by'ingenzi by'ubucuruzi, umuco, no [[ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]].

== Ahantu h'ubukerarugendo mu Karere ka Gasabo ==

=== 1. Urwibutso rwa Jenoside (Gisozi) ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Gisozi''

'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa kigali'''  ni ahantu h'abanyarwanda benshi basura kugirango bibuke abazize yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari amashusho yerekana amateka y'u Rwanda, jenoside, n'ingamba zo guhuza abanyarwanda.

=== 2. Umusozi wa Kigali ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Ndera''

'''Umusozi wa Kigali''' ni ahantu h'abantu basura kenshi bafite umwete wo gusiganwa. Abashaka gushaka ibishimishije bashobora gusiganwa, gutwara [[igare]], cyangwa gukina zip-line ku '''Kigali Heights'''.

=== 3. Inzu y'ubugeni ya Niyo ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Kacyiru''

Iyi zu y'ubugeni ishimangira abanyamakuru b'u Rwanda n'Abanyafurika, ifite amashusho, amahugurwa, n'amakinamico y'umuco.

=== 4. Inzu y'amateka y'Inteko ishinga amategeko (Kanombe) ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Kanombe''

Iyi zu yari inyubako y'Inteko ishinga amategeko [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ubu ni musigo w'amateka werekana ibintu by'ingenzi byateye inkuru mu mateka y'u Rwanda n'ibyabaye mbere ya jenoside yo mu 1994.

=== 5. Pariki y'ibidukikije ya Nyandungu ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Kinyinya''

Ni pariki yahinduwe ikaba ifite inzira zo kugendera, ibyaro by'amagare, n'ahantu ho kureba inyoni, ishimangira kubungabunga ibidukikije.

=== 6. Inzu y'ibiganiro ya Kigali na Radisson Blu ===
📍 ''Ahantu: Kimihurura''

Iyi zu ni ikimenyetso cy'ubwubatsi bw'indege, ifite ibigo by'ibiganiro mpuzamahanga, amahoteli y'indege, n'ahantu ho kureba Kigali ku kirere.

== Amahoteli n'ubwizigame ==
Gasabo ifite amahoteli y'indege ('''Radisson Blu, Marriott, Serena'''), amazu y'ubukerarugendo, n'amahoteli y'abakene. Akarere niho haboneka n'ibyari bya kawa, amahoteli, n'ibyokurya bitandukanye mu turere twa '''Kimihurura''' na '''Remera'''.

== Uburyo bwo kugenda ==

* '''Akarere ka Kanombe''' gifite '''ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali (KGL)'''.
* Imodoka z'abagenda mu mujyi zirimo '''moto-taxi''' na '''bisi z'umujyi'''.
* Gasabo ihuza neza n'andi turere yo mu Rwanda bikoresheje imihanda mikuru
*
*
* Gasabo, kamwe mu turere tw'ingenzi mu mujyi wa Kigali, umujyi mukuru w'u Rwanda, ni ahantu hatera imbere cyane mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, kubera ubuhanga bwayo bwo guhon'ubwiza bw'ibidukikije, amateka akomeye, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Abashyitsi basura Gasabo bashobora kuryoherwa n'ubwiza bw'akarere, ahantu h'ingenzi mu mateka, ndetse n'uburyo umuco w'u Rwanda uhora ugaragazwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
* '''&lt;u&gt;''&lt;big&gt;Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigal&lt;/big&gt;''i&lt;/u&gt;'''  Ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo ni '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali''' ruherereye mu gace ka Gisozi. uru ni urwibutso rwa amateka mabi ya Jenoside yo mu 1994, aho abantu barenga 1,000,000 bishwe mu gihe cy'iminsi ijana gusa. Ni ahantu ho kwibuka, gusobanukirwa no kwiga amateka y'iki gice cy'ubuzima bw'u Rwanda. Urwibutso rusobanura amateka y’ubuzima bw'abanyarwanda nyuma ya Jenoside, rugaragaza ubuzima bw'abacitse ku icumu ndetse n'ababashije kwiyubaka nyuma y’ibyabaye. Ni ahantu hashimangira imbaraga z'ubumwe no kwiyubaka u Rwanda rwabashije kugeraho nyuma ya Jenoside. 
* '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ubwiza Nyaburanga n’Imisozi Isukuye&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Gasabo izwi cyane ku bwiza bw’ibidukikije. Mu Rwanda, ruzwi nk'[[igihugu]] cy'imisozi ibihumbi, ubuzima bwiza bw'ubutaka bugaragara mu misozi, imirambi, n'ibiyaga byiza bya Gasabo. Abashyitsi bashobora kugenda mu masangano yo ku misozi bakishimira ibyiza by'ibiyaga n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere, aho bashobora kubona ibyiza byo mu gihugu bitandukanye. Ibi bituma Gasabo iba ahantu heza ho kujya kureba ibyiza nyaburanga mu gihe umuntu ashaka kuruhuka no kwishimira ishusho nziza y’igihugu.  
* '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Imyidagaduro n’Umuco&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Abashyitsi bashaka kwinjira mu muco w'u Rwanda bashobora kugirira ibihe byiza muri Gasabo, aho usanga imiryango y'ababyinnyi gakondo, igaragariza abanyamahanga imbyino n'imyidagaduro y'abanyarwanda. Iyo myidagaduro ikorwa n’abahanga mu buhanzi, bigaragaza umuco n’imihango gakondo y’u Rwanda.  Gasabo kandi ifite amasoko menshi arimo ibikoresho by'ubugeni byakozwe n’abahanzi bo mu karere, imikandara, n'ibikoresho by'ubugeni bikunze kuba impano nziza ku bashyitsi. Abashyitsi bashobora kandi gusura resitora zitandukanye, aho bashobora gusangira ibiryo by’umwimerere birimo '''Isombe''' n’'''Ibihaza''', ibyo bivanze n’ibinyomoro byaho. 
* '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ibikoresho by’Ikoranabuhanga n’Ubucuruzi&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Muri Gasabo kandi, usanga amahoteli meza, amahoteri, n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi bya kijyambere bitanga serivisi nziza kandi zigezweho. Gasabo ifite ibikorwa byinshi by'ubucuruzi n'amaduka byorohereza abashyitsi kubona ibikenewe byose, yaba ku baherereye mu byiciro by'ubukungu butandukanye. Ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’amahoteli bishobora gutanga amahirwe yo kuryoherwa no gusurirwa mu buryo bworoshye.  
* '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ubukungu bw’Ubukerarugendo&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo bufite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Iki gice cyubaka ubukungu butanga akazi ku baturage bo mu karere, ndetse n’ishingiro ry’ubukungu bushya, birimo ibikorwa bya serivisi z’ubukerarugendo, gutanga ibisubizo ku buryo bwiza bw’imyidagaduro no kugaragaza umuco. Gahunda yo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo burambye mu Rwanda irimo kubungabunga ibidukikije n’ubuzima bwa [[Ikinyarwanda|kinyarwanda]] mu buryo bworoshye.  '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ubukerarugendo Burambye&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Ubukerarugendo burambye ni icyerekezo gikomeye muri Gasabo, ahantu hifashishwa ibikorwa byinshi byiza kandi byita ku kubungabunga ibidukikije no ku musaruro w’amateka y’u Rwanda. U Rwanda rwagiye rwemerwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera gahunda rufite zo kurinda ibidukikije no kubungabunga ibinyabuzima bidasanzwe, cyane cyane [[ingagi zo mu birunga]]. Nubwo Gasabo itarimo ingagi, igice cy’amajyambere giha abashyitsi amahirwe yo kugera ku bikorwa nk'ibyo no gufasha kubungabunga umutekano w’ibidukikije.  
* '''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Umwanzuro&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''  Gasabo si ikicaro cy’ubukungu n’imiyoborere ya Kigali gusa, ahubwo ni n’ahantu hateguwe neza mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, hatanga imiryango myiza y'ubukerarugendo bw'amateka, imyidagaduro, ndetse n'ibyo ushobora kwishimira. Ubukerarugendo muri Gasabo bugaragaza uburyo igihugu cyiyubatse nyuma y’amateka mabi, kikaba ikitegererezo cyiza ku bindi bihugu. Abashyitsi baturutse impande zose z'isi bazagerageza kumenya byinshi byerekeye amateka, umuco, ndetse n’ubwiza nyaburanga bw’u Rwanda binyuze mu guhura n’ibyo Gasabo ifite byose.

==Imiyoboro==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Akarere ka Gasabo| ]]</text>
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    <title>Akarere ka Rwamagana</title>
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      <text bytes="7436" sha1="28hnr0c14ga4w8glwedskw8wuwjrl1d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rwamagana_district_Map.jpg|thumb|Ikarita y'akarere ka Rwamagana |388x388px]]
[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|284x284px|Rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Monument RWamagana.jpg|thumb|Rwamagana]]
'''[[google:IBIGO+BIGIZE+AKARERE+KA+RWAMAGANA&amp;oq=IBIGO+BIGIZE+AKARERE+KA+RWAMAGANA&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiABBiiBDIKCAIQABiABBiiBDIKCAMQABiABBiiBDIKCAQQABiABBiiBNIBCTE0NTIxajBqNKgCALACAQ&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8|Rwamagana]]''' ni akarere kamwe mu turere tugize [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'iburasirazuba]]  ndetse, ni kamwe mu turere 7 tugize Intara y'iburasirazuba akaba ari nako karimo icyicaro cy'Intara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/default-e9d7c2d4f1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-17 |archive-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135359/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/default-e9d7c2d4f1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akarere ka Rwamagana  kagizwe n’icyari akarere ka [[Muhazi]], icyari Akarere ka Bicumbi, imirenge 2 yari iya [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]] (Fumbwe na Mununu) n’imirenge 3 yari iya Kabarondo (Kaduha, Rweru na Nkungu) hiyongereyeho icyari Umujyi wa Rwamagana. Muri Rwamagana Kandi harimo ibikorwa remezo bibarizwamo nka [[IPRC Gishari|IPRC gishari]], gishari health center, pharmacies, police training school (pts gishali)(ishuri rya Police y'U Rwanda) Muhazi. Ndetse muri Rwamagana harimo n' ibigo by'amashuri (ibiburamwaka, primary na secondary schools), imihanda igezweho, amahoteri, Muhazi water treatment, Bella flowers, gereza ya nsinda, Banki, Rwamagana, hakaba hari no kuvugururwa isoko rya Rwamagana, riherereye mumurenge wa [[kigabiro]] mukarere ka Rwamagana kandi ni naho haherereye ikicaro cya Beneri mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'Iburasirazuba]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/ubwiteganyirize/article/rwamagana-bnr-yatashye-inyubako-y-ishami-ryayo-mu-ntara-y-iburasirazuba https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/ubwiteganyirize/article/rwamagana-bnr-yatashye-inyubako-y-ishami-ryayo-mu-ntara-y-iburasirazubahttps://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/ubwiteganyirize/article/rwamagana-bnr-yatashye-inyubako-y-ishami-ryayo-mu-ntara-y-iburasirazuba]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibigo bigize Akarere ka Rwamagana byiga bitaha ==
* GS GISHARI
* GS RUHUNDA
* GS GATI
* GS NSINDA
* G S KAVUMU
* CENTRE FOR CHAMPION
* E.P NYAGAHINGA&lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=IBIGO+BIGIZE+AKARERE+KA+RWAMAGANA&amp;oq=IBIGO+BIGIZE+AKARERE+KA+RWAMAGANA&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiABBiiBDIKCAIQABiABBiiBDIKCAMQABiABBiiBDIKCAQQABiABBiiBNIBCTE0NTIxajBqNKgCALACAQ&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Komite nyobozi y'akarere ==
Akarere ka Rwamagana nka kamwe m'uturere tugize igihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]], muri 2016 kabonye umuyobozi mushya, watowe n'abaturage ariwe MBONYUMUVUNYI Radjab ndetse hatowe n'abayobozi bungirije aribo: KAGABO Richard Rwamunono; umuyobozi w'akarere wungirije ushinzwe iteramere ry'ubukungu na [[Umutoni Jeanne|UMUTONI Jeanne]]; umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry'imibereho myiza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/komite-nyobozi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-10 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802225831/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/komite-nyobozi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;KOMITE NYOBOZI Y'AKARERE KA RWAMAGANA

Akarere ka RWAMAGANA ni  akarere kamwe muturere tugize u RWANDA kurubu gafite umuyobozi mushya watowe 2016 witwa MBONYUMUVUNYI Radjab ndetse hanatowe nabungirije aribo; KAGABO Richard RWAMUNONO

ndetse hanatorwa uwungirije ufite munshingano ITERAMBERE n'ubukungu

yitwa UMUTONI jeanne

&lt;u&gt;'''IMIRENGE IGIZE AKARERE KA RWAMAGANA'''&lt;/u&gt;

# [[Umurenge wa Fumbwe]]
# [[Umurenge wa Gihengeri|Umurenge wa Gahengeri]]
# [[Umurenge wa Gishari]]
# [[Umurenge wa Kigabiro]]
# [[Umurenge wa Karenge]]
# Umurenge wa Nzige
# Umurenge wa Muyumba
# [[Umurenge wa Nyakariro]]
# Umurenge wa Musha
# Umurenge wa Mwurire
# Umurenge wa Munyaga
# Umurenge wa Munyaga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
# Umurenge wa Munyiginya
# Umurenge wa Muhazi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibimera&lt;ref&gt;akarere ka rwamagana&lt;/ref&gt; ==
[[File:Sign_of_rwamagana.jpg|thumb|Icyapa cya Rwamagana]]
[[File:Muhazi_Lake.jpg|thumb|[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]]]
[[File:RwamaganaMap.jpg|thumb|Ikarita y'Intara y'Iburasirazuba igaragaza Rwamagana mu ibara ry'icyatsi]]

Mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Huye|Rwamagana]] hazwiho ubutaka bwera ariko hazwi cyane cyane kwera ibitoki.   

== Ubuso bw' akarere ka Rwamagana ==
Akarere ka Rwamagana kashyizweho n’itegeko muri Mutarama 2006, ni kamwe mu Turere 7 tugize Intara y’Iburasirazuba, akaba ari nako karimo icyicaro cy’Intara.

Akarere ka Rwamagana, kagizwe n’icyari Akarere ka Muhazi, icyari Akarere ka Bicumbi, Imirenge 2 yari iya Gasabo (Fumbwe na Mununu) n’Imirenge 3 yari iya Kabarondo (Kaduha, Rweru na Nkungu) hiyongereyeho icyari Umujyi wa Rwamagana.

Akarere ka Rwamagana gahana imbibi n’utundi turere ku buryo bukurikira:  Mu majyaruguru yako hari uturere twa [[Akarere ka Gatsibo|Gatsibo]] na Gicumbi, Mu burasirazuba bwako hari [[Akarere ka Kayonza]], Mu majyepfo yako hari uturere twa Ngoma na Bugesera, naho mu burengerazuba bwako hari uturere twa [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] na Gasabo.

Akarere ka Rwamagana kagizwe n’[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]] 14, utugali 82, n’[[Imidugudu]] 474. Gafite ubuso bungana na 682 km2 n’abaturage 484,953, bari ku bucucike bwa 740/Km2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/default-e9d7c2d4f1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-17 |archive-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135359/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/default-e9d7c2d4f1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;                                                                                                                                                             

== Ibikorwa remezo ==
Mukarere ka Rwamagana harimo ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye twavuga nka bella flower uruganda rutunganya amazi rwa muhazi nibindi byinshi

'''''&lt;u&gt;IMIKINO&lt;/u&gt;'''''

akarere ka Rwamagana kakaba gafite uruhare mu mikino y'uRwanda kuko gacumbikiye amakipe menshi akina mu byiciro bitandukanye hano mu  Rwanda aha twavuga nka classic  fc ikina mukiciro cyagatatu tutibagiwe na muhazi united fc ikina mukiciro cya mbere.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/rwamagana-city-changes-name-to-muhazi-united/ https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/rwamagana-city-changes-name-to-muhazi-united/https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/rwamagana-city-changes-name-to-muhazi-united/https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/rwamagana-city-changes-name-to-muhazi-united/]&lt;/ref&gt;

Amashakiro:&lt;references /&gt;aka karere ka rwamagana kakaba gafite isoko rya kijyambere.&lt;ref&gt;Menya Akarere (rwamagana.gov.rw)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Uturere tw’u Rwanda|Rwamagana]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rwamagana| ]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y'iburasirazuba]]</text>
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    <title>Gérardine Mukeshimana</title>
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      <text bytes="4678" sha1="bunt2mundwal2q4jsucd2la2uva3u2v" xml:space="preserve">'''Gérardine Mukeshimana''' ni umunyarwandakazi w'umuhanga muri siyansi n'umunyapolitiki akaba yarabaye [[Minisiteri y'Imari n'Igenamigambi ry'Ubukungu mu Rwanda|Minisitiri]] w'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi kuva muri Nyakanga 2014, ubu ni v''isi [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|Perezida]] w’Ikigega Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe guteza imbere Ubuhinzi ('''IFAD''''' ''':''' [[International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation|International]] Fund for Agricultural Development).&lt;ref&gt;https://radiotv10.rw/umunyarwandakazi-wabaye-minisitiri-mu-rwanda-yahawe-umwanya-ukomeye-ku-isi/?fbclid=IwAR0WzXNaD9wSf0u5DcOOiJi_SR8cX45Gws2IkKZfiBjH5W9SxrJDXcge1GI&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.igihe.com/news/article/former-minister-of-agriculture-dr-mukeshimana-appointed-ifad-vice-president&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/9555/news/agriculture/ex-agric-minister-mukeshimana-appointed-ifad-vice-president&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/08/rwanda-former-minister-of-agriculture-appointed-vice-president-of-ifad/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/dr-gerardine-mukeshimana-yagizwe-visi-perezida-w-ikigega-ifad&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thesourcepost.com/gerardine-mukeshimana-former-agriculture-minister-appointed-as-vice-president-of-ifad/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802131148/https://thesourcepost.com/gerardine-mukeshimana-former-agriculture-minister-appointed-as-vice-president-of-ifad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwabanje n'amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:IFAD logo.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cya IFAD]]
DR Mukeshimana Gerardine yavutse ku ya 10 Ukuboza 1970 mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]]. Afite impamyabumenyi y’ubuhinzi [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza]]  yakuye muri [[kaminuza  nkuru y’u Rwanda]] n’impamyabumenyi ihanitse (2001) y'ikiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza, n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga yabonye muri (2013) mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima yakuye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan.  Nyuma yogusoza ikiciro ki cyirenga cya kaminuza yanditse [[igitabo]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dissecting the Genetic Complexity of Drought Tolerance Mechanisms in Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)&quot;  Mu 2012&lt;/ref&gt; yahawe igihembo n'inama mpuzamahanga y'ibiribwa niterambere mu by'ubuhinzi (BIFAD) igihembo cy'umunyeshuri  ubuhanga bwe muri siyanse bwatanze umusanzu mubuhinzi bwo mu [[Rwanda]] muri 2012.

== Umwuga ==
[[Dosiye:Facade of National University of Rwanda - Huye-Butare - Southern Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Geraldine yabaye umwarimu muri Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]]
Dr Mukeshimana Gerardine yabaye umwarimu mu ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri kaminuza nkuru y’u [[Rwanda]], aba n'umuhuzabikorwa w’umushinga wo gutera inkunga imishinga yo mubice by'icyaro wa Banki y'isi.

Mu 2013, Mukeshimana Gerardine yari mu itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi muri Beca Hub, ikigo cy’ibinyabuzima mu kigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi ku bworozi (a [[:en:Biosciences|biosciences]] facility at the [[:en:International_Livestock_Research_Institute|International Livestock Research Institut]]) i [[Nairobi]].

Dr Mukeshimana Gerardine yagizwe [[Minisiteri y'Imari n'Igenamigambi ry'Ubukungu mu Rwanda|Minisitiri]] w'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi mu nama [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|y'abaminisitiri]] yariyobowe na Minisitiri w'intebe Anastase Murekezi muri Nyakanga 2014.  Yakomeje umwanya we mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri muri Gicurasi 2016 ryakozwe na [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|Perezida]] [[Paul Kagame]].

Muri Kamena 2016, Dr Mukeshimana Gerardine yakiriye icyumweru cya karindwi ny'afurika cy’ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi n’inama rusange y’ihuriro ry’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi muri Afurika (FARA) i [[Kigali]], ryatanze ingingo esheshatu zihamagarira abantu kugira ngo bagere kuri gahunda ya &quot;[[African Wildlife Foundation|Africa]] Feed Africa&quot; bivuga ngo afurika igaburire afurika. Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ryo ku ya 31 Kanama 2017, Mukeshimana Gerardine yagumanye umwanya wo kuba minisitiri n’inshingano ze.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.minagri.gov.rw/index.php?id=544&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa yamuritse mu nyandiko ==

* Mukeshimana, Gerardine; Lasley, Amy L. (May 2014). &quot;Identification of Shoot Traits Related to Drought Tolerance in Common Bean Seedlings. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. American Society for Horticultural Science.
* Mukeshimana, Gerardine; [[Butare]], Louis; Cregan, Perry B. Kelly, James D. (May 2014). Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Drought Tolerance in Common Bean&quot;. Crop Science. doi:10.2135/cropsci2013.06.0427.

== Amashakiro  ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Minisitiri]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
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    <title>IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)</title>
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[[Dosiye:Windows 10 Logo.svg|center|thumb|420x420px|window 10]]

== Ikoranabuhanga ==
(&quot;siyanse yubukorikori&quot; mu ndimi za mahanga zikoreshwa cyane n'abenshi mu isi arizo [[Icyongereza]] ndetse n'igifaransa (French) Ikoranabuhanga muri izondimi uko ari ebyeri risobanura Technology bikaba ryarakomotse mu [[Ikigereki|kigereki]] τέχνη, techne, risobanura&quot;ubuhanzi, ubuhanga, amayeri y'intoki&quot;; na -λογία, -logiya [2]) ni igiteranyo cya tekinike, ubuhanga, uburyo, n'inzira zikoreshwa mu musaruro y'ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi cyangwa mu kugera ku ntego, nk'iperereza ry'ubumenyi. Ikoranabuhanga rishobora kuba ubumenyi bwubuhanga, inzira, nibindi bisa, cyangwa bishobora gushyirwa mumashini kugirango yemere gukora nta bumenyi burambuye kubikorwa byabo. Sisitemu (urugero: imashini) ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ifata iyinjiza, ikayihindura ukurikije imikoreshereze ya sisitemu, hanyuma igatanga ibisubizo byitwa sisitemu yikoranabuhanga&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IKORANABUHANGA_(ubusobanuro)&amp;veaction=edit&lt;/ref&gt;.

Uburyo bworoshye bwikoranabuhanga niterambere no gukoresha ibikoresho byibanze. Ubuvumbuzi bwa kera bwuburyo bwo kugenzura umuriro na Revolution ya Neolithic nyuma byongereye isoko ibiryo, kandi kuvumbura uruziga byafashaga abantu gutembera no kugenzura ibidukikije. Iterambere mu bihe byamateka, harimo imashini icapa, terefone, na interineti, byagabanije inzitizi z’umubiri ku itumanaho kandi bituma abantu basabana mu bwisanzure ku isi yose.
[[Dosiye:Computer_Fosdic_1960_Census.jpg|thumb|Inzobere mu ikoranabuhanga]]
[[Dosiye:Social_Distancing_in_a_Computer_Lab.jpg|thumb|Mudasobwa,Telefoni n'ibikoresho byifashishwa n'abenshi ku isi kugirango bakoreshe ikoranabuhanga mu bucuruzi cyangwa mu manama]]
Ikoranabuhanga rifite ingaruka nziza ndetse nimbi kubizima bwa bantu, Ku bukungu bwisi ndetse no muri politike. Impaka za filozofiya zavutse ku ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga, hamwe no kutumvikana niba ikoranabuhanga ryongera imibereho y'umuntu cyangwa rikarushaho kuba bibi. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, hamwe n’ibikorwa bisa n’ibitekerezo byerekana kunenga ikwirakwizwa ry’ikoranabuhanga, bavuga ko byangiza ibidukikije kandi bitandukanya abantu; abashyigikiye ingengabitekerezo nka transhumanism na techno-progressivism babona ko iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rikomeje kugirira akamaro.muntu.&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IKORANABUHANGA_(ubusobanuro)&amp;veaction=edit&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Dosiye:Beromünster - Blosenbergturm2.jpg|thumb|Umunara]]
Ikoranabuhanga ni ugukoresha ubumenyi kugirango ugere ku ntego zifatika muburyo bwororoka. Ijambo ikoranabuhanga rishobora kandi gusobanura ibicuruzwa biva muri izo mbaraga, [2]: 117 [3] harimo ibikoresho bifatika nkibikoresho cyangwa imashini, nibindi bitagaragara nka software. Ikoranabuhanga rifite uruhare runini muri siyansi, mu buhanga, no mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryatumye habaho impinduka zikomeye muri sosiyete. Ikoranabuhanga rya mbere rizwi cyane ni igikoresho cyamabuye, cyakoreshejwe mugihe cyabanjirije amateka, gikurikirwa no kugenzura umuriro, wagize uruhare mu mikurire yubwonko bwabantu no guteza imbere ururimi mugihe cyibarafu. Guhimba ibiziga mugihe cya Bronze byatumye ingendo nini no gukora imashini zigoye. Ibintu bishya byavumbuwe mu ikoranabuhanga, harimo icapiro, terefone, na interineti, byagabanije inzitizi zitumanaho kandi bitangiza ubukungu bw’ubumenyi.

Nubwo ikoranabuhanga rigira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubukungu no kuzamura iterambere ry’abantu, rishobora kandi kugira ingaruka mbi nko guhumana cyangwa kugabanuka kw’umutungo, cyangwa rishobora guteza ingaruka mbi ku mibereho nk’ubushomeri bw’ikoranabuhanga buturuka ku kwikora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hakomeje kubaho ibiganiro mpaka bya filozofiya na politiki bijyanye n'uruhare n'ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga, imyitwarire y'ikoranabuhanga, n'inzira zo kugabanya ingaruka mbi zishobora kubaho.

== Ikoranabuhanga ==
ni ijambo ryatangiye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17 risobanura 'kuvura buri gihe' (kuva mu kigereki Τεχνολογία, kuva τέχνη 'ubuhanzi, ubukorikori' na -λογία, 'kwiga, ubumenyi'). [4] [5] Byateganijwe gukoreshwa n’ikigereki cya kera τέχνη, gikoreshwa mu gusobanura 'ubumenyi bwo gukora ibintu', bikubiyemo ibikorwa nkubwubatsi. [6]

Guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, Abanyaburayi bo ku mugabane wa Afurika batangiye gukoresha ijambo Technik (Ikidage) cyangwa tekinike (Igifaransa) bashaka kuvuga 'inzira yo gukora', ikubiyemo ibihangano byose bya tekiniki, nko kubyina, kugenda, cyangwa gucapa, niba atari byo ibikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho bisabwa. y'ubuhanzi n'ubukorikori. &quot;[2]: 117 Kubera ko itandukaniro riri hagati ya Technik na Technologie ridahari mu Cyongereza, byombi byahinduwe nk'ikoranabuhanga. Iri jambo mbere ntiryari risanzwe mu Cyongereza kandi ahanini ryerekezaga ku myigire y'amasomo, nko mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts.

Mu kinyejana cya 20, biturutse ku majyambere ya siyansi no mu mpinduramatwara ya kabiri mu nganda, ikoranabuhanga ryaretse gufatwa nk'isomo ryihariye ry’amasomo kandi rifata ibisobanuro byaryo muri iki gihe: gukoresha ubumenyi buri gihe mu bikorwa bifatika. [2]: 119

== Amateka ==

=== Ikoranabuhanga rya kera ===

Ibikoresho byabanje gukorwa na hominide binyuze mu kwitegereza no kugerageza no kwibeshya. Hafi ya 2 Mya (mu myaka miriyoni ishize), bamenye gukora ibikoresho byambere byamabuye bakoresheje inyundo zometse ku ibuye, bakora ishoka y'intoki ityaye. Iyi myitozo yatunganijwe kya 75 (imyaka ibihumbi ishize) kugirango ihindagurika, ituma akazi keza cyane.
[[Dosiye:Yeah, Keep Reliving Your Old Technology Past (4874936920).jpg|thumb|Mudasobwa zahambere]]
Ivumburwa ry'umuriro Charles Darwin yavuze ko &quot;bishoboka ko ari ikintu gikomeye kuruta ibindi byose byakozwe n'umuntu&quot;. Ibyataburuwe mu matongo, imirire, n'imibereho byerekana &quot;gukoresha umuriro-muntu&quot; byibuze 1.5 Mya. Umuriro, ushyizwemo ibiti n'amakara, watumaga abantu bo hambere bateka ibiryo byabo kugira ngo bongere igogorwa ryabyo, bongere agaciro kintungamubiri ndetse no kwagura ibiryo byashoboraga kuribwa. Igitekerezo cyo guteka kivuga ko ubushobozi bwo guteka bwateje ubwiyongere bw'ubwonko bwa hominid, nubwo abashakashatsi bamwe basanga ibimenyetso bidafite ishingiro. Ibimenyetso byubucukuzi bwamatara byanditswe kuri 790 kya; abashakashatsi bemeza ko ibyo bishoboka ko byakajije umurego mu mibanire y'abantu kandi bishobora kuba byaragize uruhare mu kuvuka kw'ururimi. [15]

Izindi terambere ryikoranabuhanga ryakozwe mugihe cya paleolithique zirimo imyenda nuburaro. Nta bwumvikane bubaho mugihe cyagereranijwe cyo kwifashisha ikoranabuhanga, ariko abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye ibimenyetso bya kera byerekana imyambaro 90-120 kya [18] hamwe n’ubuhungiro 450 kya. Mugihe ibihe bya Paleolithique byagendaga bitera imbere, amazu yarushijeho kuba meza kandi arambuye; nko muri 380 kya, abantu bubakaga utuzu twibiti byigihe gito. [19] Imyambarire, yakuwe mu bwoya no guhisha inyamaswa zahigwaga, zafashaga ikiremwamuntu kwaguka mu turere dukonje; abantu batangiye kwimuka bava muri Afrika hafi 200 kya, babanza kwimukira muri Aziya. [21] [22] [23]

===== Neolithic =====

Ibikoresho byinshi bya Neolithic, harimo ibikomo, imitwe, ishoka, nibikoresho byo gusya

Impinduramatwara ya Neolithic (cyangwa Impinduramatwara ya mbere y’ubuhinzi) yazanye umuvuduko wo guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no kwiyongera kw’imibereho. Uwitekaguhimba ishoka yamabuye isennye yari intambwe ikomeye yemerera gutema amashyamba manini no guhinga. Uku gukoresha amashoka yamabuye yashegeshwe byiyongereye cyane muri Neolithique ariko mu ntangiriro byakoreshwaga muri Mesolithique yabanjirije mu bice bimwe na bimwe nka [[Irilande]]. Ubuhinzi bwagaburiye abaturage benshi, kandi kwimukira mu bwigunge byatumaga kurera icyarimwe abana benshi, kubera ko impinja zitagikenewe gutwarwa ninzererezi. Byongeye kandi, abana bashoboraga gutanga umusanzu mu guhinga ibihingwa byoroshye kuruta uko bashobora kwitabira ibikorwa byo guhiga abahigi. [27]

Hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage no kuboneka kw'abakozi byaje kwiyongera mu bijyanye n'umurimo. Icyateye iterambere kuva mu midugudu ya Neolithic yo hambere kugera mu mijyi ya mbere, nka Uruk, hamwe n’umuco wa mbere, nka Sumeri, ntabwo bizwi neza; icyakora, havutse inzego z’imibereho n’inzego z’imirimo yihariye, y’ubucuruzi n’intambara hagati y’imico yegeranye, kandi hakenewe ingamba rusange zo gukemura ibibazo by’ibidukikije nko kuhira imyaka, byose bikekwa ko byagize uruhare.

Gukomeza kunonosora byatumye itanura n'inzogera kandi bitanga, ku nshuro ya mbere, ubushobozi bwo gushonga no guhimba zahabu, umuringa, ifeza, na sisitemu - ibyuma kavukire biboneka mu buryo busa neza muri kamere. [31] Ibyiza by'ibikoresho by'umuringa kuruta amabuye, amagufwa n'ibiti byagaragaye vuba ku bantu bo hambere, kandi umuringa kavukire ushobora kuba warakoreshejwe kuva mu ntangiriro z'ibihe bya Neolithic (hafi 10 ka). Umuringa kavukire ntusanzwe ubaho kubwinshi, ariko amabuye yumuringa arasanzwe kandi amwe murimwe atanga ibyuma byoroshye mugihe yatwitswe mubiti cyangwa mumakara. Amaherezo, gukora ibyuma byatumye havumburwa ibivangwa nk'umuringa n'umuringa (ahagana mu 4000 BGC). Gukoresha bwa mbere ibivangwa n'ibyuma nk'ibyuma byatangiye nko mu 1.800 MIC. [33]

=== Ikoranabuhanga rya kera ===
Uruziga rwavumbuwe ahagana mu 4000 MIC.

Nyuma yo gukoresha umuriro, abantu bavumbuye ubundi buryo bw'ingufu. Ikoreshwa rya mbere ryimbaraga zumuyaga nubwato bugenda; amateka ya mbere yubwato munsi yubwato ni ubw'ubwato bwa Nili bwanditswe nko mu 7000 MIC. Kuva mu bihe byabanjirije amateka, Abanyamisiri birashoboka ko bakoresheje imbaraga z’umwuzure w’umwaka wa Nili mu kuhira ubutaka bwabo, buhoro buhoro biga kugenzura byinshi muri byo binyuze mu nzira zo kuhira nkana no &quot;gufata&quot;. Abasumeriya ba kera muri Mezopotamiya bakoresheje uburyo bugoye bw'imiyoboro n'imigezi kugira ngo bavomye amazi mu ruzi rwa Tigiri na Efurate kugira ngo bavomere.

Abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavuga ko uruziga rwavumbuwe mu bwigenge kandi icyarimwe muri Mezopotamiya (muri Iraki y'ubu), Caucase y'Amajyaruguru (umuco wa Maykop), n'Uburayi bwo hagati. [38] Ikigereranyo cyigihe kiri hagati ya 5.500 na 3000 BGC hamwe nabahanga benshi babishyira hafi 4000 MIC. Ibicuruzwa bya kera cyane bishushanyije bishushanya amakarito y’ibiziga byatangiye ahagana mu 3.500 MIC. Vuba aha, ibiziga bya kera bizwi cyane ku isi byabonetse mu gishanga cya Ljubljana cyo muri Siloveniya.

Ivumburwa ryibiziga ryahinduye ubucuruzi nintambara. Ntibyatinze kubona ko amagare afite ibiziga ashobora gukoreshwa mu gutwara imitwaro iremereye. Abasumeriya ba kera bakoreshaga uruziga rw'umubumbyi kandi bashobora kuba barabihimbye. Uruziga rw'ibumba rwabonetse mu mujyi-wa Ur rwatangiye ahagana mu 3,429 MIC, [43] ndetse n'ibice bishaje by'ibibumbano byajugunywe ibiziga byavumbuwe mu gace kamwe. Ibiziga byihuta (bizunguruka) byafashaga kubyara hakiri kare ububumbyi, ariko ni ugukoresha uruziga nka transformateur yingufu (binyuze mumuzinga wamazi, imashini yumuyaga, ndetse no gukandagira) byahinduye ikoreshwa ryamashanyarazi adafite ubumuntu. Amagare ya mbere y’ibiziga bibiri yakomotse kuri travois [44] kandi yakoreshejwe bwa mbere muri Mezopotamiya na Irani ahagana mu 3.000 MIC.

Umuhanda wa kera uzwi cyane wubatswe ni umuhanda wubatswe namabuye yumujyi wa leta yumujyi wa Ur, guhera nko mu 4000 MIC, [45] hamwe n’imihanda y'ibiti inyura mu bishanga bya Glastonbury, mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], guhera mu gihe kimwe. Umuhanda wa mbere muremure, watangiye gukoreshwa ahagana mu 3.500 MIC, [45] wanyuze mu birometero 2,400 uvuye mu kigobe cy'Ubuperesi kugera ku nyanja ya Mediterane, [45] ariko ntiwubatswe kandi washyizweho igice gusa. [45] Ahagana mu mwaka wa 2000 MIC, Abamino ku kirwa cya Kirete cy'Ubugereki bubatse umuhanda wa kilometero 50 uva ku ngoro ya Gortyn mu majyepfo y'icyo kirwa, unyuze ku misozi, ugana ku ngoro ya Knossos mu majyaruguru y'icyo kirwa. 45] Bitandukanye n'umuhanda wambere, umuhanda wa Minoan washyizweho kaburimbo.

Amazu ya kera ya Minoan yari afite amazi atemba. Ubwiherero busa nubwa kijyambere bwavumbuwe mu ngoro ya Knoss. [47] Amazu menshi yigenga ya Minoan nayo yari afite ubwiherero, bwashoboraga gutwarwa no gusuka amazi kumugezi. Abanyaroma ba kera bari bafite ubwiherero rusange bwogejwe, [48] busohoka muri sisitemu yimyanda ihebuje. Umuyoboro wibanze i Roma ni Cloaca Maxima; kubaka byatangiye kuri yo mu kinyejana cya gatandatu MIC kandi n'ubu biracyakoreshwa.

Abanyaroma ba kera na bo bari bafite gahunda igoye y'amazi, [46] yakoreshwaga mu gutwara amazi mu ntera ndende. Umuyoboro wa mbere w’Abaroma wubatswe mu 312 MIC. Umuyoboro wa cumi na rimwe kandi wanyuma wubatswe n’Abaroma wubatswe mu 226 IC. Dushyize hamwe, imiyoboro y'Abaroma yaguye hejuru ya kilometero 450, [46] ariko munsi ya kilometero 70 zibi byari hejuru yubutaka kandi ishyigikiwe ninkuta.

=== Ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gihe cyo hagati hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rya Renaissance ===

Udushya twakomeje mu gihe cyo hagati hamwe no gutangiza umusaruro w'ubudodo (muri Aziya no mu Burayi nyuma), umukufi w'amafarashi, hamwe n'amafarashi. Imashini zoroshye (nka lever, screw, na pulley) zahujwe mubikoresho bigoye cyane, nka gare yimodoka, imashini yumuyaga, nisaha. Sisitemu ya kaminuza yateje imbere kandi ikwirakwiza ibitekerezo n'ibikorwa bya siyansi, harimo Oxford na Cambridge.

Igihe cya Renaissance cyatanze udushya twinshi, harimo no kwinjiza imashini yimashini yimuka i Burayi, byorohereza itumanaho ry'ubumenyi. Ikoranabuhanga ryarushijeho guterwa na siyanse, ritangira uruziga rwo gutera imbere.

==== Impinduramatwara mu nganda ====

Guhera mu Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 18, kuvumbura ingufu z'amashanyarazi byatangije impinduramatwara mu nganda, aho byagaragaye ko hari ibintu byinshi byavumbuwe mu ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'ubuhinzi, inganda, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, metallurgie, n'ubwikorezi, ndetse no gukoreshwa cyane. sisitemu y'uruganda. Ibyo byakurikijwe nyuma yikinyejana na Revolution ya kabiri yinganda zatumye habaho kuvumbura siyanse byihuse, kubisanzwe, no kubyara umusaruro. Hakozwe ikoranabuhanga rishya, harimo sisitemu y’imyanda, amashanyarazi, amatara, moteri y’amashanyarazi, gari ya moshi, imodoka, n’indege. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu buvuzi, ubutabire, [[Umugenge|ubugenge]], n’ubuhanga. Baherekejwe n’imihindagurikire y’imibereho, hashyizweho ibishushanyo mbonera biherekejwe n’imijyi yihuse. Itumanaho ryateye imbere hifashishijwe telegraph, terefone, radiyo na televiziyo.

Ikinyejana cya 20 cyazanye udushya twinshi. Muri fiziki, kuvumbura ibice bya kirimbuzi mugihe cya Atome byatumye haba intwaro za kirimbuzi ndetse nimbaraga za kirimbuzi. Mudasobwa zavumbuwe hanyuma zihindurwa ziva mubigereranyo zijya kuri digitale muri Digital Revolution. Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, cyane cyane fibre optique hamwe na optique ya optique yatumye havuka interineti, yatangije mugihe cyamakuru. Ikirere cyo mu kirere cyatangiranye no gutangiza Sputnik 1 mu 1957, nyuma haza gutangizwa ubutumwa bw’abakozi ku kwezi mu myaka ya za 1960. Imbaraga zateguwe zo gushakisha ubwenge bw’isi bwakoresheje telesikopi ya radiyo kugira ngo imenye ibimenyetso byo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa tekinoroji, itangwa n’abanyamahanga. Mu buvuzi, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rishya mu gusuzuma (CT, PET, na MRI scanning), kuvura (nka mashini ya dialyse, defibrillator, pacemaker, hamwe n’imiti myinshi y’imiti mishya y’imiti), n’ubushakashatsi (nka clon ya interferon na microarray ya ADN) . [56]

Inganda zinganda n’ubwubatsi n’amashyirahamwe birakenewe kugirango dukore kandi tubungabunge ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, kandi inganda zose zaravutse kugirango zitezimbere ibisekuruza bizaza byibikoresho bigoye cyane. Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rigenda ryishingikiriza ku mahugurwa n’uburezi - ababishushanya, abubatsi, ababungabunga, n’abakoresha akenshi bakeneye amahugurwa akomeye kandi yihariye. Byongeye kandi, tekinoroji imaze kuba ingorabahizi kuburyo imirima yose yateye imbere kugirango ibashyigikire, harimo ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, na siyanse ya mudasobwa; n'indi mirima imaze kuba ingorabahizi, nk'ubwubatsi, ubwikorezi, n'ubwubatsi.

=Akamaro k'ikoranabuhanga=

=== Ikoranabuhanga na societe ===

Guhindura ikoranabuhanga nimpamvu nyamukuru itera ubukungu bwigihe kirekire. [58] Mu mateka ya muntu, umusaruro w’ingufu nizo mbogamizi nyamukuru mu iterambere ry’ubukungu, kandi ikoranabuhanga rishya ryemereye abantu kongera cyane ingufu ziboneka. Ubwa mbere haje umuriro, watumaga ibiryo byinshi byokurya bitandukanye, kandi bigatuma bidasaba umubiri kubisya. Umuriro kandi watumaga gushonga, no gukoresha amabati, umuringa, nicyuma, bikoreshwa muguhiga cyangwa gucuruza. Nyuma haje kubaho impinduramatwara mu buhinzi: abantu ntibagikeneye guhiga cyangwa guterana ngo babeho, maze batangira gutura mu mijyi no mu migi, bashinga imiryango igoye, ifite ingabo ndetse n’amadini atunganijwe neza.

Ikoranabuhanga ryagize uruhare mu mibereho ya muntu binyuze mu gutera imbere, kuzamura ihumure nubuzima bwiza, niterambere ryubuvuzi, ariko birashobora kandi guhungabanya urwego rwimibereho isanzweho, bigatera umwanda, kandi bikangiza abantu cyangwa amatsinda.

Imyaka yashize yazanye imbuga nkoranyambaga mu muco, hamwe n'ingaruka zishobora kubaho kuri demokarasi, ndetse n'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza. Kera, interineti yabonwaga nk &quot;&quot; ikoranabuhanga ryo kwibohora &quot;ryahindura ubumenyi bwa demokarasi, guteza imbere uburezi, no guteza imbere demokarasi. Ubushakashatsi bugezweho bwahinduye gukora iperereza ku mbogamizi za interineti, zirimo disinformation, polarisation, imvugo yanga, na poropagande.

Kuva mu myaka ya za 70, ingaruka z'ikoranabuhanga ku bidukikije zaranenzwe, bituma ishoramari ryiyongera mu zuba, umuyaga, n'ubundi buryo bw'ingufu zisukuye.

=== Imodoka y'amashanyarazi ya Volkswagen irimo kubakwa na tekinoroji ya Siemens ===

Kuva havumburwa uruziga, tekinoroji yafashije kongera umusaruro wubukungu bwabantu. Automatisation yashize yasimbuye kandi yuzuza imirimo; imashini zasimbuye abantu ku mirimo imwe ihembwa make (urugero nko mu buhinzi), ariko ibi byishyuwe no guhanga imirimo mishya, ihembwa menshi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko mudasobwa zitakoze ubushomeri bukomeye mu ikoranabuhanga. [63] Bitewe nubwenge bwubuhanga bushoboye cyane kuruta mudasobwa, kandi bikiri mu ntangiriro, ntibizwi niba bizakurikiza inzira imwe; ikibazo cyagiye impaka ndende mubukungu nabafata ibyemezo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2017 bwerekanye ko nta bwumvikane busobanutse mu bahanga mu bijyanye n’ubukungu niba AI yakongera ubushomeri burambye. Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ihuriro ry’ubukungu ku isi &quot;Kazoza k’akazi ka Raporo 2020&quot;, AI biteganijwe ko izasimbura imirimo miliyoni 85 ku isi hose, ikazatanga imirimo mishya miliyoni 97 mu 2025. [65] [66] Kuva mu 1990 kugeza 2007, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Amerika bwakozwe n’umuhanga mu bukungu wa MIT, Daron Acemoglu, bwerekanye ko kwiyongera kwa robo imwe ku bakozi 1.000 byagabanije umubare w’abakozi ku baturage 0.2%, cyangwa abakozi bagera kuri 3.3, kandi umushahara wagabanutseho 0.42%. [67] [68] Impungenge zijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga risimbuza imirimo y'abantu ariko ziraramba. Nkuko perezida wa Amerika, Lyndon Johnson yabivuze mu 1964, “Ikoranabuhanga ririmo gutanga amahirwe mashya n'inshingano nshya kuri twe, amahirwe yo kongera umusaruro no gutera imbere; inshingano yo kumenya neza ko nta mukozi, nta muryango ugomba kwishyura ikiguzi kidakwiye kugira ngo utere imbere. ” amaze gushyira umukono kuri komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe ikoranabuhanga, Automation, n’iterambere ry’ubukungu. [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]

=== Umutekano ===
Hamwe no kwishingikiriza ku ikoranabuhanga, habaye ibibazo by’umutekano n’ibanga hamwe na byo. Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyari bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kwishyura kuri interineti, nka WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, nibindi byinshi kugirango bafashe kohereza amafaranga. Nubwo hashyizweho ingamba z'umutekano, abagizi ba nabi bamwe na bamwe barashobora kubarenga. Muri Werurwe 2022, Koreya ya Ruguru yakoresheje Blender.io, ivanga ryabafashaga guhisha ivunjisha ryabo, kugira ngo binjize amadolari arenga miliyoni 20.5 y’amadolari, muri Axie Infinity, kandi bibye nyir'imikino amafaranga arenga miliyoni 600. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ishami ry’imari ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ryemereye Blender.io, bikaba bibaye ku nshuro ya mbere ifata ingamba zo kuvanga imvange, kugira ngo igerageze no guhashya ba hackers bo muri Koreya ya Ruguru. [75] [76] Ibanga ryibanga ryibanga ryaganiriweho. Nubwo abakiriya benshi bakunda ubuzima bwite bwibanga, benshi bavuga kandi ko bikeneye gukorera mu mucyo no gushikama.

=== Ibidukikije ===
Ikoranabuhanga ryagize ingaruka ku isi n'ingaruka mbi kandi nziza ku bidukikije, ubusanzwe bikaba bihindura ibyangiritse byambere, nka; ishyirwaho ry’umwanda no kugerageza gukuraho umwanda wavuzwe, [77] gutema amashyamba no guhindura amashyamba, [78] n’amavuta yamenetse. Ibi byose byagize ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije byisi. Nkuko ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere, ni nako bigira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, hamwe no kurekura imyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka metani na dioxyde de carbone, mu kirere, bigatera ingaruka za pariki, bigashyushya isi buhoro buhoro kandi bigatera ubushyuhe ku isi. Ibi byose byarushijeho kuba bibi hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga.

=== Umwanda ===
Umwanda, kuba hari umwanda mubidukikije bitera ingaruka mbi, washoboraga kuboneka hakiri kare ingoma ya Inca. Bakoresheje amasasu ya sulfide ayobora mu gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, hamwe no gukoresha itanura ry'ibumba ryakozwe n'umuyaga, ryarekuraga mu kirere no mu migezi y'inzuzi.

== Filozofiya ==
=== Filozofiya yikoranabuhanga ===

Filozofiya y’ikoranabuhanga ni ishami rya filozofiya yiga &quot;imyitozo yo gushushanya no gukora ibihangano&quot;, n &quot;&quot; imiterere yibintu byaremwe. &quot;[81] Yagaragaye nka disipuline mu binyejana bibiri bishize, kandi ikura&quot; ku buryo bugaragara &quot;kuva mu myaka ya za 70. [82] Filozofiya y’ikiremwamuntu yita ku &quot;busobanuro bw'ikoranabuhanga, n'ingaruka zabyo kuri sosiyete n'umuco&quot;.

Ku ikubitiro, ikoranabuhanga ryagaragaye nko kwagura ibinyabuzima byabantu byigana cyangwa byongereye umubiri n'ubushobozi bwo mu mutwe. Marx yayigize nk'igikoresho cyakoreshejwe n'abashoramari mu gukandamiza proletariat, ariko yizeraga ko ikoranabuhanga ryaba imbaraga zibohoza mu buryo bwuzuye &quot;nibimara gukurwa mu mibereho y'abaturage&quot;. Abafilozofe bo mu cyiciro cya kabiri nka Ortega nyuma bahinduye ibitekerezo byabo mu bukungu na politiki bajya mu &quot;buzima bwa buri munsi no kubaho mu muco wa tekinoloji,&quot; bavuga ko ikoranabuhanga rishobora gukandamiza &quot;ndetse n'abayoboke ba burugumesitiri bari ba shebuja kandi bafite ba nyirawo.&quot; Abafilozofe bo mu cyiciro cya gatatu nka Don Ihde na Albert Borgmann bagereranya impinduka iganisha kuri rusange no kwishyira ukizana, kandi bagatekereza uburyo abantu bashobora kwiga kubana n'ikoranabuhanga. [82] [Urupapuro rukenewe]

Bourse yo hambere kubijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga yagabanijwemo ingingo ebyiri: kugena ikoranabuhanga, no kubaka imibereho. Kugena ikoranabuhanga ni igitekerezo cy'uko ikoranabuhanga ritera impinduka mu mibereho idashobora kwirindwa. Abubaka imibereho [ninde?] Bavuga ko ikoranabuhanga ridakurikiza iterambere risanzwe, kandi rishingiye ku ndangagaciro z'umuco, amategeko, politiki, no gushimangira ubukungu. Bourse ya kijyambere yagiye yerekeza ku isesengura rya sisitemu ya tekiniki, &quot;guteranya ibintu, abantu, imikorere, nubusobanuro&quot;, urebye imanza zagaciro zerekana ikoranabuhanga. [84] [urupapuro rukenewe]

Umunenga w’umuco Neil Postman yatandukanije societe zikoresha ibikoresho n’imiryango y’ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’icyo yise &quot;technopolies&quot;, sosiyete yiganjemo ingengabitekerezo y’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga na siyansi byangiza indi mico, indangagaciro, ndetse n’ibitekerezo by’isi. [86] Herbert Marcuse na John Zerzan bavuga ko byanze bikunze sosiyete y’ikoranabuhanga izatubuza umudendezo n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.

== Imyitwarire ==
=== Imyitwarire yikoranabuhanga ===

Imyitwarire yikoranabuhanga nisoko rinyuranye ryimyitwarire isesengura ingaruka zikoranabuhanga kandi ikanashakisha uburyo bwo kugabanya ingaruka mbi ziterwa nikoranabuhanga rishya. Hariho ibibazo byinshi by'imyitwarire ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga, uhereye ku bice bimwe byibandwaho byibanda ku banyamwuga bakorana n'ikoranabuhanga kugeza ku mibereho migari, imyitwarire, n'amategeko mu bijyanye n'uruhare rw'ikoranabuhanga muri sosiyete no mu buzima bwa buri munsi. [88]

Impaka zikomeye zazengurutse ibinyabuzima byahinduwe mu buryo bwa geneti, gukoresha abasirikari ba robo, kubogama kwa algorithmic, n'ikibazo cyo guhuza imyitwarire ya AI n'indangagaciro z'umuntu [89]

Imyitwarire yikoranabuhanga ikubiyemo ibice byinshi byingenzi. Bioethics ireba ibibazo byimyitwarire ikikije ibinyabuzima nubuvuzi bugezweho, harimo gukoroniza, ubwubatsi bwabantu, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwingirabuzimafatizo. Imyitwarire ya mudasobwa yibanda kubibazo bijyanye na mudasobwa. Cyberethics ishakisha ibibazo bijyanye na interineti nkuburenganzira bwumutungo wubwenge, ubuzima bwite, no kugenzura. Nanoethics isuzuma ibibazo bijyanye no guhindura ibintu kurwego rwa atome na molekile mubyiciro bitandukanye birimo siyanse ya mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, na biyolojiya. Imyitwarire yubuhanga ireba amahame yumwuga ya ba injeniyeri, harimo ba injeniyeri ba software ndetse n’inshingano zabo ku baturage.

Ishami rinini ryimyitwarire yikoranabuhanga ryita kumyitwarire yubwenge bwubuhanga: rikubiyemo imyitwarire ya robo, ikemura ibibazo byimyitwarire igira uruhare mugushushanya, kubaka, gukoresha, no kuvura robo, [91] kimwe nubwitonzi bwimashini, aribyo ashishikajwe no kumenya imyitwarire yimyitwarire yubukorikori. Mu rwego rwimyitwarire ya AI, ibibazo byingenzi byubushakashatsi ariko bitarakemuka harimo guhuza AI (kwemeza ko imyitwarire ya AI ihujwe nintego zabo n’inyungu zabo) hamwe no kugabanya kubogama kwa algorithmic. Bamwe mu bashakashatsi baburiye kwirinda ingaruka ziterwa no gufata AI, banasaba ko hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushobozi bwa AI hiyongereyeho uburyo bwo guhuza AI.

Izindi nzego zerekeye imyitwarire zagombaga guhangana n’ibibazo bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, harimo imyitwarire ya gisirikare, imyitwarire y’itangazamakuru, n’imyitwarire y’uburezi.

== Inyigisho z'ejo hazaza ==

=== Inyigisho z'ejo hazaza ===

Inyigisho z'ejo hazaza ni gahunda itunganijwe kandi itandukanye yiterambere ryimibereho nikoranabuhanga. Ifite intego yo gucukumbura mu buryo bwuzuye kandi yujuje ubuziranenge bw'ejo hazaza hashoboka no kwinjiza indangagaciro z'umuntu mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya. [93]: 54 Muri rusange, abashakashatsi b'ejo hazaza bashishikajwe no kuzamura &quot;umudendezo n'imibereho myiza y'abantu&quot;. . Ubuhanga bwa siyanse bukoreshwa nkisoko yibitekerezo.kwigana. [93]: 187

== Ingaruka zishobora kubaho ==
=== Ibyago byibiza ku isi ===

Abashakashatsi bahari bashobora gusesengura ingaruka zishobora gutuma abantu barimbuka cyangwa gusenyuka kw'abaturage, bagashaka uburyo bwo kubarwanya. [94] Ibigo by’ubushakashatsi birimo ikigo cya Cambridge cyo Kwiga Ibyago Bihari, hamwe na Stanford Existential Risk Initiative. [96] Ikoranabuhanga ry'ejo hazaza rishobora kugira uruhare mu ngaruka z’ubwenge rusange bw’ubukorikori, intambara y’ibinyabuzima, intambara za kirimbuzi, nanotehnologiya, imihindagurikire y’ikirere ya antropogene, ubushyuhe bw’isi, cyangwa isi yose ihamye, nubwo ikoranabuhanga rishobora kudufasha kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa na asteroide no guturika kwa gamma-ray. [97] Mu mwaka wa 2019, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya Nick Bostrom yerekanye igitekerezo cy’isi itishoboye, &quot;aho usanga hari urwego runaka rw’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga aho usanga umuco wangiritse byanze bikunze&quot;, avuga ko ingaruka z’icyorezo cyatewe n’iterabwoba ry’ibinyabuzima, cyangwa ubwoko bw’intwaro bwatewe hifashishijwe iterambere ryintwaro nshyashya no gutakaza kurimbuka kwizerwa. Yahamagariye abafata ibyemezo kubaza igitekerezo kivuga ko iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rihora ari ingirakamaro, ko gufungura ubumenyi buri gihe ari byiza, cyangwa ko bashobora kwihanganira gutegereza kugeza igihe havumbuwe ikoranabuhanga riteye akaga mbere yo gutegura mituweli.

== Ikoranabuhanga rishya ==
=== Ikoranabuhanga rishya ===

==== Igeragezwa rya 3D ryerekana imitsi ====

Ikoranabuhanga rishya ni tekinoroji yubuhanga iterambere cyangwa ibikorwa bifatika biracyashoboka. Harimo nanotehnologiya, ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima, icapiro rya 3D, ibibujijwe, n'ubwenge bw'ubukorikori.

Mu 2005, futuriste Ray Kurzweil yavuze ko impinduramatwara itaha izashingira ku iterambere ry’irondakoko, nanotehnologiya, na robo, kandi ko robot ari zo zagize uruhare runini muri batatu. Ubwubatsi bwa geneti buzafasha cyane kugenzura ibinyabuzima byabantu binyuze mubikorwa byitwa ubwihindurize. Bamwe mu batekereza bemeza ko ibyo bishobora guhungabanya imyumvire yacu, kandi bagasaba ko hajyaho impaka rusange ziga kuri iki kibazo mu buryo bunonosoye; Nanotehnologiya izaduha ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibintu &quot;ku gipimo cya molekile na atome&quot;, [101] gishobora kudufasha guhindura imiterere n'ibidukikije mu buryo bw'ibanze. [102] Nanobots irashobora gukoreshwa mu mubiri w'umuntu mu kurimbura kanseri cyangwa gukora ibice bishya by'umubiri, bigahindura umurongo uri hagati y'ibinyabuzima n'ikoranabuhanga. Imashini za robo zigenga zateye imbere byihuse, kandi biteganijwe ko zizasimbura abantu mu mirimo myinshi iteje akaga, harimo gushakisha no gutabara, guta ibisasu, kuzimya umuriro, n’intambara.

Ikigereranyo kijyanye no kuza k'ubwenge rusange bw’ubukorikori kiratandukanye, ariko kimwe cya kabiri cy’inzobere mu kwiga imashini zabajijwe mu mwaka wa 2018 zemeza ko AI &quot;izakora imirimo yose neza kandi ihendutse&quot; kurusha abantu mu 2063, kandi igahindura imirimo yose y’abantu mu 2140. [105] Ubu bushomeri buteganijwe mu ikoranabuhanga bwatumye abantu basaba ko hibandwa cyane ku bumenyi bwa mudasobwa n'impaka zerekeye UBI. Impuguke mu bya politiki za politiki zivuga ko ibyo bishobora gutuma intagondwa ziyongera, mu gihe abandi bo babona ko ari amahirwe yo gutangiza ubukungu nyuma y’ubuke.

== Ingendo ==
=== Ikoranabuhanga rikwiye ===

==== Ikoranabuhanga rikwiye ====

Ibice bimwe byo mu myaka ya za 1960 hippie y’umuco wa hippie byakuze bikunda gutura mu mijyi kandi biteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryigenga, rirambye, kandi ryegerejwe abaturage, ryitwa ikoranabuhanga rikwiye. Ibi byaje guhindura umuco wa hacker na technopaganism.

== Ikoranabuhanga rya utopianism ==

=== Utopianism yikoranabuhanga ===

Ikoranabuhanga rya utopianism ryerekeza ku myizerere ivuga ko iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ari ryiza mu mico, rishobora kandi kuzana utopiya, ni ukuvuga umuryango aho amategeko, guverinoma, n'imibereho myiza y’abaturage bose bakeneye ibyo bakeneye. [106] Ingero zintego za techno-utopian zirimo ubukungu nyuma yubuke, kwagura ubuzima, kohereza ibitekerezo, cryonics, no gukora superintelligence artificiel. Ibikorwa byingenzi bya tekinike-utopian birimo transhumanism na singleularitarism.

Umuryango uhindura abantu ubumuntu ushingiye ku &quot;gukomeza kwihinduranya kw'ubuzima bwa muntu kurenza uko abantu bameze ubu&quot; binyuze mu bumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, bimenyeshwa &quot;amahame n'indangagaciro biteza imbere ubuzima.&quot; [107] Uyu mutwe wamamaye cyane mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21. 108]

Abaseribateri bemeza ko superintelligence ya mashini &quot;izihutisha iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga&quot; hakurikijwe ubunini kandi &quot;ikarema ndetse n’ibintu bifite ubwenge byihuta cyane&quot;, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma habaho umuvuduko w’impinduka z’imibereho n’ikoranabuhanga &quot;bitumvikana&quot; kuri twe. Ibi birori bizwi nkubuhanga bwikoranabuhanga.

Imibare nyamukuru ya techno-utopianism harimo Ray Kurzweil na Nick Bostrom. Techno-utopianism yakunze gushimwa no kunengwa nabatekereza bateye imbere, abanyamadini, ndetse naba conservateurs.

== Kurwanya ikoranabuhanga ==

=== ludite, Neo-Luddism, na Bioconservatism ===

Luddite bamenagura icyuma cyamashanyarazi muri 1812

Uruhare rw'ikoranabuhanga mu mibereho yacu rwakuruye impungenge no gusubira inyuma. Kwamagana ikoranabuhanga ntabwo ari urugendo rumwe kandi rukubiyemo ibitekerezo byinshi bitandukanye.

Imyigaragambyo ya mbere izwi kurwanya ikoranabuhanga ni Luddism, gusubiza inyuma kwikora hakiri kare mu gukora imyenda. Automation yari yatumye hakenerwa abakozi bake, inzira izwi nkubushomeri bwikoranabuhanga.

Hagati ya za 1970 na 1990, umunyamerika w’iterabwoba Ted Kaczynski yagabye ibitero byinshi muri Amerika maze asohora Manabesto ya Unabomber yamagana ingaruka mbi z’ikoranabuhanga ku bidukikije no ku bwisanzure bwa muntu. Inyandiko yumvikanye igice kinini cyabaturage ba Amerika. Byatewe inkunga na sosiyete ya tekinoloji ya Jacques Ellul. [113]

Imico imwe n'imwe, kimwe na gride ya gride, ishyigikira kuva mu ikoranabuhanga no gusubira muri kamere. Urugendo rwa ecovillage rushaka kugarura ubwumvikane hagati yikoranabuhanga na kamere. [114]

== Isano na siyanse nubuhanga ==

Antoine Lavoisier agerageza gutwikwa biterwa nizuba ryinshi

Ubwubatsi ninzira yiterambere ryikoranabuhanga. Bikunze gusaba gukemura ibibazo mu mbogamizi zikomeye. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga &quot;rishingiye ku bikorwa&quot;, mu gihe ubumenyi bwa siyansi busobanura mu buryo bw'ibanze. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo muri Polonye, Henryk Skolimowski, yabigize atya: &quot;siyanse ireba ibiriho, ikoranabuhanga n'ibigomba kuba.&quot; [117]: 375

Icyerekezo cya nyirabayazana hagati yubuvumbuzi bwa siyansi no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga cyaganiriweho n’abahanga, abahanga mu bya filozofiya n’abafata ibyemezo. Kuberako guhanga udushya akenshi bikorwa kurwego rwubumenyi bwa siyansi, tekinoroji nyinshi ntabwo ikomoka kubumenyi bwa siyansi, ahubwo ikomoka mubuhanga, gutobora n'amahirwe. gutwika cyangwa gutembera kwamazi byari bikiri bibi, moteri yindege yavumbuwe binyuze &quot;gukoresha igikoresho kurimbuka, gusesengura icyacitse [...] no gusubiramo inzira&quot;. [115] Ibisobanuro bya siyansi akenshi bikurikirana iterambere ryikoranabuhanga aho kubibanjirije. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960, gutekereza ko inkunga ya leta mu bushakashatsi bw'ibanze yatuma havumburwa ikoranabuhanga ku isoko ryatakaje icyizere. [121] Umunyembaraga Nassim Taleb avuga ko gahunda z’ubushakashatsi ku rwego rw’igihugu zishyira mu bikorwa imyumvire y’umutuzo n’ubwumvikane buke binyuze mu bigeragezo kenshi no mu makosa bishoboka cyane ko biganisha ku guhanga udushya kuruta ubushakashatsi bugamije kugera ku musaruro wihariye. [119] [123]

Nubwo bimeze gurtyo, tekinoroji igezweho iragenda yishingikiriza kubumenyi bwimbitse, bwihariye bwa siyanse. Mu 1979, impuzandengo ya patenti kuri eshatu zatanzwe muri Amerika zavuze [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] bya siyansi; kugeza mu 1989, ibi byiyongereye ku kigereranyo cya citation imwe kuri patenti. Ikigereranyo cyagereranijwe hejuru na patenti zijyanye n'inganda zikora imiti, chimie, na elegitoroniki. Isesengura ryakozwe mu 2021 ryerekana ko ipatanti ishingiye ku buvumbuzi bwa siyansi ifite impuzandengo ya 26% ifite agaciro kangana na patenti zishingiye kuri siyansi.

== Andi moko yinyamaswa ==

Iyi ngagi ikuze ikoresha ishami nkigiti kigenda kugirango ipime ubujyakuzimu bwamazi.

Gukoresha tekinoroji yibanze nayo iranga ubwoko bwinyamanswa zitari abantu. Gukoresha ibikoresho byigeze gufatwa nkibisobanuro biranga ubwoko bwa Homo. [126] Iki gitekerezo cyatanzwe nyuma yo kuvumbura ibimenyetso byerekana imikoreshereze yibikoresho muri chimpanzees nizindi primates, [127] dolphine, [128] nigikona. [129] [130] Kurugero, abashakashatsi babonye chimpanzees zo mwishyamba bakoresheje ibikoresho byibanze byo kurisha, udukoko, udusimba, bakoresheje amababi nka sponges, nigishishwa cyibiti cyangwa imizabibu nkibisubizo by’amafi. [131] Chimpanzees yo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba ikoresha inyundo n'amabuye mu gutobora imbuto, [132] kimwe n'inguge za capuchin zo muri Boa Vista, muri Burezili. [133] Gukoresha ibikoresho ntabwo aribwo buryo bwonyine bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryinyamaswa; nk'urugero, ingomero z'inzuki, zubakishijwe inkoni cyangwa amabuye manini, ni ikoranabuhanga rifite ingaruka &quot;zikomeye&quot; ku migezi no ku bidukikije. [134]

== Umuco uzwi ==

Umubano w’ikiremwamuntu n’ikoranabuhanga wacukumbuwe mu buvanganzo bwa siyanse, urugero nko mu Isi Nshya Y’Intwari, Isaha ya Orange, Icyenda cumi n'umunani na kane, inyandiko za Isaac Asimov, na filime nka Raporo Ntoya, Twibuke, Gattaca, na Inception. Yabyaye injyana ya dystopiya na futuristic cyberpunk, ihuza ikoranabuhanga rya futuristic hamwe no gusenyuka kwabaturage, dystopiya cyangwa kubora. Ibikorwa byingenzi bya cyberpunk birimo igitabo cya Neuromancer cya William Gibson, na firime nka Blade Runner, na Matrix.

== Ihuza ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/topics/cnq68qdw70zt&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-hatangiye-amahugurwa-ku-ikoranabuhanga-ryifashishwa-mu-nganda?var_mode=calcul&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/perezida-kagame-yatangije-ikigo-cy-ikoranabuhanga-cyihutisha-iterambere-ry-inganda&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fdu-rwanda.com/kinyarwanda-rwanda-ict-ikoranabuhanga-mu-makuru-no-gutumanaho/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209085340/https://fdu-rwanda.com/kinyarwanda-rwanda-ict-ikoranabuhanga-mu-makuru-no-gutumanaho/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/icyerekezo-cy-u-rwanda-mu-ikoranabuhanga-mu-byakururiye-hence-technologies-y&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/perezida-kagame-yagaragaje-akamaro-k-ikoranabuhanga-mu-kubaka-ubukungu-budaheza&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukungu/article/bwa-mbere-volkswagen-igiye-gukorera-mu-rwanda-imodoka-zifashishwa-mu-buhinzi&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://flash.rw/2019/10/29/menya-e-golf-imodoka-ya-volkswagen-ya-mbere-ikoresha-amashanyarazi-mu-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Richard Wrangham</title>
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      <text bytes="1820" sha1="97px8d310ljnxkj0xcasjyh95wbz0wp" xml:space="preserve">'''Ubuzima bwa Richard Wrangham'''
[[Dosiye:Richard Wrangham 01.jpg|thumb|314x314px|Richard Wrangham]]
Richard yavukiye i Leeds, muri Yorkshire. Amaze imyaka myinshi mu ishami rya kaminuza ya Michigan, yabaye Umwarimu wa [[Biological Anthropology]] muri kaminuza ya Harvard kandi itsinda rye ry’ubushakashatsi ubu riri mu ishami rishya ryashinzwe ry’ibinyabuzima by’ubwihindurize. Ni mugenzi wa MacArthur. Afatanya n’umushinga wa [[Kibale Chimpanzee National Park]] muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], yakoze ubushakashatsi bw'igihe kinini muri iyi parike. Ubushakashatsi bwe busozwa no kwiga ku bwihindurize bw’abantu aho akuramo imyanzuro ishingiye ku bidukikije by’imyitwarire y’inguge. Nkumunyeshuri urangije, Wrangham yize munsi ya Robert Hinde na Jane Goodall.

Wrangham azwi cyane cyane ku bikorwa bye muri ecologiya ya sisitemu mbonezamubano (Ecology of apes), amateka y'ubwihindurize yo kwibasira abantu (bikarangira mu gitabo cye na Dale Peterson, Abadayimoni b'Abadayimoni: [[Inguge]] n'inkomoko y'ihohoterwa rya muntu), ndetse n'ubushakashatsi yakoze mu guteka (incamake mu gitabo cye, Gufata umuriro: Uburyo Guteka Byatugize Umuntu) no kwigira wenyine. Ni ibikomoka ku bimera.

Wrangham yagize uruhare runini mu kumenya imyitwarire ifatwa nk &quot;umuntu wihariye&quot; muri chimpanzees, harimo n'umuco [6] hamwe na Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee yivura wenyine. 

Mu masomo aherutse kwigisha muri Human Evolutionary Biology (HEB) yibanze muri Harvard harimo HEB 1330 Imyitwarire mbonezamubano na HEB 1565 Inyigisho z’agahato ku gitsina (afatanije na Porofeseri Diane Rosenfeld wo mu ishuri ry’amategeko rya Harvard). Muri Werurwe 2008, yagizwe Umuyobozi w'inzu ya Currier House muri kaminuza ya Harvard. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro muri Dogiteri wa siyansi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Oglethorpe mu 2011. [9]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Froduald Karamira</title>
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      <text bytes="4486" sha1="2j0z4cen8k01h5u3vfpmqw024snj2to" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name         = Froduald Karamira
| image        = 
| birth_date   = 14 [[Kanama]] 1947
| birth_place  = Mushubati, [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Gitarama]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date   = 24 [[Mata]] 1998 (imyaka 50)
| death_place  = [[Nyamirambo]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_cause  = Igihano cy'urupfu (kurasa)
| nationality  = Umunyarwanda
| occupation   = Umunyapolitiki
| party        = MDR (''Hutu Power'')
| known_for    = Uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
}}
'''Froduald Karamira''' (14 [[Kanama]] 1947 - 24 [[Mata]] 1998) yari [[Politiki y'u Rwanda|umunyapolitiki]] wo mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n'ibyaha byo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994]]. Yakatiwe urwo gupfa n'urukiko rwo mu Rwanda kandi yari umwe mu bantu 24 ba nyuma bishwe n'u Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.handsoffcain.info/news/index.php?iddocumento=10001366 &quot;Rwanda is the first African country in the Great Lakes region to abolish the death penalty&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524001733/http://www.handsoffcain.info/news/index.php?iddocumento=10001366 |date=2011-05-24 }}, 2008-01-01, handsoffcain.info, accessed 2008-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ubuzima ==
Karamira yavukiye i Mushubati, mu Rwanda, avukira mu muryango w'[[Abatutsi|abatutsi]]. Akuze, Karamira yemerewe kuba [[Abahutu|Umuhutu]] akurikiza imigenzo imwe n'imwe yo mu Rwanda yemerera &quot;guhinduka&quot; kuva mu itsinda ujya mu rindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;tw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;haw&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's 'Lord Haw-Haw' dies |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/rwanda-s-lord-haw-haw-dies-1.146042 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1998-04-25 |access-date=2026-10-01 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karamira yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w’ishyaka rya MDR kandi yari umuyobozi mu mutwe w’intagondwa z’ishyaka, uzwi ku izina rya &quot;Hutu Power&quot;.&lt;ref name = tw&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234646/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/froduald-karamira/ &quot;Froduald Karamira&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234646/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/froduald-karamira/ |date=2019-10-11 }}, TRIAL International, accessed 5 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 23 [[Ukwakira]] 1993, Karamira yagejeje ijambo ku mugaragaro aho yahimbye igitekerezo cy'&quot;ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu&quot;. Yahamagariye abaturage b'Abahutu &quot;guhaguruka no gufata ingamba zikenewe&quot;, kandi &quot;dushakishe muri twe umwanzi uri muri twe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;tw&quot; /&gt; 

=== Urubanza rwa jenoside no kwicwa nyuma ===
Su juicio comenzó el 13 de enero de 1997 en Kigali.&lt;ref name=&quot;tw&quot; /&gt; Además de sus discursos diarios que incitaron al genocidio, se afirmó que él fue instrumental en la creación y armamento de las milicias de [[Interahamwe]]; También fue acusado de ser personalmente responsable del asesinato de cientos de tutsis, incluidos 13 miembros de su propia familia.&lt;ref name=&quot;tw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trial opens of man said to be ringleader of genocide |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/trial-opens-of-man-said-to-be-ringleader-of-genocide-1.22077 |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 14 [[Gashyantare]] 1997, Karamira yahamijwe ibyaha byose akatirwa urwo gupfa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karamira |url=https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1032/Karamira/ |website=International Crimes Database (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) |access-date=2026-10-01 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yajuririye mu rukiko rw'ubujurire rwa Kigali, ariko ubujurire bwaranze kandi igihano cye gishimangirwa ku ya 12 [[Nzeri]] 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;tw&quot; /&gt; Ku ya 24 Mata 1998, mu birori byabereye kuri sitade [[Nyamirambo]] i Kigali, Karamira yiciwe n'itsinda ry'itsinda kwicwa hamwe n'abandi bantu 21 bakatiwe. uruhare muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;haw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jane Standley, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/84120.stm &quot;From butchery to executions in Rwanda&quot;], ''[[BBC News]]'', 1998-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James C. McKinley Jr., [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DEFDF103FF936A15757C0A96E958260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=1 &quot;As Crowds Vent Their Rage, Rwanda Publicly Executes 22&quot;], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1998-04-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Kuri uwo munsi, byibuze abandi bantu babiri na bo biciwe ahandi mu Rwanda.
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karamira, Froduald}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere</title>
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      <text bytes="3297" sha1="492zd54jyh9jko9bctmd0axqxukmxq3" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Flag of the MRND.jpg|alt=Ihuriro ry'igihugu riharanira demokarasi n'iterambere|thumb]]
'''Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere''' ([[Igifaransa]]: ''Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement'', '''MRND''') ryari ishyaka rya politiki ryategekaga u Rwanda kuva 1975 kugeza 1994 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Yiganjemo [[Abahutu]], cyane cyane bo mu karere kavukire ka Perezida Habyarimana mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda. Iri shyaka ryashinzwe mu 1975 nk’umuryango w’igihugu uharanira impinduramatwara mu iterambere (Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement). Itsinda ry’indashyikirwa ry’abayoboke b’ishyaka rya MRND bari bazwiho kugira uruhare kuri Perezida n’umugore we - ndetse n’inshingano zo gutegura igenamigambiJenoside yo mu Rwanda - izwi nka akazu.     
[[Dosiye:Juvénal_Habyarimana_(Andrews_Air_Force_Base,_Maryland,_USA_-_1980).jpg|thumb|Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana washinze ishyaka rya Politiki]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n'iterambere

Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le dévelopement
|-
!Perezida
|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]] 
|-
!Uwashinze
|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]] 
|-
!Yashinzwe
|1974
|-
!Kumeneka
|1994
|-
!Byatsinzwe na
|Ingabo zo Kurengera Demokarasi
&lt;small&gt;(ntabwo ari umusimbura mu by'amategeko)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!Icyicaro gikuru
|Kigali , Rwanda
|-
!Ikinyamakuru
|''Kangura''Hutu Radiyo &lt;small&gt;(Radio)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!Ibaba ry'urubyiruko
|''[[Interahamwe]]''
|-
!Ingengabitekerezo
|Ultranationalism
Abahutu Imbaraga
Zabaturage
|-
!Umwanya wa politiki
|Iburyo-iburyo
|-
!Kwishyira hamwe
|''Nta na kimwe''
|-
!Amabara
| Umukara
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
* Politiki yo mu Rwanda
* Amashyaka ya politiki
* Amatora
|}
Kuva mu 1975 kugeza 1991, MRND ni ryo shyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko mu gihugu. Habyarimana yavuzwe ko ashyira mu gaciro  nubwo bivugwa ko ishyaka ryakoresheje uburyo bwo kwamamaza iburyo  , ryateje imbere gahunda ya politiki y’aba conservateur  kandi ryarwanyaga abakomunisiti .Ishyaka ryari rifite inzego z’inzego zahuzaga inzego za guverinoma kuri buri rwego, kugeza ku murenge no mu kagari. Habyarimana yari perezida w’ishyaka, kandi nkuwo ni we mukandida wenyine wabaye perezida wa repubulika. Icyakora, mu bwumvikane buke kuri demokarasi, abatora bashyikirijwe abakandida babiri ba MRND mu matora y’Inteko ishinga amategeko. Izina ry’ishyaka ryahinduwe nyuma y’amashyaka ya politiki atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi yemerewe n'amategeko mu 1991.

Nyuma y’igitero cya FPR mu 1990, abanyamuryango ba MRND bakoze ikinyamakuru ''Kangura''. Ibaba ry’urubyiruko rw’ishyaka, ''interahamwe'', nyuma yaje gukura mu mutwe w’abasirikare wagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu 1994. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Habyarimana muri Mata 1994, abayoboke b'ishyaka bari mu bubatsi bakuru ba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. U Rwanda rumaze kwigarurirwa na mukeba w’abatutsi wiganjemo abatutsi b’abanyarwanda bayobowe na [[Paul Kagame]], MRND yirukanwe ku butegetsi kandi biremewe.

Ihuriro ry’ingabo zishinzwe kurengera Repubulika, ryagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda, ryari umutwe utoroshye wa MRND wabaye ishyaka ryihariye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agathe Uwilingiyimana</title>
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      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: imiterere, Infobox person, gukosora amakuru n'imyandikire, inyandiko (ref) ziturutse kuri en.wikipedia</comment>
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      <text bytes="8596" sha1="f74jkb4nlam2xnfyd0bpj5fhvherr6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Agathe Uwilingiyimana
| birth_date = 23 Gicurasi 1953
| birth_place = Nyaruhengeri, [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date = 7 Mata 1994 (afite imyaka 40)
| death_place = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_cause = Yarishwe
| resting_place = Irimbi ry'Intwari, [[Kigali]]
| nationality = Umunyarwandakazi
| occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki
| known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda (1993–1994)
| party = MDR
| spouse = Ignace Barahira (1976–1994)
| children = 5
}}
'''Agathe Uwilingiyimana''' (23 Gicurasi 1953 – 7 Mata 1994) yari umwarimu w'[[imibare]] akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwandakazi. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda kuva ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1993 kugeza yicwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994, akaba ari we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya mu Rwanda.

Yari mu ishyaka MDR ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yagize uruhare mu mishyikirano yatumye hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]]. Yishwe n'abasirikare barindaga Perezida mu masaha ya mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ari kumwe n'umugabo we. Ashyirwa mu [[Intwari z'u Rwanda|Ntwari z'u Rwanda]].

== Ubuzima ==
Yavukiye i Nyaruhengeri, mu yahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Butare]], mu muryango w'abahinzi. Ababyeyi be bimukiye muri Kongo-Mbiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) bajyanywe no gushaka akazi, bagaruka i Butare mu 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burnet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amashuri yisumbuye yayigiye muri Lycée Notre-Dame des Cîteaux i [[Kigali]], akomeza kwiga imibare n'ubutabire. Mu 1976 yabaye umwarimu i Butare, muri uwo mwaka ashakana na Ignace Barahira, babyarana abana batanu. Mu 1985 yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ubutabire muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda]], yigisha ubutabire mu mashuri ya Butare imyaka ine. Yashishikarizaga abakobwa kwiga imibare n'ubumenyi, ibintu byamuteye kunengwa n'abari bagifite imyumvire ya kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burnet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
Mu 1986 yashinze koperative yo kuzigama no kuguriza mu bakozi b'ishuri yigishagamo i Butare. Mu 1989 yagizwe umuyobozi muri Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burnet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1992 yinjiye mu ishyaka MDR (''Mouvement démocratique républicain''), ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi. Muri Mata 1992, Minisitiri w'Intebe Dismas Nsengiyaremye yamugize Minisitiri w'Uburezi muri guverinoma y'amashyaka menshi. Ari kuri uwo mwanya, yakuyeho iringaniza rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri, imyanya n'amashuri bitangwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bw'abanyeshuri. Ibyo byatumye yangwa n'Abahutu b'intagondwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burnet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Minisitiri w'Intebe ===
Ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1993, Perezida Habyarimana yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, asimbura Nsengiyaremye. Ishyaka rye ryari ryacitsemo ibice hagati y'abashyira mu gaciro n'intagondwa; ubuyobozi bwa MDR ntibwemeye iryo shyirwaho, bumuvana mu ishyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 4 Kanama 1993, Leta y'u Rwanda, amashyaka atanu atavuga rumwe na yo na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR]] basinyiye i [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]] amasezerano y'amahoro yagombaga guhagarika intambara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1993-08-04 |title=Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4fcc.html |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakurikijwe ayo masezerano, umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe wagombaga guhabwa Faustin Twagiramungu. Uwilingiyimana yakomeje kuyobora guverinoma by'agateganyo, mu gihe guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yari itarajyaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
[[File:Belgian Peacekeepers Memorial monument 18.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rw'abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi biciwe muri Camp Kigali ku wa 7 Mata 1994.]]
Ku mugoroba wa 6 Mata 1994, indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana yarashwe hafi ya Kigali. Muri iryo joro, Uwilingiyimana yagombaga kunyura kuri Radio Rwanda kugira ngo ahumurize abaturage; [[MINUAR]] yohereje abasirikare icumi b'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]] gusanga abasirikare batanu bo muri [[Gana]] bari basanzwe bamurinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |author-link=Roméo Dallaire |title=Shake Hands with the Devil |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |pages=245–246, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu gitondo cya 7 Mata, abasirikare barindaga Perezida bagose urugo rwe, bambura intwaro abasirikare ba MINUAR. Uwilingiyimana n'umugabo we bagerageje kwihisha mu kigo cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye cyari hafi aho, ariko basanzwe aho barabica. Abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi bajyanywe muri Camp Kigali, bakorerwa iyicarubozo maze baricwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Power&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Samantha |date=2001-09-01 |title=Bystanders to Genocide |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abana be batanu barokowe na kapiteni Mbaye Diagne wa MINUAR, nyuma bajyanwa mu [[Ubusuwisi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |author-link=Roméo Dallaire |title=Shake Hands with the Devil |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |pages=245–246, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubutabera ==
Majoro [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] yaregwe n'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kugira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Uwilingiyimana n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi, ariko ikirego cye kirakurwaho mu 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Genocide suspect 'likely to be tried' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/299858.stm |work=BBC News |date=1999-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku wa 18 Ukuboza 2008, urwo rukiko rwahamije Koloneli [[Théoneste Bagosora]] icyaha cya jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, harimo iyicwa rya Uwilingiyimana, rumukatira gufungwa burundu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/world/africa/19rwanda.html |work=The New York Times |date=2008-12-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]
* [[Jean Kambanda]]
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uwilingiyimana, Agathe}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]</text>
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    <title>Félicien Kabuga</title>
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      <text bytes="5721" sha1="nlz0eyfjpnacps4gouh3tnt1pnlmvck" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Félicien Kabuga
| birth_date = 1 Werurwe 1933
| birth_place = Muniga, Mukarange, [[Byumba]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date = 16 Gicurasi 2026 (imyaka 93)
| death_place = La Haye, [[Ubuholandi]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umucuruzi
| known_for = Gutera inkunga [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
| spouse = Josephine Mukazitoni
}}
'''Félicien Kabuga''' (1 Werurwe 1933 – 16 Gicurasi 2026) yari umucuruzi w'umuherwe w'Umunyarwanda, washinjwaga kuba umwe mu baterankunga bakomeye ba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]. Yari hafi y'ishyaka MRND rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] n'itsinda rya [[Akazu]], kandi ashinjwa gutera inkunga radiyo [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|RTLM]] n'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]], byashishikarizaga kwica [[Abatutsi]].

Yamaze imyaka 26 yihishe ubutabera, afatirwa hafi ya [[Paris]] mu 2020. Yoherejwe imbere y'urukiko mpuzamahanga i La Haye, ariko mu 2023 urukiko rwemeza ko atagishoboye kuburanishwa kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa (''dementia''). Yapfuye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026 akiri mu maboko y'urukiko, atarigeze acirwa urubanza.

== Ubuzima ==
Kabuga yavukiye i Muniga, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Byumba]] (ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]). Yari Umuhutu. Yakungahajwe n'imirima y'icyayi mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda n'ubundi bucuruzi butandukanye. Yashakanye na Josephine Mukazitoni, babyarana abana 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Félicien Kabuga |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |website=TRIAL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027015941/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |archive-date=2019-10-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uruhare muri jenoside ==
Mu 1993, mu nama yo gukusanya inkunga ya RTLM yateguwe na MRND, Kabuga ngo yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko RTLM igamije kurengera ingengabitekerezo ya ''Hutu Power''. Mu rubanza rw'abanyamakuru rwabereye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Georges Ruggiu wahoze ari umunyamakuru wa RTLM yamuvuze nk'umuyobozi mukuru wayo. Hagati ya Mutarama 1993 na Werurwe 1994 mu Rwanda hinjijwe imipanga igera ku 500.000; Kabuga avugwa nk'umwe mu bayitumije cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

== Ibirego n'ubuhunzi ==
Ku ya 29 Kanama 1998 umushinjacyaha w'ICTR Carla Del Ponte yamureze ibyaha. Mu birego byavuguruwe ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2004 n'umushinjacyaha [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]], Kabuga yashinjwaga:&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;
* ubugambanyi bwo gukora jenoside;
* jenoside, cyangwa ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside;
* gushishikariza abantu mu buryo butaziguye no ku mugaragaro gukora jenoside;
* itsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu.

Yahunze u Rwanda mu 1994 ubwo [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] yafataga igihugu. Yabanje kugerageza gutura mu [[Ubusuwisi]] arirukanwa, ajya i [[Kinshasa]], nyuma bikekwa ko yabaga i [[Nairobi]] muri [[Kenya]]. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyizeho igihembo cya miliyoni 5 z'amadolari ku muntu watanga amakuru yatuma afatwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

== Ifatwa n'urubanza ==
Ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2020, Kabuga w'imyaka 87 yafatiwe i Asnières-sur-Seine, hafi ya [[Paris]], na polisi y'[[Ubufaransa]], nyuma y'iperereza rihuriweho n'Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha by'Urwego Mpuzamahanga rwasigariyeho Inkiko Mpanabyaha (IRMCT).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechanism fugitive Félicien Kabuga arrested today |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today |website=IRMCT |date=2020-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2020 yoherejwe i La Haye mu [[Ubuholandi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Felicien Kabuga arrives in The Hague to face trial |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rwandan-genocide-suspect-felicien-kabuga-arrives-in-the-hague-to-face-trial/a-55402723 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2020-10-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahakana ibyaha byose yaregwaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga pleads not guilty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-warcrimes-rwanda-kabuga-idUSKBN27R2IT |website=Reuters |date=2020-11-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urubanza rwe rwatangiye muri Nzeri 2022. Ku ya 7 Kamena 2023, urukiko rwemeje ko atagishoboye kugira uruhare nyarwo mu rubanza rwe kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN court rules Rwandan genocide suspect mentally unfit to stand trial |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/07/africa/felicien-kabuga-trial-incapable-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2023-06-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Nubwo urukiko rwari rwategetse ko arekurwa, nta gihugu cyemeye kumwakira uretse u Rwanda, kandi Kabuga yanze gusubizwayo avuga ko atahagirira umutekano. Yapfuye akiri mu maboko y'urukiko i La Haye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026, afite imyaka 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement on the passing of Félicien Kabuga |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/statement-passing-felicien-kabuga |website=IRMCT |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga dies in custody |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-genocide-suspect-kabuda-dies-hague-d9c0156deb1359429cb22ea8441974e9 |website=AP News |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Interahamwe]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Kantano Habimana]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga (MICT-13-38) |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-13-38 |website=IRMCT |language=en}}

{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabuga, Félicien}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
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      <text bytes="5857" sha1="az4kjexicn1rhvp1swbrc8xg9tnpm74" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Félicien Kabuga
| image = Félicien Kabuga.jpg
| caption = Félicien Kabuga mu 2020
| birth_date = 1 Werurwe 1933
| birth_place = Muniga, Mukarange, [[Byumba]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date = 16 Gicurasi 2026 (imyaka 93)
| death_place = La Haye, [[Ubuholandi]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umucuruzi
| known_for = Gutera inkunga [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
| spouse = Josephine Mukazitoni
}}
'''Félicien Kabuga''' (1 Werurwe 1933 – 16 Gicurasi 2026) yari umucuruzi w'umuherwe w'Umunyarwanda, washinjwaga kuba umwe mu baterankunga bakomeye ba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]. Yari hafi y'ishyaka MRND rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] n'itsinda rya [[Akazu]], kandi ashinjwa gutera inkunga radiyo [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|RTLM]] n'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]], byashishikarizaga kwica [[Abatutsi]].

Yamaze imyaka 26 yihishe ubutabera, afatirwa hafi ya [[Paris]] mu 2020. Yoherejwe imbere y'urukiko mpuzamahanga i La Haye, ariko mu 2023 urukiko rwemeza ko atagishoboye kuburanishwa kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa (''dementia''). Yapfuye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026 akiri mu maboko y'urukiko, atarigeze acirwa urubanza.

== Ubuzima ==
Kabuga yavukiye i Muniga, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Byumba]] (ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]). Yari Umuhutu. Yakungahajwe n'imirima y'icyayi mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda n'ubundi bucuruzi butandukanye. Yashakanye na Josephine Mukazitoni, babyarana abana 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Félicien Kabuga |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |website=TRIAL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027015941/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |archive-date=2019-10-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uruhare muri jenoside ==
Mu 1993, mu nama yo gukusanya inkunga ya RTLM yateguwe na MRND, Kabuga ngo yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko RTLM igamije kurengera ingengabitekerezo ya ''Hutu Power''. Mu rubanza rw'abanyamakuru rwabereye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Georges Ruggiu wahoze ari umunyamakuru wa RTLM yamuvuze nk'umuyobozi mukuru wayo. Hagati ya Mutarama 1993 na Werurwe 1994 mu Rwanda hinjijwe imipanga igera ku 500.000; Kabuga avugwa nk'umwe mu bayitumije cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

== Ibirego n'ubuhunzi ==
Ku ya 29 Kanama 1998 umushinjacyaha w'ICTR Carla Del Ponte yamureze ibyaha. Mu birego byavuguruwe ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2004 n'umushinjacyaha [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]], Kabuga yashinjwaga:&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;
* ubugambanyi bwo gukora jenoside;
* jenoside, cyangwa ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside;
* gushishikariza abantu mu buryo butaziguye no ku mugaragaro gukora jenoside;
* itsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu.

Yahunze u Rwanda mu 1994 ubwo [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] yafataga igihugu. Yabanje kugerageza gutura mu [[Ubusuwisi]] arirukanwa, ajya i [[Kinshasa]], nyuma bikekwa ko yabaga i [[Nairobi]] muri [[Kenya]]. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyizeho igihembo cya miliyoni 5 z'amadolari ku muntu watanga amakuru yatuma afatwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

== Ifatwa n'urubanza ==
[[File:Félicien Kabuga.jpg|thumb|Kabuga imbere y'urukiko mu 2020]]
Ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2020, Kabuga w'imyaka 87 yafatiwe i Asnières-sur-Seine, hafi ya [[Paris]], na polisi y'[[Ubufaransa]], nyuma y'iperereza rihuriweho n'Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha by'Urwego Mpuzamahanga rwasigariyeho Inkiko Mpanabyaha (IRMCT).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechanism fugitive Félicien Kabuga arrested today |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today |website=IRMCT |date=2020-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2020 yoherejwe i La Haye mu [[Ubuholandi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Felicien Kabuga arrives in The Hague to face trial |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rwandan-genocide-suspect-felicien-kabuga-arrives-in-the-hague-to-face-trial/a-55402723 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2020-10-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahakana ibyaha byose yaregwaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga pleads not guilty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-warcrimes-rwanda-kabuga-idUSKBN27R2IT |website=Reuters |date=2020-11-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urubanza rwe rwatangiye muri Nzeri 2022. Ku ya 7 Kamena 2023, urukiko rwemeje ko atagishoboye kugira uruhare nyarwo mu rubanza rwe kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN court rules Rwandan genocide suspect mentally unfit to stand trial |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/07/africa/felicien-kabuga-trial-incapable-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2023-06-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Nubwo urukiko rwari rwategetse ko arekurwa, nta gihugu cyemeye kumwakira uretse u Rwanda, kandi Kabuga yanze gusubizwayo avuga ko atahagirira umutekano. Yapfuye akiri mu maboko y'urukiko i La Haye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026, afite imyaka 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement on the passing of Félicien Kabuga |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/statement-passing-felicien-kabuga |website=IRMCT |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga dies in custody |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-genocide-suspect-kabuda-dies-hague-d9c0156deb1359429cb22ea8441974e9 |website=AP News |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Interahamwe]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Kantano Habimana]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga (MICT-13-38) |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-13-38 |website=IRMCT |language=en}}

{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabuga, Félicien}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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    <title>Robert Kajuga</title>
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|-
!Yavutse
|Jerry Robert Kajuga
1960
Kibungo, [[Rwanda-Burundi]] 
|-
!Yapfuye
|mbere y'urugendo 2007
Kinshasa , [[RDC]]
|-
!Ubwenegihugu
|Rwanda
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
!Kwiyemerera
|Rwanda
|-
!Kwemeza
|Icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu
|-
!Igihano cy'inshinjabyaha
|Igifungo cya burundu 
|-
!Itariki yafashwe
|1996 
|-
!Gufungirwa kuri
|Butare
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16730532? hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata]
|}
'''Jerry Robert Kajuga''' (1960,Kibungo  akura Werurwe 2007,[[Kinshasa]]) ari Umututsi kuva Kibungo,  Perezida y'igihugu umuyobozi wa MRND -affiliated FDLR intagondwa, ku Nterahamwe,  yari ahanini bashinzwe mu bikorwa rya Jenoside mu 1994. Yakomokaga mu muryango w'abatutsi igice (nyina yari Umuhutu naho se yari umututsi) se yari yarabonye impapuro z'irangamuntu z'Abahutu.  Kugira ngo twirinde bwose urwikekwe ku muryango wabo kuba Abatutsi, Robert Kajuga yakomeje umuvandimwe we yihishe ku Hôtel des Mille Collinesi [[Kigali]]. Kajuga yahunze u [[Rwanda]] muri Nyakanga 1994, ahungira muri Kongo hafi y’imyaka ibiri nigice, mbere yo gufatwa n’inzego z’umutekano z’umuryango w’abibumbye ndetse anaburanishwa i Kigali maze akatirwa igifungo cya burundu. Nyuma Kajuga yapfiriye muri gereza mbere gato ya Werurwe 2007 azize indwara itazwi i Kinshasa.
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}</text>
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    <title>Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal, Kigali</title>
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      <text bytes="4924" sha1="0qae1digjl8xtxfgrfvdpmwn7ybnm2d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q65063439}}'''[https://kfh.rw/ Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal, Kigali]''' byashinzwe hagati ya 1987 na 1991 hifashishijwe ikigega cya [[Arabiya Sawudite]] gishinzwe iterambere (SFD). Ni ibitaro binini byubatse kuri Hegitari 7.9. Biherereye ahantu hirengeye kandi ifite metero kare 18,000 zubutaka bwagabanijwe hejuru yamagorofa 4 ninyubako yagutse ya metero kare 2,285 yubutaka. Ibi bitaro bitanga ubuvuzi bwihariye, harimo gusuzuma indwara no kuvura byihariye. Aho bihererye ni Kacyiru, Kigali, Rwanda, mu Karere ka Gasabo, ku muhanda wa KG 544.&lt;ref&gt;https://kfh.rw/our-doctors/departments/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibikoresho ==
Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal, Kigali bifite ibitanda 160. Ibyo bikubiyemo ibitanda 7 by'abarwayi baba byitaweho cyane (ICU), ibitanda 7 byiganjemo abantu benshi, aho babagira 5, ibitanda 7 bya Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), ibitanda 13 mu byumba by’ubutabazi bwihutirwa n’ibyumba 2 by’ubutabazi bwuzuye. Ibitaro kandi bifite ibaba ryigenga rifite ibyumba 8 byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, 2 muri byo ni ibyumba bya ICU. Ugereranyije, impuzandengo ya buri mwaka umubare w’abarwayi bisuzumisha ni 72,201 ,umubare mpuzandengo w’abinjira ibitaro ni 8.346, iminsi yo kumara mubitaro muri rusange ni 5. Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal Kigali biherutse kugura Laboratwari nshya ya Cat (Catheterisation) hamwe na scaneri ya1.5 . Ibitaro kandi nibyo byonyine bifite scaneri ya CT ifite ubushobozi bwo gukata 128 mu gihugu kimwe n’imashini 13 za hemodialyse. Kuri ubu, ibitaro birimo gukora umushinga wo [https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/01/king-faisal-hospital-in-rwanda-to-undergo-us-20m-facelift/ kuvugurura] no [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/we-want-attract-rwandan-medics-abroad-new-king-faisal-ceo kwagura] . Inzu nshya y’ubuvuzi irimo kubakwa igizwe n’ibyumba 45 by’ubujyanama n’ivuriro rishya ry’ubuvuzi rizatanga serivisi nziza. Icyiciro cya mbere cyumushinga wo kuvugurura cyibanze ku kuvugurura inzu y’ibitaro n’ibaba ryayo ryigenga ry’abarwayi.


== Umwihariko ==
Ibi bitaro byashoye imari mu buhanga bw’ubuvuzi harimo umutima, cardio-thoracic, neurosurgie na orthopedics. undi mwihariko harimo neprology, ubuvuzi bwihutirwa, ubuvuzi bw'abana, oncology, ginecology n'ababyaza, ENT, urology, pulmonology, amenyo na serivise za maxillofacial, amaso, ubuvuzi bw'uruhu, hematology, na serivisi z’indwara.

== Kwemererwa ==
Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal, Kigali byemewe na (COHSASA). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127184417/http://cohsasa.co.za/ COHSASA] ni urwego  rufite icyicaro i Cape Town, muri [[Afurika y'Epfo]] rufite impamyabumenyi y’ubuvuzi nayo yemerwa na [https://isqua.org/ ISQua], umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge mu buvuzi.[[Dosiye:King-faisal-hospital-kigali-logo.png|thumb|153x153px|Ikirango cy'ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal (King Faisal)]]
== Foundation y'ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal Rwanda (KFHRF) ==
Fondasiyo y'ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal [[Rwanda]] kuri ubu iri mu ntangiriro yayo nyuma ya gahunda y'ibikorwa yemejwe n'ibitaro mu Kwakira 2020. Mu rwego rw’ubuzima, intego nyamukuru za Fondasiyo ni ugushyigikira abashakashatsi binyuze mu kubatera inkunga, amahugurwa no koroherezwa mu gukwirakwiza amakuru y’ubushakashatsi, gushyiraho umubano w’ibikorwa n’ibigo bitera inkunga amasomo, bishingiye ku bushakashatsi no gutera inkunga amahugurwa y’abashakashatsi mu buvuzi. Igice gishinzwe imibereho myiza kigize urufatiro rw'iyi fondasiyo, ibitaro bizafasha muburyo bw'amafaranga abarwayi badafite ubushobozi bwo kwivuza bizakomeza gukangurira abaturage ibijyanye na NCDs,  kwisuzumisha hakiri kare  indwara zivukanwa nizisaba kubaga muburyo bwo kuzikumira. Byongeye kandi, fondasiyo izatera inkunga ingando zo kubaga / kwegera igihugu mu rwego rwo kugabanya urutonde rurerure rwo gutegereza mubindi bitaro. Hanyuma, mu rwego rw'uburezi, fondasiyo izateza imbere ibikoresho bishya byo kwiga harimo kwigira kwikoranabuhanga no gutera inkunga Ubuvuzi bukomeza (CME).&lt;ref&gt;https://kfh.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ihf-fih.org/members/king-faisal-hospital-rwanda-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umumaro Wayo Mu Rwanda ==
King Faisal Hospital Kigali ifatwa nk’ikigo cy’ingenzi mu buvuzi bwihariye mu Rwanda, kikaba gifasha kugabanya umubare w’abarwayi boherezwa kwivuriza mu mahanga, cyane cyane abafite indwara z’umutima, impyiko n’izindi zikeneye ubuvuzi buhanitse &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_medical_education&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dosiye:Tri-Service_General_Hospital_nahu-2.jpg|thumb|Inyubako z'ibitaro byitiriwe Umwami Faisal]]

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rw'ibitaro byo mu Rwanda
* Ubuzima mu Rwanda
[[Dosiye:Hospital room ubt.jpeg|thumb|Ibitaro]]
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/207813/ Kuvugurura ibitaro bya King Faisal bitangira ukwezi gutaha] Kuva 8 Gashyantare 2017.


[[Ikiciro:Ibitaro mu Rwanda|Umwami Faisal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigali City Tower</title>
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    <id>8742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141833</id>
      <parentid>139897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="6496" sha1="6lu6gfce97dxllnvo77t57n9f9u618c" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:RW Kigali (36) (17260558545).jpg|thumb|Kigali city tower iyo nyubako ndende igaragara mwifoto|293x293px]]
Kigali City Tower ni inzu yambere ndende mu [[Rwanda]] ikaba ariyumuherwe mubambere batunze akayabobakaba bamwita sekoko iyinyubako ikaba igaragaza ubwiza n'umuvuduko w'iterambere u [[Rwanda]] rumaze kugeraho ukurikije ikigereranyo n'icyerekezo  cya makumyabiri makumyabiri (2020) .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g293829-d12281221-Reviews-Kigali_City_Tower-Kigali_Kigali_Province.html&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Kigali City tower ni inzu ikoreramo ibiro byinshi byabikorera (private sector) ndetse naho gucururiza hatandukanye  biherereye i [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]]. Iyi nzu igizwe n'umunara w'amagorofa 20, muremure mu gihugu, ahakorerwa ubucuruzi nk'amagorofa ane hamwe na parikingi y'imodoka, umwanya ugabanijwe hagati y'ibiro bikodeshwa hamwe n’ibicuruzwa. Abacuruzi bakomeye barimo supermarket Nakumatt, Ikawa ya Bourbon na ndetse n'amazu ane yerekana firimi mu [[Rwanda]] (Cinema Centers).

Iyi nyubako, iri ahahoze hitwa muri gale yo mu mugi, yakozwe n’umucuruzi wo mu [[Rwanda]] witwa Hatari Sekoko kandi yubatswe n’abashakashatsi b’abashinwa. Imirimo yo kubaka yatangiye mu 2006 ifungurwa muri 2011.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Kigali night life.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Kigali's night]]
Kuva yagera ku butegetsi muri 2000, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yashatse guhindura u [[Rwanda]] rukava mu gihugu gikennye gishingiye ku buhinzi, ubworozi kikaba igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga kandi gifite serivisi zikomeye kandi zigera kuri buri muntu.  Iyi politiki ishingiye ku kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu, kwegurira abikorera inganda za Leta no kugabanya imisoro ku bucuruzi,  byatumye ubukungu bwiyongera cyane hagati ya 2004 na 2010,ku 8% ku mwaka.  Ihinduka ry'ubukungu ryatumye ubwubatsi bugenda bwiyongera kuko ibikenerwa mu biro ndetse no gutura mu mijyi byiyongereye.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/Iterambere-rya-Kigali-Kuva-ku-nzu-ya-Kandt-kugera-kuri-Kigali-City-Tower&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Kigali (6817417085).jpg|thumb|Inyubako]]
Umushinga wa Kigali City Tower watangiye mu 2006  utangizwa n’umucuruzi wo mu [[Rwanda]] Hatari Sekoko, abinyujije muri sosiyete ye Doyelcy Limited.  Sekoko, wahoze ari inararibonye mu muryango  wa [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]] mu ntambara yo kubohora igihugu,  yakoraga mu [[Ubuyapani|Buyapani]] kuva mu 1995 kugira ngo ashakishe amafaranga,  mbere yo kugaruka mu [[Rwanda]] gutangiza ubucuruzi bwo gukwirakwiza ikawa nyuma yaje kwinjira mu bucuruzi  bw'umutungo utimukanwa no kwakira abashyitsi.  Icyiciro cya mbere cy'uwo mushinga ni iyubakwa ry’inyubako ya parikingi, yatangiye mu 2007.  Kuri icyo cyiciro, umunara wari wasabwe nk'inyubako izenguruka ifite igishushanyo mbonera, mu 2008,  ikipe ya Sekoko yari yahinduye ishusho yo kubaka kugira bagerageze gushyiramo ibyumba byinshi. 

Sekoko yagiranye amasezerano n’isosiyete y’Abashinwa China Civil Engineering Construction kubaka iyi nyubako,  anakura ibikoresho fatizo muri depo ye bwite i Guangzhou, mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]].  Iyi nyubako yuzuye mu ntangiriro za 2011,  maze abadandaza n’amasosiyete batangira gufata umwanya nyuma yaho.  Uruganda rwerekana amashusho  (Century Cinema) rwuzuye muri Werurwe 2013 rufungura muri Gicurasi 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/inyubako-10-zihenze-kurusha-izindi-muri-kigali-nagaciro-kazo-amafoto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-11 |archive-date=2020-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219070255/https://yegob.rw/inyubako-10-zihenze-kurusha-izindi-muri-kigali-nagaciro-kazo-amafoto/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ikibanza n'igishushanyo ==
[[File:Ni nziza kigali city.jpg|thumb|Ni nziza kigali city]]
Kigali City Tower iri ku Muhanda wa Avenue du commerce, uzwi kandi ku izina rya KN 76, mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Karere ka Nyarugenge]], akaba ari akarere k'ubucuruzi hagati ya [[Kigali]].  Iyi nyubako iri ahahoze gari nkuru yo mu mugi, yafunzwe mu 2005. 

Iyi nyubako igizwe n'ibice bitatu: umunara uzamuka mu magorofa 20,  ihuriro ry'ubucuruzi mu magorofa 4, hamwe na parikingi y'imodoka nayo ifite amagorofa 4.  Kuva mu 2013 iyi nzu ni inyubako ndende muri Kigali no mu [[Rwanda]].   Umwanya wose wo kugurisha ni 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) mugihe umwanya wibiro ari 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft). 

Iyi nyubako yubatswe ahanini mu mwanya w'ibiro, hamwe nubutaka gusa, hasi hasi no hasi hejuru haracururizwa.  Buri igorofa yumunara ifite 336 square metres (3,620 sq ft) yumwanya wibiro uhari.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTRq5htSbgQ&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Gucuruza no kwidagadura ==
[[Dosiye:High Angle View Of Kigali City Street on November 29, 2018. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|street of kigali]]
Abacuruzi ukomeye muri iyi nzu ni societe ya  supermarket ikomoka muri [[Kenya]] Nakumatt, rwigaruriye hasi n’ubutaka bwo hasi bw’iyi nzu,   ndetse no hasi y’inyubako ya parikingi.  Iyi yari iduka rya kabiri rya Nakumatt rya Kigali, irindi ryari muri Union Trade Center.  Amaduka y’imyenda yo muri Afurika yepfo Mr Price yafunguye ishami ryayo ryambere ry’u [[Rwanda]] muri iyi nzu mu mwaka wa 2011, iyobowe na franchisee Deacons Kenya,  ndetse n'inzu y’ikawa nziza ya Bourbon Coffee ikora ikawa n’ahantu ho kwicara hanze, kimwe mu bicuruzwa bitanu biri mu mujyi. 

Igorofa ya gatatu ry'iyi nzu yubucuruzi irimo Century Cinema complex.  Sinema ifite ecran enye: ecran eshatu zisanzwe zifite imyanya 233, 135, 70,  hamwe na 4D ya firime (yagurishijwe nka 5D) yicara 18, iyambere muri Afrika y'uburasirazuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://centurycinemasrw.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-02-11 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118100140/https://centurycinemasrw.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Abandi batanga ibicuruzwa barimo ibigendanye n'ibiryo, mu igorofa rya mbere ry’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi, ikigo ngororamubiri ndetse naho barerera incuke(daycare nursery). 
[[Dosiye:Kigali Nziza.jpg|thumb|Nyubako muri Kigali]]
Umwanya ucururizwamo muri iyi nzu ugizwe n'akabari / resitora mu igorofa yo hasi,  ishami rya [[Banki ya Kigali]] mu igorofa yo hasi,  na resitora ifite akabari hejuru yo hejuru hamwe na club ya nijoro mu igorofa yo hejuru.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Imbaraga-zidasanzwe-zahinduye-isura-ya-Kigali-mu-myaka-25-ishize&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
[[Category:Rwanda]]
[[Category:Kigali]]
[[Category:Kigali city tower]]
[[Category:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigali BK Arena</title>
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    <id>8895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141621</id>
      <parentid>130802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141621</origin>
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      <text bytes="4806" sha1="ahxgqqzqy0e46948qlfnw8i0pdy19qn" xml:space="preserve">'''BK Arena''' (yahoze yitwa '''Kigali Arena''' kugeza muri 2022) ni ikibuga cy'imbere mu nzu kiri mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]] mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]] mu [[Rwanda]], gikoreshwa cyane mu mikino ya basketball na volley ball. Yubatswe kandi irangira muri 2019, yakira ibirori bya [[Umukino|siporo]] n'ibitaramo. Ni ikibuga kinini cyo mu nzu muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kandi giherereye iruhande rwa [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=10k-cap. Kigali Arena ready to open in Rwanda |url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/08/10k-cap-kigali-arena-opens-rwanda/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ikibuga gikoreshwa buri gihe mu mikino muri Rwanda Basketball League (muri RBL). Yubatswe na SUMMA, ni umushoramari mpuzamahanga wa [[Turukiya]].
[[Dosiye:Le président du Rwanda Paul Kagame lors de la cérémonie de dévoilement du logo BAL à la Kigali Arena, à Kigali, Rwanda, le 19 décembre 2019.jpg|thumb|Igihe Irushanwa rya BAL ryaberaga muri BK ARENA]]
Muri 2021, Kigali Arena yasinyanye amasezerano n’umuririmbyi w’u Rwanda [[Bruce Melodie]] kugira ngo amubere ambasaderi w’ikirango mu myaka itatu iri imbere afite intego imwe yo gushyira ahazabera ihuriro ry’imyidagaduro mu karere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=Bruce Melodie signs Rwf 150 million deal with Kigali Arena as brand ambassador |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/bruce-melodie-signs-rwf-150-million-deal-kigali-arena-brand-ambassador |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yanditswe na Malachie Hakizimana |title=Kigali Arena na Bruce Melodie basinye amasezerano y’ubufatanye |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/kigali-arena-na-bruce-melodie-basinye-amasezerano-y-ubufatanye |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Kigali Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Tour DU rwanda 2024 at Kigali arena (cropped).jpg|thumb|Igihe umukino w'amagare warugiye gutangira kuri BK ARENA]]
Ku ya 24 Gicurasi 2022, izina ry'ikibuga ryahinduwe kuri BK Arena nyuma y’imyaka itandatu yo gutera inkunga ifite agaciro ka miliyari 7 [[Amafaranga y'u Rwanda|RF]] hamwe na [[Banki ya Kigali]] . 

== Ubwubatsi ==
Ku ya 9 Kanama 2019, ikibuga cyatashywe mu mukino [[Umupira w’agatebo|wa basketball]] wahuje Patriot BBC na REG BBC, [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|Perezida w’u Rwanda]], [[Paul Kagame]] . &lt;ref&gt;Kagire, Edmund (25 September 2019). [https://ktpress.rw/2019/09/now-president-kagame-wishes-kigali-arena-had-20-000-capacity/ &quot;Now President Kagame Wishes Kigali Arena Had 20,000 Capacity&quot;]. KTpress.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Cn6Z02Njtw KIGALI ARENA Official Inauguration | Kigali, 9 August 2019].&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2021, Kigali Arena yakinnye yakira imikino yo gutangiza shampiyona ya Basketball Africa League (Muri [[BAL]]) na shampiyona ya Afrobasket 2021 . Muri 2022, igihembwe cya kabiri cya BAL cyakinnye imikino yo kwishyura mu kibuga. 

== Ibiranga ==
Kigali Arena ni ikibuga cy'imbere 10,000 mu mikino yo mu rugo nka basketball, handball, volley ball, na tennis, ndetse nibitaramo ninama.  Ikibuga cy'imikino giherereye hafi ya 30.000 [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|ya Stade Amahoro]] hamwe na Sitade Amahoro bicara 2500. 

== Ibyabaye ==
[[Dosiye:Tour DU rwanda.jpg|thumb|Bk Arena-kigali]]
Kigali Arena yakiriye ibirori bitandukanye by'imikino imikino ya Shampiyona y’[[Umugore|Abagore]] y’abatarengeje imyaka 16 ya FIBA, AfroBasket 2021, na Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2021 . Bizakira Afrobasket y'abagore 2023 .

Yakiriye imikino yanyuma ya Shampiyona yigihugu ya Basketball mu Rwanda 2019, igurisha imikino myinshi. &lt;ref&gt;[[Usher Komugisha|Komugisha, Usher]] (28 September 2019). [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/kigali-arena-breathes-new-life-rwandan-basketball &quot;Kigali Arena breathes new life into Rwandan basketball&quot;]. ''[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]''. Retrieved 23 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibuga cy'agombaga kwakira Final yanyuma y'igihembwe cy'ambere cyo gutangiza shampiyona yu mukino wa Basketball Afrika (BAL), ariko amaherezo yakiriye ibihe byose bisanzwe byo muri 2021 kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feld |first=Jeff |title=NBA's Basketball Africa League Gets One Step Closer To Reality With Announcement Of Host Cities |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jefffeld/2019/07/31/nbas-basketball-africa-league-gets-one-step-closer-to-reality-with-announcement-of-host-cities/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; BK Arena kandi yakiriye imikino yo kwishyura mu 2022 na 2023, nyuma y’amasezerano hagati ya BAL na Minisiteri ya Siporo.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro</title>
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    <id>8903</id>
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      <parentid>140494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T17:45:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Stade Amahoro]] to [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]: Izina mu Kinyarwanda: Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro</comment>
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      <text bytes="4750" sha1="ft4pchtad61bjinmux5f18klm68yfaa" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Jumping comptition at amahoro stadium in kigali, Rwanda.jpg|thumb|imikino ibera muri stade amahoro]]
[[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium 2003 b.png|thumb|stade amahoro]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cYxIcfLEkc&lt;/ref&gt;'''Stade Amahoro''' , izwi ku izina rya '''Sitade y'igihugu y' Amahoro''',  ni stade ifite intego nyinshi mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|karere]] ka [[Kigali|Gasabo i Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] . Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwakira ibihubi 25.000,  niyo stade nini mu Rwanda kandi yakira imikino y'umupira w'amaguru, ibitaramo, nibikorwa rusange. amatsinda y'amakipi y'umupira w'amaguru Armée Patriotique Rwandaise APR FC na [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports FC]] niyo akodesha muri iyi stade. Ikibuga nacyo gikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe muri rugubi.
[[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium Kigali.jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya stade amahoro]]
Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994, yari &quot;ubuhungiro bw'agateganyo Umuryango w’abibumbye warindiyemo impunzi [[Abatutsi|z'abatutsi zigera ku 12.0]]

== Aho iherereye ==
Iherereye I Remera mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo]]  mu murenge wa Remera mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], iri mu birometero 10 uvuye mu mugi rwagati.

== Amateka ==
Stade yubatswe  na sosiyete yitwa china civil engeneering construction corporation, ku giciro cya miliyoni 21 zamadorari.  Kubaka byatangiye muri Werurwe 1984, birangira muri Mutarama 1989. 
[[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|Ifoto ya sitade amahoro muri 2003]]
Mu 1990, Intambara yaradutse hagati yabanyagihugu babaga mu [[Rwanda]] no hanze yarwo yaratangiye hagati [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|y'u Rwanda Patriotic Front]] (FPR), n'ingabo za perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Juvenal Habyarimana]]. Intambara yarangiye mu 1993  habaho ibiganiro ndetse no gushyira  umukono ku masezerano ya Arusha, yahaye imyanya FPR muri guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yagutse (BBTG) n’ingabo z’[[igihugu]], ikanateganya ingabo z’umuryango w’abibumbye zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro. Izi ngabo zizwi ku izina ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gufasha u Rwanda (MINUAR), kandi zari ziyobowe na jenerali w’umunyakanada Roméo Dallaire . ikicaro gikuru cya  MINUAR yari mu Hotel des Mille Collines, ariko hoteli ntabwo yemeraga kwakira abasirikare, maze Dallaire ashaka ahandi ho gukorera; nyuma y'iminsi mike yo gushakisha, MINUAR yahisemo Stade Amahoro, yari nini bihagije kuburyo yakira batayo yose y'abasirikare. Ikicaro gikuru cyafunguwe kuwa 17 Ugushyingo 1993, n' ibirori ku mugaragaro byitabiriwe Dallaire na Perezida Habyarimana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075635/https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|rwanda]]
Guhagarara kw'imirwano byabaye mu buryo butunguranye ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ubwo indege ya Habyarimana yaraswaga akicwa;  ubwo bwicanyi [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|bwabaye]] umusemburo wa jenoside yo mu [[Rwanda]], yatangiye mu masaha make akurikira iraswa ryiyo ndege. Guverinoma y'agateganyo yatangiye kwica Abatutsi n'Abahutu bashyira mu bikorwa uwo mugambi wari warateguwe cyera, mu gihugu hose.  Ab'Abatutsi batangiye guhungira mu kigo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, impunzi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ziteranira muri Stade Amahoro.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075428/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&amp;L=1&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;news&amp;#93;=4073&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;controller&amp;#93;=News&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;action&amp;#93;=detail&amp;cHash=5a9bac2174dc2d1a6d23978a1a6f10bb&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Umushinga wo kuvugurura ==
Minisiteri ya [[Umukino|Siporo]] ihagarariwe na  [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]]  yatangaje ko imirimo yo kuvugurura sitade amahoro bidahindutse izatangira mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2020 cyangwa 2021 iyi stade ikab izaba ifite ubushobozi bwo kwakira abantu barenga ibihumbi 45 bavuye kuri 25.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075135/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stade Amahoro ivuguruye ==
Iyi ni videwo igaragaza stade amahoro ivugurure  aho iyi stade ishobora kwakira abantu bagera 45,508 

kanda hano urebe videwo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Siporo i Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Imikino]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda stadium]]</text>
      <sha1>ft4pchtad61bjinmux5f18klm68yfaa</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>141619</id>
      <parentid>141614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ivugurura ry'ingingo ryakorewe kuri [[Stade Amahoro]] (Special:Diff/141616) ryimuriwe hano nyuma yo guhindura izina</comment>
      <origin>141619</origin>
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      <text bytes="12698" sha1="aj51mam5r4msadg58c3th6ttrpvmf4t" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;Amahoro National Stadium&lt;/div&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro
| abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''Stade Amahoro''&lt;br /&gt;''Amahoro National Stadium''
| image = [[File:Amahoro stadium Kigali.jpg|280px|alt=Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]
| caption = Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye (2026)
| headerstyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Aho iherereye
| data2 = [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label3 = Aho iri ku ikarita
| data3 = {{Coord|1|57|18.1|S|30|6|51.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| label4 = Nyirayo
| data4 = Leta y'u Rwanda
| header5 = Amateka
| label6 = Kubakwa
| data6 = 1984–1989
| label7 = Gufungurwa
| data7 = 1986
| label8 = Ivugururwa
| data8 = 2011–2016, 2022–2024
| label9 = Uwayubatse
| data9 = China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation ([[Ubushinwa]])
| label10 = Uwayivuguruye
| data10 = SUMMA ([[Turukiya]])
| label11 = Igiciro
| data11 = Miliyoni 21 z'amadolari (kubakwa)&lt;br /&gt;Miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (ivugururwa)
| header12 = Ibiyiranga
| label13 = Imyanya
| data13 = 45 508
| label14 = Ikibuga
| data14 = Ubwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'')
| label15 = Amakipe ayikiniraho
| data15 = [[Amavubi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[APR FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]]
}}
'''Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro''' (izwi cyane nka ''Stade Amahoro'') ni sitade y'imikino itandukanye iherereye i [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]] mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni yo sitade nini kurusha izindi mu gihugu: kuva imirimo yo kuyivugurura yarangira mu 2024, yakira abantu 45 508. Yakira imikino y'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] y'ikipe y'igihugu [[Amavubi]] n'iy'amakipe ya Kigali, imikino ngororamubiri, ibitaramo n'ibirori by'igihugu.

Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994, iyi sitade yari icyicaro cya [[MINUAR]] maze ihinduka ahantu harinzwe n'[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w'Abibumbye]], hahungiye abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari [[Abatutsi]].

== Aho iherereye ==
[[File:AMAHORO STADIUM.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro nijoro, imurikiwe n'amatara y'icyatsi (2026)]]
Sitade iri mu murenge wa [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], hafi ya [[BK Arena]] n'ibindi bikorwaremezo by'imikino, mu birometero bike mu burengerazuba bw'ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali. Ikibuga cyayo gikozwe mu bwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'') kandi kizengurutswe n'inzira yo kwirukiramo; ibyicaro byayo biri ku nzego ebyiri kandi byose birasakaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;stadiumdb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
=== Kubakwa ===
[[File:Main stadium Kigali - Flickr - Dave Proffer.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro igaragara hejuru y'amazu y'i Remera (2007)]]
Sitade yubatswe n'ikigo cyo mu [[Ubushinwa]] ''China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation'', itwaye miliyoni 21 z'amadolari y'Abanyamerika. Imirimo yatangiye muri Werurwe 1984 irangira muri Mutarama 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccecc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=卢旺达国家体育场项目|website=China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation|language=zh|url=http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=26&amp;id=122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093554/http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=26&amp;id=122|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbere yo kuvugururwa, yakiraga abantu bagera ku 25 000.&lt;ref name=&quot;africa24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africa24tv.com/rwanda-la-capacite-du-stade-amahoro-passe-de-25000-a-45000-places |title=Rwanda : la capacité du stade Amahoro passe de 25 000 à 45 000 places |website=Africa24 |language=fr |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Icyicaro cya MINUAR ===
[[File:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro mu 2003]]
Mu 1990 hadutse intambara hagati ya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] n'ingabo za Leta ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Yarangiye mu 1993 hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], yahaye FPR imyanya muri guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yaguye (BBTG) no mu ngabo z'igihugu, kandi ateganya ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |title=Ubuhamya bwa Perezida Kagame ku mpamvu FPR yagabye ibitero |website=IGIHE |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075635/https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izo ngabo, zitwaga [[MINUAR]], zari ziyobowe n'umujenerali w'Umunyakanada [[Roméo Dallaire]]. Icyicaro cyazo cya mbere cyari muri [[Hôtel des Mille Collines]], ariko iyo hoteli ntiyishimiraga kwakira abasirikare; nyuma y'iminsi mike yo gushakisha, MINUAR yahisemo Sitade Amahoro, yari nini bihagije ku buryo yakwakira batayo yose. Icyo cyicaro cyafunguwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1993, mu birori byitabiriwe na Dallaire na Perezida Habyarimana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuhungiro mu gihe cya Jenoside ===
Agahenge karangiye ku wa 6 Mata 1994 ubwo indege ya Perezida Habyarimana yahanurwaga akahasiga ubuzima; icyo gikorwa cyabaye imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], yatangiye mu masaha make yakurikiyeho. Guverinoma y'abatabazi n'abambari bayo batangiye kwica Abatutsi n'Abahutu batavugaga rumwe na bo, mu bitero byari byarateguwe mu gihugu hose. Abatutsi benshi bahungiye ku bigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, maze ibihumbi by'impunzi biteranira muri Sitade Amahoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075428/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&amp;L=1&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;news&amp;#93;=4073&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;controller&amp;#93;=News&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;action&amp;#93;=detail&amp;cHash=5a9bac2174dc2d1a6d23978a1a6f10bb |title=Amakuru |website=CNLG |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sitade yagizwe ahantu harinzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, ihungirwamo n'abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari Abatutsi, babayeho mu buzima bugoye.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/r/rwanda/rwanda944.pdf |title=Genocide in Rwanda: April–May 1994 |website=Human Rights Watch |date=1994 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ivugururwa ===
[[File:Stade National Amahoro, Kigali, Rwanda - des supporteurs congolais laissent éclater leur joie lors de la finale du CHAN qui opposait la RD Congo au Mali ce dimanche 8 février. (24866284806).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Abafana b'Abanyekongo ku mukino wa nyuma wa CHAN 2016]]
Ivugururwa rya mbere ryabaye mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2010 kugira ngo sitade yuzuze ibisabwa n'[[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] mbere y'irushanwa rya CHAN 2016 ryabereye mu Rwanda. Sitade Amahoro yakiriye umukino ufungura n'umukino wa nyuma w'iryo rushanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160117-chan-2016-rwanda-football-stade-amahoro |title=Le Rwanda joue plus que le football au CHAN 2016 |website=RFI |date=2016-01-17 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2020, Minisiteri ya Siporo iyobowe na [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]] yatangaje umushinga wo kuvugurura sitade no kongera ubushobozi bwayo, bukava ku myanya 25 000 bukarenga 45 000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |title=Imirimo yo kuvugurura Sitade Amahoro izatangira mu Kuboza 2020 |website=Imvaho Nshya |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075135/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imirimo yatangiye muri Kanama 2022, ihabwa ikigo cyo muri [[Turukiya]] SUMMA gifatanyije n'ibigo by'Abanyarwanda, ku giciro cya miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (hafi miliyari 160 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda). Umushinga warimo kandi inyubako y'imikino yo mu nzu izwi nka ''Petit Stade''.&lt;ref name=&quot;rha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rha.gov.rw/updates/news-details/rwanda-gets-an-ultra-modern-stadium-by-2024 |title=Rwanda gets an ultra-modern Stadium by 2024 |website=Rwanda Housing Authority |language=en |access-date=2024-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dar.com/news/details/a-story-of-resilience-dar-supports-the-renovation-of-amahoro-stadium |title=A story of resilience: Dar supports the renovation of Amahoro Stadium |website=Dar Group |date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Amahoro stadium in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Imbere muri sitade ivuguruye, nijoro (2024)]]
Hongerewe urwego rwa kabiri rw'ibyicaro, ibyicaro byose birasakarwa, hashyirwa ubwatsi buvanze kandi ibyumba by'imbere biravugururwa, bituma sitade yakira abantu 45 508.&lt;ref name=&quot;africa24&quot; /&gt; Muri Kamena 2024, [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|FERWAFA]], CAF na FIFA byemeje ko yujuje ibisabwa ngo yakire amarushanwa mpuzamahanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/06/15/refurbished-amahoro-stadium-gets-fifa-green-light-to-host-games/ |title=Refurbished Amahoro Stadium gets FIFA green light to host games |website=Africa Top Sports |date=2024-06-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tsa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://talksportsafrica.com/2024/06/14/rwandas-amahoro-stadium-cleared-to-host-international-matches/ |title=Rwanda's Amahoro Stadium cleared to host International matches |website=TalkSportsAfrica |date=2024-06-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umukino wa mbere wabereye muri sitade ivuguruye wahuje [[APR FC]] na [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] ku wa 15 Kamena 2024, mbere y'uko Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] ayitaha ku mugaragaro ku wa 1 Nyakanga 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ats&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
[[File:INTERNAL SETTINGS OF AMAHORO STADIUM IN RWANDA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Umukino wa APR FC na Rayon Sports muri sitade ivuguruye]]
Sitade Amahoro ni yo ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru, [[Amavubi]], ikiniraho imikino yayo yo mu rugo. Amakipe yo muri Kigali nka [[APR FC]], [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] na [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]] na yo ayikiniraho imikino ya shampiyona n'iy'amarushanwa nyafurika. Yakiriye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga nka CHAN 2016, ndetse n'imikino yo gushaka itike y'Igikombe cy'Afurika n'iy'Igikombe cy'Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/stadium/1987/Stade_Amahoro.html |title=Stade Amahoro |website=National-Football-Teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Kigali, Rwanda - Démarrage de la 12e édition du marathon international pour la paix de Kigali, le dimanche 22 mai 2016, au stade national Amahoro de Kigal.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Itangira rya ''Kigali International Peace Marathon'' kuri Sitade Amahoro (2016)]]
Uretse umupira w'amaguru, sitade yakira imikino ngororamubiri, ibirori by'igihugu, amateraniro y'amadini n'ibitaramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;stadiumdb&quot; /&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Sitade ya Kigali Pelé]]
* [[BK Arena]]
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Amavubi]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cYxIcfLEkc |title=Videwo igaragaza Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye |website=YouTube}}
* {{Commonscat|Amahoro Stadium}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |location=Kampala |publisher=Fountain Publishers |isbn=9789970020898 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amahoro}}
[[Ikiciro:Sitade]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda stadium]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo i Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Imikino]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urutare rwa Ngarama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141892</id>
      <parentid>132964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="2620" sha1="32s78d55p5v78ab0mfyprdjifcid801" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Urutare rwa ngarama.png|thumb|321x321px|Urutare rwa Ngarama&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/blog/urutare-rwa-ngarama.html&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:GatsiboMap.jpg|thumb|location of urutare rwa ngarama in gatsibo (gatsibo on map)]]
Urutare cyangwa se ibare rya Ngarama riherereye mu murenge wa Ngarama, [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Akarere ka Gatsibo]], mu ntara y’iburasirazuba. Mu birometero bikabakaba makumyabiri(20 Km) uvuye ahitwa mu byapa bya Ngarama ku muhanda [[Kigali]]-[[Akarere ka Nyagatare|Nyagatare]].

[[Dosiye:GatsiboDist.png|center|thumb|Aho urutare rwa ngarama ruherereye|274x274px]]

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Gatumwa.jpg|thumb|Urutare]]
Uru rutare rukabakaba hegitari eshatu, rubitse amateka cyane dore ko uhabona Ikirenge cy’[[Umwami]] [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]],iriba ry’imbwa ze ndetse n’ingoma iri mu rutare uhondaho ibuye bikavuga nk’ingoma. Bigaragaza koko ubwenge n’ubuhangange bw’uwo mwami nkuko bivugwa mu mateka&lt;ref&gt;http://rw.bangmedia.org/2012/04/amateka-y-rwa-ngarama.html#ixzz6xqYGJN6z&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyo uhagaze kuri urwo rutare uba witegeye udusozi twa Kimbugu,Kigasha,Kibare na Mpangare ya Gitinda, ndetse n’umusozi wa Gatsibo k’imitoma witiriwe [[Akarere ka Gatsibo]]. Mu mateka havugwa nkaho umwami [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]] yimikiwe avuye Karagwe kwa Karemera uwari umutware waho aho yari yarahungiye.

== Aho ruherereye ==
Uru rutare ruherereye mu ntara y'iburasirazuba, [[Akarere ka Gatsibo]], mu murenge wa Ngarama. Uru rutare rukaba ruherereye mu birometero makumyabiri (20) uvuye aho bita ku byaba bya Ngarama&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/blog/urutare-rwa-ngarama.html&lt;/ref&gt;.[[File:Urutare rwa Kamegeri Monument.jpg|thumb|Urutare rwa Kamegeri Monument]]

== Akamaro ku baturage ==
Bigaragara ko urutare rwa Ngarama,uretse kuba ingobyi y’amateka,n’ikiza nyaburanga  kuko usanga ingero zitandukanye ziba zahatembereye, kubera amahumbezi yaho, nubwiza bubereye ijisho.gikwiye kwitabwaho nkuko n’ahandi hose mu [[Rwanda]] hafite ubwiza nyaburanga hitabwaho. Nta gushidikanya ko biramutse byitaweho, harushaho kwitabwaho, ndetse hakabyazwa n'umusaruro&lt;ref&gt;http://rw.bangmedia.org/2012/04/amateka-y-rwa-ngarama.html#ixzz6xqYGJN6z&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reba kandi ==

# https://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/blog/urutare-rwa-ngarama.html
# http://rw.bangmedia.org/2012/04/amateka-y-rwa-ngarama.html#ixzz6xqYGJN6z
#https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6lK_Cd6Jhs
#https://web.facebook.com/igihe/posts/gatsibo-urutare-rwa-ngarama-ruriho-ibirenge-byumwami-ruganzu-mu-kwitabwahohttpww/41554307852102
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141622</id>
      <parentid>132966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3019" sha1="h4vd6wdiywuhtx92saat0rrnsayya57" xml:space="preserve">Uru ni urutonde rw'ibicumbi by'umurage ndangamuco mu [[Rwanda]] .

== Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu mujyi wa Kigali ==

* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]
* [[Dosiye:Richard Kandt museum.jpg|thumb|330x330px|inzu ndangamurage ya kandt]][[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt|Inzu Ndangamurage ya Kandt]]
* Inzu Ndangamurage y'u Rwanda
* Katedrali yitiriwe Mutagatifu Mikayeli
* [[Kiriziya y'umuryango mutagatifu|Kiliziya rya Sainte-Famille]]
* Urwibutso rwo kurwanya ruswa
* Urwibutso rw'ababiligi baharaniye amahoro
* Kiliziya Gatolika ya Regina Pacis
* Inzu Ndangamurage y'u Rwanda
* Niyo inzu yubuhanzi
* [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Nyamata|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]]
* Intare Conference Arena
* [[Gereza ya Gikondo]]
* Urwibutso rwa Gisimba
* [[Ibitaro byitiriwe umwami Faisal, Kigali|Ibitaro byitiriwe Umwami Fayisali Kigali]]
* Inzu Ndangamurage yo kurwanya Jenoside

== Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo ==
[[File:Monument of our lady Kabgayi.jpg|thumb|Monument of our lady Kabgayi]]

* Inzu Ndangamurage y'Umwami
* Inzu y'Ubugeni  n'ubuhanzi bw'igihugu
* Ikiraro cya Mwima
* Kiliziya Gatolika ya Kristu Umwami
* Inzu Ndangamurage ya Huye
* Ingoro ya [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]
* Cathedrale ya Bikira Mmariya w'ubwenge, Butare
* Cathedrale Basilika ya Bikira Mariya

== Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ==

* Urutare rwa Ndaba [https://web.archive.org/web/20201010042355/https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amwe-mu-mateka-y-urutare-rwa-ndaba.html]
* Inzu y'imbabazi za Yezu i Ruhango (Mu rugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe)
* [[Dosiye:Inyambo scripture img.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Inyambo scripture]]Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya w' Ikibeho
* Katedrali ya Byumba
* Katedrali Gatolika ya Butare

* Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rw'a Bisesero[[Dosiye:Nyanza-Mwami-Kings-Palace-Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Nyanza-Mwami-Kings-Palace-Rwanda]]

== Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba ==

* Utubindi twa Rubona  
* Urutare Rwa Ngarama  
* Ku kirenge cya Ruganzu 
* [[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntara]] 
* [[Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Nyamata|Urwibutso rwa Jenanocide rwa Nyamata]] 

== Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru ==

* Ku kirenge cya Ruganzu 

== Indangasoko ==
# [https://www.visitrwanda.com/interests/museums-and-art-galleries/ https://www.visitrwanda.com/inyungu/umuziki-kandi-art-galleries/]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195854/https://www.inspirock.com/cultural-activities-in-rwanda https://www.inspirock.com/umuco-ibikorwa-muri-rwanda]
# [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/190538 https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/isoma/190538]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20210615152317/https://www.visitrwandaguide.com/rwanda-safari/rwanda-cultural-attractions/ https://www.visitrwandaguide.com/rwanda-safari/rwanda-umuco-bikurura/]
# http://www.cyangugu.anglican.org/
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grace Divine Iradukunda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142031</id>
      <parentid>130801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:36:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2454" sha1="2xghdkw6wn0w7drd3xbxuv2g480lg7s" xml:space="preserve">{{merge|Iradukunda Grace Divine}}
[[Dosiye:DJ_Tactix-(Modern_DJ_Setup).jpg|thumb|199x199px|Iradukunda Grace Divine ni umwe mu abantu bacuranga umuziki bakunzwe mu Rwanda DJ Ira, uyu mukobwa afite ubuhanga bunyuranye ku mikorere nimikoreshereze y'abimwe mu ibikoresho by'umuziki nka Mexeur]]
Iradukunda Grace Divine wamamaye nka Dj Ira, umwe mu bakobwa bamaze kubaka izina mu mwuga wo kuvanga imiziki mu Rwanda. Izina rye rimaze kumenyekana cyane biturutse ku bitaramo bikomeye agenda agaragaramo birimo nka Primus Guma Guma Super Star, Miss Rwanda, ikiganiro cyo kuri televiziyo y’u Rwanda cyitwa The Jam n’ibindi birori bitandukanye.

'''Ababyeyi be bumvaga ibyo arimo ari nka filime''' 

DJ Ira avuga ko yakuze akunda kuvangavanga imziki, bikubitiraho no kuba mubyara we Dj Bisoso(uri mu DJ bakunzwe mu Rwanda) ari byo akora, amusaba kubimwigisha ariko arabyanga amusaba kubanza kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye.

N’ubwo ababyeyi be bumvaga ko atazabishobora, Dj Ira avuga ko yari yifitiye icyizere ko bitamunanira kuko ari ibintu yakunze kuva mu bwana bwe.

Dj Ira yageze mu Rwanda mu mpera za 2015 akajya yigira mu rugo mu gihe cy’amezi 2, ubundi atangira gucuranga mu bitaramo bitandukanye kugeza n’ubu ari ma bakobwa ba mbere bubashywe muri aka kazi. 
[[Dosiye:Emicida_Virada_Cultura-48_(36713278033).jpg|thumb|206x206px|Uyu mu Dj yamenyekanye cyane mu marushanwa atandukanye n'ibitaramo byinshi hano mu Rwanda twavuga Primus Guma guma super star.]]
'''Imbogamizi Dj Ira ahuranazo mukazi ke ka burimunsi'''...

N’ubwo Dj Ira amaze kubaka izina muri uyu mwuga utisukirwa n’umukobwa ubonetse wese, avuga ko zimwe mu mbogazi ahura nazo, ari uko hari abagabo bamubona bagatekereza ko ari indaya ndetse bamwe bagatangira kumwanjama bamutereta. 

'''DJ Ira umukobwa wifashije…''' 

Nta gihe kinini uyu mwana w’umukobwa amaze muri aka kazi ariko avuga ko kamwinjiriza amafaranga atari make atuma abasha kwibeshaho ndetse agafasha n’umuryango we yasize mu gihugu cy’u Burundi.

Avuga ko mu ashaka kuzaba umu-DJ ukomeye ku buryo agize amahirwe akabona kaminuza yigisha ibijyanye n’uyu mwuga ari yo yajyagamo. Kandi akajyira  inama abandi bakobwa ko bakwitinyuka iyi mirimo ikunzwe kwitirirwa ko ikora n’abagabo, gusa na none ngo bakwiye kujya mu bintu babanje kubitekerezaho neza, bategendeye k’uko babona abandi.

'''Hifashishijwe...'''

https://rushyashya.net/dj-ira-yavuze-ko-mu-kazi-ke-hari-abamwibeshyaho-bakamwitiranya-nindaya/</text>
      <sha1>2xghdkw6wn0w7drd3xbxuv2g480lg7s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intangiriro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142171</id>
      <parentid>141259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo ziherutse: guhuza urutonde n’igihe (lien de purge)</comment>
      <origin>142171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32457" sha1="52jrtiop6rk7baoyl04l8vaqfiuroh0" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Portail:Société|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Portail:Technologies|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: ({{CURRENTWEEK}} + 4) mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC&quot;&gt;✨ Ingingo ziherutse &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Intangiriro|action=purge}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#C99700;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;⟳ Vugurura&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ingingo-ziherutse&quot; style=&quot;max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;
{{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kwenga</title>
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    <id>9010</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>141963</origin>
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      <text bytes="3715" sha1="ivdc5tklkqqhkoxl72pbb6j1ywfhbrd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kwenga_umutobe.jpg|thumb|Kwenga umutobe]]

== Kwenga ==
kwenga ni umwe mu mirimo ikorerwa mu bice by'icyaro.Ni igikorwa cyahozeho mu  [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco]] w'abanyarwanda kuva kera benga inzoga

ndetse n' umutobe byo kwinywera&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-19 |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820103841/https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuntu ukora igikorwa cyo kwenga yitwa umwenzi. Akenshi na kenshi kwenga bikorwa ku musaruro w'insina ariwo twita ibitoki by'amoko atandukanye tuza gusanga muri iyi nkuru.

IBIKORESHO BIKENERWA MU KWENGA[[File:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]]
Mu gikorwa cyo kwenga hifashishwa ibikoresho bya ngombwa bikurikira

1.Umuvure:

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Umuvure.jpg|thumb|Umuvure]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ni igikoresho kiramvuwe mu giti cy'umusave cywangwa se umuvumu.Mu muvure niho batonorera ibitoki ndetse bikanengerwamo.Ntushoshobora kwenga bya kinyarwanda udakoresheje umuvure.

2.Ubutanda:

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Umuvure n inshinge.jpg|Umuvure_n_inshinge]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Ni igikoresho kiboshywe mu biti bicagaguwemo kandi bicumwe neza, bikaboheshwa imigozi mu buryo bw'inyabubiri cyangwa inyabutatu.Ubutanda butambikwa hejuru y'umuvure mu gihe bagiye gukamura cyangwa gutandukanya ibikatsi n'umutobe.

3.Ibibindi
[[Dosiye:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]]
Ni ibikoresho bibumbye mu ibumba, byifashishwa mu kudahirwamo umutobe iyo bamaze gukamura umutobe mu bikatsi.Ibibindi binifashishwa kandi mu kuvunura (guhogorora) inzoga iyo yahiye.Ibi bikoresho bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gihe bavoma amazi yo gukamira.


4.Amashinge (ishinge)

Ni ubwatsi bwabugenewe bwifashishwa mu gukandakanda ibitoki kugirango bitange umutobe.Amashinge azakoreshwa mu kwenga, arahirwa cyangwa se aracibwa, akanikwa ndetse byaba byiza akanozwa kugira ngo umutobe cyangwa inzoga izabe iryoshye kandi ifite isuku mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara zikomoka ku mwanda.

5.Urusyo

Urusyo ni ibuye ry'isarabwayi cyangwa se imonyi, ribajwe neza kuburyo ritagira uwo ryangiza ku mubiri mu gihe arimo kurikoresha.Urusyo rukoreshwa mu gusya amasaka yo kubetera inzoga mu gihe bashaka gukora inzoga y'ibitoki (URWAGWA).Iyo bategura urwagwa, bakaranga amasaka ku muriro yamara guhindura ibara ahindutse umukara, nibwo bakoresha urusyo hamwe n'ingasire. Amasaka yasewe (ifu y'amasaka ariko itanoze cyane) ivangwa n'umutobe, bakabishyira ahantu hashyuha cyane nko : kurusenge, intabo, mu gitariro n'ahandi. Nyuma y'iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu bitewe n'akarere, barahogorora (baravunura) maze abashoboye kunywa bakizihirwa.


== &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jw.org/rw/inyigisho-bibiliya/ibibazo/ese-kunywa-inzoga-ni-icyaha/&lt;/ref&gt; ==
[[File:Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure.jpg|thumb|Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure]] [[inzoga|AMOKO Y'IBITOKI BYENGWA]]

Kwenga [[inzoga]] bikorwa mu moko atandukanye y'ibitoki muri yo twavuga nka: Intuntu, kayinja, gisubi, kamaramasenge, poyo, gisukari n'andi. Ubu bwoko bw'ibitoki buhabwa amazina bitewe n'akarere abantu batuyemo.

AKAMARO KO KWENGA 

Kwenga bifite akamaro kanini cyane mu muco w'abanyarwanda.Abanyarwanda bagira bati&quot; Inzoga ni gahuza miryango.&quot; Abanyarwanda bagira umuco mwiza wo guhana inzoga, abageni n'inka.Iyo mihango yose ikorwa barimo gusoma ku kinyobwa gituruka mu kwenga.


Kwenga inzoga cyangwa umutobe ni bimwe mu bikorwa bitanga amafaranga nyuma yo kugurisha inzoga cyangwa umutobe.Ayo mafaranga avuyemo yifashishwa mu kwishyura amashuri y'abana, kubaka inzu nziza yo guturamo,  kugura isambu yo guhingamo, guhahira urugo n'ibindi.


== Rebara hano ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Zaria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141862</id>
      <parentid>114884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141862</origin>
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      <text bytes="275" sha1="f0d5a738j3hw6i8immkr3vnzmfsyv9l" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mosqué_de_Zaria.JPG|thumb|Umusigiti wa Zaria (Mosqué de Zaria)|315x315px]]
Umusigiti wa Zaria muri [[Nijeriya]] (izina mu [[Igifaransa|Gifaransa]]: ''Mosque de Zaria'') 


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9_de_Zaria.JPG&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141818</id>
      <parentid>122649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="6391" sha1="1o0arnjts9g1p7nchx3zkw0jkbxuwbi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:DR Jean Paul Ngarukiyimana.jpg|thumb|umushakashatsi w' umunyarwanda]]

=== Dr. Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA  ===
Umunyarwanda w’impuguke mu bumenyi bw’isi n’imitere y’ikirere (Geophysist) akaba 
[[File:Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA.jpg|thumb|Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMA Umuyobozi wa Nanjing Shengren Business Consultancy ]]
n’umushoramari mu gihugu cy’ubushinwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wcrp-climate.org/s2s-s2d-2018-posters/s2s-s2d-2018-list-posters&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanda cyane kubijyanye

n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere(climate change), &lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean-Paul-Ngarukiyimana&lt;/ref&gt; no kurengera ibidukikije; Yabaye ushinzwe

ibikorwa bya tekinike n’ubushakashatsi (Technical Director) mu kigo cya Jiangsu Hongyang

Quartz Products Co., Ltd kuva muri Mata, 2021; nyuma yo kuva mu kigo gitunganya iby’amabuye

y’agaciro cya Jiangsu Universe Jewelry Co., ltd. mu gihugu cy' [[Ubushinwa|bushinwa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180715/https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
==== Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA ====
yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] mu mwaka w’I 1989 akaba arinaho yize

amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye ndetse n’icyiro cya mbere cya kaminuza (Bachelor) . Nyuma yo

kurangiza Kaminuza 2012, mu ishami ry’ubugenge muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza y’ u Rwanda]] yahise ajya

gukomereza amasomo ye mu gihugu cy’[[ubushinwa]]. Kuva muwa 2012 yize ururimi rw’igishinwa

muri kaminuza ya [[Chonqing Normal University]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ncclcs.ncc-cma.net/Website/index.php?ChannelID=142&amp;NewsID=3241 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823195418/http://ncclcs.ncc-cma.net/Website/index.php?ChannelID=142&amp;NewsID=3241 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ahava ajya kwiga icyiciro cya kabiri cya

kaminuza mu mujyi wa Nanjing muri kaminuza ya [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Information_Science_and_Technology Nanjing University of Information Science and]

[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Information_Science_and_Technology Technology]  mu ishami ry’ubumenyi muby’ikirere (Master of science in meteorology).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180715/https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa ===
Mugihe yigaga ikicyiro cyakabiri cya kaminuza yabaye umwe mubanyeshuri bindashyikrwa &lt;ref&gt;https://www.wcrp-climate.org/s2s-s2d-2018-posters/s2s-s2d-2018-list-posters&lt;/ref&gt; ahabwa
 
n’inshingano zo kuyobora bagenzi be biga ibijyanye n’ubumenyi mu by’ikirere&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180715/https://news.nuist.edu.cn/2015/0330/c1150a82262/page.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amaze

kurangiza Icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza yakomereje muri Kaminuza ya [[University ofScience and Technology of China|University of]]

[[University ofScience and Technology of China|Science and Technology  China]] (USTC) imwe muri kaminuza za mbere zikomeye mu gihugu

cy’ubushinwa,&lt;ref&gt;https://en.ustc.edu.cn/&lt;/ref&gt; ahakura impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga (PhD) mu bumenyi bw’isi n’ikirere. Dr Jean

Paul yabaye umuyobozi wa USTC -African students Association (ASU) na USTC- Foreign Students

Association ubwo yigaga muri USTC Kuva muri Mata 2021.

=== Imirimo Akora ===
Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA

n’umuyobozi ushinzwe ibya tekinike n’ubushakashatsi mu kigo cya Jiangsu Hongyang Quartz M

Products Co., Ltd &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.quartzhy.com/index.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-27 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070439/http://www.quartzhy.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa Nanjing Shengren Business Consultancy

Company 

== Ibindi Bikorwa ==
Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA ni impuguke akaba n’umushakashatsi w’umwuga mubijyanye
[[File:Dr Jean Paul.jpg|thumb|Ishoramari mu Bushinwa ]]
n’ubumenyi bw’ikirere. Muri 2018 yatumiwe n’ikigo cy’abanyamerica gishinzwe kubika amakuru

y’ibipimo by’ikirere cyitwa [[NOAA National Climatic Data Center]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/&lt;/ref&gt; mu nama yiga ku

iteganyagihe ry’igihe gito &lt;ref&gt;https://www.wcrp-climate.org/s2s-s2d-2018-posters/s2s-s2d-2018-list-posters&lt;/ref&gt;. Usibye ubucuruzi bujyanye n’ibikomoka kumabuye y’agaciro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://liferokks.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-27 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827070436/https://liferokks.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr

Jean Paul yashinze ikigo gifasha abacuruzi babanyafurika kubona ibicuruzwa mu bushinwa cyitwa

Nanjing Shengren Business Consultancy Company&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://gsxt.gdgs.gov.cn/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-27 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302175049/http://gsxt.gdgs.gov.cn/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; akaba ari nawe muyobozi mukuru wacyo.

Yakoreye ibigo by’ubucuruzi mu gihugu cy’ubushinwa harimo Jiangsu Universe Jewerly Co., ltd

kuva muri Nzeri 2020 kugera Werurwe 2021 na Jiangsu Hongyang Quartz Products co., Ltd kuva

muri Mata 2021.

== Umuryango ==
Dr Jean Pual NGARUKIYIMANA yashakanye na Nadege Muhimpundu babyarana umwa umwe

w’umuhungu Nziza Liam Lior Tivon.

[[Dosiye:The_University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dr Jean Paul NGARUKIYIMANA afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga yakuye muri kaminuza yo mu bushinwa yigisha siyansi na tekinoloji  (University of Science and Technology of China)]]

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Izindimbuga wasura ==
https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1230737/overview

https://ustc.academia.edu/NGABOPAUL

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean-Paul-Ngarukiyimana

https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=author_see&amp;amp;id=12178#.YSTyL2nfZkw</text>
      <sha1>1o0arnjts9g1p7nchx3zkw0jkbxuwbi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa university of llorin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9030</id>
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      <id>141834</id>
      <parentid>78555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:13Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="446" sha1="7w9zeln35jbkhl776e805jpxqarvrla" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:University_of_Ilorin_Central_Mosque_(front_view)_02.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti izwi University of Ilorin Central Mosque igice cy'imbere]]
Umusigiti wa Kaminuza ya llorin(izina mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''University of llorin mosque'') mu igihugu cya [[Nijeriya]]
[[Dosiye:Mosque 5.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa Kaminuza ya Llorin]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Ilorin_Central_Mosque_(front_view)_02.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7w9zeln35jbkhl776e805jpxqarvrla</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Arafat Auchi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141798</id>
      <parentid>78247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:23Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="337" sha1="rmx8eols7faakmetfso4510a0ee63gu" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Arafat_Mosque_Auchi.jpg|thumb|Imiterere y'umusigiti wa Arafat  Auchi wo mu igihugu cya Nijeriya (Arafat Mosque Auchi)]]
Umusigiti wa Arafat Aushi (izina mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Arafat Auchi Mosque'') uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Nijeriya]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arafat_Mosque_Auchi.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rmx8eols7faakmetfso4510a0ee63gu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Albani Zaria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142032</id>
      <parentid>78255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:36:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="240" sha1="b22wtz7y4dy2tukwyupkhok6juvue18" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Albani_Zaria_Mosque_01.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Albani Zaria Mosque ]]
Umusigiti wa Albani Zaria (izina mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Albani Zaria mosque'') 


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albani_Zaria_Mosque_01.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b22wtz7y4dy2tukwyupkhok6juvue18</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Housa Muslims Praying</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141863</id>
      <parentid>115061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="319" sha1="ezqscufetx49vmt7l4sozf3p3ygcfpc" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Hausa_Muslims_praying_02.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Hausa Muslims praying|662x662px]]
Umusigiti wa Housa Muslims Praying (izina mu [[Icyongereza]]: Housa Muslims Praying mosque) uherereye muri [[Nijeriya]] 


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hausa_Muslims_praying_02.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ezqscufetx49vmt7l4sozf3p3ygcfpc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Oluwole Ogba Central Mosque</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141799</id>
      <parentid>78618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:26Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="322" sha1="nw63uuw3xjf0651fa29ryrg9arg0e6r" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Oluwole_Ogba_Central_Mosque.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Oluwole Ogba (Oluwole Ogba Central Mosque)]]
Umusigiti wa Oluwole Ogba (izina mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Oluwole Ogba Central Mosque'') uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Nijeriya]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oluwole_Ogba_Central_Mosque.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nw63uuw3xjf0651fa29ryrg9arg0e6r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa ToubabDialaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141893</id>
      <parentid>106056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:28:16Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="231" sha1="ftz90ynp5g9ag7u4ba9l3i8kt59cdij" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:ToubabDialaw-MOsquée.JPG|thumb|Imiterere y'Umusigiti wa ToubabDialaw (ToubabDialaw-MOsquée)]]
Umusigiti wa ToubabDialaw (izina mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''ToubabDialaw-MOsquée)'' uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Senegali|Senegali.]]</text>
      <sha1>ftz90ynp5g9ag7u4ba9l3i8kt59cdij</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Serigne Babacar Sy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141722</id>
      <parentid>115367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:19:39Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="468" sha1="2d9u6m5kc1vbi2to70182jgb65mvqla" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mosquée_Serigne_Babacar_Sy_2.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Serigne Babacar Sy (Mosquée Serigne Babacar Sy)|302x302px]]
[[Dosiye:Mosquée Serigne Babacar Sy.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa  ''Serigne  Babacar Sy'']]
Umusigiti wa Serigne Babacar Sy (izina mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Mosquee de Serigne Babacar Sy'') uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Senegali]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=senegal+mosque&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2d9u6m5kc1vbi2to70182jgb65mvqla</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Plage</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9079</id>
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      <id>142033</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:37:02Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="370" sha1="1qg8irx2b9cd2uzd3hrt9tbdkh1y2ah" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Plage_Mosquée.jpg|thumb|Ubwiza butatse umusigiti wa Plage (Plage Mosquée)]]
[[Dosiye:La mosquée de la Marsa Plage.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa  ''Plage'' ]]
Umusigiti wa Plage (izina mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Plage_Mosquée'') uri mu igihugu cya [[Senegali]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plage_Mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Langon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9089</id>
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      <id>141993</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:40Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="341" sha1="h0xfyo9hb9s19hg7ziqagaduxoosan2" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Langon_Mosquée.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Langon (Langon Mosquée)]]
[[Dosiye:Langon La Mosquée.JPG|thumb|umusigiti wa ''Langon'']]
Umusigiti wa Langon (izina mu [[igifaransa]]: ''mosquee de Langon'') uherereye mu igihugu cy'[[ubufaransa]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langon_Mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Verte massy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141800</id>
      <parentid>124558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:29Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="289" sha1="h6saekc8ehcqexbc7r7bpw95as6yj43" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Salle de prière, mosquée de Massy.jpg|thumb|Ubwiza bw'imbere bw'umusigiti wa verte massy]]
Umusigiti wa Verte Massy (izina mu [[igifaransa]]: Verte massy Mosquee) uherereye mu igihugu cy'[[ubufaransa]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MosqueeMassy2020.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Masjed Ngazija</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141894</id>
      <parentid>79035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:28:19Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="425" sha1="0e2bfwy9tqng1omqgo4fk3r4yo16kqq" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Masjed_Ngazija_mosque,_Dar_es_Salaam,_Tanzania_2017.jpg|thumb|Umusigiti wa Masjed Ngazija, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]]
Umusigiti wa Masjed Ngazija (izina mu [[icyongereza]]: ''Masjed Ngazija mosque'') uri mu mujyi wa [[Dar es Salaam]] mu igihugu cya [[Tanzaniya]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=tanzania+mosque&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;uselang=rw&amp;type=image&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Kenya colony</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9140</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:55Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="610" sha1="nkds9yuw8x2n1yjr0u889hc6qdtgc0l" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kenya_Colony._Nairobi._The_Indian_mosque_LOC_matpc.00373.jpg|thumb|Kenya Colony. Nairobi. The Indian mosque LOC matpc.00373]]
[[Dosiye:Kenya_Colony._Nairobi._MacMillan_Library_and_the_Indian_mosque_LOC_matpc.00372.jpg|thumb|Kenya Colony. Nairobi. MacMillan Library and the Indian mosque LOC matpc.00372]]
Umusigiti wa Kenya colony (izina mu [[icyongereza]]: ''Kenya colony, Nairobi, the indian Mosque'') uherereye mu mujyi wa [[Nairobi]] mu igihugu cya [[Kenya]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=kenya+mosque&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Umusigiti wa Bohra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9142</id>
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      <text bytes="477" sha1="28ni6wf7661xi1gb33j9tccjcopvck1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bohra_mosque.JPG|thumb|Bohra mosque|314x314px]]
[[Dosiye:Mosque in Burhanpur (Bohra) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa  ''Bohra'' ]]
Umusigiti wa Bohra (izina mu [[icyongereza]]: ''Bohra mosque'') uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Kenya]] mu mujyi wa [[Nairobi]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=kenya+mosque&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image&lt;/ref&gt;
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    <title>Umusigiti wa Mondhry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9148</id>
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      <text bytes="489" sha1="kbry96tqy95dti80eeibsj14lbygqf1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mandhry_mosque_(Mombasa)_01.JPG|thumb|Umusigiti wa Mandhry (Mandhry mosque (Mombasa)]]
[[Dosiye:Mandhry_mosque_(Mombasa)_02.JPG|thumb|Mandhry mosque (Mombasa) 02]]
[[Dosiye:PSM V68 D163 A street in mombasa.png|thumb|umusigiti wa  ''Mandhry'' ]]
Umusigiti wa Mandhry (izina mu [[icyongereza]]: ''Mandhry mosque'') uri mu igihugu cya [[Kenya]] mu mujyi wa [[Mombasa]]


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  <page>
    <title>Umusigiti wa Takwa Ruins</title>
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[[Dosiye:TakwaBuilding.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa ''Takwa'' ]]
Umusigiti wa Takwa Ruins (izina mu [[icyongereza]]: ''Takwa Ruins mosque'') uherereye mu igihugu cya [[Kenya]]


&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Takwa_Ruins_Mosque_2011.JPG&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Cook Off (2017 film)</title>
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'''''Cook Off''''' ni filime yo gusetsa y'urukundo yo muri [[Zimbabwe]] yasohotse muri 2017 yanditswe kandi iyoborwa na Tomas Brickhill &lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cook-off&lt;/ref&gt;.  film ikinamo Tendaiishe Chitima, Fungai Majaya na Tehn Diamond&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/31/cook-off-the-no-budget-romcom-that-became-the-first-zimbabwean-film-on-netflix&lt;/ref&gt; .  Gutunganya iyi filime byahoraga byibasirwa no kunanirwa kw'amashanyarazi, imbogamizi z’ingengo y’imari, imyigaragambyo yo kurwanya leta n’imvururu zadutse mu cyiciro cya nyuma cya Perezidansi ya Robert Mugabe&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52983564&lt;/ref&gt; . Yabaye filime ya mbere yasohotse muri Zimbabwe nyuma ya Mugabe yamaze imyaka igera kuri 40&lt;ref&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cook-off&lt;/ref&gt;.  Iyi filime kandi yabaye filime ya mbere ya Zimbabwe yerekanwe kuri Netflix.   Yitabiriwe n’itangazamakuru mpuzamahanga kuva yashyirwa ku rubuga rwa Netflix muri Kamena 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thetimesofafrica.com/8000-romcom-made-it-to-netflix-zimbabwes-cook-off/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111083256/https://thetimesofafrica.com/8000-romcom-made-it-to-netflix-zimbabwes-cook-off/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Ni filime ya kabiri ya Zimbabwe yitabiriwe n’amahanga nyuma ya ''Neria''&lt;ref&gt;https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/netflix-cookoff-an-authentically-zimbabwean-film/&lt;/ref&gt; .  Iyi filime irashimwa nka imwe muri filime nziza kurusha izindi zose muri Sinema ya Zimbabwe nyuma ya ''Neria'' na yellow Card kandi yafunguwe ku buryo bwiza cyane bwatanzwe n'Abanyazimbabwe&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africavivre.com/zimbabwe/a-voir/films/cook-off-conte-zimbabween-a-8000.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi filime izwiho gusenya imyumvire y’inganda za firime zo muri Zimbabwe zari zamugaye kubera ibibazo by’ubukungu ndetse na hyperinflation muri iki gihugu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://summary.org/netflix-zimbabwe-cook-off-comedy/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111081745/https://summary.org/netflix-zimbabwe-cook-off-comedy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Inyandiko ==
Iyo umubyeyi urera abana wenyine Anesu (Tendaiishe Chitima) yinjiye rwihishwa mu marushanwa yo guteka kuri tereviziyo n’umuhungu we, agomba gutsinda ibyo nyina atemera ndetse no guhangana n’abatetsi babigize umwuga.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanvibes.com/cook-off-lifts-zimbabwe-film-industry-onto-the-global-stage-2/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* Tendaiishe Chitima nka Anesu
* Fungai Majaya nka Milly Ann
* Tehn Diamond nkumuganwa
* Tomas Brickhill nka JJ
* Jesese Mungoshi nka nyirakuru wa Anesu
* Shingai Shoniwa (isura yaje)
* Sylent Nqo

== Gutanga ibihembo ==
Filime yakiriye ibihembo bike yanatoranijwe mubirori bya firime&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newsday.co.zw/2020/05/cook-off-set-for-netflix/&lt;/ref&gt;. Yatwaye ibihembo bine byose mu birori bya firime, harimo bibiri buri kimwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cambria 2020&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chronicle.co.zw/cook-off-to-show-on-zbctv/&lt;/ref&gt;. na [[Zimbabwe]] International Film Festival.   Iyi filime kandi yahawe ibihembo bibiri by’ubuhanzi byatanzwe n’inama y’ubuhanzi ya Zimbabwe muri 2019&lt;ref&gt;https://www.senscritique.com/film/Cook_Off/42318750&lt;/ref&gt;.

== references ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A United Kingdom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141895</id>
      <parentid>126006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:28:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3108" sha1="t113tbgckl796siwot3ndspsiqtai7a" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Amma_Asante_at_MIFF.jpg|thumb|right|Amma Asante wayoboye iyi filimi.|314x314px]]
'''''A United Kingdom''''' Ni filimi yu rukundo  yasohotse muri 2016 muri [[Botswana]] iyoborwa na Amma Asante yanditswe na Guy Hibbert&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_united_kingdom&lt;/ref&gt;, Ishingiye ku urugo nyakuri, ubuzima hagati ya Seretse Khama&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-united-kingdom-2017&lt;/ref&gt;, kuragwa ubutegetsi kwa Bechuanaland (yari perezida wa [[Botswana]])&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/27/a-united-kingdom-review-love-story-amma-asante-david-oyelowo-rosamund-pike&lt;/ref&gt;,  n'umugore we Ruth Williams Khama.  David Oyelowo na Rosamund Pike bagaragaza Seretse na Ruth&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/09/a-united-kingdom-review-rosamund-pike-david-oyelowo-toronto&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga ryabereye muri  Toronto mu 2016&lt;ref&gt;https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=237771.html&lt;/ref&gt;,  kandi ni yo filime yatangiye Iserukiramuco rya sinema rya 60 rya London.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.npr.org/2017/02/24/517029375/david-oyelowo-on-the-real-united-kingdom-marriage-and-its-diplomatic-fallout&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* David Oyelowo nka Sir Seretse Khama
* Rosamund Pike nka Ruth Williams Khama
* Terry Pheto nka Naledi Khama, murumuna wa Seretse
* Vusi Kunene nka Tshekedi Khama, nyirarume wa Seretse, akaba Regent y'Ubwami bwa Bangwato
* Abena Ayivor nka Ella Khama, muka Tshekedi na nyirasenge wa Seretse
* Anton Lesser nka Clement Attlee, Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubwongereza
* Jack Davenport nka Alistair Canning, uhagarariye guverinoma y'Ubwongereza muri Afurika y'Epfo
* Jack Lowden nka Tony Benn
* Nicholas Rowe nka Fenner Brockway
* Tom Felton nka Rufus Lancaster
* Charlotte Byiringiro nka Olivia Lancaster
* Nicholas Lyndhurst nka George Williams, se wa Ruti
* Anastasia Hille nka Dot Williams, nyina wa Rusi
* Laura Carmichael nka Muriel Williams-Sanderson, mushiki wa Ruti
* Jessica Oyelowo nka Lady Lilly Canning

== uko yakozwe ==
Pike yinjiye mu bakinnyi muri Gicurasi 2015, Asante yinjira nyuma gato&lt;ref&gt;https://www.intofilm.org/news-and-views/articles/a-united-kingdom-feature&lt;/ref&gt;.  Muri Nzeri 2015, Asante yatangaje ko gufata amashusho bizagabanywa hagati ya [[Botswana]] na London&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/937c7a78-b23a-11e6-9c37-5787335499a0&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi ko bizatangira mu Kwakira mu rwego rwo kwitegura irekurwa rya filimi muri 2016 rihurirana n’imyaka 50 y'ubwigenge muri [[Botswana]]&lt;ref&gt;https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/a-united-kingdom-review-1201856430/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mu Kwakira 2015, Jack Davenport na Tom Felton bifatanije n'aba bakinnyi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfilm/films/a-united-kingdom/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mu Gushyingo 2015, amashusho amwe yabereye hafi ya Hyde Park / Kensington Gardens harimo na Imperial College Union&lt;ref&gt;http://www.simonbowles.com/auk&lt;/ref&gt; . Umukinnyi wa sinema yari Sam McCurdy naho umuyobozi wa filimi  yari Simon Bowles&lt;ref&gt;https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/movie-reviews/united-kingdom-a&lt;/ref&gt; 

== references.  ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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    <title>The Gods Must Be Crazy</title>
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[[Dosiye:Bushmen_drinkingwater.jpg|thumb|right|Umukinnyi wamenyekanye nka Sagatwa.]]
'''''The Gods must be Crazy''''' ni film yo gusetsa yo mu  mwaka 1980 yanditswe, inakozwe, Itunganywa kandi iyobowe na Jamie Uys&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/28/movies/the-gods-must-be-crazy-a-truly-international-hit.html&lt;/ref&gt; . ubufatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]] na [[Botswana]], ni film yambere muri '''The Gods must be Crazy''' series &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/arts/film-view-is-the-gods-must-be-crazy-only-a-comedy.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

Iyi filime yashyizwe muri Afurika y’Epfo, ikinamo umuhinzi wo muri [[Namibiya]] San Nǃxau ǂToma nka Xi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/id/movies/the-gods-must-be-crazy/1260058358 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111141128/https://www.hotstar.com/id/movies/the-gods-must-be-crazy/1260058358 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, umuhigi-uhiga mu butayu bwa [[Kalahari]] umuryango we wavumbuye icupa ry'ikirahure ryamanutse mu ndege, kandi bizera ko ari impano yatanzwe n'imana zabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/40901/African-comedy-%E2%80%9CThe-Gods-Must-Be-Crazy%E2%80%9D-to-screen-at&lt;/ref&gt;. Igihe Xi yiyemeje gusubiza icupa ku mana, urugendo rwe ruba ruhujwe n’umuhanga mu binyabuzima (wakinnye nka Marius Weyers)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/gods-must-be-crazy-0 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111142631/https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/gods-must-be-crazy-0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, Umwarimu w’ishuri ry’umudugudu mushya (Sandra Prinsloo), hamwe n’itsinda ry’iterabwoba&lt;ref&gt;https://www.classiccinemas.com.au/movies/saffa19-the-gods-must-be-crazy&lt;/ref&gt; .

''The Gods must be Crazy'' yarekuwe na Ster-Kinekor muri Afurika y’Epfo, aho yakoze amateka yinjiza amafaranga menshi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Gods-Must-Be-Crazy&lt;/ref&gt;, ikaba yarasohoye amafaranga menshi mumateka yinganda za firime za Afurika y’Epfo &lt;ref&gt;https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1163167233/weekend/&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi filime yagenze neza mu bucuruzi no mu bindi bihugu, harimo na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cram.com/essay/Symbolism-In-The-Gods-Must-Be-Crazy/PKV5BMH9J5XW&lt;/ref&gt;, aho yatanzwe na 20 Century Fox, aho ibiganiro [[Ikinyafurikansi|by’umwimerere bya Afrikaans]] yashyizwe mu cyongereza&lt;ref&gt;https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/the-gods-must-be-crazy.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Nubwo byagenze neza, iyi filime yakunze kunengwa kwerekana ubwoko kandi bigaragara ko atazi ivangura muri Afurika yepfo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/11/02/the-gods-must-be-crazy/07fb5c2e-8f81-4aba-90bd-e36e47d3438f/&lt;/ref&gt;. Film yakurikiwe ni ikindi gice ''The Gods must be Crazy'' part II  yashyizwe ahagaragara Columbia Pictures mu 1989.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08949460600598711&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gufata Amashusho ==
''The Gods Must Be Crazy yafatiwe amashusho'' i Tsumkwe, muri Namibiya,  ndetse no muri Botswana. &lt;ref&gt;https://moviesanywhere.com/movie/the-gods-must-be-crazy&lt;/ref&gt;Nk’uko Uys abitangaza ngo N! Xau yasubizwaga mu rugo rwe mu butayu bwa Kalahari buri byumweru bitatu cyangwa bine kugira ngo atababazwa n’umuco&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/entertainment/movies/article/3065554/vault-gods-must-be-crazy-full-laughs-and-life&lt;/ref&gt; .  Mu gihe mu mijyi, N! Xau yize kunywa inzoga n'itabi. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.fnac.com/mp3063455/The-Gods-Must-Be-Crazy-Gods-Must-Be-Crazy-2&lt;/ref&gt; Uys yavuze ko yishyuye N! Xau $ 300 mu minsi 10 ya mbere yakoraga, ariko ko amafaranga bivugwa ko yatwawe n'umuyaga&lt;ref&gt;https://mercycollegefilmandculture.com/2019/02/01/thematic-elements-and-tone-in-the-gods-must-be-crazy-and-dust-devil/&lt;/ref&gt;.  N! Xau yahise yishyurwa n'inka 12. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-gods-must-be-crazy/tv-listings/2030277302/&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1985, Uys yavuze ko yohereje N! Xau $ 100 buri kwezi kuva yafata amashusho, N! Xau yakoresheje mu iduka ry’ubucuruzi ku bilometero 60 uvuye aho yahigaga&lt;ref&gt;https://scienceonscreen.org/films/the-gods-must-be-crazy&lt;/ref&gt;; Uys yavuze kandi ko hashyizweho konti y’amadolari 20.000 y’izina rya N! Xau.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/8639&lt;/ref&gt;   

== Controversies ==
''The Gods Must Be Crazy'' yakunze kunengwa kubera ko bigaragara ko ikomeje imyumvire ishingiye ku moko n'ivangura n'ivangura muri Afurika y'Epfo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/sagatwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111141129/https://igihe.com/sagatwa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Muri [[Amerika]], ngo iyi filime yatowe n’inama y’[[igihugu]] y’abavoka b’abirabura n’indi mitwe irwanya ivanguramoko ubwo yerekanaga mu nzu ya Street ya 68 mu mujyi wa New York. &lt;ref&gt;https://ukwezi.rw/Imyidagaduro/article/Ibitangaje-wamenya-kuri-N%C7%83xau-%C7%82Toma-Sagatwa-wishwe-n-igituntu&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Afurika y’Epfo]]</text>
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    <title>Fundi-Mentals</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3974" sha1="gh2lyh945vx9outyrshhyebdembw34y" xml:space="preserve">'''''fundi-Mentals''''' ni urwenya rwo [[Kenya|muri Kenya rwo muri]] 2015 rwayobowe na Alexandros Konstantaras&lt;ref&gt;https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/the-standard/2000127816/fundi-mentals-another-sex-comedy&lt;/ref&gt;, nawe wari inyuma ''y'inzu ya Lungula'' yagaragayemo umucamanza Ian Mbugua, iyi comedi yamaze gutorwa muri Afurika Magic Viewer Choice Awards y'uyu mwaka mu bakinnyi beza muri comedi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.showmax.com/eng/movie/v15rs3sz-fundimentals&lt;/ref&gt; . Muri filime hagaragaramo Charlie Karumi, Gerald Langiri na Lizz Njagah &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hashreview.com/Fundi-Mentals/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151323/https://hashreview.com/Fundi-Mentals/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:Flag of Kenya.svg|thumb|Flag of Kenya ]]

== Umugambi ==
Igitekerezo cya Fundi-mentals kizenguruka mubuzima bwa Fundis ebyiri (intoki),&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151328/https://hyperleap.com/topic/Fundi-Mentals&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph (Gerald Langiri) numufasha we Moses (Charlie Karumi) bakunda kwibwira ko ari Fundis nziza mumitungo ya Kinoo nubwo uburyo bwabo budasanzwe bwo gutunganya ibintu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mpasho.co.ke/lifestyle/2015-01-28-the-sex-scenes-on-fundi-mentals-will-definitely-crack-you-up-review/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151322/https://mpasho.co.ke/lifestyle/2015-01-28-the-sex-scenes-on-fundi-mentals-will-definitely-crack-you-up-review/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ariko iyinjira rya sosiyete nshya ya Multinational Service Company mumujyi itera ibi byose mukaga&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/find-out-more-about-the-fundi-mentals/&lt;/ref&gt;. Kugira ngo birinde gusohoka mu bucuruzi, bamenyesha abakiriya babo b'abakobwa ubwoko bushya bwa serivisi ya Ex-press hamwe n'ingaruka zishimishije&lt;ref&gt;https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/sexual-comedy-set-to-be-released-at-imax&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:A_giraffe_the_tallest_animal_in_Kenya_at_Nairobi_National_Park_with_a_background_of_Britam_Tower_the_tallest_building_in_Kenya.jpg|thumb|A giraffe the tallest animal in Kenya at Nairobi National Park ]]

== Abakinnyi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Umukinnyi
! Imiterere
|-
| Lizz Njagah 
|
|-
|Gerald Langiri &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
| Yozefu
|-
| Charlie Karumi &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
| Mose
|-
| Ruth Maingi &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Firenze Nduta &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Kalekye Mumo &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Milkah Ndegwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Naomi Ng'ang'a &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Ainea Ojiambo &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Veronica Waceke &lt;ref name=&quot;Fundi-Mentals&quot; /&gt;
|
|}

== Kurekura no kwakirwa ==
''Fundi-Mentals'' yarekuwe ku ya 12 Gashyantare 2015, i [[Nairobi]]. Yapimwe basanga igombwa kurebwa nabantu barengeje imyaka 18+ kandi mugihe cyo gusohora abayitabiriye bari bakuru gusa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.medrine.co.ke/tag/fundi-mentals/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151319/https://www.medrine.co.ke/tag/fundi-mentals/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Isubiramo kuri Kenya Buzz Wangechi Maina yaranditse ati: &quot; ''Witege ko uzabona Fundi-Mentals'' bashize amanga babiganiraho [igitsina] muburyo uvuga ku mibonano mpuzabitsina na bagenzi bawe, nta kintu kibujijwe. Ibi bituma ''Fundi-Mentals'' bifitanye isano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghafla.com/the-crazy-trailer-of-fundi-mentals-is-out-parental-advisory-explicit-content/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151318/http://www.ghafla.com/the-crazy-trailer-of-fundi-mentals-is-out-parental-advisory-explicit-content/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; 

== references ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Constant Gardener (film)</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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'''''The Constant Gardener''''' ni filim iri ituruka muri England and German yasohotse muri 2005 iyoborwa na  Fernando Meirelles &lt;ref&gt;https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=56739.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Amashusho yakozwe na Jeffrey Caine ashingiye ku gitabo cya John le Carré cyo mu 2001 cyitwa The Constant Gardener &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-constant-gardener-2005&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi nkuru ikurikira Justin Quayle (Ralph Fiennes), umudipolomate w’[[Ubwongereza]] muri Kenya&lt;ref&gt;https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/9969/the-constant-gardener&lt;/ref&gt;, ubwo yageragezaga gukemura ikibazo cy’iyicwa ry’umugore we Tessa (Rachel Weisz), uharanira Amnesty, asimburana n’ibintu byinshi byerekana amateka y’urukundo rwabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/9969/the-constant-gardener&lt;/ref&gt;.

Iyi filime yafatiwe amashusho ahitwa Loiyangalani no mucyaro cya Kibera, igice cya [[Nairobi]], muri [[Kenya]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2005/nov/11/3&lt;/ref&gt; . Ibintu muri kariya gace byagize ingaruka ku bakinnyi ndetse no ku bakozi ku buryo bashizeho Constant Gardener Trust kugira ngo batange uburezi bw'ibanze kuri iyo midugudu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2005/nov/11/3&lt;/ref&gt;. Uyu mugambi washingiye ku buryo budasobanutse ku rubanza rwabayeho i Kano, muri Nijeriya&lt;ref&gt;https://www.focusfeatures.com/the_constant_gardener&lt;/ref&gt; . Impapuro za DVD zasohotse muri [[Amerika]] ku ya 1 Mutarama 2006 no mu Bwongereza ku ya 13 Werurwe 2006&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Constant-Gardener-film-by-Meirelles&lt;/ref&gt;. Ubwitonzi bwa Justin ariko bwitondewe kubihingwa bye ninsanganyamatsiko yagarukaga, aho ishusho ya firime yakomotse&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dramatica.com/articles/the-constant-gardener |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111152505/https://dramatica.com/articles/the-constant-gardener |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hubert Koundé, Danny Huston, Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, na Donald Sumpter bakoranye&lt;ref&gt;http://www.filmeducation.org/pdf/film/Constant%20Gardener.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi filime yagenze neza kandi yinjiza amafaranga menshi kandi yegukana ibihembo bine bya Oscar, yegukana umukinnyi wa filime witwaye neza muri Rachel Weisz&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.legendarytrips.com/trip/the-constant-gardener-filming-locations-kenya/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111152505/https://www.legendarytrips.com/trip/the-constant-gardener-filming-locations-kenya/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakinnyi ==
 {{div col}}
* [[Ralph Fiennes]] as Justin Quayle
* [[Rachel Weisz]] as Tessa Abbott-Quayle 
* [[Danny Huston]] as Sandy Woodrow
* [[Hubert Koundé]] as Arnold Bluhm
* [[Archie Panjabi]] as Ghita Pearson
* [[Bill Nighy]] as Sir Bernard Pellegrin
* [[Gerard McSorley]] as Sir Kenneth Curtis
* [[Pete Postlethwaite]] as Lorbeer
* [[Donald Sumpter]] as Tim Donohue
* [[Richard McCabe]] as Arthur Hammond
* [[Juliet Aubrey]] as Gloria Woodrow
* [[Nick Reding (actor)|Nick Reding]] as Crick
* [[Christopher Okinda]] as Doctor

== refrences ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Intellectual Scum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141952</id>
      <parentid>134820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141952</origin>
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      <text bytes="3813" sha1="jdtv1jrsqngu3zldt38040exjl19h1w" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Njue at the private screening of Intellectual Scum.JPG|thumb|Njue ku munsi wo kwerekana Intellectual Scum]]
'''''Intellectual Scum''''' ni film ngufi yo muri [[Kenya]] yasohotse 2015 iyobowe na Njue Kevin&lt;ref&gt;https://www.potentash.com/2015/04/04/intellectual-scum-a-movie-review/&lt;/ref&gt; . Yakozwe na Rocque Pictures, iyi filime ni uguhuza ingingo itavugwaho rumwe 'Wowe Umunebwe (Umunyabwenge) wo muri [[Afurika]]!' &lt;ref&gt;https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/art-culture/the-brutal-honesty-in-the-short-film-intellectual-scum-465944?view=htmlamp&lt;/ref&gt; yakozwe na  Field Ruwe, umunyamerika ukora umwuga wo gutangaza amakuru muri Zambiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PastEditions/2016/Film/Short%20Films/INTELLECTUAL%20SCUM |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155317/http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PastEditions/2016/Film/Short%20Films/INTELLECTUAL%20SCUM |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umugambi ==
Mu ndege y'ubucuruzi, umunyabwenge w'umunyafurika (Field Ruwe), yicaye iruhande rw'umuzungu (Walter)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://yamm.finance/wiki/Intellectual_Scum.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111160812/http://yamm.finance/wiki/Intellectual_Scum.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu kiganiro cyabo, kikaba ari ubugome bukabije, inyangamugayo ndetse na bamwe mu bavangura amoko, Walter ashinja 'Abanyabwenge' kuba afurika iri aho iri ubu&lt;ref&gt;https://nairobifashionhub.co.ke/intellectual-scum-official-hd-trailer/&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://amakula.org/film/intellectual-scum-kenya/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020173121/https://amakula.org/film/intellectual-scum-kenya/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Abakinnyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-entertainment-sc-movies-byo-113716.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155315/https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-entertainment-sc-movies-byo-113716.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Jason Corder nka Walter
* Patrick Oketch nka Field Ruwe
* Kevin Samuel nkuwasesenguye
* Mkamzee Mwatela nkuyobora
* Edward Kagure nkumujura
* Niki Behr nkumukozi windege

== Uko yakozwe ==
Amafoto yibanze kuri firime yatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2015 arangira ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2015. Urukurikirane rw'indege kuri firime rwafatiwe ,amashusho ku ndege nyirizina ku kibuga cy'indege cya Wilson bitandukanye no gukora sound stage &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.varcity.co.ke/the-controversial-intellectual-scum-movie-private-screening-glitz-glamour-and-inspiration/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2017-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621055201/http://www.varcity.co.ke/the-controversial-intellectual-scum-movie-private-screening-glitz-glamour-and-inspiration/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Uyu muyobozi, Njue Kevin, kuri iki cyemezo yagize ati: &quot;Twari gukoresha inshuro ebyiri ingengo y’imari itari ku kibuga cy’indege nyirizina. Iyo ku ngengo y'imari idahwitse, ugomba gukora ibyo ugomba gukora&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kenyanmusik.co.ke/blog/intellectual-scum-this-films-15-minutes-aboard-a-plane-will-be-the-best-you-ever-had/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111160814/https://kenyanmusik.co.ke/blog/intellectual-scum-this-films-15-minutes-aboard-a-plane-will-be-the-best-you-ever-had/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. &quot;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>jdtv1jrsqngu3zldt38040exjl19h1w</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rafiki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142043</id>
      <parentid>124166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:38:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2349" sha1="ql14o3qbcqqxeuizss6vus6f2dbmcck" xml:space="preserve">'''''Rafiki''''' (drama film yo muri [[Kenya]] iyoborwa na  Wanuri Kahiu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/rafiki-2019&lt;/ref&gt; .  ''Rafiki'' ninkuru y'urukundo rukura hagati y'abakobwa 2 bakiri bato, Kena na Ziki, hagati y'umuryango n’igitutu cya politiki gikikije uburenganzira bwa LGBT muri Kenya&lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/films/rafiki-2018&lt;/ref&gt; . Iyi filime yagaragaye bwa mbere mpuzamahanga mu gice cya ''Un Certain Regard'' mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes 2018.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.highonfilms.com/rafiki-2018-review/&lt;/ref&gt;   niyo filime ya mbere yo muri [[Kenya]] yerekanwe muri ibyo birori&lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmmovement.com/rafiki&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Umugambi ==
Kena afasha se John Mwaura kuyobora iduka rito ryorohereza i [[Nairobi]] mugihe yiyamamariza amatora yaho&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/may/09/rafiki-review-sweet-lesbian-romance-aims-to-change-kenyan-hearts-and-minds-cannes&lt;/ref&gt;. Kena abana na nyina, utari mubyukuri kuvugana na John. Kena atangira gukundana na Ziki, umukobwa wabaturanyi ufite umusatsi wamabara, nawe wabaye umukobwa wa Peter Okemi, mukeba wa John muri politike&lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmelier.com/film/14052/rafiki&lt;/ref&gt;. Kena na Ziki bafite gahunda  nyinshi z'urukundo, kandi bahita begera cyane&lt;ref&gt;https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/rafiki-review-1202805489/&lt;/ref&gt;, ariko hariho amakimbirane yo kwerekana urukundo rwabo kumugaragaro kuko abaryamana bahuje ibitsina bitemewe muri Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wanurikahiu.com/rafiki |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162430/http://www.wanurikahiu.com/rafiki |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Kwakira ==
Kuri Metacritic film ifite amanota 68 ku 100 ishingiye kubisubizo byatanzwe nabanenga 17, byerekana &quot;muri rusange ibitekerezo byiza&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-lgbt-film-trfn-idUSKBN22B260&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibihembo ==
Mugatsia yatsindiye igihembo cy'umukinnyi witwaye neza muri FESPACO ya 2019 i [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]] kubera kwerekana Kena&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/movies/rafiki-review.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Kenya]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>To Walk with Lions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9285</id>
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      <id>142004</id>
      <parentid>125132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3026" sha1="av8pzn0og81ijridzqlzcjxflpt9270" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Lascar VIDEO - Walk with the lions (4546884549).jpg|thumb]]
'''''To Walk with Lions''''' ni film yo mu 1999 iyobowe na Carl Schultz ikinwamo na Richard Harris nka George Adamson na John Michie nka Tony Fitzjohn &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_walk_with_lions&lt;/ref&gt;. Bikurikiranye imyaka yakurikiyeho Ntare wunganira Adamson&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvguide.com/movies/to-walk-with-lions/cast/2030060527/&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma yo gushyingiranwa na Joy Adamson wa ''Born Free'' fame, Adamson yamaze igice cya nyuma cyubuzima bwe arinda intare n’ibindi binyabuzima muri Kora National Reserve, [[Kenya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://secondsightfilms.co.uk/products/to-walk-with-lions-dvd |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112041526/https://secondsightfilms.co.uk/products/to-walk-with-lions-dvd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ahura na ba rushimusi na ruswa ya leta imubuza gushaka kubungabunga inyamaswa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/To-Walk-With-Lions/0K65C4TU3C4P9BOZW496707A4E |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112041520/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/To-Walk-With-Lions/0K65C4TU3C4P9BOZW496707A4E |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umugambi ==
Tony Fitzjohn (John Michie) aje gukora kuri Kora, kubungabunga intare, kubavandimwe babiri bageze mu zabukuru, George na Terence Adamson (Ian Bannen)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://wildlifenow.com/to-walk-with-lions-trailer/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112084615/https://wildlifenow.com/to-walk-with-lions-trailer/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku munsi we wa mbere, Fitzjohn yirengagije inama za George zo kutiruka kandi hafi yarakubiswe&lt;ref&gt;https://www.timeout.com/movies/to-walk-with-lions&lt;/ref&gt;. Kumenyeshwa ubu nuburyo umuntu wa nyuma wujuje umwanya we yapfuye&lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/films/to-walk-with-lions&lt;/ref&gt;, Fitzjohn yanditse ahantu hose nk'umusazi ahitamo kugenda&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bestbuy.com/site/to-walk-with-lions-dvd-1999/19303174.p?skuId=19303174&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma yumunota wanyuma uhinduye umutima, hamwe n'icyana cy'intare cyamuzanye muri pariki kugirango amutoze kandi yongere yinjire mwishyamba, avumbura umuhamagaro wukuri mubuzima bwe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bestsimilar.com/movies/24195-to-walk-with-lions |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112041521/https://bestsimilar.com/movies/24195-to-walk-with-lions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakinnyi ==

* Richard Harris nka George Adamson
* Ian Bannen nka murumuna wa George Terrence Adamson
* John Michie nka Tony Fitzjohn
* Wubahe Blackman nka Byishimo Adamson
* Kerry Fox nka Lucy Jackson
* Hugh Quarshie nka Hugh
* Geraldine Chaplin nka Victoria Anrecelli

== references ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Space Mutiny</title>
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    <id>9320</id>
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      <text bytes="2359" sha1="mlrciirzv0m5x5o7i167zl383pdk652" xml:space="preserve">'''''Space Mutiny''''' (izwi nka  '''''Mutiny in Space''''') ni film yasohotse muri 1988 muri [[Afurika]] y'Epfo ikorwa na American [[:en:Space_opera|space opera]] [[:en:Action_film|action film]] filimi yerekeye ubwato bwitwa ''Southern Sun''&lt;ref&gt;https://mst3k.fandom.com/wiki/Space_Mutiny_(film)&lt;/ref&gt;''..'' Kuva ubwo iyi filime imaze guteza imbere umuco nyuma yo kugaragara mu gice kizwi cyane kuri televiziyo ''Mystery Science Theatre 3000'' &lt;ref&gt;https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-zdl72s/space-mutiny/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umugambi ==
''The Southern Sun'' ni ubwato bwibisekuruza, cyangwa ubwato bugenda mu kirere burimo abantu benshi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/space_mutiny&lt;/ref&gt;, intego yabo ni ugukoloniza isi nshya. Urugendo rwabwo kuva kwisi yambere (bivuze ko ari [[Isi]]) bumaze ibisekuruza cumi na bitatu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/32148-space-mutiny&lt;/ref&gt;, kuburyo benshi mubayituye bavutse kandi bazapfa batigeze bakandagiza ikirenge hasi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/32148-space-mutiny&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibi ntibishimisha abanzi, Eliya Kalgan (John Phillip), wafatanije naba pirate binjira muri sisitemu ya Corona Borealis yegeranye n’umuyobozi mukuru w’ubwato MacPhearson (James Ryan)&lt;ref&gt;https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/SpaceMutiny&lt;/ref&gt;. Kalgan yateguye umugambi wo guhungabanya uburyo bwo kugendesha ubwato bwa Southern Sun no gukoresha Enforcers&lt;ref&gt;https://en.battlestarwiki.org/Space_Mutiny&lt;/ref&gt;, abapolisi b'ubwo bwato, kugira ngo bashimute ubwo bwato kandi babuyobore kuri ubu buryo. Kuri ubu, abatuye ''Southern Sun''' nta kundi byagenda uretse kwemera &quot;ubuntu&quot; bwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://awfulmovies.miraheze.org/wiki/Space_Mutiny |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112123035/https://awfulmovies.miraheze.org/wiki/Space_Mutiny |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi&lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/films/space-mutiny&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Reb Brown nka Dave Ryder
* John Phillip Amategeko nkumuyobozi windege Eliya Kalgan
* Kameron Mitchell nkumuyobozi Alex Jansen
* Cisse Kameron nka Dr. Lea Jansen
* James Ryan nkumu injeniyeri mukuru MacPhearson
* Graham Clark nka Kapiteni Scott Devers
* Billy Uwa kabiri nka Liyetona Lemont
* Gary D. Sweeney nk'Umurinzi

== references ==
&lt;references /&gt;


[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Afurika y’Epfo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adams Apples</title>
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    <id>9325</id>
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      <id>141819</id>
      <parentid>139816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2793" sha1="e4udlwlr2mq8c7dr5kgx1gzcd35hfts" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Yvonne Okoro in Purple.jpg|thumb]]
'''''Adams Apples''''' ni urukurikirane rw'amafilime yo muri [[Gana]],&lt;ref&gt;https://newsghana.com.gh/yvonne-okoro-surprises-at-adams-apples-final-premiere/&lt;/ref&gt; yakinwe na Yvonne Okoro, Joselyn Dumas, John Dumelo, Naa Ashorkor Mensa-Doku, Anima Misa Amoah, Adjetey Anang, Helene Asante, SoulKnight Jazz, Jasmine Baroudi, Vincent McCauley, Roselyn Ngissah, Fred Kanebi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112160623/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Urukurikirane rugizwe na firime icumi zerekana amakinamico, azwi ku izina rya &quot;chapters&quot;, yakozwe na Ken Attoh kandi iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africancelebs.com/adams-apple-movie-series/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/adams-apples/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Urukurikirane film bukurikira ubuzima mu muryango wa Adam, bakaba bagizwe na Doris Adams (Anima Misa Amoah), umupfakazi wa ikintu KALIMANZIRA umudiplomate, n'abakobwa be batatu; Baaba (Okoro), Jennifer (Dumas) na Kuukua (Mensah-Doku)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/10/adams-apples-new-beginnings.html&lt;/ref&gt;, berekana uburyo bakemura umuryango wabo utoroshye, ubuzima bw'urukundo, amabanga ya buri muntu, ibinyoma no kwicuza&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/201105/45713.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112132058/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/movies/201105/45713.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. televiziyo drama series, na title kimwe kwerekanwa muri Gashyantare 2013, kandi kuva batangiye airing ku DSTV 's Afurika Magic televiziyo yashyizeho nyuma y'umwaka igice cya cumi cy'urukurikirane rwa firime&lt;ref&gt;https://northsideghshowbiz.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/yvonne-okoro-in-uk-for-adams-apples-omgghana-com/&lt;/ref&gt;.  

== Abakinnyi&lt;ref&gt;https://carifrique.com/film-adams-apples-ghana/&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* [[Dosiye:Jocelyn Dumas.jpg|thumb|joselyne Dumas]]Anima Misa Amoah nka Doris Adams
* Yvonne Okoro nka Baaba Adams Smith
* Joselyn Dumas nka Jennifer Adams
* Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku nka Kuukua Adams
* Adjetey Anang nka Albert Amankwah (cyangwa Albert Adams)
* Helene Asante nka Ivy Amankwah (cyangwa Ivy Adams)
* SoulKnight Jazz nka Chris Smith
* John Dumelo nka Denu McCarby
* Jasmine Baroudi nka Michelle
* Vincent McCauley nka Foo
* Fred Kanebi nka Gerald
* Roselyn Ngissah nka Linda
* Fiifi Coleman nka Chidi
* Sesanu Gbadebo nka Eric

== references ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Broken Mirror (film)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141953</id>
      <parentid>80204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1996" sha1="dx76gvp73lgfjglro334057bwmzjzs9" xml:space="preserve">'''Broken Mirror''' ni filimi yo muri [[Gana]]  yasohotse muri 2014 ikozwe na  Media 5 Studio Productions&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/broken_mirrors&lt;/ref&gt;. James Gardiner, Fred Amugi, Jackie Appiah, Roselyn Ngissah, Mikki Osei Berko, Victoria Lebene Mekpah na Jasmine Baroudi ni abakinnyi bingenzi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.menemshafilms.com/broken-mirrors&lt;/ref&gt;. Yanditswe na Pappa Deric kandi yakozwe na David Owusu hamwe na Mikki Osei Berko nk'umuyobozi. Ninkuru yumugore uhinda umushyitsi mugihe amahirwe y'umukunzi we ahindutse neza, nyuma yo kumuhagararaho mubihe bikomeye&lt;ref&gt;https://redcarpetcrash.com/movie-review-broken-mirrors/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Umugambi ==
Thompson yakinnye na James Gardiner, ni umunyeshuri urangije kaminuza udafite akazi ufata ububaji kugira ngo abeho&lt;ref&gt;https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/527611-broken-mirror&lt;/ref&gt;. Umukunzi we Priscilla (Jackie Appiah) yamuhaye inkunga y'amarangamutima ndetse n'amafaranga&lt;ref&gt;https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/527611-broken-mirror&lt;/ref&gt;. Priscilla udakize kandi akora akazi ko kudoda, ahora ashimishwa na bagenzi be Evelyn (Roselyn Ngissah) na Angela (Victoria Lebene Mekpah) kubera urukundo rwe no gushyigikira byimazeyo Thompson&lt;ref&gt;https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/broken-mirror/&lt;/ref&gt;. Kumwizera kumutsindira mugihe cyImana birakomeye kandi arabikora mugihe cy'umwaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.worldcat.org/title/final-broken-mirror/oclc/905919617&lt;/ref&gt;

Barashyingirwa, barishima kandi bategereje umwana wabo wambere, mugihe Thompson yakiriye amashusho yerekana Priscilla nundi mugabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bostonherald.com/2014/04/10/broken-mirror-horror-tale-oculus-shows-cracks/&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibi bimuha kumva ko ariganya kandi biganisha ku gusenyuka. Evelyn amenyesha umukunzi we Priscilla mugihe runaka. Hari ukuntu yemera ko Priscilla yamwibye kandi niwe uri ku mashusho hamwe na we&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/10/broken-mirror.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Coz Ov Moni 2</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141742</id>
      <parentid>139594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:20:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="2513" sha1="cvy66r57ejvoyw7komrl33r5mqrzmg3" xml:space="preserve">'''''Coz Ov Moni 2 (FOKN) -'''''lni film y'umuziki wa [[Gana]] yasohotse 2013 yakozwe na FOKN BOIS kandi iyobowe n'umukinnyi wamafirime wigenga wo muri [[Gana]] King Luu. Filime numuziki uvugwa byose ni  mucyongereza cya Pidgin, ariko subtitles zirerekanwa.&lt;ref&gt;https://foknbois.bandcamp.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o-s&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fantasticfest.com/films/coz-ov-moni-2 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150349/https://fantasticfest.com/films/coz-ov-moni-2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni filime yamenyekanye cyane muri Gana kuko ikurura abakunzi bumuziki ndetse na filimi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nwfilm.org/films/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150348/https://nwfilm.org/films/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rockol.com/uk/album-19275959/Fokn-Bois-Coz-Ov-Moni-2-(Fokn-Revenge)-O.S&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kurekura ==
Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere muri [[Gana]] ku ya 23 Ukuboza 2013 mu nzu mberabyombi ya [[Gana]] i [[Accra]], yerekanwe muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2014 i Cantina Royale mu mujyi wa New York ndetse no mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] ku ya 24 Nzeri 2014 i Hackney Attic i Londres &lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmaffinity.com/uk/film554027.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o.s/zEtv5-bKT40_ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112150347/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge-o.s/zEtv5-bKT40_ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.   Iyi filime kandi yerekanwe mu minsi mikuru itandukanye ya firime, harimo iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya [[Afurika]] (Tinapa), iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Durban (Durban), Norient Musikfilm Festival (Bern) na Fantastic Fest (Austin)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.discogs.com/FOKN-BOIS-Coz-Ov-Moni-2-FOKN-Revenge-Original-Soundtrack/release/5354219&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.okayafrica.com/fokn-bois-coz-ov-moni-2-fokn-revenge/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Nyuma yaje gusohoka kuri DVD, hamwe no gukuramo ubuntu kuri Soundtrack kuri buri kopi yaguzwe ya firime.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.afrocharts.com/album?id=c5d952a863&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://norient.com/stories/fokn-bois?special=159&lt;/ref&gt;

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Love or Something Like That</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142067</id>
      <parentid>135862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:41:12Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3909" sha1="o0ow38pksi7tqhr0x7hqle7j8j4zzvc" xml:space="preserve">'''''Love or Something Like That''''' ni film yo muri [[Gana]] no muri [[Nigeriya]] yasohotse muri 2014 iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/05/love-or-something-like-that.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Irimo John Dumelo, Joselyn Dumas na OC Ukeje. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere i Londres ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2014 muri Odeon Sinema.  Yakiriye nomination ebyiri muri 11 ya Afrika Movie Academy Awards&lt;ref&gt;https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/love-or-something-like-that-movie-streaming-online-watch/&lt;/ref&gt; . 

== Abakinnyi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.timeout.com/accra/film/love-or-something-like-that-2014&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* John Dumelo nka Alex Walker
* Joselyn Dumas nka Kwarley Mettle
* OC Ukeje nka Henry Dominic
* Nana Mensah nka Asantewaa
* Christabel Ekeh nka Sonia
* Eckow Smith-Asante nka psychologue

== Umugambi ==
Filime ivuga inkuru ivuga ku bashakanye bashya no kurangaza bahuye nako mukazi nyuma gato y'ubukwe. Kwarley Mettle (Joselyn Dumas) yaryamanye n'umukunzi we, Henry Dominic (OC Ukeje) atabishaka, imyaka ibiri mbere yo gushaka&lt;ref&gt;https://ynaija.com/movie-review-love-something-like-makes-effort-doesnt-completely-fly/&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibi byatumye asaba ko umugabo we, Alex Walker (John Dumelo) yakoresheje uburinzi igihe cyose baryamanye&lt;ref&gt;https://nollywoodobserver.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/movie-review-love-or-something-like-that/&lt;/ref&gt;. Henry na Kwarley bongeye guhura nyuma yo kwinjira mu bitaro bye kwivuza&lt;ref&gt;https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/love-or-something-like-that/&lt;/ref&gt;. Henry amaze kumenya uwahoze ari umukunzi we, yahise ava mu bitaro atamuvugishije. Kwarley yagiye muri dosiye ye y'abarwayi, kugira ngo arebe ko arwaye kanseri na AID. Yabonye aho atuye hanyuma amusura. Agezeyo, amubwira ibyamutengushye&lt;ref&gt;https://metro.co.uk/tag/love-or-something-like-it/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Kwakira ==
Iyi filime yabonye ibitekerezo bibi kuri 360nobs.com, yashushanyije isano iri hagati ya film na ''Tango with Me'', indi film iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/04/27/thoughts-shirley-frimpong-mansos-new-movie-love-something-like-failed-successful-attempt-telling-hivaids-story/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172307/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/04/27/thoughts-shirley-frimpong-mansos-new-movie-love-something-like-failed-successful-attempt-telling-hivaids-story/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagaragaje ko muri filime zombi, abashakanye bibagora gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina kubera ikibazo cyo gufata ku ngufu. Yagaragaje kandi ibibazo bidasanzwe byo gushyingiranwa nk'ingaruka muri filime zombi&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201506230082.html&lt;/ref&gt;. ''Tango hamwe Nanjye'' Urukundo cyangwa Ikintu nkicyo byombi byarangiye abagabo bumva bafite icyaha cyo kutita cyane kubo bashakanye&lt;ref&gt;http://cypressgh.blogspot.com/2014/12/shirley-frimpong-mansos-film-love-or.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Byongeye kandi, Devil in Details indi filime yakozwe nuyu muyobozi, yagaragajwe nkufite ibiganiro nka firime mugihe cyo kugisha inama abashakanye. Yanenze kandi Kwarley kuba yarakubiswe nyuma yo kubona Henry bwa mbere nubwo afite dosiye ku meza ye&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/joselyn-dumas-is-in-love-with-oc-ukeje-john-dumelo-in-love-or-something-like-that-watch-the-trailer/&lt;/ref&gt;. Hanyuma, iyi filime yasobanuwe ko ifite ishingiro ridakwiriye kubera ko ubu ari ibisanzwe ko abashakanye bipimisha virusi itera sida mbere yo gushyingirwa mu nsengero, tutibagiwe ko umugeni yari umuganga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fmovie.watch/movie/love-or-something-like-that |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172310/https://fmovie.watch/movie/love-or-something-like-that |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sankofa (film)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9354</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>139136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:20Z</timestamp>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="4756" sha1="26z748n4gk75b4vhcwa7fpriabrwls2" xml:space="preserve">'''''Sankofa'''''  ni filime yerekana ikinamico yakozwe [[Etiyopiya|na Etiyopiya yo mu]] 1993 iyobowe na Haile Gerima yibanze ku bucuruzi bw’abacakara bwa Atlantike&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/sankofa-movie-review-2021&lt;/ref&gt; . Iyi nkuru igaragaramo Oyafunmike Ogunlano, Kofi Ghanaba, Mutabaruka, Alexandra Duah, na Afemo Omilami. Ijambo Sankofa ryakomotse ku rurimi rwa Akan rwo [[Gana|muri Gana]] risobanura &quot;gusubira inyuma, gushaka, no kubona ubwenge, imbaraga n'ibyiringiro&quot;, nk'uko byavuzwe na Dr. Anna Julia Cooper&lt;ref&gt;https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/sankofa-haile-gerima-interview-1234667076/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Ijambo Sankofa ryibanda ku kamaro ko umuntu atagendera kure cyane ya kahise kugirango atere imbere ejo hazaza&lt;ref&gt;https://www.okayafrica.com/haile-gerima-sankofa-interview-array/&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri filime, Sankofa agereranwa ninyoni n'indirimbo n'ingoma z'ingoma y'Imana&lt;ref&gt;https://www.washingtonian.com/2021/09/24/haile-gerimas-classic-film-sankofa-is-now-on-netflix-thanks-to-ava-duvernay/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Filime ya Gerima yerekanye akamaro ko kutagira abantu bakomoka muri [[Afurika]] batandukana n’imizi yabo. Gerima yakoresheje urugendo rwimico Mona kugirango yerekane uburyo imyumvire nyafurika yerekana indangamuntu harimo kumenya imizi yumuntu no &quot;gusubira aho yaturutse&quot; (Gerima)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/films/sankofa&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umugambi ==
Filime itangirana numusaza Divine Drummer, Sankofa (yakinnye na Kofi Ghanaba), akubita ingoma nyafurika aririmba imvugo ngo &quot;Umwuka utinda w'abapfuye, haguruka&lt;ref&gt;https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/haile-gerima-sankofa-netlix-ava-duvernay-1235021486/&lt;/ref&gt;.&quot; Ubu ni uburyo bwe bwo gushyikirana nabakurambere b'igihugu cya [[Afurika|Afrika]],  cyane [[Gana]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/haile-gerima-sankofa-academy-museum/2021/09/23/baae53da-1c81-11ec-a99a-5fea2b2da34b_story.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Yizera ko kuvuza ingoma ari ngombwa mu kugarura umwuka w'abakurambere be biciwe muri diaspora nyafurika&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/15/movies/haile-gerima.html&lt;/ref&gt; .  Inkuru ikomeza kugaragaza Mona (Oyafunmike Ogunlano), wabayeho [[Afurika]] na [[Amerika]] ntangarugero kuri film shoot muri [[Gana|Ghana]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.becauseofthemwecan.com/blogs/culture/ava-duvernay-s-array-set-to-restore-re-release-legendary-filmmaker-haile-gerima-s-sankofa-on-netflix&lt;/ref&gt;. Afite isomo ku Kigo cya Cape Coast, atazi ko cyakoreshejwe mu mateka mu bucuruzi bw’abacakara   kubera ko kuva kera atandukanijwe n’imizi [[Afurika|ye yo muri Afurika]]&lt;ref&gt;https://variety.com/2021/film/news/film-news-in-brief-sept-13-1235063603/&lt;/ref&gt;[[Afurika|.]] Mugihe Mona ari kumurongo wicyitegererezo, ahura numusaza wamayobera Sankofa wavuzaga ingoma mugutangira film&lt;ref&gt;https://www.xartsplitta.net/en/filmscreening-sankofa-by-haile-gerima-for-sankofa-kita-berlin/&lt;/ref&gt;. Sankofa akomeje kwibutsa Mona gusubira mu mateka ye kandi akaba umunyamahane cyane mu bijyanye no gukomeza ahantu h'abasekuruza bera&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210826210247/https://aafilmfest.si.edu/discover/films/sankofa-1993&lt;/ref&gt;, bityo agerageza kwirukana ba mukerarugendo b'abazungu mu kigo cy'abacakara.  Iyo Mona ingingo kujya A Kureba imbere castle ubwe,  Mona agerageza guhunga urugo rw'abacakara ahura na ba shebuja b'abaja bera agerageza gutekereza avuga ko akomoka muri [[Amerika]] kandi ko adakomoka muri [[Afurika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.africavenir.org/news-details/archive/2012/august/article/interview-with-haile-gerima-freedom-is-not-some-kind-of-unesco-milk-that-can-be-given-to-someo.html?tx_ttnews%255Bday%255D=20&amp;cHash=1f144a60f7033edccd0c13eb466f5729 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112183540/https://www.africavenir.org/news-details/archive/2012/august/article/interview-with-haile-gerima-freedom-is-not-some-kind-of-unesco-milk-that-can-be-given-to-someo.html?tx_ttnews%255Bday%255D=20&amp;cHash=1f144a60f7033edccd0c13eb466f5729 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ba shebuja b'abacakara ntibitaye ku byo Mona yavuze maze bamusunika ku muriro, bamwambura imyenda, bamushyira icyuma gishyushye ku mugongo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.events.sankofa.com/blank-2/sankofa-a-film-by-haile-gerima-shirt |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112183540/https://www.events.sankofa.com/blank-2/sankofa-a-film-by-haile-gerima-shirt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakinnyi ==

* Sankofa, Kofi Ghanaba
* Mona,Shola
* Nunu, Alexandra Duah
* Joe, 
* Shango, Mutabaruka
* Afemo Omilami
* Reggie Carter

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MADELEINE MUKAMABANO</title>
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      <text bytes="2180" sha1="rrzgjhvk5xqs888vpu18g3skt4c7sqv" xml:space="preserve">MUKAMABANO Madeleine yavutse mu mwaka wi 1955 avukira mu Rwanda, yize amashuri abanza mu rwanda, 1973 yakomereje amashuri yisumbuye mu gihugu cya Uganda, mu gihe Uganda yari mubibazo bya politiqwe kubwa president ADIAMINI Dada. Madelene yaje gufashwa naba diplomate babafaransa bamutwara mu mujyi wa paris, aho yari ajyiye gutegerereza burse yo gukomereza amashuri mu gihugu cyubwongereza muri kaminuza ya stanford. Kubera imbogamizi nyinshi yahuye nazo, yafashe umwanzuro wo gukomeza icyiciro cyagatatu cya kaminuza muri Moderne letter in Sarbonne.

Yakomeje umwuga we muri mission yarafite muri Togo, yabaye umwarimu mu gihugu cya cote d'Ivoire ndetse yaje kuba umu consultant muri Ethiopie.

Mu mwaka wa 1999 yakoze kuri radio yumuco yabafaransa(radio france culture). Yakoranye umwete numurava bimuha amahirwe yo kugirwa umuyobozi wibiganiro mbarankuru kuri iyo radio. Yanditse raporo eshanu zivuga ku kugarura amahoro mubanyarwanda nyuma yibyabaye muri Genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu mwaka wi 1994.

Mu mwaka 2000,yakoze film mbarankuru kiuri Genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, ahura nabarokotse Genocide ndetse nabakoze genocide, iyi film yakunzwe nabenshi, ituma abanyarwanda bongera kwiremamo Icyizere Cyo Kubaho. Iyi film yaje guhabwa igihembo kizwi nka [[Bayeux Calvados-Normandie Prize for war correspondents]].

Mu mwaka 2003 yabaye umujyanama mukuru wabatunganya inkuru kuri Radio France culture, bakorera kumugabane wa Africa. Yakomeje kuyobora ibiganiro ndetse ikizi nka African Debate. Iyi mirimo yose yayifatanyaga ninshingano yari afite muri European Union nindi mishinga itegamiye kuri leta. Mu mwaka wa 2010 Yagaritse Umwuga witangazamuakuru aho yari amaze imyaka 20 yose muri uyu mwuga.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Madeleine Mukamabano|date=2021-04-18|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madeleine_Mukamabano&amp;oldid=182042640|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2021-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== References ==
&lt;!--Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations.--&gt; {{reflist}}
&lt;references group=&quot;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Mukamabano&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siatta Scott Johnson</title>
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      <text bytes="5303" sha1="5qnl44j4z4qj20jan7toms5sffsa7q0" xml:space="preserve">'''Siatta Scott Johnson''' (yavutse 1974), ni umukinnyi wa firime wo [[Liberiya|muri Liberiya]] akaba n'umunyamakuru utangaza amakuru&lt;ref&gt;https://www.irex.org/people/siatta-scott-johnson&lt;/ref&gt;.  Azwi cyane nk'umuyobozi wa documentaire izwi cyane ''Iron Ladies of Liberia''.  Usibye gutanga icyerekezo, ni umunyamakuru ndetse na  producer. Ni n'umunyamuryango washinze itangazamakuru rya Omuahtee Africa&lt;ref&gt;https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/authors/siatta-scott-johnson/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://genderandsecurity.org/director/siatta-scott-johnson |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115053719/https://genderandsecurity.org/director/siatta-scott-johnson |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavutse mu 1974 i Buchanan, muri [[Liberiya]]. Nyuma yakuriye mu cyaro cya Grand Bassa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemapolitica.org/artists/siatta-scott-johnson |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001416/https://www.cinemapolitica.org/artists/siatta-scott-johnson |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Mu ntangiriro ya za 90, Johnson yahunze avuye muri Grand Bassa intambara itangira. Nyuma yaje gutura muri Monrovia mu gihe intambara yarangiraga mu 2003&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wmm.com/filmmaker/Siatta+Scott+Johnson/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Amashuri amaze gufungura nyuma y'intambara, Johnson yarangije icyiciro cya kabiri cya Bachelor of Arts mu itumanaho rusange yakuye muri kaminuza ya Liberiya &lt;ref&gt;https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/authors/siatta-scott-johnson/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Hanyuma, yafashe impamyabumenyi muri raporo za politiki yakuye muri kaminuza ya [[Liberiya]], nyuma mu bitangazamakuru avuye mu ihuriro ry’abanyamakuru bo muri Liberiya ndetse n’ubutumwa bw’umuryango w’abibumbye muri Liberiya (UNMIL)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.documentary.org/online-feature/ten-ways-looking-democracy-new-documentary-project-airs-around-world&lt;/ref&gt;.  Afite kandi impamyabumenyi mu itangazamakuru yakuye muri Liberia Institute of Journalism. Yakoze kandi nk'umunyamakuru akaba na producer muri Downtown Community Televiziyo Centre (DCTV).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.moderntimes.review/modern-times-online/page/16/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Umwuga ==
Mu 2007, yakoze documentaire yamamaye cyane ''Iron Ladies yo muri [[Liberiya]]'' afatanije na Daniel Junge.  Iyi documentaire yahawe icyubahiro mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Dallas, Target Ten Filmmaker nka Documentaire nziza yuwo mwaka kandi ibaye Filime Nziza Yaturutse Isi Y’Amashuri mu Iserukiramuco rya Filime Isi ryabereye i Prague. Usibye ibyo, film yanagaragaye mu birori mpuzamahanga bya firime&lt;ref&gt;https://www.senscritique.com/contact/Siatta_Scott_Johnson/2243816&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Usibye sinema, ni umunyamakuru uzwi cyane muri [[Liberiya]] aho yakoranye n'ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamakuru b'abagore bo muri [[Liberiya]] (FeJAL).  Yakoze kandi muri Beyondmedia Education i Chicago, muri [[Amerika]]. Johnson amaze gusubira muri [[Liberiya]], yakoze mu kubaka itangazamakuru ry’urubyiruko rwo muri [[Liberiya]]&lt;ref&gt;http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008063395&lt;/ref&gt;.  Nyuma yaje gukora ubuvugizi bw'itangazamakuru mu nama ishinzwe impunzi muri Noruveje (NRC) aho yateguye ibiganiro bya radiyo ku bagore bo mu cyaro mu mushinga witwa “ABAGORE B'UBWENGE”. Yakoranye kandi na Medica Mondiale Liberia nk'ushinzwe itumanaho aho yorohereza impinduka mu myitwarire mu bagore bo mu cyaro batuye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Liberiya]]. Johnson yabaye producer wa gahunda ya tereviziyo yitwa 'Amajwi Yingenzi' yari gahunda kubakobwa b'ingimbi n'abangavu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/19319_1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115053709/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/19319_1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri 2012, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru n’umuyobozi uhanga muri Smart Media Liberia.  Muri 2019, yongeye gutorerwa kuba perezida w'ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamakuru b'abagore bo muri [[Liberiya]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cinema.de/stars/star/siatta-scott-johnson,4729098,ApplicationStar.html&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Genre
|-
|1989
|''[[:en:Angano..._Angano..._nouvelles_de_Madagascar|Angano... Angano... nouvelles de Madagascar]]''
|director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|1992
|''To the warriors of silence''
|producer
|Documentary
|-
|1992
|''Songs and Tears of Nature''
|producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2000
|''Saudade Do Futuro''
|producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2005
|''Mahaleo''
|producer
|Documentary
|-
|2005
|''Le sifflet''
|producer
|Short film
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:Batuque,_the_Soul_of_a_People|Batuque, l'âme d'un peuple]]''
|director, producer, production manager
|Documentary
|-
|2012
|''L'opéra du bout du monde''
|director, executive producer, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2014
|''The Malagasy Way''
|co-producer
|Documentary
|-
|2016
|''Songs for Madagascar''
|producer
|Documentary
|-
|2016
|''De la Sakay à la Carapa''
|producer
|Documentary
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Fahavalo,_Madagascar_1947|Fahavalo, Madagascar 1947]]''
|director, producer, writer
|Documentary
|}

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hamid Bénani</title>
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    <id>9422</id>
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      <text bytes="5065" sha1="30mcrx0jsohnkmfl77i4dti5sm2262x" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Flag of Morocco (blue green).svg|thumb|hamid ni umunya marocco niho yavukiye ninaho yakuriye]]
'''Hamid Bénani''' (yavutse ku ya 5 Ugushyingo 1940), ni [[Maroke|umuyobozi wa firime muri Maroc]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.archilovers.com/hamid-benani/&lt;/ref&gt;, umwanditsi wa sinema akaba n'umukinnyi wa sinema.  Umwe mu bahanzi bubahwa cyane muri [[Maroc]], Bénani yakoze filime nyinshi zamamaye cyane nka ''Wechma'', ''La prière des absents'' na ''L'enfant Cheïkh''.  Ni n'umuproducer, umwanditsi n'umwanditsi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fa47b44&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://frankensaurus.com/Hamid_B%C3%A9nani |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083852/https://frankensaurus.com/Hamid_B%C3%A9nani |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:-_Hamid_Bénani_1.tif|thumb|right|Hamid Bénani]]

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavutse ku ya 5 Ugushyingo 1940 iMeknes, muri [[Maroke|Maroc]]. Yize idini mu ishuri rya Koran. Nyuma, yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri Poeymirau na Moulay Ismaïl yisumbuye&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083853/https://www.lecteurs.com/auteur/hamid-benani/4355502&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Umwuga ==
Mu 1958, Bénani yakiriye imyitozo mu ikinamico n'amahugurwa yo guhanga no kwandika yateguwe na Minisiteri y'Urubyiruko na Siporo&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083852/http://www.mapmarrakech.ma/fr/tag/hamid-benani/&lt;/ref&gt;. Hanyuma mu 1964, yagiye mu ishami ry’amabaruwa ya [[Rabat]] kugira ngo abone uruhushya muri filozofiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf13/lenfant.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083910/https://www.ccm.ma/fnf13/lenfant.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1965, yatangiye kwiga amafilime muri Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) aho yahawe mu 1967 mu gice cyitwa &quot;Direction, production and management&lt;ref&gt;https://viadeo.journaldunet.com/p/hamid-benani-106469&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;. Hagati aho, yitabiriye amahugurwa y’ikinamico yabereye i Sorbonne no muri EPHE2 yakozwe nabafilozofe Jacques Derrida,Roland Barthes na Paul Ricœur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cmpf.net/comite-des-sages/hamid-benani/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125233902/https://cmpf.net/comite-des-sages/hamid-benani/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1968, Bénani yinjiye kuri Televiziyo ya [[Maroc]]. Nyuma yaje kuba umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga. Mu 1969,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.12.2.24&lt;/ref&gt; yeguye kuri Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (RTM). Mu 1970, yashinze isosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa yitwa ''Sigma 3'' ku bufatanye na Ahmed Bouanani,Mohamed Abderrahman Tazi na Mohamed Sekkat. Muri uwo mwaka, isosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa yakoze firime yambere ya ''Wechma'' &lt;ref&gt;https://archivesbouanani.wordpress.com/filmographie/filmographie-non-exhaustive-dahmed-bouanani/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Iyi filime yerekanwe muri federasiyo y’amahuriro y’amafirime ya [[Maroc]] (FMCC) kandi yegukana ibihembo byinshi ndetse n’ishimwe mu minsi mikuru ya firime, aho iyi filime ifatwa nk’amafilime yashinze ya sinema ya [[Maroc]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nonfiction.fr/article-10919-le-grand-roman-du-cinema-marocain.htm&lt;/ref&gt;  

Nubwo iyi filime yakunzwe cyane mu banegura, Bénani yagombaga gutegereza imyaka igera kuri makumyabiri kugira ngo ayobore filime ye ya kabiri yakinnye, ''La prière des absents (Isengesho'' ry'Abadahari), ku ikubitiro yiswe 'Amabanga y'inzira y'amata'&lt;ref&gt;https://cinemamarocain.wordpress.com/2017/04/28/histoire-du-cinema-marocain/&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi filime yakuwe mu gitabo kizwi cyane cyanditswe n'umwanditsi Tahar Ben Jelloun.  Mu 2011, yayoboye filime ''L'enfant Cheïkh''. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco rya Tangier kandi ryakiriwe neza n’abari bitabiriye ibirori. Kandi film yatsindiye igihembo kumashusho meza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://confluence.nc/ttrg/compte-rendu-d%27un-film-marocain |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083856/http://confluence.nc/ttrg/compte-rendu-d%27un-film-marocain |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Usibye icyerekezo, yasohoye igitabo yise &quot;Le dernier chant des insoumises&quot; (Indirimbo ya nyuma y'inyeshyamba) munsi y'ibendera rya Editions du Sirocco.  [[Igitabo]] cyatsindiye igihembo cya Grand Atlas muri 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.franceculture.fr/cinema/nuits-de-france-culture-du-samedi-27-janvier-au-vendredi-2-fevrier-2018&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|1967
|''Les Bonnes''
|Director
|-
|1967
|''Coeur à Coeur'' (Heart to Heart)
|Director
|-
|1970
|''Wechma'' (Traces)
|Director
|-
|1993
|''La prière des absents'' (The Prayer of the Absent)
|Director
|-
|2012
|''L'enfant Cheïkh'' (The Cheïkh Child)
|Director
|-
|2017
|''La Nuit ardente'' (Burning Night)
|Director
|}

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>30mcrx0jsohnkmfl77i4dti5sm2262x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sophie Alakija</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142005</id>
      <parentid>134597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2955" sha1="8idwemfa21lh9loifg9h2zmkv41ujn9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Map of Lebanon.png|thumb|sophie numunya libanikazi wumwarabu]]
'''Sophie Rammal Alakija''' (wavutse 7 Gashyantare 1985), ni umukinnyi wa sinema muri [[Nigeriya]]. Azwi cyane kubera uruhare muri ''Halita'' na ''Assistant'' Madams.&lt;ref&gt;https://newdiplomatng.com/sophie-alakija-marriage-wale/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dnbstories.com/2021/10/everything-about-sophie-alakijas-marriage-husband-and-children.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Sophie_Alakija_TGIF_NdaniTV_March_2019.png|thumb|right|Sophie Alakija]]

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Alakija yavutse ku ya 7 Gashyantare 1985 mu muryango wa kisilamu ukomoka muri Efik (umuryango wo mu bihugu byambukiranya igihugu cya Calabar) ukomoka muri Libani&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecityceleb.com/biography/celebrity/actress/sophie-alakija-biography-age-husband-net-worth-parents-boyfriend-religion-movies/&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[Dosiye:Sophie_Alakija_on_TGIF_NdaniTV_March_2019.png|thumb|right|Sophie Alakija]]

== Umwuga ==
Yagaragaye muri ''Holla kuri'' videwo y'indirimbo y'umuhungu wahoze ari umukunzi we Wizkid nk'umubyinnyi wa mbere mu mwaka wa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/see-how-sophie-alakija-has-transformed-10-years-after-wizkid-featured-her-in-holla-at-your-boy/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132328/https://www.ghgossip.com/see-how-sophie-alakija-has-transformed-10-years-after-wizkid-featured-her-in-holla-at-your-boy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thenewsguru.com/entertainment/sophie-alakija-laments-over-being-called-wizkids-ex-girlfriend/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yakinnye muri firime nyinshi zizwi cyane, zirimo:''Drawing Strands'', ''Getting over him'', and ''Small Chops''.  Muri 2017, yakinnye muri ''serivise za Scandals'', ni ubufatanye hagati ya [[Gana]] na [[Nijeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11629532/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://buzznigeria.com/sophie-alakija-real-age-and-detailed-biography/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Muri 2019, yakinnye muri ''serivise ya Halita'' hanyuma akurikirana ibiganiro bya TV ''Assistant Madams''. Yakinnye kandi mu mugore ''w’umuyisilamu'' wa Timini Egbuson mu 2020&lt;ref&gt;https://contents101.com/2021/06/30/sophie-alakija-biography-age-movies-and-net-worth/&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2020/05/sophie-alakija-biography-age-husband.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-15 |archive-date=2021-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132320/https://www.thefamousnaija.com/2020/05/sophie-alakija-biography-age-husband.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Dosiye:Sophie_Alakija_NdaniTV_March_2019.png|thumb|right|Sophie Alakija]]

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Genre
|-
|2021
|''My Village People''
|
|Comedy
|-
|2019
|''Scandals''
|Actress: Altine
|TV series
|-
|2019
|''[[:en:Halita|Halita]]''
|Actress: Altine
|TV series
|-
|2020
|''Assistant Madams''
|Actress: Tamara
|TV series
|}

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
      <sha1>8idwemfa21lh9loifg9h2zmkv41ujn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umshana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141913</id>
      <parentid>93638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1061" sha1="li6udmfx09veo0sgpy59q4hynxkgwld" xml:space="preserve">'''''Umshana''''' (lit. &lt;span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'The&lt;/nowiki&gt; &amp;#x27;&lt;/span&gt; ni filimi yo muri  [[Eswatini]] black and white drama film iyoborwa na Bi Phakathi na vyahinguwe n'Ivyabona BIP Films isohoka muri 2015&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5833952/&lt;/ref&gt;.  Muri iyi filime hagaragaramo Mbali Dlamini na Delani Dlamini mu nshingano zabo hamwe na Lisa Mavuso, Temakhosi Nkambule, Fineboy Mhlanga mu nshingano zabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film777111.html&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Nibintu byambere byose- Siswati yerekana firime kandi yafashwe amashusho [[Eswatini|mubwami bwa Eswatini]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://frankensaurus.com/Umshana |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-20 |archive-date=2021-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120075057/https://frankensaurus.com/Umshana |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Abakinnyi ==

* Mbali Dlamini nka Gugu
* Delani Dlamini nka Themba
* Lisa Mavuso nkinshuti ya Gugu
* Temakhosi Nkambule nkigiciro cyinshi
* Fineboy Mhlanga nka nyirarume

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
      <sha1>li6udmfx09veo0sgpy59q4hynxkgwld</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uwera Pelagie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141879</id>
      <parentid>133222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141879</origin>
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      <text bytes="2432" sha1="fgys0gj1n3lxygtp3gynixvq3p152v3" xml:space="preserve">Uwera Pelagie yavutse mu mwaka wi 1974 ni umunyapolitiki w'umunyarwandakazi ,kuva mu mwaka

wa 2019 akaba numwe mu bagize sena y'u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] yatorewe kuba senasteri [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Muntara y'amajyepfo]]

ku itariki ya 13 ugushyingo 2019 nibwo sens yu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] yatoye umusensteri Pelagie Uwera 

kugirango ahagararire [[inteko ishinga amategeko]] yu [[Rwanda]] mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|nteko ishinga amategeko]] ya
[[Dosiye:Pan African Parliament.jpg|thumb|Inteko ishingamategeko ya Pan Africa (PAP), Uwera yabayemo muri 2019]]
Pan Africa (PAP)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/senators-uwera-bideri-represent-rwanda-pan-african-parliament&lt;/ref&gt; ninzego zishinga amategeko zubumwe bw'Afurika yunze Ubumwe  (AU).

== Imirimo ==
Pelagie na Mugenziwe Bideri biyemeje guharanira iterambere nimibereho myiza y'[[Afurika]]

mu guhangana nubushomeri nubukene ndetse n'umutekano muke. bikaba biri no

mumpamvu abanyafurika bafata ingendo za hato nahato zo kujya mubihugo by' [[Iburayi]]

injyendo zishobora no guteza akaga bajya gushaka Imibereho myiza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/organs/assessment-committee |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111090449/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/organs/assessment-committee |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri yize ==
[[Dosiye:ULK-Masters-Administration-building.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali, Uwera yizeho]]
Uwera Pelagie afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse munyigisho ziterambere (Development studies) &lt;ref&gt;https://clarifiedby.diligenciagroup.com/company/summary/4317038-uwera-pelagie/&lt;/ref&gt;

akagira Impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bumenyi bw'imibereho yakuye muri Kaminuza yijyenga ya [[Kigali]].

== Inshingano ==
Kuva mu mwaka 2012 kugeza 2019 Pelagie yari comiseri wa [[Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya SIDA|komisiyo y'Igihugu]] ishinzwe amatota
[[Dosiye:Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations (1976–2013).svg|thumb|Ibendera rya Commonwealth]]
mu Rwanda. yabaye kandi Indorerezi y'Impuguke za &lt;b&gt;Commonwealth&lt;/b&gt; mu matora rusange ya &lt;b&gt;[[Botswana|Botsuwana]]&lt;/b&gt;

2014. muri 2018 yongera kuba Indorerezi ya &lt;b&gt;Commonwealth&lt;/b&gt; mu matora Rusange ya &lt;b&gt;[[Siyera Lewone]] &lt;/b&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202107280775.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi ==
Uwera Pelagie kandi yabaye umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye.

== Reba ==


.</text>
      <sha1>fgys0gj1n3lxygtp3gynixvq3p152v3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amadou Mbow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141786</id>
      <parentid>94616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3425" sha1="qkp27lvjh7b2po593gojq1fsq5egauf" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Amadou Mbow, 2019 (cropped).png|thumb|Amadou Mbow]]

'''Amadou Mbow''', ni umukinnyi wa filimi muri [[Senegali|Senegal]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10641642/&lt;/ref&gt; .  Azwi cyane ku ruhare nka 'Issa' muri filime y’ikinamico ndengakamere ''Atlantics'' &lt;ref&gt;https://www.iwmbuzz.com/tag/amadou-mbow-as-issa&lt;/ref&gt;.  Usibye kuba umukinnyi, anashushanya ibishushanyo mbonera kandi akunda amafoto&lt;ref&gt;https://www.advitamdistribution.com/films/atlantique/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavukiye kandi akurira i Dakar, muri [[Senegali]]. 

Umuhungu wumucuzi wa [[Senegali]] ukomoka muri Fulani ukomoka i Futa, Amadou Mbow numuhungu wa nyina na murumuna wa bashiki be batatu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337570079_Characterization_and_Analysis_of_the_Socio-Economic_Issues_of_Ziguinchor_Urban_Livestock_in_Senegal&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mu myaka ye y'ubwangavu, basketball yari ifite umwanya wingenzi mubuzima bwe. Nyuma yimyaka itari mike akora imyitozo muri DUC (Dakar University Club) imwemerera kongera ubumenyi, reaction ndetse no kwiyemeza. Amaherezo yahisemo kureka siporo kugirango arusheho gushimishwa nisi yerekana amajwi yimenyereza nkumuntu wiyigisha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uam.sn/universite-amadou-mahtar-mbow-de-dakar-uam |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121123510/http://uam.sn/universite-amadou-mahtar-mbow-de-dakar-uam |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Umwuga ==
Muri 2019, Mbow yatoranijwe muri firime ''Atlantics'' iyobowe na Mati Diop nka firime ye ya mbere&lt;ref&gt;https://www.screendaily.com/features/frances-cesar-academy-facing-calls-for-shake-up-over-transparency-diversity-and-polanski/5146792.article&lt;/ref&gt;.  Muri iyo filime, yakinnye nk'umupolisi ukiri muto 'Issa' woherejwe gukora iperereza ku muriro udasanzwe utwika mu buriri bwa Ada mu ijoro ry'ubukwe bwe&lt;ref&gt;https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=871618.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyi filime yagaragaye bwa mbere mu murwa mukuru wa Dakar mbere yuko isohoka muri [[Senegali]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uam.sn/universite-amadou-mahtar-mbow-de-dakar-uam |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121123510/http://uam.sn/universite-amadou-mahtar-mbow-de-dakar-uam |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Filime yari ifite ibitekerezo byiza cyane kubayinenga kandi yerekanwe mubirori byinshi bya firime. Filime yaje gutsindira igihembo cya Grand Prix mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/amadou-mbow |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121123510/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/amadou-mbow |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . Muri 2020, Amadou Mbow yatoranijwe muri Césars 2020 mubyiciro bya &quot;Ibyahishuwe&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.alamy.com/amadou-mbow-attending-the-cesar-revelations-2020-photocall-at-the-petit-palais-in-paris-france-on-january-13-2020-photo-by-aurore-marechalabacapresscom-image387867261.html&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka
! Filime
! Uruhare
! Ubwoko
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Atlantike''
| Issa
| Filime
|-
| 2022 
| ''Paris Memories (Revoir Paris)''
| Assane
| Filime
| 
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mbow, Amadou}}
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyasenegali]]</text>
      <sha1>qkp27lvjh7b2po593gojq1fsq5egauf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aloisea Inyumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142109</id>
      <parentid>135094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:29:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4878" sha1="s37e6fre629zb164tcsslzm5ubyxu0l" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Aloisea Inyumba.png|thumb|'''Aloisea Inyumba''']]
'''Aloisea Inyumba''' (28 Ukuboza 1964 - 6 Ukuboza 2012) yari [[Rwanda|umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda]], akaba yari Minisitiri w’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango ndetse akaba umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa komisiyo y’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge .&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130311012945/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/aloisea-inyumba-politician-who-played-a-key-role-in-the-rebuilding-of-rwanda-8527166.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mu gihe yigaga ibijyanye n'imibereho n'imibereho myiza muri kaminuza ya Makerere muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], yinjiye mu [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stringfixer.com/tr/Makerere_University |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-22 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122184208/https://stringfixer.com/tr/Makerere_University |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amagambo yo kumushyingura yatanzwe na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rwanda-today/news/kagame-leads-nation-in-eulogising-patriot-and-freedom-fighter-inyumba--1313738&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Aloisea Inyumba yavutse ku ya 28 Ukuboza 1964 muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], avuka ku babyeyi bavuka mu [[Rwanda]].  Yavutse nyuma y’impinduramatwara yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1959, aho hashyizweho Repubulika yiganjemo [[Abahutu]] benshi, no gutoteza [[abatutsi]] . [2] Mu gihe ababyeyi be bari bakibera mu [[Rwanda]], kandi mbere yuko avuka, se yiciwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe abatutsi; nyina yaratorotse hamwe na barumuna be batanu maze umuryango uhungira mu mutekano wa [[Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/60757&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/2013/04/16/aloisea-inyumba-politician-who-played-a-key-role-in-the-rebuilding-of-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Melvern&quot; /&gt;

Inyumba yabayeho mu bwana bwe muri [[Uganda]], arangiza amashuri ye, hanyuma akomereza muri kaminuza ya Makerere i Kampala, abona impamyabumenyi mu mibereho  myiza y'abaturage.  Mu 1985, yabonanye bwa mbere na [[Paul Kagame]],  undi wari impunzi iva mu [[Rwanda]] icyo gihe yari mu gisirikare cy’inyeshyamba cya [[Yoweri Museveni]] . [4] Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, Museveni yigaruriye igihugu maze azamura Kagame na mugenzi we wo mu [[Rwanda]] [[Fred Rwigema|Fred Rwigyema]] kuba abayobozi mu ngabo z’igihugu. [5] Kagame na Rwigema bafashe iyo myanya, ariko intego yabo nyamukuru kwari ukugaruka  mu gihugu cyabo, kugira ngo borohereze impunzi nuko inyumba nawwe yemera kubafasha&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201212172587.html&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201212100133.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
Nyuma yo gutsinda kwa FPR muri Nyakanga 1994, Inyumba yashyizwe muri guverinoma nshya y’inzibacyuho.   yari iyobowe Perezida [[Pasteur Bizimungu]],. [8] Yari yashyizweho ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Uburinganire n'Iterambere ry'Umuryango, &lt;ref name=&quot;Melvern&quot; /&gt; atangira gahunda ikomeye yo kumvisha uruhare rwabo [[Umugore|abagore]] mu kubaka Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.paulkagame.com/inyumba-was-a-very-good-cadre-unique-selfless-leader/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Melvern&quot; /&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2011, yongeye kugirwa inshingano yari yarahoze ari Minisitiri w’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango, uruhare yagize kugeza apfuye mu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cco.ndu.edu/Media/Images/igphoto/2001470845/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-22 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122184210/https://cco.ndu.edu/Media/Images/igphoto/2001470845/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ubuzima bwa muntu n'urupfu ==
Inyumba yashakanye na Dr Richard Masozera, wahoze ari Umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo gishinzwe indege za gisivili mu Rwanda (RCAA).  Bombi batangiye gukundana igihe bombi bari abanyeshuri muri kaminuza ya Makerere i Kampala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwirwahira&quot; /&gt; Babyaranye abana babiri, umukobwa n'umuhungu.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201212110100.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

Inyumba yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2012 iwe i [[Kigali]].  Yari arwaye [[kanseri]] yo mu muhogo,  kandi yari aherutse gusubira mu rugo nyuma yo kwivuriza mu [[Ubudage|Budage]].  Inyumba yahawe imihango yo gushyingura leta mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda]] i Kigali kandi amagambo ye yatanzwe na perezida w’igihugu, [[Paul Kagame]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;LastRespects&quot; /&gt; Kagame yamusobanuriye ko ari umuyobozi utitanga &quot;wari umukandida mwiza kandi usobanutse neza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;LastRespects&quot; /&gt; Abandi batanze ibiganiro mu muhango wo gushyingura barimo Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’inama y’abaminisitiri Protais Musoni na visi guverineri wa [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]], [[Monique Nsanzabaganwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LastRespects&quot; /&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>s37e6fre629zb164tcsslzm5ubyxu0l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Veena Sood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141973</id>
      <parentid>113575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19603" sha1="mk03hzto5xj0cvqmn6mzzbhbzqgjp0a" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Veena Sood 2010.jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza Veena Sood.|350x350px]]
'''Veena Sood''' (yavutse 21 Ugushyingo), ni umuturage wa  [[Kenya]] ariko uba  Canada,akina  filime afite Indian Punjabi mubisekuru bye. &lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/cast/veena-sood&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www4.fusionmovies.to/celebrity/3vOC3grXc9/veena-sood&lt;/ref&gt; Veena azwi cyane mubikorwa byikinamico no gusetsa mu mwuga umaze imyaka irenga 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;poddtoppen&quot;&gt;https://poddtoppen.se/podcast/1457938433/the-yvr-screen-scene-podcast/episode-eighteen-veena-sood &lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere nuburere ==
Yavutse ku ya 21 Ugushyingo i [[Nairobi]], muri [[Kenya]]. Se yari umuganga na nyina, umuforomo. &lt;ref name=&quot;yvrscreenscene&quot;&gt;https://www.yvrscreenscene.com/home/2018/5/31/improvising-life-with-veena-sood &lt;/ref&gt; Igihe yari afite imyaka 7, bimukiye muri [[Kanada]]. Afite imyaka 16, yarangije amashuri yisumbuye nyuma afite imyaka 20, arangiza kaminuza afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuhanzi.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Murumuna we Manoj Sood nawe ni umukinnyi, mugihe murumuna we mubyara we Ashwin Sood (mbere yashakanye numuririmbyi uzwi cyane Sarah McLachlan) numucuranzi. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sarah-mclachlan-splits-from-indian-husband-1189547&lt;/ref&gt; Umwishywa we Kama Sood ni umukinnyi wa firime ufite icyicaro i Vancouver, BC. &lt;ref name=&quot;behindthevoiceactors&quot;&gt;https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Veena-Sood/ &lt;/ref&gt;

Yashakanye na J. Johnson ku ya 30 Kanama 2008.

== Umwuga ==
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuhanzi mu bijyanye n’ikinamico rya Drama, Veena yafashije mu gushinga 'Loose Moose Theatre Company' ya Calgary hamwe na shebuja Improv Keith Johnstone, nyuma aza gukorana na Vancouver TheatreSports League. &lt;ref name=&quot;yvrscreenscene&quot;/&gt; Mu 1991, yatsindiye igihembo cya Jessie kubera ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa kubera uruhare rwe muri Green Thumb Theatre ikina ''2 B Wut UR''. Mu mwaka wa 2006, yahawe igihembo cya Leo kubera Abashyitsi bitwaye neza n’Umugore muri Dramatic Series &lt;ref name=&quot;Lyon 2016&quot;&gt;https://www.nsnews.com/local-arts/leo-awards-gala-rolls-out-the-red-carpet-3033659&lt;/ref&gt; yatsindiye kubera 'Preety' mu gice cya Godiva cyitwa ''Flipping Switches''. &lt;ref name=&quot;behindthevoiceactors&quot;/&gt;

Yagaragaye muri firime nyinshi; Imagine Entertainment's ''Wedding Season'', ''Welcome to Marwen'' (Robert Zemeckis), Corner Office, ''The X-Files'', ''BattleStar Galactica'', ''Caprica'', ''Stargate'', ''Away'', ''Peacemaker'', ''Lucifer'', ''A Million Little Things,'' na firime nyinshi za tereviziyo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.girl.com.au/celebrities/veena-sood.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Afite impano mubikorwa bye byo gusetsa,  Mu mwaka wa 2006, yakinnye muri filime ''Nina's Heavenly Delights'' aho avugana n’imvugo ya Scottish / Ubuhinde&lt;ref&gt;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0435706/characters/nm0814552&lt;/ref&gt;. Hagati aho, yagaragaye kuri tereviziyo y'Abanyamerika, cyane cyane kuri filimi 3 zikurikirana za siyanse yo muri [[Amerika]] y'Amajyaruguru: ''X-Files'' mu 1993, ''Stargate SG-1'' mu 1997 na ''Smallville'' mu 2001. Uruhare rwe muri filime ''Touch of Pink'', yakiriwe neza muri Festival ya Sundance&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-veena-sood-suleka-mathew-touch-of-pink-2004-31193166.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062042/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-veena-sood-suleka-mathew-touch-of-pink-2004-31193166.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.moviestillsdb.com/movies/touch-of-pink-i374277/42vqrC&lt;/ref&gt;

Akenshi avugwa nkumukinnyi wikinamico wamamaye wakinnye muri firime zizwi nka ''The Accused'', ''Loyalties'', ''The Women of Marwen''. . Yitwaye neza kandi muri serivise za tereviziyo: : ''Ghost Wars'', ''The Indian Detective'', ''Corner Gas'' ''Animated'' ndetse no murubuga rwa ''Yoga Town''. &lt;ref name=&quot;yvrscreenscene&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/films/the-indian-detective/cast&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakiriye icyubahiro cyinshi muri Alliance ya Sinema yo muri Kanada, Televiziyo na Radiyo harimo igihembo cya Lorena Gale Woman Of Distinction Award mu Gushyingo 2017 ndetse n’igihembo cya Sam Payne kubera uruhare mu bantu no kuba inyangamugayo mu 2014. Muri 2019 yahawe igihembo n'ikigega gishinzwe ubuhanzi ku nkombe y'Amajyaruguru (FANS) igihembo cy'umuhanzi w'icyubahiro kubera kumenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu ikinamico. &lt;ref name=&quot;poddtoppen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/general-archive/veena-sood-honours-metoo-movement-in-ubcpactra-award-speech-3062354&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashusho ==

=== Amafirime afatanyije nabandi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-08-13-0408130304-story.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.timeout.com/movies/ninas-heavenly-delights&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/movies/30nina.html&lt;/ref&gt; ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Roles
|-
|1983
|''Do Kinare''
|
|-
|1986
|''[[:en:Loyalties_(1986_film)|Loyalties]]''
|Sima
|-
|1988
|''[[:en:The_Accused_(1988_film)|The Accused]]''
|Woman Orderly
|-
|1989
|''[[:en:Immediate_Family_(film)|Immediate Family]]''
|Admitting Nurse
|-
|1994
|''[[:en:Intersection_(1994_film)|Intersection]]''
|Intern
|-
|1994
|''[[:en:The_NeverEnding_Story_III|The NeverEnding Story III]]''
|Sales Lady
|-
|1994
|''[[:en:Timecop|Timecop]]''
|Nurse
|-
|1994
|''The Surgeon''
|Doctor in Dialysis
|-
|1998
|''[[:en:Wrongfully_Accused|Wrongfully Accused]]''
|Nurse
|-
|1999
|''[[:en:Better_Than_Chocolate|Better Than Chocolate]]''
|Religious Zealot
|-
|2002
|''[[:en:Life_or_Something_Like_It|Life or Something Like It]]''
|Doctor
|-
|2003
|''[[:en:Final_Destination_2|Final Destination 2]]''
|ER Nurse
|-
|2004
|''[[:en:Touch_of_Pink|Touch of Pink]]''
|Dolly
|-
|2004
|''[[:en:Connie_and_Carla|Connie and Carla]]''
|Mrs. Morse
|-
|2005
|''[[:en:Two_for_the_Money_(2005_film)|Two for the Money]]''
|G.A. Hostess
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:The_Butterfly_Effect_2|The Butterfly Effect 2]]''
|Nurse
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:Nina's_Heavenly_Delights|Nina's Heavenly Delights]]''
|Suman Shah
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Helen_(2009_film)|Helen]]''
|Defense Attorney
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Possession_(2009_film)|Possession]]''
|Dr. Katz
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Endgame_(2009_film)|Endgame]]''
|Barbara Stillwell
|-
|2011
|''[[:en:50/50_(2011_film)|50/50]]''
|Nurse Stewart
|-
|2014
|''Grace: The Possession''
|Doctor
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:Numb_(2015_film)|Numb]]''
|Dr. Reese
|-
|2017
|''[[:en:Downsizing_(film)|Downsizing]]''
|Leisureland Housewife
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:The_Package_(2018_film)|The Package]]''
|Mrs. Abelar
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Welcome_to_Marwen|Welcome to Marwen]]''
|Judge Martha J. Harter
|-
|2021
|''[[:en:Corner_Office_(film)|Corner Office]]''
|Psychiatrist
|-
|TBD
|''[[:en:Wedding_Season|Wedding Season]]''
|Suneeta
|-
|TBD
|''Statutory Violence 2''
|Mommy Durango
|}

=== Filime zo murugo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Roles
|-
|1987
|''[[:en:Barbie_and_the_Rockers:_Out_of_This_World|Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World]]''
|
|-
|1990
|''[[:en:Memories_of_Murder_(1990_film)|Memories of Murder]]''
|Dr. Kahn
|-
|1992
|''Sexual Advances''
|Rosalie
|-
|1992
|''[[:en:Still_Not_Quite_Human|Still Not Quite Human]]''
|Autograph Woman
|-
|1993
|''Relentless: Mind of a Killer''
|New York Reporter
|-
|1993
|''Other Women's Children''
|Mrs. Jindal
|-
|1994
|''Heart of a Child''
|Nurse Adjani
|-
|1994
|''[[:en:Seasons_of_the_Heart_(1994_film)|Seasons of the Heart]]''
|
|-
|1996
|''Have You Seen My Son''
|Sally
|-
|1996
|''Justice on Wheels: The Diana Kilmury Story''
|Office Worker
|-
|1997
|''Their Second Chance''
|Talk Show Host
|-
|1997
|''Medusa's Child''
|Siri Markham
|-
|2000
|''[[:en:List_of_Showtime_original_programming|Ratz]]''
|Donna Kornbalm
|-
|2001
|''Love and Treason''
|Dr. Siddig
|-
|2001
|''[[:en:Class_Warfare_(film)|Class Warfare]]''
|Maria
|-
|2001
|''The Heart Department''
|Anesthesiologist
|-
|2002
|''Jinnah - On Crime: Pizza 911''
|Poonam
|-
|2002
|''[[:en:Living_with_the_Dead_(film)|Living with the Dead]]''
|Mrs. Morse, School Teacher
|-
|2002
|''Damaged Care''
|Maternity Nurse
|-
|2002
|''[[:en:Mr._St._Nick|Mr. St. Nick]]''
|Mrs. Sarathi
|-
|2003
|''Jinnah: On Crime - White Knight, Black Widow''
|Poonum
|-
|2003
|''A Tale of Two Wives''
|Mrs. Rich
|-
|2003
|''[[:en:D.C._Sniper:_23_Days_of_Fear|D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear]]''
|Sylvia Mack
|-
|2004
|''Chasing Freedom''
|Adeena
|-
|2005
|''[[:en:Murder_Unveiled|Murder Unveiled]]''
|Magistrate
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:The_Time_Tunnel|The Time Tunnel]]''
|Medical Tech
|-
|2007
|''Secrets of an Undercover Wife''
|Bracken
|-
|2007
|''Nightmare''
|Admitting Nurse
|-
|2008
|''[[:en:Barbie_&amp;_the_Diamond_Castle|Barbie &amp; the Diamond Castle]]''
|Sparkles / Lily (voice)
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Compulsion_(2009_film)|Compulsion]]''
|Shriya, Anjika's mother
|-
|2009
|''The B Team''
|Janet Brown
|-
|2012
|''Finding Mrs. Claus''
|Principal
|-
|2014
|''[[:en:A_Fairly_Odd_Summer|A Fairly Odd Summer]]''
|Anti-Fairy Councilman (voice)
|-
|2014
|''Honor Student''
|Dr. Morani
|-
|2014
|''Buried Secrets''
|Det. Joan Mueller
|-
|2015
|''A Gift of Miracles''
|Dr. Reed
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:If_There_Be_Thorns_(film)|If There Be Thorns]]''
|Dr. Phillips
|-
|2015
|''Sugar Babies''
|Professor Paula Hickman
|-
|2015
|''Just in Time for Christmas''
|Josie
|-
|2018
|''Love at First Dance''
|Sophia
|-
|2018
|''Reunited at Christmas''
|Victoria
|-
|2018
|''Christmas Lost and Found''
|Devi
|-
|2019
|''[[:en:My_Little_Pony:_Rainbow_Roadtrip|My Little Pony: Rainbow Roadtrip]]''
|Mrs. Hoofington (voice)
|-
|2020
|''Sleeping with Danger''
|Detective Brooks
|-
|2021
|''V.C. Andrews' Ruby''
|Dr. Cheryl
|}

=== Televiziyo&lt;ref&gt;https://mubi.com/films/the-indian-detective/cast&lt;/ref&gt; ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Roles
!Episodes
|-
|1986
|''[[:en:The_Little_Vampire_(TV_series)|The Little Vampire]]''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''[[:en:Booker_(TV_series)|Booker]]''
|Donna
|
|-
|1989
|''[[:en:21_Jump_Street|21 Jump Street]]''
|Nurse 
Mrs. Brown 
Dr. Frick
|&quot;Loc'd Out: Part 1&quot; 
&quot;Out of Control&quot; 
&quot;Unfinished Business&quot;
|-
|1992
|''[[:en:Northwood_(TV_series)|Northwood]]''
|
|&quot;Episode #2.9&quot;
&quot;Night Moves&quot;
|-
|1992–1995
|''[[:en:The_Commish|The Commish]]''
|Delivery Room Nurse 
Lab Technician 
Lab Technician
|&quot;A Time to Be Born&quot; 
&quot;Father Image: Part 1&quot; 
&quot;Father Image: Part 2&quot;
|-
|1994
|''[[:en:Madison_(TV_series)|Madison]]''
|Ms. Bowen
|&quot;Learning Curves&quot;
|-
|1995
|''[[:en:University_Hospital_(TV_series)|University Hospital]]''
|Dr. Sherwood
|&quot;You Can Run&quot;
|-
|1995
|''[[:en:The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)|The Outer Limits]]''
|Dr. Katzman
|&quot;The New Breed&quot;
|-
|1995
|''[[:en:Highlander:_The_Series|Highlander]]''
|Shandra Devane
|&quot;The Wrath of Kali&quot; 
&quot;Leader of the Pack&quot;
|-
|1997
|''[[:en:Two_(TV_series)|Two]]''
|Jennie
|&quot;The Reckoning&quot;
|-
|1997
|''Super Dave's All Stars''
|Dancing Lady
|
|-
|1998
|''[[:en:Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series|The Wonderful World of Disney]]''
|Reviewer
|&quot;Principal Takes a Holiday&quot;
|-
|1998
|''[[:en:Mercy_Point|Mercy Point]]''
|Sharon Tennant
|&quot;New Arrivals&quot;
|-
|1998
|''[[:en:Welcome_to_Paradox|Welcome to Paradox]]''
|Faith
|&quot;Options&quot;
|-
|1999
|''[[:en:Cold_Feet_(series_2)|Cold Feet]]''
|Saleswoman
|&quot;Pilot&quot;
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[:en:Hope_Island_(TV_series)|Hope Island]]''
|Callie Pender
|Series regular; 22 episodes
|-
|2001
|''[[:en:Dark_Angel_(American_TV_series)|Dark Angel]]''
|Female Doctor
|&quot;...And Jesus Brought a Casserole&quot;
|-
|2001
|''[[:en:Mysterious_Ways_(TV_series)|Mysterious Ways]]''
|Nurse
|&quot;Episode 29&quot;
|-
|2000–2001
|''You, Me and the Kids''
|Mrs. Singh
|&quot;Mixed Dating&quot; 
&quot;Suicide&quot; 
&quot;Suicide Prevention&quot;
|-
|1999–2002
|''[[:en:Cold_Squad|Cold Squad]]''
|Mrs. Hadawi 
Anita
|&quot;First Deadly Sin&quot; 
&quot;Ambleton&quot;
|-
|2002
|''[[:en:Breaking_News_(TV_series)|Breaking News]]''
|Claire Lippman
|&quot;Hi, Noonan&quot;
|-
|2003
|''[[:en:Just_Cause_(TV_series)|Just Cause]]''
|Attorney Veena Tuttle
|&quot;Dream House&quot;
|-
|2004
|''[[:en:The_L_Word|The L Word]]''
|Reporter
|&quot;Locked Up&quot;
|-
|2004
|''[[:en:Touching_Evil_(American_TV_series)|Touching Evil]]''
|OSC Agent Sattrah
|&quot;Memorial&quot; 
&quot;K&quot;
|-
|2005
|''[[:en:The_Eleventh_Hour_(Canadian_TV_series)|The Eleventh Hour]]''
|Mrs. Nair
|&quot;A Virgin Walks Into a Bar&quot;
|-
|2000–2005
|''[[:en:Da_Vinci's_Inquest|Da Vinci's Inquest]]''
|Madam Justice Mishra 
Councilor Joyce Simkins 
Interim Mayor Joyce Simkins
|&quot;Bring Back the Dead&quot; 
&quot;Ride a Crippled Horse&quot; 
&quot;Must Be a Night for Fires&quot;
|-
|2005
|''[[:en:Smallville_(season_4)|Smallville]]''
|Schoolteacher
|&quot;Spirit&quot; 
&quot;Forever&quot;
|-
|2005
|''[[:en:Killer_Instinct_(TV_series)|Killer Instinct]]''
|Elizabeth Michaels
|&quot;Die Like an Egyptian&quot;
|-
|2003–2006
|''[[:en:Stargate_SG-1|Stargate SG-1]]''
|Dr. Kelly
|&quot;Full Circle&quot; 
&quot;Stronghold&quot;
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:Godiva's|Godiva's]]''
|Preety
|Supportive role; 6 episodes
|-
|2006
|''[[:en:Whistler_(TV_series)|Whistler]]''
|Patricia
|&quot;Fallen&quot; 
&quot;Out of the Shadows&quot;
|-
|2007
|''[[:en:Falcon_Beach|Falcon Beach]]''
|Mrs. Haddad
|&quot;After the Fall&quot; 
&quot;The Spins&quot;
|-
|2007
|''[[:en:Masters_of_Science_Fiction|Masters of Science Fiction]]''
|Dr. Kashani
|&quot;The Awakening&quot;
|-
|2008
|''[[:en:Kyle_XY|Kyle XY]]''
|C.I.R. Tech
|&quot;To C.I.R., with Love&quot;
|-
|2008
|''[[:en:Robson_Arms|Robson Arms]]''
|Charlotte
|&quot;No Sex in the City&quot; 
&quot;Baby? What Baby?&quot;
|-
|2008–2009
|''[[:en:Battlestar_Galactica_(season_4)|Battlestar Galactica]]''
|Quorum Delegate
|&quot;[[:en:Sine_Qua_Non_(Battlestar_Galactica)|Sine Qua Non]]&quot; 
&quot;[[:en:A_Disquiet_Follows_My_Soul|A Disquiet Follows My Soul]]&quot; 
&quot;[[:en:The_Oath_(Battlestar_Galactica)|The Oath]]&quot; 

&quot;[[:en:Blood_on_the_Scales|Blood on the Scales]]&quot;
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Caprica|Caprica]]''
|Secretary of Defense Joan Leyte
|&quot;Pilot&quot;
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:The_Assistants|The Assistants]]''
|Mrs. Nidalu
|&quot;The Morning After&quot;
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:Fringe_(TV_series)|Fringe]]''
|HR Head
|&quot;Earthling&quot;
|-
|2009
|''[[:en:V_(2009_TV_series)|V]]''
|V Physician
|&quot;It's Only the Beginning&quot;
|-
|2010
|''[[:en:Life_Unexpected|Life Unexpected]]''
|Ms. Jennings
|&quot;Honeymoon Interrupted&quot; 
&quot;Homecoming Crashed&quot;
|-
|2010
|''Always a Bridesmaid''
|Blaga
|&quot;Knocked Up&quot; 
&quot;My Gay Husband&quot;
&quot;So Hippie Together&quot; 
&quot;Two to Tango&quot;
|-
|2011
|''[[:en:Little_Mosque_on_the_Prairie|Little Mosque on the Prairie]]''
|Mrs. Rashid
|&quot;Five Year Plan&quot;
&quot;Lord of the Ring&quot; 
&quot;Amaar's Well That Ends Well&quot;
|-
|2011
|''[[:en:Endgame_(TV_series)|Endgame]]''
|Barbara Stillwell
|Series regular; 13 episodes
|-
|2011
|''[[:en:The_Big_Year|The Big Year]]''
|Nurse Katie
|
|-
|2011
|''Om Inc.''
|Suzanne
|&quot;Meet the Staff&quot; 
&quot;Inappropriate Touching&quot;
|-
|2012
|''[[:en:Saving_Hope|Saving Hope]]''
|Deepha
|&quot;Consenting Adults&quot;
|-
|2012
|''Dr. Bob's House''
|Jean Patel
|
|-
|2012
|''[[:en:Emily_Owens,_M.D.|Emily Owens, M.D.]]''
|Mrs. Garang
|&quot;Emily and... the Predator&quot;
|-
|2012
|''Yoga Town''
|Neela
|Series regular; 11 episodes
|-
|2013
|''[[:en:Baby_Sellers|Baby Sellers]]''
|Noureen
|
|-
|2014
|''[[:en:Bates_Motel_(TV_series)|Bates Motel]]''
|Dr. Elizabeth J. Schaefer
|&quot;Shadow of a Doubt&quot;
|-
|2014
|''[[:en:My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic|My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''
|Ms. Harshwhinny
|&quot;Games Ponies Play&quot; 
&quot;Flight to the Finish&quot;
&quot;Equestria Games&quot;
|-
|2014
|''[[:en:Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_(TV_series)|Signed, Sealed, Delivered]]''
|Mrs. Hinkle
|&quot;The Future Me&quot;
|-
|2014
|''[[:en:Lucky_7_(TV_series)|Lucky 7]]''
|Nasrin Lashari
|&quot;Cable Guy&quot; 
&quot;Gold Star, Inc.&quot;
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:IZombie_(TV_series)|iZombie]]''
|Marcy's Mother
|&quot;The Exterminator&quot;
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:Mistresses_(American_TV_series)|Mistresses]]''
|Phyllis
|&quot;Gone Girl&quot; 
&quot;I'll Be Watching You&quot;
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:The_Whispers_(TV_series)|The Whispers]]''
|Margaret Cohen-Rogers
|&quot;Homesick&quot;
|-
|2009–2016
|''[[:en:Supernatural_(American_TV_series)|Supernatural]]''
|Dr. Aldrich 
Principal Ramirez
|&quot;[[:en:Supernatural_(season_5)|The Curious Case of Dean Winchester]]&quot; 
&quot;Don't You Forget About Me&quot;
|-
|1993–2016
|''[[:en:The_X-Files|The X-Files]]''
|Ms. Saunders 
Dr. Louise Colquitt
|&quot;[[:en:Shadows_(The_X-Files)|Shadows]]&quot; 
&quot;[[:en:Home_Again_(The_X-Files)|Home Again]]&quot;
|-
|2016
|''[[:en:Motive_(TV_series)|Motive]]''
|Principal Shirley Davidson
|&quot;The Dead Hand&quot;
|-
|2016
|''[[:en:Chesapeake_Shores|Chesapeake Shores]]''
|Judge Ruth Rogers
|&quot;We're Gaining a Daughter&quot;
|-
|2016
|''[[:en:No_Tomorrow_(TV_series)|No Tomorrow]]''
|Amita
|&quot;No Debts Remain Unpaid&quot;
|-
|2016
|''[[:en:Lucifer_(TV_series)|Lucifer]]''
|Eleanor Bloom
|&quot;Homewrecker&quot;
|-
|2017
|''[[:en:Frequency_(TV_series)|Frequency]]''
|Therapist
|&quot;The Edison Effect&quot;
|-
|2017
|''[[:en:You_Me_Her|You Me Her]]''
|Fertility Counselor
|&quot;Weird Janis and the White Trash Baby Vessel&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Android Employed''
|Mrs. Cornell
|&quot;Community&quot;
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[:en:Ghost_Wars_(TV_series)|Ghost Wars]]''
|Nadine Mercer
|&quot;The Curse of Copperhead Road&quot; 
&quot;Whistle Past the Graveyard&quot; 
&quot;Two Graves&quot; 
&quot;...My Soul to Keep&quot;
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Life_Sentence_(TV_series)|Life Sentence]]''
|Alex Shugren
|&quot;The Way We Work&quot;
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Take_Two_(TV_series)|Take Two]]''
|Judge Payne
|&quot;Smoking Gun&quot;
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Salvation_(TV_series)|Salvation]]''
|Dr. Kandhari
|&quot;Crimes and Punishment&quot; 
&quot;Abre Sus Ojos&quot; 
&quot;The Manchurian Candidate&quot; 
&quot;Prisoners&quot;
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:16_Hudson|16 Hudson]]''
|Shamila
|&quot;Toothbrush #3&quot; 
&quot;You Snooze You Lose&quot; 
&quot;Earth To Amala&quot; 
&quot;Pet Test'
|-
|2019
|''[[:en:Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)|Riverdale]]''
|Headmistress Patricia
|&quot;Chapter Forty-Seven: Bizarrodale&quot;
|-
|2019
|''[[:en:The_Murders|The Murders]]''
|Prisha Sharma
|&quot;Queen of Hearts'
|-
|2019
|''[[:en:Charmed_(2018_TV_series)|Charmed]]''
|Amita Chandra
|&quot;Past Is Present&quot;
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:Nancy_Drew_(2019_TV_series)|Nancy Drew]]''
|Dr. Sandoe 
Emma Sandoe
|&quot;The Girl in the Locket&quot; 
&quot;The Clue in the Captain's Painting&quot;
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:The_Twilight_Zone_(2019_TV_series)|The Twilight Zone]]''
|Jill
|&quot;The Who of You&quot;
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:Away_(TV_series)|Away]]''
|IRSO Head Meera Patel
|&quot;Negative Return&quot; 
&quot;Excellent Chariots&quot; 
&quot;Vital Signs&quot; 
&quot;Spektr&quot; 
&quot;Home&quot;
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:A_Million_Little_Things|A Million Little Things]]''
|Nurse Shayna
|&quot;Hit &amp; Run&quot;
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[:en:Corner_Gas_Animated|Corner Gas Animated]]''
|Rheena
|Supportive role; 14 episodes
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:Loudermilk_(TV_series)|Loudermilk]]''
|Female Judge
|&quot;Hit Me Baby One More Time&quot;
|-
|2021
|''[[:en:Home_Before_Dark_(TV_series)|Home Before Dark]]''
|Dr. Singh
|&quot;Fighting His Ghost&quot;
|-
|TBD
|''[[:en:Children_Ruin_Everything|Children Ruin Everything]]''
|Nisha
|Supportive role; 5 episodes
|}

=== Filime ngufi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Roles
|-
|2002
|''Jane Post''
|Meditation Voice
|-
|2016
|''A Bicycle Lesson''
|
|-
|2016
|''Meet Cute''
|Mona
|-
|2017
|''Reel Women Seen''
|Nurse
|-
|2018
|''The Ride Home''
|Carla
|-
|2018
|''Little Oliver''
|Dr. Mehta
|-
|TBD
|''Carried Away''
|Aliza
|-
|TBD
|''Send the Rain''
|Dawn
|}

=== Imikino yo kuri videwo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Roles
|-
|2015
|''[[:en:Invisible,_Inc.|Invisible, Inc.]]''
|Olivia Gladstone (voice)
|-
|2017
|''[[:en:Thimbleweed_Park|Thimbleweed Park]]''
|Natalie (voice)
|}

=== Mini TV serial ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Roles
|-
|1999
|''[[:en:Aftershock:_Earthquake_in_New_York|Aftershock: Earthquake in New York]]''
|City Official
|-
|2003
|''[[:en:First_to_Die|First to Die]]''
|Dr. Veena Yandro
|-
|2004
|''[[:en:Human_Cargo|Human Cargo]]''
|Sangita Desai
|-
|2017
|''[[:en:The_Indian_Detective|The Indian Detective]]''
|Malika
|-
|2018
|''[[:en:Darrow_&amp;_Darrow|Darrow &amp; Darrow]]''
|D.A. Ruth Ashland
|-
|2020
|''[[:en:The_Stand_(2020_miniseries)|The Stand]]''
|Dr. Biswas
|}

== references ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Veena}}
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]</text>
      <sha1>mk03hzto5xj0cvqmn6mzzbhbzqgjp0a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christine Nkurikiyinka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141671</id>
      <parentid>136165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>141671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1305" sha1="6pf1rjvjuuxj2gmubhl50amm3b1ea83" xml:space="preserve">== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Ambasaderi Christine NKULIKIYINKA yavutse ku ya 1 Gashyantare 1965. Ni umudipolomate w’u Rwanda akaba n'umukozi wa Leta.

Yize muri kaminuza ya Ludwigshafen y'ubumenyi ngiro kandi abona impamyabumenyi mu bucuruzi.

Kuva mu 1991 kugeza 2005, yakoraga muri Ambasade y'u Rwanda mu Budage, abanza kuba umuyobozi, nyuma aba umunyamabanga wa mbere akaba n'umujyanama wa Ambasade ya kabiri. Amaze gukorera muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga i Kigali, yatangiye akazi ko kuba umujyanama n’umusemuzi kugeza mu 2006.

'''Indimi avuga:''' Avuga [[Ikidage]], [[Icyongereza]], i Kinyarwanda, n’Igifaransa.&lt;ref&gt;[[Christine Nkurikiyinka|Academy for Cultural Diplomacy]]&lt;/ref&gt;


'''Indi mirimo ya Politiki yakoze'''

6. Inama y'Abaminisitiri yashyizeho abayobozi bakuru ku buryo bukurikira:

== Kuba Ambasaderi: ==
'''''&quot;NKURIKIYINKA Christine&quot;''''' : Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda i Berlin

RUGIRA Amandin: Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda i [[Kinshasa]]:

Ambasaderi KAMALI KAREGESA: Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda muri Pretoriya;

Ambasaderi GASANA Eugene: Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda i New York;

Ambasaderi NSENGIMANA Joseph: Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda muri Etiyopiya n' Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, Addis Abeba;

NTWARI Gérard: Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda i Buruseli&lt;ref&gt;REPUBLIC OF RWANDA (primature.gov.rw)&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6pf1rjvjuuxj2gmubhl50amm3b1ea83</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plan B (2019 film)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>141820</id>
      <parentid>134218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141820</origin>
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      <text bytes="3626" sha1="ga0q5divogcbivilc3j49sdxlnlyk6e" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Daniel Etim Effiong in Fishbone cropped.png|thumb|umukinnyi ugaragara muri filime yitwa plan b]]
'''''Plan B''''' ni filime yo gusetsa y’urukundo ya [[Kenya]] na [[Nigeriya]] yasohotse 2019 &lt;ref&gt;https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/showbiz/plan-b-a-hilarious-kenyan-love-tale-with-a-twist-138498&lt;/ref&gt; yanditswe, iyobowe kandi ikosorwa nuwakoze firime ya Nigeriya, Lowladee. Muri iyi filime hagaragaramo umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri Kenya akaba na producer Sarah Hassan, [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]], hamwe n’umukinnyi wa [[Nigeriya]] Daniel Etim Effiong bakinnye. &lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot;&gt;https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/01/watch-trailer-for-lowladees-new-film-plan-b-on-bn/&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyi filime yatsindiye igihembo '''cyiza cya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba''' muri [[Afurika]] ya Magic Viewers 'Choice Awards (AMVCAs). &lt;ref&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_3118&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umusaruro ==
Iyi filime yakozwe na Lowladee ku bufatanye na Alfajiri Productions, uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa muri Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;P&quot; /&gt;

== Umugambi ==
Gutandukana na Ethan we (Lenana Kariba), Lisa Waweru (Sarah Hassan) yagiye kunywa mu kabari, ahahurira n'umugabo udasanzwe. Guhagarara ijoro rimwe hamwe n’umuntu utazi maze aratwita. Nyuma y'amezi atanu, umunyamurwango wacitse, Lisa, yamenye ko umugabo atwite ari umuyobozi mukuru wa Nigeriya muri Afrika yuburasirazuba akwirakwiza [[Nairobi|isosiyete ishingiye kuri Nairobi]], Dele Coker (Daniel Etim Effiong). Kuruhande rwinshuti ye, Joyce ([[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]]), gahunda nziza yageze kugirango Dele asabe inshingano zo gutwita. Iyi gahunda igomba rwose guhinduka ubuzima burambye kuri bose.  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NTV&quot;&gt;https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/showbiz/plan-b-a-hilarious-kenyan-love-tale-with-a-twist-138498&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102826/https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* Sarah Hassan nka ''Lisa''
* [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] nka ''Joyce''
* Daniel Etim Effiong nka ''Dele Coker''
* Lenana Kariba nka ''Ethan''
* Justin Mirichi nk'umunyamategeko wa ''Dele''
* Chantelle Naisola nka ''Mumbi''
* Zarhaa Kassam nka ''Sara''
* Maina wa Ndungu nka ''Muganga''
* Mary Gacheri nka ''nyirakuru wa Lisa''
* Ihangane Baraka nkumukobwa wa ''Dele''
* Silas Ambani nka ''PA ya Dele''
* Tracy Amadi nkumukozi wa ''Boutique''

== Kurekura ==
Filime yasohotse ku munsi w'abakundana, [[ku wa gatanu]] 14 Gashyantare 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://filmlinkafrica.com/2019/01/18/upcoming-kenyan-film-plan-b/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007204210/https://filmlinkafrica.com/SW/2019/01/18/upcoming-kenyan-film-plan-b/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yerekanwe kuri NTV (Kenya) ijoro ryabanjirije gusohoka kwisi.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/kenyan-movie-plan-b-set-to-premier-a-day-before-valentines/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-28 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120134336/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/kenyan-movie-plan-b-set-to-premier-a-day-before-valentines/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
      <sha1>ga0q5divogcbivilc3j49sdxlnlyk6e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tshepo Maseko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9823</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3459" sha1="lfo3js9u6bhxcjfqtpnvpmvt1v6gvhv" xml:space="preserve">'''Tshepo Maseko''' (yavutse 7 Werurwe 1974), ni umukinnyi wa firime muri  [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika yepfo]]. Azwi cyane ku ruhare rwe muri serial izwi cyane ''Isidingo'',''Vehicle 19'' and ''More Than Just a Game''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Real-life drama for soapie star Tshepo Maseko who won't pay up|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2018-01-21-real-life-drama-for-soapie-star-tshepo-maseko-who-wont-pay-up/|archive-date=2020-11-25|access-date=2020-11-25|website=sowetanlive}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2018-01-21-real-life-drama-for-soapie-star-tshepo-maseko-who-wont-pay-up/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavutse ku ya 7 Werurwe 1974 muri Afurika y'Epfo. Yabonye Impamyabumenyi y'igihugu muri Drama yakuye muri Pretoria Technikon ubu izwi ku izina rya Tshwane University of Technology. Nyuma yimyaka mike, yabaye Radio Itangaza kuri Motsweding FM. &lt;ref name=&quot;youthvillage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.youthvillage.co.za/2014/10/10-things-didnt-know-tshepo-maseko/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130093901/https://youthvillage.co.za/2014/10/10-things-didnt-know-tshepo-maseko/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yashakanye na Masego Morapedi kuva 2013. Abashakanye bafite abakobwa batatu.

== Umwuga ==
Yatangiye umwuga we afite imyaka 13. Mu 1998, yatangiriye kuri tereviziyo ya ''Isidingo'' aho yakinnye nka 'Parsons Matabane' imyaka myinshi. Mu 2005, yagaragaye muri filime ngufi ''Blow'' akina 'Nick'. Hanyuma muri 2007, yakinnye bwa mbere muri firime hamwe na ''Poena Is Koning''. Muri 2008, yashizeho umurongo wimyenda witwa 'Phologolo Active Wear' (PAW). &lt;ref name=&quot;youthvillage&quot; /&gt;

Yakinnye kandi muri serial ''#Karektas'' nkumushyitsi wicyamamare hanyuma kuri serial ''Ba Kae?'' nka Nyiricyubahiro.  Muri 2011, yatsindiye Igihembo cyumukinnyi witwaye neza mu isabune ya TV kuri SAFTA. Muri uwo mwaka, yarushanwe mu marushanwa ya M-Net yo ''kurokoka Afurika y'Epfo Survivor: Maldives'' nk'umuhanzi w'icyamamare. Muri 2013, yakinnye muri firime mpuzamahanga ya ''Vehicle 19''. Muri filime, yashyize ahagaragara 'Lieutenant'. 

Yakiriye Igihembwe cya munani cyuburere bukuze bwerekana ukuri ''Kubuzima'' Bwerekanwe kuri SABC2. Hanyuma yagaragaye muri make ''Impeta''. Hagati aho, kuva 2012 kugeza 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wa gahunda yumuziki w’amadini ''Gospel Classics yo'' mu gihe cya kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3093&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inshingano za tereviziyo ===

* ''#Karektas'' nkumushyitsi wicyamamare
* ''Ba Kae?'' nka Nyiricyubahiro
* ''Indahiro Yacitse'' nka T.
* ''Umujyi wa Diamond'' nka Kgosi
* ''Ubutumwa Bwiza bwa Gospel nkuwakiriye''
* ''Isidingo'' nka Parsons Matabane
* ''Nka Data'' Nkumuhungu nka Themba Sibeko
* ''Lithapo'' nka Brian
* ''MTV Shuga'' nka Robert
* ''Abera n'abanyabyaha'' nka Thabang Moloiswa
* ''Kumurika'' nk'umucamanza
* ''Skwizas'' nka Samusoni
* ''Umuhanda wa Mangaung'' nkumuyobozi mukuru wa Raps Modisane
* ''Kurokoka Afrika yepfo'' nkumunywanyi
* ''Impeta'' nka Tshepo / Thabo

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka
! Filime
! Uruhare
! Ubwoko
|-
| 2005
| ''Gukubita''
| Nick
| Filime ngufi
|-
| 2007
| ''Poena Is Koning''
|
| Filime
|-
| 2007
| ''Kurenza Umukino''
| Liyetona
| Filime
|-
| 2013
| ''Ikinyabiziga 19''
| Liyetona
| Filime
|}

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rosette Chantal Rugamba</title>
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      <text bytes="5233" sha1="o07jlskobuf8fg5e2lxya59qxak7xo4" xml:space="preserve">'''Rosette Chantal Rugamba''' ni  umucuruzikazi washoye mu bukerarugendo, washinze kandi Umuyobozi wa Songa Africa, sosiyete ikora ibijyanye n'ubukerarugendo muri  Afurika y'Iburasirazuba akaba na  nyiri Amakoro Songa Kinigi Lodge ikorera  mu [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.global-ambassadors.org/people/rosette-chantal-rugamba/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2019/songa-africas-chantal-rugamba-on-the-rise-of-high-end-tourism-in-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uburezi ==
Rosette afite impamyabumenyi ya politiki (siyanse mbonezamubano) ya siyanse na sociologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere, yize ibijyanye no kwamamaza mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] kandi ni umuyobozi wa Aspen's global leadership -Ali East Africa of 2010. &lt;ref&gt;https://eturbonews.com/56736/rosette-rugamba-graduates-aspen-s-global-leadership-course/&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe mwanditsi w’isoko rusange ry’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo (COMESA) m'Ubukerarugendo burambye  - ishingiro ryo gushyiraho ingamba n’ubukerarugendo mu karere. &lt;ref&gt;https://equitygroupfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Equity-Bank-Annual-Report-2015-1.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Rosette Chantal Rugamba ashishikajwe cyane n'ubukerarugendo kandi afite ubutunzi bwinshi bw'ubushishozi n'inzego za leta mu gukangurira ubufatanye bwa Leta n'abikorera guteza imbere ubukerarugendo neza. Rosette yagize uruhare runini mu nganda n’ubukerarugendo mu myaka 24 ishize atangirana na EuroStar mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], hanyuma aba umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha no kwamamaza muri British Airways muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] no muri central Afurika. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.africanparks.org/about-us/our-people/rosette-chantal-rugamba&lt;/ref&gt; , yagiye akora nk'Umuyobozi mu Nama Nyafurika yikorabuhanga- [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.gianmarcomaraviglia.com/rwanda-women&lt;/ref&gt; Ni perezida w’Urugereko rw’Ubukerarugendo, akaba n'umwe mu bagize inama y’Urugereko rw’Abagore mu Ishyirahamwe ry’abikorera. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.essence.com/lifestyle/travel/black-travel-guide/visiting-africa-community-led-tourism-airbnb-travel-summit/&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2003, Rosette yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w’ibiro by’ubukerarugendo na parike y’u [[Rwanda]] (ORTPN), &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211122210754/https://womenforenvironment.org/we_are/rosette-chantal-rugamba/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/4089&lt;/ref&gt; aho yateje imbere ububyutse n’iterambere ry’ubukerarugendo mu nyuma makimbirane  y’u Rwanda no kubungabunga parike eshatu z’igihugu mu [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/46460&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://expressnews.rw/rosette-rugamba-gets-appointed-to-unwtos-tourism-ethics-committee/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122143609/http://expressnews.rw/rosette-rugamba-gets-appointed-to-unwtos-tourism-ethics-committee/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2003 kugeza 2010, ubwo yari umuyobozi ushinzwe ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu [[Rwanda]], umubare w’abakerarugendo wiyongereye uva ku 13.000 ugera kuri 790.000 ndetse anaba uwa mbere mu kwinjiza amadovize. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tourismleadershipforum.africa/2018-speakers-details/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122164932/https://www.tourismleadershipforum.africa/2018-speakers-details/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rwanda|U Rwanda]] rwatoranijwe kuba intangarugero mu gukora ubukerarugendo bwa  [[Afurika]] kandi rutsindira imurikagurisha ryiza rya [[Afurika]] mu imurikagurisha ry’ubucuruzi rya ITB-tourism mu myaka 4 ikurikiranye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/5467/rwanda-is-selected-as-model-for-e-tourism |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122164913/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/5467/rwanda-is-selected-as-model-for-e-tourism |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rosette yamenyekanye [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|nk'Ubunyamabanga bw'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] nk'umwe mu bashinzwe ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu karere. Yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga [[Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda|Ikigo cy’iterambere ry’u Rwanda]] (RDB). &lt;ref&gt;https://eturbonews.com/29395/deputy-ceo-rwanda-development-board-tourism-moves/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/88607&lt;/ref&gt; Rosette Rugamba ashyirwa muri komite ishinzwe imyitwarire y’ubukerarugendo bwa UNTWO-Global manda  y’imyaka ine yatangiye ku ya 17 Nzeri 2017 kandi akora nk'umujyanama wihariye w’umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe ubukerarugendo ku isi (UNWTO). &lt;ref&gt;https://www.unwto.org/members-2017-2021&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4084807.html&lt;/ref&gt; Mu zindi nshingano za Rosette harimo gukorera mu Nama y'Ubucuruzi Mark East Africa (TMEA) na Sonarwa-Insurance Company. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/192042&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernadette Umunyana</title>
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'''Bernadette Umunyana''' ni umunyarwandakazi washinze ikigo kizwi kwizina rya

Dokmai Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pinterest.com/pin/476889048049776419/&lt;/ref&gt; Iki kigo kikaba ari ikigo kigenga gikorera mu [[Rwanda]].

cyashinzw mumwaka wa 2014 afatanyije n'umuryangowe, umugabowe ndetse n'umuhungu we.

== Amateka ==
Bernadette Umunyana mbere yuko ashinga iki kigo mu [[Rwanda]], yari atuye muri asia y'amajyefpo (South East Asia)

afata umwanzuro wo kuva muri ibyo bihugu ngo aze mu Rwanda ahashinge iki kigo gikora ibijyanye n'uruhu rukomeye (leather)

kandi bikozwe n'intoki ndetse bizwi kwizina rya Made in Rwanda&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://itarazen.com/pages/dokmairwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-07 |archive-date=2021-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207111407/https://itarazen.com/pages/dokmairwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imirimo ye ==
Umunyana Bernadette biciye kurubuga rwabo rwa DOKMAI Rwanda batangazako intego 

ndetse n'imirimo yabo nyamukuru igameje kugaragaza isura nziza ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'urwanda mukugaragaza &lt;ref&gt;https://dokmairwanda.com/about-us/&lt;/ref&gt;

ibyiza inganda z'abanyarwanda zabasha gukora ndetse bigakurura n'abanyamahanga kureba agaciro ka [[Made in Rwanda]] cyangwa 

Ibikorerwa mu rwanda 

== Guhanga ibishya ==
Bernadette umunyana afatanyije na babiri bo mumuryangowe, bashinze iki kigo cya DOKMAI Rwanda batewe ishema 

no guteza imbirere ubunzi bw'ibikorwa n'intoki (handicraft activities) Ndetse bifite ubuziranenge bwo kurwego rwo hejuru

('''high quality leather fashion accessories).'''

Ibi bikaba bigamije guteza imbire ibijyanye n'imideri (Fashion) mu Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2016/3/30/the-startup-story-of-bernadette-umunyana&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubumenyi n'Ubunyamwuga ==
Aba bashoramari bafite ubumenyi muribi bikurikira ,Handicraft : design, production, marketing of handicraft imigeri ikozwe muri leather, ndetse na 

mulberry paper. Respecting Fair Trade principles and assuming social responsibility.

kwita kubidukikije ndetse n'uburinganire (Respectful to the environment and to gender and youth issues in a nondiscriminator)

manner

Education: Primary school teacher, moderator, Bafite ubunararibonye muri (courses for professional development (see CV)

Computer skills: MS Word, MS Excel, graphic programs, accounting.&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.linkedin.com/in/bernadette-umunyana-b9436a98&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indimi ==
Kinyarwanda (mother tongue)

French (fluent)

English (fluent)

Swahili (speaking)

Lao (basic: speaking)

Arabic (basic: speaking)

German (basic: reading, speaking)

== Umuryango ==
Bernadette arubatse afite abana 2 ,Mukinyamakuru Jolie Tropisme yatangajeko ibiyanye n'ubwarimu yabikoze 

kugeza muwa 2014, ariko akaba yari yaratangiye kwihuza n'ibijyanye n'imideri bitewe n'uko uwo bashakanye yakoraga mubihugu bitandukanye

byo muri Afurika na Asia kandi bajyana aho hose, ibyo bigatuma amenya byinshi kubijyanye n'imideri.  yatangiye ibikorwa bye bijyanye n'imideri

muri Burkina Faso aho avugako yahigiye byinshi ndetse birimo no kudoda(batik techniques) hanyuma abasha guhindura ibyo yakoraga mumideri 

nkamakanzu ,amashati n'imipira.  Umunyana kandi ygize uruhare muri porogaramu zimideri muri Ouagadougou.&lt;ref&gt;https://jolitropisme.blog/2019/11/21/this-is-rwanda-bernadette-umunyana-dokmai/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Frida Umurerwa</title>
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      <text bytes="843" sha1="b4zkbgb2vff2vcpx8dvxiy2piwhmqvo" xml:space="preserve">'''Frida Umurerwa''' ni umunyarwanda akaba  rwiyemezamirimo w’umugore wo muri Pan African (Pan Africanist woman entrepreneur) ufite ishyaka ryo kuzamura no kubona isura nshya ya Afrika. Afite ikigo cyitwa Morija Supply Ltd. Yavukiye mu Rwanda ariko akurira i Burayi, yagarutse ku Mugabane mu myaka 15 ishize ashimishijwe no gushyira amaboko ye mu bikorwa by'iterambere,  mbere nambere yabanje gukorera muri Afurika y'Epfo, nyuma mu Burundi ari nako akorana na bimwe mu bihugu bya EAC ubu no mu Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kasha.rw/blog/frida-umurerwa/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-10 |archive-date=2021-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205807/https://kasha.rw/blog/frida-umurerwa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://activity.alibaba.com/supplier/efounders-fellow-class-5-frida-umurerwa.html&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amafi</title>
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      <text bytes="3469" sha1="qmf34lifuaph4k368d3a1u44cnhi26b" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Pond fish and pomfret fish.jpg|thumb|Pond fish and pomfret fish]]
[[Dosiye:Amafi.jpg|thumb|akamaro k'amafi]]
[[Dosiye:Muskellunge USFWS.jpg|thumb|ifi]]
[[Dosiye:Vieja melanura - Karlsruhe Zoo 01.jpg|thumb|ifi]]
[[Dosiye:Sargo común (Diplodus sargus), Parque natural de la Arrábida, Portugal, 2020-07-21, DD 56.jpg|thumb|ifi]]
[[Dosiye:Pond fish and pomfret fish.jpg|thumb|amafi]]
[[Dosiye:Abborre.jpg|thumb|ifi]]
[[Dosiye:Malate, Manila, Aquarium, Fish 2, Philippines.jpg|thumb|Amafi ari mumazi]]
Amafi ni ubwoko bw'amatungo yororerwa mu mazi, bukaba burimo ubwoko butandukanye, hari ubugira amagaragamba, n'ubundi bugira umubiri unyerera. muri rusange rero amafi akungahaye ku intungamubiri nyinshi. 
[[File:Abborre.jpg|thumb|Abborre]]

amafi yororwa abari mu byuzi, naho andi muri rusange aba mu migezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga, ndetse n'ibidendeze. Mu RWANDA, hakunda kuboneka amafi yo mubwoka bwa Tirapiya, aribwo bukunzwe, muyandi atagira amagara gamba harimo ayitwa inkube, imamba ndetse n'ishinzi. Mu kivu hakunda kuboneka mo ayitwa isambaza, hamwe n'indugu.

=== Amafi afite byinshi yihariye mu kutugirira akamaro ===
N'ubwo tuyashyira hamwe n'inyama ariko amafi nibyo kurya byihariye dore ko afite byinshi atandukaniyeho n'inyama z'amatungo abagwa, kuko akenshi zo ziribwa nyuma yo kumishwa, ndetse nizitumishijwe mu buryo bwabugenewe abaziteka babanza kuzikaza ku buryo zisa nkizishizemo amazi.

Amafi ni ibyo kurya usanga henshi dore ko nabatarya inyama kubera ubwivumbure bubatera bashobora kurya amafi nubwo nayo hari abo atera ubwivumbure. kuva ku munopfu wazo, kugera ku mavuta akurwa muri zimwe,, yaba izikurwa mu ruzi cyangwa izirobwa mu mazi magari ifi ni ibyo kurya bifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri wacu.

kugeza ubu habarurwa amoko agera kuri 32000 ku isi yose gusa siko yose aribwa ahubwo haribwamo amoko make, ndetse hari n'aribwa ariko atemerewe bamwe nk'abana n'abagore batwite.

==== Intungamubiri ====
Mu mafi habonekamo intungamubiri ndetse zimwe muri zo ntiwazibona ahandi. habonekamo Vitamin D ihagije  ndetse n'abatabasha kubona akazuba kugirango kabashe kuyibaha kurya amafi ayibaha k'urugero rwiza. harimo kandi poroteyine, vitaminB12, selenium ndetse na vitaminF, ariyo igizwe na omega-3 ivanze na omega-6.

==== Akamaro k'ubuzima ====
Akamaro k'amafi k'ubuzima bwacu karihariye nkuko twabivuze haruguru, ndetse aha umubiri w'uwayariye intungamubiri ziwufasha mu mikorere yawo.

mu byiza amafi aduha twavugamo:

* afasha abashaka gutakaza ibiro, kuko atuma umubiri utakaza imikorere yawo.
* afasha mu guhangana n'uburwayi bunyuranye bw'umwijima [https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/amafi-afite-byinshi-yihariye-mu-kutugirira-akamaro]
* ni meza kubari mu gihe cyo gucura kuko abafasha kutagira umunabi ndetse abarinda kugira ibinya bya hato na hato.
* afasha mu mikorere y'ubwonko, yongera ubwenge butekereza ndetse aka narinda indwara  yo kwibagirwa ikunze gufata abageze mu zabukuru.
* afasha gusinzira neza kandi akarinda indwara yo kubura ibitotsi.
* arinda cancel zinyuranye
* agabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zigendanye n'ubudahangarwa.&lt;br /&gt;

==== Ikitonderwa ====

* Nkuko twabivuze haruguru ku bagore batwite ndetse n'abonsa hari amafi batemerewe. ayo ni amafi arimo mercure nyinshi akaba ari y'amafi yo mumazi magari(ocean) kuko ariyo abonekamo mercure nyinshi.

* kurya amafi nanone kenshi si byiza,byibuze inshuro 2 mu cyumweru zirahagije.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217003316/https://umutihealth.com/amafi/]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>College of Science and Technology (CST)</title>
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      <text bytes="5842" sha1="khly0nrexbwkcev1f5nrmltnmrku0yu" xml:space="preserve">College of Science and Technology (UR-CST) ni ishuri rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga rya [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda,]] iherereye mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali|Kigali.]] 

Yahoze ari ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga rya [[Kigali]] (izwi cyane kwizina rya KIST cyangwa Institut des Sciences et des Technologies de Kigali), nicyo kigo cya mbere cyibanda ku ikoranabuhanga mu mashuri makuru yashyizweho na leta y'u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://ur.ac.rw/?College-of-Science-and-Technology-CST&lt;/ref&gt; KIST yashinzweho mu Gushyingo 1997. Abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye mu ishingwa ryayo ni [[Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda|Minisiteri y’Uburezi]], UNIPOD mu Rwanda, na GTZ, uruganda rw’Abadage.

Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga (CST) ryashinzweho na leta y'u Rwanda mwi ITEGEKO N ° 71/2013 Ryo ku wa 10 Nzeri 2013 rishyiraho kaminuza y' u [[Rwanda|Rwanda (UR)]] kandi rimenya inshingano yayo, imbaraga, imiterere n'imikorere nkishuri ry'[[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|ikoranabuhanga]] ryihariye mukwigisha no guhugura abakozi bafite ubumenyi buhanitse mubijyanye nubumenyi, n'ubumenyingiro hamwe nubwubatsi kugirango bakurikirane iterambere ry'[[Igihugu|igihugu.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://council.science/member/rwanda-kigali-institute-of-science-and-technology-kist-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522070528/https://council.science/member/rwanda-kigali-institute-of-science-and-technology-kist-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibyo leta yu Rwanda yiyemeje kugera ku ntego n’intumbero bigaragara muri EDPRS 2 y[[Igihugu|’igihugu]] ndetse na Vision 2020 yahindutse 2050 ubu, Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga (CST) ni rimwe muri kaminuza esheshatu zihariye ziri munsi ya [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza y’u Rwanda]]. CST  igira uruhare runini mu kwigisha no gukora ubushakashatsi, kwegera abaturage no gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo bafite akazi kabuhariwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://schoolsinrwanda.com/listing/college-of-science-and-technology-cst-ur/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20081009061704/http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/kist05&lt;/ref&gt;

'''AMASHURI AYIGIZE MUKICIRO CYAKABIRI CYA KAMINUZA'''(schools In bachelors degree)&lt;ref&gt;https://cst.ur.ac.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;

1.Ishuri Ryigisha gukora ibishushanyo mbonera by'amazu nizindi nyubako ,ibidukikije n'imigereka yabyo''.(School of Architecture and Environment'').harimo ibyiciro bya:

* Igishushanyo Mbonera cy’[[Amazu]] (Architecture)
* Kubara n’Ubugenzuzi bw’Agaciro k’Ibyubakwa (Quantity Surveying)
* Imicungire n’Ibarura ry’Agaciro k’Imitungo Itimukanwa (Estate Management and Valuation)
* Yubumenyi bwisi n’Igenamigambi ry’Imijyi (Geography and Urban Planning)

2.Ishuri Ryigisha ubwubatsi bw'imihanda n'amazu, amashanyarazi, n'ubwubatsi bw'imashini (''School of engineering). Aha'' harimo

* Ubwubatsi bw[[Imihanda ya kaburimbo yubatswe mu Karere ka Rwamagana|'imihanda]], amapoto n'amazu(Civil Engineering).
* Ibyerekeye amashanyarazi n'ingufu (electrical power Engineering).
* Ibyerekeye itumanaho n'ibyuma bya elegitoroniki(electronic and telecommunication).
* Ubukorikori n'ubwubatsi bw'imashini(Mechanical engineering). 
* Nizindi zitandukanye.

3.Ishuri Ryigisha iby'ikoranabuhanga, mudasobwa, n'itumanaho(''School of ICT''). Zimwe muri porogaramu(program) zirimo ni

* Ibyerekeye mudasibwa n'umutekano wazo(computer science).
* Sisitemu z'amakuru n'ikoranabuhanga rya e-Government(information systems).
* Ubwubatsi n'iyandikwa rya porogaramu za mudasidwa(computer engineering). 

4. Ishuri Ryigisha [[Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu Rwanda|iby'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye]] y'agaciro n'ubumenyi (''school of mining and geology'') .Naho  harimo 

* Mining Engineering (Ubuhanga mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro).
* Applied Geology (Ubumenyi bw'isi n'amakoperative y'ubucukuzi).

5.Ishuri Ryigisha ubumenyi bw'ibanze nka Matematike, [[Umugenge|Ubugenge]], Ubushakashatsi bw'imiti (Chemistry), n'Ibinyabuzima(s''chool of science''). Aha ho harimo

•Ishami ry'Imibare na Sitatisitiki (Mathematics and Statistics).

• Ishami ry'ubujyenge(physics).

•Ishami ry'ubutabire(, chemistry).

•Ishami ry'ibunyabuza(conservation biology).

'''INYUBAKO ZIGIZE IKIGO'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

# SABE:iyi ni Inyubako  y'ishuri ry'ubugeni mu guhanga inyubako (School of Architecture and Built Environment) yubatswe hifashishijwe inkunga y'Ibirunga by'u Rwanda n'amabuye y'amakoro. Ifite ibyumba 13 byo kwigiramo, ibiro, n'amalaboratwari ndetse naho abanyeshuri basuzumira imishinga yabo.
# Einstein Block (Building 19): Inyubako yitiriwe umuhanga Albert Einstein. Ikoreramo amashuri y'ubushakashatsi ikoranabuhanga n'ubugenge.
# Agaciro Block (Building 18): Inyubako ikoreramo ibiro byubuyobozi bw'amashuri amwe n'amwe n'ikigo cy'icyitegererezo cya ACEIoT, Imbere ya resitora zombi Yaba iyabanyeshuri Niyabarimu.
# Muhabura Block (Building 33): Inyubako nini ikoreshwa mu masomo atandukanye y'ibinjyanye n'ubwubatsi.
# Muhazi Block (Building 4): Inyubako ikoreshwa mu masomo n'amalaboratwari y'ubwubatsi (Civil Engineering). Ikaba imwe munyunsko zitageretse ziri muri CST.
# Dusaidi Students Hostel (Building 5) na Facebook: Inyubako z'amateka zikoreshwa nkamacumbi yabahungu.
# Female Hostels (Building 3): Inyubako zicumbikira abanyeshuri b'abakobwa biga muri iyi kaminuza. Ninayo nyubako kubona bwambere ukinjira muri CST unyuze Camp Kigali.
# Ikaze block: aha higiramo abanyeshuri biga mu ishuri rya science. Ari naho hari ivuriro kujyirango igize ikibazo abone ubutabazi.
# Kalisimbi block: iyi ni inyubako ya labolatwari zubutabire,ibinyabuza ndetse nikoranabuhanga.
# Workshops: izi ni inyubako abanyeshuri bo muri CST biga puratike bifashisha cyane cyane mumasomo yubumenyi ngiro.</text>
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    <title>UBUREZI BWO MURI AUSTRALIA</title>
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      <text bytes="9781" sha1="hvhtes0pcckoaeu498nqpytopovjf3m" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|thumb|Ibiro by'igihugu bishinzwe uburezi, 50 Umuhanda wa Marcus Clarke, Canberra.
Incamake y'ishami
Yashyizweho ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2019 [1]
Ishami ryabanjirije
Ishami rishinzwe uburezi n'amahugurwa
Iseswa 1 Gashyantare 2020
Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura
Ishami rishinzwe uburezi.]]
'''Uburezi muri Ositaraliya''' bukubiyemo imirenge y'uburezi bwabana bato &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://annualreport2015.education.gov.au/programme-13-early-learning-and-schools-support |title=Archive copy |access-date=2016-03-03 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20160303210743/https://annualreport2015.education.gov.au/programme-13-early-learning-and-schools-support |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;(precc amashuri) n'uburezi bwibanze (amashuri abanza), hagakurikiraho amashuri yisumbuye (ayisumbuye), amashuri makuru (kaminuza n'amashirahamwe yiyandikisha (RTOs).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dese.gov.au/404?site_search=about+skills+sector&lt;/ref&gt; Kugenga no gutera inkunga uburezi n'inshingano za Leta n'intara, nyamara leta ya Ositaraliya nayo igira uruhare runini. Uburezi muri Ositaraliya ni itegeko hagati y'imyaka ine, itanu, cyangwa itandatu  na cumi na gatanu, cumi na gatandatu cyangwa cumi na karindwi, bitewe na leta cyangwa intara n'itariki y'amavuko&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140218220904/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education&lt;/ref&gt;Ku mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye, amashuri ya reta yigisha abagera kuri 60 kw'ijana vy'abanyeshuri ba Ositaraliya, hafi 40 kw'ijana mu mashure adaharanira inyungu.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140218220904/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education&lt;/ref&gt; Ku rwego rwa kaminuza, kaminuza nyinshi zo muri Ositaraliya ni rusange, kandi amafaranga y’abanyeshuri atangwa binyuze muri gahunda yinguzanyo yabanyeshuri aho kwishyura bitangwa mugihe ababerewemo imyenda bageze kurwego runaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140218220904/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education&lt;/ref&gt; Bishimangiwe na [[Ositaraliya]] yujuje ibyangombwa, yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu 1995, Ositaraliya yashyizeho gahunda y’igihugu y’impamyabumenyi, ikubiyemo amashuri makuru, imyuga n’amahugurwa (VET), n’uburezi bushingiye ku ishuri. Ku mashure abanza n'ayisumbuye, integanyanyigisho za [[Ositaraliya|Australiya]] zagiye zitegurwa kandi zishirwa mu ngiro kuva mu 2010.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170704204435/http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/curriculumhistory&lt;/ref&gt; Australiya ni igihugu gitanga uburezi ku isi ku banyeshuri mpuzamahanga, kandi mu 2012 cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa gatatu mu gutanga uburezi mpuzamahanga nyuma y’Amerika n'Ubwongereza. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.oecd.org/education/EAG2012%20-%20Country%20note%20-%20Australia.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Ositaraliya ifite umubare munini w’abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga ku muturage w’abatuye isi ku bwinshi, aho abanyamahanga 812.000 biyandikishije muri za kaminuza n’ibigo by’imyuga mu mwaka wa 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2019/11/australian-universities-double-down-on-international-students/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&amp;dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fproperty%2Fbooming-student-market-a-valuable-property%2Fnews-story%2F6bb3823260aa3443f0c26909406d089b&amp;memtype=anonymous&amp;mode=premium&amp;v21=dynamic-cold-test-noscore&amp;V21spcbehaviour=append&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amabwiriza y'inkunga muri Ositaraliya ==
Amabwiriza, imikorere, n’inkunga y’uburezi ni inshingano za Leta n’intara kubera ko guverinoma ya Ositaraliya idafite ububasha bw’itegeko nshinga bwo gushyiraho amategeko yerekeye uburezi. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090411044012/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s51.html&lt;/ref&gt; Nyamara, guverinoma ihuriweho na leta ifasha gutera inkunga amashuri ategamiye kuri leta, &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190538/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aea2013210/s21.html&lt;/ref&gt; ifasha gutera inkunga kaminuza za leta no gutera inkunga amashuri makuru binyuze muri gahunda y’inguzanyo y’abanyeshuri, kandi ikagenga abatanga imyuga&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170319235130/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nveatra2011492/&lt;/ref&gt;Inyigisho nyuma y’urwego igengwa n’ibikorwa bya [[Ositaraliya]] yujuje ibyangombwa, sisitemu ihuriweho n’ubumenyi bw’igihugu mu mashuri, amashuri y’imyuga n’amahugurwa, hamwe n’amashuri makuru.Ironderero ry’uburezi, ryashyizwe ahagaragara n’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku iterambere ry’abantu muri 2018, rishingiye ku mibare yo mu 2017, ryashyize Ositaraliya ku mwanya wa 0.929, ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi.&lt;ref&gt;https://hdr.undp.org/en/data&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri Abanza nayi cuke ==
Gahunda yamashuri ABANZA  na progaramu mbere yincuke muri  Ositaraliya ntisanzwe kandi ntabwo ari itegeko. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130503225437/http://playgroupaustralia.com.au/files/pdf/playgroupAU_page_Vision_and_Mission.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Icya mbere kigaragaza abana benshi bo muri Ositaraliya bagomba kwigira hamwe nabandi hanze yuburere gakondo ni ukurera abana cyangwa itsinda ryababyeyi. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130503225437/http://playgroupaustralia.com.au/files/pdf/playgroupAU_page_Vision_and_Mission.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;nkibi ntibisanzwe bifatwa nkishuri, kuko uburezi bwintangarugero butandukanye nishuri ryibanze muri leta zose nintara, usibye Ositaraliya yuburengerazuba aho amashuri abanza yigishirizwa mubice bigize amashuri abanza &lt;ref name=&quot;resp&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130503225437/http://playgroupaustralia.com.au/files/pdf/playgroupAU_page_Vision_and_Mission.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; na Victoria aho urwego rwa leta, Imikorere ya Victorian Yambere Yiga no Gutezimbere (VEYLDF) ikubiyemo abana kuva bakivuka kugeza kumyaka 8, ikoreshwa namashuri amwe murwego rwigihugu. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130503225437/http://playgroupaustralia.com.au/files/pdf/playgroupAU_page_Vision_and_Mission.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Queensland, porogaramu zitangira amashuri bakunze kwita Kindergarten cyangwa Pre-Prep kandi mubisanzwe bikorerwa wenyine ariko bikurura inkunga ya leta iyo ikoresheje byibuze amasaha 600 kumwaka kandi bigatangwa numwarimu wiyandikishije. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/providers/edcare/veyldframework.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubusanzwe amashuri abanza ayobowe na leta nintara, usibye muri Victoria, Ositaraliya yepfo na New South Wales aho usanga akenshi bayoborwa ninama zaho, amatsinda yabaturage cyangwa imiryango yigenga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Amashuri abanza atangwa kubana bafite imyaka itatu kugeza kuri itanu; umubare w'abitabira uratandukanye cyane muri leta, ariko 85.7% by'abana bitabiriye amashuri abanziriza ishuri. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100928134647/http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Ec/PreschoolEducationSheetNo2.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Umwaka mbere yuko umwana agomba kwiga amashuri abanza niwo mwaka nyamukuru w'amashuri abanza. Uyu mwaka uritabiriwe cyane kandi urashobora gufata amasaha make yibikorwa muminsi y'icyumweru.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110216125646/http://www.aeufederal.org.au/Ec/FS4.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye ==
[[Dosiye:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 2817 Infants Primary Total Persons.svg|thumb|shuri Rikuru rya St Mary, Hobart, ku ifoto muri 2014. Ishuri rikuru rifatanije na Presentation Sisters, ikigo cy’amadini cya Kiliziya Gatolika .]]
Amashuri 10.584 yiyandikishije yakoreraga muri Ositaraliya muri 2019, muri yo 7.092 ni amashuri ya leta. &lt;ref&gt;https://asl.acara.edu.au/School-Search&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza muri 2019, amashuri ya leta yigishije 65.4% byabanyeshuri bose.  Muri 2017, hari abarimu bari munsi ya 282.000 mumashuri abanza nayisumbuye ya Ositaraliya.  Mu mashuri atagengwa na Leta, hafi bibiri bya gatatu byari amashuri gatolika. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Primary%20and%20secondary%20education~105&lt;/ref&gt; Igice kinini cyibiciro byishuri rya leta byujujwe na leta cyangwa intara bireba. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Primary%20and%20secondary%20education~105&lt;/ref&gt; Guverinoma ya Ositaraliya itanga igice kinini c'inkunga ya leta mumashirahamwe adaharanira inyungu, yunganirwa na reta hamwe nintara&lt;ref&gt;https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Primary%20and%20secondary%20education~105&lt;/ref&gt;Amashuri ategamiye kuri leta, yaba ay'amadini cyangwa ay'isi asanzwe yishyura amafaranga y'ishuri ku gahato n'andi mafaranga. Amashuri ya leta atanga uburezi nta mafaranga y'ishuri ateganijwe, nubwo amashuri menshi ya leta asaba kwishyura amafaranga 'kubushake' kugirango yishyure amafaranga runaka&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dese.gov.au/404?site_search=funding+schools&lt;/ref&gt;Hatitawe ku kuba ishuri ari leta cyangwa itegamiye kuri Leta, rigengwa n’urwego rumwe rw'amasomo. Urwego ruyobowe na Ositaraliya ishinzwe integanyanyigisho, Isuzuma na Raporo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-12 |archive-date=2022-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224085732/https://www.dese.gov.au/higher-education |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Amashuri menshi asaba abanyeshuri kwambara imyenda yabigenewe. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130415213947/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education/whatforme.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Umwaka w'ishure muri Ositaraliya utangura muri Mutarama ukarangira mu Kuboza.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Uburezi|Ositaraliya]]
[[Ikiciro:Ositaraliya]]</text>
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    <title>Uburezi bwo muri Afurika y’Epfo</title>
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'''Uburezi muri Afurika y’Epfo''' bugengwa n’amashami abiri y’igihugu, ari yo ishami ry’uburezi bw’ibanze (DBE)&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Basic_Education&lt;/ref&gt;, rishinzwe amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, n’ishami ry’Amashuri makuru n'Amahugurwa (DHET), rishinzwe amashuri makuru n’imyuga.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education&lt;/ref&gt; amahugurwa. Mbere ya 2009, ayo mashami yombi yari ahagarariwe mu ishami rimwe ry'uburezi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school&lt;/ref&gt;Ishami rya DBE rivuga ku mashuri ya Leta, amashuri yigenga (nanone ishami ryita amashuri yigenga), ibigo byita ku bana bato (ECD), n'amashuri akeneye bidasanzwe. Amashuri ya leta hamwe n’ishuri ryigenga bizwi hamwe nk’ishuri risanzwe, hafi 97% y’amashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(South_Africa)&lt;/ref&gt;Ishami rya DHET ryita ku yandi mashuri makuru n’amahugurwa (FET) ubu azwi ku izina rya Tekiniki n’imyuga n’imyuga (TVET).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education&lt;/ref&gt;amashuri makuru y’ibanze akuze n’amahugurwa (ABET), n’ibigo by'amashuri makuru (HE).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education&lt;/ref&gt;[[Intara]] icyenda zo muri Afrika yepfo nazo zifite amashami y’uburezi ashinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’ishami ry’igihugu no gukemura ibibazo byaho.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa&lt;/ref&gt;Mu mwaka wa 2010, gahunda y’ibanze y’uburezi yari igizwe n’abanyeshuri 12,644.208, amashuri 30.586, n’abarimu 439.394. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150928051110/http://www.education.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VlqIdHT7qZ8%3D&amp;tabid=93&amp;mid=1952&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2009, amashuri makuru n’amahugurwa yari agizwe n’abanyeshuri 837.779 bo mu bigo bya HE, abanyeshuri 420.475 bo mu bigo bya FET bigenzurwa na leta na 297.900 mu bigo bigenzurwa na leta.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135637/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=137426&lt;/ref&gt;Muri 2013, leta ya Afrika yepfo yakoresheje 21% yingengo yigihugu mu burezi. Hafi ya 10% yingengo yuburezi ni ayisumbuye.

== Imiterere na Mabwiriza ==
Ishami ry’uburezi bw’ibanze riyobowe n’umuyobozi mukuru, Hubert Mathanzima Mweli, Amabwiriza  yaryo ikorwa na minisitiri Angie Motshekga&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Motshekga&lt;/ref&gt; na minisitiri wungirije Reginah Mhaule&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginah_Mhaule&lt;/ref&gt;. Ishami ry’Amashuri Makuru n'Amahugurwa riyobowe n'umuyobozi mukuru, Gwebs Qonde, Amabwiriza  yaryo ikorwa na minisitiri Blade Nzimande &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Nzimande&lt;/ref&gt;na minisitiri wungirije Buti Manamela.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buti_Manamela&lt;/ref&gt;Inzego zombi ziterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. Ishami ry’uburezi bwibanze ryishyura igice cyimishahara yabarimu mumashuri ya leta, ariko amashuri yigenga aterwa inkunga wenyine. Amashuri ya leta arashobora, mubihe bimwe, kuzuza amafaranga yabo binyuze mumisanzu y'ababyeyi. . Mubisanzwe Inteko Nyobozi y'Ishuri (SGB) ishinzwe gukusanya inkunga mumashuri. Inteko Nyobozi y'Ishuri mumashuri abanza igizwe n'ababyeyi, abarimu n'abakozi bunganira. Mu mashure yisumbuye, igizwe n'ababyeyi, abarimu, abakozi bunganira n'abiga.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sisitemu yuburezi bwibanze (amashuri abanza nayisumbuye) Afurika yepfo ==
DBE yashyize kumugaragaro amanota mubice bibiri &quot;bande&quot; yiswe Uburezi Rusange n'Amahugurwa (GET), ikubiyemo icyiciro cya 0 wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza ku cya 9, hamwe n'Amashuri Makuru n'Amahugurwa (FET), akubiyemo icyiciro cya 10-12 kimwe no kutari hejuru amashuri yimyuga yimyuga. KUBONA (Itsinda rusange ryigisha no guhugura) rigabanijwemo &quot;icyiciro&quot; cyitwa Icyiciro cya Fondasiyo (icyiciro cya 0 wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza ku cya 3), Icyiciro cyo hagati (icyiciro cya 4 kugeza ku cya 6), nicyiciro cya mbere (icyiciro cya 7 kugeza 9) .Imiterere yubuyobozi bwibigo byinshi bisanzwe muri Afrika yepfo ntibigaragaza kugabana amatsinda nibice. Kubwimpamvu zamateka, amashuri menshi ni &quot;amashuri abanza&quot; (icyiciro cya R wongeyeho icyiciro cya 1 kugeza 7) cyangwa &quot;amashuri yisumbuye&quot;, bizwi kandi nkayisumbuye (icyiciro cya 8 kugeza 12).

== Amanota atemewe ==
[[Dosiye:Grouping of South African school grades into phases, bands and schools.png|thumb|Ubururu: AMASHURI ABANZA Umutuku : AMASHURI YISUMBUYE ]]
Amashuri amwe yo murugo hamwe nishuri ryigenga bitanga amahitamo yo kurangiza umwaka wongeyeho nyuma yicyiciro cya 12, rimwe na rimwe bizwi nkicyiciro cya 13 cyangwa &quot;post-matric&quot;. Gahunda y’ishuri rya leta ya Afrika yepfo ntabwo ifite icyiciro cya 13, ariko igize igice cyamasomo atari muri Afrika yepfo rimwe na rimwe agakurikirwa namashuri yigenga muri Afrika yepfo.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130927223524/http://www.love2learn.co.za/about7.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosewaywaldorf.co.za/learning/high-school/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2022-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214161224/http://www.rosewaywaldorf.co.za/learning/high-school/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Icyiciro cya Fondasiyo ya DBE gikubiyemo icyiciro kibanziriza ishuri kizwi ku izina rya R, &quot;kwakira&quot;. Icyiciro cya R ni itegeko, ariko ntabwo amashuri abanza yose atanga amanota R. Grade R nayo ishobora kwitabira amashuri abanza. Ayandi manota ashobora kurangirira mumashuri abanziriza ishuri harimo icyiciro cya 00 nicyiciro cya 000 (nubwo amazina ya 000 na 00 adakoreshwa kwisi yose). Icyiciro cya R rimwe na rimwe cyitwa Grade 0 (bisobanurwa ngo &quot;grade naught&quot;), &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140226124222/http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/child-%e2%80%98school%e2%80%99-gr-000-send-he%e2%80%99s-6-turning-7-gr-1&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201657/http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/is-there-a-difference-between-gr-0-and-gr-00&lt;/ref&gt;cyane cyane mumashuri yera mbere, aho imikoreshereze yahoze ari rusange.

== Ikigereranyo cy'abiga ==


Raporo y’ibarurishamibare ya DBE yo mu mwaka wa 2010 (yasohotse mu 2012), ugereranyije hari abiga 30 kuri buri mwarimu, 480 biga ku ishuri, n’abarimu 16 ku ishuri. Umubare w'abiga kuri buri mwarimu urasa hafi mu ntara zose, ariko ikigereranyo cy'abiga kuri buri shuri kiratandukanye kuri buri ntara. Kurugero, i Gauteng hari abiga 800 kuri buri shuri na 28 mwishuri, mugihe muburasirazuba bwa Cape hari 350 biga kuri buri shuri na 12 mwishuri.I mibare ivuguruye ya 2013 (yatangajwe muri 2015) irahari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Education%20Statistic%202013.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181632/http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Education%20Statistic%202013.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafaranga yishuri hamwe nibisohoka ==
Amashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo ahabwa inkunga na reta kubikorwa byayo, nko kubungabunga ikibanza, amafaranga yubuyobozi, umushahara, [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] nibikoresho byuburezi, nibikorwa bidasanzwe. Amashuri menshi yuzuza inkunga ya leta hamwe nandi masoko yinjiza, nkamafaranga yishuri yishyurwa nababyeyi, ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga, no kwakira impano. Mubisanzwe, amafaranga yishuri abuza abana bakennye kwiga amashuri akize. Nta karimbi k'amafaranga ishuri rishobora gushiraho. Ababyeyi barashobora gusaba ishuri kugirango bagabanye amafaranga yishuri cyangwa igice. Amashuri menshi akize atanga ubufasha bwamafaranga kumubare muto wabanyeshuri (urugero, niba ababyeyi barangije), ariko ntabwo byemewe n'amategeko&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/schoolfees.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123213510/https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/schoolfees.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130128084627/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/schooling-231106.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.Abana bo mumashuri yo muri Afrika yepfo basabwa kugura no kwambara imyenda yishuri nubwo akenshi bishoboka kubigura. Amashuri menshi atanga ibikorwa bidasanzwe nkimikino itandukanye nibikorwa byumuco, bisaba amafaranga yo kubungabunga. Amashuri menshi agumana ibibuga byayo by'imikino. Ingano y'inkunga itangwa na leta igenwa ahanini n'urwego rw'ubukene bw'abaturanyi iryo shuri riherereyemo, ndetse n'ubushomeri ndetse n'uburere rusange bw'abaturage muri ako gace. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amashuri yo mu turere dukize cyane agomba gukusanya amafaranga menshi ahandi kugirango akomeze uburinganire bumwe, ariko amashuri yo mu turere dukize akenshi usanga yinjiza menshi cyane kuburyo amashuri yabo ari menshi cyane kuruta ayandi mashuri akize. Ingano yinkunga ya leta kumwana biterwa na &quot;quintille&quot; yishuri. Muri 2009, amashuri yo muri quintille 1 (abakene cyane) na quintille 2 yakiriye R807 na R740 kumwana kumwaka, naho amashuri yo muri quintille 4 na quintile 5 (abakire) yakiriye R404 na R134 kumwana kumwaka. Amashuri yo muri quintile 1-3 arashobora gusaba gutondekwa nkishuri &quot;Ntamafaranga&quot;; 5% by'amashuri yose ni quintille 5, naho 15% mumashuri yose ni quintille 4. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Icyigeranyo  cy'amafaranga y'ishuri ==
Amashuri ntasabwa gutangaza amafaranga yishuri kumugaragaro, kandi amashuri menshi arabihisha, ariko hano hari ingero zamafaranga yishuri mumashuri atari ayigenga muri Afrika yepfo.

* Umuturirwa muremure, Bellville: R15200 kumwana kumwaka &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030743/http://www.settlers.org.za/assets/circular/2012/schoolfees_2013.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* Urwibutso rwa Parike, Kraaifontein: R9000 ku mwana ku mwaka&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130703053824/http://hsmp.co.za/home.html?http%3A%2F%2Fhsmp.co.za%2Fskoolfonds.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafaranga y'ishuri Kubakene ==
Amashuri ntashobora kwanga kwinjira mubana batuye hafi yishuri. Amashuri ntashobora kwanga kwinjira mubana cyangwa kwanga gutanga amakarita ya raporo nubwo ababyeyi babo birengagije kwishyura amafaranga yishuri, ariko amashuri yemerewe kurega ababyeyi kubera ko batishyuye amafaranga yishuri. Kuva mu 1996, abana bafite ababyeyi bakennye cyane basonewe mumashuri amwe cyangwa yose. Kuva mu 1998, formula niyi ikurikira. Niba amafaranga yinjiza hamwe nababyeyi ari munsi yikubye inshuro icumi amafaranga yishuri yumwaka, umwana asonewe byemewe n'amategeko. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;Niba amafaranga yinjiza arenze inshuro icumi amafaranga yishuri ariko munsi yikubye inshuro mirongo itatu yishuri, umwana afite uburenganzira bwo kugabanyirizwa amafaranga yishuri. Mubikorwa, ayo mabwiriza afasha imiryango ikennye cyane, ntabwo ari abakozi bakora nimiryango iciriritse.Imfubyi n'abana b'ababyeyi bahabwa inkunga zishingiye ku bukene na bo basonewe amafaranga y'ishuri.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_7.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2006, Ishami ry’Uburezi ritanga uburyo bukurikira ku bakene 40% b’ishuri. Niba ishuri ritishyuye amafaranga yishuri, ishami ryuburezi ryongera inkunga kugirango ryuzuze amafaranga yishuri. Ubusanzwe byari biteganijwe kongera iyi nkunga kumashuri akennye cyane 60% mumwaka wa 2009. Inkunga ireba gusa abana bo mu itsinda rya GED, kandi abana bifuza kurangiza icyiciro cya 10-12 bagomba kwishyura amafaranga yose.Mu mwaka wa 2008, abiga bagera kuri miliyoni 5 mu mashuri 14.264 bungukiwe na gahunda y'ishuri rya No Fee, kandi benshi muri bo bari mu burasirazuba bwa Cape, KwaZulu-Natal na Limpopo. Ntabwo amashuri yose yujuje ibyangombwa byo kuyikoresha.

== Amashuri yigenga ==
Amashuri yigenga, azwi kandi nk'ishuri ryigenga, ni amashuri adafite leta. Mubisanzwe bafite kandi bigakorwa nicyizere, itorero cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa nisosiyete iharanira inyungu. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit_corporation&lt;/ref&gt;Amashuri yigenga yose yo muri Afrika yepfo ntabwo yishyuza amashuri yisumbuye. Amashuri amwe yigenga nayo ahabwa inkunga na leta, bitewe nabaturage bakorewe hamwe namafaranga yatanzwe

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Uburezi|Afurika y’Epfo]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo]]</text>
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    <title>Faustin Nteziryayo</title>
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'''Nteziryayo Faustin''' (yavutse ku ya 20 Kanama 1962) ni Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga / Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u [[Rwanda]] akaba na Perezida w'Inama Nkuru y'Ubucamanza kuva ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2019, asimbuye Sam Rugege washoje manda ye mu Kuboza 2019. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/12/who-is-the-new-chief-justice-of-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Nteziryayo yavutse ku ya 20 Kanama 1962 mu [[Kamonyi District|Karere ka Kamonyi]] y'ubu. Afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mategeko yakuye muri kaminuza ya Antwerp (mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]]), masters mu mamategeko (LLM) mu mategeko y’imari yakuye muri kaminuza yigenga ya Buruseli (Ububiligi),  Master of Arts in international affairs  (Politiki y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga), yakuye muri kaminuza ya Carleton ([[Kanada]]); n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga yakuye muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza y'u Rwanda .]]

== Umwuga ==
Ntezilyayo yatangiye umwuga we wo kuba umwarimu mu ishami ry’amategeko muri kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda mu 1986. Yabaye Intiti yigishaga mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’amategeko rya Duke (USA), 1999 (USA); Umwarimu  muri kaminuza ya Ottawa (Kanada), (2007-2008); n'umujyanama muri Banki y'Isi; Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) n'Ikigo cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye gishinzwe Amahugurwa n'Ubushakashatsi (UNITAR). Ntezilyayo yakoraga mu myanya itandukanye muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda. Yabaye Minisitiri w’ubutabera &lt;ref&gt;https://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/rwanda-monthly-information-report-2&lt;/ref&gt; kuva Ukwakira 1996 kugeza Mutarama 1999; Visi Guverineri wa [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda]] (2000-2003); Umuyobozi w'ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa mu Rwanda RURA (2003-2005); akaba ari n'Umujyanama Mukuru mu by'amategeko muri Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi  (1996). Azwi kandi n'abikorera, kuba yarabaye Umuyobozi wa Banki iciriritse (ni ukuvuga AGASEKE BANK), (2011-2013) n'umukemurampaka. Ntezilyayo yari umucamanza w'urukiko rw'ubutabera rwa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kuva muri Mata 2013 kugeza muri Werurwe 2020. Yarahiriye kuba umucamanza mukuru w’u Rwanda ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2020_Aug_19_ICSID_10.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-26 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019223148/https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2020_Aug_19_ICSID_10.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyamategeko]]
[[Ikiciro:Abarimu ba Kaminuza]]
[[Ikiciro:Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gisimenti</title>
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      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1740" sha1="rckmj2na6p81v1si4qkgt9nm524m71u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kigali Car free Zone 02.jpg|thumb|Gisimenti]]
[[Dosiye:KFC Rwanda Remera,Kigali.jpg|thumb|remera hafi yo kugisimenti]]
'''Gisimenti''' ni ahantu hazwi cyane mu mujyi wa Kigali&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.afrik21.africa/en/rwanda-self-service-electric-bicycles-approved-in-kigali/#navbarToggler1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Hazwi kw'izina rya [[Kigali]] Car Free Zone&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://vymaps.com/RW/Gisimenti-218950898241892/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.
Gisimenti iherereye mu murenge wa Remera, hafi ya [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] aha hantu uhasanga ibikorwa byu bucuruzi byinshi&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202202230190.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;,  nki cyicaro gikuru cya Airtel mu [[Rwanda]],Lando hoteri, Banki ya Kigali,Zigama Bank, ishami rya MTN.
Gisimenti abantu bahurira hamwe bagamije kwishimisha&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://taarifa.rw/stromae-thrills-at-victoires-de-la-musique-show/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; bagendeye kubyo bakunda&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gisimenti-ni-sodoma-mu-isura-nshya-cyangwa-ni-imyidagaduro-yaziye-igihe&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Gisimenti yamenyekane cyane kubikorwa bihakorerwa mu masaha ya nijoro.
Ibyabereye &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/hagereranywa-n-ikuzimu-gisimenti-ikomeje-kurikoroza-bamwe-basaba-ko-hafungwa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Gisimenti mu masaha ya nijoro byagiye bivugwa cyane
mubinyamakuru byandika no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/nyuma-y-amashusho-y-urukozasoni-ku-gisimenti-hafatiwe-ingamba-zikakaye&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/gisimenti-why-do-some-frown-idea-fun
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ahantu]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gasabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nshuti Muheto Divine</title>
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      <text bytes="1944" sha1="1tpp5db7fvtzpampbomknpoq3hm27z1" xml:space="preserve">Nshuti Divine Muheto  wavutse mu mwaka wa 2003 Akaba Ariwe wegukanye  ikamba rya Nyampinga w'U[[Rwanda]] mu mwaka wa 2022,&lt;ref&gt;https://news.ihirwe.com/2024/11/am-not-detained-those-are-rumours-says.html&lt;/ref&gt;akaba yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Nshuti Divine yaje nk'uhagarariye [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] Mu irushanwa rya Nyampinga w'u Rwanda {Miss [[Rwanda]] 2022). Yabaye Umukobwa  ukunzwe kurusha abandi kumbuga nkoranyambaga nka [[Facebook]], instagram na Twitter ndetse no kumajwi ya MTN Kubera uburanga bwe. Muheto yasimbuye Grace Ingabire ku ikamba rya nyampinga w'[[Rwanda|U Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/03/and-miss-rwanda-2022-is-nshuti-divine-muheto/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
[[Miss]] Muheto yahawe  imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa Hyundai akaba azajya anahabwa amafaranga asaga 800,000 ku kwezi yo kumufasha gushyira umushinga we mu bikorwa. Akaba azabona inkunga y'amafaranga muri [[Afurika]] Yateza imbere Ibiribwa (AIF) mu Rwanda k'umushinga we yise (igiceri). '&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/divine-muheto-crowned-miss-rwanda-2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyo yavuze amaze kwambikwa Ikamba ==
[[Dosiye:Nshuti Muheto.jpg|thumb|Miss Rwanda Muheto Mumushinga yise IGICERI]]
[[Dosiye:Miss Rwanda 2022.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Imodoka yahawe Miss Rwanda 2022]]
Amaze gutsindira ikamba, yagize ati: &quot;Ndumva nishimye n'umugisha kwegukana irikamba kandi ndashimira abanyarwanda muri rusange banshyigikiye. Muheto yavuze kandi ko azakora ubukangurambaga yaba mu mashuri, abana bagatangira gutozwa kwizigamira bakiri bato mu mu mushinga we yise (Igiceri). &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/divine-muheto-crowned-miss-rwanda-2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== &lt;sub&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ama Equipe afana&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt; ==
Mu [[Rwanda]]: Rayon sport fc hamwe na Rwanda national team.{Amavubi].

=== Referances ===


&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1876" sha1="qfs3a06b4m3ut6uif7phvtg7n75yf97" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Gatumwa.jpg|thumb|Urutare]]
[[Dosiye:Gukura amabuye n'umusenyi muruzi vyica ikirere.jpg|thumb]]
Guturitsa intambi ni bumwe mu buryo bukoresha mugihe hari gucukurwa amabuye atandukanye ,no muguturitsa ahantu hakomeye nko mu misozi, ubu buryo bwo gukoresha intambi bwangiza ibidukikije ndetse bukagira ingaruka mbi ku baturage baba begereye cyagwa batuye hafite yaho ziturikirizwa &lt;ref&gt;https://my250tv.com/2020/08/31/ikigo-gishinzwe-mine-gaz-na-peteroli-cyasobanuye-ibyabaye-ku-mashyuza-yi-rusizi/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bimwe mu bice byo mu gihugu cy u Rwanda byagarage ikibazo k' ituritswa ry'intambi ==
Abaturage ba Jabana bo mu mugi wa kigali bagaragaje ko bakomeje kubangamirwa ni ituritswa ry'intambi mu gihe hakorwaga umuhanda, mu murenge wa Rusenge mu karere ka nyaruguru &lt;ref&gt;https://rba.co.rw/post/Bamwe-mu-batuye-muri-Nyaruguru-babangamiwe-no-guturitsa-intambi&lt;/ref&gt;,mu karere ka Karongi na Rubavu  naho hagararagara ikibazo k' ituritswa ry'intambi ndetse ni ingaruka, ituritsa ry'intambi rigira kubaturage. &lt;ref&gt;Abangirijwe n’intambi mu gukora umuhanda Karongi-Rubavu bijejwe ingurane - Kigali Today&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ingaruka ziterwa n' ituritswa ry intambi ==

* Abantu bahaburira ubuzima 
* Iyangirika ry'ibikorwa remezo
* Isenyuka n'iyangirika rya amazu
* Iyangirika ry'ibidukikije&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Mont-Kigali-Urutare-rwa-Semafigi-rugiye-guturitswa&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Kubura ubuzima rw'ibisobe bw'ibinyabuzima (inyamaswa, nu tundi dusimba tuba mu butaka)&lt;ref&gt;Abangirijwe n’intambi mu gukora umuhanda Karongi-Rubavu bijejwe ingurane - Kigali Today&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwangirika kwimera 
* Nibindi ......................................&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/ikigo-gishinzwe-mine-gaz-na-peteroli-cyasobanuye-ibyabaye-ku-mashyuza-y-i-rusizi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibyangiza ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park</title>
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      <text bytes="4117" sha1="467zllatxq5jcbmremtscxvcgdturs9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Outside of Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Kigali Nyandungu]]
[[Dosiye:Umusambi.jpg|thumb|Umusambi]]
'''Icyanya cy'ubukerarugendo mu gishanga cya Nyandungu''' ni parike y’ubukerarugendo [[Rwanda|y’u Rwanda]]  gifite  hegitari 134 iri hagati y’Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]] na Kicukiro gifasha  abantu gukora ingendo muri bishimira ahantu nyaburanga n’inyamaswa zo mu cyanya  cya Nyandungu &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/exploring-breathtaking-nyandungu-eco-tourism-park&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=131&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=66&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;cHash=dd9e160e53c74b52f9c8c9084bb1a36b |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211185216/https://kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=131&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=66&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;cHash=dd9e160e53c74b52f9c8c9084bb1a36b |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . iki cyanya cyashizweho n'ibintu by'ingenzi nk'ibidendezi by'imitako, ibiti by'ubwoko bwinshi, ubusitani bw'ibiti  bivamo imiti, inzira nyabagendwa,ahatangirwa amafunguro(resitora), ikigo cy'amakuru n'izindi serivise zo kwidagadura hagamijwe kubungabunga ibidukikije, kwigisha abagenzi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y'abaturage byashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ikigo gishinzwe imicungire y’ibidukikije mu [[Rwanda]] (REMA) muri 2020 . &lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202201270082.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fonerwa.org/nyandungu-urban-wetland-eco-tourism-park |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809161153/http://www.fonerwa.org/nyandungu-urban-wetland-eco-tourism-park |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150852/https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;RWANDA: Nyandungu Ecotourism Park opens in Kigali | Afrik 21&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:Nature and Cloud view in Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Nyandungu urban wetland]]

== Amateka ==
Mu mwaka w’ 2015 ni bwo hatekerejwe umushinga wo guhindura iki gishanga no kukigarurira ubuzima kikitwa icyanya cy’Ubukerarugendo bubungabunga Ibidukikije.Iki gishanga kiri ahazwi nko kuri 15 hagati y’[[Akarere ka Kicukiro]] n’aka Gasabo, gahunda yo kugitunganya yatangiye muri 2017,gishowemo asaga miliyari eshanu z’amafaranga y’u [[Rwanda]], yo kugitunganya kugira ngo kibe cyakorwamo n’ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo. Muri icyo Cyanya hagaragara urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, harimo ibiti by’amoko atandukanye birimo n’ibivamo imiti nk’umuravumba, igicuncu n’umubirizi kandi hari amoko y’inyoni arenga 70&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nyandungu wetland plan_2012.pdf - Rwanda Environment ... &lt;nowiki&gt;https://rema.gov.rw&lt;/nowiki&gt; › rema_doc › publications&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Iterambere ===
nyuma yo gusobanikirwa ko ibishanga ari umutungo kamere w'igihugu kandi ko bifashweneza byavamo kongera umusaruro w'igihugu ndetse nabagituye mu mujyi wa kigali bimwe mubishanga 

byaho byaratunganyijwe bigirwa icyanya ndaburanga kuburyyo ubu iki gishanga kiri muri bimwe mu bishanga byo mu [[Rwanda]] bisurwa naba mukerarugendo benshi muri [[Kigali]] kandi bikinjiza akayabo

k'amafaranga atari make.
[[Dosiye:Nyandungu park.jpg|thumb|Nyandungu Park]]

== Umusaruro  icyanya cya Nyandungu ==
Hari akamaro kenshi kitezweho ubu katangiye kugararagara  mu kubungabunga ibidukikije no kongera ubwiza.

* Kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima muri icyo cyanya cya Nyandungu.
* Gukurura ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku bidukikije.
* Nibindi...........................&lt;ref&gt;Tuhamenye : Nyandungu Wetland Eco-Tourism Park .|. Isango Star&lt;/ref&gt;

== references ==
{{reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pariki Nasiyonali]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urugomero rwa Ruzizi ya III</title>
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    <id>10145</id>
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      <parentid>135330</parentid>
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      <text bytes="4194" sha1="do11p4nih9uzo51i2oy9bx21ifaugjh" xml:space="preserve">'''Urugomero rwa Ruzizi ya III''' ni urugomero rw’amashanyarazi ruteganijwe gushyirwaho ingufu za MW 147 mu gihe rwuzuye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2017-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129024921/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Joint&quot;&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aho biherereye ==
urugomero rw’amashanyarazi ruherereye ku mugezi wa Ruzizi, unyura ku mupaka uhuriweho n’u [[Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (RDC). Aho iherereye ni 5 kilometres (3 mi) mu burengerazuba bw'umujyi wa Bugarama, mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Karere ka Rusizi]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Ntara y'Uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda]], hafi 267 kilometres (166 mi), mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kigali]], [[umurwa]] mukuru w'u Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali&amp;toplace=Bugarama%2C%20Western%20Province%2C%20Rwanda%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJl-fYjiWk3BkRyAsdQaU2K_M&amp;dt2=ChIJF2WipJCKwhkRNvQV4NPpALs&lt;/ref&gt; Imirongo igereranya ya Ruzizi ya III Yamashanyarazi ni:  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/maps/place/2%C2%B042'05.0%22S+28%C2%B057'56.0%22E/@-2.7102568,28.9783899,12.83z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-2.7013889!4d28.9655556&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incamake ==
urugomero rw’amashanyarazii ni urwa gatatu muri casade y'amashanyarazi ku ruzi rwa Ruzizi, igirira akamaro ibihugu [[Uburundi|by'Uburundi]], DRC n'u Rwanda. Amashanyarazi arimo Ruzizi I (megawatt 29.8) na Ruzizi II (megawatt 43.8), byombi biherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Ruzizi ya III kandi byombi bikora guhera muri Kamena 2017.  Imbaraga zitangwa zizagabanywa mubihugu bitatu binyuze mumiyoboro isanzwe yo gukwirakwiza, ihujwe na Ruzizi I na Ruzizi II. Amashanyarazi yombi hamwe numuyoboro wohereza bizasubirwamo. Biteganijwe ko u Rwanda rwakira megawatt 50 na megawatt 147 zavuye kuri Ruzizi III. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2016-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521123006/http://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkunga ==
Kugeza mu Kuboza 2015, amafaranga yo kubaka yabazwe ni miliyoni 625.19 US $.  Muri ibyo, &quot;miliyoni 138.88 z'amadolari y'Amerika zizatangwa na Leta aturutse muri AfDB na miliyoni 50.22 z'amadorali yavuye mubikorera&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; Abandi baterankunga barimo Banki y’ishoramari y’i [[Burayi]], &lt;ref&gt;https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ruzizi-hydropower-plant_en&lt;/ref&gt; KfW &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; na Banki y'Isi.  Raporo iheruka gushyira igiciro cya miliyoni 450 $.  Gufunga gutanga amafaranga biteganijwe ko bizagerwaho hagati ya 2021. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.vivafrik.com/2020/03/02/energie-propre-10-millions-de-congolais-beneficieront-du-projet-ruzizi-iii-a35015.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abashinzwe iterambere ==
Muri Kanama 2019, byavuzwe ko guverinoma eshatu z’Afurika bireba zahisemo Scatec (yahoze yitwa SN Power) na Serivisi ishinzwe guteza imbere inganda (IPS) kugira ngo ikore uyu mushinga w’ibikorwa remezo by’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa. , ingufu zitangwa hano biteganijwe ko zizatwara amadolari ya [[Amerika]] 0.11 na US $ 0.13 kuri kilo Watthour yingufu. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 30 bazabyungukiramo. &lt;ref name=&quot;9R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-sn-power-and-ips-will-develop-ruzizi-iii-dam-project/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-07 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407171651/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-sn-power-and-ips-will-develop-ruzizi-iii-dam-project/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rusizi]]
[[Ikiciro:Category:Gahunda ya Leta]]
[[Ikiciro:Category:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urugomero rwa Ruzizi IV</title>
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      <text bytes="2718" sha1="62k04sofab4ejh878p9fqz7ve1bc8s1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Rivière Rusizi dans le Parc national de la Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Umugezi wa Rusizi]]'''Urugomero rwa Ruzizi IV''', ni urugomero rw’amashanyarazi, ruzatanga   ingufu za 287 megawatts (385,000 hp).&lt;ref&gt;Rusizi: Hatashywe urugomero ruzafasha abahinzi kuhira imyaka - Kigali Today&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dosiye:RusiziDist.png|thumb|aho urugomerero rwa rusizi ruherereye]]

== Aho biherereye ==
Urugomero rwa [[Rusizi]] IV rw ' amashanyarazi ruherereye  ku mugezi wa Ruzizi, unyura ku mupaka uhuriweho cg (uhana imbibi)  n’u [[Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (DC). Aho iherereye ni 5 kilometres (3 mi), , iburengerazuba bw 'umujyi wa Bugarama, mu [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Karere ka Rusizi]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Ntara y’Uburengerazuba]], 252 kilometres (157 mi), mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?vr=seyo&amp;fromlat=-1.9536111&amp;fromlng=30.0605556&amp;tolat=-2.6911111&amp;tolng=29.0216667&amp;fromplace=Kigali,%20Kigali%20Rwanda%20RW&amp;toplace=Bugarama,%20Cyangugu%20Rwanda%20RW&lt;/ref&gt; Ruzizi IV, yegereye izindi sitasiyo eshatu z'amashanyarazi ku ruzi rwa Ruzizi, arizo Rizizi I, II na III. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Incamake ==
[[Dosiye:AFDB Logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya Banki nyafuruka itsura amajyambere yemeje inkunga kugirango uru rugomero rwubakwe]]
Uru rugomero rw 'amashanyarazi ni  urwa kane (4)  ku ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rugira  akamaro ibihugu [[Uburundi|by'Uburundi]], DRC n'u Rwanda. Amashanyarazi arimo Ruzizi I (29.8 megawatt) na Ruzizi II (megawatt 43.8), byombi biherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Ruzizi III kandi byombi byarangiye gukora guhera muri Mutarama 2020.  [[Urugomero rwa Ruzizi ya III|Sitasiyo ya Ruzizi III Amashanyarazi]] ni megawatt 147 z'amashanyarazi arimo gutezwa imbere kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;https://www.hydroreview.com/2016/01/04/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant/&lt;/ref&gt; Imbaraga zituruka kuri ayo mashanyarazi zisaranganywa kimwe hagati y’ibihugu bitatu bituranye. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Inkunga ==
Muri Mutarama 2020, [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere|Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere]] yemeje inkunga ingana na miliyoni 8 zo gutegura uyu mushinga. Ibi bikurikira bikurikira indi nkunga ya US $ 980.000 yemejwe mu mpera za 2018 ikigo gishinzwe ''ubufatanye bw’iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo bya Afurika'' (NEPAD-IPPF), bigana ku ntego imwe.  &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/afdb-ruzizi-iv-hydropower/&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rusizi]]
[[Ikiciro:Gahunda ya Leta]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Akagera</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="4010" sha1="88c66p2em0o7l8u91yb8xarkrj6sat8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Akagera Climate Weather.jpg|thumb|akagera]]
Urizi rwa kagera ruzwi kwizi rya [[:en:Kagera_River|Alexandra nile]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River&lt;/ref&gt;, Ni uruzi rwo muri [https://rwandaecocompany.com/akagera-river/ Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandaecocompany.com/akagera-river/&lt;/ref&gt;, rukaba rugize igice cy'imigezi yo hejuru ya Nile kandi rutwara amazi ava mu masoko ya kure cyane. Uburebure bwa kilometero 597 (371 mi) uhereye ku nkomoko yayo iherereye mu kiyaga cya Rweru mu Rwanda.

== Aho unyura ==
[[Dosiye:Akagera National Park Rwanda.jpg|thumb|420x420px|Akagera]]
Igice cy'umugezi witwa Kagera [https://rwandaecocompany.com/akagera-river/ gitangirira mu Burundi]&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandaecocompany.com/akagera-river/&lt;/ref&gt;, gitemba kiva mu kiyaga cya Rweru. Kuva ku kiyaga, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220703075943/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/project/kagera-river-basin-management-project gitemba iburasirazuba]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africangreatlakesinform.org/project/kagera-river-basin-management-project |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-10 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703075943/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/project/kagera-river-basin-management-project |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ugana ku Rwanda-Burundi na Rwanda-Tanzaniya kugera mu masangano n'umugezi wa Ruvubu. Amazi ya Kagera rero atangwa [[:en:Kagera_River|ninzuzi ebyiri nini]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River&lt;/ref&gt;, Nyabarongo yu Rwanda, igaburira ikiyaga cya Rweru, na Ruvubu yo mu Burundi. Ntibizwi muri izi nzuzi zombi zigaburira ni ndende bityo rero isoko yanyuma ya Nili. Kuva aho ihurira, Kagera itembera mu majyaruguru ku mupaka wa Rwanda na Tanzaniya, hejuru y’isumo rya Rusumo no muri Parike ya Akagera. Ihita ifata iburasirazuba, ikurikira [https://www.britannica.com/place/Kagera-River umupaka wa Tanzania] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Kagera-River&lt;/ref&gt;na Uganda hanyuma ikisuka mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Uganda. Mu 1898, [[:en:Kagera_River|Richard Kandt yavumbuye inkomoko ya Kagera.]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River&lt;/ref&gt;Uruzi rwagaragaye cyane mu mateka y'ibihugu runyuramo, cyane cyane u Rwanda. Mu 1894, Umudage [https://www.definitions.net/definition/kagera+river Gustav Adolf von Götzen]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.definitions.net/definition/kagera+river&lt;/ref&gt; yambutse Kagera ku isoko ya Rusumo, atangira igihe cy'abakoloni b'u Rwanda; no mu 1916, mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ababiligi batsinze [[Abadage]], binjira mu Rwanda mu nzira imwe. Uruzi rwamenyekanye cyane mu 1994 kubera gutwara imirambo yavuye muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu kiyaga cya Victoria, bituma hamenyekana ko ibintu byihutirwa mu turere twa Uganda, aho imirambo yaje kugaragara

== Icyo wa menya ==
[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kagera-River-Basin-location_fig1_281396462 Kagera yazamutse]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kagera-River-Basin-location_fig1_281396462&lt;/ref&gt; mu Burundi yinjira mu kiyaga cya Victoria. [[:en:Kagera_River|Nicyo kinini cyinjira mu kiyaga]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River&lt;/ref&gt;, gitanga hafi metero kibe 6.4 z'amazi ku mwaka (hafi 28 ku ijana by'ikiyaga gisohoka). Kagera ikorwa no guhurira kwa Ruvuvu na Nyabarongo, hafi y’amajyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Tanganyika. [https://mapcarta.com/13233220 Igizwe n'ibice by'Uburundi]&lt;ref&gt;https://mapcarta.com/13233220&lt;/ref&gt; - Tanzaniya, u Rwanda - Tanzaniya, u Burundi - u Rwanda, na Tanzaniya - Uganda. Yitiriye izina rya Parike y'igihugu ya Akagera mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, ndetse no mu karere ka Kagera muri Tanzaniya. Ku ruzi hari Isumo rya Rusumo, ahantu h'ingenzi kwambukiranya u Rwanda na Tanzaniya. Ni hafi y'umujyi wa Rusumo.

== Jenoside ==
Muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994 akagera ka koreshwaga mu guta imirambo kuko ibihumbi [[Abatutsi|by'abatutsi]] bo mu rwego rwa politiki biciwe ku nkombe z'umugezi. Uruzi rwanganaga imirambo yiciwe mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri uganda.

== Reba ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages</title>
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    <id>10162</id>
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      <id>141802</id>
      <parentid>139515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="3070" sha1="hqh19a6cn54t50wt1n8gn9ywt9pwefo" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Jd9880sts-abtanken.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi]]
[[Dosiye:Coffee tree in Hacienda Guayabal, Colombia.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bwa Kawa]]
[[Dosiye:IFAD sede centrale a Roma.jpg|thumb|Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi kw'Isi]]
[[Dosiye:Sustainable agriculture.jpg|thumb|agriculture]]
'''Ubufatanye mu kuzamura ubuhinzi mu Rwanda binyuze mu guhuza''' '''isoko''' (icyongereza :Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages '''PEARL'''), wari umushinga wo guteza imbere ubuhinzi mu [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060622&amp;slug=coffee22 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-17 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222611/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060622&amp;slug=coffee22 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intego ya PEARL kwari ugufasha igihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]] mu bikorwa byo kwiyubaka bivuye ku ngaruka za Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. PEARL yakoranye n’abaturage bo mu cyaro hirya no hino mu [[Rwanda]] kugira ngo binjize amafaranga binyuze mu guteza imbere ibikomoka ku buhinzi no guhuza isoko &lt;ref&gt;https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Rwanda_StrategicPlan.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; .

PEARL yatewe inkunga n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga kandi kiyobowe n’abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan, kaminuza ya Texas A&amp;amp;amp;M n’inzego zinyuranye z’u Rwanda zirimo [[kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]], Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi mu [[Rwanda]], Ikigo cy’ubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga n’imicungire mu  Rwanda. n'Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ikawa. Amikoro ya kaminuza yanyujijwe mu cyaro hagamijwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi no kongera amafaranga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aiaee.org/index.php/proceedings/120-2004-dublin-ireland/1057-evaluation-of-the-pearl-project-partnership-for-enhancing-agriculture-in-rwanda-through-linkages |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-17 |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623232814/https://www.aiaee.org/index.php/proceedings/120-2004-dublin-ireland/1057-evaluation-of-the-pearl-project-partnership-for-enhancing-agriculture-in-rwanda-through-linkages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Dosiye:Coffeee.JPG|thumb|Ikawa iri mu byibanzweho]]
Umushinga wakoranye namakoperative y'abahinzi kongera no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa bitandukanye by'ubuhinzi, byibanda ku [[ikawa]] n’ibindi. Kongera kwitondera kugenzura ubuziranenge no guhuzagurika mu musaruro byatumye habaho intsinzi mu byoherezwa mu mahanga. Urugero rwo gutsinda ni umusaruro no kugurisha ikawa ya [[Ikawa ya Maraba|Maraba]] iva  Maraba, mu Rwanda. Umuyobozi wa PEARL yari Dr. Timothy Schilling &lt;ref&gt;https://worldcoffeeresearch.org/news/2020/dr-timothy-schilling-a-life-in-coffee&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://coffeehunter.com/the-journal/rwanda-to-the-world-celebrating-10-years-of-rwandan-specialty-coffee/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://unionroasted.com/blogs/latest/white-paper-cuppers-guide-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt; .

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusambi Village</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2197" sha1="2ar6wo4dmps1ucmtrl3bok3jscq9v4j" xml:space="preserve">== Umusambi Village ==
[[Dosiye:Crane working alone.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Umusambi]]
[[Dosiye:Rehabilitation_of_Umusambi_at_Umusambi_Village_protected_Areas.jpg|thumb|Rehabilitation of Umusambi at Umusambi Village protected Areas]]
'''Umusambi Village''' washinzwe n’ishyirahamwe ryita ku nyamaswa zo mu Rwanda (Rwanda Wildlife Conservation Association) ziyobowe n’umuvuzi w’amatungo Olivier Nsengimana,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/kigali-wetland-turns-reserve-grey-crowned-cranes&lt;/ref&gt;  ni igishanga cyagaruwe i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] kikaba ubuhungiro bw’imisambi irenga 50(''Balearica regulorum'') yakuwe mu bucuruzi butemewe bw'amatungo.&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/17/africa/cte-rwanda-cranes-olivier-nsengimana-spc-intl-hnk/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

Izi nyoni zamugaye kubera ubunyage, kutaba aho zagakwiye kuba kandi ntizishobora kurekurirwa mumashyamba. Umusambi Village uha izo nyoni ahantu ho kuba hazibereye kuburyo zongera kumva ziri aho zigomba kuba muburyo bwa kamere(reconnect with nature).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://umusambivillage.org/&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Crane_feeling_safe_in_it's_space_(cropped).jpg|thumb|umusamba ufite ubumuga ]]

== Uko Umusambi village watangijwe ==
[[Dosiye:Umusambi.jpg|thumb|306x306px|Umusambi]]
Nsengimana Olivier yatangije umushinga w'Umusambi Village mu mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/reportage-afrique/20210331-rwanda-%C3%A0-kigali-un-sanctuaire-pour-prot%C3%A9ger-les-grues-royales&lt;/ref&gt;  Icyari kigamijwe kwari uguhagarika ubucuruzi butemewe bw'imisambi, guteza imbere ubukangurambaga mu kurekura imisambi myinshi yajyanywe ikagaruka mu buzima bwo ku gasozi, muri [[Pariki y'Akagera|Parike ya Akagera]].

Muri uwo mushinga, basanze imisambi myinshi yaramugaye kubera gufungwa kwayo. Ibi bikunze guhuzwa no gufata no gutwara, ndetse no gukata amababa kugirango birinde ko iguruka, bishobora kugenda nabi cyane iyo bikozwe nta buhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandawildlife.org/umusambi-village/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ibindi wasanga mu Umusambi village ==
Muri umusambi village hakorerwa ubworozi bw' izindi nyamanswa nk' ibinyugunyugu, uducurama nizindi. 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Amapariki]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Butera Knowless</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5426" sha1="ne153upvurhbavt7lkk1pvyrhca7tkw" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Knowless Butera.jpg|thumb|Butera Jane uzwi nka Knowless]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q16233306|useImage=[[File:Knowless (21600659636).jpg|Knowless_(21600659636)]]}}
'''Butera Jane''' yavutse ku wa 2 Ukwakira 1990 kandi uzwi ku izina rya Knowless cyangwa Butera Knowless mu buryo bw'umwuga,ni umuhanzikazi w'injyana nya[[Rwanda]]. Butera yajyiye akora  indirimbo nyinshi zitandukanye. Indirimbo ze zikaba zikora ku mitima ya benshi cyane cyane urubyiruko udasize n'abantu bakuru, cyane ko uyu muhanzikazi ibihangano bye biba byuzuyemo ubutumwa bwinshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;salax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-30 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130812132334/http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/106427/ubuhanga-knowless-yagaragaje-ibyo-wakwitega-kuri-album-ya-5-inzora-106427.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Butera yavukiye mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Karere ka Ruhango]],  akaba umwana w'ikinege wa Jean-Marie Vianney Butera na Marie Claire Uyambaje, bombi bitabye Imana. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/69290&lt;/ref&gt; Nyina yahoze ari umuririmbyi wa mbere muri korari y'itorero ry'Abadiventisiti b'umunsi wa Karindwi. Butera yize amashuri abanza muri ESCAF i [[Nyamirambo]], APARUDE mu mashuri yisumbuye i Ruhango na APACE i [[Kigali]] akaba yarize ikoranabuhanga. Akaba yari umwe mubagize korari yo muri APACE. Mu mwaka wa 2012, yatangiye kwiga kaminuza muri Kigali Institute of Science and Technology. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120110120556/http://tukabyine.com/index.php/articles/knowles-rwandas-true-music-diva&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka 2019, nibwo yasoje muri Kaminuza ya Gikirisitu ya Oklahoma akaba n'umubyeyi w'abakobwa babiri bitwa Ora na Inzora Butera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuhanzikazi-butera-knowless-ni-muntu-ki.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731163157/https://ar.umuseke.rw/umuhanzikazi-butera-knowless-ni-muntu-ki.hmtl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/urugendo-rw-umuziki-rwa-butera-knowless-wagize-isabukuru-y-imyaka-29&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/butera-knowless/amakuru/article/ibintu-10-bitangaje-kuri-knowless&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/umuziki/article/umuhanzikazi-butera-knowless-yarezwe-muri-rib&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:University of Rwanda, Nyarugenge Campus.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Kigali Institute of Science and Technology, Butera yizeho]]
[[Dosiye:RuhangoDist.png|center|thumb|Aho Butera yavukiye]]

== Umwuga wa muzika ==
Knowless yashyize ahagaragara umuzingo w&lt;nowiki&gt;'indirimbo we wa mbere, ''&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Komeza&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' mu Kuboza 2011.  Album ye ya kabiri, ''Uwo Ndiwe'', yasohotse muri Werurwe 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;salax2&quot;&gt;http://focus.rw/wp/2013/04/action-packed-female-stars-take-over-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt; Knowless akaba abarizwa muri label ya Kina Music. &lt;ref name=&quot;chimp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-30 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130812132334/http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakoreye mu [[Rwanda]] no mu bihugu duturanye, harimo na [[Uganda|Uganda,]]  kandi akorana n'abahanzi benshi barimo Abanyarwanda nka Danny, Paccy, Ciney, Jay Polly, Kamichi, Urban Boyz hamwe n'itsinda rya Vampos ryo muri Uganda. Umuhanzikazi [[Cécile Kayirebwa|Cecile Kayirebwa]] w’umunyarwanda watuye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo w’umunyamerika R&amp;B, Brandy Norwood nibo bahanzi afata nk'ikitegererezo. Mu mwaka wa 2021 yasohoye umuzingo mushya (album) yitwa INZORA. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/06/knowless-set-to-release-inzora-her-best-album-ever/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
[[Dosiye:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|Stade Amahoro]]
Knowless yatsindiye &quot;Umuhanzi mushya mwiza&quot; mu marushanwa ya Salax Awards 2010.  Muri Kanama 2013, yegukanye umwanya wa gatatu mu marushanwa ngarukamwaka ya Primus Guma Guma Super Star abera kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-30 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130812132334/http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Werurwe 2013 yatsindiye igihembo cya kabiri cya Salax -kuri iyi nshuro mu cyiciro cy'Umuhanzi w’umugore mwiza&quot;. 

Muri 2013, Knowless yari umwe mu bahanzi batatu baturutse mu Rwanda baririmbye mu birori bya &quot;[[Rwanda]] Day&quot; byabereye i Londres. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rwandashow.com/index.php/2013/05/knowles-applauds-rwanda-day/&lt;/ref&gt; muri 2015, Knowless Butera yatsindiye Primus Guma Guma Superstar Edition ya 5 kandi ni we mugore wa mbere wegukanye amarushanwa nk'aya.

== Amashakiro; ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butera Knowless}}
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amata Giramata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10225</id>
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      <id>141625</id>
      <parentid>140010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141625</origin>
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      <text bytes="2977" sha1="1zscr9v8ngfqvethu0bjl52qx5ffurh" xml:space="preserve">'''Amata Inès Giramata''' (yavutse 29 Mutarama 1996), ni umusizi [[Rwanda|w'umunyarwanda]], impirimbanyi y'uburenganzira bwa muntu cyane cyane umutegarugori. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Inside-the-feminist-circle-of-amata-giramata/434746-5246882-pkk1e0z/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe washinze kandi akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa ''Sistah Circle'', &quot;umuryango ugizwe n’abagore uharanira icyateza imbere umwali w'umwirabura. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/211799&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Giramata yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] ku ya 29 [[Mutarama]] 1996. Niwe mfura mu muryango. Yize mu ''ishuri rya La Colombiere'' mu mashuri abanza.  Nyuma yimukiye muri [[Uganda]], yinjira ''mu ishuri rya St. Mary's College Kitende,'', mu Karere ka Wakiso. Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri ''Green Hills Academy'', i [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]], muri Gicurasi 2013. nyuma y'uwo mwaka, yinjiye muri kaminuza ya DePauw, muri leta ya Indiana yo muri [[Amerika]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=28063&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2017, yarangije muri kaminuza ya DePauw afite impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi mu iterambere ry’ubukungu na politiki, uburinganire,n’ubushakashatsi bw’imyororokere. Kuva muri [[Kanama]] 2019, Giramata akurikirana impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu Buringanire n'Ubushakashatsi bw'Abagore muri kaminuza ya Arizona muri [[Amerika]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/inside-the-feminist-circle-of-giramata-1425614&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/kabera-eric-yakoze-filime-yagenewe-kwibuka25 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514045707/https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/kabera-eric-yakoze-filime-yagenewe-kwibuka25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga ==
Nubwo yari akiri muto, Giramata yibonye mu ruhame kuva mu 2014, afite imyaka 18 ubwo yakoraga igitaramo cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya ''20 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi'' mu 1994 i Washington DC, muri [[Amerika]] ndetse no ku munsi wa ''20 wo kwibohora'' kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stade]], i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], muri 2014&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/inside-the-feminist-circle-of-giramata-1425614&lt;/ref&gt;. Yakinnye kandi ku ''munsi w’u Rwanda (Rwanda Day)2015'' muri Atlanta, Jeworujiya muri [[Amerika]]. Ku ya 4 [[Nyakanga]] 2019, niwe wabaye uwambere mu kuvuga ijambo mu birori byo ''kwizihiza umunsi wa 25 wo kwibohora'' kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], i [[Kigali]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/sistah-circle-collective-creating-just-and-safe-space-women&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201904070020.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==

[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]]

== Inkomoko ==


{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marie Thérèse Mukamulisa</title>
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'''Mukamulisa Marie Thérèse''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Kamena 1965) ni umunyamategeko w'[[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] ukora mu rukiko [[Afurika|nyafurika]] rurengera [[uburenganzira bwa muntu]] n'abaturage kuva muri 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://fr.igihe.com/rwanda-des-departs-et-des-entrees-a-la-cour.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2020-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928222228/https://fr.igihe.com/rwanda-des-departs-et-des-entrees-a-la-cour.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
[[Dosiye:Université de Moncton, campus de Shippagan.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Moncton]]
Mukamulisa yavukiye i [[Kigali]] ku ya 29 Kamena 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://judiciary.gov.rw/about-us/supreme_court_justices/justice_mukamulisa_marie_therese.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031132305/http://judiciary.gov.rw/about-us/supreme_court_justices/justice_mukamulisa_marie_therese.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://en.african-court.org/index.php/judges/current-judges |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082548/http://en.african-court.org/index.php/judges/current-judges |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko yakuye muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] (1990) n'impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko rusange yakuye muri kaminuza ya Moncton i New Brunswick, muri [[Kanada]] (1993). &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt; Afite Masters mu bushakashatsi bwa Jenoside no kuyikumira yakuye mu kigo gishinzwe gucunga amakimbirane muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mukamulisa yari umucungamari n'umubitsi mu mushinga wo gukora iperereza ku buhinzi bashingiye ku mibare. Yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe ubwishingizi bw'imodoka muri Sonarwa hamwe n’umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’umuryango utegamiye kuri leta CCOAIB.  Mukamulisa yari umwe mu bakomiseri cumi na babiri bateguye Itegeko nshinga ry'u [[Rwanda]] nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]],  kandi yabaye umwarimu mu mategeko  muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt;

Mukamulisa yagizwe umucamanza w'urukiko rw'Ikirenga mu [[Rwanda]] muri 2003. Yavuze ku ngorane abagore bahura nazo mu nzego z’ubutabera, cyane cyane ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana no gufata ku ngufu, bitewe n’umuco n’uburinganire buri hasi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://wfwmarketingimages.womenforwomen.org/news-women-for-women/files/RWpaper.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114219/http://wfwmarketingimages.womenforwomen.org/news-women-for-women/files/RWpaper.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2015, yabaye umwe mu bagize inama nkuru y'Ubucamanza y'u [[Rwanda]]. Ni n'umwe mu bagize ihuriro mpuzamahanga rya International Hague Network of Judges. 

Mukamulisa yatorewe manda y'imyaka itandatu mu rukiko [[Afurika|nyafurika]] rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu  hamwe na Ntyam Mengue ukomoka uri [[Kameruni|Kameroni]] muri Nyakanga 2016. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/203317&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/mukamulisa-agiye-kurahirira-kuba-umucamanza-mu-rukiko-rw-uburenganzira-bwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114012/http://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/mukamulisa-agiye-kurahirira-kuba-umucamanza-mu-rukiko-rw-uburenganzira-bwa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyirwaho rye ryanenzwe kubera icyemezo cy’u [[Rwanda]] cyo kuva mu kwemerera abantu n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta kujuririra mu rukiko, ndetse no kuba Mukamulisa yaragize uruhare mu itsinda ry’abacamanza bakatiye umunyapolitiki utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, wajuririye uru urukiko muri [[Afurika]]. &lt;ref&gt;http://l-hora.org/?p=1276&amp;lang=ca&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/03/14/rwanda-withdraws-access-to-african-court-for-individuals-and-ngos/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230105223/http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/03/14/rwanda-withdraws-access-to-african-court-for-individuals-and-ngos/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114135/http://www.therwandan.com/blog/the-rwandan-state-has-boycotted-the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-in-case-no-0032014-which-opposes-it-to-ms-victoire-ingabire-umuhoza-president-of-the-fdu-inkingi/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mukamulisa yabaye kandi mu Nama Nkuru y'Ubucamanza mu Rwanda kuva muri 2015, ndetse akaba n'umwe mu bagize imiyoboro mpuzamahanga yo mu karere ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga y'abacamanza nk'umuryango mpuzamahanga w'i La Haye mu buholandi ya (IHNJ), Yabaye umucamanza w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u Rwanda kuva mu 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/lady-justice-marie-therese-mukamulisa-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-12 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607100654/https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/lady-justice-marie-therese-mukamulisa-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Amategeko]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]</text>
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    <title>Claudette Mukasakindi</title>
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      <text bytes="4388" sha1="qopz34vyds3wj1kstwe8p5q0fwcocar" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Claudette Mukasakindi - 2012 Olympics marathon.jpg|thumb|Claudette Mukasakindi muri Olympics marathon 2012]]
[[Dosiye:Claudette Mukasakindi 2.jpg|thumb|Olympic Games 2012]]
'''Claudette Mukasakindi''' (yavutse 25 Ukuboza 1982 i Nyarugenge) ni [[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] ni umukinnyi ukora amasiganwa wiruka intera ndende. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120723000720/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/mukasakindi-claudette-1091094/&lt;/ref&gt; Yarushanwe muri marato mu mikino Olempike ya 2012, aza ku mwanya wa 101 akoresha amasaha 2:51:07. &lt;ref&gt;https://archive.today/20121205100448/www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-marathon/index.html?v=20120806-055117400&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mikino ya Commonwealth 2014, yarangije ku mwanya wa 11 muri metero 10000 mu bagore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/athletics/1035212/claudette_mukasakindi.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310155010/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/athletics/1035212/claudette_mukasakindi.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahataniraga u [[Rwanda]] mu mikino Olempike ya 2016 muri marato y'abagore. Yabaye uwa 126 hamwe nigihe cya 3: 05.57. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160826085412/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-womens-marathon&lt;/ref&gt; Yabaye uwatwaye ibendera ry'u [[Rwanda]] mu birori byo gusoza. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.olympic.org/news/the-flagbearers-for-the-rio-2016-closing-ceremony&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mukasakindi yagize umwaka mwiza muri 2012, atwara Cagliari Marathon muri Gicurasi, hamwe nigihe cyiza cya 2:40:18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-05-08/52571/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111141958/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-05-08/52571/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi mikorere yari mu gihe cyasabwaga na IAAF kugira ngo ijye mu majonjora y'imikino Olempike ya 2012, ariko icyifuzo cya Mukasakindi cyo kwitabira iyo mikino cyabanje kwangwa kubera ko ibirori bya Cagliari bitari irushanwa ryujuje ibyangombwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-05-17/52915/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020173532/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2012-05-17/52915/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kurangiza ariko, yemerewe kwiruka, arangiza ku mwanya wa 101 mubirori, hamwe nigihe cya 2:51:07. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/athletes/f4cbd665-1449-4db8-b941-d90a68871237&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mikino Olempike ya 2016 yabereye i [[Rio de Janeiro]], Mukasakindi yongeye kwitabira marato y'abagore, umwe mu Banyarwanda barindwi bahatanira iyo mikino. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160927213022/https://www.rio2016.com/en/rwanda&lt;/ref&gt; Yizeraga ko azanoza imikorere ye i Londres, kandi yamaze igihe kinini yitegura muri [[Kenya]] no mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]], ndetse no mu [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-08-14/202583/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111142006/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-08-14/202583/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo aya mahugurwa, imikorere ye muri ibyo birori yari mibi. Mukasakindi yarangije ku mwanya wa 126 muri iryo siganwa, avuye kuri133, anashyiraho igihe cya 3:05:57. &lt;ref name=&quot;AnkleInjury&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-08-16/202639/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-date=2017-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518060122/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-08-16/202639/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yavuze ko ibisubizo byatewe n’imvune yo mu kaguru yagize mu myitozo, hasigaye iminsi itatu ngo ibyo birori bitangire; ntabwo yari yarigeze atekereza ko ari ikibazo mbere yo gusiganwa, ariko akaguru katangiye kumutera ibibazo kuri  21 kilometres (13 mi) mu isiganwa, bikomera nyuma ya 25 kilometres (16 mi) . &lt;ref name=&quot;AnkleInjury&quot; /&gt; Yakomeje kugeza  isiganwa rirangiye, ariko yavuze ko imvune ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yamuteye kwitwara nabi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AnkleInjury&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mujawayo Esther</title>
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      <text bytes="2536" sha1="ddbntw8nhnz5bsmcmd4l7jpibx00tsr" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Esther Mujawayo.jpg|thumb|Umwanditsi Mujawayo Esther  ni umwanditsi ukomoka mu Rwanda, aha hari mu kiganiro cyabereye i Duesseldorf (2007).]]
'''Mujawayo Esther'''  (yavutse 1958) ni w'umunyarwandakazi akaba umuganga mu miberewo n'imibanire y'abantu bizwi nka (sociologue akaba na psychotherapiste) . Akaba yararokotse genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994, ariko yayiburiyemo abantu benshi bo mu muryango we. &lt;ref name=&quot;gibbons&quot;&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZnBwAAQBAJ&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umwanditsi w'ibitabo byinshi. Muri 1994, yashinze Ishyirahamwe ry'abapfakazi ba Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu ''[[Rwanda]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/home/featureevents/2015/esther-mujawayo-a-survivor-of-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi,-author-and-co-founder-of-avega.aspx |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127111033/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/home/featureevents/2015/esther-mujawayo-a-survivor-of-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi,-author-and-co-founder-of-avega.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;geneva&quot;&gt;https://archive.is/20150424192913/http://www.genevasummit.org/speaker/14/esther_mujawayo&lt;/ref&gt; Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza muri psychologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya East Anglia muri 1997. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/region-s-successes-set-to-inspire-next-generation-at-uea-graduation |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715055938/https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/region-s-successes-set-to-inspire-next-generation-at-uea-graduation |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dw.com/en/rwandan-genocide-survivor-helping-refugees-heal-we-can-grow-from-trauma/a-44658865&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Day-of-Remberance-e1398709682197.jpg|thumb|Day-of-Remberance (2014)]]

== Ibyo yakoze ==

* Mujawayo Esiteri ari i Belhaddad muri Souâd na Simone hari muri 2004.  Ni umwe mu barokotse genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 , nyuma yimyaka 10 yanditse [[igitabo]] cyitwa, La Tour d'Aigues.
* Mujawayo, Esiteri ari i Belhaddad, muri Souâd hari muri 2006. yanditse igitabo La fleur de Stéphanie. Hamwe nikindi cyitwa; Rwanda entre réconcialition et déni. [[Paris]]: Flammarion.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/diaspora/article/canada-diaspora-ihombye-dr-berthe?url_reload=true&amp;debut_forum=10&lt;/ref&gt;


== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abaganga]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
НАДя</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rose Kabuye</title>
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      <text bytes="1521" sha1="idmf1b18t8quda5f5e1f34hp6sqe4tc" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabuye''' (yavutse kuwa 22 Mata 1961 i Muvumba) ni umwe mu ba koloneli basezerewe mu [https://www.mod.gov.rw/ gisirikare cy'u Rwanda], aho akiri umugore wambere wari ufite ipeti ryo hejuru mu ngabo z'[[IGIHUGU N'INTORE|igihugu]]. Ubu akora mu bikorera ku giti cyabo aho ari umuyobozi muri kompanyi yitwa Virunga Logistics and Startech Limited, yigeze no kuba umuyobozi w'[[umujyi wa Kigali]], yabaye kandi ushizwe gutegura ingendo z'abayobozi bakuru b'igihugu, aza gukora mu nteko nshingamategeko. Kubera uruhare yagize mu rugamba rwo kubohora  igihugu yahawe umudali n' umukuru w'igihugu [[Paul Kagame]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Ubuzima bwite ===
'''Rose kabuye''' yakuriye kandi yiga muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], yatangiye amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu1986 arangije kwiga muri Kaminuza ya Makelele&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mak.ac.ug/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-05 |archive-date=2025-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425224158/https://www.mak.ac.ug/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; aho yabonye impamyabushobozi muri politike n'ubuyobozi, yagiye mu ngabo za RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1980&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front&lt;/ref&gt;, aza no kuba umwe mu bayobozi muri izo ngabo, aho yabaye umwe mubagize ibiganiro by 'amahoro hagati ya RPF na goverinoma y'u Rwanda yahozeho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Kabuye&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Amashakiro ====
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bwiza Emerance</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10385</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="4874" sha1="6kf1dkoiqtg9ri09qms77yjnlf6c44p" xml:space="preserve">'''Bwiza Emerance''' ni umukobwa w'umunyarwandakazi akaba ari umwanditsi, umuririmbyi n'umuhimbyi w'indirimbo uri kuzamuka mu muziki nyarwanda  akaba ari nawe watsinze irushanwa rya &quot;The Next Diva _Indi Mbuto&quot; ryabaye ku nshuro yaryo ya mbere. Aho arimo no kwitegura kugaragaza alubumu yakoze ya mbere.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
'''Bwiza Emerance''' (yavutse 09 Kanama 1999) ni umukobwa w'[[imfura]] iwabo mu muryango w'abana bane, mu bakobwa babiri n'abahungu babiri. Akaba abana na Nyina na Se mu Mujyi wa [[Nyamata]] mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Karere ka Bugesera]] mu [[Intara y’Iburasirazuba|intara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Yavukiye i Gitarama, ni mu [[akarere ka Muhanga|Karere ka Muhanga]] mu [[intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]], Imuryango we waje kwimukira i [[Kigali]] nyuma bajya gutura i Nyamata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Bwiza.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016033713/https://eachamps.rw/Bwiza.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri yize ==
'''Bwiza Emerance''' amashuri abanza yayize kuri Kigali Harvest mu Murenge wa Kimihurura. Icyiciro rusange yize mu rwunge rw'amashuri rwa Mutagatifu Yozefu, amaze guhitamo ishami ryo kwiga yize igihe gito mu rwunge rw'amashuri rwa Mutagatifu Berinadeta mu [[akarere ka Gisagara|karere ka Gisagara]], asoreza ayisumbuye mu rwunge rw'amashuri rwa Mutagatifu Aloyizi mu [[akarere ka Rwamagana|Karere ka Rwamagana]] mu [[Intara y’Iburasirazuba|intara y'Iburasirazuba]] bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Bwiza Emerance yiga mu mwaka wa mbere muri Kaminuza ya [[Mount Kenya University|Mount Kenya]] mu ishami ry'ibijyanye n'ubukerarugendo (Hospitality and Tourism Management), aho yatangiye kuhiga mu mwaka 2020.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/bwiza-emerance-yahigitse-abagera-kuri-210-yegukana-irushanwa-ryateguwe-na-kikac-music-label&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/108628/bwiza-emerance-yarangije-album-ya-mbere-yakozweho-nabarimo-madebeats-na-danny-vumbi-108628.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibijyanye n' umuziki ==
Uyu mukobwa ukiri muto '''Bwiza emerance''' yakuze akunda umuziki ahanini biturutse ku kuba yarajyanaga n'ababyeyi be mu rusengero akishimira uko baririmba. Uko yigiraga hejuru mu myaka ni nako yajyaga kuririmba muri korali zitandukanye zirimo izabana arabikomeza kugeza n'ubu. Uyu mukobwa yaririmbye muri korali kuva ku myaka 8 y'amavuko, ku buryo atazibuka neza amazina&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Ndetse muri iki gihe ni umwe mu baririmbyi b'urusengero asengeramo rwakoreraga i kigali nyuma rwimukira i Nyamata. Akaba ashishikajwe cyane no gushyira itafari ku muziki w'abakobwa mu [[Rwanda]], akagaragaza ko ibyo abahungu bakora n'abakobwa babikora mu muziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Umuhanzikazi Bwiza kandi agiye gukorana indirimbo n'undi muhanzi uzwi mu rwanda witwa [[Uwineza Josiane]] uzwi nka [[Uwineza Josiane|Miss Jojo]] aho amaze imyaka irenga icumi ahagaritse umuziki ndtse n'ibikorwa byawo, ikazaba iri kuri alubumu nshyashya ateganya gusohora muri Nzeri 2023. bwiza akaba ari gutegura igitaramo cyo kwiyereka abo ku ivuko mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|karere ka Bugesera]] aho avuka, bikaba biri mui aubumu ari gutunganya azasohora mu kwezi kwa nzeri. &lt;ref&gt;http://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/meya-wa-bugesera-yahaye-ikaze-umuhanzikazi-bwiza-ugiye-kuhakorera-igitaramo&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bwiza-agiye-gukorana-indirimbo-na-miss-jojo-umaze-imyaka-irenga-icumi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://domanews.rw/2023/06/19/bwiza-agiye-kugarura-umuhanzikazi-miss-jojo-mu-muziki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-04 |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804115722/https://domanews.rw/2023/06/19/bwiza-agiye-kugarura-umuhanzikazi-miss-jojo-mu-muziki/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/umuhanzikazi-bwiza-yerekeje-muri-kenya-kumenyekanisha-umuziki-we&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://radiotv10.rw/umuhanzikazi-wuburanga-yateranye-amagambo-nuwamukangishije-kugaragaza-amashusho-ari-gukora-ibyabakuru/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
'''Bwiza Emerance''' amaze kubona igihembo aho yatsinze irushanwa &quot;The Next Diva-Indi Mbuto&quot; ryabaye ku nshuro yaryo ya mbere,aho ryateguwe na KIKAC Music Label. Ibyo byamuhaye amahirwe yo guhita atangira gufashwa n'iyi nzu isanzwe itunganya umuziki ikorana n'abahanzi mukubazamura babamenyekanisha, bakaba barasinyanye amasezerano y'imyaka 5 bakorana, akaba amaze gukoreramo albumu ye ya mbere kugeza ubu atarabonera izina; iyo alubumu izaba ivuga k'urukundo n'ubuzima busanzwe, aho buri ndirimbo izajya isohokana n'amashusho yayo.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/108628/bwiza-emerance-yarangije-album-ya-mbere-yakozweho-nabarimo-madebeats-na-danny-vumbi-108628.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuririmbyi wa pop]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Electric skateboard</title>
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    <id>10428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141821</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1962" sha1="33m0ssxke2f84n92s1379oabaybgegr" xml:space="preserve">Amashanyarazi ya skateboard numuntu utwara abantu ashingiye kuri skateboard. Umuvuduko mubisanzwe ugenzurwa nintoki zidafite intoki zifata kure cyangwa kugendana uburemere bwumubiri hagati yimbere yubuyobozi kugirango bugende imbere ninyuma kugirango feri. Kubijyanye nicyerekezo cyurugendo iburyo cyangwa ibumoso, birahindurwa muguhindura ikibaho kuruhande rumwe cyangwa kurundi. Itondekanya ryibibaho byamashanyarazi (urugero niba byujuje ibisabwa nk &lt;nowiki&gt;'' imodoka '&lt;/nowiki&gt;) kandi byemewe gukoreshwa mumihanda cyangwa kaburimbo biratandukanye mubihugu.

'''Ubwoko bwa Skatebo Yamashanyarazi'''

Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibanze bwa skateboard yamashanyarazi kumasoko.

* Ikibaho kirekire - Nibyiza kubagenzi.
* Cruisers - Nibyiza gukora urugendo rurerure.


'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508213451/https://lumbuy.com/the-fastest-electric-skateboard-reviews/ Fastest Electric Skateboard]'''

Buri mwaka ushize utujyana mubihe bigezweho, bidukeneye guhindura imibereho yacu. Wigeze wumva bavuga ngo, &quot;Ibibazo bigezweho bikeneye ibisubizo bigezweho&quot; cyangwa &quot;Ibihe bigezweho bikenera ibikoresho bigezweho?&quot; Isi igenda yerekeza kubikoresho byikora byikora, nawe ugomba kubikora. Uyu munsi twakusanyije amakuru kuri kimwe mubintu bigezweho. Nibyo skateboard yamashanyarazi yihuta kwisi.


'''Umutekano'''

Ububiko busanzwe bwo gucuruza nkibyavuye muri Evolve na Boosted burashobora kugera kumuvuduko wo hejuru wa 20-25mph (32-40kph) muburyo bwihuse, mugihe imbaho ninzobere zishobora kwubakwa na moteri ikomeye cyane kumuvuduko wa 50mph (80kph) no hanze yacyo. Feri isanzwe ishyirwa mubikorwa nka Dynamic feri / Gufata feri biva mumuziga winyuma gusa kandi intera ihagarara irashobora gutandukana cyane hagati ya moteri niziga / ipine.

Habayeho impanuka nyinshi zica zirimo amashanyarazi ya skateboard hamwe na konti nyinshi zo gusura ibitaro. Ibikoresho byawe birinda harimo ingofero, ivi, inkokora hamwe nudupapuro twamaboko birasabwa kugenda byihuse.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutimura Christine Wekesa</title>
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      <text bytes="1876" sha1="khkv2istmzlj896qxxiu2bkv9jt1wzg" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mutimura Christine Wekesa. jpg.jpg|thumb|Mutimura Christine Wekesa Umunyamategeko W'umunyarwandakazi]]
Ni Umunyamategeko w’umunyarwandakazi

== Ibyo wamumenyaho ==
Mutimura Christine Wekesa  yari ku rutonde rw’abakandida 35 b’abahanga mu by’amategeko bemejwe n’Inama y’abaminisitiri ba [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]] (East African Community). yateranye kuwa 4-6 Mata 2022.

Mutimura yakoze mu bunyamabanga bwa (East African Community)[[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]] ari umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe iby’amategeko.  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/05/christine-mutimura-wekesa-is-new-deputy-registrar-of-eac-court-of-justice/&lt;/ref&gt;  

Mutimura Christine Wekesa  yarahiriye inshingano mu gihe (East African Community Justice) [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EACJ]] idafite umwanditsi kuko Yufnalis Okubo, yagiye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru kuwa 31 Werurwe 2022 afite imyaka 60. Bivuzeko ko azaba akora inshingano z’umwanditsi mukuru mu gihe hagishakishwa umwanditsi mukuru.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/mutimura-christine-yagizwe-umwanditsi-wungirije-w-urukiko-rwa-eacj&lt;/ref&gt;  Umuhango wo kurahiza Mutimura wabereye i Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]] ku cyicaro cy’urukiko rwa (East African Community)[[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]], uyoborwa na Perezida warwo Nestor Kayobera n’abandi bacamanza. Ni inshingano nshya z’umwanditsi wungirije w’Urukiko rw’Umuryango wa [[Afurika]] y’Iburasirazuba [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]](East African Community Justice[[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|)]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/05/christine-mutimura-wekesa-is-new-deputy-registrar-of-eac-court-of-justice/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi binyamakuru bimuvugaho ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uwimana Consolée</title>
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    <id>10464</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2098" sha1="q7bi8ads00kuv6zh4wji0dckbxmzimi" xml:space="preserve">Uwimana Consolée (yavutse 1964 mu karere ka [[Rwanda|Ngororero]]) ,ni umukinnyi w’ikinamico uzwi nka Nyiramariza m’ Urunana na Manyobwa muri Musekeweya n'izindi zitandukanye akaba abarizwa mu itorero  Indamutsa ry' ikigo cy'igihugu gishizwe itangazamakuru ([[Rwanda|RBA)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/55831/byinshi-kuri-uwimana-consolee-uzwi-nka-nyiramariza-mu-runana-ndetse-na-manyobwa-mu-ikinamico-musekeweya-55831.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Manyobwa-ari-na-we-Nyiramariza-aravuga-imyato-inganzo-ye&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Uwimana Consolée ni umubyeyi w[[Umwana|'abana]] batanu yirerana kuko umugabo we yitabye Imana mu 1990, Consolée yabyirutse ari umukobwa ushabutse ndetse abo biganye mu mashuri abanza bamufiteho urwibutso nk’umunyembaraga wahoranaga inseko n’ibyishimo ndetse akaba yari azwiho guhora akangurira bagenzi be kutigunga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ubuzima-butangaje-bwa-uwimana-consolata-wakanyujijeho-nka-manyobwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109225619/http://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ubuzima-butangaje-bwa-uwimana-consolata-wakanyujijeho-nka-manyobwa |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Uwimana  yatangiye gukina ikinamico ari mu mashuri abanza abigiramo umwete bidasanzwe hanyuma aza kujya mu itorero Indamutsa rya RBA mu mwaka wa 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Uwimana yakinnye amakinamico atandukanye aho izina rye rizwi mu makinamico nka “Bazirunge zange zibe isogo”[ yakinnye ari Bazirunge] ari nayo kinamico yatangiriyeho akijya mu itorero Indamutsa,mu mwaka wa 2002 yatangiye gikina ikinamico Urunana ,akomereza kuri Musekeweya, Ruteruzi ndatashye n’izindi nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Uwimana yabaye ikimenyabose mu gihugu hose nka Nyiramariza umugore wa Sitefano mu ikinamico Urunana, by’agahebuzo yubatse izina mu buryo budasanzwe muri Musekeweya aho akina yitwa Manyobwa umugore wa Kibanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Uwituze Solange</title>
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    <id>10479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141852</id>
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      <text bytes="3755" sha1="9ooor9x7y44att1eodyfl7hcuwnnai6" xml:space="preserve">Uwituze Solange ni umunyapolitiki w'umunyarwandakazi wavutse 1974 akaba n' umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ubushakashatsi n'ikoranabuhanga mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi no gusakaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi (Deputy Director General in charge of animal resources research and technology transfer) RAB kuva mu 2018. Yashyizwe mu Nama y'Ubuyobozi y'Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'u Rwanda ('''[[:en:Rwanda_Development_Board|RDB]]''') mu 2020 . &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180430223311/http://www.kigaliwomen.com/spip.php?article782&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_Development_Board&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solange_Uwituze#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solange_Uwituze#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:Kansas State University Holton Hall.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Kansas state Madame Uwituze Solange yizemo]]
Ni umufatanyabikorwa washinze ishuri ry'ubumenyi mu Rwanda ('''RAS'''). Afite impamyabumenyi ya PhD na MSc mu bumenyi bw'inyamaswa yakuye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya [https://ku.edu/ Kansas], muri [[Amerika]]. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza muri kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda, mu 2002 aguma muri kaminuza ari umunyamabanga w’amasomo mu ishami ry’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi. Uwituze azana mubuyobozi bwa '''KCRC (Kigali collaborative research center)''' imyaka 18 yumwuga mwinshi mumashuri makuru yubuhinzi, ubushakashatsi, nimiyoborere yimishinga myinshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kcrc.rw/?page_id=306&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amateka n'indimi akunda ===
Uwituze yavukiye mu Rwanda, yakuriye mu rugo ruvuga cyane [[igifaransa]] kandi yifuzaga kuva akiri muto kwiga [[icyongereza]] no kwiga muri Amerika, cyane cyane bitewe n'iterambere rya meritokarasi ku bagore bo muri Amerika. Mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994, abantu benshi bo mu muryango we barishwe, barimo se na barumuna be babiri, bituma yiyemeza kugira icyo akora mu buzima bwe kandi afite intego irenze ihohoterwa ryabaye.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solange_Uwituze&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umusanzu we ==
Uwituze ni Umufatanyabikorwa washinze Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi aho ayoboye igice cy’ubuhinzi n’ibidukikije. Ni umwe mu bagize komite ishinzwe ubumenyi mu Ihuriro rikurikira rya Einstein, igikorwa cya Institute of African Science Mathematical Science ('''AIMS''').&lt;ref&gt;https://gender-summit.com/gs14-speakers-b/1923-solange-uwituze&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solange_Uwituze#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi ==
Kuva Gicurasi 2018 ni umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ubushakashatsi n'ikoranabuhanga mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi no gusakaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi (RAB). Yabaye Umuyobozi wa Gahunda y'Ubufatanye no gucunga Ubucuruzi mu Ihuriro rya Kaminuza zo mu Karere mu kongera ubushobozi mu buhinzi ('''RUFORUM''') kuva Mutarama 2017 kugera Mata 2018. Ukwakira 2014 kugera Ukuboza 2016 Yabanje kuba Umuyobozi wa RUFORUM ushinzwe amahugurwa no kwizeza ubuziranenge. Yabaye Umuyobozi w'ishami ry'ubuhinzi, [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] (UR)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Solange-Uwituze&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuyobozi ==
Afite uburambe bwimyaka 10 mubuyobozi no gucunga imishinga itandukanye yubaka ubushobozi. Yabaye umuyobozi wumushinga wa gahunda yubuyobozi bwabagore mubuhinzi muri '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220513130535/https://www.usaid.gov/rwanda USAID] / HED'''. Yakoze nk'umuyobozi wumushinga wa '''NICHE''' muri '''NUFFIC''' kugirango atezimbere Agroforestry / Amashyamba / Ikigo Cyagura Ubuhinzi muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda '''UR'''.

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubushakashatsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>9ooor9x7y44att1eodyfl7hcuwnnai6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Queen Ndahiro Mugabekazi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142006</id>
      <parentid>133540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2217" sha1="cmib1stlkv3p2v9ohmfcvepssyevq54" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kicukiro high way road.jpg|thumb|umujyi queen ndahira mugabekazi yavukiyemo]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139681529}}
Queen '''Ndahiro Mugabekazi''' (Wavutse 2003) akaba [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyaminga]] wifotoje kurusha abandi 2022&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
[[Dosiye:KicukiroDist.png|thumb|Kicukiro aho Queen Ndahiro yavukiye]]
Queen Ndahiro Mugabekazi yavutse tariki ya 8 Nzeri 2002 avukira mu Mujyi wa Kigali mu Karere ka Kicukiro, ni umuhererezi mu muryango w’abana 3, [[imfura]] iwabo ni umukobwa n’aho ubuheta bukaba umuhungu. Afite ababyeyi bose (Papa na Mama) . &lt;ref&gt;http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;Ndahiro amashuri abanza yayize i Nyandungu kwa Hadji, icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye (O Level) yacyize Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux ni mu gihe icyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye (A Level) yacyize Lycée de Kigali aho yize PCB (Physics, Chemistry and Biology).&lt;ref&gt;http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibihembo ==
Ndahiro yabaye umukobwa wahize abandi  mukwifotoza muri miss 2022 . Aho Yahawe  igihembo cyamafaranga 2, 400, 000 yatanzwe na Diamond Smile Dental Clinic, IGIHE, Forzza Gaming na Smart Design muri miss Rwanda 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umushinga ==
Queen Ndahiro Mugabekazi Afite umushinga Kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gutandukanya igitsina gore.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/miss-rwanda-2022-meet-19-finalists&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Miss Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kazeneza Marie Merci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142124</id>
      <parentid>139684</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142124</origin>
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      <text bytes="3423" sha1="kbvbpz9abx9cw4c9ugmrmml3ayvg9kv" xml:space="preserve">'''Kazeneza Marie Merci ('''wavutse  mu 1997 ) Ni umunyeshuri muri kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima Bwite ==
kaneza n'  umukobwa w’imyaka 25 uvuka i [[Rubavu]] ari ariko uba i Kigali ku mpamvu z’akazi ,Nishuri, yarangije kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management.Uyu mukobwa yitabiriye irushanwa Rya [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyaminga]] wu Rwanda 2022 akaba yarafite  umushinga w’Uburezi aho yashinze urubuga rwo abantu bazajya bigiraho batavuye mu rugo ariko banidagadura.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kazeneza Marie Merci yabaye Igisonga cya mbere mu irushanwa ry’ubwiza ryahuje abakobwa biga muri Kaminuza y’Ubukerarugendo mu 2016 (Miss UTB) akanegukana ikamba ry’uzi kwifotoza neza kurusha abandi, ari guhatanira ikamba rya Miss Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
'''Kazeneza Marie Merci y'''atsindiye  ikamba ry’umukobwa wahize abandi mu kwifotoza muri kaminuza muri Tourism Travelling and Management&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512170247/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kazeneza-wabaye-igisonga-cya-mbere-muri-miss-utb-ari-guhatana-muri-miss-rwanda |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Referances ===
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>kbvbpz9abx9cw4c9ugmrmml3ayvg9kv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kanyangeyo Agnes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141772</id>
      <parentid>134080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3347" sha1="ogw542s7hoobyk6pzt6wrjwd3g7p7zd" xml:space="preserve">Kanyangeyo Agnes, uzwi cyane nka Aggie, yavutse ku italiki ya 8 Ukuboza 1976 i Kasubi mu Mujyi wa Kampala, muri [[Uganda]]. Ni umwana wa gatandatu mu bana barindwi bavukiye mu muryango wa Bwana Kanyangeyo Marcel na Madamu Kanyangeyo Mukagasana Rosette.

Agnes yari umunyarwandakazi w’umunyapolitiki n'inararibonye mu nshingano za Leta. , yabaye Umuyobozi w’Ishami rishinzwe Ubushakashatsi n’Igenamigambi mu [[Ikigo gishinzwe Imisoro n'Amahoro mu Rwanda|Kigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro cy’u Rwanda]] (RRA)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.topafricanews.com/2018/10/18/perezida-kagame-yakoze-impinduka-muri-guverinoma-atangaza-minisitiri-wububanyi-namahanga/?pr=204889&amp;lang=pt&amp;PageSpeed=noscrien&lt;/ref&gt;.Ku ya 26 Gashyantare 2022, nibwo Agnes yitabye Imana azize indwara ya kanseri y’ibere yari amaranye imyaka itatu ayirwanaho kigabo. Yasize icyuho gikomeye mu muryango we ndetse no mu gihugu cyamwizeraga mu nshingano zitandukanye'''.'''.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.mykeeper.com/profile/AgnesKanyangeyo/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:Makerere, Kikoni.jpg|thumb|Makerere, aho Agnes yize amashuri ye menshi|282x282px]]
Yize amashuri y'incuke ya Namirembe, ishuri ribanza rya Mengo na Makerere College ya Makere ku rwego rwa O-level 'na A-level. Nyuma yize muri kaminuza ya Makerere aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya kabiri mu mibare(statistics) na Masters mu by'ubukungu bw'iterambere yakuye muri Williams College, Massachusetts muri Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ictd.ac/news/remembrance-agnes-kanyangeyo/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Akazi yakoze ==
Mu gihe Agnes yari akiriho,  yari Umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi n’ubushakashatsi mu Kigo cy’imisoro mu [[Rwanda]];&lt;ref&gt;file:///C:/Users/NDIKUMANA%20Emmanuel/Desktop/HELPRoadshowSmartRwandaDaysListofParticipants.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; akoroshya igenamigambi ryibigo, akabishyira mu bikorwa no gukurikirana amashyirahamwe yihaye intego mu gihe harebwa amakuru meza kandi yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bikenewe kugira ngo imikorere inozwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://wiki.projecttopics.org/2052-agnes-kanyangeyo/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibanire ye ==
Agnes yubahwaga cyane na bagenzi be;  Agnes yari umuyobozi ugaragara muri urwo rwego nk'isesengura rya politiki y’ubukungu kabuhariwe muri politiki y’imisoro ndetse no gucunga imisoro. Yari afite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga cumi n'umunani, yakoranye n'abaterankunga benshi mu bushakashatsi no kwandika impapuro za politiki y'imisoro hamwe n'incamake kubafata ibyemezo.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.rw/books?id=efq-DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA6&amp;lpg=PA6&amp;dq=Agnes+Kanyangeyo&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=HtLAuJh-ci&amp;sig=ACfU3U1draXzg-xKUoers59Lgg5Rv7YY_A&amp;hl=rw&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjtpNOlq933AhWPzYUKHX5AA9g4ChDoAXoECBQQAw&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuhamya ===
Agnes yasobanuwe nk'icyitegererezo. Mugenzuzi wa ICTD Fabrizio Santoro ati &quot;Agnes yamfashije kwigirira icyizere muri njye no mu bandi bose bagize itsinda rye ry'ubushakashatsi - kuko numvaga ashimwa kandi akunzwe ku kazi. Umuyobozi witonda kandi wihangana, watanga ibitekerezo kandi akumva ibitekerezo bya buri wese. Nzahora nza ku mwibuka kandi ngerageze uko nshoboye kugira ngo nkurikize indangagaciro ye n'urugero rwe&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ictd.ac/news/remembrance-agnes-kanyangeyo/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>ogw542s7hoobyk6pzt6wrjwd3g7p7zd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Habimana Mugwaneza Claudette</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142070</id>
      <parentid>134909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:41:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2213" sha1="kaaoj04mau8k7slu0rutx2d2vrf1gyu" xml:space="preserve">'''Habimana Mugwaneza Claudette''' ni umunyarwandakazi akaba ari umubyeyi, umuyobozi, umutoza, akaba azwi ku izina rya '''Bucumu''' muri Basketball&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/women-sport-bucumu-and-her-trailblazing-mastery-two-sports&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Umugore|bagore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/ferwaba-yamuritse-ikirango-gishya-inasobanura-iby-umuterankunga-mushya |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514163408/https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/ferwaba-yamuritse-ikirango-gishya-inasobanura-iby-umuterankunga-mushya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. '''Habimana Mugwaneza Claudette''' akaba yarakiniye ikipe zitadukanye hano mu [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/03/basketball-federation-reveals-new-league-logo-second-division-schedule/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/women-sport-bucumu-and-her-trailblazing-mastery-two-sports&lt;/ref&gt; harimo n'ikipe y'[[igihugu]] ya Basketball ya [[Umugore|bagore]], ubu akaba ari umuyobozo numujyanama w'ibyatekinike&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/03/basketball-federation-reveals-new-league-logo-second-division-schedule/&lt;/ref&gt; wa FERWABA (ishyiramwe ry'umukino wa basketball ya [[Umugore|bagore]] mu [[Rwanda]]).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/african-qualifiers/team/Rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/03/basketball-federation-reveals-new-league-logo-second-division-schedule/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/ferwaba-yamuritse-ikirango-gishya-inasobanura-iby-umuterankunga-mushya |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514163408/https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/ferwaba-yamuritse-ikirango-gishya-inasobanura-iby-umuterankunga-mushya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/women-sport-bucumu-and-her-trailblazing-mastery-two-sports&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:2011-06-07_Basketball_in_hoop_still_shot.jpg|thumb|Umupira wa Basketball ]]

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umutekiniciye]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umutoza]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Makeda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141773</id>
      <parentid>137984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2044" sha1="ig0178r1bhzool8e5a7fdvpiwswn9qv" xml:space="preserve">'''Makeda Mahadeo''' yavukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe Z'[[Amerika]] mu 1987.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eachamps.rw/article/4264/Umunyarwandakazi-ufite-inkomoko-muri-Jamaica-Dj-Makeda-yakoreye-ubukwe-ku-Kivu-Amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwe bwite ==
Makeda yakuriye muri Jamaica ari naho yigiye kugeza muri Kaminuza avanayo impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu Buvanganzo bw'[[Icyongereza]], Umugabo we akaba yitwa Haguma Sacha.&lt;ref&gt;https://eafeed.com/makeda-mahadeo-biography-age-husband-education-net-worth/&lt;/ref&gt;

NI umukobwa wabyawe na se w'umunyarwanda Aloys Karamuheto(wamamaye nka Bongoman) naho Nyina w'umunya -Jamaica Ann Marie Witter, Bongoman umubyeyi wa Makeda wari umuhanzi akaba n'umu DJ wamamaye mu [[Rwanda]] mu njyana ya Reggae, yacurangiye mutubyiniro twakunzwe cyane mu Mujyi wa [[Nairobi]] ndetse n'i [[Kigali]].

Makeda avukana n'abavandimwe be barimo uwitwa Gicari na Jeffrey, uyu mukobwa yaje kuba  mu [[Rwanda]] amaze kuba mukuru kuburyo mu myaka mike ahamaze atarabasha kumenya kuvuga [[ikinyarwanda]] gusa mubyo akora yihata cyane kwiga kukivuga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/dj-makeda-yakowe-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514170301/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/dj-makeda-yakowe-amafoto |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
[[Dosiye:Rwanda television 23.png|thumb|Makeda yakoreye televiziyo y'u Rwanda]]
Makeda yanyuze kuri contact FM aho yakoraga ikiganiro THe Switch yakoreye Televisiyo y'u [[Rwanda]] yisanzura mu kiganiro &quot;Rise and Shine [[Rwanda]] &quot;. yaanakore Journal.rw ubu akorera CNNB [[Afurika]].&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/91036/umunyarwandakazi-makeda-vanessa-mdee-mu-bagize-akanama-nkemurampaka-kirushanwa-east-africa-91036.html&lt;/ref&gt;Muri 2019 Makeda yabaye umukemurampaka muri East African Got Talent.&lt;ref&gt;https://eafeed.com/makeda-mahadeo-biography-age-husband-education-net-worth&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]</text>
      <sha1>ig0178r1bhzool8e5a7fdvpiwswn9qv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'Ibikoro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142113</id>
      <parentid>136144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:31:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3022" sha1="4q0rxn5r38a0do74vfthut5qaxgwja4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:YAM 0.jpg|alt=Ibikoro|thumb|Ibikoro biri mu ndobo ku isoko aho babicururiza]]
[[Dosiye:Cooked yam.jpg|thumb|Ibikoro bitetse]]
[[Dosiye:Yam plants.jpg|thumb|Yam plants]]
[[Dosiye:Colocasia esculenta dsc07801.jpg|thumb|ibikoro]]
Ibikoro ni bimwe mu biribwa bitaboneka cyane ariko bifitiye umubiri wacu akamaro kanini. Ni kimwe mu bihangwa bikurira mu butaka nk’imyumbati n’ibijumba.

Hari abantu bitiranya ibikoro n’ibijumba ariko burya biratandukanye. Ibikoro bikungahaye ku ntugamubiri zitandukanye nka vitamini, imyunyungugu, ibinyasukari na poroteyine. Ni byiza kandi ku muntu wabujijwe amavuta na muganga kuko nta binure bigira. Ikindi ni uko ari ibiribwa byoroshye gutekwa.

== [[Ibikoro|IBIKORO]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Ibikoro]]&lt;/ref&gt; ==

== Intungamubiri z’ibikoro n’icyo zitumarira ==

=== ''Ibinyasukari ( carbohydrates'') ===
Ni bimwe mu bitera ingufu umubiri wacu. ibi binyasukari bituma umubiri wacu ubika poroteyine zigakoreshwa mu bindi bitari ugutanga imbaraga. Ibinyasukari usanga mu bikoro ni fibres na starch (amidon). Fibre zirinda indwara z’umutima, umubyibiho ukabije, kuringaniza igipimo cy’isukari n’ibindi. Zinafasha mu igogorwa ry’ibiryo. Starch nayo icagagurwa na za enzyme ikavamo isukari itanga imbaraga mu mubiri.

=== ''Vitamini'' ===
[[Dosiye:Yam 2.jpg|thumb|Igikoro]]


Vitamini nazo ni zimwe mu ntungamubiri ushobora gusanga mu bikoro. Ibikoro bikungahaye kuri [[vitamini C]], B6, B1 (Thiamine) na B9 izi ku izina rya folate. Vitamin C yongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, ikarwanya za [[kanseri]] zitandukanye n’izindi ndwara. Vitamini B9 (folate cg folic acid) ifasha mu mikurire y’umwana uri mu nda no mu ikorwa ry’insoro zitukura z’amaraso. vitamin B6 irinda imiyoboro y’amaraso n’umutima ishobora no kurinda gutakaza ibiro. Vitamini B1 nayo ifasha mu mikorere y’umutima n’imyakura. Iyi thiamine kandi igira uruhare mu igogorwa ry’ibiryo kugirango bitange ingufu.  B1 ikoreshwa mu ngirangingo zitandukanye z’umubiri wacu.

=== ''Imyunyungugu (minerals)'' ===
Imyunyu ngugu nayo ni ifitiye akamaro kanini ubuzima bwacu kandi ushobora kuyisanga mu bikoro. Iyo myunyu ifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri wacu nko gukora poroteyine zo mu maraso zitwa hemoglobin. Muri iyo myunyu harimo manganese na potassium. Manganese ifasha mu igogorwa ry’ibiryo no kugabanya umuvuduko w’amaraso, ikorwa rya zimwe mu ntungamubiri nk’umunyu wa urea. Potassium nayo igenzura umuvuduko w’amaraso, ituma amenyo n’amagufa bikomera, ituma imikaya yacu ikora neza ikanakomera.

=== ''Poroteyine (proteins)'' ===
Ibikoro bifite poroteyine nubwo atari nyinshi cyane. Zigirira umubiri wacu akamaro kanini nko gutanga imbaraga igihe utarariye ibinyesukari, ituma imikaya ikomera n’ibindi byinshi ndetse no kubaka imibiri yacu. Poroteyine kandi zituma hakorwa za enzymes n’imisemburo yitabazwa mu mikorere itandukanye mu mubiri.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230301183852/https://umutihealth.com/ibikoro/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
[[Ikiciro:Ibikoro]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubuhinzi bw'urutoki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141729</id>
      <parentid>139152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:19:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141729</origin>
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      <text bytes="10483" sha1="h6yagn9yvs30drrdz4kpwdeqce3j7dj" xml:space="preserve">UBUHINZI BW'URUTOKI[[Dosiye:Banana_farming,_Waugh_Pocket,_2018.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw’urutoki]]
[[Dosiye:Urutoki.jpg|left|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Green bananas.jpg|thumb|Igitoki keze]]
[[Dosiye:Backyard Banana planting among the Luhya tribe of Kenya.jpg|thumb|Urutoki]]
[[Dosiye:A banana sprout.jpg|thumb|A banana sprout]]
[[Dosiye:Peeled Green bananas.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Banana.plant.kewgardens.arp.jpg|thumb|Banana.plant]]
[[Dosiye:Boiled bananas garnished with spring onions served for breakfast.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Sunny afternoon in Bbamba Wakiso district,Uganda.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Green plants in Africa (Banana &amp; more).jpg|thumb|Urutoki]]
[[Dosiye:Nimbus clouds over banana plants and green scenery in Western Uganda 02.jpg|thumb|Urutoki]]
[[Dosiye:Banana tree with green bananas.jpg|thumb|Banana tree with green bananas]]
[[Dosiye:Green bananas on tree.jpg|thumb|Green bananas tree]]
Ubuhinzi bw’urutoki bumwinjiriza asaga igice kirenga  cya miliyoni mu kwezi. Dufite ibitoki biribwa, ibyengwamo imitobe n'inzoga, ibyikuzwa n'imishabi. Amoko y'insina zihingwa arimo aya gakondo atanga umusaruro muke, n'amoko ya kijyambere atanga umusaruro mwiza kandi akihanganira indwara n'ibyonnyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.jobcenter.rw/amakuru/babikora-bate/article/huye-ubuhinzi-bw-urutoki-bumwinjiriza-asaga-igice-cya-miliyoni-mu-kwezi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527142915/http://jobcenter.rw/amakuru/babikora-bate/article/huye-ubuhinzi-bw-urutoki-bumwinjiriza-asaga-igice-cya-miliyoni-mu-kwezi |archive-date=2019-05-27 |access-date=2022-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Yatejwe-imbere-n-ubuhinzi-bw-urutoki&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://197.243.22.137/nozubu/fileadmin/user_upload/TUBURA/urutoki_-_production.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; 

1. '''Amoko y'insina za kijyambere'''

'''2.  Amoko ya gakondo'''

=== Gutegura umurima w'ibitoki ===

* Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kurwanya isuri
* Kurima bwa mbere bakuramo ibyatsi bibi;
* Guhinga bwa kabiri baringaniza ubutaka ngo bwakire imibyare.

* '''Gutegura umwobo wo guteramo''': Umwobo wo guteramo wagombye kugira nibura m 0.6 z'ubujyakuzimu na  m 0.9 z'umurambararo. Ubutaka bwiza bwo hejuru busubizwa mu mwobo bukavangwa n'ifumbire y'imborera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/ubuhinzi-bwurutoki.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226172325/https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/ubuhinzi-bwurutoki.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Gutera ibiti.jpg|thumb|ubuhinzi bw'urutoki]]

=== Guhitamo imibyare : ===

=== Gutegura umwobo wo guteramo nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru ===

* '''Guhitamo imibyare''': imibyare myiza ni ifite uburebure kuva kuri m 1.8 kugeza kuri m 2.1 kandi inanutse, amababi asongoye nk'inkota, n'ubwo imibyare mito cyane ari yo yakabaye myiza niba nyina ifite ubuzima bwiza.
* Igihe umubyare ugifashe kuri nyina, bawukuraho bakase n'imbaraga  bajyana hasi bakoresheje igitiyo gisukuye. Barandurana n'igice gihagije cy'ubutaka bwo munsi n'imizi ifashe ku mubyare.
* Inguri idafite imibyare igaragara bashobora kuyikatamo uduce. Buri gace gafite umumero karashyira kakavamo umubyare ariko ibi bitwara igihe kinini, icyiza ni ugukoresha umubyare.
* Gukata ibice by'umubyare byapfuye, ibyariwe n'udukoko, ibyaboze n'ibyahinduye ibara

Niba umubyare warononekaye hafi ya wose, ushyirwa kure y'indi hanyuma bagashaka ibindi bikoresho by'ubuhinzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Wetlands in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Gusukura Insina]]

=== Gusukura insina yo gutera no kuyitera: ===

* Gushyushya amazi akagera kuri dogere 50oC
* Nyuma y'ibyo, kuzimya umuriro no gushyira inguri muri ya mazi mu gihe cy'iminota  20

Kuzuza ubutaka bwiza mu mwobo. Gusiga umwanya wa sentimetero nkeya hejuru kugira ngo amazi yinjiremo.

* Ubusharire bwiza mu butaka bwakira insina ni uburi hagati ya  5.5 na 7.  Ubusharire bugeze kuri 7.5 cyangwa hejuru yaho bishobora kwangiza insina.
* Gushyira umubyare mu butaka bushya uhagaze.  Wagombye guterwa rwagati mu mwobo mu burebure bwa sentimetero 20.
* [[Dosiye:Banana Tree from Kerala 5002.JPG|thumb|Insina]]Ubundi, bakata insina hagasigara uburebure bwa sentimetero 20.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Yatejwe-imbere-n-ubuhinzi-bw-urutoki&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwita ku gihingwa cy'ibitoki ===

=== Kubagara: ===
Gukuramo ibimera cyangwa ibindi byatsi bibi byimejeje mu murima, kureba neza niba ifumbire  yakoreshejwe ku gihingwa yaragize umumaro, kurwanya ibisambo n'indwara.

* Gusasira (kongeraho ubutaka) nabyo birinda umurima kurumba n`uburwayi.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubukungu/article/gisagara-rwagasana-yinjiza-ibihumbi-300-buri-kwezi-abikesha-urutoki&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Climate in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Imirima]]

=== Kwicira: ===
Gukuraho amakoma yapfuye n'insina zapfuye,  kubicamo uduce bigakikizwa ku bihingwa bizima. Ibindi bisigazwa byo mu murima n'ivu ry`ibiti nabyo bishobora kongerwaho bikongerera ubutaka uburumbuke.

* Mu gihe insina imaze gukura ikaba ifite imibyare myinshi, yikureho yose usigaze   umwe kugira ngo umusaruro utubuke n'ubuzima bw'insina bube bwiza.
* Gukata byose hagasigara umubyare uringaniye  n'ubutaka no  gutwikira ubutaka ku mubyare. Gusubiramo icyo gikorwa ukata cyane mu bujyakuzimu mu gihe byongeye kumera.
* Umubyare urokotse ni wo usimbura nyina iyo umaze gutanga umusaruro w'igitoki.
* Hari ubwo habaho irengayobora insina zifite ubuzima bwiza zikagira abana babiri'''.'''&lt;ref&gt;https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/uko-mukanka-yaretse-ubwarimu-agahinga-urutoki-asaruramo-toni-enye-mu-kwezi/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gufumbira urutoki ===
Gukoresha inyongeramusaruro, ikimoteri, imborera cyangwa imvange yibi byose. Kongeramo inyongeramusaruro ako kanya nyuma yo gutera ku muzenguruko umwe w` igihingwa cy'insina icyo gikorwa kigasubirwamo buri kwezi.

* Ubusanzwe  ifumbire mvaruganda igaragazwa n'ikimenyetso cy'inyuguti 3 (N-P-K) cyerekana ingano y'imyunyungugu ya Azote, Potasiyumu na Fosifore irimo. Insina zisaba urugero ruri hejuru rwa Potasiyumu ariko indi myunyu na yo ifite akamaro. Ushobora gukoresha ifumbire ifite imyunyu igereranyije (uko ari itatu ku rugero rwenda kungana) cyangwa ugakoresha ifumbire iziba icyuho kiri mu butaka bwawe.
* Nta gukoresha ifumbire yakozwe mu byumweru bike bishize kuko ubushyuhe buturuka ku kubora bushobora kwangiza insina.
* Mu gihe udafire imborera wakoresha amakoma y'insina cyangwa ibindi byatsi bishobora kubora vuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/kirehe-bamenye-uburyo-bwiza-bwo-guhinga-urutoki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226172325/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/kirehe-bamenye-uburyo-bwiza-bwo-guhinga-urutoki/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Kuhira.jpg|thumb|KUHIRA]]

==== Kuhira: ====

* Kuhira kenshi ariko ukirinda gukabya
* Kubura amazi ni impamvu rusange ituma insina zipfa ariko gukabya kuvomerera bishobora gutera kubora kw'imizi.
* Iyo insina zitewe mu gihe nta mvura igwa, ushobora kovomerera buri munsi ariko mu gihe igice cy`ubutaka cyo hejuru kingana na cm 1.5 – 3 cyumagaye.
* Gabanya urugero rw'amazi wakoreshaga uko uvomereye mu gihe igihingwa kimaze igihe kinini mu mazi (ibyo bishobora gutuma imizi ibora).
* Mu gihe kiza, mu gihe insina ari bwo zikimera, ushobora gukenera kuvomerera rimwe mu cyumweru cyangwa mu byumweru bibiri. Ibuka gucunga ko ubutaka butota.
[[Dosiye:Bananavarieties.jpg|thumb|Bamako y'ibitoki]]
Amakoma afasha kurwanya gutota bikabije ni yo mpamvu ugomba kwitonda ntutose igihingwa kikiri gito kitarazana amakoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/ibanga-ryo-gufata-neza-urutoki-no-kweza-binini&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gusasira: ====
Gusasira ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byumutse mu gutwikira ubutaka. Bifasha kugumisha  ububobere mu butaka, bikagabanya isuri y'ubutaka, bigakuraho kumera kw'ibyatsi bibi bikanazanira ubutaka ifumbire igihe bimaze kubora.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ibyiza byo gusasira ni ibihe? ===

* Gusasira bituma ubutaka bwo munsi bumara igihe kinini buhehereye kuruta iyo ubutaka budatwikiriye.
* Bifasha guhangana n'isuri bigabanya ubukana bw'ibitonyanga by'imvura bikanatuma amazi atemba agenda gahoro.
* Bikuraho kumera kw'ibyatsi bibi bibyumisha
* [[Dosiye:Banana single rows.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'urutoki]]Bituma igihingwa gikura neza&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/07/15/rutsiro-bitwikiriye-ijoro-batema-urutoki-rwumuturage/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226173829/https://rwandanews24.rw/2022/07/15/rutsiro-bitwikiriye-ijoro-batema-urutoki-rwumuturage/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibibi byo gusasira? ===

=== Bisaba umukozi uhoraho ukora ako kazi ===

** Bishobora kuzanira ubutaka ibyomyi n'indwara
** Ibikoresho byo gusasira bishobora kubura bityo bigatuma ubutaka bwuma.

=== '''Uko bikorwa''': ===

* Kujyana mu murima ibikoresho ushaka gukoresha nk'isaso
* Kubisanza ku butaka ukoresheje intoki cyangwa igikoresho cyo mu buhinzi gifite amenyo menshi magufi bita rato (rateau). Gushyiraho isaso ireshya na cm 7-15 uvuye ku butaka cyangwa izengurutse insina.
* Nta gushyiraho isaso nyinshi irenga ku nsina cyangwa ituma zitagaragara neza.
* Gukoresha ibishishwa byumye bitabora vuba
* [[Dosiye:A ripe plantain.jpg|thumb|imizuzu]]Kudakoresha isaso y'ibishishwa bitose cyangwa bikiri icyatsi kibisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.intyoza.com/gicumbi-ubwoba-ni-bwose-ku-muturage-watemaguriwe-urutoki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020224358/https://www.intyoza.com/gicumbi-ubwoba-ni-bwose-ku-muturage-watemaguriwe-urutoki/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umwezi.rw/?p=5305&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gukuraho umwanana: ===

=== Bikorwa ryari ===

=== Igihe amabere y'igitoki yamaze kuza hanze yose, bakuraho umwanana. ===

==== Kubera iki ====

* Gukuraho umwanana birinda insina indwara ya kirabiranya y'urutoki (BXW)
* Igitoki gikura neza iyo umwanana wakuweho.&lt;ref&gt;http://radiotv10.rw/bugesera-umuhinzi-yeza-urutoki-ariko-umusaruro-we-akanga-kuwugurisha-ukaborera-mu-murima/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230226172326/https://ibicu.com/rutsiro-abagizi-ba-nabi-bitwikiriye-ijoro-batema-urutoki-rwumuturage/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
[[Ikiciro:Urutoki]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusozi wa Kigali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141837</id>
      <parentid>123858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141837</origin>
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      <text bytes="1410" sha1="bjljrha06t6ck5wv4m2eibi86t92uih" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:The mount Kigali view hill.jpg|thumb|Mount Kigali]]
U [[Rwanda]] ni [[igihugu]] cy'imisozi&lt;ref&gt;[[Umusozi]]&lt;/ref&gt; igihumbi kigizwe n'inzuzi, [[Amashyamba n'imihindagurukire y'ikirere|amashyamba]], [[Umugezi|imigezi]], ndetse n'ibindi bintu nyaburanga bitatse u [[Rwanda]]. tugiye kurebera hamwe ibigaragara ku musozi muremure uzwi ku izina rya  mont Kigali (umusozi wa [[Kigali]]) uherereye mu [[Umujyi wa Kigali|mujyi wa Kigali]].&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/88278/video-tembera-umusozi-muremure-muri-kigali-hamwe-na-wilson-tours-88278.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dosiye:Mount Kigali Sunset.jpg|thumb|izuba rya mount kigali]]

== Aho uherereye ==
[[Dosiye:Suburb of Kigali with Mt Kigali in the background.jpg|thumb|Umusozi wa Kigali]]
Umusozi wa Kigali ni umwe mu misozi miremire  iri mu murwa w’u [[Rwanda]], ni umusozi ufite amateka, umusozi witwaga [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] ya Bwanacyambwe,  witiriwe [[Kigali]],  [[umurwa]] w'u Rwanda. Umusozi wa Kigali ukora ku mirenge  ine; [[Nyamirambo]], Mageragere ,Kigali na Kimisagara  yose yo mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|karere ka Nyarugenge]]. Ku musozi wa Kigali uba ureba ahantu hatandukanye mu gihugu, uba ureba [[umujyi wa Kigali]] wose, ukareba [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|uburasirazuba]], [[Intara y'amajyepfo|mu majyepfo]] no mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|majyaruguru]] by’u [[Rwanda]].
== indanganturo ==


[[Ikiciro:Umusozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beef Wellington</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142045</id>
      <parentid>139743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4065" sha1="56yesibsy1d3m8pfx9fcelci4c39kgd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Beef Wellington .jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]]

[[Dosiye:Big Mac hamburger.jpg|left|thumb]]

== Menya byinshi ku Nyama ya beef Wellington naho yaturutse ==
Ibisobanuro bya [[Itabi|beef Wellington]] birashoboka kuboneka k'umusore witwa Arthur Wellesley.
[[Dosiye:Vegetable Wellington being prepared.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]]
Azwi cyane kubera gutsinda Napoleon k'urugamba rwa Waterloo, ahabwa izina rya Duke wa mbere wa Wellington.

== Ninde muntu wa mbere wakoze beef Wellington? ==
kuya 18 kamena1815  Duke wa mbere wa Wellington, Arthur Wellesley yatsinze ku rugamba rwa Waterloo, maze hategurwa ibyo kurya￼ kugirango bibuke insinzi mu bisanzwe byemewe kuba aribyo beef Wellington Ishobora gukorwa mbere y'igihe.
[[Dosiye:Beef Wellington 2019.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]]

== Kuki Inyama yiswe beef Wellington izwi cyane? ==
Uyu munsi [[Itabi|beef Wellington]] izwi cyane nk'igisubizo cya Gordon Ramsey, Icyakora ibyo kurya bifite Inkomoko kera bigera mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda yahawe izina rya Duke wa Wellington nyuma yo kuyobora ihuriro rya karindwi(hamwe na Jenerali Von Blucher) k'urugamba rwa Waterloo mu 1815.  Yavutse Arthur Wellesley, Nubwo Azwi cyane nka Duke wa Wellington mu mateka.

== Filet ya Wellington yaturutse he? ==
Ikintu kimwe gishobora kuvugwa neza Ni uko Icyuzuzo cya Wellington nkuko tubizi uyu munsi cyamenyekanye ubwa mbere na chef w'umunyamerika Akaba n'umukinnyi wa firime Julia child.

Wamenyekanye kuri filet de bœuf en croûte,

Inyama y'inka yuzuye mu [[Ubufaransa|bufaransa]] nka &quot;filet ya Wellington Beef&quot; mu gice cy'umwaka mushya tereviziyo ye, umutetsi w'abafaransa mu 1965 mu ijoro rishya.
[[Dosiye:Beef Wellington - rare, sliced.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]]

== Beef Wellington ikozwe n'iki? ==


[[Itabi|Beef Wellington]] n'ibiryo bya kera by' abongereza.

Beef Wellington n'inyama izingiyeho igipondo cya pate(ubusanzwe foie gras pâte) na duxelle hanyuma ugapfunyika muri puff pastry hanyuma ugateka.
[[Dosiye:Beef Wellington - Whole.jpg|thumb|Beef Wellington]]

== Nikihe gihugu cyahimbye beef Wellington? ==
Ibyo kurya bya kera by'abongereza, Inyama beef Wellington n'uruvange rw'inka, ibirayi [[Imboga|n'imboga]].

Iyo ukora inyama ya Wellington ibyo kurya byuzuye bitwikiriwe na pâte mu bisanzwe foie gras pâte na duxelles mbere yo kubizinga hanyuma ikotsa n'ifuru.

== Nigute abafaransa bita Beef Wellington? ==
Ifunguro nkiryo rizwi ku izina rya &quot; filet de bœuf en croûte&quot; ryari rimaze kuba mu bitaramo by'abafaransa mbere y'intambara ya Revolutionary Ef Beef Wellington&quot; Mu cyubahiro cya Wellesley, yahinduwe gusa n'umuntu ahandi hantu.

== Ese Beef Wellington byaba ari ibiryo by'abongereza? ==
[[Itabi|Beef wellington]] Ni ibyo kurya bikomoka mu [[Ubwongereza|bwongereza]] n' Inyama yometseho pâte (mu bisanzwe foie gras pâte) na duxelles hanyuma bipfunyikwa kuri puff pastry ubundi igatekwa.
[[Dosiye:Beef wellington.png|thumb|Beef Wellington]]

== Nigute Beef Wellington yabonye izina? ==
Iyi nyama yitiriwe Arthur Wellesley, Duke wa wellington watsinze Napoleon aba minisitiri w'intebe w'ubwongereza kandi yari ashinzwe kumenyekanisha amazina ya rubber ariko ntibisobanutse uruhare yagize mu guhindura ibintu biryoshye.

Nanone Wellington umusirikare ntiyigeze ahangayikishwa cyane n'ibiryo yahawe bityo areka umutetsi we  ngo yishakire ibyifuzo bye

kimwe muri byo Akaba ariryo Funguro ryihariye.

Nkuko Wellington yishimiye iri Funguro yashimangiye Ko ryatangwa kuri buri funguro.

Nanone bivugwa ko ibyo kurya byuzuye bisa neza na boot ya Wellington Akaba ariryo mpanvu yiryo zina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824115633/https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.dekooktips.com/recipes-with-beef/who-invented-beef-wellington.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]]</text>
      <sha1>56yesibsy1d3m8pfx9fcelci4c39kgd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>S.C. Kiyovu Sports</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141626</id>
      <parentid>137078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2225" sha1="r5dwtcfocuwqtjzzv0lmzuvhj26rx1l" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Jikmir Footbal Team.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru ya Kiyovu]]
'''Kiyovu Sports Association''', rizwi cyane ku izina rya '''SC Kiyovu Sports''', '''Kiyovu Sports''' cyangwa '''Kiyovu''', ni ikipe [[Umupira w’amaguru|y'umupira w'amaguru]] iherereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] . Kuri ubu iyi kipe irushanwa mu gikombe [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|cy’umupira wamaguru mu Rwanda]], ikina imikino yayo murugo kuri Stade Mumena cyangwa [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|kuri Sitade Amahoro]] . Ikipe yabigenewe muri iki gihe irushanwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cyu [[Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://progressrwanda.rw/2014/03/tricky-test-for-police-against-sc-kiyovu/ |title=Tricky test for Police against SC Kiyovu |access-date=2022-05-24 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214924/http://progressrwanda.rw/2014/03/tricky-test-for-police-against-sc-kiyovu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi kipe yatwaye ibikombe birindwi bya shampiyona, ibikombe bitatu by'amahoro.

Kiyovu Sport Club niyo kipe yambere yumupira wamaguru yu [[Rwanda]] yinjiye muri Shampiyona yumupira wamaguru, hagati ya 1948 na 1957. Batangiriye mu cyiciro cya mbere bamanurwa rimwe gusa, muri 2017.

== Ibikombe bya champiyona  7 ==

* [[Dosiye:Pallo valmiina.jpg|thumb]]1968:  kiyovu siporo (kigali)
* 1970:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)
* 1983:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)
* 1989:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)
* 1990:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)
* 1992:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)
* 1993:  kiyovu siporo (Kigali)

== Igikombe cy’amahoro 3 ==

* [[Dosiye:Football Pallo valmiina-cropped.jpg|thumb]]1977: kiyovu siporo
* 1984: kiyovu siporo(Kiyovu 3-0 Eclair)
* 1985: kiyovu siporo (Kiyovu 2-1 Etincelle)

== Igikombe kiruta  ibindi 2 ==

* 1987: kiyovu siporo (kiyovu sport fc 2-0 panthére fc )
* 1992: Imikino ya Kiyovu (Kiyovu Sport FC 2-1 [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sport FC]])

== Umukino wanyuma wigikombe cyamahoro ==

* 1995: Kiyovu Sport vs [[APR FC]] (APR FC)
* 1996: Kiyovu Sport vs [[APR FC]] (APR FC)
* 1997: Kiyovu Sport vs RWANDA FC (RWANDA FC)
* 2019: Kiyovu Sport vs [[AS Kigali]]

== Ikipe y'ubu (2021-22) ==

== Current technical staff ==

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
      <sha1>r5dwtcfocuwqtjzzv0lmzuvhj26rx1l</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Element Eleeeh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141804</id>
      <parentid>130087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4336" sha1="aisgitmyo3ycayrdc0qoq62oh41yi7h" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Element rw.jpg|thumb|Element umusore utunganya indirimbo.]]
[[Dosiye:Country rw.jpg|thumb|Element eleeeeh.]]
Mugisha Fred Robinson uzwi nka Producer Element, ni [[imfura]] mu muryango w’abana bane, yavukiye mu karere ka Karongi mu ntara y’i Burengerazuba.&lt;ref&gt;Uko Element wari umuhanzi yinjiye mu gukora indirimbo kubera umujinya w’aba-producer bamusiragizaga - IGIHE.com&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Fred Robinson Mugisha''' (yavutse 26 Nyakanga 2000) azwi kandi ku izina ry'urubyiniro '''Element Eleeeh,''' ni umutunganyamajwi  (Record producer) akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo uzwi mu gutunganya indirimbo z'abahanzi benshi barimo Bruce Melody, Mani Martin, [[The Ben]], [[Meddy]] n'abahanzi mpuzamahanga nka [[Wiz kid|WizKid]], Davido  n'abandi benshi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Template:Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Producer Element on making hits, steering Rwanda’s music industry in right direction |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/producer-element-making-hits-steering-rwandas-music-industry-right-direction |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Template:Cite web |last=Vava |first=Neza valens |title=Element yahishuye ko ari gukorera indirimbo Wizkid, Diamond n’abandi bahanzi b'ibikomerezwa ku isi - Inyarwanda.com |url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/107622/element-yahishuye-ko-ari-gukorera-indirimbo-wizkid-diamond-nabandi-bahanzi-bibikomerezwa-k-107622.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=inyarwanda.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yamenyekanye cyane kuri tagi yihariye 'Eleeeh', mu gutangira cyangwa kurangiza ibihangano bye byose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Template:Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=How Producer ‘Element’ Dropped Earlier Dream |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/09/how-producer-element-dropped-earlier-dream/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Element yavutse ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2000 akurira i [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], mu burengerazuba [[Rwanda|bw'u Rwanda]]. yize amashuri yisumbuye muri College Sainte Marie Kibuye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Template:Cite web |last=Emmy |first=Nsengiyumva |title=Uko Element wari umuhanzi yinjiye mu gukora indirimbo kubera umujinya w’aba-producer bamusiragizaga - IGIHE.com |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uko-element-wari-umuhanzi-yinjiye-mu-gukora-indirimbo-kubera-umujinya-w-aba |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.igihe.com |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri ategereje ibya kaminuza, Element yinjiye mu buhanzi. Nubwo yaririmbaga ariko yari anafite impano yo gucuranga akanakora imidundo ishyirwa mu ndirimbo.

Yaje kugira umujinya ukomeye nyuma yo gusiragizwa n’aba-producer yaganaga ngo bamukorere indirimbo, afata icyemezo cyo gutangira kwikorera umuziki.&lt;ref&gt;Uko Element wari umuhanzi yinjiye mu gukora indirimbo kubera umujinya w’aba-producer bamusiragizaga - IGIHE.com&lt;/ref&gt;Yakoze nyinshi mu ndirimbo zigezweho muri iki gihe nka; Henzapu ya Bruce Melodie, Kola ya [[The Ben]], Kao ya Kevin Kade, Micro ya Davis D, Saa moya ya Bruce Melodie, Care ya Emmy, Ku mutima ya Uncle Austin, Mpa formula ya Juno Kizigenza n’izindi nyinshi.&lt;ref&gt;Uko Element wari umuhanzi yinjiye mu gukora indirimbo kubera umujinya w’aba-producer bamusiragizaga - IGIHE.com&lt;/ref&gt;Nyuma y’igihe kitageze ku mwaka atangiye gukora indirimbo z’abahanzi, kuri ubu akaba ari gukorana n’abahanzi bakomeye we asanga ari amahirwe akomeye yagize, ndetse ntanatinya guhamya ko ari Imana yamuhaye umugisha.

== Ibikorwa yakoze ==
Mu mwuga we yabaye umutunganyamajwi mwiza aho yegukanye ibihembo birimo:

* Isango na Muzika 2022 Best producer&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/3668/entertainment/music/bruce-melodie-mbonyi-producer-element-win-isango-na-muzika-awards-2022

&lt;/ref&gt;

* Isango na Muzika 2025 Best producer &lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibihembo-bya-isango-na-muzika-awards-bigiye-gutangwa-ku-nshuro-ya-gatandatu&lt;/ref&gt;

* Afrima Best producer 2025 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/32546/entertainment/music/element-eleeeeh-scoops-afrima-2025-best-producer-award&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma yaho yakoze indirimbo zirimo aza kunzwe nka Kashe, Fou de toi yakoranye na Bruce Melody na Ross Kana, Milele,Maaso,Njozi yakoranye na Marioo, Tombe n'izindi nyinshi.

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abatunganya muzika]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuhazi]]</text>
      <sha1>aisgitmyo3ycayrdc0qoq62oh41yi7h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amasunzu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141730</id>
      <parentid>135261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:20:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141730</origin>
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      <text bytes="2083" sha1="b0uzylvojeoao2pybwmwspqvkwqdwbf" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Tutsi herdsman.jpg|thumb|Amasunzu]]
[[Dosiye:Now Rulindo authorities see this as a great opportunity to promote the area and district at large as a tourism destination.jpg|thumb|amasunzu]]
Amasunzu ni imisatsi idasasanzwe yo mu [[Rwanda]] yahoze yambarwa n'abagabo, ndetse n'abagore batashyingiranywe kugira ngo berekane abashobora kurega ko ari ingaragu kandi bafite imyaka yo gushyingirwa,hamwe numusatsi wanditswe muri crets, ukunze gusobanurwa nka crescent. Imisatsi yerekanaga imibereho, Kandi abagabo batambaraga Amasunzu barebwaga bakekwa kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20. Imiterere nayo yambarwa nabagore batashyingiranywe nyuma yimyaka 18 – imyaka 20, byerekana ko bafite imyaka yo gushyingirwa.  

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Mubihe byashize, Abantu bo mu [[Rwanda]] bambaye [[amasunzu]] muburyo burenga 30 butandukanye. Byari kwerekana ubuntu nubwiza muri kiriya gihe.

Iyi misatsi idasanzwe ya Amasunzu yerekanaga uruhare rutandukanye mubyiciro mubuzima bwabagore nabagabo. Iyo abarwanyi bambaraga, ni ikimenyetso cyimbaraga nubutwari. Yambarwa nabagore,batarashyingirwa cyangwa ikaranga ubusugi. Umukobwa ukiri muto yarambaraga mbere yo gushaka. Iyo umukobwa amaze gushyingirwa, yahindura imisatsi ye kugirango ukure mubwisanzure (gutega urugori), Bisobanura ko yashakanye kandi azerekana kubaha umugabo we ndetse n'abana babo.
[[Dosiye:Rulindo &quot;ku kirenge cya Ruganzu&quot;.jpg|thumb|Amasunzu]]
Ibi byafatwaga nkuburyo bwo gutunganya umubiri, kuko ikinyabupfura cyu Rwanda ubusanzwe gishingiye kumiterere yumubiri. Byongeye kandi, kwambara imisatsi yerekana ibyiciro; yatanzwe n'abayobozi bakomeye, abanyacyubahiro n'abakire.https://historydaily.org/amasunzu-hairstyle
 
[[Dosiye:Amasunzu|thumb|Rwandan Man with Amasunzu Hairstyle]]https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/amasunzu-hairstyle-rwanda/

=== &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ===

https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/amasunzu-rwandan-hairstyle-photos 

https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/amasunzu-hairstyle-rwanda/

https://web.archive.org/web/20220726214108/https://historydaily.org/amasunzu-hairstyle
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olivier Shyaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141838</id>
      <parentid>88494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3021" sha1="b5pare4bpjlrf72s9o6j19uy09453mm" xml:space="preserve">Olivier shyaka ni umusore ukomoka mu gihugu cyu [[Rwanda]] ukinira mu ikipe ya REG BBC ikipe ikina

Basketball iwayo mu [[Rwanda]].

== Olivier Shyaka ==
Shyaka wavutse kuya 14 kanama 1995 ni umukinnyi wa REG BBC mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse akaba numukinnyi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/shyaka-olivier-ukina-basketball-yasabye-isaro-amanda-ko-bazabana-akaramata&lt;/ref&gt;

mu ikipe y'Igihugu ya basketball mu [[Rwanda]]. byumwihariko kandi Olivier Shyaka yahagarariye ikipe y'igihugu

inshuro nyinshi mu [[Rwanda]].nko muri [[Basiketi|AfroBasket]] 2013 shyaka yari umwe mubakinnyi bakomeye mu [[Rwanda]]

yatanze umusanzu we kandi nano muri [[Basiketi|AfroBasket]] muri 2017 no mumwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fiba.basketball/afrobasket/2021/player/Olivier-Shyaka&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibyamuranze muri Championa ===
kuva mu mwaka wa 2018 Olivier Shyaka akinira ikipe ya REG BBC i [[Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]] muri shampiona

ya 2020 na 2021 Olivier Shyaka yatsindiye shampiona ye yambere mu REG BBC ubwo yaje guhabwa MVP

ya shampiona nyuma yo gutsinda amanota 30 mumukino wambere wa final ndetse no Gutsinda 22 mumukino 2

==== Amakipe yanyuzemo ====
Olivier shyaka yatangiye gukina umukino wa Basketball ubwo yigaga mumashuri yisumbuye st Joseph i Kgbayi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/shyaka-olivier-ntari-mu-bakinnyi-bahamagariwe-gushaka-itike-y-igikombe-cy-isi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-15 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915125835/https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/shyaka-olivier-ntari-mu-bakinnyi-bahamagariwe-gushaka-itike-y-igikombe-cy-isi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ari naho yavuye akomeza gukina nkumukinnyi wabigize umwuga asoje amashuri yisumbuye. Olivier Shyaka kandi

mu mwaka wa 2011 nibwo yahamagawe mu ikipe yabato y'igihugu bwa mbere naho muri 2013 nibwo yateye intambwe

idasubira inyuma ubwo yahamagarwaga mu ikipe yabakuru yu [[Rwanda]] ndetse akanayiyobora nka Kapiteni wayo. 

hagati yumwaka wa 2012 na 2013 yakiniye kandi [[Kigali|Kigali city BBC]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/bal-platform-career-growth-says-reg-star-olivier-shyaka&lt;/ref&gt; igihe kingana nimyaka 2. muri 2014 kandi yaje 

kwerekeza muri ESPOIRE BBC nayo ayikinira igihe kingana nimyaka 3. mu mwaka wa 2018 nibwo yerekeje muri 

[[REG BBC]] aho yaje no kuyihesha igikombe cya shampiona nyuma yo gutsinda ikipe ya PATRIOT BBC.

===== Indi mirimo nyuma yo Gukina Basketball =====
Shaka Olivier nyuma yo kuba umukinnyi ukomeye wa Basketball mu [[Rwanda]] kandi ni umwe mu bakinnyi

bakina bafite nakandi kazi kuko ari umukozi wa [[Banki ya Kigali]] ushinzwe amafaranga (BK) Cash Manager

====== Amashuri yize ======
Syhaka  Olivier afite impamyabumenyi mubijyanye nimari ya (bochelor's Degree in Finance) yakuye muri 

Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali (ULK).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/shyaka-olivier-ukina-basketball-yasabye-isaro-amanda-ko-bazabana-akaramata&lt;/ref&gt;

====== Ishakiro ======</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kagere Meddie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141627</id>
      <parentid>128353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4066" sha1="6osmyw6cxgwq8zbpiwl8rgllpp0wc8f" xml:space="preserve">'''Meddie Kagere''' (wavutse ku ya 10 Ukwakira 1986) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]] ukinira Singida Big Stars FC muri Shampiyona y’icyiciro cya mbere cya Tanzaniya ndetse n’ikipe [[Amavubi|y’igihugu y’u Rwanda]] nk'imbere. 

== Umwuga ==

=== KF Tirana ===
Kagere yasinyiye ikipe ye ya mbere mu [[Burayi]] mu mwaka wa 2014 hamwe na mlewa msasa namba 9 matata, ubwo yinjiraga mu ikipe ya KF Tirana yo muri [[Alubaniya]] Superliga, mu masezerano yi myaka ibiri nyuma yo kwemera kwishyura ikipe ye yahoze yitwa [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports FC]] ku madorari 10,000 yo gusesa amasezerano ye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KF Tirana grabs Kagere from Rayon Sport |url=http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&amp;a=3204#.U8nRthYVwjI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201183035/http://www.mondaytimes.co.ug/details.php?option=acat&amp;a=3204#.U8nRthYVwjI |archive-date=2016-02-01 |access-date=2014-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ku ya 1 Mutarama muri 2015, Kagere yarekuwe na KF Tirana . 

=== Simba SC ===
Mu gikombe cya SportPesa 2018, ubwo yari umukinnyi wa Gor Mahia FC, yatsinze igitego cya mbere yatsinze Simba SC, aba shampiyona y'icyiciro cya mbere muri [[Tanzaniya]], maze bamusinyisha nyuma y'ibyumweru bivugwa.

=== Singida Big Stars FC ===
Ku ya 4 Kanama 2022, mu munsi wa Singida Big Stars Day, Kagere yagaragaye mu myitozo ya mbere y'umukino na Zanaco FC yo muri [[Zambiya]], yemeza ibihuha bivuga ko Kagere yavuye muri Simba SC bityo Kagere akaba ari umunnyi mushya, nyuma yuko Singida Big Stars FC yazamuwe muri shampiyona ya Tanzaniya ku nshuro yambere muri 2022/2023 muyi uwo mwaka.

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 9 Ukwakira 2011
| Stade de l'Amitié, Cotonou, [[Bene|Bénin]]
|Benine
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| 2012 Amajonjora yo guhatanira igikombe cya Afurika
|-
| 2.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 29 Ugushyingo 2011
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Igikombe cya CECAFA 2011
|-
| 3.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
|-
| 4.
| 5 Ukuboza 2011
| Zanzibari
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
|-
| 5.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 10 Ukuboza 2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Uganda
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2-2 (2–3   
|-
| 6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –1
|-
| 7.
| 6 Ukuboza 2013
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1–1'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-2
| Nshuti
|-
| 8.
| 24 Werurwe 2013
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mali
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amajonjora y'igikombe cy'isi 2014
|-
| 9.
| 9 Kamena 2013
| Stade du 26 Mars, [[Bamako]], [[Mali]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-1
|-
| 10.
| 27 Nyakanga 2014
| Stade Augustin Monédan de Sibang, Libreville, [[Gabon]]
| Gaboni
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| imikino ya ginshuti
|-
| 11.
| 2 Kanama 2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stade Régional Nyamirambo, Kigali, u Rwanda
| Kongo
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0 (4–3   
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira igikombe cya Afurika 2015
|-
| 12.
| 9 Nzeri 2018
| Kote Divuwari
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1–2'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-2
| 2019 Amajonjora y'Igikombe cya Afurika
|-
| 13.
| 5 Nzeri 2019
| Stade Linité, Victoria, [[Seyishele|Seychelles]]
|Seyishere
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2022 Amajonjora yo gukina igikombe cyisi
|-
| 14.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 10 Nzeri 2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stade Régional Nyamirambo, Kigali, u Rwanda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Seyishere
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 7–0
|-
| 15.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''5–0'''
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kubandwa no Guterekera</title>
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    <id>12732</id>
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      <id>142110</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="4575" sha1="pyazfbexylxru7lg7d575wjhtpl6sb5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Amafoto y' ahitwa kumizi ya Nyabingi.jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza ku mizi ya Nyabingi, aho yabaga.]]
Ni imwe mu mihango mikuru ya Kinyarwanda yahozeho na mbere mu Rwanda umu.bigizwe n'ibintu bibiri nyamukuru aribyo gusaba cyangwa gushimira.

Bikorwa mu mihango, igizwe n'imigenzo itandukanye nko kwiyeza mbere yo guterekera, gutamba igitambo (igitambo kikaba kiba ari icyo gusaba cyangwa gushima), gusangira icyo gitambo nyuma yo gucyura ubuhoro (gucyura ubuhoro ni igihe igitambo kimaze gushya), no kugisangizaho abakurambere bashyira mu muriro uduce tw'ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa birimo gusangirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nta munsi wihariye wagenwe wo kubandwa cyangwa guterekera, umuntu abikora kubera impamvu n'igihe abyifuje. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[1] [https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cj52mpq28v8o Rutangarwamaboko: Umupfumu urimo kugarura ‘Imana y’i Rwanda’ - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;

ikindi kandi [[umuco nyarwanda]] wari ufitanye isano yahafi n'imyemerere gakondo y'abanyarwanda ba kera, aho bemeraga ko nubwo Imana ariyo isumba byose, abakurambere imandwa(imandwa) n'abazimu bafite ubushobozi bwo guhuza abaziri n'Iyaremye.

Muri iyi myemerere, imihango yo '''GUTEREKERA''' no '''KUBANDWA''' yari inkingi zamwamba mumibereho yabo.

Guterekera byari umuco woguhuza abaziri n'abapfuye, wari umuhango wo kwibuka no guha icyubahiro abakurambere bapfuye(abazimu).

abanyarwanda bemeragako abazimu bashobora kurinda umuryango cyangwa bakawuteza ibyago cyangwa amakuba iyo birengagijwe.
[[Dosiye:Guterekera.jpg|thumb|Umuhango wo Guterekera]]
muri uyumuhango hakoreshwaga ibikoresho byihariye birimo: Inzoga ([[urwagwa]]) yakoreshwaga mugusuka kubutaka (kumena incunda), amata yakoreshwaga cyane cyane kubazimu b'abana cyangwa abantu b'abanyacyubahiro.

Inzuy'abazimu (ikiraro) akazu gato k'ibyatsi kabaga karimu mu mbuga cyangwa mu rugo rwagati, aho bakiriraga ibyo bahaye abazimu&lt;ref&gt;https://kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/hateguwe-igitaramo-cyo-kubandwa-no-guterekera&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Uburyo uyu muhango wakorwaga wo kubandwa ===
umuhango watangiraga mugitondo umukuru w'umuryango (cyangwa umupfumu wabugenewe) yafataga urwagwa cyangwa amata, akavuga amazina y'abakurambere be, abasaba ko barinda urugo, abana n'amatungo. yavuagaga amagambo akurikira &quot;Twaguterekeye uyumunsi, turinde amakuba, uturengere.&quot; Hanyuma agasuka inzoga k'ubutaka cyangwa akayishyira mukazu k'abazumu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/umuco/article/guterekera-kubandwa-kugabirana-ibihango-byatumye-u-rwanda-rumara-imyaka&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Kubandwa (Kwinjira mu muryango wa Ryangombe) ===
kubandwa byari igikorwa gikomeye cyane cyo gusenga Imana binyuze kuri Ryangombe umutware w'imandwa. Uwabandwaga yabaga abaye Imandwa, akakirwa mu muryango wabatoranyijwe.

=== Ababaga bemerewe no kwitabira kubandwa ===
Uno muhango wo kubandwa ntago wari uwabose muburyo bwo kuwuyobora, ariko buri muryango wagombaga kugira abawurimo.

Imandwa 'abanyiginya barabantu banyuze mumuhango bamaze kwizera, abatware b'umuhango bari abantu '''Umuvunyi''','''Ineza''' na '''Binego''' 

babaga ari imandwa zingenzi), abakobwa n'abagore bari bemerewe kubandwa, uretse imihango imwe n'imwe yabaga ifite amabwiriza yihariye.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rwandanationalibrary.gov.rw/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=253&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibikoresho byakoreshwaga n'amashusho ===
ibikoresho byakoreshwa muri uyumuhango wokubandwa ndetse no guterekera nibi bikurikira: 

Inyabuta yari intebe y'ibiti bitatu yabaga ihagarariye ubumwe

Inkoni y'umuringa yashushanyaga ubushobozi n'ubutware.

Imyambaro(inshabure) yarikozwe mu mpu z'inyamanswa cyangwa ibyatsi.
[[Dosiye:Intebe ya kinyarwanda ,.jpg|thumb|Bimwe mu ibikoresho bifashishaga babandwa]]
Ibishushanyo ababandwaga biyandikagaho n'ifu yingwa y'umwura mu maso no ku mubiri bashushanya ubumwe n'isi y'umwuka.

=== Uburyo umuhango wagendaga kuva utangiye kugeza urangiye ===
Uyumuhango wabaga muremure harigihe wamaraga iminsi myinshi ariko dore zimwe muntambwe z'ingenzi:

Kwicara kuntebe uwenda kubandwa yajyaga imbere y'imandwa nkuru.

Kugera kurukiryi ahaniho imihango nyir'izina yabaga irikubera.

Guhabwa izina rishya uwabandwaga yahgabwaga izina ry'imandwa ryamufashaga kwinjira mubumwe n'abakurambere.

Gusoza umuhango wasozwaga n'ibirorori bikomeye aho umuryango wose wishimaga ko babonye umuryango mushya murwego rw'imandwa. 

Akamaro kiyimihango ubusanzwe ntiwari umuco wo kuraguza gusa ahubwo wari uburyo bwo gukomeza ubumwe bw'umuryango, kwigisha ubutwari binyuze mumateka yaryangombe na Binego, no kugera indangagaciro z'umuco nyarwanda.

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]]</text>
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    <title>Kaminuza ya Cambridge</title>
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      <id>141914</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="6270" sha1="aoatrrumr5g838p6s08zi7b64iihmiv" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Cambridge.svg|thumb|right|Ikirangantengo cya kaminuza ya Cambridge.]]

 '''Kaminuza ya Cambridge''' ni [[:en:Research_university|kaminuza]] [[:en:Research_university|y’ubushakashatsi]] i [[:en:Cambridge|Cambridge, mu Bwongereza]]. Cambridge yatangijwe mu mu mwaka 1209&lt;ref name=&quot;Early records&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2013 |title=Early records |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihabwa amasezerano ya [[:en:Royal_charter|cyami]] na [[:en:Henry_III_of_England|Henry III]] mu 1231, Cambridge ni [[:en:List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation|kaminuza ya gatatu ya kera cyane]] ku isi. Iyi [[:en:University|kaminuza]] ya kuze mu ishyirahamwe ry’intiti zakomotse muri [[kaminuza ya Oxford]] zikurikira umwanditsi wa ''suspenidum'' (kumanika intiti) mu matiku n’abaturage bo muri ibyo bice. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History: Early records |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html |access-date=17 August 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Ancient_university|Kaminuza ebyiri zo mu Bwongereza za kera]] zisangiye ibintu byinshi kandi bakunze kwita ''[[:en:Oxbridge|Oxbridge]]''.

Nk’uko ikinyamakuru [[:en:QS_World_University_Rankings|QS World University Rankings kibitangaza]], Cambridge iri ku mwanya wa kaminuza zizwi cyane ku isi kandi kuri ubu yicaye nka kaminuza ya kabiri nziza ku isi no mu Burayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nk’uko iyi kaminuza ibitangaza, Cambridge yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi bya [[:en:Nobel_Prizes|Nobel]] kurusha ibindi bigo byose, hamwe n’abahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel 121.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel prize winners |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize-winners |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:List_of_University_of_Cambridge_people|Abanyeshuri barangije]] muri kaminuza ndetse n’abarimu barimo kandi bafite imidari 11 ya [[:en:Fields_Medalists|Fields]], 7 [[:en:Turing_Award|batsindiye ibihembo bya Turing]], [[:en:Head_of_State|abakuru b’ibihugu]] 47 na [[:en:List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_education|minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubwongereza]] 14. Muri 2016  , Abanyeshuri ba kaminuza bari batsindiye [[:en:Olympic_medal|imidari 194 olempike]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hawks&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.hawksclub.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Olympians-A2-Poster-Artwork.pdf All Known Cambridge Olympians]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 12, agace ka Cambridge kari kamaze kugira izina ry'ubumenyi na kiliziya, kubera abihayimana bo mu itorero ry'abepiskopi rya [[:en:Ely,_Cambridgeshire|Ely]] ryegereye. Icyakora, byari byabereye muri [[:en:University_of_Oxford|Oxford]] bishoboka cyane ko ari byo byatumye hashyirwaho iyi kaminuza: intiti eshatu za Oxford zamanitswe n’ubuyobozi bw’umujyi kubera urupfu rw’umugore, batabajije abayobozi ba kiliziya, ubusanzwe bari gufata umwanya wa mbere (kandi ubabarire intiti) mu bihe nk'ibi, ariko icyo gihe zari zishyamiranye [[:en:John,_King_of_England|n'Umwami Yohani]]. Kubera gutinya ihohoterwa ryinshi ry’abaturage bo mu mijyi, intiti zo muri kaminuza ya Oxford zatangiye kwimukira mu mijyi nka [[Paris]], [[:en:Reading,_Berkshire|Gusoma]], na [[:en:Cambridge|Cambridge]]. Nyuma yaho, intiti zihagije zagumye i Cambridge kugira ngo zibe urufatiro rwa kaminuza nshya igihe zari zimaze kuba umutekano uhagije kugira ngo amasomo asubire muri Oxford. &lt;ref name=&quot;Early records2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 2013 |title=Early records |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history/early-records |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Davies|first=Mark|date=4 November 2010|title='To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town &amp; Gown'|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9158000/9158705.stm|access-date=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Leedham-Green|first=Elisabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvScOaG7mHYC|title=A Concise History of the University of Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-43978-7|page=3|access-date=9 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:CamLight.jpg|thumb|right|Inzu ya Sena yizihirijweho isabukuru ya 800 ya Kaminuza ya Cambridge.]]
 Kugirango dusabe icyambere, birasanzwe ko Cambridge ikurikirana ishingwa ryayo mu masezerano 1231 yatanzwe na [[:en:Henry_III_of_England|Henry III]] kuyiha uburenganzira bwo guhana abanyamuryango bayo ( ''ius non-trahi extra'' ) no gusonerwa imisoro imwe n'imwe; Oxford ntabwo yahawe uburenganzira nk'ubwo kugeza mu 1248. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Middle Ages |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/middleages_timeline_noflash.shtml |access-date=7 September 2013 |website=British History Timeline |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Papal_bull|Bull]] mu 1233 cya [[:en:Pope_Gregory_IX|Papa Geregori IX]] cyahaye abarangije muri Cambridge uburenganzira bwo kwigisha &quot;ahantu hose mu [[:en:Christendom|madini yiyita aya gikristo]] &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yuko Cambridge avuzwe ko ari rusange muri ''[[:en:Studium_generale|sitidiyo]]'' mu ibaruwa yanditswe na [[:en:Pope_Nicholas_IV|Papa Nicholas wa IV]] mu 1290,  akemeza ko ari [[:en:Papal_bull|Bull]] ya [[:en:Pope_John_XXII|Papa Yohani XXII]] mu 1318,  byabaye ibisanzwe ko abashakashatsi bo mu yandi [[:en:Medieval_universities|mashuri makuru]] yo mu Burayi basura Cambridge kwiga cyangwa gutanga amasomo yo kwigisha. 
[[Dosiye:St_John's_College,_Cambridge_20160828-1.jpg|thumb|right|Inyubako ya kaminuza ya Cambridge.]]

== Indanganturo ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Kaminuza|Cambridge]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwongereza]]

{{Navboxes|list={{Universities in the United Kingdom}}
{{universities and colleges in the East of England}}
{{Russell Group}}
{{League of European Research Universities}}
{{International Alliance of Research Universities}}}}</text>
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    <title>RUMAGA Junior</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141941</id>
      <parentid>136330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2972" sha1="isw9wtwgr6f7f6nayyusu0g4hyddyws" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Junior rumaga.jpg|thumb|294x294px|ifoto igaragaza junior rumaga&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/junior-rumaga-yasubije-abashinja-ibisigo-bye-kuganisha-ku-busambanyi&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ni umunyarwanda w'umusizi wavutse ku itariki 3 Nyakanga 1999, avukira mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] i Mutakara na Nyamagana, mu muryango w'abana batatu (3), nyuma umuryango we wimukiye mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Karere ka Muhanga]] ari naho utuye ubu gusa Rumaga we akaba aba i Kigali kubera impamvu z'akazi.&lt;ref&gt;[1] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920182230/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ku-myaka-10-yisanze-mu-manza-na-se-ubuzima-bushaririye-bw-umusizi-rumaga Ubuzima bushaririye bw’umusizi Rumaga wakuriye mu maboko y’umubyeyi umwe - Igihe.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri yize ==

* Amashuri abanza yayize ku Rwunge rw'amashuri rw'abisunze Mutagatifu Dominiko, I Mbuye
* Icyiciro cya mbere cy'ay'isumbuye akiga mu i Seminari nto ya Kansi
* Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'ay'isumbuye akiga mu rwunge rw'amashuri rw'abisunze Mutagatifu Yozefu, mu Birambo bya Gashari &lt;ref&gt;[2] [https://web.archive.org/web/20251018223826/https://kigalidailynews.rw/junior-rumaga-biography-early-life-and-education Junior Rumaga Biography-Kigali Daily News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'ubumenyamuntu n'ubugororangingo muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] &lt;ref&gt;[3] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920182230/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ku-myaka-10-yisanze-mu-manza-na-se-ubuzima-bushaririye-bw-umusizi-rumaga Ubuzima bushaririye bw’umusizi Rumaga wakuriye mu maboko y’umubyeyi umwe - Igihe.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkomoko y'inganzo ==

Abantu benshi bakunda gukeka ko yaba ari umwuzukuruza wa Nyirarumaga (umugore bita nyina w'ubusizi bw'u [[Rwanda]]) wari umusizi ku ngoma ya [[Ndahiro II Cyamatare]] se wa [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]]. Gusa sibyo, Rumaga avuga ko inganzo ye ari ingabire y'[[Imana]] cyane ko ntawe yarebeyeho mu muryango ngo inganzo ye imumurikire iremye iye.

Mu gukura kwe yakundaga gutega amatwi ibitaramo no gukurikirana amateka y'abami, akaba uwo kwibera muri izo mfuruka. Ubwo yigaga mu mwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri yisumbuye bahawe umukoro wo kuvuga icyivugo ugahabwa amanota, uwo mukoro niwo wakongeje ikibatsi cy'impano ye.&lt;ref&gt;[4] [https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/59427420 Rwanda – Rumaga Junior umusizi ushaka guhuza umuziki n’ibisigo bikaba ubusizi - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aho wakura ibihangano bye ==


Ibihangano bye wifashishije uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga wajya kuri shene ye ya YouTube yitwa '''[https://www.youtube.com/c/JuniorRUMAGA Junior RUMAGA]''' hakaba haribyo yakoranye na Aline sano,Bruce melode,Juno kizigenza,n'abandi benshi cyane.


Kandi ibihangano bye byose ushobora kubibona unyuze ku rubuga rwa murandasi rwe yahanze runyuraho ibihangano bye ndetse n'abandi basizi ari rwo '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172846/https://sigarwanda.com/ SigaRwanda]'''

== Amashakiro; ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Entertainment]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jay Polly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141788</id>
      <parentid>137841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="1489" sha1="muloyqjz6ygm5q9yq9wdece87hsqdp9" xml:space="preserve">Tuyishime Joshua yari [[Umugabekazi|umugabo]] w'umunya[[Rwanda Nziza|rwanda]] wari waramamaye cyane mujyana ya [[hiphop]] aho yari yarigaruriye imitima yabatari bake mu [[Rwanda]] kubera [[Ubuvanganzo|ubuhanga]] bwe mubihangano yakoraga.uyu [[Umugano|mugabo]] yatangiye kwamamara muri 2008 aho yasukaga hanze ibihangano bye byuzuye [[Ubuhandanzovu|ubuhanga]] bwishi aho yasohoye [[Indirimbo y’igihugu|indirimbo]] zatumye amenyekana cyane nka &quot;Ndacyariho, Umupfumu uzwi, Rusumbanzika ndetse nizindi nyishi. 

== Amateka yaranze nyakwigendera jay polly ==
Jay Polly yavutse ku wa 5 [[Nyakanga]] 1988 akaba yaritabye Imana mu [[Makadamiya|mwaka]] wa 2021 [[Nzeri]] aguye mu [[Ibitaro bya Muhima|bitaro bya Muhima]].

Jay Polly yavukiye I Gikondo mumujyi wa [[Kigali Independent University|Kigali]] (ahazwi nka kicukiro centre)nubwo haraba vugako yavukiye mu Kinigi ho mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|karere ka Musanze]] mu ntara y'Amajyaruguru. Uyu mugabo yavukaga mumuryango w'[[Abagalatiya|abana]] batatu aho we yavukaga ari uwa kabiri kubabyeyi bombi aribo Nsabimana Pierre na Mukarubayiza Marienne.

Tuyishime Joshua yize [[Amashuri Makuru|amashuri]] y'incuke mukigo cy'a Kinunga, ayisumbuye ayiga mu kigo cya E. S. K giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|karere ka Kicukiro]] mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]] mu ishami  ry'ubukorikori.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/umuziki/article/urugendo-rw-ubuzima-rwa-jay-polly-uko-yazamutse-bikarangira-ayoboye-hip-hop-mu&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eric Senderi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141628</id>
      <parentid>138975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141628</origin>
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      <text bytes="4500" sha1="25kvwszhequmc4y2qk9n9534npqdrje" xml:space="preserve">AMATEKA YA SENDERI HIT ... Ni muntu ki?

Eric Senderi Nzaramba ni umuhanzi nyarwanda uririmba injyana ya Afro Beat, wamenyekanye cyane ku mazina ya &quot;Eric Senderi&quot; cyangwa &quot;Senderi International Hit&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/senderi-international-hit-agarukanye-indirimbo-nshya&lt;/ref&gt; . uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] akaba ari umwe mu bakunze kwifashishwa mu bitaramo birimo gahunda za Leta n'ibindi bitaramo.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/avoka-y-indushyi-imanuka-ihiye-kandi-ibiryo-by-umunyamujyi-ntibibura-senderi&lt;/ref&gt;

Eric Senderi Nzaramba, yavukiye mu Ntara y’I Burasirazuba mu Karere ka Kirehe, Umurenge wa Nyarubuye, Akagari ka Nyarutunga ubu akaba atuye mu mujyi wa Kigali.

Yavutse ku itariki ya 15 Werurwe 1977. Avuka mu muryango w’abana icyenda, ubu hasigaye babiri. Se yitwa Ndikumwami Yohana, Nyina akitwa Mukaderevu Esperanse. Amashuri abanza yayigiye I Nyarubuye n’ay’imyuga atatu.&lt;ref group=&quot;Ni umuhanzi&quot;&gt;Ni amakuru yakusanyijwe n'umunyamakuru wa www.mamb1.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma yaje kujya mu gisirikare cy’inkotanyi gutabara, yaje kuva mu gisirikare mu 2007.&lt;ref&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Yinjiye mu buhanzi akiri muto ari mu itorero ry’aho yari atuye hitwa Nyarutunga gusa no mu gisirikare yari utera indirimbo (Ossi Morale) ari nabyo byaje kumufasha mu buhanzi bwe. Atangira guhimba indirimbo zivuga kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994.&lt;ref&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;
 Yakoze nk’iyitwa &quot;Intimba y’Intore z’Imana, Humura ntibizongera, Nyarubuye Iwacu, Twigirire Icyizere&quot; n’izindi nyinshi zigera kuri 42. Izi ndirimbo zikaba zinafite amashusho yazo.
 &lt;ref group=&quot;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;
Nyuma yaje gukora n'indirimbo zivuga ku buzima busanzwe, nk’iyitwa &quot;Turi mu muvuduko, Cyimbagira, Abanyamujyi, Abanyarwanda Twaribohoye, Abasore Bariho Nta Cash, Reka Jarousie, Ndanyuzwe, Sofia, Umunyana, Kora, Abareyo, APR Fc, Sukura Umujyi,&quot; n’izindi nyinshi.&lt;ref group=&quot;Ni umuhanzi&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahawe ibikombe

Senderi yagiye hegukana ibikombe harimo icyo yahawe n’Umujyi wa Kigali cy’indirimbo yitwa Sukura Umujyi. Iki gikombe cyamuhesheje itike yo gutembera muri Afurika y’Epfo na Madagascar. Yaje no gutoranywa mu bahanzi batatu muri Afurika bafite indirimbo zishobora guhoza abana bahuye n’imitingito ku isi, imyuzure, Jenoside n’ibindi biza.&lt;ref group=&quot;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahawe igihembo na Perezida wa Repubulika Paul Kagame cyo kujya muri America(muri Mexico) gushyigikira ikipe y’igihugu y’abatarengeje imyaka 17 aho yari iri mu gikombe cy’isi. Aha yahawe n'umwanya wo kuririmba muri icyo gikombe cy'isi.&lt;ref&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Senderi ni umwe mu bahanzi bitabiriye irushanwa rya 'Primus Guma Guma Super Star' inshuro eshatu zikurikiranya. Yitabiriye itangwa ry'ibihembo bya 'Salax Awards' abyegukana inshuro eshatu.&lt;ref&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Yabashije no kwegukana ibihembo nk'umuhanzi ukunzwe cyane n'abaturage muri 'Kalisimbi Awards' naho yacyegukanye inshuro eshatu.&lt;ref group=&quot;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza ubu ni umwe mu bahanzi Nyarwanda babashije kuririmba muri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] ivuguruye yakira abantu ibihumbi 45.&lt;ref group=&quot;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

Senderi ni umuhanzi wagiye arangwa n'udushya twinshi haba mu bitaramo ndetse no mu buzima busanzwe harimo no kuba yarigeze kwitwa musaza wa Miss Rwanda 2015 [[Kundwa doriane|Kundwa Doriane]].&lt;ref group=&quot;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&quot;&gt;ww.mambo1.com ikinyamakuru kizewe mu Rwanda gitangaza amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;

= amashakiro =
{{Reflist}}https://web.archive.org/web/20250702120437/https://mambo1.com/udushya-nibyaranze-ubuzima-bwa-senderi-mu-muziki-ugiye-kwizihiza-imyaka-20-aririmba/
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Entertainment]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuryango Nyarwanda w'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga(RNUD)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141743</id>
      <parentid>135168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:20:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141743</origin>
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      <text bytes="2988" sha1="973riswt78lc7ge7tbmdx93dt2t3gzb" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:International Symbol for Deafness.svg|thumb|Ikimenyesto kigaragaza ubumuga bwo kutumva ]]
RNUD mu [[icyongereza]]: (Rwanda National Union of the Deaf) ni umuryango w’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Wanditswe (Reg No 69/05) uhuza ibyiciro byose by’abatumva kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo byabo mu mibereho, ubukungu, umuco na politiki. RNUD yashinzwe mu 1989 n’abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva hagamijwe kwishyira hamwe, kumenyekanisha ibibazo / impungenge n’uburyo byakemuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/tag/rnud |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122654/https://ar.umuseke.rw/tag/rnud |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Abatumva bashinze RNUD nyuma yo kubona ko ibyo bakeneye hamwe n’ibibazo byabo birengagijwe n’umuryango mugari. Inshingano y'ibanze ya RNUD ni ukureba inyungu z'abatumva, kuvugana mu rurimi rw'amarenga kugira ngo babaha serivisi, bakemure ibibazo byabo kandi babe nk'inzobere mu kutumva. Icyakora, Ishyirahamwe ryarasenyutse biturutse kuri jenoside yibasiye u Rwanda, mu 1994 aho benshi mu banyamuryango bashinze biciwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ughe.org/samuel-munana-on-addressing-inequities-faced-by-rwandas-deaf-community/rnud-team |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922182701/https://ughe.org/samuel-munana-on-addressing-inequities-faced-by-rwandas-deaf-community/rnud-team |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://disabilityrightsfund.org/grantees/rwanda-national-union-of-the-deaf-2/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122654/https://disabilityrightsfund.org/grantees/rwanda-national-union-of-the-deaf-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abatumva bo mu [[Rwanda]] bahura n’urubuga rugoye rw’ibibazo kuva ku mibereho, ubukungu, umuco n’iterambere, imyumvire mibi y’abaturage ku batumva, inzitizi z’itumanaho. Ubukene burusheho gutesha agaciro abatumva kugera ku cyubahiro n’ubumwe no kubona akazi n’uburere aho batuye kandi ibyo bikababuza kwishimira byimazeyo uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu buhabwa abantu bose. RNUD yiyemeje guharanira amahirwe angana y’Abanyatumva batumva ndetse n’uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu nk'uko bigaragara mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’igihugu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.devex.com/organizations/rwanda-national-union-of-the-deaf-rnud-122732&lt;/ref&gt;

RNUD ni umunyamuryango w’amashyirahamwe y’igihugu y’abafite ubumuga mu [[Rwanda]] (NUDOR) kandi yifatanije n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva (WFD). RNUD ikora kandi ku bufatanye na serivisi ishinzwe ubushake mu mahanga ([[VSO]]) u [[Rwanda]], Malmo Deaf club - Suwede, Ikigega cy’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga na Fondasiyo(Foundation)ya Kentalis n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Imiryango idaharanira inyungu]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imirire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141822</id>
      <parentid>109619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3238" sha1="1wrjn672lqxavzqwsbkl9b2ir3h3v33" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Pain au chocolat aux amandes fourré à la crème.jpg|thumb|umugati ]]
Imirire (uhereye ku ntungamubiri z'ikilatini : kugaburira) ni urutonde rwibikorwa nuburyo ibinyabuzima bikira kandi bigahindura ibintu (atome, ion, molekile, birimo cyangwa bitari mubiribwa) kugirango bikore neza. Imirire nubumenyi butandukanye, hamwe [[:fr:Nourriture|namashoka]] abiri yingenzi. Ku ruhande rumwe, [[:fr:Pluridisciplinarité|physiologie]] yimirire ivuga uburyo umubiri ukora uburyo bwo guhindura [[:fr:Nourriture|ibiryo]], nukuvuga inzira ya metabolike. Ibi bikubiyemo kwiga ku ruhare rwa [[:fr:Macronutriment|macronutrients]] na micronutrients kurwego rwa mikorobe ya biohimiki ya selile, ningaruka ku ngingo zubusumbane hagati yingufu zinjizwa ningufu zikoreshwa n’ibinyabuzima. Kurundi ruhande, psychologiya yimirire isesengura imyitwarire yo kurya kumuntu cyangwa itsinda. Yibanze ku bibazo nka &quot; Kuki turya ? &quot;Aho?&quot; twahitamo dute ibiryo byacu ? &quot;. Mu bantu, ibyo bibazo bifitanye isano n’imibereho n’ibidukikije nkibidukikije byubatswe, itangazamakuru na politiki y’ubuzima, ndetse n’umwihariko wabo nk'ibyo binjiza cyangwa umuco wabo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/la-methode-scientifique/sciences-nutritionnelles-quelle-est-la-recette&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Good Food In Dishes - NCI Visuals Online.jpg|thumb]]

== Ibisobanuro by'ibiryo ==
[[Dosiye:Good Food Display - NCI Visuals Online.jpg|thumb]]
Kubera ko imirire ijyanye isano iri hagati y’ibinyabuzima [[:fr:Spécial:Ouvrages_de_référence/074840158X|n’ibiribwa]] byayo, ni ngombwa gusobanura ibifatwa nkibiryo. Hano hari ibisobanuro bibiri, bitewe nuburyo bwa physiologique cyangwa psychologique. Mubwa mbere, ibiryo birimo ibintu byose bifite intungamubiri, ni ukuvuga, muri byo. &quot; kuribwa birakenewe kugirango ubeho, ubuzima bwiza no gukura kwabana » &lt;ref name=&quot;Booth&quot;&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/074840158X&lt;/ref&gt; . Uburyo bwo mu mutwe burakumirwa, urebye ko &quot; ibintu bifite intungamubiri nyinshi ntibishobora kubarwa nkibiryo niba ntawe ubiriye [kuko] abantu badakunze gutekereza kubyo barya mubijyanye nintungamubiri » &lt;ref name=&quot;Booth&quot; /&gt; . Muyandi magambo, ibiryo muburyo bwubuzima bwa buri munsi biterwa numuco : nk'urugero, amaso ya [https://web.archive.org/web/20150303184216/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/ baleine] afite intungamubiri kubera ko arimo proteyine na vitamine A &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc=publications%2F2007%2Fnutrition_enns%2Findex.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173714/http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc=publications%2F2007%2Fnutrition_enns%2Findex.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;ariko umuntu ku giti cye ntashobora kubifata nk'ibiryo byemewe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc=publications%2F2007%2Fnutrition_enns%2Findex.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173714/http://www.invs.sante.fr/display/?doc=publications%2F2007%2Fnutrition_enns%2Findex.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Referances 


[[Ikiciro:Health]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1wrjn672lqxavzqwsbkl9b2ir3h3v33</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urban Boyz</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141629</id>
      <parentid>126359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4249" sha1="214p8e5k19283ye8tq81f4vmik7qe8a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Musical Artist
| name             = Urban Boyz
| origin           = [[Rwanda]]
| genre            = [[R&amp;B]], [[Afro pop music|Afropop]]
| label            = The Hub Entertainment
| years_active     = 2008-2018
| current_members  = * James Manzi (Humble Jizzo)
* Muhammed Nshimiyimana (Nizzo Kaboss)
| past_members     = Safi Madiba
}}

'''Urban Boyz''' ni itsinda ryo mu [[Rwanda]] rikora injyana ya R&amp;amp;B na Afropop, rikaba rigizwe n'abaririmbyi 2 James Manzi (Humble Jizzo) na Muhammed Nshimiyimana (Nizzo Kaboss), mbere y'uko batandukana na mugenzi wabo bahoze baririmbana [[Safi Madiba]].&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/kera-kabaye-safi-madiba-yavuze-icyatumye-ava-muri-urban-boys-148931&lt;/ref&gt; Umunyamakuru wo mu Rwanda wandikira ikinyamakuru ''[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]''  muri 2013 yatangaje ko &quot;Urban Boyz ariryo tsinda rikomeye mu gihugu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;lead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=23 April 2013 |title=Rwanda: Urban Boys Release New Single 'Kelele' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240353.html |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Urban Boyz yasohoye umuzingo (album) yabo ya mbere &quot;''Icyicaro&quot;'' mu mwaka wa 2008, Kandi kuva ubwo, yasohoye indirimbo zirenga 70 ndetse na Album (imizingo y'indirimbo) 3. Bakoranye n'abahanzi benshi bo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari, harimo Abanyarwanda nka Riderman, Mico The Best, King James n'Abagande nka Jackie Chandiru, Rabadaba n'itsinda rya Goodlyfe (Radio na Weasel). &lt;ref name=&quot;collab&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugoya |first=Grace |date=4 June 2013 |title=Rwanda: We Shall Not Have a Manager Soon&amp;nbsp;— Urban Boys |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201306050094.html |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indirimbo zabo bazanditse mu Cyongereza, mu [[Igiswahili|Kiswahili]] n'i[[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;lead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=23 April 2013 |title=Rwanda: Urban Boys Release New Single 'Kelele' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240353.html |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKagire2013&quot;&gt;Kagire, Linda M. (23 April 2013). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240353.html &quot;Rwanda: Urban Boys Release New Single 'Kelele'&quot;]. ''New Times''. Rwanda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
Urban Boyz yegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu marushanwa ngarukamwaka ya Primus Guma Guma Super Star (PGGSS), yabereye kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] muri Kanama 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ndushabandi |first=Charles |date=11 August 2013 |title=Riderman Wins Rwanda Talent Search |url=http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130812132334/http://chimpreports.com/index.php/entertainment/12109-riderman-wins-rwanda-talent-search.html |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indirimbo yabo &quot;''Bibaye&quot;'' yatowe nk'indirimbo y'umwaka muri 2013, mu kwezi kwa 3 &lt;ref name=&quot;lead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=23 April 2013 |title=Rwanda: Urban Boys Release New Single 'Kelele' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240353.html |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKagire2013&quot;&gt;Kagire, Linda M. (23 April 2013). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201304240353.html &quot;Rwanda: Urban Boys Release New Single 'Kelele'&quot;]. ''New Times''. Rwanda&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, Urban Boyz yatsindiye ibihembo bine bya Salax mu byiciro bitandukanye harimo nk'umuhanzi w'umwaka, Umuhanzi w'umugabo mwiza, Itsinda ryiza na Video nziza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Peninah |date=11 March 2013 |title=Rwanda: Urban Boys Shine At Salax Awards |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201303120083.html |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=New Times |location=Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;lead&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dissociative identity disorder (DID)</title>
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    <id>12968</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="4951" sha1="35rnsx0t1nhwdsnmcmd33whdrh83753" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Cranium colored mind.png|thumb|'''Dissociative identity disorder''']]
'''Dissociative identity disorder''' ('''DID''')' izwi nka '''disikuru nyinshi''' ('''MPD'''), kandi '''abantu benshi bavuga ko ari indwara''' itandukanijwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;ICD11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1829103493 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-23 |archive-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180801205234/https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en%23/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/294762853#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1829103493 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni indwara yo [[:en:Mental_disorder|mu mutwe]] irangwa no kubungabunga byibuze imiterere ibiri itandukanye kandi ihoraho. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; Akajagari kajyanye no kubura kwibuka cyane kurenza uko byasobanurwa no kwibagirwa bisanzwe.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; Imiterere ivuga ubundi buryo bwerekana mumyitwarire yumuntu  &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM52&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; ariko, kwerekana imvururu biratandukanye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen2014&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bintu bikunze kugaragara ku bantu barwaye DID harimo [[:en:Psychogenic_amnesia|ihungabana ry’ihungabana nyuma y’ihungabana, ihungabana]] ry'umuntu (cyane cyane imipaka no kwirinda), kwiheba, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, indwara yo guhindura ibintu, indwara ziterwa na somatike, kurya nabi, kurya nabi, guhungabana, no kubura ibitotsi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; Kwikomeretsa, gufatwa na epileptic, flashback hamwe na amnesia kubintu bikubiyemo [[:en:Flashback_(psychology)|flashback]], [[:en:Anxiety_disorders|guhungabana]], no kwiyahura nabyo birasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorahy2014&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidality&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incamake ==
Ibice bitatu bikurikira bikurikira biratanga incamake muncamake yimpamvu yatanzwe yo guhungabanya indangamuntu (DID) nuburyo yamenyekanye; ubuvuzi busanzwe bwa DID, nuburyo bukunze kubaho; hanyuma amaherezo uko byumvikana mumico yuburengerazuba. Ingingo zose zifatwa muburyo burambuye mubice bikurikira.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuvura na epidemiologiya ==
[[Dosiye:Multiple personality awareness symbol, 403x289 transparent.gif|thumb|personality awareness symbol]]
Ubuvuzi muri rusange burimo ubuvuzi bufasha hamwe na psychotherapi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2019Pro2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Dissociative identity disorder |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528111029/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-identity-disorder |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=MSD Manuals |series=Psychiatric disorders |edition=Professional}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe indwara ikomeza kutavurwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2019Pro2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brand2014&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; Bikekwa ko bigira ingaruka ku 1.5% by'abaturage muri rusange (hashingiwe ku cyitegererezo gito cy'abaturage bo muri [[Amerika]]) na 3% by'abinjira mu bitaro bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe mu [[Burayi]] no muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM54&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines2011&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association&lt;/ref&gt; DID isuzumwa inshuro zigera kuri esheshatu kubagore kurusha abagabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen20143&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Beidel&lt;/ref&gt; Umubare w'imanza zanditswe wiyongereye cyane mu gice cya nyuma cy'ikinyejana cya 20, hamwe n'umubare w'indangamuntu zavuzwe n'abagize ingaruka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen20143&quot; /&gt;

== Sosiyete n'umuco ==
DID ntivugwaho rumwe murwego rwubuvuzi bwo mu [[:en:Deborah_Beidel|mutwe ndetse n’amategeko]].  Ibirego bya DID byakoreshejwe gake cyane kugirango impaka zasaze mu rukiko. Ntibisobanutse niba ubwiyongere bw’ibipimo by’ihungabana biterwa no kumenyekana neza cyangwa ibintu by’umuco nk’ibitangazamakuru [[:en:Mass_media|rusange]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hersen20145&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Beidel&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso mubice bitandukanye byisi birashobora kandi gutandukana bitewe numuco, urugero guhindura indangamuntu zifata uburyo bwo gutunga imyuka, imana, abazimu, cyangwa imibare yimigani mumico aho usanga ibihugu bitunze bisanzwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM55&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Beidel&lt;/ref&gt;  Gutunga uburyo bwo gutandukanya indangamuntu ntibishaka kandi birababaje kandi bibaho muburyo bunyuranyije n’umuco cyangwa idini. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM55&quot; /&gt;

=== Referances ===
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ikigo nderabuzima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13017</id>
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      <id>141823</id>
      <parentid>139107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="6420" sha1="7xuzsvecr796uswp9ulxzrpk2qmy4z4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Hartford Hospital main entrance.JPG|thumb|Ibitaro bya Hartford i Hartford, muri leta ya Connecticut. Ibitaro ni ubwoko bumwe bwikigo nderabuzima.|371x371px]]
[[Dosiye:Gandhigram government hospital.jpg|thumb|367x367px|Gandhi gram government hospitals]]
Ikigo '''nderabuzima''', muri rusange, ahantu hose [[Ubuvuzi|hatangirwa ubuvuzi]]. Ibigo nderabuzima biva ku [[:en:Healthcare|mavuriro]] mato no [[:en:Clinic|ku biro bya muganga]] kugeza ku bigo byita [[:en:Doctor's_office|ku barwayi byihutirwa]] ndetse [[:en:Urgent_care|n’ibitaro]] binini bifite [[:en:Hospital|ibyumba byihutirwa]] n’ibigo by’ihungabana. Umubare nubwiza bwibigo nderabuzima mu [[Igihugu|gihugu]] cyangwa mu karere ni kimwe mu bipimo rusange byerekana ko ako karere gatera imbere n’ubuzima bwiza. Mu bihugu byinshi, ibigo nderabuzima bigengwa ku rugero runaka n’amategeko; uruhushya rwikigo gishinzwe kugenzura rusabwa akenshi mbere yuko ikigo gishobora gufungura ubucuruzi. Ibigo nderabuzima birashobora gutunga no gukoreshwa nubucuruzi bugamije inyungu, imiryango idaharanira inyungu, '''guverinoma''', ndetse rimwe na rimwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo, ibipimo bitandukanye bitewe n’[[igihugu]]. Reba kandi impapuro zisubiramo ziherutse, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmadi&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cor.2016.05.018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa byubuzima ==
[[Dosiye:2008-09-02 NC Eye, Ear, Nose &amp; Throat in Durham.jpg|thumb|Ivuriro ry'amaso, ugutwi, izuru, n'umuhogo i Durham, muri Karoline y'Amajyaruguru, ryerekana ikigo gito gisanzwe.]]
Imirimo yikigo nderabuzima ikoreshwa kenshi kugirango yerekane ubunini bwayo. Ibigo nderabuzima binini nibyo bifite umutwaro munini w'abarwayi.Muri Ositaraliya akazi k'ikigo nderabuzima gakoreshwa mu kumenya urwego rw'inkunga ya leta ihabwa icyo kigo. Guverinoma ipima ikigo (cyangwa imyitozo yubuzima) ukurikije '''ibipimo bisanzwe by’abarwayi''' bose ('''SWPE'''). Kubara SWPE bigenwa nisesengura ryabarwayi bitabira icyo kigo. Kubara hitabwa ku kigereranyo cya serivisi z'ubuzima (mu madorari) yatanzwe kuri icyo kigo ugereranije n'abandi buri murwayi yitabira. Harimo ibintu biremereye bishingiye kuri buri barwayi demografiya kugirango babaze urwego rutandukanye rwa serivisi zisabwa n'abarwayi bitewe n'uburinganire n'imyaka yabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.ahwo.gov.au/documents/Publications/1996/Australian%20medical%20workforce%20benchmarks.pdf |title=AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL WORKFORCE BENCHMARKS |date=January 1996 |publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |page=25 |url-status=unfit |website=Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806234313/http://www.ahwo.gov.au/documents/Publications/1996/Australian%20medical%20workforce%20benchmarks.pdf |archivedate=August 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibanza cyo kuremera ni uko abarwayi bakeneye serivisi zitandukanye zubuzima bitewe nimyaka yabo nuburinganire. Kurugero, impuzandengo yumurwayi wumugabo isaba inama nke ugereranije na bakuru be nimpinja. Imbonerahamwe yerekana ibintu biremereye bikoreshwa muguhuza imirimo.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100806234313/http://www.ahwo.gov.au/documents/Publications/1996/Australian%20medical%20workforce%20benchmarks.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imbonerahamwe: Imyaka Ibipimo Byibitsina Kubisanzwe SWPE ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Imyaka (imyaka)
!Umugabo
!Umugore
|-
|munsi ya 1
|0.960
|0.962
|-
|1-4
|1.189
|1.112
|-
|munsi ya 10
|0.688
|0.699
|-
|15-24
|0.633
|0.938
|-
|25-44
|0.729
|1.012
|-
|45-64
|0.963
|1.199
|-
|65-74
|1.355
|1.623
|-
|75+
|1.808
|2.183
|}

== Ubwoko bwikigo nderabuzima ==

=== Ibitaro ===
'''Ibitaro''' ni ikigo cyita kubuzima gitanga [[ubuvuzi]] bwihariye [[:en:Patient|kuburwayi]] (cyangwa nijoro). Ibitaro bimwe byakira cyane cyane abarwayi bafite [[:en:Patient|uburwayi]] cyangwa ububabare runaka, cyangwa bigenewe gusuzuma no kuvura indwara zifata imyaka runaka. Abandi bafite manda yaguka irenze gutanga serivisi zita kubuvuzi no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kugira uruhare mu kuzamura, gukumira no kwigisha mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze. Muri iki gihe, ibitaro ubusanzwe biterwa inkunga na leta, imiryango y’ubuzima ([[:en:For-profit_hospital|ku nyungu]] cyangwa idaharanira inyungu), n’ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima cyangwa n’abagiraneza ndetse n’impano. Amateka ariko, akenshi yashinzwe kandi agaterwa inkunga namategeko y’amadini cyangwa abantu n’abagiraneza n’abayobozi. Muri iki gihe ibitaro bikorerwamo n'abaganga, abaforomo, abaganga b'inkeragutabara babigize umwuga, n'ibindi, mu gihe mu mateka, ubusanzwe iki gikorwa cyakorwaga n'amabwiriza ashingiye ku idini cyangwa abakorerabushake.

=== Ikigo nderabuzima ===
Ibigo nderabuzima, birimo [[:en:Clinic|amavuriro]], [[:en:Doctor's_office|ibiro by’abaganga]], ibigo byita [[:en:Urgent_care|ku barwayi byihutirwa]] n’ibigo nderabuzima bya [[:en:Ambulatory_surgery_center|ambulatory]], bibera umwanya wa mbere w’inzobere mu buzima kandi bitanga ubuvuzi bw’ubuvuzi, ubuforomo, amenyo, n’ubundi bwoko bwa serivisi zita ku barwayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Definition of Terms |url=http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/4FAEFE0B-0194-40FC-A1F7-7BA9CC96F0CD/0/44finalDefinitions2010.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209173619/http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/4FAEFE0B-0194-40FC-A1F7-7BA9CC96F0CD/0/44finalDefinitions2010.pdf |archive-date=December 9, 2010 |website=World Health Organization |location=Manila}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Lab bench.jpg|thumb|Ameza yo muri laboratwari ariho n'ibikoresho.]]

=== Laboratoire y'ubuvuzi n'ubushakashatsi ===
Laboratoire yubuvuzi cyangwa laboratoire ni [[:en:Laboratory|laboratoire]] ikorerwa ibizamini ku ngero z’ibinyabuzima hagamijwe kubona amakuru [[Ubuzima|y’ubuzima]] bw’umurwayi. Laboratwari nk'izo zishobora kugabanywamo amashami atandukanye nka mikorobe, indwara ya hematologiya, ibinyabuzima by’ubuvuzi, immunologiya, serologiya, amateka y’amateka, cytologiya, cytogenetike, cyangwa virusi. Mu bihugu byinshi, hari ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwa laboratoire itunganya ubwinshi bwubuvuzi. Laboratoire y'ibitaro ifatanye n'ibitaro, kandi ikora ibizamini kuri aba barwayi. Laboratoire yigenga cyangwa iy'abaturage yakira ingero z'abakora ibikorwa rusange, amasosiyete y'ubwishingizi, n'andi mavuriro y’ubuzima kugira ngo babisesengure.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner&lt;/ref&gt;

= Referances =
[[Ikiciro:Health]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]</text>
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    <title>Ubuzima Bwo mumutwe mugihe cya c0vid 19</title>
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    <id>13021</id>
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      <id>141955</id>
      <parentid>139262</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="8499" sha1="qugpg1sa2u0mufujoys7ttaalbtvgui" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mental-health.jpg|thumb|uburwayi bwo mumutwe]]
[[Dosiye:Mental_Health_Message.jpg|thumb|Mental Health Message]]
[[Dosiye:Autism-Neurodiversity-or-Mental-health-symbol.svg|thumb|Mental-health-]]
'''[[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|Icyorezo cya COVID-19]]''' cyagize ingaruka ku buzima bwo mu '''[[:en:Mental_health|mutwe bw'abantu]]''' ku isi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2020-02-11 |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stix_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/ |access-date=2021-10-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo cyateje [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/ impungenge] nyinshi, kwiheba, n'ibimenyetso by'ihungabana nyuma yo guhahamuka. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Santomauro_2021&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html&lt;/ref&gt; Nk’uko ikigo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyita ku buzima [[:en:World_Health_Organization|WHO]] kibitangaza, mu mwaka wa mbere w’icyorezo cya '''COVID-19''', ubwiyongere bw’ibibazo bisanzwe nko kwiheba  
[[Dosiye:Free_3D_Illustration_Of_A_Mental_Health_Conceptual_Image_By_Quince_Media_05.jpg|thumb|Free 3D Illustration Of A Mental Health Conceptual Image By Quince Media 05]]
no guhangayika, bwazamutseho hejuru ya 25%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=COVID-19: Depression, anxiety soared 25 per cent in a year |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113162 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731210145/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113162 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Nearly one billion people have a mental disorder: WHO |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/06/1120682 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=UN News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo cyangiritse ku mibanire myiza, kwizerana mu bigo ndetse no mu bandi bantu, cyateje impinduka mu kazi no kwinjiza amafaranga, kandi gishyiraho umutwaro munini wo guhangayika no guhangayikisha abaturage. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OECD |url=https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&amp;title=COVID-19-Protecting-people-and-societies |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=read.oecd-ilibrary.org |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515004650/https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&amp;title=COVID-19-Protecting-people-and-societies |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagore n'urubyiruko bahura n'ingaruka zikomeye zo kwiheba no guhangayika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stix_2021&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Santomauro_2021&quot; /&gt; '''COVID-19''' yakajije umurego ibibazo biterwa no [[:en:Substance_use_disorders|gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge]] (SUDs). Icyorezo cyibasiye cyane abantu bafite SUD. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7396653&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'ubuzima bwa SUDs (urugero, [[:en:Cardiovascular_diseases|indwara z'umutima]] -damura, [[:en:Respiratory_diseases|indwara z'ubuhumekero]], diyabete yo mu [[:en:Type_2_diabetes|bwoko bwa 2]], [[:en:Immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] hamwe na [[:en:Central_nervous_system_depression|sisitemu yo hagati yo kwiheba]], hamwe n'indwara zo mu mutwe), hamwe n'ibibazo bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije (nko guhungabana kw'amazu, ubushomeri, no kugira uruhare mu butabera mpanabyaha), bifitanye isano nubwiyongere bwokwandura '''COVID-19'''. Amategeko agenga ibisobanuro, kimwe n’ubushomeri n’ingamba zo kugabanya ingengo y’imari mu gihe cy’icyorezo ndetse 
[[Dosiye:Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Ubuzima Bwo mumutwe]]
n’icyakurikiyeho, birashobora kandi kugira ingaruka ku isoko ry’ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe.Ingamba zo kugabanya ubukana (ni ukuvuga intera y'umubiri, akato, no [[:en:Social_isolation|kwigunga]]) birashobora kongera irungu, ibimenyetso by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, ibimenyetso byo kwikuramo, hamwe n'ihungabana ryo mu mutwe.

== Impamvu ==
[[Dosiye:Covid-19 San Salvatore 09.jpg|thumb|Umuganga [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237073 anesthesiologue] unaniwe i Pesaro, mu Butaliyani, Werurwe 2020]]
Impamvu zizwi zitera ibibazo byubuzima bwo mu mutwe mugihe cyicyorezo harimo gutinya kwandura, gusebanya bijyana no kwandura, [[:en:Social|kwigunga]] (byashyizweho nabantu bihungira bonyine cyangwa kubahiriza gufunga), hamwe na masike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Jo |date=2021-11-29 |title=7 Remote Working From Home Techniques To Protect Mental Health |url=https://jolarsen.com/remote-working-from-home/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=jolarsen.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyari bimukiye mu [[:en:Remote_work|kazi]] kokuri interineti, ubushomeri bw'agateganyo, [[:en:Distance_education|amashuri]] yo mu [[:en:Homeschooling|rugo]] cyangwa amashuri ya [[Kwiga intera|kure]], no kutagira aho bahurira n'abagize umuryango, inshuti ndetse na bagenzi bawe. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.unifiedinfotech.net/blog/the-effects-of-working-from-home-how-to-cope-with-the-new-normal/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abitazwi ==
Igihe icyorezo cyatangiraga, ibyago ntibyari bizwi. Mugihe abantu barwaye binjiye mubitaro kandi inama zemewe zagiye zihinduka, kubura amakuru byongera imihangayiko no guhangayika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Labrague_2021&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237073&lt;/ref&gt; Ibidashidikanywaho byinshi byagose intangiriro y’icyorezo, harimo kugereranya ibyago byanduye, ibimenyetso bifitanye isano hagati ya '''COVID-19''' nibindi bibazo byubuzima. &lt;ref name=&quot;iascg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial support |url=https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resource/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331002938/https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resource/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |publisher=MH Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Good_mental_health_2686188.svg|thumb|Good mental health]]
[[Dosiye:Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|thumb|Mental Health -]]

== Agasuzuguro ==
gihe icyorezo cyatangiraga, umuntu wese wasangaga abantu banduye yagombaga gukemura ikibazo cy’uko bashobora kuba baranduye bityo bakaba bashobora guteza umuryango wabo ndetse n’abandi. Rimwe na rimwe wasangaga basuzugurwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;iascg2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial support |url=https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resource/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331002938/https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resource/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |publisher=MH Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICN COVID-19 Update: New guidance on mental health and psychosocial support will help to alleviate effects of stress on hard-pressed staff |url=https://www.icn.ch/news/icn-covid-19-update-new-guidance-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-will-help-alleviate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328121114/https://www.icn.ch/news/icn-covid-19-update-new-guidance-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-will-help-alleviate |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=ICN - International Council of Nurses |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/responders.asp&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ubuzima_Bwo_mumutwe_mugihe_cya_covid -19}}
[[Ikiciro:Health]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amateka y'itorero ry'abadivantisiti I nyankora</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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[[Dosiye:Scène de rue à Kayonza.jpg|thumb|Agace ka Nyankore uru rusengero rubarizwamo|292x292px]]
[[Dosiye:Light Giving Group.jpg|thumb|abadive|297x297px]]
'''Itorero''' ry'Abadivantisiti bumunsi wa karindwi rya Nyankora ribarizwa mu ntara ya nkora.

filidi y'uburasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]], kandi rikaba rimaze imyaka 41 rishinzwe.kurubu rifite abizera bagera kuri 596 barenga.

M'uburyo bw'imiyoborere ya politiki y'igihugu, itorero rya Nyankora riherereye mu karere ka [[Igikamba (itabi)|Kayonza]] ,umurenge wa Rwinkwavu, Akagari ka Mukokoyo N'umudugudu wa Kiyovu.

== Gushinga Itorero ku Inshuro ya Mbere ==
Amateka nkuko atangira abitubwira, Itorero ry'abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi I '''Nyankora''' ryatangijwe n'abantu bagera kuri batanu ahasaga mu mwaka 1975, 

rikaba ryara tangiriwe mugace kitwa Dusabane ahazwi ku izina rya Kariel mu mpinga y'igitwa urusengero rw'ubatse bwa mbere rwari urw'ibyatsi kuberako nta busobozi bwari buhari 

bwo kubaka urw'amabati kuko n'abizera bari bakeya cyane. bamwe mu bari baritangije n'aba bakurikira barimo Bagamwabo ,shyirambere, Bihoyiki, Nkundibiza n'abandi.... 

bari abakuru b'imiryango yari igize itorero ry'abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi i Nyankora.itorero ryari rigizwe n'abagabo abgoore ndetse n'abana. ariko abayobozi ahanini aribo bakuru b'iyo miryango .Hanyuma abizera bahangiweho itorero ni Ntibibuka Thomas hamwe na Nyiranzabayo Xavera ahasaga  kuya 05 ukwakira mu mwaka 1985.

== Ibyaranze Abayobozi Bambere mw'Itorero ==
[[Dosiye:Kayonza district map.jpg|thumb|Ikarita igaragaza imiterere y akarere ka Kayonza urusengero rwabadivantisiti bumunsi wa 7 inyankorere ruherereyemo|335x335px]]
Nubwo bisanzwe bi menyereweko abadivantisiti b'umunsi wa karindwi ar'itorero rigendera kuri gahunda ya gikirisitu ihamye, abari bahagarariye itorero bari bafite imico itandukanye cyane niyo muri iki gihe .Nkuko bitangazwa na Shyirambere Athanael umwe mubari baritangiye, ya garagajeko mur'icyo gihe umudivantisiti yabaga afite umugore urenze umwe. ndetse bamwe na bamwe bengaga ibinyobwa bisembuye nk'ikigage hamwe n'inzagwa. mubyukuri ntago itorero ryari riri kumurongo uhamye nkuko amahame y'ibyitorero rigenderaho atubwira. muri make hari harimo ya gipagani,byari ingorane ku mupasiteri wa kurikiranaga ir'itorero, byari ikibazo kuva aho yari acumbitse kandi akoresheje igare. 

intara  yari yubatse ahitwa i Gikaya arinayo Ntara, ubu ni ahitwa KAYONZA, iyi nayo ikaba yari imbogamizi yatumaga hakomeza kugaragara ibibazo mu itorero.

cyane cyane bigatuma itorero ridakura ngo ritere imbere.

== Guhangwa kw'Intara ya Nyankora ==
Ahasaga mu mwaka 1992 nibwo hashinzwe intara ya Nyankora bitewe nuko yarimaze kugenda igaba amashami mu duce tumwe na tumwe. ikaba yari iyobowe n'umupasiteri witwaga Ntawukira Jonas,akaba yara riyoboraga aturutse I Gikaya aho yari asanzwe acumbitse kuko umuryango we ntago bari kumwe.

Nyuma baje gusanga avunika cyane bamwubakira inzu hafi y'urusengero ariko ntibyashobokako ayibamo,bakodesha indi abariyo abamo.

M'umwaka 1994 nyuma y'urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu,Pasiteri Rukara Aoron niwe wayoboye intara ya Nyankora.Mu mwaka 1995 haje umu pasiteri wundi, witwaga Rubyiruko Ephasto. Ikiciro ke cyari mu ntara ya Nyankora kuberako yari ayoboye intara ya Nyankora hamwe n'iya Matahiro.Mu mwaka 1996 nibwo itorero rya Nyankora ariho har'Intara, habonetse umu pasiteri wi hariye, ariwe witwa Mugiraneza Elphaz akaba yari afite icumbi hafi y'itorero iwe n'umuryango we bari bacumbitse mugihe yari ayoboye iy'intara ya Nyankora.

== Ikoranabuhanga ==
BIMWE MUBIKORESHO ITORERO RIFITE MUBURYO BWO KONGERA INGUFU MW'IVUGA BUTUMWA

Ibikoresho bifashishwa mu ivugabutumwa kugirango umurimo urusheho gutera imbere binyuze mu ivuga butumwa kuri buri wese mu buryo bw'amajwi.

twavuga nkibi bikurikira -mixer ifasha mu gutunganya amajwi -Ingaragazamashusho [tv] sibyo gusa dore ko n'imitegurire y'intebe mu nyubako y'urusengero hateguranye ikoranabuhanga.urusengero rwakomeje gutera imbere bashigwa na korali yitwaga Abavugabutumwa yar'igizwe n'urubyiruko rw'abasore mbere y'umwaka wa 2005. muri 2006 nibwo havutse korali ariyo Umurwa.igitekerezo giturutse kuri bamwe na bamwe mu bahoze muba vugabutumwa. aribo Makuza Etienne, na Habimana Jean Claude. mu mwaka wa 2017 itorero ryari rifite amakorari(7)  kandi zishobora gusohoka kuvuga ubutumwa no hanze y'itorero binyuze mu bihangano byazo bwite. 

== UBuryo Bwakoreshejwe Mugukusanya Amakuru ==
Mu gukusanya amakuru hifashishijwe abantu batangiranye n'itorero aribo: 1.Abatanze amakuru batangije itorero

SHYIRAMBERE Athanae (yagiye mu itorero 1975) NDIGIZE Joseph (yagiye mu itorero mu 1980)

2.Abagiye mu itorero nyumaho gato y'uko ritangira MUKOTANYI paulin (yagiye mu itorero mu 1985)

UWAMARIYA  Alodie (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1990)

IRAGENA j.Damascene (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1999)

NTAKIRUTIMANA Daniel (yagiye mu itorero mu mwaka 1999).
[[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bayisenge Emery</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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'''Emery Bayisenge''' (wavutse kuya 2 Ugushyingo 1994) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=3 October 2014 |title=Meet Bayisenge, APR FC's defensive maestro |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/111988/Sports/meet-bayisenge-apr-fcs-defensive-maestro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818210831/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/111988/Sports/meet-bayisenge-apr-fcs-defensive-maestro |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; numukinnyi mpuzamahanga [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'umupira w'amaguru]] w'umunyarwanda ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati mw' ikipe ya Gor Mahia yomuri Kenya.

== Umwuga w'ikipe ==
Bayisenge wavukiye [[Akarere ka Huye|Huye]], yakinnye umupira wamaguru muri [[Amagaju FC|Amagaju]], [[Isonga FC|Isonga]], [[APR FC|APR]], KAC Kénitra, JS Massira, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=27 September 2017 |title=Bayisenge joins JS El Massira in Morocco |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/144600/Sports/bayisenge-joins-js-el-massira-in-morocco |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; na USM Algeria .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=USMA : Un joueur rwandais a passé sa visite médicale |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2018/06/04/usma-un-joueur-rwandais-a-passe-sa-visite-medicale-128680.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517114559/http://www.dzfoot.com/2018/06/04/usma-un-joueur-rwandais-a-passe-sa-visite-medicale-128680.php |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=18 June 2018 |publisher=DZ Foot |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nyakanga 2015 yari hafi yo kwerekeza mwi ikipeya LASK Linz yomuri Otirishiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Komugisha |first=Usher |date=15 July 2015 |title=Bayisenge says goodbye to APR teammates, heads to Austria |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/120682/Sports/bayisenge-says-goodbye-to-apr-teammates-heads-to-austria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824110358/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/120682/Sports/bayisenge-says-goodbye-to-apr-teammates-heads-to-austria |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Mutarama 2019 yasinye amasezerano n'ikipe ya Saif yomuri Bangladesh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 January 2019 |title=Bayisenge off to Bangladesh for move to Saif Sporting Club |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/bayisenge-bangladesh-move-saif-sporting-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145528/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/bayisenge-bangladesh-move-saif-sporting-club |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yagarutse mu Rwanda muri [[AS Kigali]] muri Nzeri 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=18 September 2020 |title=Bayisenge in advanced talks with AS Kigali |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/180068/Sports/bayisenge-in-advanced-talks-with-as-kigali |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Furaha |first=Jacques |date=24 September 2020 |title=AS Kigali Signs Defender Emery Bayisenge |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/09/as-kigali-signs-defender-emery-bayisenge/ |website=KT PRESS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yongeye kwiyandikisha kuri Saif muGushyingo 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Furaha |first=Jacques |date=8 November 2021 |title=Bayisenge Returns to Bangladesh Side Saif Sporting Club |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/11/bayisenge-returns-to-bangladesh-side-saif-sporting-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122552/https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/11/bayisenge-returns-to-bangladesh-side-saif-sporting-club/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=KT PRESS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 November 2021 |title=Amavubi defender Bayisenge rejoins Saif Sporting Club |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/amavubi-defender-bayisenge-rejoins-saif-sporting-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624135642/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/amavubi-defender-bayisenge-rejoins-saif-sporting-club |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Saif beat Chittagong Abahnai in thriller |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/174109/saif-beat-chittagong-abahnai-in-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623172256/https://www.newagebd.net/article/174109/saif-beat-chittagong-abahnai-in-thriller |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=New Age |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Gashyantare 2023 yemeye gusinyira ikipe ya Gor Mahia yomuri Kenya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kayinamura |first=Alexis |date=23 February 2023 |title=Bayisenge agrees to Gor move |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5288/sports/bayisenge-agrees-to-gor-move |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; arangiza muri Werurwe 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=29 March 2023 |title=Bayisenge unveiled at Gor Mahia |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6239/sports/football/bayisenge-unveiled-at-gor-mahia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181037/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6239/sports/football/bayisenge-unveiled-at-gor-mahia |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olobulu |first=Timothy |date=28 February 2023 |title=Gor Mahia will not sign 'small' players, beams coach McKinstry |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/sports/2023/02/28/gor-mahia-will-not-sign-small-players-beams-coach-mckinstry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114182236/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/sports/2023/02/28/gor-mahia-will-not-sign-small-players-beams-coach-mckinstry/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Capital Sports |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakinnye nk'umukinnyi wa kabiri ukina inyuma muriyi kipe mumwaka we wambere w'imikino, ariko avuga ko ashaka kongera amasezerano ye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Why Rwandan defender Bayisenge wants to renew his Gor contract |url=https://www.citizen.digital/sports/why-rwandan-defender-bayisenge-wants-to-renew-his-gor-contract-n323303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822204835/https://www.citizen.digital/sports/why-rwandan-defender-bayisenge-wants-to-renew-his-gor-contract-n323303 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Citizen Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatwaye igikombe cya shampiyona muriyo kipe muri uwomwaka w'imikino. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gyimah |first=Edmund Okai |date=26 June 2023 |title=Players Abroad: Imanishimwe, Bayisenge close season with silverware |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8556/sports/football/players-abroad-imanishimwe-bayisenge-close-season-with-silverware |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824101800/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8556/sports/football/players-abroad-imanishimwe-bayisenge-close-season-with-silverware |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Yayoboye ikipe y'u Rwanda y'abatarengeje imyaka 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=8 May 2012 |title=Bayisenge set for Toulouse trials |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/72705/Sports/bayisenge-set-for-toulouse-trials |work=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakinnye umukino we wambere mpuzamahanga mw' [[Amavubi|ikipe y’u Rwanda]] muri 2011, &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|pid=44928|accessdate=1 October 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/44928.html &quot;Emery Bayisenge&quot;]. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kandi yakinnye imikino yo gushaka itike yogukina igikombe cy’isi cya FIFA. 

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!Intego
! Itariki
! Aho bizabera
! Umwanzi
! Amanota
! Ibisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 16 Mutarama 2016
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|CIV}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| [[2016 African Nations Championship|Shampiyona y'ibihugu bya Afurika ya 2016]]
|}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Irambona Gisa Eric</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="2319" sha1="341yegm2327glhvovrvrig0fjg1s09u" xml:space="preserve">'''Irambona Eric Gisa''' ni we [https://thebluesky.sport.blog/2019/09/04/amateka-ya-irambona-gisa-eric-ufatwa-na-benshi-nk-umwana-wa-rayon-sports/ mukinnyi urambye kuruta abandi muri Rayon Sports]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://thebluesky.sport.blog/2019/09/04/amateka-ya-irambona-gisa-eric-ufatwa-na-benshi-nk-umwana-wa-rayon-sports/&lt;/ref&gt; aho amaze imyaka 7 akinira iyi kipe ikunzwe kurusha izindi mu [[Rwanda]] nyuma yo kuzamukira mu ikipe y’abana ya Rayon Sports&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/football/article/irambona-eric-wari-umaze-imyaka-8-muri-rayon-sports-yerekeje-muri-kiyovu&lt;/ref&gt; aza kuzamurwa n’umutoza Didier Gomez Da Rosa wahesheje iyi kipe igikombe cya shampiyona yu mwaka 2012-2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bwiza.com/?Kwambikwa-ikanzu-byarokoye-Irambona-Eric-muri-Jenoside-yakorewe-Abatutsi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-28 |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095943/https://bwiza.com/?Kwambikwa-ikanzu-byarokoye-Irambona-Eric-muri-Jenoside-yakorewe-Abatutsi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
'''Irambona Eric''' yitwa Gisa kuva mu bwana nubwo iri zina ritaba mu byangombwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Yabonye izuba tariki 04 Ukuboza mu mwaka 1992 i Cyangugu. Irambona ni mwene Uwingoma Fortunée na nyakwigendera Huggee wapfuye muri [https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/116247/kwibuka28-ubuhamya-bwa-myugariro-wa-kiyovu-sport-eric-irambona-warokowe-no-kwihundura-umuk-116247.html Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/116247/kwibuka28-ubuhamya-bwa-myugariro-wa-kiyovu-sport-eric-irambona-warokowe-no-kwihundura-umuk-116247.html&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’abandi bana batatu bavukanaga na Irambona kuko bari abana 7 (abahungu batanu n’abakobwa babiri) ubu bakaba basigaye ari abahungu babiri n’abakobwa babiri. Amashuri abanza yayize i Mushaka, ikiciro rusange akiga muri EAV Ntendezi, ahava ajya mu ishuri ryisumbuye St Peter Gihozo mu Karere ka Nyanza aho yakuye impamyabumenyi mu ishami ry’Imibare, Ubugenge n’Ubumemyi bwa Mudasobwa (Mathematic, Physic and Computer Science) mu mwaka 2011.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/81505/irambona-gisa-eric-yasobanuye-ibyo-gusigara-kwe-asaba-imbaba-81505.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba aha ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Ruhago]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Putin</title>
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      <text bytes="6408" sha1="11nfk3a7rmxqktbyzz1r5va9fqwde8r" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Putin 2022.jpg|thumb|Putin (2022)]]
'''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin''' (Ikirusiya : ''Владимир Владимирович Путин'') (* Leningrad, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, ku ya 7 Ukwakira 1952) , umunyapolitiki  w'[[Uburusiya]]. Ni perezida wa kabiri kandi uriho ubu mu Burusiya kuva Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zaseswa.

Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku ya 26 Werurwe 2000 n'amajwi 52,94%.   Ku butegetsi bwe habaye umuvuduko mwinshi w’iterambere ry’ubukungu, hiyongereyeho 72% muri GDP  n’ubukene bugabanuka cyane.    Mu buryo butandukanye n’abamubanjirije, guverinoma ye yashyigikiwe n’abaturage benshi kandi yongeye gutorwa mu matora yo muri Werurwe 2004 n'amajwi 71.31%. Mu mwaka wa 2008, kubera ko atashoboye kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu kubera ko bitemewe mu Itegeko Nshinga ry’Uburusiya, Putin yasunitse kandidatire ya Minisitiri w’intebe w’icyo gihe, Dmitry Medvedev  matora  ya, yatsinze. Putin yaje kuba Minisitiri w’intebe.  Mu matora yo muri Werurwe 2012 yongeye gutorerwa kuba perezida (amajwi 63.60%), nubwo hari abashinjwaga uburiganya.  Yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 76,69% ​​mu matora ya perezida wa 2018.

== Intangiriro nkumuyobozi ==
Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 1952, Putin yavukiye i Leningrad (ubu ni [[Saint Petersburg]]) . Amaze kurangiza neza amasomo ye mu by'amategeko muri kaminuza yavukiyemo (thesis kuri politiki y’[[Amerika]] muri Afurika), yinjiye muri KGB, aho yoherejwe mu buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga. Kuva mu 1985 kugeza 1990 , yakoraga i Dresden (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi y'Ubudage) mu ishami rya politiki na gisirikare. Nyuma yo gusenya ibiro bya KGB i Dresden mu 1989yasubiye i Leningrad mu 1990. Mu gihe cy'amezi runaka yari ku kazi, bityo agira igitekerezo cyo kuba umushoferi wa tagisi.

Yaje kugirwa umwungirije umuyobozi wa kaminuza ya Leningrad, aho yakemuye umubano mpuzamahanga. Nyuma akora nk'umujyanama wa perezida w'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi. Guhera muri Kamena 1991 , yabaye umuyobozi wa komite ishinzwe ububanyi n'amahanga ya St. Uruhare rwe rwari rugizwe ahanini no gukurura abashoramari no guteza imbere ubufatanye n’abafatanyabikorwa b’amahanga.

== Umwuga ya KGB ==
Ku ya 20 Kanama 1991, mu gihe cyo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Mikhail Gorbachev, nibwo Putin yeguye ku mugaragaro muri KGB. Kuva mu 1994 kugeza 1996 yabaye Minisitiri w’intebe wungirije kuri Meya Anatoli Sobtchak (umwarimu we mu ishami ry’amategeko), yegura nyuma yo gutsindwa amatora.

Muri Kanama 1996 yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije wa Perezida Boris Yeltsin ushinzwe ububanyi n’amahanga. Kuva muri Werurwe 1997, yari umwe mu badepite bayoboye umuyobozi w’ubuyobozi bwa perezida (umudepite wa mbere guhera muri Gicurasi 1998).

Muri Nyakanga 1998, yagizwe umuyobozi wa FSB (Federal Security Service), ikigo cyasimbuye KGB.

Mu 1999 yatangiye kuzamuka kwe gutangaje. Muri Kanama yagizwe minisitiri w’intebe na Yeltsin, wiyemeza kumugira umusimbura. Mu ntangiriro za Nzeri, mu rwego rwo guhangana n'ibitero by'iterabwoba by'Abadage, Putin yategetse ko intambara ya Chechnya isubukurwa. Nintangiriro yintambara ya kabiri yabatekinisiye, yamugize umunyapolitiki uzwi cyane muburusiya.

Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1999 , nyuma yo kwegura kwa Perezida Boris Yeltsin, yabaye perezida w'agateganyo. Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2000 , mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya mbere, yatorewe kuba Perezida w’Uburusiya mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 53%, atangira imirimo ye ku ya 7 Gicurasi.

Ubuyobozi bwe bwashyizeho politiki yo kwiyegereza [[Burayi|Uburayi]], cyane cyane [[Ubufaransa]] n'Ubudage.

Putin ni umuyobozi udasanzwe w'Uburusiya. Nyamwasa, abstemiste (ntanywa inzoga), umukinnyi wa siporo : akora imyitozo yo mu Burusiya (''sambo'') na judo kuva afite imyaka 11, akina tennis, agenda ski. Byongeye kandi, azi neza Ikidage n'Icyongereza.

Yashakanye n'uwahoze ari umwarimu (1983-2014) w'ishuri kandi ni se w'abakobwa babiri. Afitanye umubano wa hafi cyane na Gerhard Schröder, bafitanye isano, mu bindi, bakomoka mu bwiyoroshye.

== Kunegura n'impaka ==
Putin yanenzwe cyane n'ibitangazamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba kubera umubare w'abanyamakuru bishwe ku butegetsi bwe; benshi muribo bakora iperereza ku ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Chechnya cyangwa ibikorwa bya ruswa ya leta.

Urubanza ruzwi cyane ni urw'umunyamakuru Anna Politkóvskaya; umwanditsi w'ibitabo nka &quot;Uburusiya bwa Putin&quot; cyangwa &quot;Ikuzimu ya Chechnya&quot;; wari watangaje ko yakiriye iterabwoba ry'urupfu ndetse no gushaka kumwica akoresheje uburozi. Amaherezo, ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2006, yiciwe muri lift y’inyubako yari afite inzu ye i Moscou.

Alexandre Litvinenko yahoze ari intasi y’Uburusiya yarozwe na [[Polonium 210]], nk’uko ibitangazamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba bw’iburengerazuba bibitangaza, ngo yaba yaranenze guverinoma ya Putin kandi ubwo yakoraga iperereza ku iyicwa rya Politkóvskaya yatangiye guhabwa iterabwoba ry’urupfu. Guverinoma ya Putin yahakanye ko ntaho ihuriye n'urupfu rw'aba bantu, ivuga ko ishobora kurega abasebya guverinoma y'Uburusiya kuri iki kibazo.

Byongeye kandi, guverinoma ya Putin yashakaga gushimangira oligarchy yavutse mu kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo Yeltsin yayoboye leta (usibye abo oligarashi bamurwanyaga, nka Boris Berezovski).

Ubwisanzure bwa demokarasi bwaragabanijwe cyane, hifashishijwe ingamba za politiki (kugenwa n’intoki na ba guverineri b’Intara, igihe mbere yo gutora ku isi hose) n’ingamba z’umuco (gushyiraho inyuguti za Kirilike kugira ngo bandike indimi nke z’Uburusiya). Inzitizi zashyizweho ku ishyirwaho ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta nshya, usibye amashami y’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta y’amahanga.

Mu bukungu, impirimbanyi ni nziza, kubera ko Uburusiya bwungukiwe no kwiyongera gukabije kwinjiza, ahanini bitewe n'izamuka ry’ibiciro bya peteroli ku isoko ry’isi, ariko kandi no kunoza no koroshya gahunda y’imisoro, byagabanije kunyereza imisoro. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ivugurura ry’amategeko ryarafunguwe mbere y’inzego zitarimo, nk’umutungo w’ubuhinzi, ku ishoramari ry’amahanga.   

Depite wa Duma, Alexander Hinstein, ntabwo yanze umugambi wihishe wo gutesha agaciro Uburusiya na guverinoma ya Putin, ubu bikaba binyuranyije na politiki mpuzamahanga ya guverinoma y'Amerika ya [[George Bush]].    
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Uwabanjirije: 
'''Boris Yeltsin'''
|'''Perezida w'Uburusiya'''1999 - Kugeza ubu
|Umusimbuye: 
'''Mu biro'''
|}</text>
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    <title>Uburwayi bw'igifu</title>
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      <text bytes="3510" sha1="iqlrnw0ltl0l6o2jcsss4lhmjwyjfgh" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Adenocarcinoma,_stomach,_gross_pathology_IMG0037a_lores.jpg|thumb|Indwara y'igifu]]
[[Dosiye:Gastric_Balloon_Icon.svg|thumb|Gastric Balloon Icon Indwara y'igifu]]
SOBANUKIRWA NEZA IGIFU NDETSE N'UBURWAYI BWACYO N'ICYO WAKORA
 
Indwara y'igifu n'imwe mu ndwara zibabaza ku muntu ukirwaye, hari imiti imwe n'imwe ikoreshwa n'ukirwaye. 

muganga birahira williams ukorera kuri polyclinique de l'etoile hafi ya kiliziya y'umuryango mutagatifu(saint famille) mu mujyi wa kigali aravuga ku buryo umuntu yakoresha ngo amererwe neza  mu gihe akirwaye ndetse muramenya byinshi kuriyi ndwara.

IGIFU N'IKI?

Igifu n'agafuka kabikwamo ibyo umuntu yariye mu gihe bikigogorwa, kaba hagati y'umuhogo n'amara. ni muri ko ibyo kurya bigogorerwa, mbere yo kujya kunogerezwa mu mara; ako gafuka gahagaze kaba mu gice cy'igihimba mu ruhande rw'ibumoso aharinganiye n'imbavu zo hasi,hafi yo muri mugabuzi, munsi y'umwijima na diaphragme(agahu kagabanya inyama zo mu gatuza nizo munda yo hasi), cyicaye hejuru y'urura runini ku gice cyarwo giheruka n'icyo hagati.

igisa n'umubande wacyo ureba i bumoso utwikiriye na diaphragme i bumoso. umwobo wacyo wo hasi ufite utunyama twifunga tukifungura iyo ibyo kurya birangije kuki gogorerwamo, bigahita bikomeza mu mara mato. ahagana i bumoso hejuru, hari ya diaphragme igitandukanya n'umutima ari nayo mpanvu iyo kifoye cyane kubw'ikirimo byinshi bishobora kubangamira imikorere iboneye y'umutima. ahagana hasi werekeye imbere hazamuka hasa nahegereye umwijima n'uruhu rw'inda ku mugongo wacyo ahagana hasi kikegera urwagashya.

inyama yacyo(uruhu rwacyo) igizwe n'utunyama 3 tugerekeranye. ak'imbere niko kavubura ururenda ruhora rutwikiriye igifu nka varini, rukirinda kwangirizwa na za acides z'imisemburo iba mu gifu.

iyo igifu cy'uzuye ibyo kurya bihuriramo n'imisemburo. muri yo twavugamo nka acide chlorydrique, pepsine, presure. iyo misemburo n'ingirakamaro cyane. presure itunganya amata naho lipase ishinzwe gutunganya ibinure. uko ibiribwa bigenda bisebwa ni nako bigenda bisukwa mu rura ruto, binyuze mu mwenge wo hasi w'igifu. iyo ibyo byo kurya twariye bifite igihu gikomeye urwo ruhu rwabyo rucagagurwa n'imisemburo yo mu gifu, n'ibikomeye bidashobora kunyura muri pylore(n'ukuvuga ka kenge ko hasi y'igifu), bikaba ngombwa ko bikurwa mu gifu umuntu agombye kubiruka, kuko bidashobora kugumamo igihe cyose, kikabyikiza kibinyujije hejuru.

INDWARA Z'IGIFU

igifu kirangwa no kubyimba icyuka mu gifu, gutura imibi myinshi, ugasuragura mu nda byigorora kuko igifu kizigama umwuka mwinshi.

IBIMERA WAKORESHA: 

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;imbuto za fenuye

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;biziliki

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;ikinetenete

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;pilipili-manga

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;umwenya

igifu k'ikinyantege nke kidashobora kunoza vuba, n'iyo kigerageje nyiracyo aba aribwa cyane(dyspepsie). ukirwaye yumva asa n'uwikoreye umutwaro cyangwa akaribwa mu gifu, kugira umwuka mwinshi mu nda, umuriro waka mu gifu, ikirungurira biherekejwe no gutura imibi myinshi, amangati no gusuragura kenshi, ibyo bikunda kuba iyo urangije kurya.

nanone kandi igifu gikunda kurya umuntu utameze neza mu ntekerezo, mbene icyo gifu giterwa n'intekerezo zitameze neza, zibuza igifu gukora neza. umuganga mukuru witwa pavlov yavuze ko gusuzuma igifu neza ari ukugihera mu bwonko, kuko ibifu byinshi birwaye akenshi byazanywe n'intekerezo zitaguwe neza. 

ibimera wakoresha; igiti k'ironji,baziliki, ikinetenete,umwenya, ikigwarara.[http://ubuzima.bangmedia.org/2014/07/sobanukirwa-neza-nigifu-ndetse.html]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tuyisenge Eric</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3698" sha1="5crgrmsk9vr0cbst4xdm342a12ci23g" xml:space="preserve">'''Tuyisenge Eric''' (wavutse ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 1990) bakunze kwita '''''Cantona''''' yahoze ari umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka mu Rwanda. Kugeza ubu ni umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikoresho (Kit manager) mu [[Amavubi|ikipe yumupira w'amaguru y'igihugu y'u Rwanda]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Tuyisenge Eric Cantona yahawe inshingano mu Amavubi |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/tuyisenge-eric-cantona-yahawe-inshingano-mu-amavubi/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Umuseke |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145039/https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/tuyisenge-eric-cantona-yahawe-inshingano-mu-amavubi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FERWAFA -CAF 2019 U23: Rwanda starts preps on Monday ahead of DR Congo clash |url=http://ferwafa.rw/spip.php?article2111 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ferwafa.rw |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145033/http://ferwafa.rw/spip.php?article2111 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saddam |first=Mihigo |title=AMAVUBI U-23: Ikipe y’igihugu yafashe urugendo rugana i Kinshasa-AMAFOTO - Inyarwanda.com |url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/86087/amafoto-86087.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=inyarwanda.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere &amp; Umwuga ==
Eric wavutse mu 1990 i [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Remera]] hafi ya [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|stade Amahoro]], yatangiriye urugendo rwe rw'umupira w'amaguru mu ikipe y'abato ya Espérance FC nyuma aza kwinjira mu ikipe yabato ya Les Citandins muri iki gihe [[AS Kigali]] FC .  Tuyisenge yatangiye umwuga we nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikoresho muri 2012 muri Isonga Fc, ikipe yashinzwe nyuma y’igikombe cyisi cya FIFA U17 2011 muri [[Megizike|Mexico]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=Why Isonga FC continues to be a poaching ground for talent |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/142546/Sports/why-isonga-fc-continues-to-be-a-poaching-ground-for-talent |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-09-23 |title=Isonga FC has Rwf116m budget |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/80547/isonga-fc-has-rwf116m-budget |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2011, Eric yatoranijwe bwa mbere nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikoresho mu itsinda rya tekinike ry’agateganyo ry’u Rwanda U-20, kuva icyo gihe akora nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikoresho mu ikipe y'u Rwanda U17, U20 na U23. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APR FC n’Intare FC ni bo biganje mu ikipe y’Amavubi U 20 yahamagawe – APR FC |url=http://www.aprfc.rw/apr-fc-nintare-fc-ni-bo-biganje-mu-ikipe-yamavubi-u-20-yahamagawe/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145035/http://www.aprfc.rw/apr-fc-nintare-fc-ni-bo-biganje-mu-ikipe-yamavubi-u-20-yahamagawe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2022, yatangajwe ku muyobozi wa kit mu ikipe nkuru y'umupira w'amaguru yu Rwanda.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CAF U-17 Zonal Qualifiers: U Rwanda rwatangaje 18 bazaruhagararira |url=https://rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/caf-u-17-zonal-qualifiers-u-rwanda-rwatangaje-18-bazaruhagararira |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=THECLICKMAG.com - Tech Mag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FERWAFA -Rwanda names squad for CECAFA U-15 tournament |url=http://www.ferwafa.rw/spip.php?article2478 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.ferwafa.rw |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145035/http://www.ferwafa.rw/spip.php?article2478 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umunsi witiriwe mutagatifu Valentin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142116</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4812" sha1="4drw2ip4brijh9rs12nbg5dz5tbwwqq" xml:space="preserve">== Amavu n'amavuko ==
[[Dosiye:Antique Valentine 1909 01.jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza abantu babiri bari kubaka igishushanyo cy'umutima nk'icyimenyetso cyo kubaka urukundo bafatanyije.]]
'''Umunsi witiriwe mutagatifu Valentin''' ''(St. valentine's Day)'' ni umunsi witiriwe uw'abakundana wizihizwa ku itariki ya 14 Gashyantare buri mwaka ku isi hose.

Uwo munsi ukaba uhurirana n'umunsi [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] izirikana ku buzima bwa '''Mutagatifu Valantini'''. Uyu munsi wa Mutagatifu Valantini wizihizwa habura iminsi 320 ngo umwaka urangire, ukaba umunsi wa 2 ugize icyumweru cya 7 mu byumweru bigize umwaka, tariki 14 Gashyantare nii umunsi wa 45 mu minsi igize umwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://archdioceseofkigali.org/amateka-ya-mutagatifu-valentin-uzwi-ku-munsi-wabakundana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-09 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313223956/https://archdioceseofkigali.org/amateka-ya-mutagatifu-valentin-uzwi-ku-munsi-wabakundana/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;Inkomoko&lt;/u&gt; ====
Mu bihe bya kera umunsi wo hagati mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare wafatwaga nk'ikimenyetso  cy'urukundo n'uburumbuke. Mu Bagereki, kwari ukwezi bibukagamo ubukwe bw’imana zabo zikomeye arizo Zeus na Héra. Muri Kiliziya Gatolika, habayeho ba Valentin 3 batandukanye bagiye bagirwa abatagatifu kubera ukwemera kwabo kwatumye bicwa nk’abahowe Imana n’ingoma z’igitugu zayoboraga Roma icyo gihe, hari mu kinyejana cya 3. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 ku ngoma y’umwami w’abami Claudius wa 2, mbere y'ivuka rya Yezu kiristu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/kubaho/urukundo/ibisobanuro-n-amateka-y-umunsi-wa-saint-valentin&lt;/ref&gt; Muri icyo gihe, tariki ya 14 Gashyantare habaga umunsi mukuru wo kwizihiza umunsi w’umwamikazi Juno wafatwaga nk’imana y’abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mateka/article/menya-amateka-y-umunsi-w-abakundana-witiriwe-saint-valentin&lt;/ref&gt;

''Murabo batagatifu 3 harimo'':

* '''Valentin wa Roma''': Uyu mu padiri, yishwe mu kinyejana cya gatatu azira ukwemera kwe, amateka ya Mutagatifu Valantini ahuzwa n’ay’umupadiri wasezeranyaga abasore n’inkumi rwihishwa kuko bitari byemewe, ndetse nyuma byamenyekana akaza kwicwa azira ukwemera kwe, ashyingurwa i Roma hafi y’inzira yitwa Via Flaminia.
* '''Valentin wa Terni''': Uyu mwepiskopi, nawe akaba yarishwe, ashyingurwa aho uwa mbere yashyinguwe.
* '''Valentin w’umumaritiri''': Nuwo mu majyaruguru ya Afurika, amateka ye akaba atazwi neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Uwo Mutagatifu Valantini w'i Roma niwe ufatwa nk'ikimenyetso cy’abakundana, bahereye kuri icyo gikorwa yakoze.

==== &lt;u&gt;'''Amateka'''&lt;/u&gt; ====
Ku ngoma y'umwami Claudius wa 2 w'umugome ''(Claude Le Cruel) ,'' abasore bandikaga amazina y’abakobwa bari mu kigero kimwe bakayashyira mu kintu, umusore yazamura izina ry’umukobwa bagahera ubwo baherekezanya bakajya kwizihiriza uwo munsi hamwe. Ngo ibyo byatumaga abakobwa bahura n’abasore kuko mbere byabaga bibujijwe, ubucuti bwabo bugakomera bukavamo no kubana ubuziraherezo.

Claudius yaje guhura n'ikibazo cyo kubura abasore ''(urubyiruko)'' mu gihe yari yugarijwe n'intambara ikomeye cyane agira ikibazo cy’abasirikare bagomba kurwanira igihugu kubera ko abagabo bakiri batoya bangaga gusiga [[Umugore|abagore]] babo ngo bajye ku rugamba. Nuko Roma yari mu ntambara abaturage batakundaga, maze Claudius afata icyemezo ko nta musirikari uzongera gushaka. Hagati aho, Valentin we yakomeje gusezeranya rwihishwa abakundanaga, harimo n’abasore b’abasirikare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Umwami abonye ko abasirikare bahunga urugamba bagiye gusura ingo zabo, yaciye iteka ko abasirikare bose batagomba kujya gusura ingo zabo cyangwa se ko abasore batagomba kujya gushaka abagore. Icyo cyemezo cyari gishingiye ku kuroha Roma mu ntambara abaturage batakundaga. Muri icyo gihe nibwo Valentin wari umusaseridoti wo mu Bwami bwa Roma yiyemeje kubashyingira rwihishwa. Valentin rero yigometse kuri icyo cyemezo kigayitse maze we akomeza kujya asezeranya rwihishwa abakundanaga, harimo n’abasore b’abasirikare. Umwamii aza kubimenya, ahita akatira Saint Valentin urwo gupfa, ku munsi wo kunyongwa wa Saint Valentin hari tariki 14 Gashyantare, niho umucungagereza umukobwa we yakomeje kwita kuri Saint Valentin kugeza igihe aciwe umutwe. Mbere yo gucibwa umutwe yanditse ku ruparuro amagambo agira ati: “Love from your Valentine” ni ukuvuga “urukundo rwa Valentin wawe” amushimira urukundo n’ubudahemuka yamugaragarije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

====== &lt;u&gt;Nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 20&lt;/u&gt; ======
Nuko mutagatifu Valentin yagizwe '''umurinzi w’abakundana''' ''(le patron des amoureux)''. Kuva icyo gihe tariki 14 Gashyantare uwo munsi wahise witirirwa umunsi w'abakundana (umunsi w'itiriwe mutagatifu valentin).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibidukikije (sisitemu)</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1450" sha1="59fnkzwd6jipsko6nqwdlkot038ixu2" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Energy-and-economics1.png|thumb|Iyi ni sisiteme yereka bioenergetike na Biophysical]]
Muri bumenyi n'ubuhanga, sisitemu ni igice cy'isanzure kirimo kwigwa, mu gihe '''ibidukikije''' ari byo bisigaye biri hanze yimbibi za sisitemu. Bizwi kandi '''nk'[[ibidukikije]]''' cyangwa '''abaturanyi''', no muri thermodinamike, '''nk'ikigega'''. Ukurikije ubwoko bwa sisitemu, ishobora gukorana n'ibidukikije mu guhana ingufu (harimo ubushyuhe n'imikorere), umuvuduko w'umurongo, umuvuduko winguni, amashanyarazi, cyangwa nibindi bintu byabitswe. Mubice bimwe, nkibisobanuro by'amakuru, amakuru ashobora no guhanahana amakuru. Ibidukikije birirengagizwa mu gusesengura sisitemu, usibye kubijyanye n’imikoranire.

== Reba kandi ==

* Sisitemu ya bioenergetike - sisitemu yingufu
* Ubumenyi bwa sisitemu yisi
* Ibidukikije (biophysical)
* Sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije
* Sisitemu ya Thermodynamic

== amashakiro yo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203406/https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html Uburinganire bwa sisitemu yo gutwara] abantu.hofstra.edu
* [http://www.epa.gov/ems/ Sisitemu yo gucunga ibidukikije] epa.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180531225502/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/ Sisitemu Yibidukikije Yisi] eesc.columbia.edu
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221211035600/https://www.onlinestudyblog.com/2022/12/what-is-environmental-education.html Uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>141789</id>
      <parentid>139243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="pe8scjzem7opbsfc7l8m0kvixohdqez" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_(red)_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg|thumb| Inshamake yibyingenzi bitandukanye bijyanye nibinyabuzima bihindura ibidukikije byagaragajwe nkijanisha ryimpinduka ziterwa nabantu (mumutuku) ugereranije na baseline (ubururu)]]
GUTAKAZA URUSOBE RW'IBINYABUZIMA birimo kuzimangana ku isi mumoko atandukanye, kimwe no kugabanuka kwaho cyangwa gutakaza amoko yahantu  runaka, bikaviramo gutakaza ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. Ikintu cya nyuma gishobora kuba igihe gito cyangwa gihoraho, bitewe n’uko kwangirika kw'ibidukikije biganisha ku gihombo..[https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/12/1026/4605229?login=false] [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419/full][https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12816]

Nubwo gutakaza amoko ahoraho Kw'isi ari ibintu bitangaje kandi biteye agahinda kuruta impinduka z’akarere mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima, ndetse n’impinduka ntoya ziva mu mibereho ihamye ishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku biribwa kuko bigabanuka kw'ubwoko bumwe gusa bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi. urunigi rwose (coextinction), biganisha ku kugabanuka muri rusange kw'ibinyabuzima, ibishoboka ubundi buryo butajegajega bwibidukikije nubwo bwose.’ibinyabuzima byumwihariko biganisha kuri serivisi y’ibidukikije kandi amaherezo bigatera akaga gakomeye ku kwihaza mu biribwa, ariko kandi birashobora kugira ingaruka zirambye z’ubuzima rusange ku bantu. [https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature]
[[Dosiye:Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg|thumb| Aberekana kurwanya ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, muri Extinction Rebellion (2018).]]
Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bisobanurwa nkubuzima butandukanye ku isi, imiterere yabyo, hamwe nubusabane bwubuzima. Ariko, guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima biterwa n'imyitwarire ya muntu byateje ingaruka zikomeye kandi zirambye. [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations Abahanga] mu bya siyansi bemeza ko ubwiyongere bwagabanutse mu bantu ndetse no kunywa birenze urugero ari byo bintu by'ibanze muri uku kugabanuka.   batwara ibinyabuzima bitandukanye harimo guhindura aho batuye, umwanda, no gukoresha  umutungo cyane. [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf]

=== Guhindura imikoreshereze yubutaka ===
[[Dosiye:Forest Landscape Integrity Index map of Earth, 2019 (forest condition by degree of anthropogenic modification).png|thumb|   gipima ihinduka rya antropogene ku isi ku mashyamba asigaye buri mwaka. 0 = Guhindura byinshi; 10 = Nibura. &lt;ref name=&quot;flii&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=5978}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ingero z'impinduka mu mikoreshereze yubutaka zirimo gutema amashyamba, n'ubworozi, mwimerere, hamwe n’imijyi. [https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.271] 

Ubwiyongere bw'imijyi bwagabanije cyane urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima iyo ahantu hanini hatuwe hatuwe, biganisha  ku [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643828/] guhitamo amoko ajyanye n'ibidukikije. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6253383/] Uduce duto two guturamo ntidushobora gushyigikira urwego rumwe rwimiterere yimisoro cyangwa tagisi nkuko byahoze mbere mugihe bimwe mubinyabuzima byoroshye bishobora kuzimangana. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643828/] ubwoko bwinshi bwabaturage buragabanuka kubera kugabanuka kwagace k’ahantu hatuwe, ibi bitera ubwiyongere bw’amoko kandi bigahatira amoko kugana ku nkombe kandi bigahuza no kurusha ahandi.  Gutandukanya abantu (gutura) bikunda gutera inzitizi zo gutandukana zibuza amoko kugenda n’ibidukikije byiza kuko ihindagurika ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.13691] Nubwo ingaruka mbi zo gucikamo ibice zizwi cyane,  bigira ingaruka ku binyabuzima, ndetse birashobora guhinduka no gushimangira umubano w’ibinyabuzima.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ali Khencheli</title>
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      <text bytes="948" sha1="86loymzhzvx0dgt0dmvecqv4a5w5iih" xml:space="preserve">'''Ali Khencheli''' cyangwa '''Mahmoud Djellal''' (yavukiye i Khenchela) ni umucuranzi wo muri Alijeriya ukomoka muri Berber.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=DgU5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=ali+khencheli&amp;dq=ali+khencheli&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=W9kaUt2CM6H_4AOzkoHoDg&amp;redir_esc=y BOOK GOOGLE ENGLISH TEXT]&lt;/ref&gt; Yaririmbye kuva 1940 kugeza 1960. Yapfuye afite imyaka 88.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Inkomoko ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230213213359/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/27422 Soir Nshya na Djazairess]
* [https://archive.today/20130826042337/http://auressiennekahina.kazeo.com/personnages-celebres/biographie-d-ali-el-khencheli,a1780358.html ubuzima bwe] {{In lang|fr}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DgU5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=ali+khencheli&amp;dq=ali+khencheli&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=W9kaUt2CM6H_4AOzkoHoDg&amp;redir_esc=y igitabo google kigufi biografiya mucyongereza]
* [http://auresiennekahina.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/ali-el-khencheli-2/ Auresienne Kahina]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umuyaga</title>
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      <text bytes="1416" sha1="g4yl0ye3h0jelwn12ry2fpprssgwgn8" xml:space="preserve">== Intangiriro ==
[[Dosiye:Coup de vent du 16 juin 1830 à Sidi-Ferruch.jpg|thumb|Umuyaga ukomeye|171x171px]]
Umuyaga ni ihindagurika cyangwa kugenda ku mwuka bitewe n'ubutumburuke uriho.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/amerika-abagera-kuri-21-bahitanywe-n-inkubi-y-umuyaga-idasanzwe&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://byjus.com/physics/types-of-wind/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amoko y'Umuyaga ==
[[Dosiye:La nevada, Francisco de Goya.jpg|thumb|182x182px|Umuyaga ]]
Umuyaga ugira amoko menshi bitewe n'ubutumburuke, mu bibaya, mu kirere ndetse no mugishanga. Aha tubona amako atatu y'umuyaga: Umuyaga woroshye, Umuyaga ukomeye gacye n'umuyaga ukomeye cyane (uzwi nki nkubi y'umuyaga) uyu utwara ibintu byose uhuye nabyo haba inzu, ibiti, ubutaka indenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/inkubi-y-umuyaga-yiswe-nicole-yatumye-ingendo-z-indege-1200-zisubikwa-muri&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/topics/c06gq6n487xt&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amazina y'Imiyaga ==
[[Dosiye:Wind turbines on Nurdağı 02.jpg|thumb|Icyuma gipima umuyaga mu bugesera|196x196px]]
Hari amazina menshi yumuyaga bitewe n'igihugu,ingufu ufite naho uturutse. Umuyaga witwa Nicole, umuyaga witwa Typhoon Hagibis, umuyaga witwa Ian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/48981051&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-50032784&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amategeko y’ibidukikije (Environmental law)</title>
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      <text bytes="3433" sha1="6u36snn64nk4696fuhem59qmnkw0szn" xml:space="preserve">'''Amategeko y’ibidukikije''' ni ijambo rusange rikubiyemo ingingo z’amategeko arengera ibidukikije. &lt;ref&gt;Phillipe Sands (2003) Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Edition. p. xxi Available at Accessed 19 February 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Gahunda ifitanye isano ariko itandukanye yubutegetsi bugenga amategeko, ubu yatewe cyane n’amahame y’ibidukikije, yibanda ku micungire y’umutungo '''kamere''', nk’amashyamba, amabuye y'agaciro, cyangwa uburobyi. Ibindi bice, nko gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije, ntibishobora kuba bihuye neza muri ibyo byiciro, ariko nubwo ari ibintu byingenzi bigize amategeko y’ibidukikije

== Amateka ==
ngero zambere zishyirwaho namategeko zagenewe kubungabunga ibidukikije, kubwinyungu zayo cyangwa kwishimira abantu, tubisanga mumateka. Mu mategeko asanzwe, uburinzi bwibanze bwabonetse mu mategeko abangamira, ariko ibyo byemereraga gusa ibikorwa by’abikorera ku byangiritse cyangwa ibihano iyo hari ibyangiritse ku butaka. Rero, impumuro ituruka ku ngurube, &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldred's_Case&lt;/ref&gt; uburyozwacyaha bukomeye bwo guta imyanda, &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Stephens&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa kwangizwa n'ingomero ziturika. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v_Fletcher&lt;/ref&gt; Abikorera ku giti cyabo ariko, bari bake kandi wasangaga bidahagije kugira ngo bahangane n’ibibazo byangiza ibidukikije, cyane cyane ibangamira umutungo rusange. Mugihe cya &quot; Impumuro nziza &quot; yo mu 1858, guta imyanda mu ruzi rwa Thames byatangiye kunuka cyane mu gihe cy'izuba ku buryo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yagombaga kwimurwa. Igitangaje ni uko itegeko rya Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 ryemereye komisiyo ya Metropolitan ishinzwe abadozi gufunga imyanda ikikije umujyi bagerageza &quot;kweza&quot; ariko ibyo byatumye abantu banduza uruzi. Mu minsi 19, Inteko ishinga amategeko yemeje irindi tegeko ryo kubaka gahunda y’imyanda ya Londres. Londres nayo yahuye n’umwanda ukabije [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|w’ikirere]], kandi ibyo byaje kurangira muri &quot; Umwotsi Ukomeye &quot; wo mu 1952, ari nawo watumye hashyirwaho amategeko ubwayo: Itegeko ry’ikirere cyiza 1956 . Inzego z’ibanze zashyizweho zari ugushiraho imipaka ku byuka bihumanya ingo n’ubucuruzi (cyane cyane gutwika amakara) mu gihe ubugenzuzi bwubahiriza kubahiriza.

== Kurwanya umwanda ==
[[Dosiye:Alfred Palmer Smokestacks.jpg|thumb|Guhumanya ikirere mu nganda ubu bigengwa n’amategeko agenga ikirere]]
Amategeko y’ikirere  govern the emission of      &lt;span&gt;Igice cyihariye cyamategeko yubuziranenge bwikirere agenga&lt;/span&gt; ubwiza bwumwuka imbere yinyubako &lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Amategeko y’ikirere akunze gushyirwaho mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu mu kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Ibindi bikorwa byateguwe kugirango bikemure ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigari, nk’imipaka y’imiti igira ingaruka kuri&lt;/span&gt; ozone layer &lt;span&gt;, hamwe na&lt;/span&gt; gahunda yubucuruzi bwohereza ibyuka &lt;span&gt;kugirango bakemure&lt;/span&gt; imvura ya aside &lt;span&gt;cyangwa&lt;/span&gt; imihindagurikire y’ikirere &lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Imbaraga zishinzwe kugenzura zirimo kumenya no gutondekanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gushyiraho imipaka kurwego rwemewe rwoherezwa mu kirere, no gutegeka tekinoroji ikenewe cyangwa ikwiye.&lt;/span&gt;
[[Dosiye:Discharge pipe.jpg|thumb|Ubusanzwe amazi yimvura asohoka, hubahirijwe amategeko yubuziranenge bwamazi]]

=== Ubwiza ===

=== References ===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikirere cya Mediterane</title>
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      <text bytes="1981" sha1="bs9mb7k8pl119pvbyzqt292pybehmmo" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Mediterraneo_continentalizado_mapa.png|thumb| Uturere dufite ikirere cya Mediterane]]
Ikirere cyo ku nyanja ya Mediterane ni itandukaniro ry’ikirere giciriritse giciriritse hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere gisanzwe. Iboneka imbere mu karere ka Mediterane, kure y'inkombe. Iyi kirere ikunze kugaragara muri [[Esipanye|Espagne]] no [[Turukiya|muri Turukiya]], aho ihana imbibi n’ikirere gikonje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El clima mediterráneo continental |url=http://www.aitanatp.com/nivel6/clima/c__mediterraneo-continental.htm |website=www.aitanatp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibiranga ikirere cyo ku mugabane wa Mediterane harimo impeshyi ikonje (ugereranije n’ikirere gisanzwe cya Mediterane) hamwe n’ihindagurikire ryinshi mu gihe cy’ibihe. Iyi kirere ubusanzwe ihana imbibi n’imvura ikonje ikonje, ihuriweho na bimwe mu biranga ikirere cyo kuri wa Mediterane.

== Ikirere cya Köppen ==
Ikirere cya Köppen ntikigaragaza itandukaniro ry’ikirere cyo ku nyanja ya Mediterane. Nka uturere dufite ubu bwoko bwikirere bwiswe ikirere cya Csa mediterraneane, cyangwa ikirere gikonje cya BSk.

Urugero rwiza rwibi ni Madrid, ukurikije uko ikirere cya Köppen gikurikirana ikirere gifite inzibacyuho ya Csa-BSk. &lt;ref&gt;https://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch/GAWSIS//index.html#/search/station/stationReportDetails/0-20008-0-MAD&lt;/ref&gt; Madrid igaragaramo icyi gikonje, hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwibihe ugereranije nibindi bihe byo mu nyanja ya Mediterane. Yumye kandi ugereranije, iranga Meseta Hagati ya Espagne yo hagati.

Kugira ngo dusobanure neza ikirere cya [[Esipanye|Espagne]] na [[Porutigali|Porutugali]], ikirere cya Mediterane cyashyizwe mu byiciro bitari ubushyuhe bwo mu cyi, (nk'uko ikirere cya Köppen kibivuga), ariko bitewe n'ubukonje bw'igihe cy'itumba. Ikirere &quot;gisanzwe&quot; cyo mu nyanja ya Mediterane kiboneka mu turere two ku nkombe (usibye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru), mu gihe ikirere cyo ku mugabane wa Mediterane cyiganje imbere mu gihugu.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umucanga</title>
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      <text bytes="2721" sha1="muqv4cqlus1vj632loid24o78gnugga" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:GisenyiBeach.jpg|thumb|Gisenyi Beach|153x153px]]
[[Dosiye:Death Valley Mesquite Flats Sand Dunes 2013.jpg|thumb|Umucanga wo ku musozi|150x150px]]

[[Dosiye:Tas de sable à Alabadè au Togo 02.jpg|thumb|umucanga|160x160px]]

[[Dosiye:Mesquite Sand Dunes in Death Valley.jpg|thumb|umucanga|172x172px]]

[[Dosiye:Dune de sable au parc Culturel De l'Ahaggar crop.jpg|thumb|umucanga|168x168px]]

== mucanga ni iki ? ==
[[Dosiye:Sand at Hathab Bunglow Beach.jpg|thumb|Umucanga w'umukorano|166x166px]]
[[Dosiye:Lake Kivu shore at Gisenyi.jpg|thumb|Lake Kivu shore at Gisenyi|212x212px]]
Umucanga ni utubuyenge duto, tuba tuva kukintu kigizwe n'ibibumbano by'amabuye, cyangwa se ku bice byibintu byasenyutse,  bigizwe n'ibice bito cyane kurusha amabuye, ukoreshwa mu byuma, mu birahuri, mu bikoresho bisukura, no mu bikoresho by'ububumbyi. 

== Aho uturuka n'igiciro ==
Habaho imicanga itandukanye hariho umucanga w'imusozi hamwe n'umucnga wo mu mazi. umucanga w’imusozi igura amafaranga ibihumbi 10 naho uwo mu mazi ukagura ibihumbi 12.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/Kamonyi-Ubucukuzi-bw-umucanga-ni-kimwe-mu-bikorwa-byinjiriza-amafaranga-abatari&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Ntibavuga-rumwe-ku-ihagarikwa-ry-ubucukuzi-bw-umucanga&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gicumbi-uwacukuraga-umucanga-muri-ruhurura-yagwiriwe-n-ibitaka-ahita-apfa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/gakenke-imidoka-itwaye-umucanga-yaciye-ikiraro-cya-kagoma/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-16 |archive-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216163733/https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/gakenke-imidoka-itwaye-umucanga-yaciye-ikiraro-cya-kagoma/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amoko yi micanga ==
Muri rusange habaho amoko y'imicanga itandukanye aha twavuga umucanga karemano ni umucanga uboneka mu migezi, mu nyanja cyangwa ku musozi itigeze inyura mu nganda, naho umucanga ukorwa n'abantu (sable artificiels)  ni umucanga ukorwa nabantu, kuko uboneka aruko ukubise ibuye namaboko ukoresheje inyundo cyangwa se ukanyuza ibuye mu mashini ziriswa rikavamo ryabaye umucanga.&lt;ref&gt;https://construction-maison.ooreka.fr/astuce/voir/617185/les-differents-types-de-sable&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gicumbi-uwacukuraga-umucanga-muri-ruhurura-yagwiriwe-n-ibitaka-ahita-apfa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Mu-karere-ka-Rutsiro-hari-ubwato-bwikorera-Toni-75-zumucanga-buwujyanye-muri-RDC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Rubavu-Bahangayikishijwe-n-imashini-zicukura-umucanga-zisatira-irimbi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Amazi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Indwara z’ibidukikije (Environmental disease)</title>
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      <text bytes="2519" sha1="abi93zt61czllxityfj56tjcpawjzqu" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Patients_lie_in_bed_at_a_cholera_treatmen_centre_in_the_Budiriro_District,_that_was_badly_affected_by_cholera,_in_Harare,_Zimbabwe_on_the_21st_April,_2009._Photo-_Kate_Holt_-_AusAID_(10712704546).jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Korera ]]
[[Dosiye:Cholera_prevention_sign_board_(5268484475).jpg|thumb|Uko wakwirinda Korera ]]
[[Dosiye:SmallCellCancer.jpg|thumb|Kanseri y'uruhu ]]
Muri [[:en:Epidemiology|epidemiologiya]], '''indwara z’ibidukikije''' ni [[:en:Disease|indwara]] zishobora guterwa biturutse ku [[Ibidukikije|bidukikije]] (nkuko bitandukanye na genetique cyangwa infection). Usibye indwara nyayo ya monogenic genetique, idasanzwe, ibidukikije nimwe mu bintu nyamukuru bitera indwara. Indyo, guhura nuburozi, [[:en:Pathogen|indwara ziterwa na virusi]], imirasire, n’imiti iboneka mu bicuruzwa hafi ya byose byita ku bantu ndetse n’abasukura urugo, guhangayika, ivanguramoko, no guhohoterwa ku mubiri no mu mutwe ni byo bitera igice kinini cy’indwara zitari izungura. Niba inzira yindwara yemejwe ko ari ibisubizo byuruvange rwibintu bikomoka ku bidukikije no ''ku bidukikije'', inkomoko yabyo ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite uburyo bwinshi .Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwindwara zibidukikije zirimo.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133685190&lt;/ref&gt;

* Indwara ziterwa nibintu bifatika mubidukikije, nka [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri yuruhu]] iterwa no guhura cyane [[:en:Ultraviolet_radiation|nimirasire ya ultraviolet]] kumurasire yizuba
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nubumara [[:en:Toxic|bwubumara]] cyangwa [[:en:Irritation|burakaza]] mubidukikije nkibyuma byuburozi
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nuburozi buturuka ku binyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije, nka aflatoxicose iva mubibumbano bitanga aflatoxine
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nibintu byuburozi mubidukikije, nkivanguramoko
* [[:en:Lifestyle_disease|Indwara y'ubuzima]] nk'indwara [[:en:Cardiovascular_disease|z'umutima n'imitsi]], indwara ziterwa no [[:en:Substance_abuse|kunywa ibiyobyabwenge]] nk'ubusinzi, n'indwara ziterwa n'itabi

== Indwara zidukikije vs. Indwara zifitanye isano n’umwanda ==
Indwara zidukikije nigisubizo kiziguye kiva kubidukikije. Hagati aho, [[:en:List_of_pollution-related_diseases#Environmental_Diseases_vs._Pollution-Related_Diseases|indwara ziterwa n’umwanda]] ziterwa no guhura n’uburozi cyangwa uburozi mu kirere, amazi, nubutaka. Kubwibyo, indwara zose ziterwa n’umwanda ni indwara z’ibidukikije, ariko indwara zose z’ibidukikije ntabwo ari indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.

=== Referances ===</text>
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    <title>Guhumanya ikirere(Air pollution)</title>
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      <text bytes="3140" sha1="q74wbyw7n44vr0vws6j8d63ivx4c04f" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Alfred Palmer Smokestacks.jpg|thumb|Guhumanya ikirere kiva mu ziko|318x318px]]
[[Dosiye:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective - Air Quality (26170609658).jpg|thumb|2016 Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibidukikije - amabara yoroshye afite politiki nziza y’ibidukikije.]]
'''Guhumanya ikirere''' ni kwanduza ikirere bitewe no kuba hari ibintu byangiza ikirere byangiza [[ubuzima]] bw’abantu n’ibindi binyabuzima, cyangwa bikangiza ikirere cyangwa ibikoresho. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution&lt;/ref&gt; Nukwanduza no murugo cyangwa hanze kuzengurutse haba mubikorwa bya shimi, ibintu byumubiri cyangwa ibinyabuzima bihindura ibintu biranga ikirere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Air pollution&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka gaze (harimo ammoniya, monoxide ya karubone, dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya nitrous, metani, dioxyde de carbone na chlorofluorocarbone), uduce (haba kama n’ibinyabuzima), na molekile y’ibinyabuzima. Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora gutera abantu indwara, allergie, ndetse n’urupfu ku bantu; irashobora kandi kwangiza ibindi binyabuzima nkibikoko n’ibihingwa by’ibiribwa, kandi irashobora kwangiza [[ibidukikije]] (urugero, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kugabanuka kwa ozone cyangwa kwangirika kw'imiturire) cyangwa ibidukikije byubatswe (urugero, imvura ya aside). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178&lt;/ref&gt; Guhumanya ikirere birashobora guterwa nibikorwa byabantu &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Pickerill&lt;/ref&gt; nibintu bisanzwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dimitriou |first1=Anastasia |title=Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution and Environmental Injustice as Critical Issues for Science and Environmental Education |date=2011-09-26 |url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/the-impact-of-air-pollution-on-health-economy-environment-and-agricultural-sources/causes-and-consequences-of-air-pollution-and-environmental-injustice-as-critical-issues-for-science- |work=The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources |editor-last=Khallaf |editor-first=Mohamed |publisher=InTech |language=en |doi=10.5772/17654 |isbn=978-953-307-528-0 |access-date=2022-05-31 |last2=Christidou |first2=Vasilia}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Ubwiza bw’ikirere bufitanye isano rya hafi n’ikirere cy’isi n’ibinyabuzima ku isi. benshi mu bagize uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere nabo ni isoko y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ukuvuga gutwika amavuta y’ibimera. &lt;ref name=&quot;Air pollution2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkomoko y’umwuka wanduye ==

=== Inkomoko ya Anthropogenic (yakozwe n'abantu) ===

=== References ===
[[Dosiye:BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|Kugenzura gutwika umurima hanze ya Statesboro, Jeworujiya, mu rwego rwo kwitegura gutera]]
[[Dosiye:Fish smoking in Ghana.jpg|thumb|Kunywa itabi hejuru yumuriro ufunguye muri Gana, 2018]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibumba</title>
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      <text bytes="6601" sha1="4e4h6nln19prxfsv48qbhjd1lep6nuj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Pottery making pots.jpg|thumb|Ibumba]]
[[Dosiye:Clay-ss-2005.jpg|thumb|Ibumba |165x165px]]

[[Dosiye:Ceramist_At_Work_03.jpg|thumb|umububyi |166x166px]]

[[Dosiye:Pots making.jpg|thumb]]

[[Dosiye:Fabrication de pot.jpg|thumb]]

[[Dosiye:A depiction of clay for pot making.JPG|thumb]]

= Sobanukirwa Ibumba ry'Icyatsi =
[[Dosiye:20220916120259_IMG_9559.jpg|thumb|Ibibumbano |166x166px]]
Kunywa amazi avanzemo ibumba ritagira umusenyi gatatu ku munsi bigirira umubiri akamaro gakomeye, ibumba ry'icyatsi uretse kurinda indwara zimwe na zimwe ribasha no kuvura indwara zitandukanye.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Akamaro k'Ibumba ry'Icyatsi ==

* Ibumba rirakenewe cyane mu myanya inoza ibyo kurya rikavura indwara zirimo,izo mu gifu no mu mara,ukarinywa ubyitondeye kandi ukurikije gahunda idahinduka.Ibumba rivura kanseri kuko rifite imbaraga yo kunyunyuza, gutwika,koza,kugaburira no kongera amaraso.Rishobora kunyobwa cyangwa rikarambikwa aharwaye ari ryinshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html&lt;/ref&gt;Ikirahuri 1 cy’amazi kivanzemo akayiko gato k’ifu y’ibumba ry’icyatsi kibisi n’uduheke 2 twa tungurusumu bikararana hamwe bikanyobwa mu gitondo na nimugoroba iminsi 7,kabiri mu kwezi bivura kanseri. Iyo urwaye inzoka uriraza mu mazi washyizemo uduheke 2 twa Tungurusumu ukarinywa mu gitondo ukibyuka, ku ndwara z’uruhu no mu kiziba cy’inda n’umugongo, ibibyimba &lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html&lt;/ref&gt;Uritoba mu mazi ukomekaho umubumbe waryo aharwaye rikahamara isaha imwe gusa. Umwana wabuze igikuriro uritobamo ukaryomeka mu ruti rw'umugongo rikahamara isaha imwe. Umugore utwite arinywa kugeza ku mezi arindwi ubundi akajya arisiga mu kiziba cy'inda.Ibumba rivura kanseri kuko rifite imbaraga yo kunyunyuza, gutwika,koza,kugaburira no kongera amaraso.Rishobora kunyobwa cyangwa rikarambikwa aharwaye ari ryinshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html&lt;/ref&gt;Ikirahuri 1 cy’amazi kivanzemo akayiko gato k’ifu y’ibumba ry’icyatsi kibisi n’uduheke 2 twa tungurusumu bikararana hamwe bikanyobwa mu gitondo na nimugoroba iminsi 7,kabiri mu kwezi bivura kanseri.

== Ibumba mukuvura byinshi bitandukanye ==
[[Dosiye:Patterned clay plaster - Clay - Preview (Amal Kumar via Poly Haven).webp|thumb|231x231px|Ibumba]]
[[Dosiye:Clay 2.jpg|thumb|373x373px|Ibumba]]
Ibumba ry’icyatsi mu gihe ribitswe neza, ahantu hatari ubukonje bukabije cyangwa urumuri rwinshi, ntirisaza.Kuko ibumba ari ikintu gifite imbaraga nyinshi, ni ikintu cyo kwitonderwa cyane cyane kurikoresha mu mubiri imbere. Ibumba ry’icyatsi rishobora kubuza indi miti gukora akazi kayo mu mubiri. Ikindi kandi ntiriribwa cyangwa ngo rinyobwe n’abana bato, ndetse n’abagore batwite ntibabyemerewe.Ku rubuga www.santemagazine.fr bavuga ko ibumba ry’icyatsi rifasha mu kugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi&lt;/ref&gt;Ibumba ry’icyatsi rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kwita ku ruhu rwo mu maso, rigafasha cyane abagira uruhu rwo mu maso ruyaga, aho bavanga ibumba n’amazi bikamera nk’igikoma gifashe, nyuma bakagisiga mu maso kugira ngo bifashe uruhu kumera neza.Mu byiza by’ibumba ry’icyatsi, harimo kuba ryomora aho umuntu yakomeretse, rigasohora imyanda mu mubiri ndetse rikica tumwe mu dukoko twitwa “bacteria”; rivura kandi impiswi n’ibindi.Ibumba ry’icyatsi kandi ryifashishwa mu kwita ku musatsi ndetse no mu gukesha amenyo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi&lt;/ref&gt; Silice iboneka mu ibumba ry’icyatsi kandi, ifasha ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri gukora neza.Kuko ibumba ari ikintu gifite imbaraga nyinshi, ni ikintu cyo kwitonderwa cyane cyane kurikoresha mu mubiri imbere. Ibumba ry’icyatsi rishobora kubuza indi miti gukora akazi kayo mu mubiri. Ikindi kandi ntiriribwa cyangwa ngo rinyobwe n’abana bato, ndetse n’abagore batwite ntibabyemerewe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/menya-ibyiza-byo-gukoresha-ibumba-ry-icyatsi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi bintu wamenya ku Ibumba ==
[[Dosiye:20220916120442 IMG 9564.jpg|thumb|Ibikoresho biva mwibumba|192x192px]]
[[Dosiye:Omarama Clay Cliffs.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Ikinombe cy'ibumba]]
Twahisemo ibumba ry’icyatsi kuko ariryo ahanini rikunda gukoreshwa mu kuvura, nubwo andi moko atandukanye nk’umweru,umutuku,umukara n’iroza nayo ajya akoreshwa mu kwita ku ruhu, n’ahandi.Ubundi ibumba ni ubutare bucukurwa mu butaka. Rishobora gucukurwa ahantu henshi hatandukanye ho mu bishanga no ku gasozi.Ibumba ryo kunywa no kwisiga riba ritunganije ku buryo riba rimeze nk’ifu inoze neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219160445/http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Impumuro mbi mu kanwa, igihe umuntu yarozwe, grippe, ibumba rukura imyanda mu mubiri umubiri wacu uba udafitiye ubushobozi bwo gusohora, umuriro, kuvura guhitwa, kurinda kanseri, rikiza constipation, ububabare bwo mu menyo, ibumba ryorohereza abarwayi ba asthma, ku ndwara z’igifu kigira aside nyinshi, umwijima uterwa na virus, ku mainfections atandukanye(iz’amaraso, amahumane mu nda bita mycose intestinale), kuvura amashamba (kubyimba ku matama), abagira ibibazo byo muri pancreas, ku badamu batwite rifasha kubyara abana bameze neza kandi rikabafasha no kubyara neza.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/102296/sobanukirwa-akamaro-kibumba-ryicyatsi-102296.html&lt;/ref&gt;Ibumba kandi rifasha abantu barwaye za amibe, abantu bagira imyuka mu mara(abantu bagira umwanya mu mara irimo ubusa kandi nta mwanya urimo ubusa uba ugomba kuboneka mu mara), kubura amaraso, ku mallergies atandukanye, uburwayi bw’impyiko, gutunganya imihango ibabaza, abafite udusebe mu gifu urarinywa ukanaryisiga ku gice igifu giherereyemo,kutabona ibitotsi, no gushaka kwihagarika buri mwanya aha naho urarinywa ukanarisiga kuri cy’iziba cy’inda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-19 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219160445/http://agasaro.com/spip.php?article2088 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>BirdLife International</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:18:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="5799" sha1="r9p429mitc02kkjw4dhnxtm1nebf5hc" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bird Life International logo.jpeg|thumb|120x120px|Ikirango cya BirdLife International.]]
'''BirdLife International''' nubufatanye bwisi yose yimiryanga &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization&lt;/ref&gt;abashinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije ku isi.[http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners go itegamiye kuri leta] iharanira kubungabunga [[inyoni]] n’aho [http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners ziba] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BirdLife Partners |url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners |access-date=30 August 2015 |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; BirdLife International ishyira imbere harimo gukumira amoko y’inyoni, kumenya no kurinda ahantu h’inyoni, kubungabunga no kugarura ahantu h’inyoni, no guha imbara

Ifite abanyamuryango barenga miliyoni 2,5 mu mashyirahamwe 116 y’abafatanyabikorwa mu bihugu, barimo Umuryango w’ibwami uharanira kurengera inyoni, Umuryango w’inyoni zo mu gasozi z’[[Ubuyapani]], Umuryango w’igihugu wa Audubon hamwe n’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kubungabunga inyoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |title=ABC joins the flock! |url=https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/abc-joins-flock |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=BirdLife |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

BirdLife International yerekanye [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|ahantu 13,000 by'ingenzi by’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima]] kandi ni [[Abishyize Hamwe Bashinzwe Kubungabunga Isi|n’umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije]] urutonde rutukura rw’inyoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red List Authority for birds |url=https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/birds}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BirdLife International |title=Sites &amp; Habitats (IBAs and KBAs) |url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/programmes/sites-habitats-ibas-and-kbas |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=BirdLife |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, BirdLife International yashyizeho ko amoko 1.375 y’inyoni (13% ya yose) abangamiwe no kuzimira (abangamiwe cyane, abangamiwe cyangwa abatishoboye). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=Birds |url=https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/birds |website=iucn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

BirdLife International isohora ikinyamakuru buri gihembwe, '''''BirdLife: Ikinyamakuru''''', gikubiyemo amakuru ya vuba hamwe ningingo zemewe zerekeye inyoni no kuzibungabunga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BirdLife's World Bird Club |url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/support-us/join-us#World%20Bird%20Club |access-date=30 August 2015 |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=International |first=BirdLife |title=BirdLife: The Magazine |url=https://www.birdlife.org/birdlife-magazine |website=BirdLife}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:ICBP warden La Digue Seychelles 1970s.jpg|thumb|Umucungagereza ufite ikimenyetso cya ICBP ku mwambaro we kuri La Digue, Seychelles mu myaka ya za 70]]
BirdLife International yashinzwe mu 1922  ''mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kurengera inyoni n’abahanga'' mu bijyanye n’imiterere ye y’imiterere y’imyororokere y'Abanyamerika T. Gilbert Pearson na Jean Theodore Delacour. Iri tsinda ryiswe ''Komite mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kubungabunga inyoni'' mu 1928, ''Inama mpuzamahanga yo kubungabunga inyoni'' mu 1960, na ''BirdLife International'' mu 1993. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BirdLife International |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/BirdLife-International |access-date=2020-09-19 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/our-history |access-date=2015-08-30 |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gahunda muzamahanga ==
BirdLife International ifite gahunda icyenda zo kubungabunga zashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Afurika, Amerika, [[Aziya]], [[Burayi|Uburayi]] na Aziya yo hagati, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati na pasifika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regions |url=http://www.birdlife.org/regions |access-date=30 August 2015 |publisher=BirdLife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gahunda zitanga urwego rwo gutegura, gushyira mubikorwa, kugenzura no gusuzuma ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi bikubiyemo gahunda y’ingenzi y’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, &lt;ref&gt;http://www.birdlife.org/regions&lt;/ref&gt; Gahunda y’inyanja, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New research shows sustainable fishing and conservation can coexist |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2020/04/28/new-research-shows-sustainable-fishing-and-conservation-can-coexist |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=MercoPress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gahunda yo gukumira kuzimangana, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=John R. |title=Nextinction: Ralph Steadman Goes Gonzo for Endangered Birds |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/nextinction-ralph-steadman/ |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=Scientific American Blog Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Cressida |date=2019-07-01 |title=New Partnership To Protect Underdog Species From Direct Threats - Four leading NGOs have joined forces through Restore Species to tackle illegal and unsustainable hunting &amp; trade as well as poisoning of animal species worldwide. |url=https://www.conservationfrontlines.org/2019/07/new-partnership-to-protect-underdog-species-from-direct-threats-four-leading-ngos-have-joined-forces-through-restore-species-to-tackle-illegal-and-unsustainable-hunting-trade-as-well-as-poisoning/ |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=Conservation Frontlines |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Flyways Program. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-11 |title=What Saudi Arabia, neighbors are doing to protect bird migratory routes in the Middle East |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1495416/middle-east |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=Arab News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== References ===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>George Darko</title>
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      <id>141916</id>
      <parentid>122597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3940" sha1="evglbssr1wbdq74fmwj1wd5ow007h2v" xml:space="preserve">'''George Darko''' (wavutse ku ya 12 Mutarama 1951 i Akropong, muri [[Gana]] - werurwe 2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;LarkinGE&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni umunyagana w'umuhanzi w'injyana ya burger-highlife, umucuranzi wa gitari, umwandtsi w'amanota ya muzika ndetse akaba anahimba indirimbo, yatangiye kugaragara mu muziki mu ntangiriro ya za 1960. Darko yari azwi cyane mu myaka ya za 1970, 1980 na 1990, kandi indirimbo ze ni zimwe mu nndirimbo zihebuje kandi zihoraho mu bihe byose mu muziki wa [[Gana]]. Bamwe mubo mu gihe cye barimo Ben Brako, CK Mann, Daddy Lumba, Ernest Nana Acheampong, Nana Kwame Ampadu, Pat Thomas, n'abandi. Azwi cyane ko ari umwe mu batangije burger-highlife yifashihije indirimbo ye yamenyekanye bwa mbere yitwa &quot;Ako Te Brofo&quot; (&quot;The Parrots Speak / Understand English&quot;) yasohotse mu 1983. &lt;ref name=&quot;LarkinGE&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndirimbo ikomeje gukundwa cyane muri [[Gana]] haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, kandi iracyacurangwa mu gushyingura ndetse no mu birori. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2009 |title=Goethe Institut Celebration of Burger Highlife – History of Burger Highlife |url=http://www.goethe.de/INS/gh/prj/bhi/bhm/ent/enindex.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226172935/http://www.goethe.de/INS/gh/prj/bhi/bhm/ent/enindex.htm |archive-date=2009-02-26 |access-date=22 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-31 |title=Celebration Of Burger Highlife With George Darko |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/05/31/celebration-of-burger-highlife-with-george-darko/ |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=Ghanacelebrities.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222045/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/05/31/celebration-of-burger-highlife-with-george-darko/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana News - George Darko plotting to kill me - Lee Dodou asserts |url=http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/entertainment/2015/january-16th/george-darko-plotting-to-kill-me-lee-dodou-asserts.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131830/http://www.ghana-news.adomonline.com/entertainment/2015/january-16th/george-darko-plotting-to-kill-me-lee-dodou-asserts.php |archive-date=2017-01-16 |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=Ghana-news.adomonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuhungu w'umuyobozi w'ingenzi, George Darko yize mu ishuri rya Peresibiteriyeni i Akropong. Darko amaze gukinira itsinda ry'ingabo zishimisha ingabo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, Darko yasubiye muri Gana maze ashinga itsinda rya Golden Stool Band. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70 iryo tsinda ryimukiye mu [[Ubudage|Budage]], aho Darko yagiye wenyine kandi ashinga itsinda ryitwa Bus Stop mu 1982.  Agaruka muri Akropong mu 1988, agirwa Tufuhene wa Akropong-Akuapim mu 1991 afite izina ry'intebe (y'ingoma) ya '''Nana Yaw Ampem Darko'''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins&quot;/&gt; Muri Mutarama 2010, yasabwe kandi atanga imbabazi ku kinyamakuru cyari cyatangaje ibirego by'imibonano mpuzabitsina bifite aho bihuriye na we. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apology To Nana George Darko |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/260536/apology-to-nana-george-darko.html |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Modernghana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disikogarafi ==

; Album za studio

* ''Friends'' (1983, Taretone)
* ''Highlife Time'' (1983, Sacodisc International)
* ''Moni Palava'' (1986, A&amp;B Records)
* ''Soronko'' (1988, Umuziki)
* ''Highlife in the Air'' (1994, Boulevard Records)
* ''Come to Africa'' (2006, Okoman Records) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George Darko |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1851195-George-Darko |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Discogs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
Igihembo cya VGMA Igihembo Cy'umusanzu Uhebuje kunjyana ya Hilife (2020). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 VGMAs: George Darko wins 'Lifetime Achievement Award' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-1410rG8bw |access-date=22 August 2021 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umuziki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etran Finatawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141824</id>
      <parentid>132238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2235" sha1="jj7sc18eq0q6j6vscoz3udkxzxdh3sn" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Etran Finatawa at Hillside 2011.jpg|thumb|Itsinda rya Etran Finatawa riri ku rubyiniro]]
'''Etran Finatawa''' ni itsinda rya muzika riherereye muri [[Nigeri]], ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2004 mu birori byitwa ''festival au Désert'' byabereye hafi ya Timbuktu, muri [[Mali]]. Umuziki wa Etran Finatawa uhuza umuziki gakondo w'abantu ba Wodaabe na Tuareg n'ibikoresho bya muzika byo mu burengerazuba nka gitari y'amashanyarazi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NPR: Niger's Nomadic Blues |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98124415 |access-date=2009-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 bazengurutse cyane ku mugabane w'Iburayi, Amerika, [[Kanada]] no muri [[Ositaraliya]].   Mu mwaka wa 2007, alubumu yabo ya mbere yitwa ''Introducing Etran Finatawa'' (yo mu mwaka wa 2006) yatorewe guhatanira igihembo cya Radio BBC kikaba Igihembo cy'umuziki w'isi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC- Awards for World Music 2007 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/a4wm2007/2007_etran_finatawa.shtml |access-date=2009-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basohoye follow-up, ''Desert Crossroads'', mu 2008, naho 2010 basohora ''Tarkat Tajje / Reka tugende''. Muri 2013, itsinda ryasohoye alubumu yabo ya kane yitwa, ''The Sahara Sessions''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tangari |first=Joe |date=10 June 2013 |title=Etran Finatawa: The Sahara Sessions |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/18157-etran-finatawa-the-sahara-sessions/ |access-date=10 June 2013 |publisher=Pitchfork Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izina ry'itsinda risobanura &quot;inyenyeri gakondo&quot;.

== Disikogarafi ==

; Alubumu za studio

* ''Introducing Etran Finatawa'' (2006)
* ''Desert Crossroads'' (2008)
* ''Tarkat Tajje / Let's Go'' (2010)
* ''The Sahara Sessions'' (2013)

; Umusanzu hamwe n'abandi bahanzi

* ''The Rough Guide to Desert Blues'' (2010, World Music Network)
* ''The Rough Guide to Acoustic Africa'' (2013, World Music Network)
* ''Etran'' - indirimbo ya Disclosure (2020)

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507114017/https://etranfinatawa.com/ Urubuga rwemewe rwa Etran Finatawa]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98124415 Etran Finatawa: Nijeri Nomadic Blues] : Ikiranga NPR kuri Etran Finatawa

[[Ikiciro:Umuziki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umushinga wa miliyoni 10 Frw mu kubungabunga ibidukikije i Ngoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142105</id>
      <parentid>111090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="5043" sha1="2gw1ml2pfy7jkcm9jgq2ls1u41y1syq" xml:space="preserve">Ingingo y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni imwe mu zihangayikishije ibihugu byo hirya no hino ku Isi birimo n’u Rwanda nk’uko biherutse kugaragazwa na Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije, Dr Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya.

Ubwiyongere bukabije bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere bukomeje kwangiza isi kandi Ibiza bikabije biterwa n’ iyi mihindagurikire y’ibihe bikomeje kwiyongera ku buryo bukabije.

Ibyo biza birimo ubushyuhe bukabije, inkubi z’imiyaga, imvura nyinshi cyangwa amapfa y’ igihe kirekire, imyuzure, n’inkongi z’imiriro.

== Ingaruka ==
Ibi biza bigira ingaruka mbi ku buzima rusange ndetse zimwe muri izo ngaruka zigaragara no mu Rwanda.

Zimwe mu ngaruka mbi ku buzima ziterwa n’ibi biza harimo ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko; n’igabanyuka ry’umusaruro w’ibihingwa n’amatungo ritera inzara no kutihaza mu biribwa. Ibiza kandi bituma habaho kwimuka no gusuhuka kw’abaturage biturutse ku mpamvu zo kubura amikoro no gushaka amaramuko.

U Rwanda, nk’igihugu cyugarijwe n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, kiri ku isonga mu ntambara yo guhangana n’ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe bw’isi. N’ubwo ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere birimo n’u Rwanda bifite uruhare ruto mu nkomoko y’iki kibazo (Munsi ya 0,01% gusa by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi byoherezwa n’u Rwanda), ibi bihugu biri mu byugarijwe cyane n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere.

Ubwiyongere bukabije bw’imvura ndetse n’amapfa y’igihe kirekire mu duce dutandukanye tw’ igihugu bikomeje kwangiriza bikomeye Abanyarwanda.

== Hakorwa iki? ==
[[Dosiye:Polygonum (or Persicaria) hydropiperoides (8671445031).jpg|thumb]]
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza gushaka ibisubizo kuri iki kibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, abayobozi baturutse impande zose z’isi bahuriye i Glasgow mu nama ya mbere nini ku isi iganira ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe. Nta kabuza ko ibyemezo bizafatirwa mu nama y’uyu mwaka y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yiga ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe izwi ku izina rya ‘United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26)’ mu rurimi rw’ [[icyongereza]], bizagira ingaruka nziza ku buzima bwa muntu.

== Biyemeje gutanga umusanzu ==


Nyuma yo kubona izi ngaruka, abanyamuryango ba koperative ‘Twite ku Buzima’ yo mu Karere ka Ngoma Umurenge wa Mutenderi yatangije gahunda yo gutera ibiti 15,000, ku buso burengaho gato hegitari ebyiri. Imirimo yo gutera ibi biti byose izatwara agera kuri 10,000,000 RWF.

Umuyobozi wa koperative Twite ku Buzima, Marie Jose Mukeshimana, yavuze ko batekereje kwiha intego yo gutera ibiti nyuma yo kubona ko ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigira ingaruka nyinshi ku bantu cyane cyane abazinzi bo mu cyaro bafite ubushobozi buke.

Uretse amafaranga yamaze kuboneka, kuri ubu hari gukusanywa andi hifashishijwe imbuga nkoranyambaga zitandukanye. Ni igikorwa cyatangijwe na Jean Chrysostome Bikomeye, Umunyarwanda uba muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ariko akaba avuka muri aka gace.

Uyu Bikomeye yiga mu cyiciro cya gatatu cya Kaminuza (PhD) muri Medical College of Wisconsin.

Yavuze ko yahisemo gushyigikira abagize iyi koperative kuko yagiye akora ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku isano iri hagati y’ibiza biterwa n’ imihandagurikire y’ ikirere n’ ubuzima.

Imwe muri izo nyandiko yibanda ku bikorwa bitandukanye birimo bikorwa mu mpande zose z’ Isi mu kurwanya imihandagurikire y’ ibihe n’ ingaruka nziza bigira ku buzima, aho anatanga umurongo mugari abashakashatsi bashobora gukurikiza.

Mu yindi nyandiko aherutse gusohora, Bikomeye n’ abandi bashakashatsi bibanda ku buryo ibidukikije byagira uruhare runini mu kurwanya ibibazo byinshi bihangayikishije Isi harimo ihindagurika ry’ ibihe, icyorezo cya COVID-19, n’ indwara zidakira harimo iz’ umutima na [[kanseri]].

== Ingamba ==
[[Dosiye:Twin Radio Towers of Green Swamp on FL 33.jpg|thumb]]
Kugeza ubu abanyamuryango ba koperative ‘Twite ku Buzima’ bavuga ko iki ari igikorwa bakoze batagamije ubucuruzi ariko bakemeza ko hari igihe kizagera iri shyamba rigatangira kubazanira inyungu.

U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu byashyize imbaraga muri politike yo kurengera ibidukikije, by’umwihariko haterwa amashyamba ndetse n’ayashaje agasazurwa.

Muri Ugushyingo 2020, Leta y’u Rwanda yatangije gahunda, aho ibigo byayo n’ibyigenga bihabwa imisozi bizateraho amashyamba bikayakurikirana kugeza akuze hagamijwe gukomeza kwirinda ko amashyamba acika no gukomeza kongera ingano yayo.

Ikigo runaka gihabwa umusozi wo guteraho ishyamba, kikarikurikirana kugeza rikuze ubundi rishyigakirizwa Leta.

Mu rwego rwo gukomeza kurengera amashyamba, Leta iteganya ko 80% by’amashyamba yayo azaba acunzwe n’abikorera mu 2024. Kugeza ubu hegitari 21655 z’amashyamba ya Leta, zingana na 35,58% zimaze kwegurirwa abikorera.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/ngoma-batangije-umushinga-wa-miliyoni-10-frw-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/ngoma-batangije-umushinga-wa-miliyoni-10-frw-mu-kubungabunga-ibidukikije]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abanyeshuri baturiye Pariki ya Nyungwe bari gutozwa kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142020</id>
      <parentid>132160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2358" sha1="bpfberi8meucx57vs3sudmaoaafmyfr" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|thumb|Nyungwe Forest banner]]
[[Dosiye:NYUNGWE.jpg|thumb|NYUNGWE Pariki]]
[[Dosiye:Nyungwe_CDSS_Malawi.jpg|thumb|Abanyeshuri ba Nyungwe CDSS ]]
ariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe ni icyanya cy'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima (amashyamba,inyamaswa nto n'inini) Nyungwe iherereye mu turere twa Nyamasheke, Nyaruguru,Nyamagabe,Rusizi na Karongi.

Nyuma yo kubona ko mu myaka yashize hari abana batanjyaga ku mashuri ahubwo bakajyana   n’ababyeyi babo guhiga inyamaswa muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Nyungwe,Ubuyobozi bwa pariki ya Nyungwe bwahisemo kujya baha abana baturiye iri shyamba amahugurwa yo kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ruboneka muri iyi pariki hirindwa ba Rushimusi.

Ni igikorwa cyateguwe n’Umuryango Biodiversity Conservation Organisation (BIOCOOR) wita ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’iterambere ry’abaturage, hagamijwe gutoza abakiri bato kwita ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo bakurane uwo muco.

== Intego ==
Umuyobozi Nshingwabikorwa wa BIOCOOR, Dr Ange Imanishimwe, yabwiye IGIHE ko iyo gahunda yatangiye muri 2018 hahugurwa abana bagera kuri 70 bari kumwe n’ababyeyi babo, muri 2019 harebwamo 16 barushije abandi bongera guhugurwa ngo barusheho gusobanukirwa byinshi ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
[[Dosiye:Hiking through Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Ba mukerarugendo basura ibyiza nyaburanga muri nyungwe]]
Ati “Icyo twemera muri BIOCOOR ni uko ahazaza h’igihugu n’ahazaza ha Afurika n’Isi ari uko tugomba gushora imbaraga nyinshi mu bakiri bato kugira ngo bazabashe guhangana n’ibibazo bizaza mu minsi iri imbere. Niyo mpamvu twiyemeje kujya duhugura abana bato bari mu mashuri kugira ngo bagere ku rwego rwo kumenya kubungabunga ibinyabuzima, cyane ko bamwe muri bo ababyeyi babo bahoze ari abahigi muri Nyungwe.”Yavuze ko bifuza ko abo bana baba umusemburo w’impinduka nziza, ibikorwa byo kwangiza Nyungwe bigacika burundu.


Dr Imanishimwe avuga ko bafite intego yo gutoza abana bato kugira ngo bakurane umuco wo kwita ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzma ku buryo nibaba abayobozi mu nzego zifata ibyemezo bazabikomeza kurushaho. 

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/abanyeshuri-baturiye-pariki-ya-nyungwe-bari-gutozwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw http://www.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/abanyeshuri-baturiye-pariki-ya-nyungwe-bari-gutozwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibimera tubana nabyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141774</id>
      <parentid>115774</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="5279" sha1="ms7k4g29uyto61ncxr12x3xqq4oohs8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sunny_green_paddy_fields_with_water_reflection.jpg|thumb|ibimera |151x151px]]
[[Dosiye:Igiti 5123.jpg|thumb|ibiti bibana n'abantu|149x149px]]
[[Dosiye:Nordkirchen, Naturschutzgebiet Ichterloh -- 2018 -- 2131-7 (2).jpg|thumb|157x157px|ibimera byicyatsi]]
Benshi muritwe tugiye dufite ubusitani buto cyangwa bunini mungo zacu murwego rwo kugaragara neza ndetse nokongera umwuka mwiza (oxygen) aho dutuye.&lt;ref&gt;https://amarebe.com/dore-ibimera-tubana-nabyo-bishobora-kutwica-tutabyitondeye/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibimera bidufasha  mukwivura dukoresha mubuzima bwa burimusi ==
[[Dosiye:Some trees.jpg|thumb|167x167px|ibiti nyicyatsi]]
[[Dosiye:Igiti 5122.jpg|left|thumb|136x136px|Gutera igiti]]
Hari ndwara dushobora kwivura dukoresheje ibyo bimera ariko ni byiza ko tubanza kumenya ko izo ndwara tuzifite tugana abaganga hanyuma twamara kumenya ko umubiri wahuye nubwo burwayi tukabona gukoresha iyo miti y’ibimera.Ubuzima bwiza ni isoko yo kubaho neza, ariko nanone rimwe na rimwe ubwo buzima hari igihe tubwangiza nanone dukoresheje ibimera kutamenya uko ugomba gufata ifunguro rya buri munsi, kuko kurya ntabwo ari ukwuzuza igifu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/01/07/tumenye-kwivura-indwara-dukoresheje-ibimera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218211702/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/01/07/tumenye-kwivura-indwara-dukoresheje-ibimera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Igitunguru, Oignon cg Onion, ni kimwe mu birungo byifashishwa mugikoni ngo biryoshye ibiryo, ariko mubyukuri ni numuti uhambaye uvura.Tungurusumu, Ail cg Garilc ni ikimera gitangaje, kiri mubwoko bw'ibitunguru, ifite impumuro yihariye kandi ikakaye ikunze gutinda kumuntu.&lt;ref&gt;https://ubuzimabwiza.wixsite.com/ubuzimabwiza/blog/categories/ibimera-bivura-herbes-m%C3%A9decinal&lt;/ref&gt;Tangawizi, Ginger cg Gingembre, nikimwe mu bimera bifitiye akamaro gakomeye umubiri wacu, uretse kuba yifitemo uburyohe karemano haba.Indimu, Citron cg Lemon, ni urubuto rutangaje rufite akamaro gahambaye kubuzima bwacu. Indimu ni isoko ntagereranywa ya vitamini C.Ibibabi by’amapapayi ntaho utabisanga kuko hari n’igihe byimeza ahataka imbuto zabyo, urubuto rw’Ipapayi cyangwa se imbuto z’imbere mu ipapayi ndetse n’amababi yayo bishobora gukorwamo imiti kandi bikagirira umubiri wacu akamaro.Burya kandi cya gishishwa cy’Ipapayi uzasanga cyane cyane abakobwa bagikoresha iyo bamaze kuyirwa bakakisiga ku mubiri cyane cyane mu maso kuko burya kirwanya ibiheri byo mu maso kandi kigatuma bagira umubiri woroshye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/01/07/tumenye-kwivura-indwara-dukoresheje-ibimera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218211702/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2021/01/07/tumenye-kwivura-indwara-dukoresheje-ibimera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Urusenda, Chilli pepper, Spice, Piment, Épices nandi mazina menshi barwita, ni kimwe mubirungo bikoreshwa cyane hirya no hino ku isi,Teyi, Romarin cg Rosemary Ni ikimera gifite akamaro gakomeye cyane kubuzima bwacu, haba kuyikoresha imbere mu mubiri(tuyitekana n’ibyo kurya.Umucyayicyayi(Lemongrace) cg Citronelle, nikimwe mubirungo by'icyayi bifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri wacu bitewe ahanini nuko kigirira umumaro ubuzima bwamuntu.&lt;ref&gt;https://ubuzimabwiza.wixsite.com/ubuzimabwiza/blog/categories/ibimera-bivura-herbes-m%C3%A9decinal&lt;/ref&gt;Green tea, Icyayi cy'icyatsi kibisi cg thé vert, Nikimwe mubimera byifashishwa mu kubungabunga ubuzima bwa muntu. Gifitiye umubiri wacu.

== Ingaruka Dushobora guhura nazo mu Ibimera ==
[[Dosiye:Sunflower fields in Šumadija.jpg|thumb|141x141px|indabo ]]
Bimwe muri ibyo bihingwa duhura nabyo kenshi ariko ukwiriye kwirinda kuko bishobora kuba uburozi bukomeye kubuzima bwa muntu binyuze kukurya cyangwa gukora ku mababi, imbuto, indabyo, imizi cyangwa imitobe yabyo ndetse nomubundi buryo butandukanye ushobora guhura nabyo.Ikimera cyitwa [[Sansevieria]],Iki gihingwa ntabwo gifite uburozi nk’ibindi, ariko gitanga ibimenyetso bimara igihe gito nko kubabara umunwa, kugira amacandwe menshi hamwe no kugira isesemi ndetse rimwe narimwe kigashobora kubyara ibindi bibazo igihe cyariwe,&lt;ref&gt;https://amarebe.com/dore-ibimera-tubana-nabyo-bishobora-kutwica-tutabyitondeye/&lt;/ref&gt;icyakabiri ni [[Philodendron]] Mu bantu, cyane cyane ku bana bato, gufata filodendron mubisanzwe bigira ingaruka zoroheje gusa, harimo no kubyimba umunwa hamwe n’inzira zifungura. Mugihe ugerageje kubirya cyane cyane nko kubana bishobora kubaviramo urupfu,Icyagatatu [[Dieffenbachia]] iki ni ikimera gikunze kugaragara mungo zitandukanye nyamara ni kibi cyane kubuzima bw’umuntu, dore ko uramutse ukiriye cyakuviramo ingaruka zikomeye mubuhumekero bikaba byanakuviramo urupfu.&lt;ref&gt;https://amarebe.com/dore-ibimera-tubana-nabyo-bishobora-kutwica-tutabyitondeye/&lt;/ref&gt;Icya kane [[Spathipyllyum]] Ibi bimera nibyiza byoza ikirere. Kimwe na filodendroni na pothos, ariko bishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye cyane birimo n’urupfu mugihe wabikoresheje, byagutera kubyimba iminwa, nururimi, ingorane zo kuvuga cyangwa kumira, kuruka, isesemi, no gucibwamo,

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igihunyira</title>
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      <text bytes="3484" sha1="d9pbe04qnyz6t8tjtyxcbl7owm84j53" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Uhu-muc.jpg|thumb|Inyoni y'igihunyira]]
'''''Ibihunyira ni inyoni zishishikaje byoroshye kwitonda no kumenya amatsiko y’inyoni. Ibi bintu bishobora kugufasha kumenya gato amayobera yazo no kuguhishurira icyo inyoni y’igihunyira aricyo.'''''

== Imiterere ==
Ibihunyira byinshi bifite imitwe minini, imibiri yuzuye amababa yoroshye, umurizo mugufi, hamwe n’amano adasubirwaho ashobora kwerekana imbere cyangwa inyuma. Amaso y’ighunyira areba imbere, nkuko abantu babibona. Amoko menshi y’ibihunyira akora n’ijoro, ntabwo ari ku manywa, ku isi hari amoko agera kuri 250 y’ibihunyira.

== Ibintu 9 bishimijishe kubyerekeye igihunyira ==
1.Ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibihunyira bufite amatwi adasanzwe. Aherereye ahantu hatandukanye ku mutwe w’igihunyira, amatwi yabyo arashobora kwerekana aho amajwi ari mu rwego rwinshi. Kugira ngo kibashe kwitegure, intego cyangwa se imyigaragambyo.

2.Amaso y’igihunyira ntabwo ari “ijisho ry’amaso.” Amaso yabyo ameze nk’atanyeganyega rwose, atanga icyerekezo cy’indebakure (Pair of binoculars)yibanda cyane kubyo bihiga kandi bizamura imyumvire yimbitse.

3.Ibihunyira bishobora kwizunguruka ku ijosi dogere 270. Sisitemu yo guhuza amaraso ikusanya amaraso kugira ngo yongere ubwonko n’amaso mu gihe kugenda ku ijosi bigabanya umuvuduko.

4.Itsinda ry’ibihunyira ryitwa inteko. Ibi bikomoka ku bisobanuro bya C.S. Lewis bisobanura inama y’ibihunyira mu Ngoma ya Narnia.

5.Ibihunyira bihiga izindi nyoni. Ibikona binini by’amahembe nibyo bya mbere by’inyamanswa ntoya. Igihunyira kigereranya kurinda, umunezero, kubana amahoro, iyerekwa n’ubushishozi, n’ubumenyi bwinshi..

6.Igihunyira gito cyane ku isi ni (elf owl) udusimba duto cyane turya udukoko, dufite uburebure bwa santimetero 5 – 6 kandi dupima hafi 1 ½. Igihunyira kinini kinini cyo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, mu bigaragara, ni igicucu kinini (Great Gray Owl), gifite uburebure bwa santimetero 32.

7.Amajyaruguru ya (Hawk Owl) igihunyira cya buri munsi (Surnia ulula) cy’amashyamba yo mu majyaruguru gisa nkaho ari inyoni igaragara, ifite umurizo muremure uzengurutse kandi amababa magufi. girashobora gutahura-cyane cyane kubireba-aharambitse icyo kurya nko muri kilometero imwe.

8.Amajyaruguru Saw-whet Owls girashobora gukora urugendo rurerure hejuru y’amazi manini. Gishobora gukora ibirometero 70 uvuye ku nkombe hafi ya Montauk, New York.
[[Dosiye:Händkakk 2014.JPG|thumb|igihunyira kuri mubiti]]
9.Ibihunyira ni (zygodactyls), bivuze ko ibirenge byayo bifite amano abiri areba imbere n’amano abiri areba inyuma. Bitandukanye n’izindi nyoni nyinshi za zygodactyl, ariko, ibihunyira bishobora gusunikira rimwe mu mano y’inyuma kugira ngo bibafashe gufata no kugenda.

== Ibindi ==
[[Dosiye:Athene cunicularia 20110524 02 bis.jpg|thumb|ibihunyira ]]
Bityo rero igihunyira gishobora gukora ibirometero 200 mu isaha imwe, kandi ibihunyira byagize umuco w’abantu hamwe n’insigamigani mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi, bifatwa nk’ibintu byose uhereye kubwiza bw’amahirwe meza kugeza ku badayimoni bapfa. Ibyo gushimisha bishobora guturuka kuri anatomiya yabyo idasanzwe, ituma bigaragara mu bindi binyabuzima. Ibihunyira biguruka n’ijoro, hafi bucece, kandi bishobora kuguma byihishe bitewe n’impamvu idasanzwe.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230221102039/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2023/02/08/ibintu-9-bishimishije-kubyerekeye-ibihunyiraharimo-akantu-kamayobera-atwikiriye-izo-nyoni-zitangaje/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Umwuzure w'Abatagatifu bose mu wa (1170)</title>
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      <text bytes="2021" sha1="rta412yirhe966cikdxof1mj2emmxhg" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Creiler woud.jpg|thumb|Itariki: 1170Aho iherereye: Creller wood]]
'''Umwuzure w'abatagatifu bose bo mu 1170''' ('''Allerheiligenvloed''') wari umwuzure uteye ubwoba mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]] wabaye mu 1170. Ibice binini byo mu majyaruguru y’Ubuholandi, n’intara z’Ubuholandi byari byarengewe n,umwuzure.

Umwuzure w’inyanja y'Amajyaruguru waremye ibirwa bya Wieringen na Texel. Ikiyaga cya Flevo cyahoze ari ikiyaga cy’amazi meza, ariko umuyoboro w'inyanja wafunguye umuyoboro uva mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru ujya mu kiyaga unyuze muri Creil Woods, maze uhindura ikiyaga inyanja y’amazi y’umunyu uzwi ku izina rya Zuiderzee. Creiler woods cyazimiriye munsi yumuraba. Agace k'inyanja kariyongereye imbere mu Buholandi kandi ahantu hanini cyane haratera imbere, byatembanywe muburyo bworoshye.

Umwuzure watumye gutura kwa Rotta (uwabanjirije Rotterdam) bidashobora guturwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Van der Kolk |first=Donna |date=3 October 2016 |title=5x Wat je niet wist over Rotterdamse geschiedenis |url=https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/binnenland/2016/10/5x-wat-je-niet-wist-over-rotterdamse-geschiedenis/ |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=Metronieuws.nl |publisher=Metro Nieuws |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi biranga intangiriro ya Amsterdam, aho ako gace kiyongereye aho gahurira n’inyanja, ndetse n’aho hubatswe urugomero muri Amstel kugira ngo urinde ubutaka imyuzure izaza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Van Soest |first=Arnoud |date=February 2018 |title=Amsterdam is in de storm geboren |url=https://onh.nl/verhaal/amsterdam-is-storm-geboren |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=ONH |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Umwuzure mu Buholandi

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181209030333/http://www.livius.org/opinion/opinion0008.html Gutsindwa gukomeye kwa Roma, Isubiramo -Umwuzure w'Abatagatifu bose mu wa 1170] . Dosiye yagaruwe ku ya 11 Werurwe 2007.
* Buisman, Jan, ''Duizend jaar weer, umuyaga en water muri de Lage Landen (Deel 1: tot 1300)'', </text>
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    <title>Umwuzure w'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubushinwa mu wa 1991</title>
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Mu icyi (imeshyi) ryo mu 1991, imvura nyinshi mu burasirazuba bw’[[Ubushinwa]] yatumye imigezi n’ibihingwa birengerwa kandi bitera umwuzure muri ako gace, bituma leta y’Ubushinwa isaba ubufasha mpuzamahanga.

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Imvura nyinshi yatangiye guhera ku ya 18 Gicurasi yahise ituma uturere two mu burasirazuba bw'Ubushinwa dutangira kurengerwa n'amazi; ariko, raporo z’umwuzure muri kariya gace zatangiye gukemurwa ku mugaragaro ahagana mu mpera za Kamena. By'umwihariko, imigezi ya Huai, Chu, na Yangtze yitirire umwuzure nyamukuru wavuyemo ukwangirika gukomey mu intara za Anhui, Jiangsu, na Henan. &lt;ref name=&quot;reliefweb.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 1991 |title=China - Floods Jun 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-9 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/china/china-floods-jun-1991-undro-situation-reports-1-9 |access-date=17 April 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yabanje kohereza  itsinda ry'abasirikari kugira ngo bafashe mu bikorwa byo gutabara no gutabara umwuzure, ariko kubera ko umubare w'amazu na hegitari y'ibihingwa byangiritse byiyongera gahoro gahoro, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yitabaje ibindi bihugu, isaba ubufasha mu gutabara umwuzure. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=China appeals for international aid for flood relief |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-07-11/news/1991192044_1_flooding-china-shanghai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417155809/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-07-11/news/1991192044_1_flooding-china-shanghai |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 3 Nzeri 1991, Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bantu (ubu rizwi ku izina ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa by’ikiremwamuntu) ryatangaje ko abapfuye ari 556 mu ntara ya Anhui, 260 mu ntara ya Jiangsu, na 94 muri intara ya Henan. &lt;ref name=&quot;reliefweb.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 1991 |title=China - Floods Jun 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-9 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/china/china-floods-jun-1991-undro-situation-reports-1-9 |access-date=17 April 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://reliefweb.int/report/china/china-floods-jun-1991-undro-situation-reports-1-9 &quot;China - Floods Jun 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-9&quot;]. 25 June 1991&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mpera za Mutarama umwaka utaha, New York Times yatangaje ko abapfuye bagera ku 3,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=27 January 1992 |title=China's Floods of July: Misery Lingers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/27/world/china-s-floods-of-july-misery-lingers.html |access-date=17 April 2017 |publisher= |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Umukororombya</title>
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'''&lt;u&gt;Umukororombya&lt;/u&gt;''' 

ni meteorologiya na optique iterwa no kurebesha amaso, kuzanwa no gukwirakwiza urumuri mubitonyanga byamazi bigatuma urumuri rugaragara mwijuru. Ifata ishusho yumuzingi wamabara menshi. Umukororombya uterwa nurumuri rwizuba burigihe ugaragara mugice cyikirere giteganye nizuba.

Umukororombya urashobora kuba uruziga rwuzuye. Nyamara, indorerezi mubisanzwe ibona arc yakozwe gusa nigitonyanga kimurika hejuru yubutaka, [1] kandi gishingiye kumurongo uva izuba ugana ijisho ryindorerezi.

Umukororombya wibanze, arc yerekana umutuku kuruhande rwinyuma na violet kuruhande rwimbere. Uyu mukororombya uterwa numucyo wangiritse mugihe winjiye mumazi yigitonyanga cyamazi, hanyuma ukagaragarira imbere inyuma yigitonyanga hanyuma ukongera ukagabanuka iyo uvuye.

Mu mukororombya wikubye kabiri, arc ya kabiri igaragara hanze ya arc yibanze, kandi ifite gahunda yamabara yayo ihinduka, hamwe numutuku kuruhande rwimbere rwimbere. Ibi biterwa numucyo ugaragara kabiri imbere yigitonyanga mbere yo kuhava.
[[Dosiye:Atlantic And Rain Bow - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Umukororombya mugicu]]
Incamake

Ishusho yimpera yumukororombya muri parike yigihugu ya Jasper

Umukororombya ntabwo uri ahantu runaka kure yindorerezi, ariko uturuka kumurongo wibitekerezo uterwa nigitonyanga cyamazi cyarebaga kuruhande runaka ugereranije nisoko yumucyo. Rero, umukororombya ntabwo ari ikintu kandi ntushobora kwegerwa kumubiri. Mubyukuri, ntibishoboka ko indorerezi ibona umukororombya uva kumatonyanga yamazi kuruhande urwo arirwo rwose usibye ibisanzwe bya dogere 42 uvuye mucyerekezo giturutse kumucyo. Nubwo indorerezi ibona undi indorerezi isa &quot;munsi&quot; cyangwa &quot;iherezo ry&quot; umukororombya, indorerezi ya kabiri izabona umukororombya utandukanye - kure cyane - ku mpande imwe nkuko wabibonye bwa mbere.

Umukororombya uzenguruka urutonde rwamabara. Imirongo iyo ari yo yose itandukanye igaragara ni igihangano cyerekana amabara yumuntu, kandi nta guhuza ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bigaragara ku ifoto yumukara-n-umweru wumukororombya, gusa urwego rworoheje rwimbaraga kugeza kurwego rwo hejuru, hanyuma rugenda rwerekeza kurundi ruhande. Ku mabara agaragara nijisho ryumuntu, urutonde rukunze kuvugwa kandi rwibukwa ni Isaac Newton inshuro zirindwi zitukura, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu, indigo na violet, [2] [a] yibukwa na mnemonike Richard Of York Yatanze Intambara Mubusa, cyangwa nk'izina ry'umuntu w'impimbano (Roy G. Biv). Itangiriro rimwe na rimwe ryerekanwa muburyo butandukanye, nka VIBGYOR. Ibigezweho, umukororombya ukunze kugabanywamo umutuku, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, cyan, ubururu na violet [citation ikenewe].

Umukororombya urashobora guterwa nuburyo bwinshi bwamazi yo mu kirere. Harimo imvura gusa, ariko kandi harimo ibicu, gutera, n'ikime cyo mu kirere.
[[Dosiye:The Rain The Bow.jpg|thumb|Ishusho y'amabara y'umukororombya]]
Kugaragara

Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yisumo (bita spray umuheto)

Igicucu hejuru ya Rannoch Moor muri Scotland

Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yakozwe numuraba

Umukororombya urashobora kugaragara igihe cyose hari ibitonyanga byamazi mumuyaga nizuba ryaka biva inyuma yindorerezi kumurongo muto. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umukororombya ukunze kugaragara mwijuru ryiburengerazuba mugitondo no mwijuru ryiburasirazuba nimugoroba. Umukororombya utangaje cyane ubaho mugihe igice cyikirere cyaba cyijimye hamwe nigicu cyimvura kandi indorerezi iri ahantu hamwe nikirere cyera cyerekezo cyizuba. Igisubizo ni umukororombya urumuri utandukanye ninyuma yijimye. Mugihe nkiki cyiza cyo kugaragara, umukororombya munini ariko ucogora ukunze kugaragara. Bigaragara nka 10 ° hanze yumukororombya wibanze, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwamabara.

Iruka rya Castle Geyser, Parike ya Yellowstone, hamwe n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugaragara mu gihu

Ingaruka y'umukororombya nayo igaragara cyane hafi yisumo cyangwa amasoko. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka zirashobora gukorwa muburyo bwogukwirakwiza ibitonyanga byamazi mukirere kumunsi wizuba. Ni gake, umukororombya w'ukwezi, umukororombya w'ukwezi cyangwa umukororombya wa nijoro, urashobora kuboneka nijoro rikomeye. Nkuko imyumvire yumuntu yumuntu ibara ikennye mumucyo muke, ukwezi kurabona ko ari umweru.

Biragoye gufotora igice cyuzuye cyumukororombya mumurongo umwe, kuko ibi bisaba inguni yo kureba 84 °. Kuri kamera ya mm 35, hasabwa lens nini yagutse ifite uburebure bwa mm 19 cyangwa munsi yayo. Noneho iyo software yo kudoda amashusho menshi muri panorama irahari, amashusho ya arc yose ndetse niyo arc ya kabiri irashobora gushirwaho byoroshye biturutse kumurongo wikurikiranya.

Uhereye hejuru yisi nko mu ndege, rimwe na rimwe birashoboka kubona umukororombya nkuruziga rwuzuye. Iki kintu gishobora kwitiranwa nicyubahiro, ariko icyubahiro mubisanzwe ni gito cyane, gipfukirana 5-20 ° gusa.

Ikirere imbere mu mukororombya wibanze kirabagirana kuruta ikirere hanze yumuheto. Ibi ni ukubera ko imvura igwa ni umuzingi kandi ikwirakwiza urumuri hejuru ya disikuru izenguruka mu kirere. Iradiyo ya disiki iterwa nuburebure bwumucyo, hamwe numucyo utukura ukwirakwizwa kuruhande runini kuruta urumuri rwubururu. Hafi ya disiki hafi ya yose, urumuri rutatanye ku burebure bwose bwuzuzanya, bikavamo urumuri rwera wIkirere kimurika ikirere. Ku nkombe, uburebure bw'umuraba bwo gutatana butera umukororombya.

Umucyo wumukororombya wibanze arc ni 96% polarized tangential kuri arc. Umucyo wa arc ya kabiri ni 90% polarize.

Umubare wamabara murwego cyangwa umukororombya

Reba kandi: Ibara rya Spectral

Ikirangantego cyabonetse ukoresheje ikirahuri cya prism hamwe nisoko yinkomoko ni ugukomeza uburebure bwumuraba udafite imirongo. Umubare wamabara ijisho ryumuntu rishobora gutandukanya murwego rukurikirana 100. [7] Kubwibyo, sisitemu yamabara ya Munsell (sisitemu yo mu kinyejana cya 20 yo gusobanura imibare, ishingiye ku ntambwe zingana zo kubona abantu) itandukanya amabara 100. Ubushishozi bugaragara bwamabara yingenzi ni igihangano cyimyumvire yumuntu kandi umubare nyawo wamabara yingenzi ni uguhitamo uko bishakiye.

Newton, wemeye ko amaso ye atigeze anenga cyane gutandukanya amabara, [8] mu ntangiriro (1672) yagabanije ibice mu mabara atanu y'ingenzi: umutuku, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu na violet. Nyuma yaje gushyiramo orange na indigo, atanga amabara arindwi yingenzi mugereranya numubare wanditse mubipimo byumuziki. [2] [b] ya sofiste ya kera yubugereki, batekerezaga ko hari isano hagati yamabara, injyana yumuziki, ibintu bizwi muri Solar System, niminsi yicyumweru. [10] [11] [12] Intiti zavuze ko icyo Newton yabonaga icyo gihe ari &quot;ubururu&quot; muri iki gihe cyafatwa nka cyan, kandi icyo Newton yise &quot;indigo&quot; muri iki gihe cyafatwa nk'ubururu. [3] [13] [14]

Umukororombya (hagati: nyayo, hepfo: ubarwa) ugereranije nukuri (hejuru): amabara adahagije hamwe numwirondoro wamabara atandukanye

Amabara ya mbere ya Newton Umutuku Umuhondo Icyatsi Icyatsi

Amabara ya Newton nyuma Umutuku Orange Umuhondo Icyatsi Icyatsi Indigo Violet

Amabara agezweho Umutuku Orange Umuhondo Icyatsi Cyan Ubururu

Ibara ryumukororombya uratandukanye nurwego, kandi amabara ntiyuzuye. Hariho gusiga ibintu mu mukororombya bitewe nuko ku burebure ubwo aribwo bwose, habaho gukwirakwiza inguni zisohoka, aho kuba inguni imwe itandukanye. Byongeye kandi, umukororombya ni verisiyo idasobanutse yumuheto wabonetse ahantu, kuko diameter ya disiki yizuba (0.5 °) ntishobora kwirengagizwa ugereranije nubugari bwumukororombya (2 °). Ibindi bitukura byumukororombya wambere wongeyeho hejuru ya violet yumukororombya wibanze, aho kugirango ibara ryanyuma rihindurwe na violet ya spekitale, mubyukuri ni umutuku. Umubare wibara ryumukororombya urashobora rero gutandukana numubare wimigozi murwego, cyane cyane niba ibitonyanga ari binini cyangwa bito. Kubwibyo, umubare wamabara yumukororombya urahinduka. Niba, ariko, ijambo umukororombya ukoreshwa muburyo budasobanutse kugirango usobanure, ni umubare wamabara nyamukuru murwego.

Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abantu bose babona amabara arindwi mu mukororombya bifitanye isano nigitekerezo cyo guhuza indimi. Hatanzwe igitekerezo kivuga ko hariho abantu bose muburyo umukororombya ubona. [16] Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko umubare wamabara atandukanye yagaragaye nicyo bita biterwa nururimi umuntu akoresha, hamwe nabantu bafite ururimi rufite amagambo make y'amabara babona amabara atandukanye atandukanye.

Ibisobanuro

Imirasire yumucyo yinjira mumvura iturutse mucyerekezo kimwe (mubisanzwe umurongo ugororotse uturutse ku zuba), ukagaragaza inyuma yimvura, hanyuma ugahita usohoka mugihe cyimvura. Umucyo usize umukororombya ukwirakwijwe ku nguni nini, hamwe n'uburemere ntarengwa ku mfuruka 40.89–42 °. .

Itara ryera ritandukanya amabara atandukanye iyo yinjiye mu mvura kubera gutatana, bigatuma itara ritukura rihinduka munsi yumucyo wubururu.

Iyo urumuri rwizuba ruhuye nigitonyanga cyimvura, igice cyumucyo kigaragarira naho ibindi bikinjira mumvura. Umucyo wangiritse hejuru yimvura. Iyo urumuri rukubise inyuma yimvura, bimwe muribi bigaragarira inyuma. Iyo urumuri rwerekanwe imbere rugera hejuru yubuso, rimwe narimwe bimwe bigaragarira imbere kandi bimwe bikanga nkuko bisohoka. . urumuri rwinjira rugaragarira inyuma ya 0 ° kugeza 42 °, hamwe nurumuri rwinshi kuri 42 °. Iyi mfuruka irigenga kubunini bwigitonyanga, ariko biterwa nigipimo cyayo cyangiritse. Amazi yo mu nyanja afite igipimo cyinshi cyo kwanga kurusha amazi y'imvura, bityo radiyo y &quot;umukororombya&quot; muri spray yo mu nyanja ni nto ugereranije n'umukororombya nyawo. Ibi bigaragarira amaso yubusa na misalignme

nt muri iyi miheto.

Impamvu itara ryagarutse cyane kuri 42 ° ni uko iyi ari impinduka - urumuri rukubita impeta yo hanze yigitonyanga rusubizwa munsi ya 42 °, nkuko urumuri rukubita igitonyanga hafi yikigo cyacyo. Hariho uruziga ruzengurutse urumuri rwose rusubizwa hafi ya 42 °. Niba izuba ryarabaye lazeri isohora imirasire ibangikanye, monochromatique, noneho urumuri (umucyo) wumuheto rwerekeza kumurongo utagira ingano kuriyi mpande (wirengagije ingaruka zo kwivanga). . Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, ingano yumucyo iterwa nuburebure bwayo, bityo ibara ryayo. Ingaruka yitwa gutatanya. Itara ry'ubururu (uburebure bwumurongo muto) ryangiritse ku nguni nini kuruta itara ritukura, ariko kubera kwerekana imirasire yumucyo uturutse inyuma yigitonyanga, urumuri rwubururu ruva mumatonyanga kumurongo muto ugana kubyabaye mbere yumucyo wera kuruta itara ritukura. Bitewe niyi mfuruka, ubururu bugaragara imbere muri arc yumukororombya wibanze, naho umutuku hanze. Igisubizo cyibi ntabwo ari ugutanga amabara atandukanye mubice bitandukanye byumukororombya, ahubwo no kugabanya umucyo. (&quot;Umukororombya&quot; wakozwe nigitonyanga cyamazi kitatatanye cyaba cyera, ariko kikaba cyiza kuruta umukororombya usanzwe.)

Umucyo uri inyuma yimvura ntushobora kwigaragaza imbere, kandi urumuri rusohoka ruva inyuma. Nyamara, urumuri rusohoka inyuma yigitonyanga ntirurema umukororombya hagati yindorerezi nizuba kuko spekure isohoka inyuma yimvura idafite imbaraga nyinshi, nkuko izindi umukororombya zigaragara zibikora, bityo amabara akavanga hamwe aho gukora umukororombya.

Umukororombya ntubaho ahantu runaka. Umukororombya mwinshi urahari; icyakora, kimwe gusa gishobora kuboneka ukurikije uko indorerezi ibibona nkibitonyanga byurumuri rumurikirwa nizuba. Ibitonyanga by'imvura byose bigabanya kandi bikagaragaza urumuri rw'izuba muburyo bumwe, ariko urumuri ruturuka kumvura imwe rukumbi rugera kumaso yindorerezi. Uyu mucyo nicyo kigize umukororombya kuri uriya ndorerezi. Sisitemu yose igizwe nimirasire yizuba, umutwe w indorerezi, hamwe nigitonyanga cyamazi (spherical) gifite uburinganire bwa axial buzengurutse umurongo unyuze mumutwe w indorerezi kandi bigereranywa nimirasire yizuba. Umukororombya uragoramye kubera ko imvura yimvura yose ifite inguni iboneye hagati yindorerezi, igitonyanga nizuba, aryamye kuri cone yerekana izuba hamwe nindorerezi hejuru. Intandaro ya cone ikora uruziga ku mfuruka ya 40-42 ° kugera kumurongo uri hagati yumutwe w indorerezi nigicucu cyazo ariko 50% cyangwa irenga yumuzingi uri munsi yizuba, keretse niba indorerezi iri kure cyane yubuso bwisi kugeza kuri reba byose, urugero nko mu ndege (reba hepfo). [22] [23] Ubundi, indorerezi ifite icyerekezo cyiza irashobora kubona uruziga rwuzuye mumasoko cyangwa kumasoko y'amazi.

Imibare ikomoka

Imibare ikomoka Birashoboka kumenya inguni igaragara umukororombya ugabanuka kuburyo bukurikira.

Uhaye imvura igwa, kandi ugasobanura impande zifatika zumukororombya nka 2φ, hamwe nu mfuruka yerekana imbere nka 2β, noneho inguni yerekana imirasire yizuba kubijyanye nubuso bwibitonyanga bisanzwe ni 2β - φ. Kubera ko impande zo kugabanuka ari β, amategeko ya Snell araduha

icyaha (2β - φ) = n icyaha β, aho n = 1.333 nigipimo cyo kugabanya amazi. Gukemura kuri φ, turabona

φ = 2β - arcsin (n icyaha β). Umukororombya uzabera aho inguni φ ari nini cyane ku bijyanye n'inguni β. Kubwibyo, duhereye kubara, dushobora gushiraho dφ / dβ = 0, tugakemura kuri β, itanga umusaruro

{\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}}}} { \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} {\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}} }} &lt;nowiki&gt;{{\ sqrt {3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; n}} \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} Gusimbuza gusubira muburinganire bwambere kuri φ bitanga 2φmax ≈ 42 ° nkinguni ya radiyo yumukororombya.

Ku itara ritukura (uburebure bwa 750nm, n = 1.330 hashingiwe ku gukwirakwiza amazi), inguni ya radiyo ni 42.5 °; ku mucyo w'ubururu (uburebure bwa 350nm, n = 1.343), inguni ya radiyo ni 40,6 °.

Gutandukana Umukororombya kabiri &quot;Umukororombya wikubye kabiri&quot; uyobora hano. Kubindi bikoreshwa, reba Umukororombya Kubiri.

Umukororombya wikubye kabiri hamwe nitsinda rya Alexandre rigaragara hagati yumuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri. Menyako kandi umuheto uvugwa cyane imbere yumuheto wibanze.

Umukororombya wibanze &quot;ni impanga.&quot;

Fizika yumukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri hamwe nitsinda ryijimye rya Alegizandere [26] (Ishusho yizuba ku ishusho ni ibisanzwe gusa; imirasire yose irasa nigitereko cyumukororombya) Umukororombya wa kabiri, ku nguni nini kuruta umukororombya wibanze, ukunze kugaragara. Ijambo umukororombya kabiri rikoreshwa mugihe umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri ugaragara. Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose uble umukororombya, ariko kubera ko umuheto wa kabiri uhora ucogoye kuruta ibanze, birashobora kuba intege nke cyane kubona mubikorwa.

Umukororombya wa kabiri uterwa no kwerekana kabiri urumuri rwizuba imbere yigitonyanga cyamazi. Mubuhanga umuheto wa kabiri wibanze ku zuba ubwaryo, ariko kubera ko ubunini bwaryo burenga 90 ° (hafi 127 ° kuri violet kugeza 130 ° kumutuku), bigaragara kuruhande rumwe rwikirere nkumukororombya wambere, hafi 10 ° hanze yacyo ku nguni igaragara ya 50–53 °. Nkibisubizo bya &quot;imbere&quot; y'umuheto wa kabiri kuba &quot;hejuru&quot; kubarebera, amabara asa naho yahindutse ugereranije n'ay'umuheto wibanze.

Umukororombya wa kabiri uracogora kuruta uwambere kuko urumuri rwinshi ruva mubitekerezo bibiri ugereranije nimwe kandi kubera ko umukororombya ubwawo ukwirakwira ahantu hanini cyane mwijuru. Buri mukororombya ugaragaza urumuri rwera imbere yumurongo wamabara, ariko ibyo &quot;biri hasi&quot; kubanze na &quot;hejuru&quot; kubwa kabiri. Agace kijimye k'ikirere kitarambitse kiri hagati y'umuheto wa mbere n'uwa kabiri cyitwa itsinda rya Alexandre, nyuma ya Alexandre wa Aforodisiya, wabisobanuye bwa mbere.

Umukororombya

Bitandukanye n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugizwe numukororombya utandukanye kandi wibanze cyane, umukororombya udasanzwe cyane wimpanga ugaragara nkumukororombya wibice bibiri bitandukanije numutwe umwe. Amabara mumuheto wa kabiri, aho guhindukira nko mumukororombya wa kabiri, agaragara muburyo bumwe n'umukororombya wibanze. Umukororombya &quot;usanzwe&quot; urashobora kuba uhari. Umukororombya wimpanga urashobora kugaragara nk, ariko ntugomba kwitiranwa nitsinda ryindengakamere. Ibi bintu byombi birashobora kubwirwa gutandukana kubitandukaniro ryabyo muburyo bwamabara: imirongo ndengakamere igizwe na paste yagabanijwe (cyane cyane umutuku, umutuku nicyatsi), mugihe umukororombya wimpanga werekana ibintu bitandukanye nkumukororombya usanzwe. Igitera umukororombya wimpanga bemeza ko ari uguhuza ubunini butandukanye bwibitonyanga byamazi bigwa mwijuru. Bitewe no kurwanya ikirere, ibitonyanga by'imvura biragwa uko biguye, kandi gusibanganya bigaragara cyane mu bitonyanga binini by'amazi. Iyo imvura ebyiri yaguye hamwe nigitonyanga kinini gifite imvura ihuriweho, buri kimwe gitanga umukororombya utandukanye gato ushobora guhuza ugakora umukororombya wimpanga. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mibare yerekana ko umukororombya wimpanga ku ifoto ushobora gusobanurwa nuruvange rwibitonyanga bya mm 0.40 na 0.45. Itandukaniro rito mubunini bwigitonyanga ryatumye habaho itandukaniro rito muburyo bwo gutonyanga imiterere yigitonyanga, kandi itandukaniro rinini muguhuza umukororombya hejuru.

Umukororombya uzenguruka

Hagati aho, ikibazo gike cyane cy'umukororombya ugabanyijemo amashami atatu cyaragaragaye kandi gifotorwa muri kamere.

Umukororombya wuzuye

Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose ni uruziga, ariko uhereye kubutaka, mubisanzwe igice cyacyo cyo hejuru gusa kirashobora kugaragara. Kubera ko umukororombya rwagati urwanya cyane izuba rihagaze mu kirere, uruziga rwinshi ruraboneka mugihe izuba ryegereye izuba, bivuze ko igice kinini cyuruziga ubusanzwe kiboneka ari 50% mugihe izuba rirenze cyangwa izuba rirashe. Kureba umukororombya wo hepfo bisaba ko habaho ibitonyanga byamazi munsi yurwego rwindorerezi, hamwe nizuba ryizuba rishobora kubageraho. Ibi bisabwa ntabwo byujujwe mugihe abareba bari kurwego rwubutaka, haba kuberako ibitonyanga bidahari mumwanya ukenewe, cyangwa kubera ko urumuri rwizuba rubuzwa nubutaka inyuma yindorerezi. Urebye cyane nk'inyubako ndende cyangwa indege, icyakora, ibisabwa birashobora kuba byujujwe kandi umukororombya wuzuye urashobora kuboneka. [33] Kimwe n'umukororombya igice, umukororombya uzenguruka urashobora kugira umuheto wa kabiri cyangwa umuheto ndengakamere. Birashoboka kubyara uruziga rwuzuye iyo ruhagaze hasi, urugero nko gutera igihu cyamazi kiva mumurima wubusitani mugihe ureba kure yizuba.

Umukororombya uzenguruka ntugomba kwitiranwa nicyubahiro, ni gito cyane mumurambararo kandi cyakozwe nuburyo butandukanye bwa optique. Mugihe gikwiye, icyubahiro numukororombya (umuzenguruko) cyangwa umuheto wibicu birashobora kugaragara hamwe. Ikindi kintu cyo mu kirere gishobora kwibeshya ngo &quot;umukororombya uzenguruka&quot; ni halo 22 °, iterwa na kirisiti ya barafu aho kuba ibitonyanga by'amazi, kandi ikaba ikikije izuba (cyangwa ukwezi), ntabwo bihabanye.

Umukororombya ndengakamere

Ifoto nini cyane ifoto yumukororombya hamwe nandi matsinda ndengakamere imbere yumuheto wibanze

Mubihe bimwe, imirongo imwe cyangwa myinshi ifunganye, ibara ryoroshye rishobora kugaragara rihana imbibi zumukororombya; ni ukuvuga, imbere umuheto wibanze cyangwa, gake cyane, hanze ya kabiri. Iyi bande yinyongera yitwa umukororombya ndengakamere cyangwa bande ndengakamere; hamwe n'umukororombya ubwawo phenomenon nayo izwi nkumukororombya wa stacker. Imiheto ndengakamere itandukanijwe gato n'umuheto mukuru, igenda ihindagurika buhoro buhoro hamwe n'intera yayo, kandi ifite amabara ya pastel (agizwe ahanini n'umuhondo, ibara ry'umuyugubwe n'icyatsi kibisi) aho kuba imiterere isanzwe. Ingaruka igaragara iyo ibitonyanga byamazi are uruhare rufite diameter ya mm 1 cyangwa munsi yayo; ntoya ibitonyanga ni bito, nini nini ya bande ndengakamere iba nini, kandi amabara yabo ntiyuzura. Bitewe n'inkomoko yabyo mu bitonyanga bito, imirwi ndengakamere ikunda kugaragara cyane mu gihu.

Umukororombya ndengakamere ntushobora gusobanurwa ukoresheje optique ya geometriki. Guhinduranya imirongo yoroheje iterwa no guhuza imirasire yumucyo ikurikira inzira zitandukanye zitandukanye nuburebure butandukanye hagati yimvura. Imirasire imwe iri murwego, ikomezanya binyuze mubikorwa byubaka, ikora umurongo mwiza; abandi ntibari mucyiciro kugeza kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'uburebure, guhagarika undi binyuze mu kwivanga kwangiza, no guteza icyuho. Urebye impande zitandukanye zo kugabanuka kumirasire yamabara atandukanye, uburyo bwo kwivanga buratandukanye gato kumirasire yamabara atandukanye, kuburyo buri tsinda ryaka ritandukanijwe mumabara, kurema umukororombya muto. Umukororombya ndengakamere urasobanutse mugihe ibitonyanga byimvura ari bito kandi bifite ubunini bumwe. Kuba umukororombya ndengakamere byabayeho mu mateka byerekanaga bwa mbere imiterere yumucyo wumucyo, kandi ibisobanuro byambere byatanzwe na Thomas Young mumwaka wa 1804. [40]

Umukororombya Werekanwe, umukororombya ugaragaza

Umukororombya

Kugaragaza umukororombya (hejuru) n'umukororombya usanzwe (hepfo) izuba rirenze

Iyo umukororombya ugaragara hejuru yumubiri wamazi, imiheto ibiri yuzuzanya irashobora kugaragara munsi no hejuru ya horizon, ikomoka kumihanda itandukanye. Amazina yabo aratandukanye gato.

Umukororombya ugaragara urashobora kugaragara hejuru y'amazi munsi ya horizon. Imirasire y'izuba ibanza guhindurwa nigitonyanga cyimvura, hanyuma ikagaragarira mumubiri wamazi, mbere yo kugera kubarebera. Umukororombya ugaragara ukunze kugaragara, byibuze igice, ndetse no mu byuzi bito.

Umukororombya wigaragaza urashobora kubyara aho urumuri rwizuba rugaragaza umubiri wamazi mbere yo kugera kumvura, niba umubiri wamazi ari munini, ucecetse hejuru yacyo yose, kandi hafi yumwenda wimvura. Umukororombya wigaragaza ugaragara hejuru ya horizon. Ihuza umukororombya usanzwe kuri horizon, kandi arc yayo igera hejuru mukirere, hamwe na centre yayo hejuru hejuru ya horizon nkuko ikigo cyumukororombya gisanzwe kiri munsi yacyo. Imiheto yo gutekerezaho iba isanzwe iyo izuba rike kuko icyo gihe urumuri rwacyo rugaragarira cyane hejuru y’amazi. Nkuko izuba rigenda rigabanuka bisanzwe kandi imiheto yo kugaragarizwa yegerejwe hamwe. Bitewe no guhuza ibisabwa, umukororombya wo kwerekana ntukunze kugaragara.

Imiheto igera ku munani itandukanye irashobora gutandukanywa niba umukororombya wigaragajwe kandi ukagaragaza bibera icyarimwe: Ubusanzwe (butagaragaza) umuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri hejuru ya horizon (1, 2) hamwe na bagenzi babo bagaragara munsi yacyo (3, 4), no kugaragariza umuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri hejuru ya horizon (5, 6) hamwe na bagenzi babo bagaragara munsi yacyo (7, 8). [42] [43]

Umukororombya wa Monochrome

Ingingo nyamukuru: Umukororombya wa Monochrome

Ifoto idahwitse yumukororombya utukura (monochrome)

Rimwe na rimwe, kwiyuhagira bishobora kubaho izuba rirashe cyangwa izuba rirenze, aho uburebure buke bwumuraba nkubururu nicyatsi bwatatanye kandi byanze bikunze bikava mubice. Ibindi bitatanye bishobora kubaho kubera imvura, kandi ibisubizo birashobora kuba monochrome idasanzwe kandi idasanzwe cyangwa umukororombya utukura.

Umukororombya wohejuru

Usibye umukororombya rusange wibanze nuwakabiri, birashoboka kandi umukororombya wurwego rwo hejuru gushiraho. Itondekanya ry'umukororombya ugenwa n'umubare w'urumuri rwerekana imbere mu bitonyanga by'amazi birema: Imitekerereze imwe itanga igisubizo cya mbere cyangwa umukororombya wibanze; ibitekerezo bibiri birema urwego rwa kabiri cyangwa umukororombya wa kabiri. Ibitekerezo byinshi byimbere bitera umuheto wurwego rwo hejuru - mubyukuri bitagira iherezo. Nkuko urumuri rwinshi rwatakaye hamwe na buri kintu cyerekana imbere, icyakora, buri muheto ukurikiraho ugenda uhinduka buhoro buhoro bityo bikagorana kubibona. Iyindi mbogamizi mu kwitegereza umukororombya wa gatatu (cyangwa wa gatatu) nuwa kane (quaternary) umukororombya ni aho uherereye werekeza ku zuba (hafi 40 ° na 45 ° biturutse ku zuba), bigatuma barohama. urumuri rwarwo.

Kubera izo mpamvu, mubisanzwe umukororombya ugaragara kurutonde ruri hejuru ya 2 ntibikunze kugaragara kumaso. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, harabonetse iyerekwa ry'umuheto wo mu cyiciro cya gatatu muri kamere, kandi mu 2011 ryarafotowe ku nshuro ya mbere. [47] Nyuma gato, umukororombya wo mu cyiciro cya kane nawo wafotowe, [49] [50] naho muri 2014 hasohoka amashusho yambere yumukororombya wa gatanu (cyangwa quinary). Umukororombya wa Quinary uryamye mubice hagati yumukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri kandi uracogora cyane kuruta uwakabiri. Mugihe cya laboratoire, birashoboka gukora imiheto yibicuruzwa byinshi. Felix Billet (1808–1882) yerekanaga imyanya y'inguni kugeza umukororombya wo ku murongo wa 19, icyitegererezo yise &quot;roza y'umukororombya&quot;.

2] [53] Kugera kuri 200-umukororombya watanzwe na Ng et al. mu 1998 ukoresheje uburyo busa ariko argon ion laser beam. [55]

Umukororombya wa gatatu na kane ntugomba kwitiranwa n'umukororombya &quot;gatatu&quot; na &quot;kane&quot; - amagambo rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa nabi yerekeza ku - imiheto myinshi - imiheto ndengakamere no kwerekana umukororombya.

Umukororombya munsi y'izuba

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ukwezi

Shira umukororombya ukwezi kugwa kwa Yosemite yo hepfo

Kimwe nibintu byinshi byo mu kirere optique, umukororombya urashobora guterwa numucyo uturuka ku zuba, ariko nanone ukomoka ku Kwezi. Mugihe cyanyuma, umukororombya uvugwa nkumukororombya ukwezi cyangwa ukwezi. Ntibisanzwe kandi ntibisanzwe kurusha umukororombya wizuba, bisaba ko ukwezi kuba hafi-yuzuye kugirango babone. Kubwimpamvu imwe, ukwezi kwakunze gufatwa nkumweru kandi birashobora gutekerezwa nka monochrome. Ikirangantego cyuzuye kirahari, ariko, ariko ijisho ryumuntu ntirisanzwe ryumva bihagije kugirango ribone amabara. Amafoto maremare yerekanwe rimwe na rimwe azerekana ibara muri ubu bwoko bw'umukororombya.

Igicu

Ingingo nyamukuru: Umuheto

Igicu n'icyubahiro.

Ibicu bikora muburyo bumwe nkumukororombya, ariko bigizwe nigicu gito cyane nigitonyanga cyibicu bitandukanya urumuri cyane. Hafi yumweru ifite umutuku ucyeye hanze nubururu imbere; akenshi imirongo imwe cyangwa myinshi yagutse ndengakamere irashobora gutahurwa imbere yimbere. Amabara arijimye kuko umuheto muri buri bara ni mugari cyane kandi amabara aruzuzanya. Ibicu bikunze kugaragara hejuru y'amazi iyo umwuka uhuye namazi akonje akonje, ariko urashobora kuboneka ahantu hose mugihe igihu ari gito kuburyo izuba ryaka kandi izuba rikaba ryaka cyane. Ninini cyane - hafi nini nkumukororombya kandi mugari cyane. Rimwe na rimwe bagaragara bafite icyubahiro hagati y'umuheto.

Imiheto y'ibihu ntigomba kwitiranwa na halos ya ice, ikunze kugaragara kwisi yose kandi igaragara cyane kuruta umukororombya (uko byagenda kose), [58] nyamara ntaho bihuriye numukororombya.

Sleetbow

Urubura rwa Monochrome rwafashwe mu gitondo cya kare ku ya 7 Mutarama 2016 i Valparaiso, muri Leta ya Indiana.

Igituba kimeze nk'umukororombya usanzwe, usibye ko bibaho iyo urumuri runyuze mu rubura rugwa (ice pellets) aho kuba amazi meza. Iyo urumuri runyuze mu rubura, urumuri rwanze bigatuma ibintu bidasanzwe. Izi nyandiko zanditswe muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’igitambaro cya mbere cyanditswe ku mugaragaro kandi gifotorwa kiboneka i Richmond, muri Virijiniya ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2012. [59] Kimwe n'umukororombya usanzwe, ibi birashobora kandi kuza muburyo butandukanye, hamwe nigituba cya monochrome cyanditswe ku ya 7 Mutarama 2016 i Valparaiso, muri Leta ya Indiana.

Kuzenguruka no kuzenguruka arcs

Umuzenguruko arc (hepfo), munsi ya halo yazengurutse

Kuzenguruka arc

Inzira ya circzenithal na circhorizontal nibintu bibiri bifitanye isano na optique isa nkaho isa n'umukororombya, ariko bitandukanye na nyuma, inkomoko yabyo iri mu gucana urumuri binyuze muri kirisiti ya hegitari esheshatu aho gutonyanga amazi. Ibi bivuze ko atari umukororombya, ahubwo ni abagize umuryango mugari wa halos.

Impande zombi ni ibara ryamabara meza yibice byerekeranye na zenith, ariko mumwanya utandukanye mwijuru: arc ya circzenithal arc iragoramye kandi iherereye hejuru yizuba (cyangwa ukwezi) uruhande rwayo rwa convex rwerekeza hepfo (bitera igitekerezo cyo &quot;hejuru&quot; umukororombya &quot;); umuzenguruko arc ikora cyane hafi ya horizon, iragororotse kandi iherereye ku ntera igaragara munsi yizuba (cyangwa Ukwezi). Impande zombi zifite uruhande rutukura rwerekeza ku zuba naho igice cyazo cya violet kikaba kure yacyo, bivuze ko arc ya circzenithal itukura hepfo, naho arc izenguruka itukura hejuru. [60] [61]

Umuzenguruko arc rimwe na rimwe uvugwa nabi &quot;umukororombya wumuriro&quot;. Kugirango tuyirebe, izuba cyangwa ukwezi bigomba kuba byibuze 58 ° hejuru ya horizon, bigatuma biba ibintu bidasanzwe mumwanya muremure. Arc ya circzenithal, igaragara gusa hejuru yizuba cyangwa ukwezi kurwego ruri munsi ya 32 °, iramenyerewe cyane, ariko akenshi irabura kuva iboneka hafi yimbere.

Umukororombya wo hanze

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ikirere kidasanzwe

Byagaragaye ko umukororombya ushobora kubaho ku kwezi kwa Saturne Titan, kuko ifite ubuso butose n'ibicu bitose. Iradiyo y'umukororombya wa Titan yaba hafi 49 ° aho kuba 42 °, kubera ko amazi yo muri ibyo bidukikije akonje ari metani aho kuba amazi. Nubwo umukororombya ugaragara ushobora kuba imbonekarimwe kubera ikirere cya Titan cyijimye, umukororombya wa infragre urashobora kuba rusange, ariko indorerezi yakenera indorerwamo zijoro zitagaragara kugirango zibone.

Umukororombya hamwe nibikoresho bitandukanye

Itondere rya mbere umukororombya uva mumazi (ibumoso) nigisubizo cyisukari (iburyo).

Ibitonyanga (cyangwa imirima) bigizwe nibikoresho bifite ibimenyetso bitandukanye byangiritse kuruta amazi asanzwe bitanga umukororombya ufite impande zitandukanye. Kuva samazi ya alt afite igipimo cyinshi cyo kuvunika, umuheto wo gutera mu nyanja ntushobora guhuza neza n'umukororombya usanzwe, iyo ubonetse ahantu hamwe. Utubuto duto twa plastiki cyangwa ibirahuri birashobora gukoreshwa mukumenyekanisha umuhanda nkumucyo kugirango ubashe kugaragara neza nabashoferi nijoro. Bitewe nigipimo kinini cyo kwangirika, umukororombya ugaragara kuri marble ufite radiyo ntoya bigaragara. Umuntu arashobora kubyara byoroshye ibintu nkibi akanyanyagiza amazi yibice bitandukanye byangirika mukirere, nkuko bigaragara ku ifoto.

&lt;nowiki&gt;Kwimura umukororombya kubera ibimenyetso bitandukanye byangiritse birashobora gusunikwa kumupaka wihariye. Kubikoresho bifite indangantego irenze 2, nta mfuruka yujuje ibisabwa kugirango umukororombya wambere utangire. Kurugero, indangagaciro yo kugabanuka kwa diyama ni hafi 2,4, bityo sisitemu ya diyama yatanga umukororombya guhera kumurongo wa kabiri, usibye urutonde rwa mbere. Muri rusange, nkuko indangagaciro zivunika zirenze umubare n + 1, aho n numubare usanzwe, inguni yibibazo byinshuro n inshuro zerekanwe imbere imbere ihunga domaine {\ kwerekana imiterere [0, {\ frac {\ pi} {2} }]} {\ kwerekana imiterere [0, {\ frac {\ pi} {2}}]}. Ibi bivamo umukororombya wa n-gahunda igabanuka kugera kuri antisolar point ikabura.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Umukororombya muri Tokiyo, 2021

Amateka yubumenyi

Intiti ya kera y’Abagereki Aristote (384–322 mbere ya Yesu) yabanje kwita cyane ku mukororombya. Nk’uko Raymond L. Lee na Alistair B. Fraser babivuze, &quot;N'ubwo hari inenge nyinshi kandi ko yitabaza imibare ya Pythagorean, ibisobanuro byujuje ubuziranenge bwa Aristote byerekanaga ko byavumbuwe kandi bihuzagurika bitagereranywa mu binyejana byinshi. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Aristote, inyigisho nyinshi z'umukororombya zari zigizwe no kubyitwaramo. umurimo we, nubwo ibyo byose atari byo byari binegura. &quot;[66]

Mu gitabo cya I cya Naturales Quaestiones (nko mu mwaka wa 65 nyuma ya Yesu), umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Abaroma Seneca Nyamwasa avuga ku nyigisho zitandukanye zerekeye ishyirwaho ry'umukororombya cyane, harimo n'iya Arisitote. Abona ko umukororombya ugaragara buri gihe utandukanye n'izuba, ko bigaragara mu mazi yatewe n'umukinnyi, mu mazi yacishijwemo amazi yuzuye imyenda irambuye ku nkoni cyangwa n'amazi yatewe mu mwobo muto mu muyoboro waturika. Ndetse avuga umukororombya ukorwa ninkoni nto (virgulae) yikirahure, ategereje ibyabaye kuri Newton hamwe na prism. Yita ku nyigisho ebyiri: imwe, ko umukororombya ukorwa n'izuba ryerekana muri buri gitonyanga cy'amazi, ikindi, ko cyakozwe n'izuba kigaragarira mu gicu kimeze nk'indorerwamo ifatanye; atonesha aba nyuma. Yaganiriye kandi ku bindi bintu bifitanye isano n'umukororombya: &quot;virgae&quot; y'amayobera (inkoni), halos na parhelia. [67]

Ku bwa Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’abarabu akaba na polymath Ibin al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965-1039), yagerageje gutanga ibisobanuro bya siyansi ku bijyanye n’umukororombya. Mu gitabo cye cyitwa Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (Ku mukororombya na Halo), al-Haytham &quot;yasobanuye ishyirwaho ry'umukororombya nk'ishusho, ukora ku ndorerwamo ifatanye. Niba imirasire y'umucyo ituruka ku isoko ya kure yerekana Kuri Ingingo iyo ari yo yose ku murongo w'indorerwamo ihanamye, bakora uruziga rwibanze muri iyo ngingo. Iyo bivugwa ko izuba ari isoko y’umucyo wa kure, ijisho ry'abareba nk'ikintu kiri ku murongo w'indorerwamo n'igicu nk'ubuso bugaragaza, noneho birashobora kugaragara ko uruziga rwibanze ruri kumurongo. &quot; igeragezwa rishoboka. [68] Ibi bisobanuro byagarutsweho na Averroes, [citation yari ikenewe] kandi, nubwo atari byo, byatanze urufatiro rwibisobanuro nyabyo nyuma byatanzwe na Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī mu 1309, kandi, yigenga, na Theodoric wa Freiberg (nko mu 1250 - c. 1311).

Ibihe bya Ibin al-Haytham, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Abaperesi na polimath Ibin Sīnā (Avicenna; 980-1037), yatanze ubundi busobanuro, yandika &quot;ko umuheto utakozwe mu gicu cyijimye ahubwo ko ari mu gihu cyoroshye cyane kiri hagati y’igicu na Izuba. [71]

Mu ndirimbo y’ingoma y’Ubushinwa (960–1279), umuhanga mu bumenyi-bwa polimath witwa Shen Kuo (1031–1095) yabitekereje - nk'uko Sun Sikong (1015-1076) yabimubanjirije - ko umukororombya wakozwe n'ikintu cy'urumuri rw'izuba gihura n'ibitonyanga. y'imvura mu kirere. Paul Dong yanditse ko ibisobanuro Shen yasobanuye umukororombya nkikintu cyo kugabanuka kwikirere &quot;ahanini bihuye nubumenyi bugezweho prabigishwa. &quot;[73]

Ku bwa Nader El-Bizri, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere mu Buperesi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), yatanze ibisobanuro nyabyo ku bijyanye n'umukororombya. Ibi byasobanuwe neza n’umunyeshuri we, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), watanze ibisobanuro bishimishije mu mibare y’umukororombya. &quot;Yasabye icyitegererezo aho imirasire y’umucyo ituruka ku zuba yakuweho kabiri n’igitonyanga cy’amazi, kimwe cyangwa byinshi byagaragaye hagati y’imyuka yombi.&quot; Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku kirahure cyuzuye amazi kandi al-Farisi yerekanaga ko izindi mpinduka zatewe n’ikirahure zishobora kwirengagizwa mu cyitegererezo cye. [68] Optics), al-Farisi yakoresheje icyombo kinini gisobanutse cy'ikirahure mu buryo bw'umuzingi, cyuzuyemo amazi, kugira ngo habeho urugero runini rw'igitonyanga cy'imvura. Yahise ashyira iyi moderi muri kamera obscura ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura urumuri. Yerekanye urumuri kuri uruziga hanyuma amaherezo akuramo ibigeragezo byinshi no kureba mu buryo burambuye ibyerekanwe no kugabanuka k'umucyo ko amabara y'umukororombya ari ibintu byo kubora k'umucyo.

Mu Burayi, [[Igitabo]] cya Optics cya Ibin al-Haytham cyahinduwe mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] kandi cyizwe na Robert Grosseteste. Ibikorwa bye ku mucyo byakomeje na Roger Bacon, wanditse mu gitabo cye cya Opus Majus cyo mu 1268 ku bijyanye n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'umucyo urabagirana muri kristu no ku bitonyanga by'amazi byerekana amabara y'umukororombya. Mubyongeyeho, Bacon niwe wambere wabaze ingano yimfuruka yumukororombya. Yavuze ko umusozi w’umukororombya udashobora kugaragara hejuru ya 42 ° hejuru yizuba. Theodoric ya Freiberg izwiho kuba yaratanze ibisobanuro nyabyo byerekana umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri mumwaka wa 1307. Yasobanuye umukororombya wibanze, avuga ko &quot;iyo urumuri rwizuba ruguye kumatonyanga yubushuhe, imirasire ikuramo ibice bibiri (iyo yinjiye na egress ) hamwe no gutekereza kimwe (inyuma yigitonyanga) mbere yo kwanduza ijisho ryindorerezi. &quot;[76]

Igishushanyo cya René Descartes cyerekana umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri

Descartes '1637, Disikuru kuri Method, yarushijeho gutera imbere ibi bisobanuro. Kubera ko yari azi ko ingano y’imvura idasa nkaho igira ingaruka ku mukororombya wabonetse, yagerageje kunyuza imirasire yumucyo mu kirahure kinini cyuzuye amazi. Mu gupima inguni imirasire yagaragaye, yashoje avuga ko umuheto wibanze watewe no gutekereza imbere imbere imbere yimvura kandi ko umuheto wa kabiri ushobora guterwa no gutekereza imbere. Yashyigikiye uyu mwanzuro akomoka ku itegeko ryo kuvunika (nyuma, ariko atisunze, Snell) kandi abara neza impande zombi. Ibisobanuro bye ku mabara, ariko, yari ashingiye ku buryo bwa tekinike y’imyumvire gakondo ivuga ko amabara yakozwe no guhindura urumuri rwera. [78] [79]

Isaac Newton yerekanye ko urumuri rwera rugizwe nurumuri rwamabara yose yumukororombya, prism yikirahure yashoboraga gutandukana mubice byose byamabara, yanga igitekerezo cyuko amabara yakozwe no guhindura urumuri rwera. Yagaragaje kandi ko itara ritukura ryangiritse munsi y’urumuri rwubururu, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ibisobanuro bya mbere bya siyansi ku bintu nyamukuru biranga umukororombya. Igitekerezo cy’umucyo cya Newton nticyashoboye gusobanura umukororombya ndengakamere, kandi ibisobanuro bishimishije ntibyabonetse kugeza igihe Thomas Young yamenyeye ko umucyo witwara nkumuhengeri mubihe bimwe na bimwe, kandi ushobora kwivanga.

Igikorwa cya Young cyatunganijwe mu myaka ya za 1820 na George Biddell Airy, wasobanuye ko imbaraga z’amabara y’umukororombya zishingiye ku bunini bw’ibitonyanga by’amazi. Ibisobanuro bya kijyambere byerekana umukororombya bishingiye ku gutatanya kwa Mie, igitabo cyanditswe na Gustav Mie mu 1908. [82] Iterambere muburyo bwo kubara hamwe na optique ya optique ikomeje kuganisha ku gusobanukirwa neza umukororombya. Kurugero, Nussenzveig atanga incamake igezweho.

Ubushakashatsi

Ikigeragezo cyo hasi cya flask umukororombya werekana - Johnson 1882

Ubushakashatsi kuri phenomenon yumukororombya ukoresheje imvura yimvura, ni ukuvuga flasque yuzuye amazi, isubira byibuze kuri Theodoric ya Freiberg mukinyejana cya 14. Nyuma, na Descartes yize kuri phenomenon akoresheje flask ya Florence. Ubushakashatsi bwa flask buzwi ku izina ry'umukororombya wa Florence buracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe nk'igeragezwa ryerekana kandi ryoroshye kandi ryerekana uburyo bwo kwerekana umukororombya. [84] [85] [86] Igizwe no kumurika (hamwe n’urumuri rwera rubangikanye) flask yuzuye amazi yuzuye umwobo muri ecran. Umukororombya uza kugaragara inyuma / uteganijwe kuri ecran, mugihe ecran ari nini bihagije. Bitewe nuburebure bwurukuta rugarukira hamwe na macroscopique iranga imvura yimvura, sitandukaniro rya ubtle rirahari ugereranije nibintu bisanzwe, [87] [88] harimo umukororombya wahinduwe gato no kugabana umukororombya.

Ubushakashatsi busa cyane bugizwe no gukoresha icyombo cya silindrike cyuzuye amazi cyangwa silinderi ikomeye ibonerana kandi ikamurikirwa haba ibangikanye nuruziga (nukuvuga imirasire yumucyo isigara murwego rurerure mugihe banyuze kuri silinderi) [89] [90] cyangwa munsi Inguni Kuri Shingiro. Muri ibi bihe byanyuma, umukororombya uhinduka ugereranije nibintu bisanzwe kuva igipimo cyiza cyo kugabanya ihinduka ryamazi (indangagaciro ya Bravais yo kugabanuka kumirasire ihindagurika ikoreshwa). [87] [88]

Ubundi bushakashatsi bukoresha ibitonyanga bito bito, [53] [54] reba inyandiko hejuru.

Umuco n'imigani

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Umukororombya mu muco n'umukororombya mu migani

Reba kandi: Ibendera ry'umukororombya (LGBT)

Kwerekana umukororombya mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro

Umukororombya uboneka kenshi mumigani, kandi wakoreshejwe mubuhanzi. Igitabo cya mbere kibaye umukororombya kiri mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro igice cya 9, mu rwego rw'inkuru y'umwuzure ya Nowa, aho ari ikimenyetso cy'isezerano ry'Imana ryo kutazongera kurimbura ubuzima bwose ku isi hamwe n'umwuzure ku isi. Mu migani ya Norse, ikiraro cy'umukororombya Bifröst gihuza isi y'abantu (Midgard) n'ubwami bw'imana (Asgard). Cuchavira yari imana y'umukororombya kuri Muisca muri Kolombiya y'ubu kandi igihe imvura yagwaga kuri savanna ya Bogotá yarangiye, abantu bamushimiye ko yatanze zahabu, udusimba na zeru. Bumwe mu buryo bw'Ababuda bo muri Tibet cyangwa Dzogchen bivuga umukororombya. Ubusanzwe leprechaun yo muri Irilande yihishe inkono ye ya zahabu mubisanzwe bivugwa ko ari ku musozo wumukororombya. Aha hantu ntibishoboka kuhagera, kuko umukororombya ningaruka nziza idashobora kwegerwa. Mu migani y'Abagereki, ikigirwamana Iris ni ishusho y'umukororombya, imana y'intumwa, kimwe n'umukororombya, uhuza isi ipfa n'imana binyuze mu butumwa.

Umukororombya ugaragara mubutumwa bwiza - mubutumwa bwiza umukororombya ukwiye ugizwe n'imirongo 4 y'amabara (Cyangwa, Gules, Vert, Arijantine) impera ihagaze ku bicu. Ingero rusange mu ikoti ry'intwaro zirimo iy'imijyi ya Regen na Pfreimd, haba muri Bavariya, mu Budage; ya Bouffémont, mu Bufaransa; no mu mutwe wa 69 w'ingabo (New York) w'ingabo z’Amerika zirinda igihugu.

Ibendera ry'umukororombya ryakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi. Cyari ikimenyetso cy’umutwe wa Koperative mu ntambara y’abahinzi b’Abadage mu kinyejana cya 16, amahoro mu Butaliyani, n’ubwibone bw’abahuje ibitsina ndetse n’imibereho ya LGBT kuva mu myaka ya za 70. Mu 1994, Arkiyepiskopi Desmond Tutu na Perezida Nelson Mandela bavuze ko Afurika y'Epfo ishingiye kuri demokarasi nyuma ya apartheid ari igihugu cy'umukororombya. Umukororombya wakoreshejwe kandi mubirango byibicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga, harimo ikirango cya mudasobwa ya Apple. Ihuriro ryinshi rya politiki rishingiye ku mashyaka menshi ya politiki biyise &quot;Ihuriro ry'umukororombya&quot;.

Kwerekana umukororombya byafashwe nka kirazira mu mico myinshi.

Muri Arabiya Sawudite (no mu bindi bihugu bimwe na bimwe), abayobozi bafashe imyenda y'abana b'umukororombya n'ibikinisho (nk'ingofero, imisatsi, n'amakaramu, ntabwo ari amabendera gusa)

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'''&lt;u&gt;Umukororombya&lt;/u&gt;''' 

ni meteorologiya na optique iterwa no kurebesha amaso, kuzanwa no gukwirakwiza urumuri mubitonyanga byamazi bigatuma urumuri rugaragara mwijuru. Ifata ishusho yumuzingi wamabara menshi. Umukororombya uterwa nurumuri rwizuba burigihe ugaragara mugice cyikirere giteganye nizuba.

Umukororombya urashobora kuba uruziga rwuzuye. Nyamara, indorerezi mubisanzwe ibona arc yakozwe gusa nigitonyanga kimurika hejuru yubutaka, [1] kandi gishingiye kumurongo uva izuba ugana ijisho ryindorerezi.

Umukororombya wibanze, arc yerekana umutuku kuruhande rwinyuma na violet kuruhande rwimbere. Uyu mukororombya uterwa numucyo wangiritse mugihe winjiye mumazi yigitonyanga cyamazi, hanyuma ukagaragarira imbere inyuma yigitonyanga hanyuma ukongera ukagabanuka iyo uvuye.

Mu mukororombya wikubye kabiri, arc ya kabiri igaragara hanze ya arc yibanze, kandi ifite gahunda yamabara yayo ihinduka, hamwe numutuku kuruhande rwimbere rwimbere. Ibi biterwa numucyo ugaragara kabiri imbere yigitonyanga mbere yo kuhava.
[[Dosiye:Atlantic And Rain Bow - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Umukororombya mugicu]]
Incamake

Ishusho yimpera yumukororombya muri parike yigihugu ya Jasper

Umukororombya ntabwo uri ahantu runaka kure yindorerezi, ariko uturuka kumurongo wibitekerezo uterwa nigitonyanga cyamazi cyarebaga kuruhande runaka ugereranije nisoko yumucyo. Rero, umukororombya ntabwo ari ikintu kandi ntushobora kwegerwa kumubiri. Mubyukuri, ntibishoboka ko indorerezi ibona umukororombya uva kumatonyanga yamazi kuruhande urwo arirwo rwose usibye ibisanzwe bya dogere 42 uvuye mucyerekezo giturutse kumucyo. Nubwo indorerezi ibona undi indorerezi isa &quot;munsi&quot; cyangwa &quot;iherezo ry&quot; umukororombya, indorerezi ya kabiri izabona umukororombya utandukanye - kure cyane - ku mpande imwe nkuko wabibonye bwa mbere.

Umukororombya uzenguruka urutonde rwamabara. Imirongo iyo ari yo yose itandukanye igaragara ni igihangano cyerekana amabara yumuntu, kandi nta guhuza ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bigaragara ku ifoto yumukara-n-umweru wumukororombya, gusa urwego rworoheje rwimbaraga kugeza kurwego rwo hejuru, hanyuma rugenda rwerekeza kurundi ruhande. Ku mabara agaragara nijisho ryumuntu, urutonde rukunze kuvugwa kandi rwibukwa ni Isaac Newton inshuro zirindwi zitukura, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu, indigo na violet, [2] [a] yibukwa na mnemonike Richard Of York Yatanze Intambara Mubusa, cyangwa nk'izina ry'umuntu w'impimbano (Roy G. Biv). Itangiriro rimwe na rimwe ryerekanwa muburyo butandukanye, nka VIBGYOR. Ibigezweho, umukororombya ukunze kugabanywamo umutuku, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, cyan, ubururu na violet [citation ikenewe].

Umukororombya urashobora guterwa nuburyo bwinshi bwamazi yo mu kirere. Harimo imvura gusa, ariko kandi harimo ibicu, gutera, n'ikime cyo mu kirere.
[[Dosiye:The Rain The Bow.jpg|thumb|Ishusho y'amabara y'umukororombya]]
Kugaragara

Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yisumo (bita spray umuheto)

Igicucu hejuru ya Rannoch Moor muri Scotland

Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yakozwe numuraba

Umukororombya urashobora kugaragara igihe cyose hari ibitonyanga byamazi mumuyaga nizuba ryaka biva inyuma yindorerezi kumurongo muto. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umukororombya ukunze kugaragara mwijuru ryiburengerazuba mugitondo no mwijuru ryiburasirazuba nimugoroba. Umukororombya utangaje cyane ubaho mugihe igice cyikirere cyaba cyijimye hamwe nigicu cyimvura kandi indorerezi iri ahantu hamwe nikirere cyera cyerekezo cyizuba. Igisubizo ni umukororombya urumuri utandukanye ninyuma yijimye. Mugihe nkiki cyiza cyo kugaragara, umukororombya munini ariko ucogora ukunze kugaragara. Bigaragara nka 10 ° hanze yumukororombya wibanze, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwamabara.

Iruka rya Castle Geyser, Parike ya Yellowstone, hamwe n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugaragara mu gihu

Ingaruka y'umukororombya nayo igaragara cyane hafi yisumo cyangwa amasoko. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka zirashobora gukorwa muburyo bwogukwirakwiza ibitonyanga byamazi mukirere kumunsi wizuba. Ni gake, umukororombya w'ukwezi, umukororombya w'ukwezi cyangwa umukororombya wa nijoro, urashobora kuboneka nijoro rikomeye. Nkuko imyumvire yumuntu yumuntu ibara ikennye mumucyo muke, ukwezi kurabona ko ari umweru.

Biragoye gufotora igice cyuzuye cyumukororombya mumurongo umwe, kuko ibi bisaba inguni yo kureba 84 °. Kuri kamera ya mm 35, hasabwa lens nini yagutse ifite uburebure bwa mm 19 cyangwa munsi yayo. Noneho iyo software yo kudoda amashusho menshi muri panorama irahari, amashusho ya arc yose ndetse niyo arc ya kabiri irashobora gushirwaho byoroshye biturutse kumurongo wikurikiranya.

Uhereye hejuru yisi nko mu ndege, rimwe na rimwe birashoboka kubona umukororombya nkuruziga rwuzuye. Iki kintu gishobora kwitiranwa nicyubahiro, ariko icyubahiro mubisanzwe ni gito cyane, gipfukirana 5-20 ° gusa.

Ikirere imbere mu mukororombya wibanze kirabagirana kuruta ikirere hanze yumuheto. Ibi ni ukubera ko imvura igwa ni umuzingi kandi ikwirakwiza urumuri hejuru ya disikuru izenguruka mu kirere. Iradiyo ya disiki iterwa nuburebure bwumucyo, hamwe numucyo utukura ukwirakwizwa kuruhande runini kuruta urumuri rwubururu. Hafi ya disiki hafi ya yose, urumuri rutatanye ku burebure bwose bwuzuzanya, bikavamo urumuri rwera wIkirere kimurika ikirere. Ku nkombe, uburebure bw'umuraba bwo gutatana butera umukororombya.

Umucyo wumukororombya wibanze arc ni 96% polarized tangential kuri arc. Umucyo wa arc ya kabiri ni 90% polarize.

Umubare wamabara murwego cyangwa umukororombya

Reba kandi: Ibara rya Spectral

Ikirangantego cyabonetse ukoresheje ikirahuri cya prism hamwe nisoko yinkomoko ni ugukomeza uburebure bwumuraba udafite imirongo. Umubare wamabara ijisho ryumuntu rishobora gutandukanya murwego rukurikirana 100. [7] Kubwibyo, sisitemu yamabara ya Munsell (sisitemu yo mu kinyejana cya 20 yo gusobanura imibare, ishingiye ku ntambwe zingana zo kubona abantu) itandukanya amabara 100. Ubushishozi bugaragara bwamabara yingenzi ni igihangano cyimyumvire yumuntu kandi umubare nyawo wamabara yingenzi ni uguhitamo uko bishakiye.

Newton, wemeye ko amaso ye atigeze anenga cyane gutandukanya amabara, [8] mu ntangiriro (1672) yagabanije ibice mu mabara atanu y'ingenzi: umutuku, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu na violet. Nyuma yaje gushyiramo orange na indigo, atanga amabara arindwi yingenzi mugereranya numubare wanditse mubipimo byumuziki. [2] [b] ya sofiste ya kera yubugereki, batekerezaga ko hari isano hagati yamabara, injyana yumuziki, ibintu bizwi muri Solar System, niminsi yicyumweru. [10] [11] [12] Intiti zavuze ko icyo Newton yabonaga icyo gihe ari &quot;ubururu&quot; muri iki gihe cyafatwa nka cyan, kandi icyo Newton yise &quot;indigo&quot; muri iki gihe cyafatwa nk'ubururu. [3] [13] [14]

Umukororombya (hagati: nyayo, hepfo: ubarwa) ugereranije nukuri (hejuru): amabara adahagije hamwe numwirondoro wamabara atandukanye

Amabara ya mbere ya Newton Umutuku Umuhondo Icyatsi Icyatsi

Amabara ya Newton nyuma Umutuku Orange Umuhondo Icyatsi Icyatsi Indigo Violet

Amabara agezweho Umutuku Orange Umuhondo Icyatsi Cyan Ubururu

Ibara ryumukororombya uratandukanye nurwego, kandi amabara ntiyuzuye. Hariho gusiga ibintu mu mukororombya bitewe nuko ku burebure ubwo aribwo bwose, habaho gukwirakwiza inguni zisohoka, aho kuba inguni imwe itandukanye. Byongeye kandi, umukororombya ni verisiyo idasobanutse yumuheto wabonetse ahantu, kuko diameter ya disiki yizuba (0.5 °) ntishobora kwirengagizwa ugereranije nubugari bwumukororombya (2 °). Ibindi bitukura byumukororombya wambere wongeyeho hejuru ya violet yumukororombya wibanze, aho kugirango ibara ryanyuma rihindurwe na violet ya spekitale, mubyukuri ni umutuku. Umubare wibara ryumukororombya urashobora rero gutandukana numubare wimigozi murwego, cyane cyane niba ibitonyanga ari binini cyangwa bito. Kubwibyo, umubare wamabara yumukororombya urahinduka. Niba, ariko, ijambo umukororombya ukoreshwa muburyo budasobanutse kugirango usobanure, ni umubare wamabara nyamukuru murwego.

Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abantu bose babona amabara arindwi mu mukororombya bifitanye isano nigitekerezo cyo guhuza indimi. Hatanzwe igitekerezo kivuga ko hariho abantu bose muburyo umukororombya ubona. [16] Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko umubare wamabara atandukanye yagaragaye nicyo bita biterwa nururimi umuntu akoresha, hamwe nabantu bafite ururimi rufite amagambo make y'amabara babona amabara atandukanye atandukanye.

Ibisobanuro

Imirasire yumucyo yinjira mumvura iturutse mucyerekezo kimwe (mubisanzwe umurongo ugororotse uturutse ku zuba), ukagaragaza inyuma yimvura, hanyuma ugahita usohoka mugihe cyimvura. Umucyo usize umukororombya ukwirakwijwe ku nguni nini, hamwe n'uburemere ntarengwa ku mfuruka 40.89–42 °. .

Itara ryera ritandukanya amabara atandukanye iyo yinjiye mu mvura kubera gutatana, bigatuma itara ritukura rihinduka munsi yumucyo wubururu.

Iyo urumuri rwizuba ruhuye nigitonyanga cyimvura, igice cyumucyo kigaragarira naho ibindi bikinjira mumvura. Umucyo wangiritse hejuru yimvura. Iyo urumuri rukubise inyuma yimvura, bimwe muribi bigaragarira inyuma. Iyo urumuri rwerekanwe imbere rugera hejuru yubuso, rimwe narimwe bimwe bigaragarira imbere kandi bimwe bikanga nkuko bisohoka. . urumuri rwinjira rugaragarira inyuma ya 0 ° kugeza 42 °, hamwe nurumuri rwinshi kuri 42 °. Iyi mfuruka irigenga kubunini bwigitonyanga, ariko biterwa nigipimo cyayo cyangiritse. Amazi yo mu nyanja afite igipimo cyinshi cyo kwanga kurusha amazi y'imvura, bityo radiyo y &quot;umukororombya&quot; muri spray yo mu nyanja ni nto ugereranije n'umukororombya nyawo. Ibi bigaragarira amaso yubusa na misalignme

nt muri iyi miheto.

Impamvu itara ryagarutse cyane kuri 42 ° ni uko iyi ari impinduka - urumuri rukubita impeta yo hanze yigitonyanga rusubizwa munsi ya 42 °, nkuko urumuri rukubita igitonyanga hafi yikigo cyacyo. Hariho uruziga ruzengurutse urumuri rwose rusubizwa hafi ya 42 °. Niba izuba ryarabaye lazeri isohora imirasire ibangikanye, monochromatique, noneho urumuri (umucyo) wumuheto rwerekeza kumurongo utagira ingano kuriyi mpande (wirengagije ingaruka zo kwivanga). . Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, ingano yumucyo iterwa nuburebure bwayo, bityo ibara ryayo. Ingaruka yitwa gutatanya. Itara ry'ubururu (uburebure bwumurongo muto) ryangiritse ku nguni nini kuruta itara ritukura, ariko kubera kwerekana imirasire yumucyo uturutse inyuma yigitonyanga, urumuri rwubururu ruva mumatonyanga kumurongo muto ugana kubyabaye mbere yumucyo wera kuruta itara ritukura. Bitewe niyi mfuruka, ubururu bugaragara imbere muri arc yumukororombya wibanze, naho umutuku hanze. Igisubizo cyibi ntabwo ari ugutanga amabara atandukanye mubice bitandukanye byumukororombya, ahubwo no kugabanya umucyo. (&quot;Umukororombya&quot; wakozwe nigitonyanga cyamazi kitatatanye cyaba cyera, ariko kikaba cyiza kuruta umukororombya usanzwe.)

Umucyo uri inyuma yimvura ntushobora kwigaragaza imbere, kandi urumuri rusohoka ruva inyuma. Nyamara, urumuri rusohoka inyuma yigitonyanga ntirurema umukororombya hagati yindorerezi nizuba kuko spekure isohoka inyuma yimvura idafite imbaraga nyinshi, nkuko izindi umukororombya zigaragara zibikora, bityo amabara akavanga hamwe aho gukora umukororombya.

Umukororombya ntubaho ahantu runaka. Umukororombya mwinshi urahari; icyakora, kimwe gusa gishobora kuboneka ukurikije uko indorerezi ibibona nkibitonyanga byurumuri rumurikirwa nizuba. Ibitonyanga by'imvura byose bigabanya kandi bikagaragaza urumuri rw'izuba muburyo bumwe, ariko urumuri ruturuka kumvura imwe rukumbi rugera kumaso yindorerezi. Uyu mucyo nicyo kigize umukororombya kuri uriya ndorerezi. Sisitemu yose igizwe nimirasire yizuba, umutwe w indorerezi, hamwe nigitonyanga cyamazi (spherical) gifite uburinganire bwa axial buzengurutse umurongo unyuze mumutwe w indorerezi kandi bigereranywa nimirasire yizuba. Umukororombya uragoramye kubera ko imvura yimvura yose ifite inguni iboneye hagati yindorerezi, igitonyanga nizuba, aryamye kuri cone yerekana izuba hamwe nindorerezi hejuru. Intandaro ya cone ikora uruziga ku mfuruka ya 40-42 ° kugera kumurongo uri hagati yumutwe w indorerezi nigicucu cyazo ariko 50% cyangwa irenga yumuzingi uri munsi yizuba, keretse niba indorerezi iri kure cyane yubuso bwisi kugeza kuri reba byose, urugero nko mu ndege (reba hepfo). [22] [23] Ubundi, indorerezi ifite icyerekezo cyiza irashobora kubona uruziga rwuzuye mumasoko cyangwa kumasoko y'amazi.

Imibare ikomoka

Imibare ikomoka Birashoboka kumenya inguni igaragara umukororombya ugabanuka kuburyo bukurikira.

Uhaye imvura igwa, kandi ugasobanura impande zifatika zumukororombya nka 2φ, hamwe nu mfuruka yerekana imbere nka 2β, noneho inguni yerekana imirasire yizuba kubijyanye nubuso bwibitonyanga bisanzwe ni 2β - φ. Kubera ko impande zo kugabanuka ari β, amategeko ya Snell araduha

icyaha (2β - φ) = n icyaha β, aho n = 1.333 nigipimo cyo kugabanya amazi. Gukemura kuri φ, turabona

φ = 2β - arcsin (n icyaha β). Umukororombya uzabera aho inguni φ ari nini cyane ku bijyanye n'inguni β. Kubwibyo, duhereye kubara, dushobora gushiraho dφ / dβ = 0, tugakemura kuri β, itanga umusaruro

{\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}}}} { \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} {\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}} }} &lt;nowiki&gt;{{\ sqrt {3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; n}} \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} Gusimbuza gusubira muburinganire bwambere kuri φ bitanga 2φmax ≈ 42 ° nkinguni ya radiyo yumukororombya.

Ku itara ritukura (uburebure bwa 750nm, n = 1.330 hashingiwe ku gukwirakwiza amazi), inguni ya radiyo ni 42.5 °; ku mucyo w'ubururu (uburebure bwa 350nm, n = 1.343), inguni ya radiyo ni 40,6 °.

Gutandukana Umukororombya kabiri &quot;Umukororombya wikubye kabiri&quot; uyobora hano. Kubindi bikoreshwa, reba Umukororombya Kubiri.

Umukororombya wikubye kabiri hamwe nitsinda rya Alexandre rigaragara hagati yumuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri. Menyako kandi umuheto uvugwa cyane imbere yumuheto wibanze.

Umukororombya wibanze &quot;ni impanga.&quot;

Fizika yumukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri hamwe nitsinda ryijimye rya Alegizandere [26] (Ishusho yizuba ku ishusho ni ibisanzwe gusa; imirasire yose irasa nigitereko cyumukororombya) Umukororombya wa kabiri, ku nguni nini kuruta umukororombya wibanze, ukunze kugaragara. Ijambo umukororombya kabiri rikoreshwa mugihe umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri ugaragara. Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose uble umukororombya, ariko kubera ko umuheto wa kabiri uhora ucogoye kuruta ibanze, birashobora kuba intege nke cyane kubona mubikorwa.

Umukororombya wa kabiri uterwa no kwerekana kabiri urumuri rwizuba imbere yigitonyanga cyamazi. Mubuhanga umuheto wa kabiri wibanze ku zuba ubwaryo, ariko kubera ko ubunini bwaryo burenga 90 ° (hafi 127 ° kuri violet kugeza 130 ° kumutuku), bigaragara kuruhande rumwe rwikirere nkumukororombya wambere, hafi 10 ° hanze yacyo ku nguni igaragara ya 50–53 °. Nkibisubizo bya &quot;imbere&quot; y'umuheto wa kabiri kuba &quot;hejuru&quot; kubarebera, amabara asa naho yahindutse ugereranije n'ay'umuheto wibanze.

Umukororombya wa kabiri uracogora kuruta uwambere kuko urumuri rwinshi ruva mubitekerezo bibiri ugereranije nimwe kandi kubera ko umukororombya ubwawo ukwirakwira ahantu hanini cyane mwijuru. Buri mukororombya ugaragaza urumuri rwera imbere yumurongo wamabara, ariko ibyo &quot;biri hasi&quot; kubanze na &quot;hejuru&quot; kubwa kabiri. Agace kijimye k'ikirere kitarambitse kiri hagati y'umuheto wa mbere n'uwa kabiri cyitwa itsinda rya Alexandre, nyuma ya Alexandre wa Aforodisiya, wabisobanuye bwa mbere.

Umukororombya

Bitandukanye n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugizwe numukororombya utandukanye kandi wibanze cyane, umukororombya udasanzwe cyane wimpanga ugaragara nkumukororombya wibice bibiri bitandukanije numutwe umwe. Amabara mumuheto wa kabiri, aho guhindukira nko mumukororombya wa kabiri, agaragara muburyo bumwe n'umukororombya wibanze. Umukororombya &quot;usanzwe&quot; urashobora kuba uhari. Umukororombya wimpanga urashobora kugaragara nk, ariko ntugomba kwitiranwa nitsinda ryindengakamere. Ibi bintu byombi birashobora kubwirwa gutandukana kubitandukaniro ryabyo muburyo bwamabara: imirongo ndengakamere igizwe na paste yagabanijwe (cyane cyane umutuku, umutuku nicyatsi), mugihe umukororombya wimpanga werekana ibintu bitandukanye nkumukororombya usanzwe. Igitera umukororombya wimpanga bemeza ko ari uguhuza ubunini butandukanye bwibitonyanga byamazi bigwa mwijuru. Bitewe no kurwanya ikirere, ibitonyanga by'imvura biragwa uko biguye, kandi gusibanganya bigaragara cyane mu bitonyanga binini by'amazi. Iyo imvura ebyiri yaguye hamwe nigitonyanga kinini gifite imvura ihuriweho, buri kimwe gitanga umukororombya utandukanye gato ushobora guhuza ugakora umukororombya wimpanga. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mibare yerekana ko umukororombya wimpanga ku ifoto ushobora gusobanurwa nuruvange rwibitonyanga bya mm 0.40 na 0.45. Itandukaniro rito mubunini bwigitonyanga ryatumye habaho itandukaniro rito muburyo bwo gutonyanga imiterere yigitonyanga, kandi itandukaniro rinini muguhuza umukororombya hejuru.

Umukororombya uzenguruka

Hagati aho, ikibazo gike cyane cy'umukororombya ugabanyijemo amashami atatu cyaragaragaye kandi gifotorwa muri kamere.

Umukororombya wuzuye

Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose ni uruziga, ariko uhereye kubutaka, mubisanzwe igice cyacyo cyo hejuru gusa kirashobora kugaragara. Kubera ko umukororombya rwagati urwanya cyane izuba rihagaze mu kirere, uruziga rwinshi ruraboneka mugihe izuba ryegereye izuba, bivuze ko igice kinini cyuruziga ubusanzwe kiboneka ari 50% mugihe izuba rirenze cyangwa izuba rirashe. Kureba umukororombya wo hepfo bisaba ko habaho ibitonyanga byamazi munsi yurwego rwindorerezi, hamwe nizuba ryizuba rishobora kubageraho. Ibi bisabwa ntabwo byujujwe mugihe abareba bari kurwego rwubutaka, haba kuberako ibitonyanga bidahari mumwanya ukenewe, cyangwa kubera ko urumuri rwizuba rubuzwa nubutaka inyuma yindorerezi. Urebye cyane nk'inyubako ndende cyangwa indege, icyakora, ibisabwa birashobora kuba byujujwe kandi umukororombya wuzuye urashobora kuboneka. [33] Kimwe n'umukororombya igice, umukororombya uzenguruka urashobora kugira umuheto wa kabiri cyangwa umuheto ndengakamere. Birashoboka kubyara uruziga rwuzuye iyo ruhagaze hasi, urugero nko gutera igihu cyamazi kiva mumurima wubusitani mugihe ureba kure yizuba.

Umukororombya uzenguruka ntugomba kwitiranwa nicyubahiro, ni gito cyane mumurambararo kandi cyakozwe nuburyo butandukanye bwa optique. Mugihe gikwiye, icyubahiro numukororombya (umuzenguruko) cyangwa umuheto wibicu birashobora kugaragara hamwe. Ikindi kintu cyo mu kirere gishobora kwibeshya ngo &quot;umukororombya uzenguruka&quot; ni halo 22 °, iterwa na kirisiti ya barafu aho kuba ibitonyanga by'amazi, kandi ikaba ikikije izuba (cyangwa ukwezi), ntabwo bihabanye.

Umukororombya ndengakamere

Ifoto nini cyane ifoto yumukororombya hamwe nandi matsinda ndengakamere imbere yumuheto wibanze

Mubihe bimwe, imirongo imwe cyangwa myinshi ifunganye, ibara ryoroshye rishobora kugaragara rihana imbibi zumukororombya; ni ukuvuga, imbere umuheto wibanze cyangwa, gake cyane, hanze ya kabiri. Iyi bande yinyongera yitwa umukororombya ndengakamere cyangwa bande ndengakamere; hamwe n'umukororombya ubwawo phenomenon nayo izwi nkumukororombya wa stacker. Imiheto ndengakamere itandukanijwe gato n'umuheto mukuru, igenda ihindagurika buhoro buhoro hamwe n'intera yayo, kandi ifite amabara ya pastel (agizwe ahanini n'umuhondo, ibara ry'umuyugubwe n'icyatsi kibisi) aho kuba imiterere isanzwe. Ingaruka igaragara iyo ibitonyanga byamazi are uruhare rufite diameter ya mm 1 cyangwa munsi yayo; ntoya ibitonyanga ni bito, nini nini ya bande ndengakamere iba nini, kandi amabara yabo ntiyuzura. Bitewe n'inkomoko yabyo mu bitonyanga bito, imirwi ndengakamere ikunda kugaragara cyane mu gihu.

Umukororombya ndengakamere ntushobora gusobanurwa ukoresheje optique ya geometriki. Guhinduranya imirongo yoroheje iterwa no guhuza imirasire yumucyo ikurikira inzira zitandukanye zitandukanye nuburebure butandukanye hagati yimvura. Imirasire imwe iri murwego, ikomezanya binyuze mubikorwa byubaka, ikora umurongo mwiza; abandi ntibari mucyiciro kugeza kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'uburebure, guhagarika undi binyuze mu kwivanga kwangiza, no guteza icyuho. Urebye impande zitandukanye zo kugabanuka kumirasire yamabara atandukanye, uburyo bwo kwivanga buratandukanye gato kumirasire yamabara atandukanye, kuburyo buri tsinda ryaka ritandukanijwe mumabara, kurema umukororombya muto. Umukororombya ndengakamere urasobanutse mugihe ibitonyanga byimvura ari bito kandi bifite ubunini bumwe. Kuba umukororombya ndengakamere byabayeho mu mateka byerekanaga bwa mbere imiterere yumucyo wumucyo, kandi ibisobanuro byambere byatanzwe na Thomas Young mumwaka wa 1804. [40]

Umukororombya Werekanwe, umukororombya ugaragaza

Umukororombya

Kugaragaza umukororombya (hejuru) n'umukororombya usanzwe (hepfo) izuba rirenze

Iyo umukororombya ugaragara hejuru yumubiri wamazi, imiheto ibiri yuzuzanya irashobora kugaragara munsi no hejuru ya horizon, ikomoka kumihanda itandukanye. Amazina yabo aratandukanye gato.

Umukororombya ugaragara urashobora kugaragara hejuru y'amazi munsi ya horizon. Imirasire y'izuba ibanza guhindurwa nigitonyanga cyimvura, hanyuma ikagaragarira mumubiri wamazi, mbere yo kugera kubarebera. Umukororombya ugaragara ukunze kugaragara, byibuze igice, ndetse no mu byuzi bito.

Umukororombya wigaragaza urashobora kubyara aho urumuri rwizuba rugaragaza umubiri wamazi mbere yo kugera kumvura, niba umubiri wamazi ari munini, ucecetse hejuru yacyo yose, kandi hafi yumwenda wimvura. Umukororombya wigaragaza ugaragara hejuru ya horizon. Ihuza umukororombya usanzwe kuri horizon, kandi arc yayo igera hejuru mukirere, hamwe na centre yayo hejuru hejuru ya horizon nkuko ikigo cyumukororombya gisanzwe kiri munsi yacyo. Imiheto yo gutekerezaho iba isanzwe iyo izuba rike kuko icyo gihe urumuri rwacyo rugaragarira cyane hejuru y’amazi. Nkuko izuba rigenda rigabanuka bisanzwe kandi imiheto yo kugaragarizwa yegerejwe hamwe. Bitewe no guhuza ibisabwa, umukororombya wo kwerekana ntukunze kugaragara.

Imiheto igera ku munani itandukanye irashobora gutandukanywa niba umukororombya wigaragajwe kandi ukagaragaza bibera icyarimwe: Ubusanzwe (butagaragaza) umuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri hejuru ya horizon (1, 2) hamwe na bagenzi babo bagaragara munsi yacyo (3, 4), no kugaragariza umuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri hejuru ya horizon (5, 6) hamwe na bagenzi babo bagaragara munsi yacyo (7, 8). [42] [43]

Umukororombya wa Monochrome

Ingingo nyamukuru: Umukororombya wa Monochrome

Ifoto idahwitse yumukororombya utukura (monochrome)

Rimwe na rimwe, kwiyuhagira bishobora kubaho izuba rirashe cyangwa izuba rirenze, aho uburebure buke bwumuraba nkubururu nicyatsi bwatatanye kandi byanze bikunze bikava mubice. Ibindi bitatanye bishobora kubaho kubera imvura, kandi ibisubizo birashobora kuba monochrome idasanzwe kandi idasanzwe cyangwa umukororombya utukura.

Umukororombya wohejuru

Usibye umukororombya rusange wibanze nuwakabiri, birashoboka kandi umukororombya wurwego rwo hejuru gushiraho. Itondekanya ry'umukororombya ugenwa n'umubare w'urumuri rwerekana imbere mu bitonyanga by'amazi birema: Imitekerereze imwe itanga igisubizo cya mbere cyangwa umukororombya wibanze; ibitekerezo bibiri birema urwego rwa kabiri cyangwa umukororombya wa kabiri. Ibitekerezo byinshi byimbere bitera umuheto wurwego rwo hejuru - mubyukuri bitagira iherezo. Nkuko urumuri rwinshi rwatakaye hamwe na buri kintu cyerekana imbere, icyakora, buri muheto ukurikiraho ugenda uhinduka buhoro buhoro bityo bikagorana kubibona. Iyindi mbogamizi mu kwitegereza umukororombya wa gatatu (cyangwa wa gatatu) nuwa kane (quaternary) umukororombya ni aho uherereye werekeza ku zuba (hafi 40 ° na 45 ° biturutse ku zuba), bigatuma barohama. urumuri rwarwo.

Kubera izo mpamvu, mubisanzwe umukororombya ugaragara kurutonde ruri hejuru ya 2 ntibikunze kugaragara kumaso. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, harabonetse iyerekwa ry'umuheto wo mu cyiciro cya gatatu muri kamere, kandi mu 2011 ryarafotowe ku nshuro ya mbere. [47] Nyuma gato, umukororombya wo mu cyiciro cya kane nawo wafotowe, [49] [50] naho muri 2014 hasohoka amashusho yambere yumukororombya wa gatanu (cyangwa quinary). Umukororombya wa Quinary uryamye mubice hagati yumukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri kandi uracogora cyane kuruta uwakabiri. Mugihe cya laboratoire, birashoboka gukora imiheto yibicuruzwa byinshi. Felix Billet (1808–1882) yerekanaga imyanya y'inguni kugeza umukororombya wo ku murongo wa 19, icyitegererezo yise &quot;roza y'umukororombya&quot;.

2] [53] Kugera kuri 200-umukororombya watanzwe na Ng et al. mu 1998 ukoresheje uburyo busa ariko argon ion laser beam. [55]

Umukororombya wa gatatu na kane ntugomba kwitiranwa n'umukororombya &quot;gatatu&quot; na &quot;kane&quot; - amagambo rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa nabi yerekeza ku - imiheto myinshi - imiheto ndengakamere no kwerekana umukororombya.

Umukororombya munsi y'izuba

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ukwezi

Shira umukororombya ukwezi kugwa kwa Yosemite yo hepfo

Kimwe nibintu byinshi byo mu kirere optique, umukororombya urashobora guterwa numucyo uturuka ku zuba, ariko nanone ukomoka ku Kwezi. Mugihe cyanyuma, umukororombya uvugwa nkumukororombya ukwezi cyangwa ukwezi. Ntibisanzwe kandi ntibisanzwe kurusha umukororombya wizuba, bisaba ko ukwezi kuba hafi-yuzuye kugirango babone. Kubwimpamvu imwe, ukwezi kwakunze gufatwa nkumweru kandi birashobora gutekerezwa nka monochrome. Ikirangantego cyuzuye kirahari, ariko, ariko ijisho ryumuntu ntirisanzwe ryumva bihagije kugirango ribone amabara. Amafoto maremare yerekanwe rimwe na rimwe azerekana ibara muri ubu bwoko bw'umukororombya.

Igicu

Ingingo nyamukuru: Umuheto

Igicu n'icyubahiro.

Ibicu bikora muburyo bumwe nkumukororombya, ariko bigizwe nigicu gito cyane nigitonyanga cyibicu bitandukanya urumuri cyane. Hafi yumweru ifite umutuku ucyeye hanze nubururu imbere; akenshi imirongo imwe cyangwa myinshi yagutse ndengakamere irashobora gutahurwa imbere yimbere. Amabara arijimye kuko umuheto muri buri bara ni mugari cyane kandi amabara aruzuzanya. Ibicu bikunze kugaragara hejuru y'amazi iyo umwuka uhuye namazi akonje akonje, ariko urashobora kuboneka ahantu hose mugihe igihu ari gito kuburyo izuba ryaka kandi izuba rikaba ryaka cyane. Ninini cyane - hafi nini nkumukororombya kandi mugari cyane. Rimwe na rimwe bagaragara bafite icyubahiro hagati y'umuheto.

Imiheto y'ibihu ntigomba kwitiranwa na halos ya ice, ikunze kugaragara kwisi yose kandi igaragara cyane kuruta umukororombya (uko byagenda kose), [58] nyamara ntaho bihuriye numukororombya.

Sleetbow

Urubura rwa Monochrome rwafashwe mu gitondo cya kare ku ya 7 Mutarama 2016 i Valparaiso, muri Leta ya Indiana.

Igituba kimeze nk'umukororombya usanzwe, usibye ko bibaho iyo urumuri runyuze mu rubura rugwa (ice pellets) aho kuba amazi meza. Iyo urumuri runyuze mu rubura, urumuri rwanze bigatuma ibintu bidasanzwe. Izi nyandiko zanditswe muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’igitambaro cya mbere cyanditswe ku mugaragaro kandi gifotorwa kiboneka i Richmond, muri Virijiniya ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2012. [59] Kimwe n'umukororombya usanzwe, ibi birashobora kandi kuza muburyo butandukanye, hamwe nigituba cya monochrome cyanditswe ku ya 7 Mutarama 2016 i Valparaiso, muri Leta ya Indiana.

Kuzenguruka no kuzenguruka arcs

Umuzenguruko arc (hepfo), munsi ya halo yazengurutse

Kuzenguruka arc

Inzira ya circzenithal na circhorizontal nibintu bibiri bifitanye isano na optique isa nkaho isa n'umukororombya, ariko bitandukanye na nyuma, inkomoko yabyo iri mu gucana urumuri binyuze muri kirisiti ya hegitari esheshatu aho gutonyanga amazi. Ibi bivuze ko atari umukororombya, ahubwo ni abagize umuryango mugari wa halos.

Impande zombi ni ibara ryamabara meza yibice byerekeranye na zenith, ariko mumwanya utandukanye mwijuru: arc ya circzenithal arc iragoramye kandi iherereye hejuru yizuba (cyangwa ukwezi) uruhande rwayo rwa convex rwerekeza hepfo (bitera igitekerezo cyo &quot;hejuru&quot; umukororombya &quot;); umuzenguruko arc ikora cyane hafi ya horizon, iragororotse kandi iherereye ku ntera igaragara munsi yizuba (cyangwa Ukwezi). Impande zombi zifite uruhande rutukura rwerekeza ku zuba naho igice cyazo cya violet kikaba kure yacyo, bivuze ko arc ya circzenithal itukura hepfo, naho arc izenguruka itukura hejuru. [60] [61]

Umuzenguruko arc rimwe na rimwe uvugwa nabi &quot;umukororombya wumuriro&quot;. Kugirango tuyirebe, izuba cyangwa ukwezi bigomba kuba byibuze 58 ° hejuru ya horizon, bigatuma biba ibintu bidasanzwe mumwanya muremure. Arc ya circzenithal, igaragara gusa hejuru yizuba cyangwa ukwezi kurwego ruri munsi ya 32 °, iramenyerewe cyane, ariko akenshi irabura kuva iboneka hafi yimbere.

Umukororombya wo hanze

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ikirere kidasanzwe

Byagaragaye ko umukororombya ushobora kubaho ku kwezi kwa Saturne Titan, kuko ifite ubuso butose n'ibicu bitose. Iradiyo y'umukororombya wa Titan yaba hafi 49 ° aho kuba 42 °, kubera ko amazi yo muri ibyo bidukikije akonje ari metani aho kuba amazi. Nubwo umukororombya ugaragara ushobora kuba imbonekarimwe kubera ikirere cya Titan cyijimye, umukororombya wa infragre urashobora kuba rusange, ariko indorerezi yakenera indorerwamo zijoro zitagaragara kugirango zibone.

Umukororombya hamwe nibikoresho bitandukanye

Itondere rya mbere umukororombya uva mumazi (ibumoso) nigisubizo cyisukari (iburyo).

Ibitonyanga (cyangwa imirima) bigizwe nibikoresho bifite ibimenyetso bitandukanye byangiritse kuruta amazi asanzwe bitanga umukororombya ufite impande zitandukanye. Kuva samazi ya alt afite igipimo cyinshi cyo kuvunika, umuheto wo gutera mu nyanja ntushobora guhuza neza n'umukororombya usanzwe, iyo ubonetse ahantu hamwe. Utubuto duto twa plastiki cyangwa ibirahuri birashobora gukoreshwa mukumenyekanisha umuhanda nkumucyo kugirango ubashe kugaragara neza nabashoferi nijoro. Bitewe nigipimo kinini cyo kwangirika, umukororombya ugaragara kuri marble ufite radiyo ntoya bigaragara. Umuntu arashobora kubyara byoroshye ibintu nkibi akanyanyagiza amazi yibice bitandukanye byangirika mukirere, nkuko bigaragara ku ifoto.

&lt;nowiki&gt;Kwimura umukororombya kubera ibimenyetso bitandukanye byangiritse birashobora gusunikwa kumupaka wihariye. Kubikoresho bifite indangantego irenze 2, nta mfuruka yujuje ibisabwa kugirango umukororombya wambere utangire. Kurugero, indangagaciro yo kugabanuka kwa diyama ni hafi 2,4, bityo sisitemu ya diyama yatanga umukororombya guhera kumurongo wa kabiri, usibye urutonde rwa mbere. Muri rusange, nkuko indangagaciro zivunika zirenze umubare n + 1, aho n numubare usanzwe, inguni yibibazo byinshuro n inshuro zerekanwe imbere imbere ihunga domaine {\ kwerekana imiterere [0, {\ frac {\ pi} {2} }]} {\ kwerekana imiterere [0, {\ frac {\ pi} {2}}]}. Ibi bivamo umukororombya wa n-gahunda igabanuka kugera kuri antisolar point ikabura.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Umukororombya muri Tokiyo, 2021

Amateka yubumenyi

Intiti ya kera y’Abagereki Aristote (384–322 mbere ya Yesu) yabanje kwita cyane ku mukororombya. Nk’uko Raymond L. Lee na Alistair B. Fraser babivuze, &quot;N'ubwo hari inenge nyinshi kandi ko yitabaza imibare ya Pythagorean, ibisobanuro byujuje ubuziranenge bwa Aristote byerekanaga ko byavumbuwe kandi bihuzagurika bitagereranywa mu binyejana byinshi. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Aristote, inyigisho nyinshi z'umukororombya zari zigizwe no kubyitwaramo. umurimo we, nubwo ibyo byose atari byo byari binegura. &quot;[66]

Mu gitabo cya I cya Naturales Quaestiones (nko mu mwaka wa 65 nyuma ya Yesu), umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Abaroma Seneca Nyamwasa avuga ku nyigisho zitandukanye zerekeye ishyirwaho ry'umukororombya cyane, harimo n'iya Arisitote. Abona ko umukororombya ugaragara buri gihe utandukanye n'izuba, ko bigaragara mu mazi yatewe n'umukinnyi, mu mazi yacishijwemo amazi yuzuye imyenda irambuye ku nkoni cyangwa n'amazi yatewe mu mwobo muto mu muyoboro waturika. Ndetse avuga umukororombya ukorwa ninkoni nto (virgulae) yikirahure, ategereje ibyabaye kuri Newton hamwe na prism. Yita ku nyigisho ebyiri: imwe, ko umukororombya ukorwa n'izuba ryerekana muri buri gitonyanga cy'amazi, ikindi, ko cyakozwe n'izuba kigaragarira mu gicu kimeze nk'indorerwamo ifatanye; atonesha aba nyuma. Yaganiriye kandi ku bindi bintu bifitanye isano n'umukororombya: &quot;virgae&quot; y'amayobera (inkoni), halos na parhelia. [67]

Ku bwa Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’abarabu akaba na polymath Ibin al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965-1039), yagerageje gutanga ibisobanuro bya siyansi ku bijyanye n’umukororombya. Mu gitabo cye cyitwa Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (Ku mukororombya na Halo), al-Haytham &quot;yasobanuye ishyirwaho ry'umukororombya nk'ishusho, ukora ku ndorerwamo ifatanye. Niba imirasire y'umucyo ituruka ku isoko ya kure yerekana Kuri Ingingo iyo ari yo yose ku murongo w'indorerwamo ihanamye, bakora uruziga rwibanze muri iyo ngingo. Iyo bivugwa ko izuba ari isoko y’umucyo wa kure, ijisho ry'abareba nk'ikintu kiri ku murongo w'indorerwamo n'igicu nk'ubuso bugaragaza, noneho birashobora kugaragara ko uruziga rwibanze ruri kumurongo. &quot; igeragezwa rishoboka. [68] Ibi bisobanuro byagarutsweho na Averroes, [citation yari ikenewe] kandi, nubwo atari byo, byatanze urufatiro rwibisobanuro nyabyo nyuma byatanzwe na Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī mu 1309, kandi, yigenga, na Theodoric wa Freiberg (nko mu 1250 - c. 1311).

Ibihe bya Ibin al-Haytham, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Abaperesi na polimath Ibin Sīnā (Avicenna; 980-1037), yatanze ubundi busobanuro, yandika &quot;ko umuheto utakozwe mu gicu cyijimye ahubwo ko ari mu gihu cyoroshye cyane kiri hagati y’igicu na Izuba. [71]

Mu ndirimbo y’ingoma y’Ubushinwa (960–1279), umuhanga mu bumenyi-bwa polimath witwa Shen Kuo (1031–1095) yabitekereje - nk'uko Sun Sikong (1015-1076) yabimubanjirije - ko umukororombya wakozwe n'ikintu cy'urumuri rw'izuba gihura n'ibitonyanga. y'imvura mu kirere. Paul Dong yanditse ko ibisobanuro Shen yasobanuye umukororombya nkikintu cyo kugabanuka kwikirere &quot;ahanini bihuye nubumenyi bugezweho prabigishwa. &quot;[73]

Ku bwa Nader El-Bizri, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere mu Buperesi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), yatanze ibisobanuro nyabyo ku bijyanye n'umukororombya. Ibi byasobanuwe neza n’umunyeshuri we, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), watanze ibisobanuro bishimishije mu mibare y’umukororombya. &quot;Yasabye icyitegererezo aho imirasire y’umucyo ituruka ku zuba yakuweho kabiri n’igitonyanga cy’amazi, kimwe cyangwa byinshi byagaragaye hagati y’imyuka yombi.&quot; Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku kirahure cyuzuye amazi kandi al-Farisi yerekanaga ko izindi mpinduka zatewe n’ikirahure zishobora kwirengagizwa mu cyitegererezo cye. [68] Optics), al-Farisi yakoresheje icyombo kinini gisobanutse cy'ikirahure mu buryo bw'umuzingi, cyuzuyemo amazi, kugira ngo habeho urugero runini rw'igitonyanga cy'imvura. Yahise ashyira iyi moderi muri kamera obscura ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura urumuri. Yerekanye urumuri kuri uruziga hanyuma amaherezo akuramo ibigeragezo byinshi no kureba mu buryo burambuye ibyerekanwe no kugabanuka k'umucyo ko amabara y'umukororombya ari ibintu byo kubora k'umucyo.

Mu Burayi, [[Igitabo]] cya Optics cya Ibin al-Haytham cyahinduwe mu [[Ikilatini|kilatini]] kandi cyizwe na Robert Grosseteste. Ibikorwa bye ku mucyo byakomeje na Roger Bacon, wanditse mu gitabo cye cya Opus Majus cyo mu 1268 ku bijyanye n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'umucyo urabagirana muri kristu no ku bitonyanga by'amazi byerekana amabara y'umukororombya. Mubyongeyeho, Bacon niwe wambere wabaze ingano yimfuruka yumukororombya. Yavuze ko umusozi w’umukororombya udashobora kugaragara hejuru ya 42 ° hejuru yizuba. Theodoric ya Freiberg izwiho kuba yaratanze ibisobanuro nyabyo byerekana umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri mumwaka wa 1307. Yasobanuye umukororombya wibanze, avuga ko &quot;iyo urumuri rwizuba ruguye kumatonyanga yubushuhe, imirasire ikuramo ibice bibiri (iyo yinjiye na egress) hamwe no gutekereza kimwe (inyuma yigitonyanga) mbere yo kwanduza ijisho ryindorerezi. &quot;[76]

Igishushanyo cya René Descartes cyerekana umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri

Descartes '1637, Disikuru kuri Method, yarushijeho gutera imbere ibi bisobanuro. Kubera ko yari azi ko ingano y’imvura idasa nkaho igira ingaruka ku mukororombya wabonetse, yagerageje kunyuza imirasire yumucyo mu kirahure kinini cyuzuye amazi. Mu gupima inguni imirasire yagaragaye, yashoje avuga ko umuheto wibanze watewe no gutekereza imbere imbere imbere yimvura kandi ko umuheto wa kabiri ushobora guterwa no gutekereza imbere. Yashyigikiye uyu mwanzuro akomoka ku itegeko ryo kuvunika (nyuma, ariko atisunze, Snell) kandi abara neza impande zombi. Ibisobanuro bye ku mabara, ariko, yari ashingiye ku buryo bwa tekinike y’imyumvire gakondo ivuga ko amabara yakozwe no guhindura urumuri rwera. [78] [79]

Isaac Newton yerekanye ko urumuri rwera rugizwe nurumuri rwamabara yose yumukororombya, prism yikirahure yashoboraga gutandukana mubice byose byamabara, yanga igitekerezo cyuko amabara yakozwe no guhindura urumuri rwera. Yagaragaje kandi ko itara ritukura ryangiritse munsi y’urumuri rwubururu, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ibisobanuro bya mbere bya siyansi ku bintu nyamukuru biranga umukororombya. Igitekerezo cy’umucyo cya Newton nticyashoboye gusobanura umukororombya ndengakamere, kandi ibisobanuro bishimishije ntibyabonetse kugeza igihe Thomas Young yamenyeye ko umucyo witwara nkumuhengeri mubihe bimwe na bimwe, kandi ushobora kwivanga.

Igikorwa cya Young cyatunganijwe mu myaka ya za 1820 na George Biddell Airy, wasobanuye ko imbaraga z’amabara y’umukororombya zishingiye ku bunini bw’ibitonyanga by’amazi. Ibisobanuro bya kijyambere byerekana umukororombya bishingiye ku gutatanya kwa Mie, igitabo cyanditswe na Gustav Mie mu 1908. [82] Iterambere muburyo bwo kubara hamwe na optique ya optique ikomeje kuganisha ku gusobanukirwa neza umukororombya. Kurugero, Nussenzveig atanga incamake igezweho.

Ubushakashatsi

Ikigeragezo cyo hasi cya flask umukororombya werekana - Johnson 1882

Ubushakashatsi kuri phenomenon yumukororombya ukoresheje imvura yimvura, ni ukuvuga flasque yuzuye amazi, isubira byibuze kuri Theodoric ya Freiberg mukinyejana cya 14. Nyuma, na Descartes yize kuri phenomenon akoresheje flask ya Florence. Ubushakashatsi bwa flask buzwi ku izina ry'umukororombya wa Florence buracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe nk'igeragezwa ryerekana kandi ryoroshye kandi ryerekana uburyo bwo kwerekana umukororombya. [84] [85] [86] Igizwe no kumurika (hamwe n’urumuri rwera rubangikanye) flask yuzuye amazi yuzuye umwobo muri ecran. Umukororombya uza kugaragara inyuma / uteganijwe kuri ecran, mugihe ecran ari nini bihagije. Bitewe nuburebure bwurukuta rugarukira hamwe na macroscopique iranga imvura yimvura, sitandukaniro rya ubtle rirahari ugereranije nibintu bisanzwe, [87] [88] harimo umukororombya wahinduwe gato no kugabana umukororombya.

Ubushakashatsi busa cyane bugizwe no gukoresha icyombo cya silindrike cyuzuye amazi cyangwa silinderi ikomeye ibonerana kandi ikamurikirwa haba ibangikanye nuruziga (nukuvuga imirasire yumucyo isigara murwego rurerure mugihe banyuze kuri silinderi) [89] [90] cyangwa munsi Inguni Kuri Shingiro. Muri ibi bihe byanyuma, umukororombya uhinduka ugereranije nibintu bisanzwe kuva igipimo cyiza cyo kugabanya ihinduka ryamazi (indangagaciro ya Bravais yo kugabanuka kumirasire ihindagurika ikoreshwa). [87] [88]

Ubundi bushakashatsi bukoresha ibitonyanga bito bito, [53] [54] reba inyandiko hejuru.

Umuco n'imigani

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Umukororombya mu muco n'umukororombya mu migani

Reba kandi: Ibendera ry'umukororombya (LGBT)

Kwerekana umukororombya mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro

Umukororombya uboneka kenshi mumigani, kandi wakoreshejwe mubuhanzi. Igitabo cya mbere kibaye umukororombya kiri mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro igice cya 9, mu rwego rw'inkuru y'umwuzure ya Nowa, aho ari ikimenyetso cy'isezerano ry'Imana ryo kutazongera kurimbura ubuzima bwose ku isi hamwe n'umwuzure ku isi. Mu migani ya Norse, ikiraro cy'umukororombya Bifröst gihuza isi y'abantu (Midgard) n'ubwami bw'imana (Asgard). Cuchavira yari imana y'umukororombya kuri Muisca muri Kolombiya y'ubu kandi igihe imvura yagwaga kuri savanna ya Bogotá yarangiye, abantu bamushimiye ko yatanze zahabu, udusimba na zeru. Bumwe mu buryo bw'Ababuda bo muri Tibet cyangwa Dzogchen bivuga umukororombya. Ubusanzwe leprechaun yo muri Irilande yihishe inkono ye ya zahabu mubisanzwe bivugwa ko ari ku musozo wumukororombya. Aha hantu ntibishoboka kuhagera, kuko umukororombya ningaruka nziza idashobora kwegerwa. Mu migani y'Abagereki, ikigirwamana Iris ni ishusho y'umukororombya, imana y'intumwa, kimwe n'umukororombya, uhuza isi ipfa n'imana binyuze mu butumwa.

Umukororombya ugaragara mubutumwa bwiza - mubutumwa bwiza umukororombya ukwiye ugizwe n'imirongo 4 y'amabara (Cyangwa, Gules, Vert, Arijantine) impera ihagaze ku bicu. Ingero rusange mu ikoti ry'intwaro zirimo iy'imijyi ya Regen na Pfreimd, haba muri Bavariya, mu Budage; ya Bouffémont, mu Bufaransa; no mu mutwe wa 69 w'ingabo (New York) w'ingabo z’Amerika zirinda igihugu.

Ibendera ry'umukororombya ryakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi. Cyari ikimenyetso cy’umutwe wa Koperative mu ntambara y’abahinzi b’Abadage mu kinyejana cya 16, amahoro mu Butaliyani, n’ubwibone bw’abahuje ibitsina ndetse n’imibereho ya LGBT kuva mu myaka ya za 70. Mu 1994, Arkiyepiskopi Desmond Tutu na Perezida Nelson Mandela bavuze ko Afurika y'Epfo ishingiye kuri demokarasi nyuma ya apartheid ari igihugu cy'umukororombya. Umukororombya wakoreshejwe kandi mubirango byibicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga, harimo ikirango cya mudasobwa ya Apple. Ihuriro ryinshi rya politiki rishingiye ku mashyaka menshi ya politiki biyise &quot;Ihuriro ry'umukororombya&quot;.

Kwerekana umukororombya byafashwe nka kirazira mu mico myinshi.

Muri Arabiya Sawudite (no mu bindi bihugu bimwe na bimwe), abayobozi bafashe imyenda y'abana b'umukororombya n'ibikinisho (nk'ingofero, imisatsi, n'amakaramu, ntabwo ari amabendera gusa)

[[:en:Rainbow|kanda aha ukurikirane aho byaturuts]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wood duck</title>
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      <text bytes="1874" sha1="n82ld8eobmuic2o10poxh6ay790gspr" xml:space="preserve">== Menya imiterere y'ubwoko bw'inyoni yitwa wood duck ==
[[Dosiye:Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), Parc du Rouge-Cloître, Brussels.jpg|thumb|wood duck]]
[[Dosiye:Wood-duck.jpg|thumb|Wood-duck color]]
Wood duck n'ubwoko bw'inyoni zo mu mazi zifite amabara meza cyane. iyo nyoni y'ikigabo ifite ikinyuma icyatsi kibisi kijimye  n'igitereko. inda yabyo irera naho igituza n'umutuku wijimye naho  ku ijosi bifite imirongo y'umweru. amababa yabyo ariho ubururu n'umukara. 

naho iy'ikigore ntago zifite amabara nk'ayibigabo bifite umutwe wijimye, inda yera, n'amabere yera.inyoni y'ikigabo ikoresha ibara ibara ry,amabara kugirango ikurure inyoni zingore mu gihe cy'uborozi.

izi wood duck zikunze kwibera mu biti byo bishanga n'inzuzi muri America ya ruguru. kubera amabara adasanzwe n'uburyo ziteye cyangwa c ingano zayo nizimwe mu nyoni zimenyekana byoroshye muri Amerika ya ruguru. izi zitandukanye n'izindi nyoni z'amazi zo zibera mu mwobo w'ibiti kandi zigakora umukumbi. [https://themysteriousworld.com/most-beautiful-birds-in-the-world/]

=== Imyitwarire ===
izi nyoni zitandukanye n'inyoni nyinshi zo mu mazi wood duck zirahagarara kandi ziba mu biti byoroshye kuguruka mu ishyamba. zifite umurizo mugari kandi mugufi, zifite kandi amababa yagutse abasha gukora neza. iyo zoga umutwe wazo uranyeganyega inyuma nkuko inuma igenda. ukunze kubona izo nyoni mu matsinda(munsi ya 20) ikitandukanya nizindi nyoni. unva umuhamagaro w'umugore mu gihe izo nyoni zirinda.[https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Wood_Duck/id]

==== Aho zikunda kuboneka ====
Ku isi izi nyoni zikunze kuboneka muri buri ntara iburasirazuba bw'imisozi(Rock mountains) ndetse no mu majyaruguru ya pasifica. izi nyoni za wood duck zishobora kuboneka mu byuzi, mu biyaga, mu bishanga no ku nzuzi. zihitamo ahantu havanze amazi n'ibishanga. [https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Birds/Wood-Duck]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peacock</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="550" sha1="bddson9jyejqzfowyyvfp5yucdhv1ym" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Indian Peafowl, Domaine de Pescheray.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Portrait of an Indian peafowl.jpg|thumb]]

== PEACOCKS cyangwa PEAFOWLS ==
[[Dosiye:Paonroue.JPG|thumb|286x286px]]
Peacock n'izina ry'inyoni y'ingabo  mu muryango w'inyoni za peafowls. hariho  amoko atatu yizo nyoni za peafowls ku isi: 

* ubuhinde
* congo
* na nyakatsi(green peafowls)  

izi nyoni zo mu buhinde n'ubwoko bukunze kuboneka ku isi peacock(ingabo) zizwiho kwerekana amabara yerekana amababa n'umurizo.[https://themysteriousworld.com/most-beautiful-birds-in-the-world/]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubuhinzi bwa Karoti</title>
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      <text bytes="4598" sha1="20s5txonutkbd11amnudmfa219a7xrb" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Vegetable-Carrot-Bundle-wStalks.jpg|thumb|Imboga za Karoti|387x387px]]
[[Dosiye:Daucus carota subsp. sativus,Karotten.JPG|thumb|Ubuhinzi bwa Karoti]]
[[Dosiye:Willem Frederik van Royen - The Carrot - WGA20173.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bwa Karoti]]
[[Dosiye:Carottes et poireaux de la ferme Grandjard au marché de la place Albert Thomas.jpg|thumb|carroti]]
'''Umumaro wa Karoti''' Karoti ni ubwoko bw’imboga bukungahaye kuri vitmini A, B, C na E zifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri w’umuntu mu kuwurinda ubuhumyi n’izindi ndwara, gutuma uruhu rusa neza n’ibindi. Karoti zihingwa mu turere twose tw’u Rwanda, mu butaka buseseka, buhitisha amazi kandi bufumbiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/ubuhinzi-bwa-karoti.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-22 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226143646/https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/ubuhinzi-bwa-karoti.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Abaturage bo mu Murenge wa Jenda mu Karere ka Nyabihu, bavuga ko bamaze kubona ubukungu bwihishe mu gihingwa cya karoti, bituma bitabira kugihinga, bakaba bemeza ko umusaruro babona ari mwinshi ku buryo utunze igihugu.

[[Dosiye:Umuhinzi wa Karoti.jpg|thumb|Umuhinzi wa Karoti]]

== Tumenye Igihingwa Karoti ==
Karoti zihingwa mu murima urambuye cyangwa se mu turima dufite m1,2 mu bugari, uburebure bwo buterwa n’uburebure bw’umurima cyangwa ubushake bw’umuhinzi.Iyo umuhinzi amaze gutegura umurima, kuwufumbira no gutegura uturima ateramo karoti, akora imirimo ikurikira:Guca imirongo igororotse asiga cm 30 hagati yayo,Umurama uterwa uvangwa n’umucanga cyangwa ivu kugira ngo ubucucike bw’umurama bugabanuke,Kuminjira umurama uvanze n’ivu cyangwa umucanga muri ya mirongo,Korosa agataka gake ku murama wanyanyagijwe mu mirongo no Gutwikiriza ibyatsi ahamaze guterwa no kuvomerera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/nyabihu-barakataje-mu-buhinzi-bwa-karoti&lt;/ref&gt;Karoti zimera nyuma y’ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu zitewe.Iyo zameze bakuraho ibyatsi byari bitwikiriye umurima.Iyo karoti zifite cm 5 z’uburebure umuhinzi arazicira, agasiga nka cm 2 hagati ya karoti n’indi,Igihe cyose hamezemo ibyatsi karoti zigomba kubagarwa kandi zikanasukirwa.Ni byiza kuvomerera karoti mu gihe imvura itagwa kugira ngo ubutaka bugumane ubuhehere kandi kroti zikure neza. Bavomerera mu gitondo izuba ritararasa na nimugoroba izuba rirenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Umusaruro uva mugihingwa Karoti ==
Karoti ziba zeze neza nyuma y’amezi atatu kugeza kuri ane zitewe. Ikigaragaza ko karoti zeze neza ni uko amababi yazo atangira kuba umuhodo, akagenda yuma ahereye kuyo hejuru. Ikindi kandi ubutaka buriyasa ku buryo bugaragara.Umusaruro wa karoti kuri ari 1 (m10x10) uri hagati ya kg 150 na kg 200. Ni ukuvuga ko kuri hegitari (m 100x 100) umusaruro wa karoti uri hagati ya Toni 15 na 20.Ni byiza ko karoti zisarurwa zigiye guhita zitekwa. Icyo gihe uhera ku zigargaza ko zeze neza (amababi yzo yarhindutse umuhondo kandi atangiye kuma), ndetse inkondo zazo zigaragara aho ubutaka bwiyashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Iyo karoti zahingiwe kugurishwa na bwo zisarurwa bahita bazijyana ku isoko. Ni ngombwa kuzirandura neza batazikomeretsa kuko byazitesha igiciro cyiza ku isoko.Karoti zishobora kubikwa mu butaka mu gihe kingana n’ukwezi kumwe nta cyo zibaye.Karoti kandi zishobora kubikwa mu byuma bikonjesha (frigos/fridges) cyangwa ibyumba bikonje byabugenewe (cold rooms/chambres froides), zikaba zamara igihe kiri hagati y’ukwezi n’amezi atandatu. Aho karoti zibikwa ntihagomba kuba hari imbuto zitwa pome(pomme/apples) cyangwa puware (poires/pears) kuko karoti zifata impumuro y’izo mbuto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ibindi Wamenya ==
[[Dosiye:KarottenZwiebeln 266.JPG|thumb|ubuhinzi bw'akaroti]]
Abenshi mu bahinzi ba karoti bavuga ko nta kindi gihingwa bashobora gusimbuza karoti ngo babone inyungu nk’iyo bavana muri karoti. Bavuga ko batajya bahura n’ikibazo cy’ubukene kubera icyo gihingwa.bavuze ko icyo gihingwa kibabeshejeho aho kibafasha mu kubona indyo yuzuye, bakazohereza no mu bindi bice by’igihugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Uburyo abo baturage bapanga umusaruro wabo wa karoti mu mifuka, butangaza benshi banyura muri iyo santere baturutse ahandi Ubwo buryo bwihariye bwo gupanga izo karoti aho umufuka ureshya na Metero ebyiri, bikurura benshi mu baguzi aho karoti nyinshi ari izirenga ku mufuka, kuri uwo mufuka upakiye umuhinzi agahabwa amafaranga ibihumbi 50 y’u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umushinga wo kwagura pariki y'ibirunga</title>
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      <text bytes="1430" sha1="9lx8z3bw6u0z6q425gy0m3vvmcfaosq" xml:space="preserve">Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Iterambere (RDB) cyatangaje ko u Rwanda rwatangiye umushinga wo kwagura Pariki y’Ibirunga, witezweho gutwara miliyoni 255$ ni ukuvuga miliyari zigera kuri 260Frw, kugira ngo [[ingagi]] zibarizwamo zibeho zisanzuye.

RDB ivuga ko iki gikorwa kizagirira akamaro urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo muri pariki kikanazamura imibereho y’abaturage bakikije pariki. Kizatuma kandi abasura pariki barushaho kuryoherwa n’ibyiza biyirimo.

Nibura pariki iziyongeraho 23 ku ijana, bivuze ko ubuso bwayo buziyongeraho kilometero kare 37,4 (hegitari 3 740). Pariki y’Ibirunga izaba ifite akarere k’ubuhumekero kangana na hegitari 6 620 kazajya gatandukanya aho abaturage batuye na pariki. Ibi bizagabanya 80% by’ibibazo abaturage bagiranaga n’inyamaswa zo muri pariki nko kubonera n’ibindi.
[[Dosiye:Volcanoes_National_Park_Banner_Image.gif|thumb|pariki y'ibirunga]]
RDB itangaza ko uyu mushinga uzongera 20% ku mafaranga yinjizwa n’ubukerarugendo bwo 
[[Dosiye:Gorillas_with_baby_in_Rwanda_at_the_Volcanoes_National_Park_(290812486).jpg|thumb|Gorillas with baby in Rwanda at the Volcanoes National Park)]]
gusura [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu Birunga]].
[[Dosiye:The_scenery_of_Gahinga_volcano_in_Volcanoes_National_Park.jpg|thumb|pariki y'ibirunga]]

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/pariki-y-ibirunga-igiye-kwagurwa-mu-mushinga-uzatwara-miliyari-260frw&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bahawe ibiti 27,000 byitezweho kurwanya imirire mibi no kubungabunga ibidukikije</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142128</id>
      <parentid>110685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>142128</origin>
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      <text bytes="1009" sha1="nekz3u8w3w4epv8kxz8morwuqy11xdz" xml:space="preserve">Abaturage bo mu murenge wa Gihango mu karere ka Rutsiro bavuze ko ibiti by’imbuto n’ibivangwa n’imyaka bahawe bazabibungabunga kugira ngo bizabafashe kurwanya imirire mibi n’isuri ibatwarira ubutaka ikabujyana mu kiyaga cya Kivu.

Babitangaje nyuma y’uko abo mu tugari dutatu twegereye [[ikiyaga cya Kivu]] bahawe ibi biti birimo amatunda, ibinyomoro na [[avoka]] ndetse n’imirama y’imboga zitandukanye.
[[Dosiye:Guava_Guava.jpg|thumb|urugemwe rw'amapera ]]
[[Dosiye:Mango_newly_grafted_seedlings.jpg|thumb|ingemwe z'imyembe ]]
[[Dosiye:On_a_tree_planting_campaign.jpg|thumb|gutera ibiti ]]
[[Dosiye:Ikinyomoro-Treetomato.jpg|thumb|Ikinyomoro-Treetomato]]
[[Dosiye:Avocado_seedling_on_pot_(shoot_length_30_cm_).jpg|thumb|urugemwe rw'avoka ]]
[[Dosiye:A_mango_tree.JPG|thumb|urugemwe rw'umwembe ]]

== Reba ==
[[Dosiye:Guava_Fruits_with_Leaves.JPG|thumb|amapera ]]
&lt;ref&gt;http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/rutsiro-bahawe-ibiti-27-000-byitezweho-kurwanya-imirire-mibi-no-kubungabunga&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iruka rya Akahoya</title>
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    <id>14239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141904</id>
      <parentid>91384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141904</origin>
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      <text bytes="3252" sha1="dmnkpejf6s70sq483h9s4hgc2p8sw5y" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kikai K-Ah tephra 7,3ka.svg|thumb|302x302px|Ahantu hagaragaye kuruka
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Ikirunga:  '''Kikai Caldera''' Itariki: '''6.860 kugeza 7.440 imyaka yahinduwe mbere yubu'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379113000413&lt;/ref&gt;Ubwoko: '''Ultra-Plinian'''Ahantu: '''Kyūshū, Japan'''VIE: '''7.2'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Impact: '''Kimwe muri bitandatu gusa byemejwe kuruka kw'ubunini bwacyo muri Holocene; yahinduye cyane ibimera mu majyepfo ya Kyūshū kandi bigira ingaruka ku muco wa Jōmon'''
|}
'''''&lt;big&gt;Iruka rya Akahoya&lt;/big&gt;''''' ]]
 
'''Iruka rya Akahoya''' ni ryo rikomeye ryamenyekanye cyane mu birunga bya Kikai Caldera i Kyūshū, mu [[Ubuyapani]]. Yasohoye meterokibe 150 (36 cu mi) y'ibikoresho by'ibirunga, ukabiha urutonde rw'ibirunga biturika bya 7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eruptive history of Kikai |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-06=&amp;volpage=erupt |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2023-02-23 |archive-date=2012-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820003439/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-06=&amp;volpage=erupt |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gusubiramo amatariki ==
Ubucukuzi bw'amatariki bwanditswe ko kuva ku myaka yaza 7.300  mugihe cyambere cy'igihe cya Jōmon, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=317–330}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko nanone yari yarakosowe na radiocarubone yanditswe nko mu myaka yaza 6.500  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=71–85}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza ubu byemewe ko hashirwaho itariki kuva ahandi hantu henshi mu imyaka yaza7.200 kugeza 7.300 ishize. &lt;ref name=&quot;Okuno2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=41–53}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tsuji2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=278–297}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ingaruka ==
Uku guturika kwagize uruhare mu iherezo ry’umuco wa mbere wa Jōmon mu majyepfo ya Kyūshū nubwo ingaruka, zashyizweho ikimenyetso, kitari kinini nkuko bamwe babisobanuye babivuze hamwe n’umuco wo kubumba wo mu bwoko bwa Nishinozono, wari watangiye kubungabungwa mbere na nyuma yo guturika. i Kyūshū. &lt;ref name=&quot;Junzo2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Junzo |first=Uchiyama |year=2021 |title=After a Super Volcanic Eruption: a new project on social-ecological impacts of the Kikai-Akahoya disaster, 7,300 years ago |url=https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/e-bulletin/april-2021/after-a-super-volcanic-eruption-a-new-project-on-social-ecological-impacts-of-the-kikai-akahoya-disaster-7300-years-ago/ |access-date=2022-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byatwaye hafi imyaka 1000 yo gukira.  Jōmon wari utuye kure yarokokeye nko mu majyaruguru ya Kyūshū, Honshū na Hokkaidō ariko birashoboka ko byabaye ngombwa ko asubira mu gihe runaka yerekeza ku biribwa byo mu nyanja ahanini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Junzo2021&quot; /&gt;

Iherezo ry’umuco wa mbere wa Jōmon mu majyepfo ya Kyūshū ntaho rihuriye n’irimbuka ry’umuco wa Minoan, ushobora kuba wararangiye bitewe n’ikindi kirunga kinini.

Icyakora, ibyo bintu byabaye biha cyane imigenzo y'umuco gukomeza inkuru z'umuco washizweho uzimangana vuba na bwangu, kubera ko bizwi ko byabayeho mumateka yabantu (Holocene), mubice bibiri bitandukanye byisi. Ibirori birasaba kandi ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ngaruka z’ibikorwa by’ibirunga ku iterambere ry’umuco w’abantu. 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro ka puwavuro (poivron)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141661</id>
      <parentid>136036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="5140" sha1="dyf13vqhowgygfsgkjm1ldkcz8t60d8" xml:space="preserve">Poivron (soma ''puwavuro''), ni uruboga rukoreshwa nk’ikirungo ndetse bamwe ntibatinya kuvuga ko ari ikirungo cy’abihaye.

Ni ikirungo gikoreshwa ahantu hose mu byo kurya byaba isosi cyangwa imvange ndetse no kuyirya nka salade birashoboka no kuyihekenya ari nabwo uba winjije intungamubiri nyazo.

Nyamara uretse kuba ikirungo uru ruboga rufatiye runini umubiri wacu nkuko tugiye kubireba.

== Akamaro ==
* Poivron niyo iza ku mwanya w’imbere mu byo kurya byongera abasirikare b’umubiri bikanabongerera imbaraga.
* Bitewe nuko itarimo calories nyinshi, kurya poivron nyinshi ntacyo byagutwara ahubwo bituma umubiri winjiza vitamin A na vitamini Cku bwinshi. Ndetse n’abarwayi ba diyabetebarayemerewe.
* Kuba ikize kuri vitamin C bituma kurya poivron kenshi bifasha umubiri mu guhangana n’indwara iyo ariyo yose. Bivuze ko kuzirya birinda indwara.
* Poivron irimo ''beta-carotenes'', izi zizwiho kurinda umubiri kubyimbirwa bikanawufasha gusohora imyanda.
* Kuriya wumva iyo ari mbisi yokera nk’urusenda biterwa na ''capsicine'' ibamo. Iyi capsicine irwanya umubyibuho udasanzwe kuko irinda umubiri mu gukora uturemangingo turimo ibinure.
* Poivron ni isoko nyayo ya vitamin E. Iyi izwiho gukesha uruhu no gufasha imisatsi gukura neza. Niyo mpamvu hari amavuta yo kwisiga usanga arimo iyi vitamini
* Ikize kuri vitamin K. Iyi vitamin ikaba izwiho ko ariyo ifasha amaraso kuvura (gukama) mu gihe ukomeretse, wabazwe cyangwa wakuwe iryinyo. Inafasha kandi mu ikorwa ry’amagufa. Kuyibura (vitamini K) bishobora kuzana urupfu kuko uvuye ntiwakama.
* Kuba ikize kuri vitamin A biyiha ingufu zo kurwanya kutareba neza cyane cyane nijoro. Iyi vitamin kandi inafasha mu gukomera kw’amagufa n’amenyo
* Nubwo ubushakashatsi bugikorwa, ubu bimaze kumenyekana ko irimo ikinyabutabire cyitwa soufre kikaba gituma iza mu byo kurya birwanya [[kanseri]].
* Irimo vitamin B6 iyi ikaba igira uruhare mu gusukura [[ubwonko]] no kurinda urwungano rw’imyakura (systeme nerveux).
* Poivron irimo vitamin B9 (folate). Iyi nkuko twigeze kuyivugaho ukwayo, ni nziza by’umwihariko ku bagore batwite n’abahagaritse imiti iboneza urubyaro kuko ifasha kuzabyara abana badafite ubumuga cyangwa ibindi bibazo. Si ibyo gusa kuko ku bantu bakuru ifasha igikomere kuma vuba aho ifasha umubiri gukora uturemangingo dusimbura utwangiritse kubera gukomereka no gusaza.
*

* Irimo vitamin B5 (acide pantothénique). Iyi ituma umubiri ukamura intungamubiri zose ziri mu byo wariye nta na kamwe kawucitse. Inafasha mu gukora imisemburo iturinda kubyimbirwa, no gukorwa kwa hemoglobin iyi ikaba ifatwa nk’umutima w’insoro zitukura.
* Ibonekamo kandi vitamin B3 (niacine) iyi ikaba ari nziza by’umwihariko ku bagore. Iyi vitamin izwiho gukurura ingufu ziba zinjiye mu mubiri kubera ibinyamavuta twariye na alukolo twanyoye. Iyi vitamin iyo ibuze niho ubyimbagana ukaba wanarwara goute, indwara iterwa ahanini no kurya inyama cyane cyane iz’ihene.
* Irimo vitamin B2 (riboflavine). Iyi izwiho gutuma umubiri ubona imbaraga ikanafasha mu gukura, gukorwa kw’imisemburo n’insoro zitukura.
* Irimo umuringa (cuivre/copper). Akamaro kawo mu mubiri ni ugukora no gusana ingirangingo (tissues) ziwugize.
* Irimo vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) iyi izwi mu gutunganya poroteyine twinjije no gukora hemoglobins. Ikindi izwiho kandi ni ugutunganya isukari umubiri ucyeneye aho ihindura glycogen ikavamo glucose. Inafasha mu ikorwa ry’insoro zitukura.
* Harimo kandi thiamine ariyo vitamin B1. Iyi by’umwihariko izwiho kurwanya rubagimpande n’indwara zose z’imitsi n’imyakura.

Poivron ibi byose yihariye bituma iza iyoboye urutonde rw’imboga zose zifitiye umubiri akamaro kihariye.

== Uko itegurwa ==
Kuyitegura ntibigoye:

* Ushobora kuyikatira hejuru y’ibyo kurya bigiye gushya kugirango uze kuyifungura igifite umwimerere
* Ushobora kuyinyuza mu mavuta akanya gato noneho ukayivanga n’izindi mboga za salade
* Niyo wayishyira hamwe n’igitunguru ugasukaho umutobe w’indimu n’akunyu gacye n’urunyanya rubisi ukabirya gutyo.
* Ku mwana urengeje amezi 6 urayitogosa noneho ukayitonora ukavanamo n’imbuto ubundi ukayisyana n’ibindi byo kurya.

Uko wayitegura kose ikitemewe ni ukuyishyira mu mavuta yacamukijwe ngo uyikarange kuko uba uyangirije intungamubiri.
Twongereho ko poivron ziboneka mu mabara anyuranye haba icyatsi, umutuku, orange, umuhondo, nandi ashoboka.

== Ibyo kwitondera ==

* Si byiza kurya poivron uri gufata imiti ibuza amaraso kuvura; nka aspirin na Warfarin.
* Mu gihe uri gukoresha imiti yitwa theophylline naho poivron wareka kuyirya
* Uri gukoresha imwe mu miti y’umutima nka captopril naho si byiza kurya poivron.

== Ibindi ==
Puwavuro ni nziza no ku bana batangiye kwiga kurya, gusa ngo kuri abo bana bagitangira kurya, ibyiza ni uko bahera kuri puwavuro y’umuhondo kuko ni yo ibamo isukari, nyuma bagakurikizaho itukura bakazaheruka iy’icyatsi.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/puwavuro-ikoreshwa-nk-ikirungo-ikize-kuri-vitamine-c-kurusha-amacunga-ubushakashatsi&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230225140942/https://umutihealth.com/poivron/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubuhinzi bw'ibihaza</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:24:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="11151" sha1="4kos15ozjbwtuk7ytnrpj43oj6ny2en" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Inzuzi z' ibihaza.jpg|thumb|utubuto twibihaza]]

== Iriburiro ==
[[Dosiye:Cucurbita pepo accidental hybrid Acchini.jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]
[[Dosiye:2019-07-01 (100) Hanging leaves of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo Zucchini (zucchini) at Bichlhäusl, Tiefgrabenrotte, Frankenfels, Austria.jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]
Igihaza ni ikiribwa cyo mu bwoko bw’imboga gifite ishusho y’umubumbe, gifite uruhurukomeye rufite imihiro rukagira amabara y’umuhondo mwinshi cyangwa oranje. Igishishwa cyacyo ni kigari, kirakomeye kandi gifitemo imbere inzuzi n’igice kiribwa. Ibice byose by’igihaza biraribwa. Igahaza kibisi ni byiza kugiteka mu mazi, kugiteka mu ifuru cyangwa kugishyira mu isosi kugira ngo ifate. Inzuzi z’igihaza zumye ziryoha zikaranze bakaminjiraho umunyu. Ibisusa bitarakomera  ndetse n’ubututu bitekwa nk’izindi mboga rwatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Hindiro-Umugabo-atunzwe-no-guhinga-amadegede-abandi-basuzuguraga&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amoko y’ibihaza ===

* '''Uduhaza duto:''' ubwoko bw’uduhaza duto buba bwiza ku meza mu gihe cy’ikiruhuko. Ni ubwoko bugira uruyuzi rutondagira. Bwerera iminsi hagati ya 90 -100. Uduhaza duto natwo tubamo amoko atandukanye nka “Jack Be”, “Wee-B-Little“ na “Munchkin” dukundwa cyane n’Abanyamerika. Uduhaza duto turera cyane kandi  kuduhinga biroroha, rimwe na rimwe dushobora kwera ibihaza nka 12 ku ruyuzi rumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* [[Dosiye:Courgette plant begin augustus (Cucurbita pepo in August).jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]'''Ibihaza binini (ibihaza bya Nyirankuba):''' Ubwoko bw’ibihaza binini bya “Dill’s Atlantic Giant’ jumbo” bushobora gukura kugeza ku biro birenga 90. Ni ubwoko bwiza ku bahinzi bashaka guhinga ubwoko bw’ibihaza binini. Uruyuzi rwabyo rurakura rukagera kuri metero nka 7-8, ni yo mpamvu kuzitera zitandukanye ari ngombwa. Byerera iminsi kuva ku 130 kugeza ku minsi 160, bityo rero ni byiza kubihinga hakiri kare. Bisaba gufumbira bihagije kandi kuzihingira si nhombwa kugeza isuka hasi mu butaka. Nyuma y’uko uruyuzi rutangiye kuzana ururabo bwa mbere, ni ngombwa guca ubututu 2 cyangwa 3 bwa mbere bwa kigore kugira ngo uruyuzi rukure rugara mu mpande, ruzane ibisusa byinshi mbere yo gutangira gutera ( kuzana uduhaza). Ni ngombwa kureka igihaza kimwe kigakura no gukuraho ubututu bwa kigore bwose bumera nyuma y’uko igihaza cya mbere kimaze kuza ku ruyuzi. Ni ngombwa gucunga uruyuzi kugira ngo mu mahuriro y’ingingo hatinjira cyane  mu butaka bigatuma uruyuzi ruvunika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=361797ca5a03511afe9c47ac1b5a8a13d71&amp;vario=38ae9c7ebfb68ea795483d270f5934b71d&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Pumpkin dessert.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Ibihaza bitetse]]
'''Ibihaza byiza bibereye gutekwamo indyo zikuzwa:''' ‘Sugar Treat’ni ubwoko budakururumba cyane, bwiza bwo gutekamo indyo zo kwikuza cyangwa kubuteka mu ifuru. Bwerera iminsi hagati y’100 na 120. Ubwoko bwa “Hijinks” na ‘’Baby Bear’’ ni ubwoko bukundwa n’Abantu benshi

* bugira igihaza kiryoha . ‘’Cinderella’s Carriage’’ nabwo ni ubwoko buryoha butetse ukwabwo cyangwa mu isosi. ‘Peanut Pumpkin’ nabwo ni ubwoko butanga igihaza kiryoha  bwaribwa mu ndyo zikuzwa cyangwa  mu nombe. 

* '''Ibihaza by’amabara:''' ‘Jarrahdale’ ni ubwoko bw’ibihaza bugira ibara risa n’ubururu bujya kuba icyatsi kibisi;  buba bwiza mu gutegura ibiribwa ku meza ngo bigaragare neza. ‘’Pepitas Pumpkin’’ ni ibihaza bifite ibara rya oranje rivanze n’icyatsi kibisi  naho “Super Moon’’ ni  igihaza kinini gifite ibara ryera.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/umurimo/article/uko-igihaza-gikomeje-gufasha-mukagahima-kwiteza-imbere&lt;/ref&gt;
== Indwara ==
'''Indwara y’imvura: iterwa na''' mikorobe za [[Bagiteri]] zitera ibifu byera biboza inzuzi. Ni yo ndwara rusange y’inzuzi.Iyi ndwara ikwirakwira mu gihe ikirere gishyushye cyangwa gikonje mu gihe inzuzi zikiri ntoya zitangiye kubyibuha neza. Iyi ndwara iyo ifashe uruyuzi irihuta cyane maze ikarwangiza vuba cyane.Indwara igitangira yigaragaza irema ibibara by’umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi kibisi cyerurutse ku mababiIgice cyo hasi cy’amababi gitangira gukuza indwara kigahindura isura kikijima. Ibyo bibara bihinduka umukara naho amababi agapfa burundu.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/dusangire-ijambo/article/tuyambaze-na-bagenzi-be-basoje-kaminuza-bajya-guteza-imbere-made-in-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;[[Dosiye:Inzuzi z' ibihaza.jpg|thumb|Inzuzi z'ibihaza]]

'''Kirabiranya:''' Iyi ndwara irangwa no kuraba no guhinduka urwirungu kw’amababi.  Kenshi na kenshi amababi agarura ubuyanja mu masaha ya nimugoroba, ariko mu gitondo akongera kuraba nka mbere kandi noheho uburwayi bukagenda burushaho gukara umunsi ku wundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rwandanews24.rw/2023/02/16/wari-uziko-kurya-ibihaza-birinda-zimwe-mu-ndwara-zikomeye-menya-akamaro-ko-kurya-ibihaza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164811/https://rwandanews24.rw/2023/02/16/wari-uziko-kurya-ibihaza-birinda-zimwe-mu-ndwara-zikomeye-menya-akamaro-ko-kurya-ibihaza/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kwirinda indwara ====
Uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda inzuzi indwara iyo ari yo yose hakubiyemo:

* '''Kuvomerera mu gitondo cyangwa ku manywa gusa:''' Kwirinda kuvomerera mu masaha atinze ya nyuma ya saa sita cyangwa ya nijoro. Indwara y’ibifu biboza inzuzi ndetse n’izindi ndwara ifata mu gihe hahehereye. Kuvomerera mu masaha ya nijoro ni nko kwenyegeza umuriro. Kuvomerera mu gitondo bituma izuba rihita ryumisha amababi vuba cyane.Kuvomerera nijoro bituma amababi ahehera ijoro ryose kugeza mu gitondo. Igihe haje ubushyuhe mu ijoro amababi atose yorohereza kororoka kw’indwara y’ibifu biboza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Courgette plant begin augustus (Cucurbita pepo in August) (1).jpg|left|thumb]]'''Kuvomerera imizi gusa n’imigozi y’inzuzi:'''Kuvomerera hakoreshejwe umupira birinda amababi ubuhehere bw’inyongera ari bwo butera kororoka kw’indwara. Umupira uvomerera bawurambika ureba hasi kugira ngo birinde kumena amazi ku mababi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164810/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/crops/pumpkins&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Gutera imiti yica ubukoko mu rwego rwo gukumira indwara mbere y’uko zifata inzuzi:''' Umuti wica udukoko ushobora kurinda inzuzi. Ni byiza gutangira gutera imiti yica ubukoko hakiri kare mbere y’uko indwara zitangira gufata inzuzi. Mu gihe inzuzi zafashwe, wahita utera uwo muti. Iyo utewe hakiri kare bishobora gutuma igihingwa cyisubira kikaba kizima n’ubwo amababi yafashwe atakongera gusa neza. Indwara z’inzuzi zishobora gufata igice cyo hejuru cy’amababi cyangwa zigafata igice cyo hasi, zishobora gufata umugozi utereyeho ibabi cyangwa ku giti cyose.  Ni yo mpamvu umuti wica ubukoko uterwa ku bice byose bigize uruyuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* '''Gurandura  inzuzi zirwaye mu murima:  '''Si byiza gutaba inzuzi zirwaye mu murima cyangwa kuzikoramo ifumbire kuko mikorobi zitera indwara zishobora kubaho igihe kinini mu butaka cyangwa muri iyo fumbire maze zikazanduza ibihingwa by’imyaka izaza. Rimwe na rimwe, uburyo bakora ifumbire y’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa ntabwo ubushyuhe buzamo buba buhagije ngo bitange icyizere ko bwakwica mikorobe. Ni ngombwa kujugunya inzuzi zanduye cyangwa zikajyanwa n’abashinzwe gutwara imyanda bazakoramo ibindi bintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ibyonnyi ===
Ibyonnyi rusange by’umurima w’ibihaza ni ibi bikurikira:
[[Dosiye:Four-striped Grass Mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) eating wild fruit ... (45382859104).jpg|thumb|Imbeba bimwe mubyonyi byibihaza]]
'''Inkwavu:''' inkwavu zikunda ubwatsi butoshye n’imitwe yabwo hamwe n’imbuto zitarakomera zikiri nto. Kwirinda inkwavu bisaba kuzihiga, kuzitega, kuzirukana  gushyiraho uruzitiro cyangwa utuyungirizo twabugenewe.

'''Imbeba n’ifuku:''' Ibi byonnyi bicukura mu butaka bikangiza imizi y’uruyuzi. Kwrinda imbeba n’ifuku bisaba kuzitega cyangwa gutega umuti wica imbeba.

'''Inkima n’inkende''': [[Inkima]] n’inkende zirya inzuzi z’ibihaza. Zicukura igihaza maze zigakuramo inzuzi.  Kuzirinda bisaba kunyanyagiza urusenda rushyushye mu murima w’ibihaza kugira ngo zijye kure y’ibihaza bikuze. Urusenda ruterwa inshuro nyinshi na buri gihe nyuma y’uko imvura iguye. Inkima n’inkende nazo wazirinda ukoresheje imitego yazo cyangwa umuti.

'''Isiha:''' ibyo kurya byazo ni imbuto ziryoshye, zeze neza(cyangwa zenda kwera). Kuzihiga no kuzitega ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwiza  bwo kuziirinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Callosobruchus chinensis (Linné, 1758) male.jpg|thumb|Ibivumvuri biri mubyona uduhaza tukiri duto]]
'''''Ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa ari tubisi,''  uduhunduguru, ibivumvuri byangiza ibihaza  n’inda z’ibihaza.'''

'''''Ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa ari tubisi''''':  bigira ibakwe mu kwangiza ku buryo mu kanya gato biba biyogoje igice kinini cy’umurima w’ibihaza. Igice cy’uruyuzi bikunda kurya cyane ni ubututu bukiri bushyashya bw’umuhondo hamwe n’amababi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;


'''Ibivumvuri byangiza ibihaza:''' birya [[igiti]] cy’uruyuzi kandi zishobora kwangiza inzuzi zikiri nto.

'''Uduhunduguru: tu'''garagara nk’aho twitwaje intwaro nto zikagira ishusho nk’iy’ingabo ku mugongo wazo. Dusa n’ikijuju kijya kuba umukara n’udutwe dusa na oranje. Dushobora kwirasa rimwe tukihisha ukatubura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

 
'''Inda z’ibihaza''':ikimenyetso cya mbere kigaragara ku nzuzi zanduye iyi ndwara n’uko amababi atoshye akiri mato atangira kwihinahina. Iyo ugenzuye neza wegereye uruyuzi ubona utwo dukoko duto twinshi cyane tunyunyuza amatembabuzi ku gice cy’inyuma cy’amababi. Dushobora no kwangiza cyane indabo z’ingore no gushwanyuza utubuto tugitangira kumera.

Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’utu dukoko mu murima muto, umuhinzi akoresha uburyo bwo gusuka amazi menshi ku nzuzi. Bituma udukoko duhunguka ku nzuzi bikanagabanya ubukana twari tuzanye bwo kwangiza. Ibyo bituma udukoko tw’utugore dufatwa.Igihe ufite umurima utari munini, ushobora guhangana n’utu dukoko ukadufata kamwe kamwe ukwako ukadushyira mu kintu kirimo amazi y’isabune na amoniya.Kugira ngo hagabanuke iyororoka ry’utu dukoko, mu gihe cy’imvura hakorwa ifumbire y’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa, kandi umuhinzi agahinga ageza isuka hasi cyane ku buryo udukoko tutabona ahantu twihisha mu mvura. Uruhavu cyangwa inkengero zizitiye umurima zigahora zisukuye ibyatsi bibi bigakurwaho n’isuka cyangwa bikarandurwa. Guhinga imirongo y’Ibihwagari yafi y’umurima  w’inzuzi na byo bifasha kurinda udukoko. Ibi bisaba ko igihe cyo kwera kibarwa neza ku buryo Ibihwagari bitangira kuzana ururabo mbere gato y’inzuzi. Udukoko nk’ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa aritubisi dukururwa n’umuhondo ukeye  w’imitwe y’Ibihwagari. Iyo utu dukoko atari twinshi duhugira ku bihwagari bityo ntitujye kwangiza n’inzuzi. Igihe bibaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti yica ubukoko, ni byiza gukoresha imiti itangiza ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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      <text bytes="11149" sha1="ivskv6795mttsi1gu9g2x0ksu1avy14" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Inzuzi z' ibihaza.jpg|thumb|utubuto twibihaza]]

== Iriburiro ==
[[Dosiye:Cucurbita pepo accidental hybrid Acchini.jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]
[[Dosiye:2019-07-01 (100) Hanging leaves of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo Zucchini (zucchini) at Bichlhäusl, Tiefgrabenrotte, Frankenfels, Austria.jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]
Igihaza ni ikiribwa cyo mu bwoko bw’imboga gifite ishusho y’umubumbe, gifite uruhurukomeye rufite imihiro rukagira amabara y’umuhondo mwinshi cyangwa oranje. Igishishwa cyacyo ni kigari, kirakomeye kandi gifitemo imbere inzuzi n’igice kiribwa. Ibice byose by’igihaza biraribwa. Igahaza kibisi ni byiza kugiteka mu mazi, kugiteka mu ifuru cyangwa kugishyira mu isosi kugira ngo ifate. Inzuzi z’igihaza zumye ziryoha zikaranze bakaminjiraho umunyu. Ibisusa bitarakomera  ndetse n’ubututu bitekwa nk’izindi mboga rwatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/Hindiro-Umugabo-atunzwe-no-guhinga-amadegede-abandi-basuzuguraga&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amoko y’ibihaza ===

* '''Uduhaza duto:''' ubwoko bw’uduhaza duto buba bwiza ku meza mu gihe cy’ikiruhuko. Ni ubwoko bugira uruyuzi rutondagira. Bwerera iminsi hagati ya 90 -100. Uduhaza duto natwo tubamo amoko atandukanye nka “Jack Be”, “Wee-B-Little“ na “Munchkin” dukundwa cyane n’Abanyamerika. Uduhaza duto turera cyane kandi  kuduhinga biroroha, rimwe na rimwe dushobora kwera ibihaza nka 12 ku ruyuzi rumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* [[Dosiye:Courgette plant begin augustus (Cucurbita pepo in August).jpg|thumb|Igihaza]]'''Ibihaza binini (ibihaza bya Nyirankuba):''' Ubwoko bw’ibihaza binini bya “Dill’s Atlantic Giant’ jumbo” bushobora gukura kugeza ku biro birenga 90. Ni ubwoko bwiza ku bahinzi bashaka guhinga ubwoko bw’ibihaza binini. Uruyuzi rwabyo rurakura rukagera kuri metero nka 7-8, ni yo mpamvu kuzitera zitandukanye ari ngombwa. Byerera iminsi kuva ku 130 kugeza ku minsi 160, bityo rero ni byiza kubihinga hakiri kare. Bisaba gufumbira bihagije kandi kuzihingira si nhombwa kugeza isuka hasi mu butaka. Nyuma y’uko uruyuzi rutangiye kuzana ururabo bwa mbere, ni ngombwa guca ubututu 2 cyangwa 3 bwa mbere bwa kigore kugira ngo uruyuzi rukure rugara mu mpande, ruzane ibisusa byinshi mbere yo gutangira gutera (kuzana uduhaza). Ni ngombwa kureka igihaza kimwe kigakura no gukuraho ubututu bwa kigore bwose bumera nyuma y’uko igihaza cya mbere kimaze kuza ku ruyuzi. Ni ngombwa gucunga uruyuzi kugira ngo mu mahuriro y’ingingo hatinjira cyane  mu butaka bigatuma uruyuzi ruvunika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=361797ca5a03511afe9c47ac1b5a8a13d71&amp;vario=38ae9c7ebfb68ea795483d270f5934b71d&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Pumpkin dessert.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Ibihaza bitetse]]
'''Ibihaza byiza bibereye gutekwamo indyo zikuzwa:''' ‘Sugar Treat’ni ubwoko budakururumba cyane, bwiza bwo gutekamo indyo zo kwikuza cyangwa kubuteka mu ifuru. Bwerera iminsi hagati y’100 na 120. Ubwoko bwa “Hijinks” na ‘’Baby Bear’’ ni ubwoko bukundwa n’Abantu benshi

* bugira igihaza kiryoha. ‘’Cinderella’s Carriage’’ nabwo ni ubwoko buryoha butetse ukwabwo cyangwa mu isosi. ‘Peanut Pumpkin’ nabwo ni ubwoko butanga igihaza kiryoha  bwaribwa mu ndyo zikuzwa cyangwa  mu nombe. 

* '''Ibihaza by’amabara:''' ‘Jarrahdale’ ni ubwoko bw’ibihaza bugira ibara risa n’ubururu bujya kuba icyatsi kibisi;  buba bwiza mu gutegura ibiribwa ku meza ngo bigaragare neza. ‘’Pepitas Pumpkin’’ ni ibihaza bifite ibara rya oranje rivanze n’icyatsi kibisi  naho “Super Moon’’ ni  igihaza kinini gifite ibara ryera.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/umurimo/article/uko-igihaza-gikomeje-gufasha-mukagahima-kwiteza-imbere&lt;/ref&gt;
== Indwara ==
'''Indwara y’imvura: iterwa na''' mikorobe za [[Bagiteri]] zitera ibifu byera biboza inzuzi. Ni yo ndwara rusange y’inzuzi.Iyi ndwara ikwirakwira mu gihe ikirere gishyushye cyangwa gikonje mu gihe inzuzi zikiri ntoya zitangiye kubyibuha neza. Iyi ndwara iyo ifashe uruyuzi irihuta cyane maze ikarwangiza vuba cyane.Indwara igitangira yigaragaza irema ibibara by’umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi kibisi cyerurutse ku mababiIgice cyo hasi cy’amababi gitangira gukuza indwara kigahindura isura kikijima. Ibyo bibara bihinduka umukara naho amababi agapfa burundu.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/dusangire-ijambo/article/tuyambaze-na-bagenzi-be-basoje-kaminuza-bajya-guteza-imbere-made-in-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;[[Dosiye:Inzuzi z' ibihaza.jpg|thumb|Inzuzi z'ibihaza]]

'''Kirabiranya:''' Iyi ndwara irangwa no kuraba no guhinduka urwirungu kw’amababi.  Kenshi na kenshi amababi agarura ubuyanja mu masaha ya nimugoroba, ariko mu gitondo akongera kuraba nka mbere kandi noheho uburwayi bukagenda burushaho gukara umunsi ku wundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rwandanews24.rw/2023/02/16/wari-uziko-kurya-ibihaza-birinda-zimwe-mu-ndwara-zikomeye-menya-akamaro-ko-kurya-ibihaza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164811/https://rwandanews24.rw/2023/02/16/wari-uziko-kurya-ibihaza-birinda-zimwe-mu-ndwara-zikomeye-menya-akamaro-ko-kurya-ibihaza/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kwirinda indwara ====
Uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda inzuzi indwara iyo ari yo yose hakubiyemo:

* '''Kuvomerera mu gitondo cyangwa ku manywa gusa:''' Kwirinda kuvomerera mu masaha atinze ya nyuma ya saa sita cyangwa ya nijoro. Indwara y’ibifu biboza inzuzi ndetse n’izindi ndwara ifata mu gihe hahehereye. Kuvomerera mu masaha ya nijoro ni nko kwenyegeza umuriro. Kuvomerera mu gitondo bituma izuba rihita ryumisha amababi vuba cyane.Kuvomerera nijoro bituma amababi ahehera ijoro ryose kugeza mu gitondo. Igihe haje ubushyuhe mu ijoro amababi atose yorohereza kororoka kw’indwara y’ibifu biboza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Courgette plant begin augustus (Cucurbita pepo in August) (1).jpg|left|thumb]]'''Kuvomerera imizi gusa n’imigozi y’inzuzi:'''Kuvomerera hakoreshejwe umupira birinda amababi ubuhehere bw’inyongera ari bwo butera kororoka kw’indwara. Umupira uvomerera bawurambika ureba hasi kugira ngo birinde kumena amazi ku mababi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164810/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/crops/pumpkins&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Gutera imiti yica ubukoko mu rwego rwo gukumira indwara mbere y’uko zifata inzuzi:''' Umuti wica udukoko ushobora kurinda inzuzi. Ni byiza gutangira gutera imiti yica ubukoko hakiri kare mbere y’uko indwara zitangira gufata inzuzi. Mu gihe inzuzi zafashwe, wahita utera uwo muti. Iyo utewe hakiri kare bishobora gutuma igihingwa cyisubira kikaba kizima n’ubwo amababi yafashwe atakongera gusa neza. Indwara z’inzuzi zishobora gufata igice cyo hejuru cy’amababi cyangwa zigafata igice cyo hasi, zishobora gufata umugozi utereyeho ibabi cyangwa ku giti cyose.  Ni yo mpamvu umuti wica ubukoko uterwa ku bice byose bigize uruyuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

* '''Gurandura  inzuzi zirwaye mu murima:  '''Si byiza gutaba inzuzi zirwaye mu murima cyangwa kuzikoramo ifumbire kuko mikorobi zitera indwara zishobora kubaho igihe kinini mu butaka cyangwa muri iyo fumbire maze zikazanduza ibihingwa by’imyaka izaza. Rimwe na rimwe, uburyo bakora ifumbire y’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa ntabwo ubushyuhe buzamo buba buhagije ngo bitange icyizere ko bwakwica mikorobe. Ni ngombwa kujugunya inzuzi zanduye cyangwa zikajyanwa n’abashinzwe gutwara imyanda bazakoramo ibindi bintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ibyonnyi ===
Ibyonnyi rusange by’umurima w’ibihaza ni ibi bikurikira:
[[Dosiye:Four-striped Grass Mice (Rhabdomys pumilio) eating wild fruit ... (45382859104).jpg|thumb|Imbeba bimwe mubyonyi byibihaza]]
'''Inkwavu:''' inkwavu zikunda ubwatsi butoshye n’imitwe yabwo hamwe n’imbuto zitarakomera zikiri nto. Kwirinda inkwavu bisaba kuzihiga, kuzitega, kuzirukana  gushyiraho uruzitiro cyangwa utuyungirizo twabugenewe.

'''Imbeba n’ifuku:''' Ibi byonnyi bicukura mu butaka bikangiza imizi y’uruyuzi. Kwrinda imbeba n’ifuku bisaba kuzitega cyangwa gutega umuti wica imbeba.

'''Inkima n’inkende''': [[Inkima]] n’inkende zirya inzuzi z’ibihaza. Zicukura igihaza maze zigakuramo inzuzi.  Kuzirinda bisaba kunyanyagiza urusenda rushyushye mu murima w’ibihaza kugira ngo zijye kure y’ibihaza bikuze. Urusenda ruterwa inshuro nyinshi na buri gihe nyuma y’uko imvura iguye. Inkima n’inkende nazo wazirinda ukoresheje imitego yazo cyangwa umuti.

'''Isiha:''' ibyo kurya byazo ni imbuto ziryoshye, zeze neza(cyangwa zenda kwera). Kuzihiga no kuzitega ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwiza  bwo kuziirinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Callosobruchus chinensis (Linné, 1758) male.jpg|thumb|Ibivumvuri biri mubyona uduhaza tukiri duto]]
'''''Ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa ari tubisi,''  uduhunduguru, ibivumvuri byangiza ibihaza  n’inda z’ibihaza.'''

'''''Ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa ari tubisi''''':  bigira ibakwe mu kwangiza ku buryo mu kanya gato biba biyogoje igice kinini cy’umurima w’ibihaza. Igice cy’uruyuzi bikunda kurya cyane ni ubututu bukiri bushyashya bw’umuhondo hamwe n’amababi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;


'''Ibivumvuri byangiza ibihaza:''' birya [[igiti]] cy’uruyuzi kandi zishobora kwangiza inzuzi zikiri nto.

'''Uduhunduguru: tu'''garagara nk’aho twitwaje intwaro nto zikagira ishusho nk’iy’ingabo ku mugongo wazo. Dusa n’ikijuju kijya kuba umukara n’udutwe dusa na oranje. Dushobora kwirasa rimwe tukihisha ukatubura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

 
'''Inda z’ibihaza''':ikimenyetso cya mbere kigaragara ku nzuzi zanduye iyi ndwara n’uko amababi atoshye akiri mato atangira kwihinahina. Iyo ugenzuye neza wegereye uruyuzi ubona utwo dukoko duto twinshi cyane tunyunyuza amatembabuzi ku gice cy’inyuma cy’amababi. Dushobora no kwangiza cyane indabo z’ingore no gushwanyuza utubuto tugitangira kumera.

Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’utu dukoko mu murima muto, umuhinzi akoresha uburyo bwo gusuka amazi menshi ku nzuzi. Bituma udukoko duhunguka ku nzuzi bikanagabanya ubukana twari tuzanye bwo kwangiza. Ibyo bituma udukoko tw’utugore dufatwa.Igihe ufite umurima utari munini, ushobora guhangana n’utu dukoko ukadufata kamwe kamwe ukwako ukadushyira mu kintu kirimo amazi y’isabune na amoniya.Kugira ngo hagabanuke iyororoka ry’utu dukoko, mu gihe cy’imvura hakorwa ifumbire y’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa, kandi umuhinzi agahinga ageza isuka hasi cyane ku buryo udukoko tutabona ahantu twihisha mu mvura. Uruhavu cyangwa inkengero zizitiye umurima zigahora zisukuye ibyatsi bibi bigakurwaho n’isuka cyangwa bikarandurwa. Guhinga imirongo y’Ibihwagari yafi y’umurima  w’inzuzi na byo bifasha kurinda udukoko. Ibi bisaba ko igihe cyo kwera kibarwa neza ku buryo Ibihwagari bitangira kuzana ururabo mbere gato y’inzuzi. Udukoko nk’ibivumvuri byangiza uduhaza turibwa aritubisi dukururwa n’umuhondo ukeye  w’imitwe y’Ibihwagari. Iyo utu dukoko atari twinshi duhugira ku bihwagari bityo ntitujye kwangiza n’inzuzi. Igihe bibaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti yica ubukoko, ni byiza gukoresha imiti itangiza ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Imboga]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]</text>
      <sha1>ivskv6795mttsi1gu9g2x0ksu1avy14</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mu bigabiro bya Musinga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142102</id>
      <parentid>98122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142102</origin>
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      <text bytes="2319" sha1="2igyee21t6nh71szf92c3y23ti8i6xr" xml:space="preserve">Imyaka isaga 79 irashize Umwami Yuhi V Musinga atuvuyemo. Yatangiye mu buhungiro ku wa 25 Ukuboza 1944, aguye i Moba muri RDC nyuma yo kwirukanwa mu Rwanda n’Ababiligi, agasimbuzwa umuhungu we [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]].

== Amateka ==
Musinga yatanze amaze imyaka 13 mu buhungiro yagiyemo tariki 14 Ukwakira 1931.

Ingoma ye yagize ibihe bikomeye byinshi kandi bibi mu mateka y’u Rwanda, kuko inkingi za mwamba zari zisigasiye ubuzima bw’igihugu, zashenywe ku ngoma ye. Yaciwe mu gihugu Ababiligi baramwambuye agaciro, nta tegeko yari agitanga bataryemeje.

Saa Yine n’Igice ku wa 14 Ukwakira 1931 igihiriri cy’abaja cyahagurutse i Nyanza giherekeje Musinga, [[Umugore|abagore]] be batanu n’abana be icyenda na nyina Kanjogera n’abo mu muryango wabo, bajyanwa mu nzu bari bateguriwe i Kamembe [ubu ni mu Kagari ka Kamatita mu Murenge wa Gihundwe].

Yakomeje kuba i Kamembe ameze nk’ufungishijwe ijisho. Tariki 2 Ukwakira 1933, nyina wa Musinga, Kanjogera yaguye i Kamembe.

Nyuma y’umwaduko w’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi mu 1939, Musinga n’abambari be bagaruye icyizere ko [[Abadage]] nibatsinda, bazamusubiza ku butegetsi.

Ababiligi bakimenya ibyo byifuzo bya Musinga, bamufunze inshuri ebyiri i Kamembe, mbere y’uko tariki 18 Kamena 1940 bamwohereza i Moba mu cyahoze ari Zaïre.

Mbere yo kugenda yabanje gufungirwa mu igaraje ry’abo Babiligi bikavugwa ko yashyirwaga mu cyombo kikanga kugenda bigatuma arazwa afunze kugeza yambuwe inkoni yitwazaga akabona gushyiguka.

Musinga yaje kujyanwa i Moba, ahageze afungwa n’abaturage bakekaga ko ashaka kongera kwiyimika nk’Umwami ku butaka bwabo. Yarahagumye kugeza atanze.

Ntabwo icyahitanye Musinga kizwi neza gusa amateka avuga ko umugogo we watwawe n’Ababiligi ariko kibyemeza neza.

== Ibindi ==
Urugo Umwami yabayemo [Ibigabiro] ubu ni Umudugudu wamwitiriwe ndetse bimwe mu byerekana ko yahabaye biracyahari; igaraje yafungiwemo yarasenywe ariko hari umushinga wo kongera kuhubaka abahasuye bagakomeza gusangizwa ayo mateka.

Musinga yasimbuwe ku ngoma n’umuhungu we Rudahigwa wari warize mu mashuri y’abazungu.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;http://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/kuva-mu-bigabiro-bya-musinga-kugera-ku-mashyuza-ya-bugarama-ahantu-nyaburanga&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://amateka1.rssing.com/chan-41692984/article57.html&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amateka yo ku Ivuko rya ADEPR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141610</id>
      <parentid>115345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T17:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55004-23</username>
        <id>19136</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1402" sha1="lx2arxzwjeazdel2mc8a5ljliuk5yss" xml:space="preserve">Itorero rya Pentekote mu Rwanda, ADEPR, ryatangiriye i Gihundwe mu Karere ka Rusizi, mu 1940.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:ADEPR Nyamata District Hospital.jpg|thumb|ibitaro by'itorero ADEPR biherereye i Nyamata mu Bugesera.|270x270px]]
ADEPR yagejejwe mu Rwanda n’Abamisiyoneri bo muri Suède. Nyuma y’imyaka itatu bahageze ni bwo mu 1943 babatije Umunyarwanda wa mbere, Sagatwa Rudoviko, wabaye umukirisitu wa mbere mu itorero.

Mu kuzirikana ayo mateka, aho Sagatwa RUDOVIKO yabatirijwe hubatswe ku buryo bugaragaza amateka ye n’igihe yabatirijwe.

Aho Itorero ADEPR ryatangirijwe hari kubakwa urusengero rushya mu gukomeza gusigasira ayo mateka yaryo.

Ubutumwa bwashibutse mu myaka 83 ishize bumaze gukwira ku Isi yose ndetse by’umwihariko mu Rwanda ADEPR ifite abayoboke barenga miliyoni ebyiri.

Iri torero ryakomeje kwaguka mu ivugabutumwa no mu bikorwa birimo ubuvuzi, uburezi no gufasha abatishoboye.

== Ibindi ==
ADEPR ifite insengero 3280 mu gihugu hose, ifite abadiyakoni 82 000, korali 6318, abahanzi basaga 200, imiryango 41 y’abanyeshuri biga muri za kaminuza, abavugabutumwa 2460 n’abapasiteri 1240.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;http://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/kuva-mu-bigabiro-bya-musinga-kugera-ku-mashyuza-ya-bugarama-ahantu-nyaburanga&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230226180639/https://www.agakiza.org/Tumenye-Itorero-rya-Pentecote-ry-Urwanda-ADEPR.html&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lx2arxzwjeazdel2mc8a5ljliuk5yss</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Imyumbati</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141867</id>
      <parentid>138788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141867</origin>
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      <text bytes="5617" sha1="5hr4ylu0cwu33kkcn489amoo7vbvnwq" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Imyumbati.jpg|thumb|Imyumbati]]
[[File:Balanghoy (Manihot esculenta) tubers.jpg|thumb|Balanghoy (Manihot esculenta) tubers]]
[[File:Malpighiales - Manihot esculenta - 2.jpg|thumb|Malpighiales - Manihot esculenta - 2]]
[[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg|thumb|casava]]
[[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - Tapioca - Cassava at Periya (3).jpg|left|thumb]]
Ubuhinzi bw'imyumbati mu Rwanda  bwazanywe  n'Ababiligi mu mwaka w'1930. Imyumbati  ni igihingwa ngandurarugo kiri ku mwanya wa gatatu nyuma  y'ibijumba n'ibitoki.  Mu myaka icumi ishize umusaruro w'imyumbati wagiye ugabanuka bitewe ahanini n'indwara, ibyonnyi n'ibura ry'imbuto zihanganira indwara.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/imyumbati/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226195446/https://umutihealth.com/imyumbati/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imyumbati isarurwaho  ibijumba ari na byo biribwa. Imyumbati ifite ubushobozi bwo kwera mu butaka buteraramo ibindi bihingwa. Imyumbati kandi yera mu gihe hariho amapfa. Kubera ko imyumbati ishobora kuguma mu butaka kugeza ku mezi 24, ndetse n'amwe mu moko yayo akaba yaguma mu butaka kugeza ku mezi 36, gusarura imyumbati bishobora gutegereza ko isoko riboneka cyangwa haboneka uburyo bwo kuyitunganya.Imyumbati iribwa n'abantu, ariko ishobora no kugaburirwa amatungo. Mu ngo nyinshi imyumbati iribwa nk'ikiribwa gitera imbaraga. Imyumbati ishobora kuribwamo umutsima, igikoma, kotswa cyangwa gutogoswa. Amababi y'imyumbati nayo aribwa nk'imboga rwatsi, zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri na Vitamini A na B.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/uko-imyumbati-iterwa-naho-igomba-guterwa.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226195440/https://www.urwego.com/2015/01/uko-imyumbati-iterwa-naho-igomba-guterwa.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amoko ===
[[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta 001( bw.jpg|thumb|Umwumbati wo mubwoko bw'umuvunde]]
Ubusanzwe hari amoko abiri y'amoko y'imyumbati: imyumbati irura n'imyumbati y'imiribwa.

Imyumbati yitwa ko ari imiribwa igihe yifitemo ubusharire buke. Ubundi imyumbati yigiramo ubusharire (aside) bugomba gukurwamo kugira ngo ibashe kuribwa. Imyumbati y'imiribwa yigiramo ubusharire buke  butagira icyo butwaye.  Imyumbati irura ihingwa kimwen'imyumbati y'imiribwa, ariko yifitemo ubusharire ku rugero rwo hejuru. Imyumbati y'imiribwa ishobora kugira urugero rw'ubusharire bungana na 40/1000000, naho imyumbati irura ikagira ubusharire ku rugero rwa 490/1000000. Urugero ruri hejuru ya 50/1000000 rufatwa nk'urwateza ibyago. Ubusharire mu myumbati irura ni ikibazo ku buzima bw'abantu, kereka bubanje kugabanywa kugera ku rugero rwihanganirwa. Iyo imyumbati igifite ubwo busharire iba ari uburozi bushobora kwica, ariko na none kubugabanya mu myumbati bikozwe ku buryo budatunganye na bwo na byo bishobora kwica mu gihe runaka, cyane cyane mu gihe ifunguro ribuzemo intungamubiri. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kugabanya ubusharire mu myumbati. Kwanika imyumbati gusa bigabanya urugero rw'ubusharire, n'ubwo bishobora kuba bidahagije kugira ngo iribwe. Kwinika imyumbati mu mazi mbere yo kuyanika ni byo byizewe mu kugabanya ubusharire  ku buryo nyabwo. Guhugutisha imyumbati uko yakabaye cyangwa yacagaguwemo uduce duto nabyo bigabanya ubusharire, kuyikaranga ndetse no kuyibiza inshuro nyinshi uhindura amazi na byo bigabanya ubusharire ku buryo iribwa nta kibazo.
[[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta - Tapioca - Cassava at Periya (9).jpg|thumb|Igiti cy'umwumbati]]
Mu Rwanda dufite dufite amoko y'imyumbati menshi ariko afite ikibazo cyo kwibasiwa n'indwara n'ibyonnyi biyangiza. Ayo moko aragaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/sobanukirwa-impamvu-imyumbati-ushobora-kuyirya-ikakumerera-nabi&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Manihot esculenta cassava flower vijayanrajapuram.jpg|thumb|casava plant]]

=== Imyumbati ===

* Gutegura umurima uzahingwamo imyumbati uri imusozi bitandukana no gutegura umurima uri mu kabande cyangwa mu kibaya: imusozi, bahinga imyumbati mu ntabire ishashe cyangwa amayogi cyangwa imitabo. Mu bibaya, abahinzi bater imyumbati  ku mitabo cyangwa amayogi yigiye hejuru kugira ngo birinde ko yarengerwa n'amazi.
* [[Dosiye:Cassava with beans.jpg|thumb|imyumbati nibishyimbo]]Amayoyi aba afite uburebure buri hagati ya cm 30 na cm 60 cm.
* Intera iri hagati y'amayogi iba iri hagati  ya cm 60 na cm 100.
* Batabira umurima hanyuma bagasanza. Ibyo bikorwa mu gihe ubutaka buhehereye. Tabira umurima nibura kugeza kuri cm 15-30 cm z'ubujyakuzimu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Ruhango-Barifuza-imbuto-nshya-yimyumbati&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/uko-ibishishwa-by-imyumbati-byafashije-abagore-muri-benin-kurengera-ibidukikije&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;u&gt;IBANGA RYO GUHINGA NEZA IMYUMBATI&lt;/u&gt;

imyumbati ihinze mu buryobubunganga ubutaka kandi bugamijekongera umusaruro,iyo uwukoze ukurikije uburyo bwo gutegurau umurima,gutegura ingeri z' imyumbati no kwicira imyumbati byazabikuze ngo bitanga umusaruro ushimishije.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibanga-ryo-guhinga-neza-imyumbati-igiti-kimwe-kikeraho-ibiro-100/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-05-28 |archive-date=2023-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001300/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ibanga-ryo-guhinga-neza-imyumbati-igiti-kimwe-kikeraho-ibiro-100/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikinzari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141868</id>
      <parentid>139887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4978" sha1="qufngzd4l32e2b446azsrpql99ore35" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Curcuma longa (Haldi) W IMG 2440.jpg|thumb|Turmeric cyangwa Ikinzari|160x160px]]
[[Dosiye:Turmeric (Haldi) 03.jpg|left|thumb]]
Ikinzari cyangwa Turmeric ni [[ikimera]] kiri mu muryango Zingiberaceae ni [[ikimera]] kitarigishya kuko kimaze imyaka irenga 2000 gihingwa, uburebure bwacyo bujya gukabakaba metero, Ifu iva mumizi yacyo ikunzwe gukoreshwa cyane nk’ ikirungo. Igira ibara ry’ umuhondo ujya kuba nk’ icunga  (orange). N’ [[ikimera]] gikomoka mubuhinde no muri Asia y’ amajyepfo y’ iburasirazuba. Kuri ubu kikaba gikoreshwa mubihugu byose ku isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/icyinzari/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/https://umutihealth.com/icyinzari/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/http://www.agakiza.rw/Menya-byinshi-ku-icyinzari-ikirungo-kivura-indwara-nyinshi.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/02/akamaro-kicyinzari.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151601/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/02/akamaro-kicyinzari.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Curcuma longa - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-199.jpg|thumb|Ikinzari|206x206px]]

== Akamaro ka turimeric kubuzima bwacu. ==
● Itera Umwijima kumererwa neza

● Irwanya ibibazo by' Umutima: ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekanyeko itera imikorere myiza uduce duto two mumutima imbere no mumitsi ijyana amaraso (endothelial), tugira uruhare mukurwanya umuvuduko w' amaraso, no kwangirika kw' umutima.

● Ni anti- inflamatoire. Kubwibyo bituma iba nziza kubibazo bitandukanye cyane nka rubagimpande na arthritis.

● Ni carminative, ninziza kukubyimbura, colic, no gusohora icyuka cyo mumara.

● Irwanya mikorobi, ubwandu cyangwa ama infection, kandi ikaba nziza mukongera ubudahangarwa bw’ umubiri.

● Ni nziza kundwara z’ igifu nka dyspepsia, igogora ritinda kunoza ibyokurya, gastrite chronique, kubura kw’ ipfa ry’ ibyo kurya…

●Ifasha muguhangana n’ indwara zibasira imyanya y’ ubuhumekero nka bronchite, inkorora, asthma…

● Ikangura imikorere y’ [[ubwonko]] kandi igafasha mukugabanya umunaniro no guhangayika,

● ikanarinda indwara ya Alzheimer kubageze muzabukuru n’ izindi Ifite ubushobozi bwogushyira kurigahunda imihango y' abakobwa no kuburizamo  ibindi bibazo bijyanye nayo.

● Irinda gusazira imburagihe Ifasha mugusohora urugimbu rubi mumubiri no kurwanya indwara z’ umutima Indwanya indwara z’ uruhu nka psoriasis, eczema, ibiheri byo mumaso…
[[Dosiye:Curcuma longa (Haldi) W2 IMG 2440.jpg|thumb|ikinzari|210x210px]]
● Ikomeza imikaya (ligaments) Isukura amaraso Igabanya umubyibuho ukabije Igabanya ingaruka z’ imiti y’ ubutabire (chemotherapy) Irwanya cancer (y’ amabere, prostate, y’ uruhu, y ‘ iherezo ry’ amara, iyo mumatembabuzi, n’ iya maraso) Nibyiza kuvanga Turmeric na Black pepper izwi ku izina rya Pilipilimanga, kuko bituma curcumin iboneka muri Turmeric ikwirakwizwa neza mumubiri, ibyo bikayiha ubushobozi bwayo mu mubiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thechoicelive.com/sobanukirwa-byinshi-byagufasha-kurinda-ibihaha-no-gutuma-bikora-neza |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151559/https://www.thechoicelive.com/sobanukirwa-byinshi-byagufasha-kurinda-ibihaha-no-gutuma-bikora-neza |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uko ikoreshwa ===

* Utuyiko 2 duto muri litiro 1 y’ amazi ashyushye. Tegereza iminota 10, ubone kuyungurura, unywe amatasi 3 kumunsi
* Kuyishyira mubyokurya, mugikoma, …ukoresheje akayiko gato katuzuye neza
* Kubibazo by’ uruhu  ikoreshwa uyisize uvanze n’ amazi
* Kuvura ibiheri byo mu maso:3 ibiyiko by’ ifu ya turmeric-- 3 ibiyiko by’ [[ubuki]] 1 ikiyiko cya vinaigre ya pomme ½ cy’ [[indimu]] Bivange neza usige mu maso bimareho igice cy’ isaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/ibyagufasha-gucyesha-mu-kwaha-hawe-hahindutse-umukara/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227151600/https://yegob.rw/ibyagufasha-gucyesha-mu-kwaha-hawe-hahindutse-umukara/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Turmeric plants image.jpg|thumb|218x218px|Umurima uhinzemo ibinzani]]

=== Ibindi ===
1. Turmeric ntangaruka mbi itera umubiri iyo ikoreshejwe neza kurugero rukwiriye. Iyo urengeje urugero ushobora kugira bimwe mubibazo bikurikira:Gukora nabi kw' igogora.--Iseseme Diarrhe Isereri

2. Sibyiza kuyikoresha igihe kirenze amezi 2 cyangwa 3, ujye usimbuka  andi mezi 2 mbere yuko wongera kuyikoresha.

3. '''Utwite:''' kuyikoresha nk' ikirungo mubyokurya ntacyitwaye, ariko kuyikoresha kurugero rurihejuru (nk' umuti) ntabwo byemewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
      <sha1>qufngzd4l32e2b446azsrpql99ore35</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umushinga wa macye macye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142112</id>
      <parentid>91766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3395" sha1="7ly6mlv9ilcfff9wsic9hgv1wqyy8bj" xml:space="preserve">Ikigo cy’itumanaho n’ikoranabuhanga cya [[MTN Rwanda]] ku bufatanye na [[Banki ya Kigali]], batangije umushinga uzafasha buri muntu wese ubishaka gutunga telefone zigezweho zigendanwa (Smartphones) bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwe.

== Imiterere ==
Ni umushinga wiswe ‘Macye Macye’ aho buri wese ubyifuza ashobora kwaka inguzanyo ya telefone yifuza akayihabwa, ubundi akajya yishyura macye macye yaba ku munsi, mu cyumweru cyangwa nyuma y’ukwezi bitewe n’ibyo yumva bishobora kumworohera, akabikora mu gihe cy’amezi 12.

Ubuyobozi bwa MTN bwagaragaje ko iyi gahunda igamije gufasha abakiliya bayo kubona izi telefone ndetse bikanazabafasha kubona serivise zinoze mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga.

Ni mu gihe usanga abaturage bakoresha telefone zigezweho ndetse na interineti bakiri hasi ya 25%.

=== Desire Rubanguka ===
Umukozi wa MTN Rwanda ushinzwe ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi Desire Ruhinguka, avuga ko ari uburyo buzafasha abifuza gutunga telefone zo muri ubwo bwoko cyangwa kugira abandi bazigurira kubigeraho bishyuye amafaranga macye macye.

Ati “Uburyo abakiriya bacu bazajya bakoresha mu kwishyura ni ubwa mobile money, biturutse ku buryo umukiriya azaba yifuje niba ari buri munsi cyangwa buri cyumweru. Ayo mafaranga azajya akurwaho nk’uko wabyifuje nk’umufatabuguzi, abakiriya bose aho bari bashobora kujya kuri telefone zabo bagakanda *182*12#, bakagenda bareba ibisabwa, icyo umufatabuguzi asabwa ni uko amenya amabwiriza arimo kugira ngo ube wakwemererwa gufata iyo telefone.”

Iyo umukiriya amaze kwiyandikisha hakurikiraho ko ajya kureba telefone yemerewe kuba yafata, biturutse ku bushobozi bwe bwo kwishyurwa, aho MTN ibubwirwa bitewe n’uko asanzwe akoresha mobile money cyangwa kugura amayinite, ari na byo bimwemera kujya mu cyiciro runaka.

Telefone umukiriya uri mu cyiciro gikiriritse ashobora guheraho n’iyo ashobora kwishyura amafaranga 230 ku munsi, 1100 ku cyumweru, cyangwa akishyura agera 7000, byose bigakorwa mu gihe cy’amezi 12.

=== Benjamin Mutimura ===
Ni umukozi wa BK ushinzwe ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, avuga ko umwenda uzajya utangwa na BK.

Ati “Abantu bazajya bajya ku maduka ya MTN ndetse n’ahagurishyirizwa terefone bakire ubusabe bwabo, amadosiye yabo bayatuzanire nka Banki ya Kigali kugira ngo dosiye zabo zemezwe”.

=== Paul ingabire ===
Minisitiri w’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo, [[Paula Ingabire]], avuga ko nubwo hari ubundi buryo bwinshi bugamije gufasha Abanyarwanda kubona terefone zo mu bwoko bwa smartphone.

Ati “Iyi macye macye ntabwo ari yo yonyine muzabona, mu minsi iri imbere muraza kubona n’izindi gahunda dushyiraho, natwe nka Leta, kuko ni ngombwa ko dushakisha uburyo bwakorohereza umuturage kugira ngo abashe gutunga telefone. Intego ni uko nibura mu mezi 24 ari imbere dushobora kuba twageze kuri 85% by’Abanyarwanda batunze telefone zigendanwa zigezweho, uyu munsi uwo mubare ukaba uhagaze kuri 40%”.

== Ibindi ==
Mu gihe u Rwanda rwaramuka rugeze kuri iyi ntego rwihaye, rwaba Igihugu cya mbere ku mugabane wa Afurika gifite umubare munini w’abaturage batunze telefone zo mu bwoko bwa Smartphones.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abanyarwanda-bashyiriweho-uburyo-bwo-gutunga-smart-phones-bakishyura-mu-byiciro&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ikoranabuhanga/telefone/article/bk-na-mtn-batangije-umushinga-uzongera-umubare-w-abatunze-smartphones&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sharamariya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142123</id>
      <parentid>134240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3390" sha1="9cin6rvnuiootyzmz069pfqsb207qpy" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil.jpg|thumb|Sharamariya iri mugiti|165x165px]]
[[Dosiye:Cherimoya fruit basket 1.jpg|thumb|Sharamariya|170x170px]]
[[Dosiye:Annona cherimola Brazil.jpg|thumb|Sharamariya|171x171px]]
[[Dosiye:Cherimoya fruit slices.jpg|thumb|161x161px|Urubuto rwa Sharamariya ruteguye]]
Sharamariya Uru rubuto rugira amazina atandukanye bitewe n’akarere. Abenshi baruzi ku izina rya coeur de boeuf, nyamara abandi nabo barwita sharamariya. Iri zina rya sharamariya rishobora kuba ryaraturutse ku izina ry’uru rubuto mu gifaransa kuko mu by’ukuri izina bwite si coeur de boeuf ahubwo ni chérimole. Mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]] ni custard apple.Uru rubuto nubwo rudakunze kuboneka ahantu hose, nyamara ni rumwe mu mbuto z’ingenzi dore ko ruza mu mbuto zifasha umubiri wacu guhangana na [[kanseri]]. Uru rubuto rufatiye runini umubiri wacu haba umutima, uruhu, amagufa, n’ibindi. Ibi byose bigize uru rubuto nibyo biruha ubushobozi bwo kugira indwara ruturinda, ndetse n’ibyo rutuvura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/sharamariya/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228103128/https://umutihealth.com/sharamariya/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/ibyo-kurya-byagufasha-kwirinda-no-guhangana-na-kanseri/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228103128/https://yegob.rw/ibyo-kurya-byagufasha-kwirinda-no-guhangana-na-kanseri/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/hari-umuhinzi-ushaka-ko-pome-zera-zikaboneka-ku-isoko-nka-voka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228103153/https://muhaziyacu.rw/ubukungu/ubuhinzi-ubworozi/ubuhinzi/hari-umuhinzi-ushaka-ko-pome-zera-zikaboneka-ku-isoko-nka-voka/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Cherimoya fruits.jpg|left|thumb|159x159px|Sharamariya]]
[[File:Branch with fruits of cherimoya.jpg|thumb|Sharamariya|172x172px]]

== Akamaro ==
* Ibibabi bya sharamariya bifasha umubiri guhangana na kanseri naho ibishishwa byo ku giti bikavura indwara z’amenyo no kubabara ishinya, kimwe no kurwara ifumbi y’amenyo (kumwe woza amenyo ukava)
* [[Vitamini C]] nkuko duhora tubivuga ni ingenzi mu gusukura umubiri ivanamo uburozi ikanawurinda indwara kuko yongerera ubudahangarwa ingufu.
* Vitamin A ni nziza ku ruhu, amaso n’umusatsi
* Potassium ifasha mu kurwanya gucika intege, ukagira ingufu mu mikaya
* Magnesium ifasha mu kuringaniza igipimo cy’amazi mu mubiri. Ni nziza ku barwaye goute, rubagimpande no kuribwa mu ngingo
* Umuringa ufasha mu kurinda kwituma impatwe
* Fibre zifasha nazo mu kuvura impatwe no gutuma igogorwa rigenda neza
* Sharamariya kandi ikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo bunyuranye. Igipondo cy uru rubuto ruhase gishyirwa ku bibyimba ibitobo n’ibikomere bigakira.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/umutima-w-imfizi-urubuto-rukomeje-gukendera-mu-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/ukeneye-kugira-ubwonko-bukora-neza-urubuto-rwitwa-cherimoya-coeur-de-boeuf-umutima-w-imfizi-rwabigufashamo&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amshakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Imbuto]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SADDLE BILL STORK</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141917</id>
      <parentid>139542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3549" sha1="27d8j2fm5333ppaypi4vta409be04f1" xml:space="preserve">== Saddle Bill Stork ==
[[Dosiye:Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis -Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|thumb]]
Ni inyoni nini ikomoka mu muryango wa coconidae,n'ubwoko bwamamaye akaba ari

umworozi utuye muri africa yo munsi y' ubutayu bwa sahara, kuva sudani, etiyopiya 

na [[kenya]] mu majyaruguru kugeza muri afrika yepfo yo muri [[gambiya]], senegari  kote

divori na chad, mu burengerazua bwa afurika.gusa bifatwa nk'akaga muri afurika y'epfo [https://ebird.org/species/sabsto1]

== Imiterere ==
Ni inyoni ifite imiterere n'uburebure bwa (145 to 150 Cm (4 ft 9 cg 4ft11) uburebure bwa mababa

(142cm (4ft8) na (2.4 to 2.7m(7ft 10 8ft8in) ifite ijosi rirerire ikagira n'amguru maremare [https://www.marylandzoo.org/animal/saddle-billed-stork/] ho gato

ugereranije n'izindi nyoni nini ikaba ariyo nyoni nini mumoko yayo amaguru maremare apima
[[Dosiye:Saddle-billed Stork, Uganda (15191938619).jpg|thumb|299x299px]]
(36.5cm (14.4 in) ,birashoboka cyane ko wayitandukanya na iris, y'umuhondo, ingore n'ingabo

gusa kungore itandukanyeho kereka umweru cyane muri primary yo guhaguruka, umutwe, ijosi

na amababa, umurizo byirabura, abana bato bafite ibara ryijimye muri plumage, amaguru 

n'ibirenge bifite ibara ry'ijimye, kugituza hari ibara ritukura. [https://www.sa-venues.com/wildlife/birds_saddle_billed_stork.php]

== Imyitwarire ==
Iracecetse cyane kereka iyo isagariwe mucyari.kimwe n'inyoni nyinshi ,ziguruka zifite ijosi rirambuye

ntizisubira inyuma nka heron,saddle bill stork n'inyoni isa nigaragara nk'idasanzwe kubayibonye bwambere

kurundi ruhande kubarobyi binyoni babimenyerere, ibi bituma zimenyekana byoroshya nubwo zigaragarira kure.[https://www.britannica.com/animal/saddle-billed-stork]

== Ubworozi n'imiturire ==
[[Dosiye:Saddle-billed Stork (Epphippiorhynchus senegalensis) couple (right, female) (33146446285).jpg|thumb|538x538px]]
Iyi nyoni kandi ihitamo ahantu ho gutura hari amazi menshi ugereranije n'utundi turere twinshi.

bimwe muribi bigenda,ariko biterwa no kubogama, gukwirakwiza n'abahanga, mubijyanye 

n'imyororokere y'inyoni hizewe nka pariki y'igihugu n'ibishanga bikingiwe bitanga uburyo bworoshe

mugutura kwizo nyoni. Iyi nyoni kandi yubaka ibyari bikomeye ikoreshywa inshuro nyinshi mugihe

gikurikiranye, bitandukanye n'izindi nyoni nyinshi zororoka mu mashyamba. ndetse n'ibishanga

nandi masoko, nimyuzure yo muturere dushyuha, yubaka icyari kinini. cy'imbitse mu biti itera 

amagi abiri kugeza kuri atatu, apima (146g (5.1 oZ) [https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-saddle-billed-stork.html] Igihe cyo guturaga n'iminsi 30-35,

hashize iminsi 70-100, mbere yuko inyoni zihunga. umuhigo wazo zikunze kugaburirwa n'amafi

molluskus, ibikeri hamwe na crustaceans ariko bizwiho no kurya ibikururuka hasi ,nibindi binyabuzima

bikomoka mumazi, kimwe no mubindi byo mubwoko bwo mubimera.[https://animalia.bio/saddle-billed-stork]

== Isano n'umuco wa kera wa Misiri ==
Ibisobanuro byayo akenshi itangwa nabi kubera ko ntamakuru ahagije bayifiteho nka &lt;nowiki&gt;''jabilu''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

umuvandimwe wa afrika yepfo, ingoma ya gatatu farawo khaba, yashizwemo iyi hieroglyph.

mu izina rye, ishusho yambere yerekana amoko yaturutse kwishusho mugihe cyakera 

(mbere 3150 mbere ya Yesu) kandi imigendekere y'ibishushanyo yagize akamaro, mukugabanya

imiterere y'ubuzima kuva muri ethiopia ya kera bishoboka bitewe n'imijyi itakije ndetse no mukirere

kuva (nko muri 2686-2181 mbere ya Yesu).[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sabsto1/cur/introduction][https://africafreak.com/saddle-billed-stork]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umuvuduko mucye w'amaraso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141702</id>
      <parentid>136057</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="5380" sha1="jgny4r0gshuski8mkvekz00u33mb2v7" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Checking_blood_pressure.jpg|thumb|gupima umuvuduko w'amaraso |294x294px]]
Akenshi dukunda kuvuga ku muvuduko ukabije w’amaraso ariyo hypertension ariko ntidukunze kwibaza mu gihe uwo muvuduko wabaye muke aribyo ''hypotension''.

Hypotension ni igihe umuvuduko w’amaraso wagiye munsi ya 90/60. Twibutseko ko umuvuduko wemewe ku bantu bakuru ari utarenze 120/80 ariko ntunajye munsi ya 90/60.

Nyamara ubusanzwe iyo umuvuduko w’amaraso wamanutse ntakindi kibazo cyihariye ufite, ntacyo biba bitwaye kuko ugeraho ukongera ukazamuka. Gusa iyo utangiye kujya ugira ikizungera, kumva uhorana umunaniro, biba byafashe indi ntera, ni ngombwa kubikurikirana.

== Ikiwutera ==
Muri rusange abantu twese tujya tugira igihe umuvuduko wacu umanuka gusa kuko bimara agahe gato ntitubimenya.

Ariko hari ibyo uba ugomba kwitaho byatuma ukurikirana umuvuduko wawe uko umeze:

* Mu gihe uri umugore utwite kuko ari wowe n’umwana wawe muba mukeneye amaraso.
* Wagize impanuka ugakomereka ukava amaraso menshi
* Mu gihe ufite uburwayi bw’umutima noneho imitsi ijyana amaraso ntikore neza
* Gucika intege bijyana no kubura amazi mu mubiri nka nyuma y’igihe utarya cyangwa uhangayitse
* Kugira ubwivumbure budasanzwe ku kintu runaka cyane cyane imiti yo mu bwoko bwa pénicilline (byitwa a''naphylactic shock'')
* Kugira ubwandu bw’amaraso
* Imikorere mibi y’imisemburo nko kurwara diyabete, impyiko, cyangwa indwara zifata thyroid 

Imiti imwe nayo ishobora gutera iki kibazo muri yo twavuga iyo mu itsinda rya beta blockers, nitroglycerin, isohora amazi mu mubiri, ivura dépression, kimwe n’ivura kudashyukwa.

== Ubwoko ==
Bitewe n’igihe igufatiye, iyi ndwara ishyirwa mu byiciro binyuranye

=== Orthostatic ===
Tuvuga ko ari ''orthostatic'' mu gihe umuvuduko wawe ugabanutse ubyutse cyangwa wari wicaye noneho ugahaguruka. Ibi biba ku bantu hafi ya bose kandi byo si uburwayi. Birangwa akenshi no kumva uzungereye ukabona ibimeze nk’inyenyeri imbere yawe. Byo birikiza.

=== Postprandial ===
Ubu bwoko bufata cyane cyane abageze mu zabukuru barwaye indwara yo gususumira. Bikunze kubabaho mu gihe bamaze kurya. Nayo ni nka o''rthostatic'' uretse ko yo ifata abakuze gusa

=== Neurally mediated ===
Iyi ikunze gufata abana bakiri bato, ikaba ibaho nyuma yo guhagarara igihe kirekire. Ishobora no kubaho nyuma yo kumara igihe kinini ureba ibintu bitera guhangayika nka film zimwe na zimwe, cyangwa uri gufana ikipe ikajya itsindwa.

=== Severe ===
Iyi niyo ikabije (n’ubundi severe bivuze bikabije cyangwa birenze).

Iyi twagereranya na shock, ibaho mu gihe mu mubiri wawe hatari kugeramo umwuka wa ogisijeni uhagije. Ibi nibyo biba bikeneye kuvuzwa kuko iyo bitinze bibyara urupfu.

== Ibimenyetso byayo ==
Nkuko twabivuze dutangira iyi nkuru, umuvuduko uri munsi ya 90/60 uba ari mucye.

Urangwa n’ibi bikurikira:

* Umunaniro
* Kuremererwa umutwe
* Ikizungera
* Isesemi
* Guta ubwenge
* Kureba ibicyezicyezi
* Kwiheba no kwigunga
* Uruhu ruhorana urumeza

Si ibyo gusa kuko hari aho bigera ukumva warembye ukaryama, abandi bo bakaba bumva batameze neza gusa.

== Uko ivurwa ==
Mbere yo kukuvura muganga azabanza amenye ikigutera icyo kibazo, nicyo azavura. Akenshi uhabwa imiti ya diyabete, iyo kwiheba cyangwa iya infection. Kuko nibwo burwayi bushobora gutera hypotension.

Mu kindi gihe usabwa kwita kuri ibi bikurikira:

* Ugomba kunywa amazi ahagije kugirango wirinde kandi wivure hypotension yatewe no gutakaza amazi mu mubiri cyane cyane iyo uruka cyangwa uhitwa. Ndetse no mu gihe wagize ''neurally mediated'' (ifata abana cyangwa nyuma yo kureba ikintu kigutera guhangayika), kunywa amazi bizagufasha.

* Mu gihe ugize hypotension ubyutse cyangwa uhagurutse, ba uretse kugenda. Ahubwo guma uko umeze ushake ikintu wisunga kugirango utagwa noneho uhumirize cyangwa urebe mu cyerekezo kimwe udahindura amaso cyangwa ngo unyeganyeze umutwe. Mu kubyirinda haguruka buhoro buhoro, kandi niba wicaye nturenze akaguru ku kandi kuko biri mu byongera ibyago.
* N
** Niba byatewe n’imiti wanyoye, aho rwose wizuyaza hita ugana ivuriro rikuri hafi kuko utabifatiranye kare birimo ingaruka nyinshi kandi mbi. Kwa muganga nibo bazagena icyo kuguha kuko iyo bibaye ngombwa unongererwa amaraso.  Hari ibyo kurya bituma umuvuduko w’amaraso wongera kuzamuka ukajya ku gipimo cyiza.  Kubikoresha biri mu bizatuma umuvuduko wawe uba mwiza, mu gihe nta mpamvu izwi igaragara ituma ugira iki kibazo. Muri byo twavuga;
*# Karoti
*# Beterave
*# Ikawa
*# Kongera umunyu
*# Indimu
*# Umwenya
*# Teyi
*# Ibyo kurya byo mu nyanja
*# Tungurusumu

== Icyitonderwa ==
Akenshi umuvuduko mucye nawe ubwawe iyo uwitayeho urongera ukazamuka. Gusa witondera kuwuzamura kuko ushobora kugera aho urenza urugero cyane cyane iyo wongereye umunyu mu byo urya.

Nyuma yo kumenya ikigutera icyo kibazo gerageza kukigendera kure kuko kwirinda biruta kwivuza

Mu gihe wandikiwe imiti yinywe uko wabitegetswe

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/hypotension/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228185207/https://umutihealth.com/hypotension/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/sobanukirwa-indwara-y-umuvuduko-muke-w-amaraso-hypotension&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/ni-ryari-bavuga-ko-umuvuduko-w-amaraso-uri-hasi&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Ibyokurya byagufasha kurwanya indwara y’imitsi</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>141673</id>
      <parentid>104584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:26:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="7612" sha1="0nto9v5pqj0js1pvnhf6q4f02cmgmdj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Venous system en.svg|thumb|Igishushanyo cyerekana imitsi itandukanye yo mu mubiri w'umuntu.]]
Indwara yose igira ukwayo iryana ndetse ikanagira ukwayo ivurwa. Indwara y’imitsi ni imwe mu ndwara zibabaza ndetse zizahaza abayirwaye. Akenshi iyi ndwara ikunze guterwa na diyabete, imirire mibi n’imikorere mibi y’umubiri. Uwayirwaye arangwa no kubabara aho indwara yafashe, kurwara imbwa bya hato na hato, kugira imitsi yisobekeranyije, ku buryo unabibona ku ruhu inyuma bigaragara.


Igitangaje ni uko burya mu miti y’ingenzi ihabwa abarwaye iyi ndwara uretse imiti igabanya uburibwe indi yose ni uruvange rwa za vitamin n’imyunyungugu. Nyamara kandi izi vitamin n’imyunyungugu tubibona ku buryo bw’umwimerere binyuze mu byo turya.


Muri iyi nkuru tugiye kukwereka amafunguro wakibandaho mu gihe ufite ubu burwayi bugakira ndetse ntibuzanagaruke. Gusa tukwibutsa ko iyo indwara yamaze kugaragara usabwa gufata imiti yo kwa muganga kuko yo ikora vuba kurenza ibyo ufata mu ifunguro,ahubwo noneho ukagerekaho na ryafunguro tugiye kuvuga.

== Ibiyiranga ==
Ibimenyetso byayo by’ingenzi ni ibikurikira:

* Kuribwa inyama z’umubiri no mu ngingo cyane cyane mu nkokora, mu mavi, umugongo n’ibikanu.
* Kurega kw’imitsi, no kugira ibimeze nk’igitagangurirwa (bitewe n’imitsi yahinduye ibara) cyane cyane ku ijosi, imfundiko, ikibero no ku nda..
* Kuribwa umutwe bikabije cyane cyane mu misaya n’ibitugu
* Kugorama intoki n’amano bikamera nk’ibirwaye paralysis.

== Ibiyitera ==
Nubwo igitera iyi ndwara kugeza ubu kitaramenyekana neza, ariko hari ibituma ishobora kugufata cyane.

# Kuba ukunda guhora wicaye cyangwa wunamye
# Kuba hari ingingo z’umubiri ukoresha cyane kuruta izindi (nk’abakora akazi ko gufura, abandikisha computer cyane, abanyonzi, n’abandi)
# Izabukuru
# Kuba umubiri udafite ubudahangarwa buhagije
# Kuba mu muryango harimo uwigeze kuyirwara
# Kurwara impyiko n’umwijima
# Guhangayika no kwiheba
# Guhora uryamye
# Kudakora siporo.

== Uko ivurwa ==


Iyi ndwara kuyivura bikorwa mu bice 3 bitandukanye.

# Icya mbere hifashishwa imiti
# Igice cya 2 hifashishwa siporo n’ubugororangingo
# Igice cya 3 ni ukubaga mu gihe bibaye ngombwa

=== Imiti yifashishwa ===
Imiti yifashishwa ni ukuvanga imiti byibuze y’amoko abiri muri atatu akoreshwa.

# Harimo igabanya uburibwe ikanabyimbura nka paracetamol, diclofenac, piroxicam (izwi nka feldene), ibuprofen n’indi. Muri iyi, ushobora kuvanga paracetamol n’undi umwe.
# Hari imiti izwi nk’imiti ihindura imyitwarire y’uburwayi (DMARDs/Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs), twavugamo:
#* Azathioprine
#* Hydroxychloroquine
#* Leflunomide
#* Methotrexate  Muriyo iyi ibiri ya nyuma biremewe kuyivanga.
# Hakabaho n’imiti ikoze mu misemburo, muri yo twavuga:

* Prednisolone
* Dexamethasone
* Hydrocortisone
* Colchicine, n’indi.

Rero biremewe kuvanga umuti wo mu itsinda rya mbere n’irya 2 cyangwa irya 2 n’irya 3.

Gusa muganga niwe uhitamo uko ivangwa kugirango byongere imbaraga.

* Koga amazi ashyushye (bains chauds/hydrotherapy), kwiyuka mu byuya (aromatherapy), nabwo ni uburyo bufatanya n’imiti mu kurwanya iyi ndwara.

* Sport cyane cyane koga (natation/swimming), gym tonic, guterera imisozi, nizo sport zizagufasha guhangana n’iyi ndwara.


== Ibyo kurya byagufasha kuyirwanya ==

=== Impeke zuzuye ===
Impeke zuzuye zivugwa hano ni za zindi ziba zitabanje guhindurwa binyuze mu nganda ngo hakurweho agahu gatuma zigira ibara ryijimye. Izo mpeke ni ingano, umuceri, amasaka, ibigori, uburo, n’ibindi byo muri ubwo bwoko.

Izi mpeke zuzuye ni isoko nziza ya vitamin zo mu bwoko bwa B ndetse na za fibres. Izi vitamin B zifasha guhangana na bwa buribwe bw’imitsi naho fibres zifasha mu igogorwa no gutuma ugira ibiro bijyanye n’uko ureshya. Ibi bizakurinda dore ko kubyibuha cyane bigendana na diyabete bidasize no kurwara imitsi. Ikindi kandi izi mpeke ntacyo zitwara ku isukari yo mu maraso ahubwo zifasha kurwanya kubyimbirwa.

=== Amafi afite amavuta ===
Aya mafi afite amavuta muri yo ni isoko nziza y’ibinure bya omega-3. Twibutse ko iyo omega-3 iyo ihuye na omega-6 bibyara vitamin F. Amafi nka mackerel, salmon na trout ni ingero z’amafi wasangamo omega-3.


Mu bushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu kinyamakuru “Clinical Journal of Pain” muri Gashyantare 2010, abarwayi b’imitsi bagaburiwe amavuta y’amafi bagiye bagaragaza ibimenyetso byo gukira kandi neza.


Kugirango ubashe kubona urugero ruhagije rw’aya mavuta usabwa kurya ubu bwoko bw’amafi byibuze kabiri mu cyumweru. Aya mafi wayarya ugatandukana n’inyama zitukura ahubwo zo zizwiho kongera kubyimbirwa, by’umwihariko indwara ya  goute.

=== Ibitanga Poroteyine na vitamini B12 ===
Kubura vitamin B12 ni kimwe mu bitera indwara y’imitsi. Iyi ikunze kugaragara ku bantu badakozwa na gato ibikomoka ku matungo (vegetarians) kuko iyi vitamini ntikunze kuboneka mu bimera.

Iyi vitamini uyisanga mu nyama y’iroti (imwe ukata ukabona harimo akantu k’umweru kameze nk’akari hagati y’imihore), amagi, amata n’amafi.Ibi kandi ni nabyo bibonekamo poroteyine,hiyongereyeho soya, ibishyimbo n’ibindi binyamisogwe bimwe.

Aha wibuke ko kizira kuvanga poroteyine zo ku matungo n’izo ku bimera. Kurya inyama n’ibishyimbo burya ntacyo uba ukoze.

=== Umukororombya ===


Umukororombya uvugwa hano si wawundi wo mu kirere iyo imvura igiye kugwa ahubwo ni uruange runyuranye rw’imbuto n’imboga.

Imbuto zizwiho kuba isoko nyayo ya za vitamin nyinshi nka A, B zinyuranye na C. Imboga nazo ni uko zibonekamo cyane vitamin A, E na K. imbuto n’imboga kandi zibamo fibre, ibirwanya uburozi mu mubiri, ndetse n’ibifasha mu kuringaniza ibiro n’uburebure. Izo wakibandaho cyane mu gihe cy’uburwayi bw’imitsi ni inkeri mu moko yose (blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, …), amacunga, [[avoka]], concombre, [[indimu]] n’ibyo mu bwoko bwabyo (citrus fruit), poivron, inyanya, dodo, amashu mu moko yayo yose, urunyogwe n’ibijumba.

== Ibyo kurya wakwirinda ==
Hari ibyo kurya byongera ibyago byo kurwara iyi ndwara.

1. Ibyo kurya byose biza mu bikopo (conserves); yaba sardines, sosiso, amasosi n’ibikoma byose biza bipfundikiye sibyiza

2. Nubwo amavuta yemewe ariko ay’ibihwagari kimwe n’ay’ibigori simeza ku murwayi w’imitsi kuko arimo omega-6 kandi itera kubyimbirwa mu gihe hakenerwa omega-3. Nanone ingano n’umuceri ntukabirye kenshi kuko bishobora gutera gucibwamo ku murwayi w’imitsi

3. Inyama cyane cyane brochettes sinziza peee! Kimwe n’amafiriti yose

4. Amata n’ibiyakomokaho nka yoghurt, ibirunge, ndetse na fromage.

5. Isukari cyane cyane y’umweru hakiyongeraho ibintu byose biva mu nganda biryohera nka ice cream

6. Gabanya inzoga unirinde itabi kuko n’ubusanzwe byangiza ubuzima.

== Ibindi ==
Guhera ubu rero wikomeza kunywa ibinini gusa ngo wibagirwe ifunguro ryagufasha kukurinda indwara y’imitsi.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/menya-indwara-yimitsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301183851/https://umutihealth.com/menya-indwara-yimitsi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/inkuru-zamamaza-85/article/dore-ibimenyetso-by-indwara-y-imitsi-ibiyitera-n-imiti-iyivura&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibyokurya-byagufasha-kurwanya-indwara-yimitsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301183849/https://umutihealth.com/ibyokurya-byagufasha-kurwanya-indwara-yimitsi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibyo kurya byiza ku mpyiko</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>141657</id>
      <parentid>136053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:20:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>141657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11293" sha1="33raewgh5s0oplfe9qasrxsap6ujnk0" xml:space="preserve">Kugeza ubu ntidushidikanya ko abakunzi n’abasomyi b’urubuga rwacu &quot;umutihealth.com&quot; mumaze kumenya agaciro ko kurya indyo iboneye. [[File:Examples of Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Ischemia.png|thumb|ibimenyetso byuko urwaye impyiko]]  Kurya indyo iboneye uretse kuba biturinda indwara zinyuranye binadufasha mu gutuma imibiri yacu ikora neza nuko tukabaho ubuzima bwiza.

Mu kurya nyamara, iyo ibyo turiye bigeze mu mibiri yacu ikamuramo ibyo ikeneye ibisigaye bigasohoka nk’imyanda. Rimwe na rimwe rero hari igihe iyo myanda idasohoka yose nuko isigaye mu mubiri igahinduka uburozi bwangiza byinshi cyane cyane inyama zo mu nda zishinzwe gusukura no gutunganya umubiri. Izo nyama ahanini ni umwijima n’impyiko.


Iyo ufite impyiko zikora neza bigufasha mu gusohora imyanda myinshi mu mubiri binyuze mu nkari, gusohora isukari idakenewe ndetse bikanafasha gusohora amazi yabaye umurengera.

== Ibimenyetso byuko impyiko zawe zirwaye ==


Nkuko tubikesha urubuga rwandika ku buzima rwitwa lifeoptions mu nkuru bahaye umutwe ugira uti “Symptoms of Kidney Disease” bimwe muri ibyo bimenyetso ni ibi bikurikira:

=== 1.Guhorana umunaniro ukabije ===
Impyiko nzima ubusanzwe zikora umusemburo bita erythropoietin (EPO),uyu niwo ubwira umubiri gukora uturemangingo dutwara umwuka mwiza mu mubiri.Iyo rero impyiko zagize ikibazo,uyu musemburo uba muke,bigatuma na twa turemangingo tuba duke,imikaya n’ubwonko bigahita binanirwa vuba.

=== 2. Kugira ubukonje bwinshi mu mubiri ===
Ushobora gukonja cyane no mu gihe hashyushye.Iyo impyiko zikora nabi,amaraso nayo aba make (Anemia) kuko twa turemangingo dutwara umwuka mwiza tuba twagabanyutse.Ibi rero bigatera umubiri gukonja.

=== 3. Ingorane mu guhumeka ===
Iyo impyiko zidakora neza,amazi yibika mu mubiri cyane,ibi bikaba byatuma yibika no mu bihaha,bityo bigatera ikibazo cy’ubuhumekero.Ikindi kandi,iyo twa turemangingo dutwara umwuka mwiza wa Oxygen twagabanyutse,bishobora gutera ingorane mu guhumeka.

=== 4. Kugira ikizengerera cyane ndetse n’isereri ===
Kugabanyuka kw’amaraso biba byatewe no kudakora neza kw’impyiko,bituma [[ubwonko]] butabona umwuka mwiza uhagije,bityo bigatera isereri ndetse n’ikizengerera.

=== 5. Kugira ibinya byinshi mu mubiri ===
Iyo impyiko zifite ikibazo,imyunyungugu ya Kalisiyumu na Phosphore iragabanyuka,ibi rero bigatera kumva ibinya mu mikaya yo mu mubiri.Gusa kugira ibinya,ntibivuzeko buri igihe aba ari uburwayi bw’impyiko.

=== 6. Kubabara mu gice cy’umugongo wo hasi ===
Ububabare bwo mu mugongo wo hasi si ko buri gihe busobanuye uburwayi bw’impyiko,gusa iyo impyiko ziri kwangirika,umuntu ashobora kubabara umugongo wo hasi.iki nacyo cyaba ikimenyetso ugomba kwitondera.

=== 7. Imihindagurikire mu kunyara ===
Kubera ko ipmyiko ziba zidakora neza,habaho impinduka mu kunyara,hahandi ushobora gushaka kunyara cyane,cyangwa se nijoro ndetse ugashanga n’inkari zahinduye ibara.

=== 8. Kugira umwuka mubi ===
Kubera ko imyanda iba yabaye myinshi mu mubiri,utangira kumva umwuka udahumura neza.

=== 9. Gutakaza ibiro ndetse no kubura appétit (ubushake bwo kurya) ===

=== 10.Kubyimba amaguru,ibirenge ndetse n’ibiganza ===

=== Ibindi ===


Gusa ibi bimenyetso byakwereka ko impyiko zawe zidakora neza,hari n’izindi ndwara zabitera.Ni byiza rero ko iyo ubonye ibi bimenyetso wihutira kujya kwa muganga kugirango barebe niba koko ari impyiko cyangwa ari ubundi burwayi bubitera.

=== Imiti myimerere yagufasha ku burwayi bw’impyiko ===
Kubera akazi gakomeye impyiko zikora,ni ngombwa kuzisigasira zigakora neza,gusa hari igihe ushobora kuba uzirwaye,cyangwa baragusuzumye bakakubwira ko zidakora neza.ubu rero habonetse imiti ikozwe mu bimera,ikaba yizewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga kuko ifite ubuziranenge butangwa n’ibigo bikomeye ku isi nka FDA (Food and Drug Administration),ikaba ifasha impyiko kuyungurura neza amaraso, irazisana iyo zangiritse,ndetse ikica udukoko twazangiza.Muri iyo miti twavugamo nka:'''Kidney tonifying capsule, Cordyceps plus Capsules, Soybean Lecithin capsules, Kudding plus tea,'''…Twabibutsa ko iyi miti nta ngaruka igira ku muntu wayikoresheje.

== Ibyo kurya byagufasha kuyirinda ==
Hari ibyo kurya rero ukwiye kwitaho cyane kugirango impyiko zawe zikomeze gukora neza, ndetse ube unazirinze indwara zinyuranye. By’umwihariko ibi byo kurya ni ingenzi ku bafite uburwayi bw’impyiko kimwe n’abari ku mashini zibavomamo ibidakenewe(dialysis).

=== Puwavuro ===
[[Dosiye:Capsicum annuum fruits IMGP0049.jpg|thumb|Puwavuro|141x141px]]
Niba ufite ikibazo cy’imikorere y’impyiko, uru ruboga rufatwa nk’ikirungo ntiruzabure iwawe. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko poivron zirimo potassium nkeya. Si ibyo gusa kuko poivron ikungahaye kuri vitamin A, B6, B9, C na fibre. Dusangamo kandi lycopene ikaba ifasha mu kurinda [[kanseri]] zinyuranye.

Poivron kuzirya zitogosheje ku kariro gacye, kuzirya salade cyangwa kuzinyuza mu mavuta zikaba imijugwe (imitura) nibwo buryo bwiza bwo kuzirya.

=== Amashu ===
[[Dosiye:Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Black rot (35710676671).jpg|thumb|110x110px|Ishu]]
Mu mashu dusangamo intungamubiri zinyuranye zifasha mu guhangana na kanseri kimwe n’indwara z’umutima. Amashu akungahaye kuri vitamin K ndetse tunasangamo vitamin C, vitamin B6, B9 na fibre. Kimwe na poivron, amashu na yo arimo potassium nkeya.

Amashu mu kuyarya na yo ni kimwe na poivron, ushobora kuyarya mabisi kuri salade, kuyatogosa cyangwa kuyanyuza mu mavuta akanya gato akaba imijugwe. Wakoresha amashu mu bwoko bwayo yaba ayasanzwe, cyangwa chou-fleur gusa ukamenya ko chou-fleur yo irimo vitamin K nkeya ugereranyije n’amashu y’ibibabi.

=== Tungurusumu ===
[[Dosiye:GarlicBasket.jpg|thumb|127x127px|Tungurusumu]]
Tungurusumu ni nziza cyane iyo bigeze mu kubyimbura no kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mu mubiri. Si ibyo gusa kuko inabuza amaraso kuba yakipfundika, ibi bishobora gutera indwara zinyuranye cyane cyane iz’imitsi. Ndetse zifasha mu gusohora imyanda n’uburozi mu mubiri.

Mu gukoresha tungurusumu ni byiza kutaziteka kuko iyo uzitetse uba uzambuye ubushobozi bwo kubyimbura no kubuza amaraso kwipfundika. Ahubwo ushobora gukoresha ifu yazo cyangwa ukazikatagurira ku byo kurya bihiye cyangwa biri hafi gushya.

=== Ibitunguru ===
[[Dosiye:Mixed onions.jpg|thumb|116x116px|Ibitunguru.]]
Ibitunguru bikungahaye kuri flavonoids cyane cyane iyitwa quercetin. Iyi quercetin ibuza kuba hari ibyakitekera mu mitsi y’amaraso ndetse ifasha mu gusohora uburozi mu mubiri. Ibi bituma ifasha mu kurinda indwara z’umutima, kanseri ikanafasha kubyimbura.

Kuba bifite potassium nke, ibitunguru ni byiza ku mpyiko. Ndetse binarimo chrome, umunyungugu ufasha umubiri mu gutunganya ibinure, poroteyine n’ibinyasukari. Ushobora kubikatira ku byo kurya ugiye kubyarura cyangwa ukabirya kuri salade.

=== Pome ===
[[Dosiye:Red Apple.jpg|thumb|112x112px|Pome]]
Imvugo yabaye gikwira ivuga ko pome imwe ku munsi yakurinda kujya kwa muganga. Pome ikungahaye kuri fibre kandi izwiho kubyimbura, kugabanya cholesterol mbi, kurwanya kwituma impatwe no kurinda indwara z’umutima na kanseri zinyuranye.

Pome wayikoresha mu buryo bunyuranye: ushobora kuyirya urubuto, kunywa umutobe wayo cyangwa gukoresha vinegar yayo (apple cider vinegar).

=== Inkeri ===
[[Dosiye:Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) single2.jpg|thumb|202x202px|Inkeri]]
Inkeri mu moko yazo yose zaba cranberry, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, ni utubuto twiza tw’ingenzi mu mikorere y’impyiko. By’umwihariko cranberries zizwiho kurinda ubwandu bw’umuyoboro w’inkari ndetse zikarinda kanseri n’indwara z’umutima.

Blueberries zo ibara ry’ubururu riterwa nuko zirimo anthocyanin. Izi zikaba zizwiho gusukura umubiri. Si ibyo gusa kuko zinarimo manganese ifasha amagufa, vitamin C na fibre hamwe n’ibirinda kubyimbirwa.

Muri raspberries ho by’umwihariko harimo ellagic acid ikaba ica intege ibyakangiza impyiko by’uburozi. Na zo kandi zirimo anthocyanin zirwanya uburozi mu mubiri. Tunasangamo vitamin C, manganese na fibre. Biziha ububasha bwo kurwanya kanseri no kuyibuza gusakara mu mubiri.

Inkeri za strawberries na zo zikize kuri fibre, manganese na vitamin C ndetse zirwanya kubyimbirwa zikanarinda kanseri zinyuranye.

Inkeri mu moko yazo yose zishobora kuribwa zihiye, zumye, cyangwa ukanywa umutobe wazo.

=== Imizabibu itukura ===
[[Dosiye:Pinot Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg|thumb|105x105px|Imizabibu itukura.]]
Kuba imizabibu itukura bituruka ku kuba harimo flavonoids zinyuranye. Izo flavonoids ni nziza ku mikorere y’umutima, kuko zibuza ko amaraso yakipfundika. Ibi binafasha impyiko mu mikorere yazo dore ko ari zo zishinzwe gusukura umubiri. Imwe muri flavonoids ariyo resveratrol ituma hakorwa NO (nitic oxide) ihagije ikaba igira akamaro mu gutuma imikaya iruhuka bigafasha amaraso gutembera neza.

Imizabibu rero ni myiza kuyirya hagati y’amafunguro cyangwa kunywa umutobe wayo. Ufite firigo ukabikamo imbuto ukaza kuzirya zikonje bikiza inyota. Uzahitemo izifite umutuku wijimye cyangwa izisa na mauve.

=== Umweru w'igi ===
[[Dosiye:Boiled Egg - Crossection.jpg|thumb|110x110px|Igi]]
Burya umweru w’igi ni poroteyine gusa ziwugize. Uretse ibyo kandi unakungahaye kuri amino acids nyinshi. Niba ufite impyiko zidakora neza, ni byiza kurya umweru w’igi gusa kuko harimo phosphore nkeya ugereranyije n’inyama n’umuhondo w’igi.

Ushobora kurya umweru w’igi ritogosheje cyangwa ugakora umureti wawo gusa (umweru).

=== Amafi ===
[[Dosiye:Pond fish and pomfret fish.jpg|thumb|Amafi]]
Amafi nayo ni isoko nziza ya poroteyine ndetse ku barwayi b’indwara z’umutima na diyabete bagirwa inama yo kurya amafi byibuze kabiri mu cyumweru.

Uretse kubamo poroteyine kandi amafi anakungahaye ku binure bya omega-3 bizwiho kurwanya kubyimbirwa.

Amafi rero arinda indwara zinyuranye nka kanseri n’indwara z’umutima.

Amafi akungahaye kuri omega-3 twavuga salmon, tilapia, mackerel n’andi.

=== Amavuta ya elayo ===
[[Dosiye:2023 Oliwa z oliwek Redoro.jpg|thumb|Amavuta ya elayo]]
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko abantu baba mu bihugu aho amavuta ya elayo akoreshwa yonyine bafite ibyago bike cyane byo kuba barware kanseri n’izindi ndwara z’umutima. Impamvu amavuta ya elayo ari meza ku mpyiko by’umwihariko ni uko akungahaye kuri oleic acid, bikaba ibinure birwanya kubyimbirwa ndetse bikanarinda uburozi mu mubiri, akize kandi kuri polyphenols zikaba na zo zikora akazi kamwe na oleic acid.

Aya mavuta wakoresha extra virgin cyangwa virgin, niyo aba ari umwimerere, by’umwihariko ukareba ko igihe cy’isarura (harvest time) kirenze byibuze amezi 15, muri macye ari amavuta akuze.

Mu kuyatekesha ntuyacamutsa, ahubwo ushobora kuyasuka ku byo kurya bihiye, kuyashoreranya n’ibyo utetse cyangwa kuyashyiramo bitangiye gutogota.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibyo-kurya-byiza-ku-mpyiko/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301204826/https://umutihealth.com/ibyo-kurya-byiza-ku-mpyiko/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230301204828/https://agakiza.org/Dore-bimwe-mu-byo-wakora-ngo-wivure-indwara-8-zifata-impyiko-Igice-2.html&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/ibimenyetso-simusiga-byakwereka-ko-impyiko-zawe-zidakora-neza&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Ibyo Kurya byongera Amaraso</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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Hari amoko atandukanye y’ibiribwa byongera amaraso ,umubiri wa muntu ukenera amaraso kugira ngo ubeho ,iyo amaraso yabaye make ,umuntu ahura n’ibibazo bitandukanye birimo kugira ibimenyetso nko kugira isereri ,guhumeka nabi ,guhorana umunaniro ,kunanirwa guturiza hamwe nibindi bimenyetso bigaragaza uburwayi bwa Anemia.

== Habaho gukenera ibyo kurya byongera amaraso byagenze gute ==
[[Dosiye:Viburnum opulus fruits close-up - Keila.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Solanum lycopersicum 9zz.jpg|thumb]]
Bitewe n’ubuzima bw’iki gihe aho usanga benshi bahorana stress, guhangayika no kumara igihe kinini bicaye, byose bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere mibi y’umubiri. Ikibazo benshi bakunda kugira ni igabanuka rya hemoglobin. Hemoglobin ni proteyine zikungahaye ku butare (iron/fer) ziboneka mu nsoro zitukura z’amaraso.Iyo urugero rwa hemoglobin rwagabanutse, bishobora gutera guhora unaniwe, gucika intege, kuribwa umutwe ndetse no guhumeka gahoro. Iyo rugabanutse ku buryo bukomeye niho bitera indwara yo kubura amaraso izwi nka anemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/ibyo-kurya-7-byagufasha-kongera-amaraso&lt;/ref&gt;Mu maraso habonekamo ibyitwa Hemoglobine ,iyi hemoglobine niyo igira uruhare runini mu gutwara umwuka mwiza wa Ogisojemi ,iyo amaraso yagabanutse ni hemoglobin iba yagabanutse kandi iyi hemoglobin dushbora kuyikura mu biribwa bibobekamo ubutare bwa fer.Ibyo biribwa bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer nibyo byongera amaraso ku muntu ubirya ,akenshi usanga abantu badakunda bene ubu bwoko bw’ibiribwa tugiye kuvuga bakunda gyhorana ibibazo by’amaraso make buretse ko hari n’ababihorana bitewe n’uburwayi bafite nk’indwara ya [[kanseri]] ,uburwayi bw’impyiko n’ubundi bwinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/ibiribwa-11-bitandukanye-byongera.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301215542/https://www.ubuzimainfo.rw/2022/06/ibiribwa-11-bitandukanye-byongera.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Tabasco peppers.JPG|thumb|urusenda]]

== Tumenye Ubwoko bwibyo Kurya byongera Amaraso ==
[[Dosiye:Assamveggie.jpg|thumb|imboga]]
Ibikungahaye cyane kuri vitamin C,Vitamin C ni ingenzi cyane mu kwinjiza ubutare mu mubiri. Umubiri ntufite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kwinjiza ubwawo ubutare ariyo mpamvu bukenera ikiwufasha, niho vitamin C yitabazwa.Amacunga, [[indimu]], inyanya, inkeri n’ izindi mbuto bimeze kimwe (berries), urusenda, poivron ni bimwe mu bikungahaye ku rugero ruhagije rwa vitamin C,Folic acid (cg se vitamin B9) ni vitamin yitabazwa mu ikorwa ry’ insoro zitukura z’amaraso mu mubiri. Iyo umubiri ufite urugero ruri hasi rwa folic acid bitera kugira urugero ruri hasi rwa hemoglobin.Amafunguro ibonekamo cyane ni ibishyimbo byumye, ubunyobwa, broccoli, imineke, inyama y’ umwijima, imboga rwatsi n’ibindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beterave ni bimwe mu bifasha kongera cyane urugero rwa hemoglobin mu mubiri. Zikungahaye cyane ku butare, folic acid, potasiyumu na fibre.Beterave zoroshye kuzikoramo umutobe, wagufasha gutuma amaraso yawe ahora ku rugero rukwiye.Watermelon ni imbuto nziza cyane zifasha kongera urugero rwa hemoglobin, ahanini bitewe nuko zikize cyane ku butare na vitamin C bituma kwinjiza ubutare mu mubiri bikorwa neza kandi mu buryo bwihuse.Imboga,Imbwija, imboga rwatsi, epinari, celeri n’ izindi zifasha kongera urugero rwa hemoglobin. Zikungahaye cyane ku butare na folic acid bifasha mu ikorwa ry’insoro zitukura z’amaraso.Inzuzi z’ibihaza,zibonekamo urugero rukenerwa ku munsi rw’ ubutare (miligarama 8) ndetse na kalisiyumu, manganese na manyesiyumu bihagije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/nutangira-kubona-ibi-bimenyetso-uzamenye-ko-amaraso-yawe-yatangiye-kugabanuka&lt;/ref&gt;Ibyo kurya birimo polyphenols na tannins nk’icyayi, ikawa, ibyo kurya nka soya na cocoa bibuza umubiri kwinjiza ubutare. Ni ngombwa kubifata ku rugero ruri hasi mu gihe hemoglobin yawe iri ku rugero rwo hasi.Imboga za Epinari,Imboga za epinari ziza ku mwanya wa mbere mu biribwa bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer .kuzirya bituma ubona ingano ihagije y’ubu butare bityo bigatuma utandukana n’ikibazo cy’amaraso make .muri garama 1oo z’imboga za epinari mbisi dusangamo garama 2.7 z’ubutare bwa fer.byinshi ku kamaro k’imboga za epinari soma: Akamaro 13 k’imboga za Epinari.

== Ibindi mubyo Kurya byongera Amaraso ==
[[Dosiye:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|thumb]]
Tofu,Tofu ibonekamo ubu butare ku kigero cya 19% cy’ingano yabwo umubiri ukenera ku munsi ,kubera ko tofu ikorwa muri soya nyinshi bituma iba ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa poroteyine bituma iba nziza ku mubiri wa muntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Lantiye,Lantiye nazo zibonekamo ubutare bwa fer nkenerwa ku mubiri wa muntu ,lantiye kandi zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zitanduaknye bituma ziba ikiribwa cyiza ku munyu ukirya.Amagi,Amagi nayo akungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,umuntu ukunda kurya amagi atandukana n’uburwayi bwa anemia bwo kugira amaraso make.Inyama y’ingurube,Inyama y’ingurube .ikundwana na benshi burya nayo ibonekamo ubutare bwa fer ku kigero kiri hejuru ,si ibyo gusa ,inakungahaye ku zindi ntungamubiri zirimo na poroteyine.Imboga zo mu bwoko bwa Borokoli Imboga za borokoli (broccoli) nazo zikungahaye ku butare bwa fer zikaba ari na nziza cyane kuzigaburira abana bato kubera intungamubiri tuzisangamo ,nkubu imboga za borokoli zibonekamo [[Vitamini C]] ku kigero cya 112 % by’umubiri ukenera ku munsi.ukeneye gusobanukirwa n’akamaro k’imboga za brokoli : Akamaro gatangaje k’imboga za Broccoli(borokoli),&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Inyama y’umwijima,Inyama y’umwijima burya nayo ikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,ninayo mpamvu burya abantu bakunze kuyirya kubera ko bavumbuye iryo banga ryo kongera amaraso.Ibishyimbo,Cyane cyane ibishyimbo by’irabura. burya bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer no ku zindi ntungamubiri nkenerwa ku buzima bwawe.Imbuto z’ibihaza,Imbuto z’ibihaza nazo ni ingenzi cyane mu mirire ya muntu .izi mbuto zikungahaye ku butare bwa fer no ku zindi ntungamubiri zitandukanye.Byinshi ku mbuto z’ibihaza soma: Akamaro k’inzuzi z’ibihaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Shokola y’irabura,Shokola y’irabura ikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zitandukanye harimo n’ubutare bwa fer ,mkubu garama 28 zayo ziboneka fer ingana na garama 3.3 byinshi kuri shokola soma Akamaro 8 ka shokora ku mubiri wa muntu.na Beterave,Beterave nayp ikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,beterave ishobora gushyirwa mu birtyo cyangwa igakorwamo agatobe ushobora kunywa ,ukanafasoza ku biryo ukaronka intungamubiri ziyibonekamo.Muri rusange ,umuntu wese akenera kurya ibiryo bikungahaye ku butare bwa fer ,ni byiza ko mu mafunguro yawe habonekamo ikiribwa kirimo ubu butare ,iki kibazo cyo kugira amaraso make gikunze kwibasira benshi kandi byagakwiye kwirindwa bita ku mirire yabo.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umuti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seleri</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="7028" sha1="qdqqtie91ttft204f1cpkzz45ykbmw2" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:02023 0266 Vegetables of Poland.jpg|thumb|sereri|291x291px]]
Seleri ni rumwe mu mboga nyinshi zikoreshwa nk’ibirungo cyane cyane mu isosi yaba iy’ibimera cyangwa isosi y’inyama. [[File:Celery.jpg|thumb| Seleri]] Bamwe barazikaranga abandi bakazitegura ukundi gusa ushobora kuzirya mbisi kuri salade, cyangwa ukazikatira ku byo kurya bigiye gushya. Byumvikane ko seleri zidakarangwa.

Ibituma ziba imboga nziza zitagakwiye kubura ku ifunguro ryawe rya buri munsi ni uko zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zinyuranye kandi zikaba zifite byinshi zimariye umubiri wacu.

== Ibyo dusangamo ==

=== Imyunyungugu: ===

* Calcium
* Sodium
* Ubutare
* Umuringa
* Zinc na
* Magnesium

=== Vitamini: ===

* Vitamini A
* Vitamin B1, B2, B6 na B9
* [[Vitamini C]]
* Vitamin D
* Vitamini E
* Vitamini K
[[Dosiye:Celery (2905891576).jpg|thumb]]
Tunasangamo kandi ibindi binyabutabire binyuranye hamwe na fibre.

== Akamaro ==

=== Kugabanya umuvuduko udasanzwe w'amaraso ===
Habamo ''phthalides'' bikaba ibinyabutabire bigabanya igipimo cy’imisemburo itera stress mu mubiri. Ibi rero bituma imiyoboro y’amaraso yaguka bityo bigafasha amaraso gutembera neza, bikagabanya umuvuduko wayo. Iyo ibi bibaye rero birinda indwara zinyuranye z’umutima.

=== Kugabanya cholesterol ===
[[Dosiye:Céleri.jpg|thumb]]
Kurya seleri buri munsi bishobora kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi (LDL), ikaba cholesterol ihinduka nk’ingese mu mijyana y’amaraso. Izi phtalides kandi zituma habaho ikorwa ry’indurwe, nayo ikaba igabanya igipimo cya cholesterol. Kugabanuka kwa cholesterol bituma imikorere y’umutima igenda neza. Kuba harimo fibre bituma cholesterol mbi ibasha gusohorwa mu mubiri. 

=== Kurinda indwara zidasanzwe ===
Seleri zifasha mu isohorwa rya ''uric acid'', iyi ikaba izwiho kuba ariyo itera indwara ya goutte. Ibi biterwa nuko seleri zifasha umuntu kunyara inshuro nyinshi. Ibi rero bituma ziba nziza ku bafite uruhago rudakora neza, impyiko, ndetse binarwanya ubwandu bw’umuyoboro w’inkari (UTI) ku bagore.

=== Kurwanya indwara zo mungingo ===
[[Dosiye:Celery from lalbagh 2287.JPG|thumb]]
Akenshi tuzita rubagimpande, ndetse ubwo na goutte irimo. Zizwiho kurwanya kubyimbirwa bityo bikarinda ko mu ngingo harekamo amazi nuko hakabyimba. Ku babazwe bitewe n’izi ndwara zifata mu ngingo, kuzirya bibafasha kongera kwisana ahangiritse.

=== Kurinda kanseri ===
Muri seleri harimo ''phthalides'', ''flavonoids'' na ''polyacetylenes''. Ibi byose bizwiho guhangana na [[kanseri]], bisohora mu mubiri uburozi bwazana kanseri. Si ibyo gusa kuko harimo na ''coumarins'', zikaba zongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri. Ibi byose bituma ibyakangije umubiri bisohoka bityo ukaba urinzwe kanseri.

=== Kongerera igifu ubudahangarwa ===
[[Dosiye:Seledri Pada Pagi Hari.jpg|thumb]]
Zikungahaye kuri vitamini C, ikaba izwiho kuba ku isonga mu kongerera ingufu ubudahangarwa. Iyo ifatanyije n’ibindi binyabutabire biyigize rero, bituma ingufu ziyongera. Ku bw’ibyo kurya seleri kenshi byagabanya ibyago byo kurwara ibicurane, bikanakurinda izindi ndwara zinyuranye.

=== Kugabanya indwara ya asima ===
Ibi na byo biterwa nuko harimo vitamini C, ikaba ifasha mu kurwanya iyi ndwara ya asima, irangwa ahanini no kutabasha guhumeka neza, uyirwaye aba ahumeka acuranwa umwuka.

=== Imikoreshereze myiza y'imitsi y'amaraso ===
Fibre, vitamini C, n’izindi ntungamubiri bizwiho gufasha mu mikorere myiza y’iyi miyoboro.

=== gusohora amazi mumubiri ===
[[Dosiye:Seledri Pada Pagi Hari.jpg|thumb]]
Seleri irimo sodium na potassium bikaba bifatanyiriza hamwe mu kuringaniza igipimo cy’amazi mu mubiri, by’umwihariko potassium ituma imitsi y’amaraso yaguka bikagabanya umuvuduko udasanzwe w’amaraso.

=== Kurwanya migraine ===
Uyu mutwe w’uruhande rumwe nkuko bawita, urwanywa nuko muri seleri harimo coumarins. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko biterwa nuko iyi coumarin igabanya igipimo cya nitric oxide (NO) ijya mu bwonko kandi izwiho kuba itera migrainen’umutwe.

=== Kurwanya rubagimpande ===
Nkuko twabibonye, muri seleri harimo ''phthalides''. Mu gukora umutobe wazo, dusangamo 85% za 3nB, ikaba izwiho guhangana n’indwara y’imitsi na rubagimpande.

=== Guhangana na diyabete ===
[[Dosiye:Apio Hoja.jpg|thumb]]
Seleri zizwiho kuribwa ngo umuntu ahangane na diyabete cyane cyane kuko zikize kuri fibre zikaba zarerekanywe ko zifasha mu guhangana na diyabete.

=== Kurwanya indwara z'amaso ===
Gukamurira utuzi twa seleri ku ngohe z’amaso birwanya indwara zimwe z’amaso. Kandi ni mu gihe kuko harimo vitamini A izwiho kuba nziza ku buzima bw’amaso. Si ibyo gusa kuko binafasha mu kurinda kutareba neza bwije no kurwara amaso ugeze mu zabukuru.

=== Kugabanya ibiro ===
[[Dosiye:Filling - 牛肉芹菜饺子 Julia's Beef and Chinese Celery Dumplings.jpg|thumb]]
Kunywa umutobe wa seleri ku buryo buhoraho mbere ya buri funguro byagufasha guhangana n’ibiro. Kuko zirimo calories nkeya, ariko igatera igihagisha kuko harimo fibre nyinshi. Bityo byagufasha gukoresha calories wifitemo, utiyicishije inzara kandi ukumva uhaze, nubwo waba wariye bike.

== Ibindi zidufashamo ==
Zifatiye runini umubiri wacu muri rusange, kandi ibice byose biraribwa: ikijumba, ibibabi ari nabyo tumenyereye n’utubuto. Rero kuzirya ku buryo buhoraho bifasha mu kurwanya no kurinda indwara zifata impyiko, umwijima, impindura, agasabo k’indurwe, kurinda indwara z’imitsi, kwituma impatwe, asima, umuvuduko udasanzwe w’amaraso, asima, kubura amaraso, ndetse zinafasha mu gukomera kw’amenyo.

== Ibyo kwitondera ==
[[Dosiye:Celery 1.jpg|thumb]]
Utubuto twazo tubamo amavuta, flavonoids, coumarins na linoleic acid. Si byiza kuturya rero utwite kuko bishobora guhungabanya umwana uri mu nda, ikaba yanavamo. Naho niba udatwite, byose urabyemerewe ku gipimo ushaka.

Ku bagabo si byizakuzirya kenshi cyane na buri munsi kuko zishobora gutera intangangabo kudakora neza

Bitewe nuko izi mboga no ku bantu bakuru kuzihekenya uba wumva zitanoze neza, no ku mwana niko bigenda. Niyo mpamvu atari byiza kuba waziha umwana utagejeje ku mwaka avutse.

Nkuko twabivuze dutangira kandi, ntizitekwa kuko byakica intungamubiri zirimo. Uzirya kuri salade cyangwa ukazikatira ku byo kurya bihiye cyangwa bigiye gushya.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/seleri/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302070421/https://umutihealth.com/seleri/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/77599/ubuzima-wari-uzi-ko-seleri-ari-rumwe-mu-mboga-zitangaje-77599.html&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibyiza-byo-kunywa-umutobe-wa-seleri/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302071253/https://umutihealth.com/ibyiza-byo-kunywa-umutobe-wa-seleri/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/Imboga-ni-kimwe-mu-biribwa-bifitiye-akamaro-kanini-umubiri&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ubumenyi bwibidukikije byose</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2085" sha1="hvgqoch2qljqqomq2rbhtzezst5wfve" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox journal|title=Science of the Total Environment|cover=STOTEN cover.png|former_name=&lt;!-- or |former_names= --&gt;|abbreviation=Sci. Total Environ.|discipline=[[Environmental science]]|editors=Damià Barceló, Jay Gan|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|country=|history=1972-present|frequency=Weekly|openaccess=|license=|impact=10.753|impact-year=2021|ISSN=0048-9697|eISSN=1879-1026|CODEN=STENDL|JSTOR=|LCCN=72624869|OCLC=321079391|website=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-total-environment/|link1=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00489697|link1-name=Online access|link2=&lt;!-- up to |link5= --&gt;|link2-name=&lt;!-- up to |link5-name= --&gt;}}
[[Dosiye:STOTEN_cover.png|thumb|right|Igitabo cy'Ubumenyi ku bidukikije.]]
'''''Ubumenyi bwibidukikije byose''''' ni icyumweru mpuzamahanga Urubyiruko rwasuzumye ikinyamakuru cya siyansi gikubiyemo ubumenyi bwa siyanse y' ibidukikije. Cyashinzwe mu 1972 kandi gitangazwa na Elsevier. Abanditsi bakuru ni Damià Barceló (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Jay Gan (kaminuza ya Californiya, Riverside) na Philip Hopke (kaminuza ya Rochester). Nk’uko ''ikinyamakuru Citation Reports'' kibitangaza, iki kinyamakuru gifite ingaruka 2021 zingana na 10.753.

== Impaka ==
Ingingo yo mu Kwakira 2020 ivuga ko udupfukamunwa dushobora gukumira COVID-19 &lt;ref name=&quot;Bility et al. 2020&quot; /&gt; byaje no kumenyekana mu bantu  ndetse no mu bafatanya bikorwa b'bandits1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ivan Oransky |date=16 November 2020 |title=Co-authors of paper on COVID-19 and jade amulets blame 'the online press' and social media for misinterpretation in retraction letter |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/11/16/co-authors-of-paper-on-covid-19-and-jade-amulets-blames-the-online-press-and-social-media-for-misinterpretation-in-retraction-letter/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Retraction Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu Gushyingo 2020, ingingo yari &quot;gukuraho by'agateganyo&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bility et al. 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=142830}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yaje gukurwaho k'ubusabe bw'abanditsi. 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7800" sha1="83mg0lybagt741o04mlb79hxwjyg4u0" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Broccoli and cross section edit.jpg|thumb|broccoli ni ubwoko bw'imboga zifasha ubwonko]]
[[Dosiye:Avocado with cross section edit.jpg|thumb|267x267px|avoka  ifasha imitekerereze]]
Nta gushidikanya ko ibyo turya aribyo biha ubushobozi ubwonko mu kazi ko kugenzura ibikorwa ibyo aribyo byose, cyane ko abahanga mu mirire bavuga ko &quot;Turi ibyo turya&quot; kandi ngo &quot;Amagara aramirwa, ntamerwa.&quot;

== Ibyo wamenya kubyo Kurya  bifasha Ubwonko ==
Mu biryo turya, harimo ibiribwa bifasha ubwonko bwacu gukora neza nk’uko no ku zindi ngingo z’umubiri bigenda. Ibi rero twagombye kubibuha buri munsi, umuntu akaba yavuga ati ‘uyu munsi ubwonko ndabufashije, na bwo buraza kumfasha. Ntabwo nzi niba abantu bajya babitekerezaho ariko muri rusange ibiribwa bikize ku bintu birinda ubwonko kwangirika (antioxydant) ni byo bifasha ubwonko bwacu kutangirika.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/sobanukirwa-amoko-y-ibiribwa-n-ibinyobwa-bifasha-ubwonko-gukora-neza&lt;/ref&gt;''Ubwonko nk’igice fatizo cy’umubiri kigenzura ibyo ukora byose, nabwo bukenera intungamubiri ziva mu byo turya bya buri munsi nk’uko umubiri ubikenera. Nubwo umuntu afata ibiribwa bifite intungamubiri zitandukanye hari ibiba bifite umumaro ukomeye ku gice runaka.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://agakiza.org/Bimwe-mu-biribwa-bifasha-ubwonko-gukora-neza.html&lt;/ref&gt;Usibye ibiribwa byiganjemo imboga n’imbuto,amazi nayo ari ikinyobwa kitakwirengagizwa mu bintu bifasha ubwonko bw’umuntu gukora neza kuko agira uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza intungamubiri mu mubiri wose kandi akanatanga umwuka wo guhumeka (Oxygen), cyane ko no mu biyagize urimo.Abantu benshi ntibakunze kubyitaho, ariko hari ibyonnyi byitwa (Radicaux libre) byangiza ubwonko biturutse ku mikorere isanzwe y’umubiri wacu, ibiryo bitetse nabi cyangwa se bikaba byanaturuka ku bidukikije. Buriya n’ibiryo bitetse muri micro-ondes byongera ibyonnyi by’ubwonko.”

== Tumenye ibyo kurya bifasha ubwonko ==
[[Dosiye:Brain diagram hu.png|thumb|Igishushanyo cyerekana ibice bitandukanye by'ubwonko.]]
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko umuntu yari akwiye kurya imboga n’imbuto by’ubwoko butanu ku munsi kandi nta munsi n’umwe asibye.Amazi ni kimwe mu bifasha cyane ubwonko gukora neza. Nibura umuntu ufite ibilo 60 agomba kunywa litiro ebyiri ku munsi. Kugira ngo umenye ingano y’amazi ugomba kunywa ku munsi, ufata ingano y’ibilo byawe ukagabanya inshuro 30.”Bavugako abantu badakwiriye kuvanga ibintu mu mazi ngo akunde aborohere kuyanywa, kuko iyo atagifite umwimerere wayo, aba atakiri amazi. Umuntu agomba kunywa amazi atagira ibara, atagira impumuro adafite uburyohe kandi meza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Imyitozo ngororamubiri ni igikorwa cya gatatu abantu bose bakwiye kwitabira mu rwego rwo kurinda ubwonko bwabo kuko iri mu biburinda kwangirika, bukabasha gukora neza kandi igihe cyose.Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bugaragaza ko nibura umuntu udafite ikibazo kindi cy’ubuzima agomba gukora siporo hagati y’iminota 30 n’isaha imwe kandi bigakorwa buri munsi.Amaronji, soya na karoti: Ibi nabyo bikungahaye kuri [[vitamini C]], E na A, nabyo bibarirwa mu bifasha ubwonko gukora neza kuko bifasha umuntu kwibuka nta ngorane ahuye nazo.Ibiribwa bifasha ubwonko gukora neza ni nka tungurusumu, amata na puwavuro (Poivron).Umuvuzi uvura akoresheje ibimera, avuga ko tungurusumu ituma umutima utera neza bitewe n’uko itunganya amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Tungurusumu ikaba inaboneka mu biribwa bishinzwe gutunganya no kuvura imitsi minini kandi muri iyo mitsi imyinshi iba ikora ku bwonko.

== Ibindi byo kurya bifasha ==
[[Dosiye:La Boqueria.JPG|thumb|Imbuto|176x176px]]
[[Dosiye:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb|Ikawa kimwe mubinyobwa bifasha ubwonko gutekereza vuba ikarinda nizindi ndrwara|176x176px]]
[[Dosiye:Banana on black background.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Umuneke kimwe mubyongerera imbaraga ubwonko]]
Avoka ni urubuto rwihariye kuko irimo vitamini zigera kuri 11, muri zo harimo vitamini E izwiho gusukura. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kurya [[avoka]] birwanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara ya ''Alzheimer’s'' ikaba ifata ubwonko igatera kwibagirwa aho ushobora no kwibagirwa aho utaha cyangwa izina ryawe.Ibihwagari nabyo bikungahaye kuri vitamini E. Muri garama 30 za twa tubuto dukaranze nkuko ukaranga ubunyobwa harimo 30% bya vitamini E ukeneye ku munsi. Kubirya gutyo cyangwa gukora agasosi kabyo ni ingenzi mu kongerera ingufu ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/ibiryo-bituma-ubwonko-bukora-neza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225140942/https://umutihealth.com/ibiryo-bituma-ubwonko-bukora-neza/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ubushakashatsi bugenda bugaragaza ko abantu banywa divayi itukura ariko ntibarenze akarahure 1 ku munsi bakagafata nyuma yo kurya, ubwonko bwabo bwibuka cyane kurenza abanywa bakarenza urugero. Si ibyo  gusa kuko alukolo muri rusange ku gipimo cyemewe ituma ubwenge bushabuka ndetse ukibuka vuba. Hari abavuga ko kunywa inzoga nke mbere y’ikizami ngo bifasha kwibuka no gutsinda, ariko nta bushakashatsi burabyemeza.Bwaba ubunyobwa bukaranze, bubisi se cyangwa isosi yabwo ni isoko y’ibinure na vitamini E. Ibyo binure ni ingenzi kuko nibyo bikoze ubwonko dore ko ahanini ari ibinure. Ni bwiza rero ku bwonko no ku mikorere y’umutima. Utabonye ubunyobwa wabusimbuza almond (amande).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rebero.co.rw/2019/02/05/dore-bimwe-mu-bintu-byafasha-ubwonko-gukora-neza-no-gufata-mu-mutwe-cyane-igice-cya-1/&lt;/ref&gt;Amafi ya salmon, mackerel, tilapia, sardines n’izindi zikungahaye kuri bya binure bya omega-3, birimo DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid).Iyi DHA mu bwonko ni ingenzi cyane kuko ituma uturandaryi two mu bwonko dukora neza. Twibutseko iyo akarandaryi kamwe kangiritse kadasimburwa.Imboga zinyuranye nka epinari, broccoli, [[imbwija]], dodo n’izindi ni isoko nziza ya vitamini E na B9. Vitamini B9 ishwanyaguza ''homocysteine'' iyi ikaba izwiho gutuma uturemangingo two mu bwonko dupfa ikanatera ibibazo by’umutima, vitamini B9 ibi byose irabirwanya,Inkeri mu moko yazo yose, zaba inkeri zitukura cyangwa izirabura, zifasha ubwonko mu kwibuka no gukora neza. Ibyo zibikora zifasha umubiri gusohora poroteyine zahindutse nk’uburozi zishobora kwangiza imikorere myiza y’ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/ibyo-kurya-bituma-ubwonko-bukora-neza/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123222836/https://yegob.rw/ibyo-kurya-bituma-ubwonko-bukora-neza/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Impeke ni ibyo kurya bikungahaye kuri fibres. Iyo tuvuga impeke tuba tuvuga umuceri, ingano, ibigori, utubuto twa sezame, inzuzi z’ibihaza, uburo, amasaka. Ibi byo kurya byo muri ubu bwoko ntibivuze ngo ubirye byonyine, ahubwo bishyirwa mu yandi mafunguro. Ushobora kubinywa mu gikoma, kubirya, bigafasha umubiri gusohora imyanda bityo bikarinda iyangirika ry’imitsi ijyana amaraso mu bwonko.Shokola zirabura Izi chocolat zitandukanye n’izindi kuko zirimo ibirinda umubiri uburozi bunyuranye, ibikangura umubiri, harimo kandi na caffeine nkeya izwiho gutuma umubiri ukora endorphins, zikaba zituma imitekerereze igenda neza cyane.Gusa ku munsi ntugomba kurenza hagati ya 15g na 30g zayo kuko iyo ibaye nyinshi bitera ibindi bibazo nanone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ibishyimbo mu moko yabyo yose, byaba nyirabukara, mutiki, kiryumukwe, kiryugaramye, lentilles, n’andi moko, biri mu biribwa bikungahaye kuri glucose. Glucose nk’isukari, itera ingufu mu mubiri kandi ubwonko nicyo gice cya mbere mu mubiri gikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Kubirya bituma ubwonko butananirwa mu mikorere yabwo. Agace k’igikombe ku munsi karahagije.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RAB</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141905</id>
      <parentid>138525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="2442" sha1="japzf0uh4aqint9umol9za4nfz7ewnb" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Agriculture work.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:035 Uganda kobs mating at Queen Elizabeth National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px]]
'''Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi mu Rwanda.'''  RAB (Rwanda Agriculture Board) ni urwego rwigenga rwashyizweho n’ITEGEKO N ° 14/2017 RYA 14/04/2017. Itegeko risobanura ko RAB ifite intego rusange yo guharanira iterambere ry’ubuhinzi mu bumenyi bushingiye; ikoranabuhanga ritwarwa n’inganda zishingiye ku isoko, ukoresheje uburyo bugezweho mu bihingwa, inyamaswa, uburobyi, amashyamba n’ubutaka n’amazi mu biribwa, fibre n’ibicanwa bitanga umusaruro no gutunganya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/ikigo-cyigihugu-gishinzwe-ubuhinzi-nubworozi-rab-kiranengwa-gukoresha-ifumbire-nyongeramusaruro-nabi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305104945/https://www.isangostar.rw/ikigo-cyigihugu-gishinzwe-ubuhinzi-nubworozi-rab-kiranengwa-gukoresha-ifumbire-nyongeramusaruro-nabi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/dr-musafiri-ildephonse-yagizwe-minisitiri-w-ubuhinzi-n-ubworozi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/politiki/article/dr-musafiri-ildephonse-niwe-minisitiri-mushya-wa-minagri&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibigo Byahujwe ===
[[Dosiye:Agriculture work 1.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi]]
Guverinoma y'u Rwanda iteganya ko iri vugurura rikuraho umurage w'amateka wateje icyuho cy’ubukorikori hagati y’ubushakashatsi no kwagura, gushimangira isano na politiki, no gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo gutanga serivisi binyuze mu nzego zinjira mu nzego z’ubuhinzi hagamijwe kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage b’u Rwanda. RAB yashinzwe mu bigo bitatu by’ubuhinzi, aribyo :

* ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’umutungo w’u Rwanda (RARDA),
* Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (RADA)
* [[Dosiye:Poultry Farm in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Ubworozi]]ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi mu Rwanda (mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa: ISAR).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rba.co.rw/post/Uburyo-impanuro-zumukuru-wigihugu-zabaye-imbarutso-yiterambere-ku-baturage&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukungu/iterambere/article/u-rwanda-rwungutse-imbuto-19-z-ibishyimbo-zitezweho-umusaruro-no-guhashya&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Irushanwa ry'Abasora neza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141989</id>
      <parentid>137329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1822" sha1="ndp9kimj5lcl9103bw0jc1l6sg3zu28" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sports_Day_-_Parents'_Volleyball.jpg|thumb|Umukino wa  Volleyball]]
[[Dosiye:Paris Volley vs Tours Volley Ball - Championnat de France - 27 avril 2016 - 21.JPG|thumb|Irushanwa]]
'''Irushanwa ry'Abasora neza''' (Taxpayers Appreciation Volleyball Tournament) ni  irushanwa ngarukamwaka rigamije gushimira abasora neza mu kigo cy'imisoro n'amahoro mu [[Rwanda]], ritegurwa na  (Rwanda Revenue authority, RRA) hamwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda|Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball]] mu [[Rwanda]] (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, '''FRVB''', , riratangira kuri uyu wa Gatandatu wa taliki 19 ugushyingo 2022. Niirushanwa ryitabirwa n’amakipe asanzwe akina mu kiciro cya mbere muri shampiyona ya Volleyball mu [[Rwanda]]. Irushanwa ry'Abasora neza riheruka kuba ryari ryatwawe na ikipe ya RRA mu [[Umugore|bagore]]. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/2832/sports/volleyball/volleyball-reg-apr-crowned-champions-of-taxpayers-tourney&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/reg-vc-na-apr-vc-zegukanye-irushanwa-ry-abasora-neza-muri-volleyball&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/volleyball/article/volleyball-irushanwa-rya-taxpayers-riratangira-mu-mpera-z-iki-cyumweru&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/volleyball-amakipe-akina-%C2%BD-cy-irushanwa-ry-abasore-neza-yamenyekanye&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/imikino/article/volleyball-ikipe-y-u-rwanda-y-abagore-yageze-muri-1-2-cya-shampiyona-y-afurika&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/taxpayers-appreciation-volleyball-tournament-amakipe-yamenye-amatsinda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/11/countdown-a-weekend-of-taxpayers-appreciation-tournament-is-here/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Icyerekezo 2050</title>
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      <parentid>136062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13065" sha1="hwzc9dtxuys5q8aawva0jg1hjcsyf87" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Видение_Руанды_2050.png|thumb|Icyerekezo 2050]]
Ni inzozi ariko icyo gihe u Rwanda ruzaba rwararenze 2050, 

 umwaka rwihaye wo kuzaba ruri mu bihugu byateye imbere, aho rwiyemeje kubakira ubukungu ku ikoranabuhanga, ubumenyi bwibanda ku guhanga udushya no kurengera ibidukikije. [[File:Kigali city.jpg|thumb| umujyi wa kigali ubungubu]]

Kigali nk’Umujyi uzaba warahindutse icyitegererezo cya Afurika n’Isi muri rusange, hahanzwe amaso imishinga y’udushya izatuma bigerwaho by’umwihariko iy’ikoranabuhanga.

Urabona uko abantu basigaye bahaha batavuye mu ngo, ibibereye aho ari ho hose ukabimenya utahageze kubera internet inyaruka. Waba utekereza uko byaba bisa mu gihe abagenzi bazaba bifashisha imodoka ziguruka kandi zitwara [zidakenera umushoferi]?

Benshi batunguwe na “Sofia” ikwandikira amande warenze ku mategeko y’umuhanda. Ibyo navuga ko “bitarenze” nka ya mvugo y’ababyiruka, mbigereranyije no kuba umunyabyaha yashakishwa akanafatwa na robots zikora neza nk’abapolisi cyangwa abagenzacyaha.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/byinshi-ku-cyerekezo-gishya-2050-kizakurikira-2020&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibizaba bikenerwa cyane ==

=== Ikoranabuhanga rizaba ari nkenerwa nk’amazi ubura ugapfa ===
Ishusho y’ikoranabuhanga rihari uyu munsi ryagezweho ahanini mu myaka 20 ishize kandi abize Kaminuza bari mbarwa kuko nko mu 2000 bari bageze kuri 0,1%. Uyu munsi harabarurwa abarenga ibihumbi 10 barangiza kaminuza buri mwaka biyongera ku barangiza amashuri makuru mu masomo y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro.

Byumvikane ko abazana udushya ari ko biyongera, rya koranabuhanga hifuzwa ko Kigali iba igicumbi cyaryo muri Afurika rikaguka. Tekereza ibi byose bikozwe muri iyo myaka, wibaze ngo nyuma y’indi nk’iyo inshuro ebyiri bizaba bisa bite?

==== Inzitizi ====
Mu nzego zose uyu munsi hageze ikoranabuhanga. Inzitizi zigihari zishingiye ku mikoro n’abaturage batariga 100%, n’ubushobozi bw’abarizana batarabasha kwihaza mu kurigeza kuri benshi ndetse n’igihugu kikarishyigikira ariko nacyo kigikeneye ubufasha.

Reka dufate umunsi umwe wumve uko uzajya ugenda hashingiwe no ku byo wamaze kwiyumvira n’amatwi yawe.

==== Murandasi ====
Uzabyuka iwawe ugane murandasi, utumize isukari, ikawa n’umugati unabyishyure udasohotse mu nzu. [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|Umucuruzi]] azabikoherereza adatumye motari nk’uko biri ubu. Hazaba hari imodoka zitwara ushobora kohereza igatumika uko ubishaka.

Izo zatangiye kugeragezwa muri bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere kuko Sosiyete ya Tesla y’umunyemari, Elon Musk, iherutse no gutangaza ko izo yakoze zitekanye.

Bimaze kukugeraho, birashoboka cyane ko utazabikoraho ukohereza robot kubifata ikanabitunganya, ugafata ifunguro ry’igitondo.

=== Robots ===
Robots zizaba ari nyinshi kuko abana benshi muri Kigali bari kwigishwa kuzikora nuko ari amikoro ataraboneka ngo imishinga ishorwemo imari zigaragare mu kazi.

Hari amahirwe menshi ko akazi uzaba uri kugakorera iwawe kabone nubwo nta cyorezo kizaba gihari. Impamvu ni uko guhura bizaba bitagikenewe cyane kuko ibisabwa byose ngo abantu buzuze inshingano bizaba bihari, haba ibikoresho na internet inyaruka.

Niba bikenewe ko mukora inama murebana hazifashishwa amashusho, guterura cyangwa gupanga ibintu runaka hitabazwe robots.

==== Microship ====
Hari abakora bananywa ikawa. Kwiyongera indi mu gikombe, gufunga no gufungura urugi, gukura ijambo banga muri mudasobwa na telefoni byawe utabikozeho bizaba bishoboka. Kwandika uzabasha kubikora udakanze ‘keyboard’ kandi byose byihute kurusha uko biri none.

Aho ni microchip izabigufashamo. Henshi yarageragejwe byemezwa ko ikora neza ku buryo n’uwagagaye bayimutera agakora kurusha abazima. Ushobora no kuyishyuriraho, ikagufasha kugaragaza ko utakatiwe n’inkiko kandi ikerekana indwara z’akarande urwaye.

Isuku y‘imyenda ikorwa n’imashini, gusukura inzu byo mu Rwanda urabizi birakorwa nta muntu uhinjiye iyo basukura ahakekwa Covid-19. Ni robots zibikora.

Birashoboka ko abantu bazaba bazitunze mu ngo akaba ari na zo zibatekera. Mbese umunsi wawe uzajya wira nta mvune za hato na hato no guhangayikira igihe.

== Icyerekezo 2050 ==
Inyandiko ikubiyemo intego z’Icyerekezo 2050, iragira iti “Ibigomba kwibandwaho birimo kurushanwa n’abandi mu bukungu hashingiwe ku ikoranabuhanga, guhanga ibishya, ubushakashatsi, ibikorwaremezo byiza, korohereza ishoramari, kimwe n’ibindi bikorwa biciriritse nko kuzamura umusaruro mu rwego rw’inganda n’abakozi.”

Igihugu nikiba cyarageze kuri iyo ntego, nta gushidikanya ko mu myaka 10 izakurikiraho ibyavuzwe haruguru bizaba bihari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://vision2050.minecofin.gov.rw/rw/translate-to-kinyarwanda-vision-2050/ubuhinzi-bubyara-ubukire |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307131811/https://vision2050.minecofin.gov.rw/rw/translate-to-kinyarwanda-vision-2050/ubuhinzi-bubyara-ubukire |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu gihe u Rwanda rumaze gufata inzira igana mu cyerekezo 2050, abikorera bo mu Rwanda basobanura ko biteguye kugira uruhare rukomeye kurushaho kuzamura urwego rwo kwizigamira amafaranga agamije kuzunganira ayo bakura mu bigo by’imari.

Nyuma y’uko icyerekezo 2020 kigeze ku musozo kandi kikaba cyarasize igihugu hari intambwe igaragara giteye mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuzima bwacyo harimo n’ubukungu; kuva muri uyu mwaka u Rwanda rwatangiye icyerekezo 2050.

Iki cyerekezo gikubiyemo ibice bibiri aho kugeza mu mwaka wa 2035 umunyarwanda zaba yinjiza amafranga atari munsi ya miliyoni 4 ku mwaka, mu gihe mu mwaka wa 2050 nyirizina umunyarwanda azaba abasha kubona miliyoni zitari munsi ya 12 mu mwaka.

Iki cyerekezo cy’ubukungu kizagirwamo uruhare rukomeye n’abikorera aho basobanura ko biteguye gukora byinshi mu kukigeraho, ariko cyane cyane harebwa ibijyanye no kwizigamira kugirango bunganire amafranga aturuka mu mabanki.

Usibye ibirebana no kuzigama ku banyenganda kugira ngo bashobore kubona imari ihagije yo gushora, abari mu rwego rw’inganda basobanura ko hanakenewe ubumenyi buhagije muri uru rwego kugirango ababufite cyane cyane urubyiruko bashobore gutanga umusaruro ufatika.

Mu cyerekezo 2050 kandi biteganijwe ko leta igenda iva mu ishoramari buhoro buhoro aho irya leta rizagera ku gipimo cya 8% rivuye kuri 12% ririho ubu. Abaturage basobanura ko ikibareba ari ukuvana amaboko mu mufuka bagakora kugirango bashobore kugera ku cyerekezo gifite kinini kivuze mu bukungu bw’igihugu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage muri rusange.

Bimwe mu bizafasha kugera ku cyerecyezo 2050 harimo ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga mu nzego zose, guhanga udushya kandi igihugu kikubabikira ubukungu bwacyo ku bumenyi.

Ikindi kizashyirwamo imbaraga ni gahunda yo kureshya abashoramari kugirango umusaruro w’uru rwego ukomeze kuzamuka. Mu mwaka ushize wa 2019 ishoramari ry’u Rwanda ryari kuri miliyari 2.4 z’amadolari mu gihe mu mwaka wa 2018 ryari kuri miliyari 2.1 z’amadorali.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Ishusho-yubukungu-bwu-Rwanda-mu-cyerekezo-2050&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Imodoka zitwara kandi zinaguruka ====
Umushinga w’imodoka zigendera ku migozi wabaye kimomo benshi mu batuye Kigali barawiteguye. Zizaba zahageze bitarenze 2024.

=== Imikoranire na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu(UAE) ===
Ku rundi ruhande, Minisitiri w’Ikorabuhanga na Inovasiyo, Ingabire Paula, aherutse gutangaza ko u Rwanda rwifuza gukorana na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abarabu (UAE) mu ikoranabuhanga.

Umujyi wa Dubai ubarizwa muri icyo gihugu n’Umurwa mukuru wacyo Abu Dhabi yashyizwe muri 30 ya mbere ku Isi ku rutonde rwa “Smart City Index 2021”. Rukorwa na Kaminuza y’Abasuwisi, IMD, ifatanyije n’iya SUTD yo muri Singapore.

Rushingira ku dushya n’ikoranabuhanga birangwa muri iyo mijyi n’ibindi bifasha guteza imbere imibereho myiza, uko ibikorwa by’amajyambere bihari bingana na serivisi zihaboneka no kurushanwa hagenzurwa ko ibikenewe ubu bihari kandi ibizakenerwa mu bihe bizaza biboneka haba mu bukungu, imibereho no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Kigali ntigaragara kuri urwo rutonde rugizwe n’imijyi 118. Kuba ibihugu byombi byakorana birumvikana ko hari intego z’imishinga y’ikoranabuhanga byazafashanyamo.

Nk’ubu i Dubai hari umushinga w’imodoka ziguruka kandi zitwara, zizatwara abagenzi batarenza urugendo rw’iminota 30. Zizaba zikoresha amashanyarazi ku buryo zitangiza ibidukikije.

Umushinga nk’uwo ntabwo Kigali izamara imyaka 40 itarawuyoboka mu gihe ubwo bufatanye bw’u Rwanda na UAE bwazaba buhamye.

Uretse ibyo kandi Dubai ifite gahunda yo kugira robots zikora nk’abapolisi zikagenza ibyaha zikora iperereza ndetse zigata muri yombi abanyabyaha.

Amahirwe yo kuba 2060 hazagera Kigali yarimakaje ikoranabuhanga nk’iryo uwavuga ko ari menshi ntiyaba agiye kure ushingiye kuri camera zifotora abarenze ku mategeko y’umuhanda zimakajwe.

== Urugero rw'umujyi w'inshuti y'ibidukikije ==

=== Ingamba ===
Ingamba zihari uyu munsi zaguha ishusho y’uko mu myaka 40 iri imbere Kigali izaba isa ku birebana no kurengera ibidukikije.

Ni ha hantu uzaba ugenda nta ’plastique’ uca iryera, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi nta myuka ihumanya zisohora, imyanda itaba mu bimoteri ahubwo yinjiriza ba nyir’ingo, ibiti ku mihanda bizana amahumbezi ndetse hari inyubako nyinshi zikoresha ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba aho guhanga amaso amashanyarazi akomoka ahandi.

Urubuga rwa Global Vision International rugaragaza ko umujyi utonona ibidukikije ari uwaciye plastiques zipfunyikwamo rimwe ukimakaza gupfunyika mu mpapuro n’ibindi bibora.

Kuri icyo, intambwe ifatika yaratewe muri Kigali, hagezweho guhagarika n’amacupa ya plastiques apfunyikwamo amazi rimwe ndetse inkwakuzi zamaze gukora ay’ibirahuri. Uruganda rwa Inyange rukorera i Masaka ruherutse kuyamurika.

Ikindi rugaragaza ni ukuba uwo mujyi ufite aho abawubamo baruhukira kandi hahora hasukuye.

=== Car free zone ===
Niba warageze muri “Car free zone” cyangwa imbere y’Ibiro by’Umujyi wa Kigali wabonye aho abantu baruhukira bakoresha Wifi y’ubuntu, bugamye izuba kandi hari umwuka mwiza kubera indabo n’ibiti bihateye.

=== Pariki y'Ubukerarugendo ===
Si aho gusa kuko hari na Pariki y’Ubukerarugendo ya Nyandungu yamaze kuzura irimo aho kuruhukira ku babyifuza. Ku isuku ho si ngombwa kubigarukaho kuko n’imahanga Kigali irirahirwa.

=== Indi mishinga ===
Ibyo byamaze kugerwaho ariko hari n’indi mishinga ihari nko gukora ikiyaga ahahoze inganda i [[Gikondo]] na Masaka n’ibindi bigamije kuryoshya Kigali ariko inahinduka inshuti y’ibidukikije.

Icya gatatu kirebwaho bivugwa ko umujyi runaka utonona ibidukikije, ni ugutunganya imyanda igakorwamo ibindi bifite akamaro. Iki nacyo cyaratangiye aho abatuye Kigali bigishijwe gutandukanya imyanda ibora n’itabora.

Ibora izakorwamo ifumbire yifashishwa mu buhinzi no gufumbira ibiti bikomeje kongerwa mu mujyi birimo n’ibyera imbuto ziribwa.

Itabora hari gahunda yo kuzayisubiza mu nganda igakorwamo ibindi bikoresho. Ubushobozi bwabyo ntiburaboneka neza ubu ariko mu myaka 40 iri imbere bizaba bimenyerewe nko gukaraba intoki.

Gahunda yatangiye kugerwaho ya moto n’imodoka bikoresha amashanyarazi, ishobora gutuma umuntu yoroherwa no kwiyumvisha ko mu 2060 bizaba bigoranye kubona ikinyabiziga gisohora imyotsi muri Kigali.

=== Inyubako zitangiza Ibidukikije ===
Inyubako nk’iz’Ikigo Norrsken (kiri ahahoze Ecole Belge) zubatswe mu buryo butangiza ibidukikije aho ibisenge byazo bizengurukijwe imirasire y’izuba; ni ishusho nto y’izizaba ziri muri Kigali Innovation City zo zizashyirwaho ibisenge bibyaza ingufu imirasire y’izuba.

Uwo ni umushinga wamaze gukorerwa igishushanyombonera uzaba uhurije hamwe ibikorwa bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, guhanga udushya n’ubumenyi. Uzakorerwa muri Gasabo hafi y’Icyanya cy’inganda.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryawo rihanzwe amaso nk’ikimenyetso simusiga cy’uko Kigali ari igicumbi cy’ikoranabuhanga muri Afurika.

=== Imashini za MRI ===
Imashini za MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) zifite ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma indwara zo mu bwonko, umugongo, umutima, impyiko, umwijima n’izindi nyinshi zimaze kuba eshanu mu Rwanda.

Umurwayi ashobora guhabwa ubuvuzi bw’ibanze atavuye iwe ariko wibuke ko no kubaga bisigaye bishoboka umurwayi adasatuwe hanini.

Ikoranabuhanga nk’iryo n’irindi ryitezwe mu buvuzi rizatuma u Rwanda runateza imbere ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku buvuzi, aho abo mu Karere no ku Mugabane bazaba barugana.

Byumvikane ko ba barwayi bajya kwivuriza mu mahanga hakaba hari n’abapfa kubera gutinda kubona ubuvuzi babuze amatike, inkuru nk’izo zizaba ari amateka.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ikaze-muri-kigali-ya-2060-runguruka-mu-mibereho-iteye-amatsiko&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/muri-2050-abanyarwanda-70-bazaba-batuye-mu-mujyi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/kugira-ngo-u-rwanda-rugere-ku-cyerekezo-2050-hakenewe-kubaka-uburezi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>APR VC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141974</id>
      <parentid>135843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2141" sha1="gzdxmp63lcdebezwmf9z68j3629mety" xml:space="preserve">'''APR VC'''  (Armee Partriotique Rwandaise  Volleyball Club) cyangwa APR Volleyball Club  ni [[ikipe]] ya basirikare yu Rwanda ya [[Umugabo|bagabo]]. ikina imukino ya maboko wa volleyball muri shampiyona itegurwa n'[[Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda|Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu bagabo (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, FRVB).&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073626/https://magazine.mkuit.ac.rw/apr-wvc-and-reg-vc-win-rwanda-national-heroes-day-volleyball-tournament/&lt;/ref&gt;  APR VC yatwaye ibikombe bitandukanye nkaho iherutse gutwara : &lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?APR-VC-zombi-zahesheje-u-Rwanda-ishema-i-Kampala&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/rayon-sports-yatsinze-apr-vc-mu-mikino-ya-kamparampaka.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307150620/https://ar.umuseke.rw/rayon-sports-yatsinze-apr-vc-mu-mikino-ya-kamparampaka.hmtl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/147142/Sports/apr-vc-sign-youngsters-muvara-dusengimana&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201209030893.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/87145/volleyball-apr-vc-yihereranye-reg-vc-iyitesha-amanota-mu-mukino-wikirarane-amafoto-87145.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/apr-vc-na-rra-vc-zatangiye-neza-mu-mikino-nyafurika&lt;/ref&gt;

* yitabiriye cya shampiyona y’abagabo mu volleyball ya 2022 na 2023, &lt;ref&gt;https://isimbi.rw/siporo/article/reg-vc-yegukanye-igikombe-cya-shampiyona-igitwariye-kuri-apr-vc&lt;/ref&gt;
* yitabiriye kandi Igikombe Cy’irushanwa Ry’ubutwari 2023, &lt;ref&gt;https://isimbi.rw/siporo/article/reg-vc-yegukanye-igikombe-cya-shampiyona-igitwariye-kuri-apr-vc&lt;/ref&gt;[[Dosiye:Volleyball_equipment_-_balls.jpg|thumb|imipira ya Volleyball ]]
* irongera yitabira [[Irushanwa ry'Abasora neza|Irushanwa ry’Abasora neza]] muri Volleyball,&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/reg-vc-na-apr-vc-zegukanye-irushanwa-ry-abasora-neza-muri-volleyball&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amashakiro ===
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mwinuka Henry Newton</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141990</id>
      <parentid>137931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>141990</origin>
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      <text bytes="2341" sha1="ttfzi7y8v3d18tw9lp7nx0bqmhpng5t" xml:space="preserve">'''Mwinuka Henry Newton''' ni umugabo ukomoka muri [[Tanzaniya]], akaba umutoza mu mukino wa Basketball mu [[Rwanda]]. Mwinuka Henry Newton yatoje amakipe nka  REG BBC (The Rwanda Energy Group Basketball Club)  akaba yaratwaye ibikombe 2 bya shampiyona mu basketball bitegurwa na federation ya basketball mu Rwanda mugihe cy imyaka 2 ndetse yanayoboye  imikino mpuzamahanga ya BAL (Basketball Africa League), yatoje kandi Patriots BBC (Patriots Basketball Club) mu gihe cy'imyaka 4 kugeza  Ugushyingo 2019,  yayihaye ibikombe bitatu : &lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/imikino/article/reg-bbc-yiyemeje-gutanga-akayabo-k-amamiliyoni-kugira-ngo-isinyishe-umutoza&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/basketball-henry-mwinuka-yatandukanye-na-reg-bbc/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201903/https://umuseke.rw/2023/01/basketball-henry-mwinuka-yatandukanye-na-reg-bbc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/basketball/article/bal2023-reg-bbc-yerekeje-muri-senegal&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202301130030.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/basketball/article/basketball-umunsi-wa-mbere-wa-shampiyona-mu-busesenguzi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://btnrwanda.com/news?scateg=9 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201903/https://btnrwanda.com/news?scateg=9 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://isimbi.rw/siporo/article/ikipe-y-abakinnyi-5-beza-ba-basketball-mu-maso-ya-kaje-elie-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://basketball.eurobasket.com/coach/Henry-Mwinuka/48270&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.africa-press.net/rwanda/sport/despite-new-contract-mwinuka-insists-on-quitting-reg&lt;/ref&gt;

* Igikombe cya Shampiyona, 
* irushanwa ryo Kwibuka 
* n’irushanwa ry’Intwari.
* igikombe cya Play-offs bigera kuri 2.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/umutoza-henry-mwinuka-yasubiye-muri-patriots-bbc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1478/sports/basketball/video-reg-coach-vows-to-resign-if-club-hires-new-coach-for-bal&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/topics/henry-mwinuka&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo ya basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Umutoza wa basket]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UTB VC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141704</id>
      <parentid>137354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2610" sha1="1s8nq02ittqa6rqoe15lqad17bku33s" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Volley ball at Makerere University.jpg|thumb|UTB VC]]
'''UTB VC''' (University of Tourism, Technology and Business Studies Volleyball Club) ni [[ikipe]] ya maboko ya  volleyball, ikipe ifite icyicaro gikuru  giherereye ku Kicukiro kuri Sonatube, UTB VC igira amakipe 2 aya  [[Umugabo|bagabo]] n’iya [[Umugore|bagore]]. UTB VC ni ikipe ikina shampiyona ya volleyball muri marushanwa ategurwa n'[[Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda|ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball]] mu [[Rwanda]], [[FRVB]] (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation) yabaye iya gatatu mu mwaka w’imikino ushize 2018 kugeza 2019 harimo igikombe cy’akarere ka gatanu. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/volleyball/article/utb-vc-mu-isura-nshya-n-intego-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.utb.ac.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/volleyball/article/tayson-wakiniraga-utb-yamaze-kwerekeza-muri-gisagara-vc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/volleyball/article/utb-vc-mu-isura-nshya-n-intego-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ubuzima-115/imibereho/article/niyomukesha-ukinira-rra-vc-yasezeranye-mu-mategeko-n-umwe-mu-bayobozi-ba-utb-vc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/90254/volleyball-rra-na-utb-vc-zatsindiye-kuzahurira-mu-mikino-ya-nyuma-ya-playoffs-amafoto-90254.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/volleyball-reg-vc-yizeye-kwitwara-neza-imbere-ya-utb-vc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/utb-vc-yasinyishije-mukunzi-christophe-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/memorial-kayumba-ya-2021-ntikibaye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211815/https://www.igihe.com/imikino/volleyball/article/memorial-kayumba-ya-2021-ntikibaye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rushyashya.net/55328-2/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.isimbi.rw/siporo/article/mucyo-philbert-umuyobozi-mu-ikipe-ya-utb-yasezeranye-n-umukunzi-we-ukinira-rra-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307211816/http://www.isimbi.rw/siporo/article/mucyo-philbert-umuyobozi-mu-ikipe-ya-utb-yasezeranye-n-umukunzi-we-ukinira-rra-amafoto |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/03/volleyball-gisagara-vc-coach-nyirimana-resigns/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Mu-mukino-w-ishiraniro-APR-VC-itsinze-UTB-VC-yegukana-igikombe-cya-shampiyona&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubusinzi</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="4676" sha1="f69hs3wo21y1obqrsw8na9y6b12zl9x" xml:space="preserve">'''Ubusinzi''', muri rusange, ni kunywa inzoga zose zitera ibibazo bikomeye byubuzima bwo mumutwe cyangwa kumubiri. Kuberako hari ukutumvikana kubisobanuro byijambo ryubusinzi, ntabwo arikigo cyemewe cyo kwisuzumisha, kandi gukoresha imvugo yubusinzi buracika intege kubera ibisobanuro bisebanya cyane, usibye mugihe abantu bahisemo kwimenyekanisha ( urugero, muri Inzoga Zitazwi). Ibyiciro byingenzi byo kwisuzumisha ni indwara yo kunywa inzoga [2] (DSM-5) [4] cyangwa guterwa n'inzoga (ICD-11); ibi bisobanurwa aho bikomoka.
[[Dosiye:A wife asking her drunkard husband to hand over a bottle Wellcome L0067935.jpg|thumb|Umugore usaba icupa umugabo we ngo adakomeza gusinda|377x377px]]
'''Ubusinzi'''

Kunywa inzoga nyinshi birashobora kwangiza sisitemu zose, ariko bigira ingaruka cyane cyane mubwonko, umutima, umwijima, pancreas na immunite. [4] Ubusinzi bushobora kuviramo uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, guhinda umushyitsi, syndrome ya Wernicke - Korsakoff, umutima utera bidasanzwe, kutagira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, cirrhose y'umwijima no kongera [[kanseri]]. [4] [5] [18] Kunywa mugihe utwite bishobora kuviramo indwara ya alcool idasanzwe. Muri rusange [[Umugore|abagore]] bumva cyane kurusha abagabo ingaruka mbi ziterwa n'inzoga, cyane cyane bitewe n'uburemere buke bw'umubiri, ubushobozi buke bwo guhinduranya inzoga, hamwe n'amavuta menshi yo mu mubiri. Mu mubare muto wabantu, kunywa inzoga igihe kirekire, bikabije bitera ubumuga bwo kutamenya no guta umutwe.

Ibidukikije hamwe n’irondakoko ni ibintu bibiri bishobora guteza ibyago by’ubusinzi, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibyago biterwa na buri. Guhangayika hamwe n’imivurungano bifitanye isano, harimo no guhangayika, ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu iterambere ry’ubusinzi kuko kunywa inzoga bishobora kugabanya dysphoriya by'agateganyo. Umuntu ufite umubyeyi cyangwa umuvandimwe ufite ikibazo cyo kunywa inzoga afite amahirwe menshi yo kwikuramo inzoga inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye, ariko bake muri bo ni bo babikora. Mu bidukikije harimo imibereho, umuco n’imyitwarire. Urwego rwo hejuru rwo guhangayika no guhangayika, hamwe n’igiciro cya alcool gihenze kandi byoroshye kuboneka, byongera ibyago. [4] Abantu barashobora gukomeza kunywa igice kugirango birinde cyangwa batezimbere ibimenyetso byo kwikuramo. Iyo umuntu ahagaritse kunywa inzoga, ashobora kugira ikibazo cyo kwikuramo kumara amezi. Mu buvuzi, ubusinzi bufatwa nk'indwara z'umubiri no mu mutwe. [21] Ibibazo bikunze gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ubusinzi bushoboka. [4] Andi makuru arakusanywa kugirango hemezwe ko hasuzumwe.

Kwirinda ubusinzi birashobora kugerageza kugabanya uburambe bwo guhangayika no guhangayika kubantu. [4] Irashobora kugerageza kugenzura no kugabanya kugurisha inzoga (cyane cyane kubana bato), gusoresha inzoga kugirango zongere igiciro cyayo, no gutanga uburezi no kwivuza.

Kuvura ubusinzi birashobora gufata uburyo butandukanye. Kubera ibibazo byubuvuzi bishobora kubaho mugihe cyo kubikuramo, guhagarika inzoga bigomba kugenzurwa neza. Uburyo bumwe busanzwe bukubiyemo gukoresha imiti ya benzodiazepine, nka diazepam. Ibi birashobora gufatwa mugihe byemewe mubigo nderabuzima cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye. Imiti acamprosate cyangwa disulfiram irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gufasha kwirinda kunywa inzoga. Indwara zo mu mutwe cyangwa izindi ngeso zirashobora kugorana kuvura. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kuvura abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa mu matsinda cyangwa amatsinda yo gushyigikira bikoreshwa mu kugerageza kubuza umuntu gusubira mu businzi. [8] Itsinda rimwe rishyigikira ni Inzoga Zitazwi.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryagereranije ko kugeza mu 2016, ku isi hose hari abantu miliyoni 380 bafite ubusinzi (5.1% by'abaturage barengeje imyaka 15). [11] Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015 muri Amerika, abagera kuri miliyoni 17 (7%) bakuze na miliyoni 0.7 (2.8%) z'abo bafite hagati y’imyaka 12 na 17. Ubusinzi bukunze kugaragara cyane mu bagabo no mu rubyiruko. Mu rwego rw'isi, ntibisanzwe muri Afurika (1,1% by'abaturage) kandi bifite umubare munini mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba (11%). Ubusinzi  mu buryo butaziguye hapfa abantu 139.000 mu 2013, aho bapfuye 112.000 mu 1990. [28] Abantu miliyoni 3.3 bapfuye (5.9% by'impfu zose) bemeza ko bazize inzoga. Ubusinzi bugabanya igihe cyo kubaho k'umuntu imyaka igera ku icumi. Amagambo menshi, ibitutsi bimwe nibindi bitemewe, byakoreshejwe kwerekeza kubantu bahuye nubusinzi; imvugo irimo impanuro, umusinzi, dipsomaniac na souse. [30] Mu 1979, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryabujije ikoreshwa ry'ubusinzi kubera ubusobanuro bwaryo budasobanutse, rihitamo syndrome de alcool.

== Indangamurongo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nshimirimana Joachim</title>
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      <text bytes="1731" sha1="duntm7w25ahz6ld875i6p7uqewpv08q" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Burundi 2020 General Election Results Map.png|thumb|joachim yavukiye muburundi ninaho yakuriye]]
'''Nshimirimana''' '''Joachim''' (wavutse ku ya 13 Mutarama 1973) ni umukinnyi w’ [[Uburundi|Umurundi]] wazobereye mu kwiruka ahantu harehare. Yahagarariye u [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu mikino ibiri y'Olempike (muri 2004 iya Atenayi, na 2008 i Beijing) akaba afite n'ubwenegihugu bw'[[Ubutaliyani]].&lt;ref&gt;'''Joachim'''&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku myaka 31, Nshimirimana yitabiriye bwa mbere imikino y' Olempike yo mu 2004 yabereye muri Atenayi, aho yarangije ku mwanya wa 32 arangiza  marato yose y'abagabo, akoresheje amasaha  2:19:31, ku shuro ya kabiri, Mu mikino y'Olempike yabereye i Beijing, yarangije marato ya bagabo ku mwanya wa 68, akoresheje amasaha 2:29:55.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Men's Marathon: Official Finish |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc=ATM099100/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823044047/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/trackandfield/resultsandschedules/rsc=ATM099100/index.html |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012 |website=[[NBC Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2006, Nshimirimana yegukanye igikombe cya mbere cya shampiyona mu kwituka i  Ljubljana Marathon, hamwe nigihe cye cyiza cya 2:14:14.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== ibindi ==

* Joachim Nshimirimana at World Athletics 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822085138/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=50940/bio/index.html NBC 20'''Joachim''' 08 Olympics profile]
{{authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Francine Niyonsaba</title>
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      <text bytes="8278" sha1="pwpxr9aznz3m1i5ox27dav51cra7892" xml:space="preserve"> [[Dosiye:Women's_800_metres_Portland_2016.jpg|left|thumb| Niyonsaba yatsindiye metero 800 muri Shampiyona yisi yo mu 2016]]'''Francine Niyonsaba''' (wavutse ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1993) ni akora umukino wo kwiruka akaba ari u [[Uburundi|Burundi]], wazobereye muri metero 800 akora nanone  mu ntera ndende muri 2019. Yabonye umudari wa silver muri olempike muri 2016 muri metero 800 mu bagore, Umudari we wa feza niwo mudari wa mbere mu mikino Olempike ku Burundi kuva mu 1996. Niyonsaba yatsindiye ifeza muri Shampiyona y'isi 2017 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Yabaya Shampiyona inshuro ebyiri 800 m mu biruka mu nzu, amaze gutsinda 800 m muri 2016 na 2018 . Nyuma yo kwimukira mu mahanga, Niyonsaba yabonye umwanya wa gatanu  ya metero 10,000 mu mikino Olempike ya Tokiyo 2020 . Afite rekodi yisi muri metero 2000, nuwa  karindwi yu Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Muri 2019, mu Imikino ngororamubiri ku isi yatangaje ko Niyonsaba atazemererwa guhatanira umwanya w’abagore mu biruka hagati ya metero 400 na kilometero imwe bitewe n’amabwiriza agenga abakinnyi ba XY DSD bafite urugero rwa testosterone nyinshi. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gruling&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lavista |first=Adrian |date=18 May 2019 |title=Semenya, Francine, and Margaret miss Stockholm Diamond League after gender ruling |url=https://regionweek.com/semenya-francine-and-margaret-miss-stockholm-diamond-league-after-gender-ruling/ |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=RegionWeek |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417155931/https://regionweek.com/semenya-francine-and-margaret-miss-stockholm-diamond-league-after-gender-ruling/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WAreg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=IAAF publishes briefing notes and Q&amp;A on Female Eligibility Regulations |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-release/questions-answers-iaaf-female-eligibility-reg |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Niyonsaba Francine yahise azamuka akinira  muri 2012  ingimbi. Ku nshuro ya mbere yashyizeho metero 800 ni mu mpera za Kamena 2012 mu gihe yatsindiye cyane Shampiyona nyafurika ya 2012 muri Athletisme muri 1: 59.11 mu irushanwa rye rya gatatu ryarushanwaga. Kuri ibyo, yateje imbere umwuga we yigihugu ya 2: 02.13, yashyizwe mumikino yo gushaka itike. Mu isiganwa ryo gufungura irushanwa, ry'abadafite uburambe biruka bari bafunguye metero 30 bayobora. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120814124910/http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid%3D65542.html Burundian teen Niyonsaba takes dramatic 800m title as Nigeria top medal table in Porto-Novo – African champs, Day 5]. iaaf.org (2 July 2012). Retrieved on 2016-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma y'ibyumweru bitatu, ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2012, yongeye kuzamura agahigo agera kuri 1: 58.68 mu gihe yaje ku mwanya wa kabiri mu nama ya Diamond League 2012 yabereye i Herculis. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021908/http://www.diamondleague-monaco.com/en/Program/Overview/800m1/ 800 m]. diamondleague-monaco.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mikino Olempike yabereye i Londres 2012, Niyonsaba yagabanije ibihe bye muri  metero 800 agera kuri 1: 58.67 ku ya 9 Kanama 2012, muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza. Byari amasegonda 0.01 kunonosora kubihe yagize mbere. Nyuma y'iminsi ibiri, yaje ku mwanya wa karindwi (nyuma yazamuwe ku mwanya wa gatanu biturutse ku kutemerwa kwa bakoresha ibyongera imbaraga kw'abakinnyi b'Abarusiya Elena Arzhakova na Mariya Savinova) ku mukino wa nyuma. Hatarenze ukwezi, yagize akandi gahigo k'isaha 1: 56.59.

Muri 2016, Niyonsaba yatsindiye metero 800 mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yo mu nzu ya IAAF 2016 akoresheje amasaha 2: 00.01. Yasoje amarushanwa afite umudari  wa mbere mu mikino y'Olempike,afite umudari w' ifeza muri metero 800 mu bagore akoresheje igihe cy' 1: 56.49, inyuma ya Caster Semenya wo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]].

Niyonsaba yegukanye umwanya wa kabiri muri metero 800 zirindwi zirushanwa rya Diamond League 2016 . yongereye ibihe bye maze akoresha  1: 56.24 muri 2016 Herculis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gruling&quot; /&gt;

Muri 2017, Niyonsaba yegukanye ibihembo bishya ku giti cye ndetse no ku rwego rw'igihugu muri Monaco Diamond League nyuma yo gutsinda metero 800 akoresheje 1: 55.47 ku ya 21 Nyakanga. Iki gihe, yabaye Uwa wa mbere ku isi 1. yerekeza muri Shampiyona yisi 2017 yabereye i Londres.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAreg&quot; /&gt;

Mu marushanwa y'isi yabereye i Londres, yatsindiye ifeza muri metero 800 mu bagore mu gihe cya 1: 55.92. Yayoboye  irushanwa, ariko Caster Semenya yakoresheje ubwenge kugirango atsinde Aburundi ku girango bongera gutsindira zahabu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Imikino ngororamubiri ku isi ==
Muri 2019, byagaragaye ko Niyonsaba yavutse afite 46, XY karyotype ndetse n’imiterere ya intersex nyuma yo kwemererwa kwitabira amarushanwa y’abagore ya IAAF byatewe n’amabwiriza mashya y’ishyirahamwe ajyenga abakinnyi bafite XY itandukaniro ry’iterambere ry’imibonano mpuzabitsina yago, urugero rwa testosterone iri hejuru ya 5 nmol / L, hamwe na androgene. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gruling&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary |url=https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CAS_Executive_Summary__5794_.pdf |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=Court of Arbitration for Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitewe nuko guhagarikwa, Niyonsaba agomba kubura mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yimikino ngororamubiri 2022 yabereye Oregon. [https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/62125966]

== Ibyagezweho ==

=== Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ===
{|{{AchievementTable|nation=BDI|Event=yes|Time=yes}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Porto-Novo]], Benin
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|1:59.11
|{{AthAbbr|NR}}
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London]], United Kingdom
|5th
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|1:59.63
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], United States
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres|800 m]] {{AthAbbr|i}}
|2:00.01
|{{AthAbbr|WL}}
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|1:56.49
|
|-
|2017
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[London]], United Kingdom
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|1:55.92
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres|800 m]] {{AthAbbr|i}}
|1:58.31
|WL NR
|-
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Asaba]], Nigeria
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|1:57.97
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|h
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|{{AthAbbr|DQ}}
|{{abbr|TR 17.3.2|Infringement of the inside border}}
|-
|5th
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|30:41.93
|NR
|}

=== amarushanwa yatsinze ===

* shampiyona ya Diamond league 5000&amp;nbsp;m: 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-09-09 |title=Wanda Diamond League Final {{!}} Letzigrund - Zürich (SUI) {{!}} 8th-9th September 2021 |url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Zurich/user_upload/Results_Diamond_League_2021_Zurich_2021.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=[[Diamond League]] |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2012 (1 - 800&amp;nbsp;m): [[Buruseli]] (NR)
** 2013 (3 - 800&amp;nbsp;m): Shanghai (WL), Eugene (WL MR), Paris
** 2016 (2 - 800&amp;nbsp;m): Birmingham (MR), Lausanne
** 2017 (2 - 800&amp;nbsp;m): Stockholm, Lausanne (SB)
** 2018 (2 - 800&amp;nbsp;m): Lausanne, Rabat
** 2021 [4]: Eugene (ibirometero bibiri, MR), [[Paris]] (3000)&amp;nbsp;m, WL MR NR), Buruseli (5000)&amp;nbsp;m, WL NR), Zürich (5000&amp;nbsp;m)
** 2022 (2): Doha (3000)&amp;nbsp;m, WL), Eugene (ibirometero bibiri, WL MR)

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amashakiro ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
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    <title>Icyatera intambara ya gatatu y’isi</title>
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== Perezida wa Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy yemeje ko intambara iri mu gihugu cye yatangijwe n’Uburusiya ishobora gukongeza intambara y’isi ya gatatu (WWIII). ==
Ni mu kiganiro yagiranye n’igitangazamakuru ABC cyo muri USA ku munsi w’ejo tariki 07 Werurwe 2022.

Muri iki kiganiro Perezida Volodymr yagarutse ku ntambara iri kubera mu gihugu cye ikaba imaze gutwara ubuzima bw’inzirakarengane nyinshi.
[[Dosiye:NATO_OTAN_landscape_logo.svg|thumb|NATO OTAN landscape logo]]
[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_United_States_(fixed).svg|thumb|Flag of the United States ]]
Mu makuru yari ayobowe n’umunyamakuru David Muir  yaba jojo Perezida ikintu yumva ako kanya yabwira Perezida w’Uburusiya [[Vladimir Putin]] undi yemeza ko yamusaba guhagarika intambara.

Ati” Ntekereza ko Vladimir Putin afite ubushobozi bwo guhagarika iyi ntambara yatangije” 

Volodymr yakomeje ashimangira ko nubwo Putin ahakana ko ariwe watangije ino ntambara agomba kuyihagarika.
[[Dosiye:Vladimir_Putin_(2021-02-27).jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin]]
Ati”Nubwo iyi ntambara Putin atemera ko ariwe nyirabayazana agomba kumenya ikintu kimwe adakwiye no guhatana ni uko guhagarika intambara abifite mu biganza “ 

Aha niho Perezida wa Ukraine yabereye akomoza ku ntambara y’isi ya gatatu ndetse ko ibi yamaze kubiganiriza abayobozi b’ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba.

Ati” Nyizera ibi nabiganiriye n’abayobozi bo mu burengerazuba bw’isi ko iyi ntambara itazapfa kurangira gutyo gusa birashoboka ko yakoze n’intambara y’isi “ 

Volodymr kandi yongeye gusaba Putin ko bahura imbonankubone bakagirana ibiganiro bwite aho gukomeza bahabwa amakuru n’abandi bantu.

Nkuko abasesenguzi muri politike babivuga bigaragagara ko Uburusiya bwifuza ibintu bitatu kugira ngo intambara ihagarare. Icya mbere nuko Ukraine itagomba kujya muri NATO , Icya kabiri nuko Ukraine ifite guha ubwigenge uduce tubiri aritwo Donetsk na Luhansk, icya nyuma Ukraine ifite kwemera ko agace ka [[Crimea]] yambuwe mu 2014 ubu kabaye igice cy’Uburusiya.

Ibi Perezida Volodymr abibajijweho yasubije ko ikihutirwa ari inama y’igitaraganya naho ibindi byose byakemurwa. Kugeza ubu inama zihuza impande zombi zibaye inshuro eshatu ntihagire umwanzuro ufatika ugerwaho.

Intambara igeze ku munsi wa 13 aho Uburusiya busumbirije Ukraine nubwo iri kwirwanaho bya hato na hato.

== Indangamurongo ==
https://web.archive.org/web/20230309072610/https://www.thechoicelive.com/russia-ukraineperezida-wa-ukraine-yaciye-amarenga-yintambara-yisi-ya-gatatu-videwo</text>
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      <text bytes="972" sha1="co40h71bduo0u6j5csax6gvfh9knw4w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Hussein Hafiz''' (wavutse ku ya 5 Nzeri 1985) ni umucamanza i Cairo mu Misiri.&lt;ref&gt;Hussein Hafiz Olympic Results&quot; . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[Hussein Hafiz]]&quot; . London 2012. Archived from the

original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Yarushanwe mu bagabo mu baterura ibiro 73 mu mikino Olempike ya 2012; Nyuma yo gutsinda Osman Murillo Segura mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Ugo Legrand yamu tsinze mu cyiciro cya gatatu. &lt;ref&gt;Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. &quot; Hussein Hafiz Olympic Results&quot; . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hussein Hafiz&quot; . [[London]] 2012. Archived from the
original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru]]</text>
      <sha1>co40h71bduo0u6j5csax6gvfh9knw4w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iskander Hachicha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141839</id>
      <parentid>135308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="1555" sha1="hiedzo4as11xbp8j1t1zm4cp3hrgz9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Iskander Hachicha''' cyangwa Larabci  (yavutse ku ya 21 Werurwe 1972) &lt;ref&gt;[[Iskander Hachicha]] at JudoInside.com&lt;/ref&gt; yahoze ari umucamanza wa [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] akina umukino wa bafite ibiro 90 . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Skander HACHICHA (21 Mar 1972)&quot; . Athens2004.com .

ATHENS 2004 Organizing Committee for the Olympic

Games. Archived from the original on 2004-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyo yakoze muri siporo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka
! Irushanwa
! Ikibanza
! Icyiciro cy'ibiro
|-
| 2004
| Shampiyona yo muri Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2001
| Shampiyona yisi ya Judo
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Icya 5
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| Shampiyona yo muri Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Icya 5
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2000
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shampiyona yo muri Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1 st
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| Fungura ishuri
|-
| 1999
| Imikino yose yo muri Afrika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1 st
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| 1998
| Shampiyona yo muri Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (90&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| 1997
| Imikino
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (86&amp;nbsp;kg)
|-
| 1996
| Shampiyona yo muri Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | Icya kabiri
| Impuzandengo y'ibiro (86&amp;nbsp;kg)
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi uterura ibiremereye]]</text>
      <sha1>hiedzo4as11xbp8j1t1zm4cp3hrgz9z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Capsule (farumasi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142056</id>
      <parentid>139332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:39:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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[[Dosiye:A_course_of_green_cefalexin_pills.jpg|thumb| Capsules|317x317px]]
Mugukora imiti, '''encapsulation''' mugikonoshwa gisanzwe kizwi nka '''capsule''', kibemerera, kurugero, gufatwa kumanwa cyangwa gukoreshwa nkibitekerezo. Ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwa capsules ni:

* Capsules ikomeye, irimo ibintu byumye, ifu cyangwa pellet ntoya yakozwe na ''eg'' inzira yo gukuramo cyangwa [[Spheronization|spheronisation]]. Ibi bikozwe mu bice bibiri: “diameter” ntoya ya diameter yuzuye hanyuma igashyirwaho kashe ukoresheje “cap” nini ya diameter.
* Capsules yoroshye-ikoreshwa cyane cyane mumavuta no mubintu bikora bishonga cyangwa bihagarikwa mumavuta.

Ibyo byiciro byombi bya capsules bikozwe mubisubizo byamazi ya gelline, nka proteine [[Inyamaswa|y'inyamanswa]] (cyane cyane gelatine) cyangwa polysaccharide y'ibimera cyangwa ibiyikomokaho (nka karrageenans nuburyo bwahinduwe bwa krahisi na selile). Ibindi bikoresho bishobora kongerwaho mubisubizo bya gelling harimo plasitike nka glycerine cyangwa sorbitol kugirango bigabanye ubukana bwa capsule.

.

== Igice kimwe cya gel encapsulation (&quot;capsules yoroshye&quot;) ==
[[Dosiye:Arranging capsules.jpg|thumb]]
Mu 1833,Bakoresheje ibyuma kubikorwa byabo, bakuzuza capsules kugiti cyabo hamwe nigitonyanga cyimiti. Nyuma yaho, uburyo bwateguwe bwakoresheje amasahani hamwe nu mifuka kugirango bakore capsules. Nubwo ibigo bimwe bigikoresha ubu buryo, ibikoresho ntibigikora mubucuruzi. Ibikoresho byose bigezweho byoroshye-gel ikoresha itandukaniro ryibikorwa byakozwe na RP Scherer muri 1933. Agashya ke yakoresheje kuzunguruka kugirango atange capsules. Baca baruzuzwa no gukubitwa. Ubu buryo bwari umusaruro mwinshi, uhoraho, kandi ugabanya imyanda.

Softgels ishobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo gutanga imiti yo mu kanwa, cyane imiti idashonga,.Ibikoresho byamazi biragoye kubishyira mubindi bikoresho byose bya dosiye nka tablet. Softgels nayo ikwiranye cyane nibiyobyabwenge bikomeye (urugero, aho ikinini ari &lt;100&amp;nbsp;)

mu 1847.  Capsules ikozwe mubice bibiri. Capsules itangwa nkibice bifunze uruganda rukora imiti.capsule yuzuyemo ifu cyangwa pellet nyinshi zisanzwe zakozwe mugikorwa cyo gusohora no guterana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=126–129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Capsile igizwe na gelatine ikozwe muri kolagen yuruhu rwinyamaswa cyangwa amagufwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=401–404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indabo za capsule zatangiwe mu 1987,  zakozwe muri selile, ibintu bigize ibimera. Ibintu nyamukuru bigize capsules zikomoka ku bimera ni hydroxypropyl methyl selulose. Mu kinyejana cya 21. 

Capsule yuzuza uburemere ni ikintu cyingenzi muri ensapsulation hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kuzuza uburemere,kimwe no kugenzura uburemere kumurongo, kugirango ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Encapsulation |url=http://www.pharmacmc.com/encapsulation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006033222/http://www.pharmacmc.com/encapsulation/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=PharmaCMC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Ingano
! Umubumbe (mL) [A]
! Uburebure bufunze (mm) [A]
! Diameter yo hanze (mm) [A]
|-
| 5
| 0.13
| 11.1
| 4.91
|-
| 4
| 0.20
| 14.3
| 5.31
|-
| 3
| 0.27
| 15.9
| 5.82
|-
| 2
| 0.37
| 18
| 6.35
|-
| 1
| 0.48
| 19.4
| 6.91
|-
| 0
| 0.67
| 21.7
| 7.65
|-
| 0E
| 0.7
| 23.1
| 7.65
|-
| 00
| 0.95
| 23.3
| 8.53
|-
| 000
| 1.36
| 26.14
| 9.91
|-
| 13
| 3.2
| 30
| 15.3
|-
| 12
| 5
| 40.5
| 15.3
|-
| 12el
| 7.5
| 57
| 15.5
|-
| 11
| 10
| 47.5
| 20.9
|-
| 10
| 18
| 64
| 23.4
|-
| 7
| 24
| 78
| 23.4
|-
| Su07
| 28
| 88.5
| 23.4
|}
Umuti urashobora kuba mumutwe wa capsule, umubiri wa capsule cyangwa mumubiri ndetse numutwe wa capsule. Umuntu arashobora gushira imiti irenze imwe muri capsule shell matrix. Umuti urashobora kuba muburyo bwasheshwe kandi bwahagaritswe muri capsule shell matrix. Rero, umuntu arashobora gukora ubwoko butandukanye bwo gutandukana muri &quot;capsules yashizwemo ibiyobyabwenge&quot;. Igipimo cyo kurekura ibiyobyabwenge kirashobora gutandukana ukurikije uburyo ibiyobyabwenge byinjijwe muri capsule shell matrix hamwe nibiyobyabwenge. &lt;ref&gt;Joshi, H.N., Tara Innovations LLC, 2014. Physically/molecularly distributed and/or chemically bound medicaments in empty, hard capsule shells. U.S. Patent 8,728,521.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Joshi, H.N., 2018. Physically dispersed, molecularly dissolved and/or chemically bound drugs in an empty, hard capsule shell composition. U.S. Patent 9,884,024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>3fa89z2nz7qftk1pnqa2j5r6u5800nw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Melanie Engoang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141930</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:41Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1734" sha1="sxpp1ndo7ca60y3nldk9wodh7un2jqm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Mélanie Engoang Nguema''' (yavutse 25 Nyakanga 1968) ni umukinnyi wa jido ukomoka  muri Gabon. yabonye umudali wa gatatu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.union.sonapresse.com/gabon-sport/judoentretien-avec-le-directeur-technique-national-me-melanie-engoang-la-force-dune-equipe-reside-dans-ses-resultats-12663 |title=JUDO/ENTRETIEN AVEC LE DIRECTEUR TECHNIQUE NATIONAL : ME MÉLANIE ENGOANG : &quot;LA FORCE D’UNE ÉQUIPE RÉSIDE DANS SES RÉSULTATS&quot; |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306131717/https://www.union.sonapresse.com/gabon-sport/judoentretien-avec-le-directeur-technique-national-me-melanie-engoang-la-force-dune-equipe-reside-dans-ses-resultats-12663 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wakinnye mu cyijiro cya kabiri cy'ibiro.  Niwe wegukanye imidari itanu (zahabu ebyiri na feza eshatu) mu cyiciro cye muri Shampiyona nyafurika ya Judo, kandi yegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu mikino yaberaga muri Afurika yo mu 1999 yabereye i Johannesburg, muri Afurika y'Epfo. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;1999 African Games – Johannesburg, South

Africa&quot; . &lt;/ref&gt; Yagiye kandi mu mikino Olempike ine (1992 i Barcelona, 1996 i Atlanta, 2000 i Sydney, na 2004 muri Atenayi), ariko ntiyagera mu cyiciro cya nyuma, cyangwa ngo atware umudari. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flag-bearer loses opener&quot; . &lt;/ref&gt; Kubera ko Engoang yari umunyamuryango w'inararibonye mu ikipe ya Olempike, yatwaye ibendera ry'igihugu inshuro eshatu mu muhango wo gutangiza amarushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;List of Flagbearers Beijing 2008&quot; (PDF).
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;La participation gabonaise aux différentes

olympiades&quot; [Gabon's participation at different

Olympics] (in French). &lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi uterura ibiremereye]]</text>
      <sha1>sxpp1ndo7ca60y3nldk9wodh7un2jqm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Darwish Ramadhan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14855</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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'''Ramadhan Darwish'''   (wavutse 29 Mutarama 1988) ni umukinnyi wa jido ukomoka muri  Egiputa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105150/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/da/ramadan-darwish-1.html Sports reference profile]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Darwish yegukanye umudari wa bronze mu marushanwa y'isi ya 2009 yabereye i Rotterdam  mubafite ibiro 100. Muri 2015 yatsindiye  umudari wa bronze mu gihe cya Masters ku isi i [[Rabat]]. Ni ufite umudali wa shampiyona nya furika inshuro nyinshi (inshuro esheshatu). Yatsindiye kandi Grand Prix i Qingdao (2009), Tashkent (2014 na [[Budapest]] muri 2015. Muri 2016 yatsindiye zahabu muri Euro Open muri [[Sofiya]]. Yitabiriye imikino Olempike ya 2012 mu bafite ibirori 100 kandi yatsinzwe mumi mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016.  Yatsinze nanone mu 2016, agera muri kimwe cya kane atsinda [[Dugasse Dominic|Dominic Dugasse]] mu mukino we wa mbere na José Armenteros mu cyiciro cya 16 mbere yo gutsindwa na Elmar Gasimov. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-20 |title=Men -100 kg |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-men-100-kg |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820025640/https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-men-100-kg |archive-date=2016-08-20 |access-date=2017-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubera ko Gasimov yageze ku mukino wa nyuma, Darwish bya musabye gusubiramo irushnwa maze aza yatsinzwe na Karl-Richard Frey bityo Ramadhan Darwish arangiza afite umwanya wa 7 muri Rio 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amashakir ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi uterura ibiremereye]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Buttonquail</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14863</id>
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      <id>142057</id>
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{{Automatic taxobox|name=Buttonquail|image=Black-breasted Button-quail male inskip.JPG|image_caption=[[Black-breasted buttonquail]] (''Turnix melanogaster'')|taxon=Turnicidae|authority=[[George Robert Gray|GR Gray]], 1840|subdivision_ranks=Genera|subdivision={{linked genus list
| Turnix | [[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1791
| Ortyxelos | [[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1825 }}|range_map=Turnicidae rangmap.PNG|range_map_caption=Distribution of the buttonquails}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |Buttonquail
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Black-breasted_Button-quail_male_inskip.JPG|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |[[Black-breasted buttonquail]] (''Turnix melanogaster'')
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Turnicidae| e ]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Animal|Animalia]]
|-
|Phylum:
|[[Chordate|Chordata]]
|-
|Class:
|[[Bird|Aves]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Charadriiformes]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Buttonquail|Turnicidae]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[George Robert Gray|GR Gray]], 1840&lt;/small&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |Genera
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; |
* ''[[Turnix]]''  &lt;small&gt;[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1791&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Ortyxelos]]''  &lt;small&gt;[[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1825&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Turnicidae_rangmap.PNG|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |Distribution of the buttonquails
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]

== Imiterere ==
ubwoko bwa turnix bwemejwe mu 1791n’umufaransa w’ibinyabuzima muri Pierre Bonnaterre.  Izina ryubwoko ni impfunyapfunyo yubwoko bwa ''Coturnix''. ubwoko bwagenwe nyuma nkibisanzwe bisanzwe. 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=112, 178, 237}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Turniciformes''' kandi shingiro ku zindi Neoave haba kubera ko umuvuduko wazo wihuse w’ihindagurika rya molekuline warenze imipaka yo kwiyumvamo ivangwa rya ADN-ADN cyangwa kubera ko abanditsi batigeze bagereranya byombi cyangwa byombi. Morphologiya, ADN-ADN ivanga hamwe namakuru akurikirana byerekana ko turnicide ari iyinyoni zo ku nkombe (Charadriiformes). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=268–78}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=2558–73}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Paton06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=657–67}} 
&lt;/ref&gt; Basa nkaho ari itsinda rya kera muribi, nkuko bigaragazwa na butoquail imeze nka Early Oligocene fosile ''[[Turnipax]]'' hamwe namakuru yakusanyirijwe hamwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Paton06&quot; /&gt;

== Ibisobanuro ==
ubwoko bw'inyoni zose zo kw'isi buto ni inkware, ubwoko bwonyine bwo mu bwoko bwa ''Ortyxelos'', ni 10 cm (3.9 muri) mu burebure kandi ipima 20 gusa. Utubuto two mu bwoko bwa ''Turnix'' kuva kuri 12 kugeza 23 cm (4.7–9.1 muri) mu burebure no gupima hagati ya 30 kugeza 130 g (1.1–4.6 oz) . Bisa nkaho bigaragara nkinkware nyazo zo mu bwoko bwa ''Coturnix'', ariko ziratandukanye nazo mu kubura urutoki rwinyuma nigihingwa &lt;ref name=&quot;hbw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=44-59}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubworozi ==
Iyi nyoni  atera amagi 4 cyangwa 5 hanyuma agashaka uwo bazabana.'ingabo kibyara amagi yera icyarimwe nyuma yiminsi 12 kugeza 15. Imishwi ya precocial iva mucyari nyuma yo kubyara kandi yita kubagabo. Barashobora kuguruka mugihe cibyumweru bibiri kandi bakigenga mugihe cyibyumweru bine. Kubwoko buto gukura kwimibonano mpuzabitsina bigerwaho mumezi atatu. &lt;ref name=&quot;hbw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=44-59}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDebus1996&quot;&gt;Debus, S.J.S. (1996). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:handbookofbirdso0003unse/page/44/mode/1up|&quot;Family Turnicidae (Buttonquails)&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp.&amp;nbsp;44–59. [[ISBN (ibiranga)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Bidasanzwe: Inkomoko y'ibitabo / 978-84-87334-20-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-84-87334-20-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: long volume value]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Inyoni]]</text>
      <sha1>lmrmpo6j1podshuau53s6febb8t6vnm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Trichomonas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142122</id>
      <parentid>137695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142122</origin>
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      <text bytes="6525" sha1="2la77j4ilmwhqtwr261d49qj3nn9q00" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Trichomonas LifeCycle.gif|thumb|Indwara ya Trichomonas nuko ihererekanwa.]]
[[Dosiye:Penile-Clitoral Structure.JPG|thumb|igishushanyo cyigitsinagabo]]
[[Dosiye:Trichomoniasi01.JPG|thumb|Indwara ya tricomoniasis]]
[[Dosiye:Condom rolled.jpg|thumb|Udukingirizo dukoreshwa nkimwe munzira yo kwirinda tricomoniasis]]
[[Dosiye:Trichomonas vaginalis infection - phase contrast.mpg|thumb|trocomonasi]]
Trichomonas ni indwara iterwa n’indiririzi yitwa ‘trichomonas vaginalis’ ikaba ikunze gufata mu myanya myibarukiro y’abagore bafite hagati y’imyaka 16-35.Trichomoniasis, indwara ishobora gutera gukuramo inda iyo itavuwe neza. 

== Tumenye Indwara ya Trichomonas ==
[[Dosiye:Mons-pubis-anatomical-location-in-female-reproductive-system.png|thumb|umugore]]
Trichomonas (tirikomonasi) ni indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, ikaba iterwa n’agakoko kitwa ‘’Trichomonas vaginalis’’ yibasira umubare munini w’abantu ku isi, aho abasaga miliyoni 143 bandura buri mwaka, ni ukuvuga ubwandu bushya, nkuko bigaragazwa n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima (OMS).Iyo ndwara yibasira cyane [[Umugore|abagore]], gusa n’abagabo barayandura iyo bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye n’abagore bayanduye.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/sobanukirwa-uko-indwara-ya-trichomonas-yandura&lt;/ref&gt;Iyi ndwara iterwa n’isuku nke ihererekanwa binyuze mu gutizanya imyenda y’imbere, kutayisukura neza n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye.Ku mugore iyi ndwara irangwa no kubabara igihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina, kwishimagura mu matako, kuzana ibintu bisohoka mu gitsina bisa n’umuhondo, kwishima mu gitsina ndetse rimwe na rimwe hakabyimba.Ni mu gihe umugabo uyirwaye agira ububabare nyuma yo kwihagarika, kwishimagura ku gitsina kandi rimwe na rimwe hakagira ibintu bisohoka mu gitsina.Igitabo ‘Larousse Medical’ kigaragaza ko indiririzi itera trichomonas igira ubukana bujya kumera nk’ubw’itera amibe ari nayo mpamvu kuyivura usanga bikunze kugorana.Iyo itavuwe neza, trichomonas ishobora kugira ingaruka zirimo kuba umugore uyirwaye mu gihe asamye ashobora kubyara umwana udashyitse cyangwa akavuka afite ibiro bike, kuba nyababyeyi yasaduka n’ibindi.Imibare y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku buzima, OMS, igaragaza ko buri mwaka abantu miliyoni 160 ku Isi bandura trichomonas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/menya-byinshi-kuri-trichomonas-n-umuti-wa-ny-shengina-wagufasha-kuyihashya&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibimenyetso by'Indwara ya Trichomonas ==
Ibimenyetso bya Trichomonas ku bagore Mu gitsina havamo ururenda rwinshi rufite ibara rijya kuba icyatsi kandi runuka cyane ( Pertes verdâtres),Kumva ububabare mu gihe cyo kwihagarika,Kumva uburyaryate no kwishimagura mu gitsina, Kubangamirwa mu gihe cyo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina,Kumva ububabare bwinshi mu kiziba cy’inda,Ibimenyetso bya Trichomonas ku bagabo,Guhisha no kumva ububabare ku mutwe w’igitsina,Guhisha no kumva ububabare ku dusabo tw’intanga,Kumva ububabare mu gihe cyo kwihagarika no kuzana ururenda kuri bamwe.Ibyo bimenyetso akenshi birijyana hagati y’iminsi 5 na 28 ku bagore,ariko iyo bigiye ukibwira ko indwara yikijije utarigeze uyivuza neza uba wikururira ibyago bikurikira:Ku mugore utwite ingobyi y’umwana ishobora gufunguka bityo agakuramo inda.Iyo umwana avutse ayivukanye aba afite ibyago byo kutageza imyaka 5 mu gihe atavuwe.Umugore ufite iyi ndwara ahorana udusebe mu gitsina bityo kwandura [[SIDA]] bikoroha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/trichomonas/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226135310/https://umutihealth.com/trichomonas/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Uko Indwara ya Trichomonas isuzumwaIyo ndwara ipimirwa kwa muganga aho bapima inkari muri mikorosikopi, cyangwa se bagapima ururenda bakuye mu gitsina imbere ku bagore.Uburyo iyo ndwara yirindwa,Gukoresha agakingirizo igihe cyose ukoze imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abantu barenze umwe.Kwirinda guca inyuma uwo mwashakanye, niba uri ingaragu ukifata.Ku bagore, ni ukwirinda gusangira imyenda y’imbere, ibikoresho byo kogeramo, ibitambaro byo kwihanaguza, ndetse n’imisarane bicaraho ya rusange mu gihe bishoboka.Mu gihe ukeka ko wanduye ihutire kwivuza kandi ntugakore imibonano mu gihe utarakira neza.

== Ibindi wamenya ==
Ubusanzwe iyo ivuwe hakiri kare ivurwa na metronidazole 2g cyangwa tinidazole 2g, unywera rimwe.Iyo uri kunywa iyi miti wirinda gukora imibonano no kunywa ibisembuye.Iyo bitakuvuye muganga niwe ugena imiti ukwiye gufata kandi iravurwa igakira burundu neza rwose.

== Uburyo Wakirinda iyi ndwara ==

* Ibuka agakingirizo igihe cyose ukoze imibonano mpuzabitsina n’uwo mutashakanye.Irinde guca inyuma uwo mwashakanye, niba uri ingaragu wifate,Ku bagore, irinde gusangira imyenda y’imbere, ibikoresho byo kogeramo, ibitambaro byihanaguzwa, ndetse n’imisarane bicaraho ya rusange uyirinde mu gihe bishoboka,Mu gihe ukeka ko wanduye ihutire kwivuza kandi ntugakore imibonano mu gihe utarakira neza.Niba umenyeko wanduye bwira uwo mwakoranye imibonano nawe yivuze.Twibutseko akenshi ku mugore utwite arwaye iyi ndwara iyo inda itavuyemo umwana avuka adashyitse ibiro. Ni ngombwa rero kumwitaho cyane.Zimwe mu ngaruka zigaragazwa n’abahanga batandukanye mu by’ubuzima harimo''':'''Kuba Trichomonase isenya ingo nyinshi bitewe n’uko umwe mu bashakanye aba atakigira ubushake bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, baba banabikoze ntibanezezwe na byo kubera ububabare. Aha rero niho habaho amakimbirane mu rugo aho umwe aba atabishaka bigatuma undi atekereza ko mugenzi we amuca inyuma.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/78033/habonetse-umuti-wakuvura-trichomonase-burundu-78033.html&lt;/ref&gt;Ikindi nuko umuntu uyirwaye akuramo inda za hato na hato, Kubyara umwana utuzuye, guhabwa akato bitewe n'umunuko ukabije umuntu aba afite.Kwirinda biruta kwivuzaNk’impuguke mu buzima rusange,Bavuga ko ari byiza ko abantu baharanira kwirinda iyi ndwara igira ingaruka nyinshi zirimo n’amakimbirane hagati y’abashakanye.By’umwihariko bashiki bacu kuko aribo ikunda kugeraho cyane turabagira inama yo kwirinda gutizanya imyenda y’imbere, ikindi igihe bayimeshe bakayanika ahantu hari izuba ryinshi ndetse byaba na ngombwa bakayitera ipasi kugira ngo bizere neza ko udukoko duto dukunze gukurira ahantu hatose kandi hijimye twapfuye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

*

[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Indwara y’Ifumbi</title>
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    <id>14902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142108</id>
      <parentid>137708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="7622" sha1="a6fa1z42fxs7i4aww8fbxacg9e6aa0h" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Periodontitis Crónica Severa.JPG|thumb|Indwara y'ifumbi.]]
[[Dosiye:Tired teeth.jpg|thumb|amenyo arwaye ifumbi]]
[[Dosiye:Hyperdontia - Genetically inherited development of overcomplete teeth. 3.jpg|thumb|ifumbi]]
Indwara y’ifumbi y’amenyo ni indwara yo kubyimbirwa kw’ishinya, kenshi iterwa na infection ituruka kuri [[bagiteri]]. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare, ishobora kuba indwara ikomeye cyane yo gutangira guhunguka kw’ishinya n’amenyo (periodontitis), izi ndwara zombi ni zimwe mu ndwara zikunda kuzahaza abantu batandukanye ku isi hose.

== Tumenye Indwara y’Ifumbi ==
[[Dosiye:20 M2P7323.jpg|thumb|Amenyo yangiritse kubera indwara y'ifumbi.]]
[[Dosiye:Decayed loose human teeth.jpg|thumb|359x359px|amenyo yashiririye]]
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko byibura [[Umugore|abagore]] bari hagati y’ 10 na 15% , bahura n’indwara z’ifumbi  zibasira imyanya myibarukiro y’imbere. Izi ni indwara zandura kandi ziterwa n’udukoko dutoya cyane cyane utwo mu bwoko bwa bacterie. Akenshi utu dukoko tuzamukira mu gitsina cy’umugore maze tukinjira mu myanya myibarukiro y’imbere. Mu bice bikunze gufatwa cyane n’izi ndwara harimo imiyoborantanga, Udusabo tw’intangangore, Nyababyeyi n’inkondo y’umura.Indwara y’ifumbi igaragara mu byiciro bitandukanye; iyo ugifatwa, ishinya irabyimba hanyuma igatangira kuva amaraso. Ibyo bishobora kuba mu gihe woza amenyo, cyangwa amaraso akava nta mpamvu igaragara ibiteye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/menya-igitera-indwara-y-ifumbi-n-uburyo-yirindwa&lt;/ref&gt;Isuku nke yo mu kanywa ni intandaro nyamukuru y’indwara y’ishinya abantu benshi bakunze kwita ifumbi.Indwara y’ifumbi iterwa na mikorobe zo mu bwoko bwa bagiteri, ahanini zigenda zihoma ku menyo; zibasira aho ishinya ihurira n’amenyo, ibi akenshi biterwa n’utuntu tugenda dusigara mu kanwa nyuma yo kurya ntiwoze amenyo. Iyo zitavanyweho, zishobora gutuma ishinya ibyimba.Uko iminsi igenda ihita, ishinya itangira gutandukana n’iryinyo, ibyo bigatuma za mikorobe zitangira kororokera hagati y’amenyo n’ishinya, nuko igatangira kwangirika. Iyo mikorobe zikomeje kwirundanya ku ryinyo cyangwa munsi yaryo, zikora urubobi ku  ryinyo, nuko bagiteri zikarutwikira. Nyuma y’igihe rurakomera rukarushaho gufata ku ryinyo, ntirupfe kuvaho byoroshye cyereka igihe hitabajwe abaganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://umutihealth.com/indwara-yifumbi/&lt;/ref&gt;Ifumbi iyo itavuwe neza bishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye ku menyo, aho atangira gutandukana n’ishinya. Si ibi gusa kuko binatera ikibazo indi mikaya ifashe amenyo n’urwasaya, nuko amenyo agatangira korohera cyane no kuba yahunguka cg akangirika bikomeye, kuburyo hitabazwa abaganga b’amenyo mu kuyakuramo.

== Igitera indwara y’ifumbi ==
Indwara y’ifumbi iyo igifata uyirwaye, akenshi ntago ibimenyetso bihita bigaragara, biza nyuma imaze kumurenga.Abantu benshi bashobora kuyigira ariko ntibagaragaze ibimenyetso, gusa bimwe mu bigaragara ni ibikurikira:Kugira ishinya yorohereye, itukura cg ibyimbye,Ishinya izana amaraso mu gihe uri koza amenyo ukoresheje uburoso cg indodo (kanda hano usome icyo wakora mu gihe woza amenyo akazana amaraso),Ishinya itangira komoka ku menyo,Gutakaza amenyo cg kumva ajegajega, ibi bijyana no gutangira kuvunguka,Amenyo atangira gutandukana mu gihe uhekenya ibintu ibikomeye,Kugira amenyo wumva akubabaza cg ukababara mu gihe uri guhekenya, bishobora no gutuma avamo gutyo.Gucukuka kw’amenyo bitwe n’ifumbi,Kugira impumuro mbi idapfa kugenda kabone nubwo waba umaze koza amenyo,Kuzana amashyira hagati y’amenyo n’ishinya,Mu gihe ugaragaje kimwe cg byinshi mu bimenyetso tuvuze haruguru,ni ngombwa kwihutira kugana muganga w’amenyo akaba yagusuzuma ukavurwa hakiri kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Hari ibindi bishobora gutera cg bikongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara y’ifumbi:Kunywa itabi,Kurwara diyabete,Isuku nke y’amenyo,Imiti imwe n’imwe (aha twavuga; imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro, irinda ikizungera, steroids, imiti ifunga imiyoboro ya kalisiyumu ndetse n’iya kanseri),Ibyuma bishyirwa mu menyo nabi,Gutwita (ibi biterwa n’ihinduka ry’imisemburo mu mubiri),Amenyo ahengamye cg atari mu kanwa neza,Akoko (kuba hari abandi mu muryango bayirwaye),Kubura ubudahangarwa (ibi bishobora guterwa n’indwara zibugabanya nka HIV/AIDS).Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw’udukoko (Bacteria) dushobora gutera izi ndwara. Utwinshi muri two ni udusanzwe n’ubundi dutera indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Agakoko kitwa Chlamydia trachomatis ni ko gakoko kaza ku mwanya wa mbere mu gutera izi ndwara. Aka gakoko n’ubusanzwe gatera imwe mu ndwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina yibasira benshi yitwa Chlamidia. Akandi gakoko nako gatera izi ndwara ni akitwa Neisseria Gonorrhea ubusanzwe gatera indwara y’imitezi.Utu dukoko turagenda tukinjira mu gitsina cy’umugore maze tugateza ibyo twita imfegisiyo (Infection). Uko igihe kigenda gishira niko iyi imfegisiyo igenda ikura igafata n’ibindi bice byo mu nda yo hasi nkuko twabivuze haruguru,Ibi ni ibishobora gutuma urwara iyi ndwara.

== Uburyo bwokwirinda indwara y'ifumbi ==
[[Dosiye:Man brushing teeth.jpg|thumb|Kwoza Amenyo nka bumwe muburyo bwo kwirinda indwara y ifumbi]]
[[Dosiye:USMC-120719-M-BC491-289.jpg|thumb|223x223px|Kwisuzumisha amenyo bumwe bwo kwirinda indwara y'ifumbi]]
Indwara y’ifumbi iravurwa igakira igihe wihutiye kugana kwa muganga w’amenyo hakiri kare. Igihe ishinya itarangirika cyane, kwa muganga bashobora gukuraho rwa rubobi, nuko amenyo agasubirana isuku yahoranye.Uburyo bwo kuyirinda bwizewe;Koza amenyo buri munsi, kandi ku gihe uko umaze kurya. Soma birambuye hano uko mikorobe zo mu kanwa wazirinda.Kurya indyo ikomeza amenyo inagufasha gukomeza kurinda amenyo yawe,Ni byiza kugerageza uko ubishoboye kwisuzumisha amenyo ku baganga b’amenyo (byibuze 2 mu mwaka)Gukoresha imiti y’amenyo myiza (aha ureba irimo fluor, niyo myiza mu kurinda indwara y’ifumbi).ubu ni uburwayi bushobora kwirindwa ndetse no mu gihe waba waburwaye bushobora kuvurwa bugakira neza. Tantine irabibutsako kwirinda biruta kwivuza. Dore ibintu ushobora gukora bikakurinda kuba wakwandura cyangwa warwara ubu burwayi:Kwifata cyangwa ugakora imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye,Gukoresha ibizamini bisuzuma indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye.Gukora isuku ikwiye ku gitsina cyawe.Ingaruka mbi  ushobora guhura nazo zishamikiye kuri ubu burwayi.Mu gihe wumvise ufite ibimenyetso twavuze hejuru, uzihutire kujya kwa Muganga kuko mu gihe utivuje neza ushobora kugira ingaruka mbi zishamikiye kuri ubu burwayi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/sobanukirwa-indwara-zifumbi-zibasira-imyanya-myibarukiro-yimbere-yabagore/&lt;/ref&gt;Mu gihe utivuje neza cyangwa ngo ugire kwa Muganga ku gihe. Izi ni zimwe mu ngaruka z’izi ndwara.Ubugumba,Gutwitira hanze ya nyababyeyi aribyo mu ndimi z’amahanga bita ”Ectopic Pregnancy”Ububabare bukabije bwo munda yo hasi cyangwa mu kiziba cy’inda. Ifumbi (Infection) mu maraso cyangwa Urupfu.Uburyo bwo kwirinda iyi ndwara ni ukoza mu kanwa neza igihe umuntu amaze gufata amafunguro.Umuntu ashobora no kwifashisha urudodo akarunyuza hagati y’amenyo rukagenda rukuramo ibiryo biba byasigaye hagati y’amenyo.Uburyo bwo gusukuza amenyo urudodo abantu benshi ntibabuzi, nk’uko ababivuga.Bati “Uburyo menyereye ni ubwo gukoresha uburoso woza amenyo, ariko ubwo gukoresha urudodo ntabo nari nzi”.Kurwanya iyi ndwara nta kindi umuntu akora uretse kugira isuku mu kanwa, akoza amenyo n’umuti wabugenewe igihe amaze kurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]</text>
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    <title>Servise z’ Ubutabera m’ uRwanda</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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== Minisiteri y’ubutabera ==

== Igitabo gikubiyemo serivisi minisiteri y’ubutabera iha abaturage ==
Aho tubarizwa:

'''MINISITERI Y’ UBUTABERA'''

Agasanduku k’Iposita 160

Kigali – Rwanda

Telefone itishyura : 3936 (MTN) ;

3736 (Airtel). E-mail : info@minijust.gov.rw

Website : www.minijust.gov.rw Twitter : @Rwanda_Justice

Facebook : Ministry of Justice - Rwanda Instagram: @rwanda_justice


== Iriburiro ==
Nejejwe no kubagezaho [[igitabo]] gikubiyemo serivisi zitangwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera. Iki gitabo cyateguwe hashingiwe kuri gahunda y’Igihugu y’ivugurura rifite icyerekezo cyo kuzamura ubushobozi bw’abakozi n’ibigo, hagamijwe kandi gutanga serivisi zinoze hanagerwa ku ntego nkuru y’Iterambere ry’Igihugu. Na none ibi bigakorwa bigamije gusubiza ibibazo by’abaturage, bigakorwa mu mucyo kandi abantu bakabazwa ibyo bakora.

Iki gitabo kigaragaza uruhare rwa Minisiteri y’Ubutabera mu itangwa rya serivisi mu Rwanda kikanerekana serivisi zitangwa n’ibikenerwa kugira ngo uzihabwe. Kigaragaza kandi urutonde rw’aho izo serivisi zitangirwa n’ibyo amategeko yemerera umuntu kugira ngo abone izo serivisi.

Ishyirwaho ry’iki gitabo gikubiyemo serivisi zihabwa Abaturage ryerekana ubushake Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ifite mu itangwa rya serivisi nziza kandi zihuse.

Dr Emmanuel UGIRASHEBUJA
[[Dosiye:Noun Justice 2332579.svg|thumb|Ikirango cyubutabera]]
Minisitiri w’Ubutabera / Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta

== Impine z’amagambo ==
MAJ: Maison d’Accès à la Justice /Access to Justice Bureau /Inzu zishinzwe kugira inama abaturage mu bijyanye n’amategeko

MINIJUST: Minisiteri y’Ubutabera

IECMS: Integrated Electronic Case Management System /Urubuga rw’ikoranabuhanga mu gutanga

serivisi z’ubutabera

== Ibirimo ==
II. Iriburiro

III. Impine z’amagambo

1. Intangiriro

1.1. Icyerekezo

1.2. Intego

1.3. Inshingano

1.4. Indangagaciro z’ingenzi

2. Serivisi zitangwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera

2.1. Kuburanira Leta

2.2. Gukemura impaka / Ibibazo mu bwumvikane

2.3. Kwishyura uwatsinze urwego rwa Leta mu rubanza

2.4. Kwishyura umwenda ufitiye Leta

2.4.1. KoroherezaushakakwishyuraumwendaafitiyeLeta

2.4.2. KwishyuzwakugahatoumwendawaLeta

2.5. Gukurwa ku rutonde rw’abafitiye Leta umwenda

2.6. Kugira inama Leta mu bijyanye n’amategeko

2.7. Guhamya no gushyira umukono ku nyandiko (Serivisi za Notariya)

2.8. Gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuba umunoteri wikorera

2.9. Gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuba umuhesha w’Inkiko w’umwuga

2.10. Guhuza obokorwa byose byerekeranye n’irangizwa ry’inyandikompesha no gukurikirana ibibazo bigaragaramo

2.11. Gutanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko ku bibazo by’akarengane byashyikirijwe Minisiteri

2.12. Kwegereza ubutabera abaturage (MAJ)

2.13. Kwishyura inyemezabuguzi zirebana na serivisi, ibigemurwa cyangwa

imirimo byahawe cyangwa byakorewe Minisiteri

2.14. Gutanga ibyemezo by’abahoze ari abakozi ba Minisiteri y’Ubutabera

2.15. Gutanga ibyangombwa byo kurangiza amasoko

2.16. Gusubiza ingwate zatanzwe mu gupiganira cyamunara

2.17. Gutangaza mu Igazeti ya Leta.

iv

== 1. Intangiriro ==
Igitabo gikubiyemo serivisi zitangwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera kigaragaza serivisi iyi Minisiteri igenera abayigana. Ni muri urwo rwego musanga iki gitabo gikubiyemo serivisi zitandukanye n’aho zitangirwa, uburyo zitangwa, igihe zitangirwa n’uburyo abatanyuzwe na serivisi bahawe banyuramo bagaragaza ibibazo kugira ngo barenganurwe. Iki gitabo kigaragaza izi ngingo zikurikira:

• Icyerekezo n’intego bya Minisiteri y’Ubutabera byerekana ubushake bwo gutanga serivisi nziza kandi zinoze muri ubu buryo bukurikira:

'''➢ Ubunyangamugayo;'''

'''➢ Hubahirizwa amategeko;'''

'''➢ Mu bwitonzi n’ubupfura;'''

'''➢ Mu bwumvikane;'''

'''➢ Mu kuri no kudatoranya;'''

'''➢ Mu mucyo;'''

'''➢ Kugaragaza ibyo ikora;'''

'''➢ Gukorera ku gihe;'''

'''➢ Gutanga serivisi nziza kandi ku gihe cyabigenewe.'''

• Isesengura rya serivisi zitangwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera:

'''➢ Kugaragaza neza serivisi zitangwa na Minisiteri;'''

'''➢ Kwerekana ishami serivisi zitangirwamo. Muri ubu buryo abaturage bazamenya'''

neza Ishami cyangwa ibiro bagana, bityo bahabwe serivisi badatakaje igihe

n’ingufu zo gutegereza;

➢ Kugaragaza igihe nyacyo bitwara kugira ngo buri serivisi itangwe. Ibi bizaha

abaturage amakuru y’ingirakamaro bibarinde guhora mu nzira no gukubita

amaguru y’ubusa;

➢ Gushyiraho ibipimo bya serivisi nziza hagaragazwa amasaha bitwara kugira ngo

umuturage abone serivisi, uburyo serivisi ziboneka, ukuri kuba mu itangwa ry’izo serivisi, icyizere cyo gukomeza kubona izo serivisi, niba umuturage ashobora kuyigeraho, uburyo yumvikanishwa, mu kuri, uburemere bifite n’ubwitonzi mu gutanga serivisi. Hashingiwe kuri ibi, abaturage bashobora kwizera gutera imbere;

➢ Amakuru nyayo ku nyandiko zisabwa n’uburyo bwo kubona serivisi muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera. Urugero: ibyangombwa bikenewe kwerekanwa n’impapuro zigomba kuzuzwa n’umuturage ushaka serivisi.

'''• Gusobanura neza ibyiciro by’abantu bemerewe kwaka buri serivisi muri MINIJUST;'''

'''• Kugaragaza abakozi bashinzwe gutanga buri serivisi n’aho babarizwa ndetse n’uburyo'''

'''bwo kubahamagara cyangwa kubandikira igihe bibaye ngombwa;'''

'''• Uburyo bwo kurenganurwa igihe udahawe serivisi cyangwa se uburyo wayihawemo butakunogeye;'''

'''• Uko umuturage ashobora gutanga inama n’ibitekerezo ku buryo buhoraho hagamijwe guteza imbere no kunoza imitangire ya serivisi muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera.'''

Iki Gitabo gikubiyemo serivisi zihabwa abaturage ni igikoresho cyo kugeza amakuru ahagije kandi asobanutse ku bagana serivisi za Minisiteri y’Ubutabera no gushyiraho ibipimo hagamijwe kwimakaza umuco wo gukorera mu kuri.

Kubera ko serivisi zigomba kujyana n’ibyifuzo by’abaturage, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera yiyemeje kubamenyesha Serivisi bashobora gusaba, inshingano n’uburenganzira bwabo igihe bashaka izo Serivisi. Kubera kandi ko Minisiteri y’Ubutabera isanga itakora ibi yonyine, niyo mpamvu isaba Abaturarwanda guhoza ijisho ku bakozi bayo kugira ngo babakorere ibibakwiye, bibereye, kandi bifite ireme no gutanga amakuru asobanutse kuri serivisi bifuza no gukuraho inzitizi zose zatuma itangwa rya serivisi ridatera imbere.

Mu byukuri, kugira ngo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ iki Gitabo gikubiyemo Serivisi rishoboke, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera yizeye ko hazakomeza kubaho ubufatanye no guhana amakuru n’abaturage bayigana bashaka serivisi. Niyo mpamvu hashyizweho uburyo bunoze bwo kugisha inama abagana serivisi zayo:

'''• Ifishi cyangwa urupapuro byandikwaho ibitekerezo n’inama zitangwa n’abagana Minisiteri y’Ubutabera;'''

'''• Agasanduku k’ibitekerezo kaboneka aho binjirira;'''

'''• Umurongo wa telefoni utishyurwa;'''

'''• Gusesengura imibare n’imiterere y’ibibazo by’abatishimiye serivisi bahawe;'''

'''• Uburyo bwo kurenganurwa no gukemura ibibazo bugaragaza inzira abagana MINIJUST banyuramo batanga ibitekerezo kuri serivisi bahabwa.'''

Kugira ngo dushobore kubaha serivisi neza, abatugana badufasha kuzamura imikorere mu buryo bukurikira:

'''• Gutanga inama ku buryo bunoza serivisi zitangirwa muri MINIJUST;'''

'''• Guhanahana amakuru ku buryo serivisi zitangwa muri MINIJUST binyujijwe mu'''

'''miyoboro insurance y’itumanaho rikoresha Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho;'''

'''• Kwakira neza inama muhabwa n’abakozi ba Minisiteri y’Ubutabera.'''

Twakira, twemere kandi tunashakire ibisubizo ibibazo byose twakiriye mu gihe cy’ iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) y’akazi. Mu gihe ikibazo kizaba gisaba gukorerwa iperereza rihagije n’igihe cyo kugikemura, tuzakumenyesha igihe nyacyo cyo kuza gufata igisubizo.

Aho wabariza:

== Minisiteri y’ ubutabera ==
Agasanduku k’Iposita 160 Kigali – Rwanda

Telefone itishyura : 3936 (MTN) ; 3736 (Airtel).

E-mail : info@minijust.gov.rw Website : www.minijust.gov.rw

Twitter : @Rwanda_Justice

Facebook : Ministry of Justice - Rwanda Instagram: @rwanda_justice

== 1.1. Icyerekezo ==
Guteza imbere no gushyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko mu Gihugu, hashyirwaho kureshya imbere y’amategeko ku bantu bose no kureba ko inzego zifite amategeko mu nshingano ziyashyira mu bikorwa ziha serivisi rubanda nk’uko bikwiye.

== 1.2. Intego ==
Minisiteri y’Ubutabera/Serivisi z’Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ifite intego yo gutegura, kugenzura no guteza imbere ibikorwa bijyanye no kugendera ku mategeko, iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko n’ubutabera kuri bose.

== 1.3. Inshingano ==
Minisiteri y’Ubutabera/Serivisi z’Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ifite inshingano rusange yo

gushyiraho no kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko n’ubutabera kuri bose.

By’umwihariko, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera/Serivisi z’Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ishinzwe ibi bikurikira:

1. Gushyiraho, kumenyekanisha no guhuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki, ingamba na gahunda binyuze mu:

a. gutangiza, gushyiraho no kumenyekanisha politiki y’Igihugu, ingamba na gahunda bijyanye no guteza imbere iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko n’ubutabera kuri bose;

b. Guteza imbere gahunda zo gufasha abaturage kumenya no gusobanukirwa amategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, no guteza imbere ubutabera kuri bose;

c. Guteza imbere ubutwererane hagati y’inzego z’ubucamanza zo mu karere n’izo ku rwego Mpuzamahanga hagamijwe kurushaho kunoza imikorere y’inzego z’ubucamanza z’u Rwanda.

2. Gutegura no guhuza ibikorwa bijyanye n’amategeko binyuze mu:

a. Gushyiraho ingamba zirebana no kugena imitangire y’ubutabera n’iyubahirizwa

ry’Itegeko Nshinga;;

b. Gushyiraho ingamba zigamije gushyiraho ireme ry’urwego rw’ubutabera, mu

bijyanye n’ubwiyunge mu gihugu, kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, ubutabera kuri bose bwegerejwe abaturage, kurwanya ruswa no guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu;

c. Gushyiraho ingamba zigamije kunoza imyandikire y’amategeko no guhuza amategeko n’amabwiriza by’Igihugu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono, rwemeye kuba umunyamuryango cyangwa rwemeje burundu;

3. Gutanga inama ku mategeko no guhagararira Leta n’ibigo biyishamikiyeho binyuze mu:

a. Gukora nk’umujyanama mukuru utanga inama za tekiniki kuri Leta n’ibigo byayo mu

bijyanye n’amategeko;

b. Guhagararira Leta mu manza zose iregwamo cyangwa yahamagawemo haba imbere

mu Gihugu cyangwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga;

4. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kongerera ubushobozi Urwego rw’Ubutabera hagamijwe kunoza imikorere n’imitunganyirize yarwo;

5. Gukurikirana no kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki, ingamba na gahunda by’Urwego rw’Ubutabera n’inzego zirushamikiyeho, binyuze mu:

a. Gushyiraho no gukoresha ibipimo bifasha mu ikurikirana n’igenzura ry’impinduka zizanwa na politiki, ingamba na gahunda by’Urwego rw’Ubutabera mu guteza imbere ubutabera no kubwegereza abaturage;

b. Guhuza imibare itangwa n’Urwego rw’Ubutabera n’inzego z’imitegekere y’Igihugu zegerejwe abaturage ku birebana n’ubutabera;

c. Gushyikiriza Guverinoma raporo ngarukabihe na ngarukamwaka ku mpinduka zizanwa na Politiki, ingamba, gahunda n’imishinga ku kugendera ku mategeko mu Rwanda;

d. Kwegeranya ibikenewe mu guteza imbere Urwego rw’Ubutabera na gahunda zirebana na rwo;

6. Gukorana bya hafi n’inzego z’abaturage zishinzwe umutekano wa buri munsi w’abaturage;

7. Gushyiraho politiki, amabwiriza, ingamba na gahunda bigamije gukumira ikorwa ry’ibyaha no kurinda ko abakora ibyaha babisubira;

8. Gutegura igenamigambi rigamije iterambere ry’ubumenyi no kongera ubushobozi;

9. Gutangaza amategeko n’amabwiriza mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda;

10. Kugena ikiguzi cyo gutangaza inyandiko mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

1.4. INDANGAGACIRO Z’INGENZI

Kubera ko Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ari urwego rushinzwe kwimakaza umuco w’ubutabera mu gihugu, izi ndangagaciro nizo ziza imbere: kurangwa n’ubunyamwuga, guhanga udushya, kuba inyangamugayo, gukorera hamwe, umucyo, kubazwa ibyo wakoze no kuba umunyakuri.

== 2. Serivisizitangwanaminisiteriy’ubutabera 2.1. kuburanira leta ==
  Serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Kuburanira Leta

Iyi serivisi ihabwa Inzego za Leta zifuza ko MINIJUST iziburanira

Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Hagenderwa kuri gahunda yo kuburana Urukiko rwatanze

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Iyi serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   - Inyandiko ibisaba yabigenewe yuzuzwamo amakuru n’urwego rubisaba;

- Inama y’umunyamategeko w’urwo rwego kuri icyo kibazo;

- Ibimenyetso byose byafasha mu kuburana urwo rubanza;

- Izi dosiye zigomba kugera kuri MINIJUST byibuze mbere y’iminsi itanu (5) ibarwa kuva babonye imyanzuro;

- Ku madosiye yaje muri IECMS (Ku nzego zidafite access kuriyo) MINIJUST iboherereza imyanzuro y’ikirego ibasaba gutanga amakuru n’ibimenyetso byangombwa kuriyo;

- Ibisabwa bigomba kugera muri MINIJUST byibuze mu minsi (2) ibarwa kuva bashyikirijwe iyo myanzuro y’ikirego.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

  - Rugishyikirizwa hamagara

(Urupapuro ruhamagaza kuza kuburana) Urwego rwa Leta rwifuza kuburanirwa na MINIJUST rugomba guhita rubimenyesha MINIJUST bitarenze umunsi umwe bakimara kuyibona;

- Iyi hamagara kandi ishyikirizwa ibiro bya MINIJUST bicunga amadosiye y’imanza mbere y’iminsi 2. Mu gihe ari hamagara yihuta (mu gihe k’imanza zihuta) ushobora kuvugana na Bwana

MANIRARORA J. Bosco;

0788574960 / 0738574960; jbosco.manirarora@minijust.gov.rw;

Bwana KAMUGISHA Robert; Telephone: 0788581308 / 0738581308; E-mail: robert.kamugisha@minijust.gov.rw

Telephone: E-mail: cyangwa

    Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe

udahawe iyi serivisi?

    Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana Ntwali Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208/0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa - Inyandiko yuzuzwamo amakuru n’urwego rusaba kunganirwa mu Rukiko.

  
== 2.2. Gukemura impaka / ibibazo mu bwumvikane ==
  Serivisi ni iyihe?

Gukemura impaka / ibibazo mu bwumvikane

   Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

   Iyi serivisi ihabwa:

- inzego za Leta zibona zifite amahirwe make

cyane yo gutsinda urubanza mu gihe zakomeza

mu Nkiko;

- buri wese wumva yararenganyijwe na Leta kandi

afite amahirwe menshi yo gutsinda urubanza mu gihe agannye Inkiko.

Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Amezi atatu

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Iyi serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   A. Ku nzego za Leta

- Ibaruwa isaba ko ikibazo ufite cyakemurwa mu bwumvikane;

- Kugaragaza ibyo mwumva mwakwishyura uwo mufitanye ikibazo n’impamvu;

- Kugaragaza ibyo mwumva mudashobora kwigomwa n’impamvu yabyo.

B. Ku bandi batari inzego za Leta

- Ibaruwa isaba ko ikibazo ufite cyakemurwa mu bwumvikane;

- Ibimenyetso ushingiraho werekana ko Leta yakurenganyije, ibyo usaba ko wahabwa ndetse nibyo wumva wa kwigomwa mu gihe ikibazo

gikemutse mu bwumvikane;

- Icyemezo cyerekana umwirondoro we – kopi

y’irangamuntu, urwandiko rw’abajya mu mahanga (ku banyamahanga) n’ibindi;

- Ibaruwa ibisaba igaragaraho numero ya Konti ye amafaranga azashyirwaho. Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

Habanza kubaho inama ibanziriza iya Komite y’ubwumvikane yiga dosiye yawe igizwe n’abanyamategeko ba MINIJUST ndetse n’urwego rwa Leta rubifitemo inyungu. Iyo basanze dosiye ikwiye gukomeza mu bwumvikane ishyikirizwa Komite y’ubwumvikane. Mu nama ya Komite y’ubwumvikane hatumizwa abafite inyungu bose muri iyo dosiye bakagira ibyo bemeranya. Iyo ubwumvikane bugezweho hakorwa amasezerano y’ibyemeranyijwe agashyikirizwa Urwego rwa Leta rurebwa n’icyo kibazo kandi agasinywa n’impande zose zirebwa n’icyo kibazo.

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe

udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana Ntwali Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208/0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

== 2.3. Kwishyura uwatsinze mu rubanza urwego rwa leta ==
  Serivisiniiyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Kwishyura uwatsinze Urwego rwa Leta mu rubanza rwabaye ntakuka

Iyi serivisi ihabwa buri wese watsinze Leta mu rubanza rwabaye ndakuka

Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Iyo amafaranga yatsindiye mu rubanza ahari / yateganyijwe mu ngengo y’imari, ayahabwa mu minsi 45 ariko iyo atateganyijwe amenyeshwa ko agomba gutegereza kuzayahabwa mu mezi atatu (3) ya mbere y’umwaka w’ingengo y’imari ikurikiyeho.

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Iyi serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   A) Ibikenewe ku watsinze Urwego rwa Leta rutari MINIJUST kugira ngo yishyurwe

- Ibaruwa imenyesha MINIJUST imikirize y’urubanza;

- Icyemezo cy’urukiko kuri urwo rubanza ndetse n’icyemeza ko cyabaye itegeko.

B) IbikenewekuwatsinzeMinijustkugirango yishyurwe

- Icyemezo cyerekana ko urubanza rwabaye ntakuka;

      - Icyemezo cyerekana umwirondoro we – kopi y’irangamuntu, urwandiko rw’Abajya mu mahanga (ku banyamahanga) n’ ibindi;

- Ibaruwa ibisaba igaragaraho nimero ya Konti ye amafaranga azashyirwaho.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

- Ku watsinze MINIJUST:

➢ Uwatsinze wishyuza MINIJUST agomba

kwohereza dosiye yuzuye kuri email ya Minijust: info@minijust.gov.rw hamwe n’ibaruwa isaba kwishyura n’ibindi bya ngombwa yasabwe.

- Ku watsinze Urwego rwa Leta rutari MINIJUST: ➢ Iyo MINIJUST ibonye ibisabwa, mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 15 yandikira urwo rwego rwa Leta irusaba ko rutangira imihango yo kurangiza urubanza nawe akabimenyeshwa bityo akegera urwo rwego kugira ngo

yishyurwe.

    Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana Ntwali Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208/0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

2.4. KWISHYURA UMWENDA UFITIYE LETA

2.4.1. KoroherezaushakakwishyurakunezaumwendaafitiyeLeta

   Serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Korohereza ushaka kwishyura ku neza ibyo yategetswe n’Inkiko

Iyi serivisi ihabwa buri wese uyisabye ufitiye Leta umwenda

Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   A. Kwishyura icyarimwe:

Kwishyura ku neza bikorwa mu minsi 30 Urukiko rutegetse ko habaho kwishyura cyangwa mu kindi gihe MINIJUST yagennye mu nyandiko, cyangwa se mu gihe cyakumvikanwaho mu masezerano yo kwishyura ku bwumvikane.

B. Kwishyura mu byiciro:

     Mu minsi 30 Urukiko rutegetse ko habaho kwishyura wandikira MINIJUST ukayisaba kwishyura mu byiciro

MINIJUST ikimara kubona iyo baruwa igasanga ubusabe bwawe bukwiye, mu gihe cy’iminsi 10 iragumagara mukaganira ku buryo kwishyura mu byiciro bizakorwa.

Iyo mwemeranyije hakorwa amasezerano yo kwishyura mu byiciro.

NB: Kwishyura mu byiciro ntabwo bishobora kurenza amezi 12 kandi hakurikijwe uko umwenda ufitiye Leta ungana ushobora gusabwa ingwate.

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo

ubone serivisi?

   Ntacyo

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

-Kwishyura kuri konti no 1000007559 ya OT iri muri Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu;

- Kwandikira MINIJUST uyimenyesha ko wishyuye maze ku mugereka akagaragaza ibi bikurira :

- Icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyategetse kwishyura ayo

mafaranga;

- Urupapuro/impapuro za Banki zigaragaza ko wishyuye

ayo mafaranga.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

  Iyo umaze kwishyura no kugeza kuri MINIJUST ibisabwa, mu gihembwe gikurikiraho ukurwa ku rutonde rw’abishyuzwa umwenda wa Leta kandi ukabimenyeshwa cyangwa ugahabwa icyemezo cyerekana ko wamaze kwishyura iyo ugisabye.

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana Ntwali Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208 / 0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

2.4.2. Kwishyuzwa ku gahato umwenda wa Leta

     Serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Kwishyuzwa ku gahato ibyo wategetswe n’Inkiko Iyi serivisi ihabwa buri wese wanze kwishyura

umwenda wa Leta ku neza Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

   - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Iyi service ikorwa nande?

   Abahesha b’Inkiko bafitanye na Leta amasezerano yo kurangiza imanza zirimo amafaranga ya Leta Abahesha b’Inkiko ba Leta

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira Igihembo cy’Umuhesha w’Inkiko utegetswe kukishyura ngo ubone serivisi? hamwe n’umwenda wa Leta

2.5. GUKURWA KU RUTONDE RW’ABAFITIYE LETA IMYENDA

    Serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Gukurwa ku rutonde rw’abafitiye Leta umwenda

Iyi serivisi ihabwa buri wese ufitiye Leta umwenda igihe amaze kuwishyura

Ishami rishinzwe imanza za Leta

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

   - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe

za nimugoroba;

-Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

- Mu gihe urukiko rwagukuyeho izo nshingano:

➢ Iyo MINIJUST isuzumye dosiye yawe igasanga ibyo usaba ubikwiriye, ukurwa ku rutonde rusohoka mu gihembwe gikurikiye icyo wabisabiyemo ndetse ikanabikumenyesha mu nyandiko;

➢ Iyo MINIJUST isanze ibyo usaba utabikwiye nabwo ibikumenyesha mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 15.

      - Mu gihe warangije kwishyura:

➢ Iyo MINIJUST isuzumye dosiye yawe

igasanga ibyo usaba ubikwiriye, ukurwa ku rutonde rusohoka mu gihembwe gikurikiye icyo wabisabiyemo ndetse ikanabikumenyesha mu nyandiko

➢ Iyo MINIJUST isanze ibyo usaba utabikwiye nabwo ibikumenyesha mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 15.

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

   Iyi serivisi itangwa umaze kwishyura umwenda wari ufitiye Leta ndetse n’andi mafaranga yose wategetswe n’Urukiko

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uhabwe iyi serivisi?

A. Mu gihe Urukiko rwagukuyeho izo nshingano:

- Ibaruwa ibisaba yandikiwe Minisitiri w’Ubutabera/Intumwa ya Leta;

- Icyemezo cy’Urukiko kiriho kashe mpuruza cyerekana ko urubanza rwa mbere rwashingiweho wishyuzwa rwavuyeho;

- Icyemezo cyerekana ko iyo mikirize y’urubanza itigeze ijuririrwa.

B. Mu gihe warangije kwishyura:

- Icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyabaye Itegeko cyerekana amafaranga nyayo wagombaga kwishyura;

- Urupapuro/impapuro za Banki zerekana ko ayo mafaranga wayishyuye.

C. Mu gihe ari umwenda udashingiye ku rubanza:

- Inyandiko cyangwa amasezerano ufitanye n’urwego rwa Leta yerekana amafaranga nyayo wagombaga kwishyura;

- Urupapuro/impapuro za Banki zerekana ko ayo mafaranga wayishyuye.

     Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo

uyihabwe

   Kubisaba Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ukagerekaho inyandiko zisabwa

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

  Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana Ntwali Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208 / 0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

2.6. KUGIRA INAMA LETA MU BIJYANYE N’AMATEGEKO

  Serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Kugira inama Leta mu bijyanye n’amategeko

Serivisi ihabwa za Minisieri n’ibigo bya Leta bibyifuje

Ishami rishinzwe kugira inama Leta mu bijyanye n’amategeko

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe

za nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Iminsi 15

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo Ntacyo ubone serivisi?

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Gutanga inama ku masezerano:

- Umushinga w’amasezerano (Draft contract);

- Inyandiko zose zigaragaza uko isoko ryatanzwe (eg: Tender Document, letter of acceptance; Provisional and Final Notifications; Minutes of

contract negotiation; contractor’s bid) ;

Inama yatanzwe n’Umunyamamategeko w’Ikigo (in-house legal opinion).

Gutanga inama ku masezerano mpuzamahanga

- Amasezerano cyagwa Umushinga w’Amasezerano asabirwa inama;

     - Inama yatanzwe n’Umunyamamategeko w’Ikigo (in-house legal opinion);

- Inyandiko zose zirebana n’amasezerano asabwaho inama.

Gutanga inama ku bindi bibazo

- Inyandiko y’Ikigo gisaba inama isobanura imiterere y’ikibazo;

- Izindi nyandiko za ngombwa zishobora gufasha kumva neza imiterere y’ikibazo;

- Inama yatanzwe n’Umunyamamategeko w’Ikigo (in-house legal opinion)

== 2.7.Guhamya no gushyira umukono wa noteri ku nyandiko (serivisi za notariya) ==
Serivisi ni iyihe? Guhamya no gushyira umukono ku nyandiko

Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uhabwe iyi serivisi

Impapuro zuzuzwa

Kwandikira Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ukagerekaho inyandiko zisabwa

Ntazo

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Utabonye iyi serivisi wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe serivisi ishinzwe iby’amategeko muri MINIJUST, Bwana NTWALI Emile kuri telephone ye igendanwa 0788486208 / 0738486208; E-mail: emile.ntwali@minijust.gov.rw

         Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

   Serivisi ikorwa ku nyandiko zijya gukoreshwa hanze y’Igihugu no muri za Ambassade.

➢ Inyandiko zijya gukoreshwa hanze y’Igihugu no muri za Ambasade zerekeranye n’ishoramari zisinywa na Noteri wo muri RDB;

➢ Inyandiko zijya gukoreshwa hanze y’Igihugu no muri za Ambasade zerekeranye n’ubutaka zisinywa n’Umubitsi w’impapuro mpamo z’ubutaka.

➢ Inyandiko zindi ziterekeye ubutaka cyangwa ishoramari zisinywaho na noteri wo muri Minijust

NB: Inyandiko zikoreshwa mu gihugu zisinywa na ba Noteri bo ku rwego rw’Akarere n’urw’Umurenge hashingiwe ku bubasha bahabwa n’Itegeko;

Ishami ryo kubarizamo Ishami rishinzwe serivisi zo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  ❖ Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za nimugoroba;

❖ Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  Iyo usaba serivisi yujuje ibisabwa ahita ahabwa serivisi hakurikijwe uko abasaba serivisi baje bakurikirana.

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

  I. guhamya imikono ni amafaranga igihumbi na magana atanu y’amanyarwanda (1.500 Frw)

II. kwemeza ko inyandiko ari impamo ni amafaranga igihumbi na magana atanu y’amanyarwanda (1.500 Frw);

III. Kwemeza ko kopi y’inyandiko ihuye n’iy’umwimerere ni amafaranga igihumbi na magana atanu y’amanyarwanda (1.500 Frw);

IV. Gutanga kopi z’inyandiko umunoteri aba yakoze ni amafaranga ibihumbi bibiri y’amanyarwanda (2.000 Frw) kuri kopi y’inyandiko;

V. Kwemeza no guhamya inyandiko zikomatanyije imitungo yimukanwa n’itimukanwa ni amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu y’amanyarwanda (5.000 Frw);

VI. Gushyira umukono w’umunoteri kuri sitati ni amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu y’amanyarwanda (5.000 Frw) kuri buri sitati;

VII. Gushyira umukono w’umunoteri ku masezerano ayo ari yo yose ni amafaranga ibihumbi bibiri y’amanyarwanda (2.000 Frw) kuri buri masezerano;

VIII. Gutanga izindi nyandiko z’Umunoteri ziteganywa n’amategeko ni amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu y’amanyarwanda (5.000 Frw).

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   - Ibisabwa mu kwemeza imikono:

➢ Inyandiko igomba gusinyirwa

imbere ya Noteri;

➢ Indangamuntu/icyemezo kiyisimbura

cyangwa passport;

➢ Kwishyura ikiguzi cyagenwe n’Iteka rya Perezida N° 100/01 ryo ku wa 24/02/2017 rigena ingano y’amafaranga yishurwa kuri serivisi zitangwa n’umunoteri, binyujijwe muri system y’irembo

  '''Ibisabwa mu kwemeza ko kopi y’inyandiko ihuye n’umwimerere wayo:'''

➢ Umubare wa kopi wifuza ndetse n’umwimerere wazo;

➢ Kwishyura ikiguzi cyagenwe n’Iteka rya Perezida N° 100/01 ryo ku wa 24/02/2017 rigena ingano y’amafaranga yishurwa kuri serivisi zitangwa n’umunoteri, binyujijwe muri system y’irembo

Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira Uwujuje ibisabwa aza ku cyicaro cya Minisiteri

ngo uyihabwe

y’Ubutabera agahabwa serivisi akeneye

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Mu gihe waba utanyuzwe n’imitangire y’iyi serivisi Wahamagara Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa Serivisi ishinzwe kwegereza ubutabera abaturage, Mupenzi Narcisse ubarizwa kuri telephone: 0788888505/0738888505; E-mail: narcisse.mupenzi@minijust.gov.rw

'''2.8.Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo'''

== Gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuba umunoteri wikorera ==
Serivisi ni iyihe? Gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuba Noteri wikorera

     Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

   Umuntu wese wujuje ibisabwa n’ Itegeko N0 13 bis/2014 ryo ku wa 21/05/2014 rigenga umurimo w’ubunoteri ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda N0 idasanzwe bis yo ku wa 29/05/2014, aribyo:

➢ Kuba afite ubwenegihugu bwa kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba;

➢ Kuba yujuje nibura imyaka cumi n’umunani (18) y'amavuko;

➢ Kuba afite nibura impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko cyangwa indi bingana;

➢ Kuba afite icyemezo cy'uko atakatiwe igifungo kingana cyangwa kirengeje amezi atandatu (6);

➢ Kuba afite uburambe bw’imyaka itanu (5ans) mu mirimo ijyanye n’amategeko;

   Ishami ryo kubarizamo

   Ishami rishinzwe serivisi zo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za nimugoroba;Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Amezi 3

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngoSerivisi itangirwa ubuntu ubone serivisi?

   Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

-Ibaruwa yandikiwe Minisitiri w'Ubutabera/Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta igaragaza umwirondoro wuzuye w’usaba kuba Notaire (Akarere, umurenge,akagari, umudugudu, E-mail na Telefone akoresha);

- Icyemezo cy'amavuko;

- Umwirondoro wuzuye w’usaba (CV);

- Fotokopi y'indangamuntu (ID) cyangwa iy’ikiyisimbura;

- Icyemezo cy'Ubwenegihugu

- Fotocopi y'Impamyabushobozi nibura y'Icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu mategeko iriho Umukono wa Noteri;

- Icyemezo cyemeza ko atakatiwe n'Inkiko igihano kingana cyangwa kirengeje amezi atandatu (6) Extrait du casier judiciaire/Criminal record;

- Icyemezo cy’umukoresha cyangwa cy’Ubuyobozi bw’urugaga cyangwa ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamwuga b’abanyamategeko kigaragaza uburambe nibura bw’imyaka 5 mu by’amategeko;

- Kohereza dosiye kuri E-mail ya MINIJUST ikurikira: info@minijust.gov.rw

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

Nyuma y'ukwezi ushaka ku ba Noteri wikorera atanze dosiye;

➢ Hashyirwaho Itsinda risuzuma amadosiye y'Abakandida basabye muri uko kwezi kuba ba noteri bikorera;

➢ Urutonde rw’abakandida bujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa rwohererezwa Umushinjacyaha Mukuru kugira ngo avuge icyo atekereza kuri iryo saba mu gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itandatu (60);

➢ Abakandida batujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa babimenyeshwa mu ibaruwa igaragaza ibisabwa batujuje mu gihe kitarenze ukwezi kumwe (1) uhereye umunsi w'isuzumwa ry'amadosiye;

➢ Nyuma yo kubona ibitekerezo by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru,abakandida bujuje ibisabwa bemererwa kuba noteri wikorera hakoreshjwe ibaruwa, nyuma bakarahizwa mbere yo gutangira imirimo;

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Kwandikira Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ibaruwa ugaragaza aho ubona warenganijwe n’ibimenyetso bibigaragaza

-

-

'''Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo'''

-

== 2.9. GUTANGA UBURENGANZIRA BWO KUBA UMUHESHA W’INKIKO W’UMWUGA Serivisi ni iyihe? Gutanga uburenganzira bwo kuba Umuhesha w’inkiko w’umwuga ==
     '''Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?'''

   Usaba kuba umuhesha w’inkiko w’umwuga agomba kuba yujuje ibi bikurikira:

➢ Kuba afite ubwenegihugu bwa kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba;

➢ Kuba yujuje nibura imyaka makumyabiri n'umwe (21) y'amavuko;

➢ Kuba afite nibura impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko cyangwa indi bingana;

➢ Kuba afite icyemezo cy'uko atakatiwe igifungo kingana cyangwa kirengeje amezi atandatu (6);

➢ Kuba yatsinze ikizamini cyanditse.

Ishami ryo kubarizamo Ishami rishinzwe serivisi zo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage

   '''Serivisi itangwa ryari?'''

  Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za nimugoroba;

Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyendaz’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo

uyihabwe?

  Amezi 6

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo

ubone serivisi?

   Serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  - Ibaruwa yandikiwe Minisitiri w'Ubutabera/Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta agatanga Kopi yayo kwa Perezida w'Urukiko Rukuru na Perezida w'Urugaga rw'Abahesha b'inkiko;

- Icyemezo cy'Ubwenegihugu gitangwa n'Umurenge;

- Icyemezo cy'amavuko;

- Fotokopi y'indangamuntu (ID);

- Fotocopi y'Impamyabushobozi nibura y'Icyiciro

cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu mategeko iriho

22

      Umukono wa Noteri;

- Icyemezo cyemeza ko atakatiwe n'Inkiko igihano

kingana cyangwa kirengeje amezi atandatu (6)

Extrait du casier judiciaire/Criminal record;

- Nomero ya Telephone usaba abarizwaho;

- Kohereza dosiye kuri E-mail ya MINIJUST

ikurikira: info@minijust.gov.rw

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

  - Nyuma y'amezi atatu usaba kuba umuhesha w'Inkiko atanze dosiye;

➢ Hashyirwaho Itsinda risuzuma amadosiye y'Abakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga;

➢ Abakandida bujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa bamenyeshwa Umushinjacyaha Mukuru, Perezida w'Urugaga rw'Abahesha b'Inkiko, kugira ngo bagire icyo bavuga ku bakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga mu gihe kitarenze ukwezi kumwe (1)

➢ Abakandida batujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa babimenyeshwa mu ibaruwa igaragaza ibisabwa batujuje mu gihe kitarenze amezi abiri (2) uhereye umunsi w'isuzumwa ry'amadosiye;

➢ Abakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga batanzweho ibitekerezo n'inzego zimaze kuvugwa haruguru bashyikirizwa Perezida w’Urugaga kugira ngo bakoreshwe ikizamini;

➢ Abakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga bamaze gutsinda ikizamini bemerwa n'Inama Nyobozi y'Urugaga rw'Abahesha b'Inkiko nyuma y'iminsi mirongo itatu (30) amanota amaze gutangazwa;

➢ Abakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga batsinze ikizamini kandi bemewe n'Inama Nyobozi y'Urugaga rw'Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga bakorerwa Iteka ribemerera kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko mu gihe kitarenze ukwezi kumwe (1) uhereye igihe Inama Nyobozi y'Urugaga rw'Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga yabemereje;

➢ Abakandida basabye kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga nyuma y'itangazwa ry'Iteka rya Minisitiri mu Igazeti ya Leta ribemerera kuba Abahesha b'Inkiko b'Umwuga, bategurirwa indahiro bakarahirira imbere ya Minisitiri cyangwa imbere y'umukozi wa Leta yabihereyeububasha.

➢ Abahesha b'Inkiko bamaze kurahira bakirirwa

indahiro zabo na Minisitiri cyangwa Umukozi wa Leta yabihereye ububasha bagahabwa n'Icyemezo cy'irahira.

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Mu gihe waba utanyuzwe n’imitangire y’iyi serivisi Wahamagara Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa Serivisi ishinzwe kwegereza ubutabera abaturage, Mupenzi Narcisse ubarizwa kuri telephone: 0788888505/0738888505; E-mail: narcisse.mupenzi@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

== 2.10. Guhuza ibikorwa byose byerekeranye n’irangizwa ry’inyandikompesha no gukurikirana ibibazo bigaragaramo ==
     Serivisi ni iyihe?

   - Guhuza ibikorwa byose byerekeranye n’irangizwa ry’inyandikompesha,

- Gukurikirana ibibazo biri mu irangizwa ry’inyandikompesha

   Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

  - Umuntu wese ubisabye mu nyandiko cyangwa mu magambo, akagaragaza ko yagejeje ikibazo cye mu Rugaga rw’Abahesha b’Inkiko cyangwa ku bakozi ba Minisiteri y’Ubutabera bakorera muri MAJ mu turere twose tw’Iguhugu ariko ikibazo ntigikemuke;

Ishami ryo kubarizamo Serivisi itangwa ryari?

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Ishami rishinzwe kwegereza serivisi z’ubutabera abaturage

Igihe cyose serivisi isabwe

Serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

     Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itanu(5) y’akazi ibarwa uhereye igihe usaba yagereje ubusabe bwe kuri Minisiteri

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  - Ibaruwa yandikiwe Nyakubahwa Minisitiri w'Ubutabera /Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ibisaba igaragaza impamvu n’ibimenyetso byerekana ko yandikiye urugaga rw’abahesha b’inkiko b’umwuga agaragaza ikibazo cye ntirugikemure cyangwa se ko yakigejeje kuri MAJ ntigikemuke;

- Numero ya telephone igendanwa na email usaba serivisi yabarizwaho;

- Inyandiko igaragaza amakuru yose ashobora gutuma usuzuma ikibazo acyumva neza

- Kohereza dosiye kuri Email ya MINIJUST ikurikira: info@minijust.gov.rw

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

   Kwandikira Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ukohereza ibaruwa ukoresheje e-mail cyangwa ugahamagara ku murongo wa telefoni utishyurwa 3936 mu gihe ushaka igisubizo mu magambo

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe utanyuzwe na serivisi uhawe ?

  Mu gihe waba utanyuzwe n’imitangire y’iyi serivisi Wahamagara Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa Serivisi ishinzwe kwegereza ubutabera abaturage, Mupenzi Narcisse ubarizwa kuri telephone: 0788888505/0738888505; E-mail: narcisse.mupenzi@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

== 2.11 Gutanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko ku bibazo by’akarengane byashyikirijwe minisiteri ==
     Serivisi ni iyihe?

   Gutanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko ku bibazo by’akarengane byashyikirijwe Minisiteri

   Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

  Iyi serivisi ihabwa umuntu wese wandikiye cyangwa wahamagaye muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ukeneye ubufasha mu by’amategeko, akagaragaza ko ikibazo cye yakigejeje ku bakozi ba Minisiteri y’Ubutabera bakorera muri MAJ mu karere ikibazo kirimo ntigikemuke, akerekana raporo yavuye muri MAJ ndetse n’izindi nyandiko zisobanura ikibazo afite;

  Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Ishami rishinzwe serivisi zo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  Kuva ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya za mu gitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya za mu gitondo kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa cyenda z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Bitarenze iminsi itanu (5) y’akazi uhereye igihe dosiye yuzuye yakiriwe

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Nta kiguzi bisaba

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Inyandiko zose za ngombwa zisobanura imiterere y’ikibazo, izavuye mu zindi nzego zagejejweho ikibazo harimo na raporo ya MAJ

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

Mu gihe ari ikibazo gitanzwe mu nyandiko, ibaruwa yandikiwe Minisitiri w’Ubutabera iherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bigaragaza ikibazo cye byoherezwa kuri Email ya MINIJUST ikurikira: info@minijust.gov.rw

Ashobora no guhamagara kuri telefoni itishyurwa 3936 agasobanura ikibazo cye.

    Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

   Mu gihe waba utanyuzwe n’imitangire y’iyi serivisi Wahamagara Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa Serivisi ishinzwe kwegereza ubutabera abaturage, Mupenzi Narcisse ubarizwa kuri telephone: 0788888505/0738888505; E-mail: narcisse.mupenzi@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa

Ntazo

== 2.12 . Kwegereza ubutabera abaturage (MAJ) ==
   Serivisi ni iyihe?

   ➢ Kugira inama abaturage zishingiye ku mategeko no kubayobora aho ibibazo byabo bigendanye n’amategeko byakemukira;

 ➢ Kubakorera umwanzuro ushingiye ku mategeko wo gushyikiriza urukiko;

➢ Guhugura abaturage ku mategeko amwe n’amwe bakunze gukoresha;

➢ Guhugura Abunzi no kubagira inama mu mategeko;

➢ Kunganira abatishoboye mu Nkiko;

➢ Kurangiriza imanza abatishoboye.

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ihabwa abaturage bose bayifuza kandi ntiyishyurwa

   Ishami ryo kubarizamo

   Ishami rishinzwe serivisi zo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage /

Inzu zitanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko (MAJ) ziri muri buri karere.

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya za mu gitondo kugera saa sita

z’amanywa;

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa kumi n’imwe

z’umugoroba.

Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya za mu gitondo kugera saa sita

z’amanywa;

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisibifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Ubusanzwe nta gihe bifata ngo ubone iyi serivisi, igihe uyisabiye ni cyo gihe uyibonera, uretse abakenera kunganirwa mu nkiko no kurangirizwa imanza kuko hari ibindi bibanza gukorwa (legal procedures).

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo Iyo wujuje ibisabwa iyi serivisi uyihabwa ku buntu. ubone serivisi?

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  ➢ Usaba iyi serivisi yitwaza impapuro zose cyangwa se ibindi bimenyetso birebana n’ikibazo afite.

➢ Abifuza kurangirizwa imanza n’abasaba kunganirwa mu nkiko bashyikiriza MAJ icyemezo cy’uko batishoboye nacyo gitangwa n’inzego z’ibanze ku buntu.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

   Kugira ngo ubone iyi Serivisi nta yindi nzira unyuramo, uretse kwegera Inzu zitanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko (MAJ) no kwitwaza icyemezo cy’uko utishoboye (ubarizwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’ubudehe) igihe wifuza kunganirwa mu nkiko / kurangirizwa urubanza n’umukozi wa MAJ.

             Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu Iyo abakozi b’Inzu zitanga ubufasha mu by’amategeko gihe udahawe iyi serivisi? (MAJ) mu turere bataguhaye iyi serivisi, witabaza ishami rishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa byo kwegereza ubutabera abaturage muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera, ugahamagara Umuyobozi w’iryo shami MUGABO Frank kuri telefoni: 0788579394/0735130242 cyangwa kuri E-mail:

frank.mugabo@minijust.gov.rw.

Utanyurwa ugahamagara Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa Serivisi ishinzwe kwegereza ubutabera abaturage, Mupenzi Narcisse ubarizwa kuri telephone: 0788888505/0738888505; E-mail: narcisse.mupenzi@minijust.gov.rw

Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

== 2.13 Kwishyura inyemezabuguzi zirebana na serivisi, ibigemurwa cyangwa imirimo byahawe cyangwa byakorewe minisiteri ==
Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Iyi serivisi ihabwa uwatsindiye isoko muri Minisiteri

   Iyi serivisi ni iyihe?

   Kwishyura inyemezabuguzi zirebana na serivisi, ibigemurwa cyangwa imirimo byahawe cyangwa byakorewe Minisiteri

    Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  - Guhera ku wa mbere kugeza ku wa kane:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; - Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisi bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Bitarenze iminsi umunani (08) y’akazi ibarwa uhereye umunsi watanzeho ibyangombwa byose usabwa ngo wishyurwe.

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo Ntacyo ubone serivisi?

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  - Aho ibintu byasabiwe (Purchase Order);

- Inyemezabuguzi 4;

- Kopi y’amasezerano asinye;

- Ikigaragaza ko watsindiye isoko;

- Kopi y’ingwate yatanzwe muri banki;

- Aho bagusinyiye ko bakiriye ibintu

cyangwa serivisi;

- Raporo isinye y’imirimo yarangiye gukorwa;

- Ikigaragaza ko ibyasabwe byemejwe;

- Izindi nyandiko za ngombwa

zijyanye n’ibyishyuzwa.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Utanga inyemezabuguzi iherekejwe n’ibindi byangombwa bisabwa, mu b iro by’Umunyamabanga Uhoraho/Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta Yungirije ugategereza.

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

  Utanyuzwe wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe imirimo rusange muri MINIJUST, Twahirwa Gervais kuri 0788303383/0738303383 cyangwa ukamwandikira kuri E-Mail: gervais.twahirwa@minijust.gov.rw

    Impapuro zuzuzwa

  Iyo ari ubwa mbere wishyurwa na Leta hari Urupapuro usinyisha kuri Banki yawe mbere y’uko umukozi ubishinzwe wa Minisiteri ajyana iyo nyandiko ituma ushyirwa muri Smart IFMIS ikoreshwa mu gucunga umutungo wa Leta.

2.14 GUTANGA IBYEMEZO BY’ABAHOZE ARI ABAKOZI BA MINISITERI Y’UBUTABERA

  Iyi serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Gutanga ibyemezo by’abakozi bahoze bakorera Minisiteri

Iyi serivisi ihabwa uwahoze ari umukozi wa Minisiteri

Ishami rishinzwe imicungire y’abakozi n’ubutegetsi

       Serivisi itangwa ryari?

   - Buri munsi w’akazi:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugeza saa cyenda

z’amanywa.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisibifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Bitarenze iminsi itatu y’akazi uhereye umunsi byasabiweho

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo Ntacyo ubone serivisi?

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  - Ibaruwa yashyize umukozi mu kazi n’ibaruwa imusezerera cyangwa isezera (ku bakozi batashyizweho n’Inama [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|y’Abaminisitiri]]);

- Icyemezo cy’Inama y’Abaminisitiri kimushyira

mu mwanya, kimusimbura, kimukuraho cyangwa kimuha indi mirimo (ku bakozi bashyizweho n’Inama y’Abaminisitiri);

- Amasezerano y’akazi kubakoreye ku masezerano.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

   Kwandikira ibaruwa Umunyamabanga Uhoraho/Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta Yungirije ibisaba kandi ugatanga inyandiko zavuzwe ahabanza ziherwaho hategurirwa ibyo usaba. Ibaruwa yoherezwa kuri E-mail ya Minisiteri info@minijust.gov.rw

    Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

  Utanyuzwe wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe imirimo rusange muri MINIJUST, Twahirwa Gervais kuri 0788303383/0738303383 cyangwa ukamwandikira kuri E-Mail: gervais.twahirwa@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa ntazo

== 2.15 Gutanga ibyangombwa byo kurangiza amasoko ==
Gutanga ibyangombwa byo kurangiza amasoko

Iyi serivisi ihabwa Rwiyemezamirimo wigeze gutsindira isoko akagirana amasezerano na Minisiteri.

    Iyi serivisi ni iyihe?

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

     Serivisi itangwa ryari?

   - Buri munsi w’akazi:

➢ Kuva saa moya z’igitondo kugeza saa sita

z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba kugeza saa kumi n’imwe za

nimugoroba; -Ku wa gatanu:

➢ Kuva saa moya kugeza saa sita z’amanywa

➢ Kuva saa saba z’amanywa kugezasaa

cyenda z’amanywa.

Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisibifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

Bitarenze iminsi itatu y’akazi uhereye igihe byasabiweho

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

  Nta kiguzi cyakwa kuri iyi servisi

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   - Amasezerano y’isoko yarangiye;

- Ifishi yujujwe na servisi yacunze amasezerano

igaragaza uko abahawe servisi bayibonye.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

Kwandikira ibaruwa Umunyamabanga Uhoraho/Intumwa Nkuru ya LetaYungirije ukayohereza kuri e-mail ya Minijust ariyo info@minijust.gov.rw

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

    Utanyuzwe wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe imirimo rusange muri MINIJUST, Twahirwa Gervais kuri 0788303383/0738303383 cyangwa ukamwandikira kuri E- Mail: gervais.twahirwa@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa Ntazo

2.16 GUSUBIZA INGWATE YATANZWE MU GUPIGANIRA CYAMUNARA

     Serivisi ni iyihe?

   Gusubiza ingwate y’ipiganwa yatanzwe muri Cyamunara n’amafaranga yashyizwe kuri Konti yabugenewe agenewe kurangiza imanza (MINUJUST Auctions Funds -MAF)

   Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde?

  ➢ Umuhesha w’inkiko wifuza kuzuza 95% by’amafaranga yavuye muri cyamunara, itangwa n’uwatsindiye cyamunara;

➢ Uwapiganwe watsinze cyangwa ntabashe gutsinda.

Ishami ryo kubarizamo Serivisi itangwa ryari?

Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

Ishami ry’Imari

➢ Buri munsi w’akazi igihe isabwe

Serivisi itangirwa ubuntu

     Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisibifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Bitarenze iminsi itatu y’akazi

   Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

  ➢ Ibaruwa yandikiwe Minisitiri w’Ubutabera/Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta isaba gusubizwa ingwate yanditswe n’uwayitanze cyangwa Umuhesha w’Inkiko w’Umwuga. Iyo baruwa igomba kugaragaza Konti, Banki n’Amazina amafaranga asabwa gusubizwa azoherezwaho;

➢ Ikigaragaza ko amafaranga asabwa yashyizwe kuri Konti yabugenewe;

➢ Kopi y’Indangamuntu y’usaba ingwate iyo ari uwapiganwe;

➢ Urutonde ruriho abitabiriye Cyamunara rugaragaza umwirondoro wabo n’ibiciro batanze;

➢ Kopi y’Urubanza rwarangizwaga hakorwa Cyamunara (Iyo ari ukurangiza urubanza);

➢ Indi nyandiko yose iha abasubiza ingwate amakuru atuma gusubiza ingwate byihuta.

   Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

  Inyandiko zose zavuzwe ahabanza zigomba guherekeza ibaruwa kugira ngo abasubiza amafaranga babonere amakuru yose hamwe, zinyuzwa kuri E-mail ya Minisiteri: info@minijust.gov.rw

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

    Utanyuzwe wahamagara Umuyobozi ushinzwe imirimo rusange muri MINIJUST, Twahirwa Gervais kuri 0788303383/0738303383 cyangwa ukamwandikira kuri E-Mail: gervais.twahirwa@minijust.gov.rw

  Impapuro zuzuzwa

2.17 GUTANGAZA MU IGAZETI YA REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA

Serivisi ni iyihe? Gutangaza inyandiko ziteganywa n’amategeko mu Igazeti ya Leta

Iyi serivisi ihabwa nde? Ihabwa umuntu ufite inyandiko itegeko riteganya ko igomba gutangaza mu Igaziti ya Leta

Ntazo

         Ni ibihe bya ngombwa bisabwa kugira ngo uyihabwe?

   Ibisabwa ni ibi bikurikira :

1° ibaruwa yanditswe n’Urwego rubifitiye ububasha

isaba ko iyo nyandiko itangazwa mu igazeti ya Leta;

      2° Inyandiko isabirwa gutangazwa mu igazeti yanditse mu buryo bwubahirije amategeko;

3° Inyemezabwishyu.

Ishami ryo kubarizamo

Ubuziranenge bw’amategeko n’Igazeti ya Leta

   Serivisi itangwa ryari?

  Serivisi itangwa ku minsi yose y’akazi mu masaha y’akazi.

   Uhereye igihe wasabiye serivisibifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo

uyihabwe?

   Iyo ibisabwa byose byuzuye, serivisi itangwa mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 14.

   Ni ikihe kiguzi gisabwa kugira ngo ubone serivisi?

  1° Inyandiko ishyirwa kuri kimwe cya kabiri (1/2) cy’urupapuro A4 yishyurwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi birindwi (7.000 FRW);

2° Inyandiko ishyirwa ku rupapuro rwose rwa A4 yishyurwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi cumi na bine (14.000 FRW)

Binyura mu yihe nzira kugira ngo uyihabwe

Hari ibindi ukeneye kumenya kugira ngo ubone iyo serivisi

Impapuro zuzuzwa

Serivisi isabwa hakoreshejwe urubuga

www.irembo.gov.rw

Iyo hari ibisobanuro ukeneye wandika ubisaba kuri

igazeti@minijust.gov.rw

Ibigomba kuzuzwa byose byuzuzwa hakoreshejwe urubuga www.irembo.gov.rw

   Ese hari uburyo bwo kurenganurwa mu gihe udahawe iyi serivisi?

    Iyo utabonye serivisi wandika kuri e-mail: igazeti@minijust.gov.rw cyangwa ugahamagara kuri 0722446162 cyangwa kuri telefone itishyurwa 3736

== Indangamurongo ==
https://www.minijust.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&amp;t=f&amp;f=53279&amp;token=881d5d0337225c1009222a21d6a0fa99cb4ab6d4</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helmeted guineafowl</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1378" sha1="flbrpu6ynykebu9tbhkvr6epixr6zpm" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Numida meleagris -Serengeti National Park, Tanzania-8 (1).jpg|thumb]]
Helmeted guineafowl niyo izwi cyane mu miryango y'inyoni ya guineafowl, Numididae n'umunyamuryango umwe rukumi wa bwoko bwa Numida. ikomoka muri Africa  cyane cyane mu majyepfo ya sahara, kandi yamenyekanye cyane  nk'ubwoko bwororerwa mu rugo mu burengerazuba bw'uburengerazuba, Amerika y'amajyaruguru,kolombia,brazil,Austrarial n'uburayi.

Helmeted guineafowl ifite uburebure bwa cm hagati ya 53 na 58cm iyi nyoni ifite  umubiri uzengurutse n'umutwe muto. ipima nka 1.3kg(2.9ib) amabara y'umubiri n'umukara, umukara uzengurutswe n'umweru. kimwe n'izindi nyoni, ubu bwoko bufite umutwe utarondoreka, murubu bwoko ukaba wambitswe ibara ry'umuhondo wijimye cyangwa umutuku wijimye. n'uruhu rwambaye umutuku,ubururu,cyangwa umukara. amababa ni magufi kandi azengurutse,umurizo nawo ni mugufi.[https://ebird.org/species/helgui]

indyo yazo igizwe n'ibiribwa bitandukanye harimo inyamaswa n'ibimera(harimo ibigori,ibirayi,imbuto cyane cyane ibyatsi byo mu buhinzi hamwe n'ibihingwa bitandukanye by'ubuhinzi.) [https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-management/raising-guinea-fowl-in-small-and-backyard-flocks/#:~:text=They%20like%20wheat%2C%20sorghum%2C%20or,fed%20a%20commercial%20poultry%20diet.]

ibigabo bikunze kwerekana ubukana hagati yabyo,kandi bikagira bikagira uruhare mu mirwano ikaze.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiza (ikinyamakuru)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141853</id>
      <parentid>140003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1383" sha1="b6b3mklm6yfeis2dwaszlk3ztahbhtd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2024 Floods 04.jpg|thumb|318x318px]]
'''''Ibiza''''' ni ikinyamakuru cya buri gihembwe  cy’amasomo cyasohowe na Wiley-Blackwell abinyujije mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga (ODI). ''Iiki kinyamakuru'' gicungwa nitsinda rya ry'ubutabazi muri ODI. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Disasters - Overview - Wiley Online Library |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-7717/homepage/ProductInformation.html |access-date=2013-04-11 |publisher=Onlinelibrary.wiley.com |doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1467-7717}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki kinyamakuru cyashinzwe mu 1977 gikubiyemo ingingo z’ubushakashatsi bw’ibiza na politiki y’imicungire y'ibiza. ''Ibiza'' itangaza raporo, ingingo zo kwiga hamwe nimpapuro zamasomo. Kuri ubu ikosorwa na Sara Pantuliano (Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu mahanga), Helen Young (Kaminuza ya Tufts), na John Twigg (Ishuri Rikuru rya Kaminuza London). &lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-7717/homepage/EditorialBoard.html &quot;Editorial Board,&quot;] journal website. Accessed: April 11, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nk’uko ''ikinyamakuru Citation Reports'' kibitangaza ngo iki kinyamakuru gifite ingaruka ku mwaka wa 2011 kigera kuri 0.692, kiza ku mwanya wa 36 mu binyamakuru 54 biri mu cyiciro &quot;Igenamigambi n'Iterambere&quot;. 
[[Dosiye:Disaster_for_environment.jpg|thumb|ibiza byangije ibidukikije ]]

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uwiragiye Ambroise</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14996</id>
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      <id>142046</id>
      <parentid>140222</parentid>
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'''Ambroise Uwiragiye''' (yavutse ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1980) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga  ni umunyarwanda wiruka intera ndende, akaba n’inzobere mu gusiganwa muri marato. Yitabiriye isiganwa rya marato ry’abagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yo muri 2016 aho yarangije ari ku mwanya wa 99 akoresheje iminota 2:25:57. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambroise Uwiragiye |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ambroise-uwiragiye |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083852/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/ambroise-uwiragiye |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Kwiruka]]</text>
      <sha1>e1z9tqehas9gxjyjui55jajbiqcetf8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mostafa Abdelrasoul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15054</id>
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      <text bytes="1883" sha1="i1p2js1apadoozwlskna82czjs7adhe" xml:space="preserve">'''Mostafa Abdelrasoul''' (yavutse 14 Gashyantare 1998) ni umukinnyi wabigize umwuga wu mupira wamaguru wu munyamisiri ukinira ikipe ya Aswan SC yo muri Egiputa ho mu Misiri muri cyiciro cyambere akina nkumukinnyi wo hagati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FilGoal {{!}} لاعب {{!}} مصطفى عبد الرسول |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/113248 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=FilGoal.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=174505 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.kooora.com |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301131557/https://www.kooora.com/?player=174505 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=صفحة اللاعب مصطفى عبد الرسول اخبار ومباريات وصور وفيديوهات - الأهلي.كوم |url=https://www.el-ahly.com/Pages/PlayerPage?pid=3463 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.el-ahly.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=مصطفى |first=خالد |date=2022-09-06 |title=مصطفي عبد الرسول يفسخ تعاقده مع الإعلاميين.. لهذا السبب - الدوري المصري |url=https://www.egyptianleague.net/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%ae-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%af%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |language=ar |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301131700/https://www.egyptianleague.net/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AE-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wo mu misiri]]</text>
      <sha1>i1p2js1apadoozwlskna82czjs7adhe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nurdin Bakari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141632</id>
      <parentid>140133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2243" sha1="kkzib6f5pkqkx7z68e4p6qa59qql1xe" xml:space="preserve">'''Nurdin Bakari''' (wavutse ku ya 6 Nyakanga 1988) ni umukinnyi wabigize umwuga w’umupira wa maguru muri  Tanzaniya wakiniye ikipe yu mupira wa maguru yi gihugu wa Tanzaniya. Yabaye umwe mu bakinnyi mu gikombe cya CECAFA  muri 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 na 2011 . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa Tanzaniya ibitego byambere.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nurdin Bakari |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=National-Football-Teams.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12782/Nurdin_Bakari.html &quot;Nurdin Bakari&quot;]. ''National-Football-Teams.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 August&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Oya
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 4 Ukuboza 2005
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
|&lt;/img&gt; Eritereya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| 2005 Igikombe cya CECAFA
|-
| 2.
| 30 Ugushyingo 2010
| Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya]]
|&lt;/img&gt; Somaliya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Igikombe cya CECAFA 2010
|-
| 3.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 4 Ukuboza 2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; Burundi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igikombe cya CECAFA 2010
|-
| 4.
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –0
|-
| 5.
| 15 Ugushyingo 2011
| Stade Nacional, N'Djamena, [[Cade|Tchad]]
|&lt;/img&gt; Tchad
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' –1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Amajonjora y'igikombe cy'isi 2014
|-
| 6.
| 6 Ukuboza 2011
| Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya
|&lt;/img&gt; Malawi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| Igikombe cya CECAFA 2011
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Tanzaniya]]</text>
      <sha1>kkzib6f5pkqkx7z68e4p6qa59qql1xe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aziz Bouderbala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142071</id>
      <parentid>139945</parentid>
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      <text bytes="5827" sha1="ryp5a8l0bmvk30igotoas03xsjpq8q9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Aziz Bouderbala, Lalla plus - Feb 12, 2018.jpg|thumb|Aziz Bouderbala]]
'''Abdelaziz El Idrissi Bouderbala''' (wavutse ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1960) yahoze ari umukinyi  wu mupira wa maguru wabigize umwuga [[Maroke|muri Maroc]]. Mu 2006, yatoranijwe na [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] yari mubakinnyi 200 bakina umupira w'a maguru muri Afurika mu myaka 50 ishize. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-10-13 |title=Meilleur joueur des 50 dernières années 14 Marocains en lice |url=http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055322/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2009-08-28 |publisher=Le Matin |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Aziz CHAR yatangiye umwuga we wabigize umwuga i Wydad Casablanca, mbere yo kwimukira muri FC Sion, Matra Racing na Olympique Lyon [[Ubufaransa|yo mu Bufaransa]] nyuma. uwahoze ari umukinnyi yakoraga nk'umuyobozi wa tekinike mu ikipe ye ya mbere Wydad Casablanca. Yakiniye kandi GD Estoril-Praia ukomoka muri Porutugali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bouderbala (Abdelaziz El Idrissi Bouderbala) |url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=196012260001 |access-date=2009-08-28 |publisher=Fora de Jogo |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1986, Bouderbala yegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu gihembo cy'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika.

Bouderbala yakinnye imikino 57 mu ikipe yumupira wamaguru yigihugu ya Maroc kandi akina imikino yanyuma yigikombe cyisi cya 1986 . 

Muri 2015, yabaye ambasaderi w'igikombe cya [[The SATUC Cup|SATUC]], irushanwa rishya ry’abagiraneza ku isi ry’imfubyi U16, impunzi n’abana batishoboye.

== Imibare yumwuga ==

=== Mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+List of international goals scored by Aziz Bouderbala&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala - International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-bouderbala-intl.html |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!No.
!Amatariki
!Igihugu
!Uwo bahanganye
!Uwatsinze
!Itsinzi
!Irushanwa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|{{dts|8 June 1980}}
|Tunis, Tunisia
|{{fb|TUN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1-0
|Friendlies
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{dts|22 March 1981}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Fès, Morocco
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|LBR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |3-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1982 African Cup of Nations qualification
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3-1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|{{dts|4 April 1981}}
|Monrovia, Liberia
|{{fb|LBR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5-0
|1982 African Cup of Nations qualification
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|{{dts|27 September 1981}}
|Kénitra, Morocco
|{{fb|TUN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2-2
|Friendlies
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|{{dts|3 October 1982}}
|Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
|{{fb|SEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1-2
|Friendlies
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{dts|10 April 1983}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Casablanca, Morocco
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|MLI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2-0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |4-0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |African Cup Qualification
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3-0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|{{dts|15 January 1984}}
|Abidjan, Ivory Coast
|{{fb|CIV}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3-3
|Friendlies
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|{{dts|28 July 1985}}
|Casablanca, Morocco
|{{fb|EGY}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2-0
|1986 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|{{dts|6 October 1985}}
|[[Rabat]], Morocco
|{{fb|LBY}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3-0
|1986 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
|{{dts|22 January 1989}}
|Tunis, Tunisa
|{{fb|TUN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1-2
|1990 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
|{{dts|2 September 1990}}
|Casablanca, Morocco
|{{fb|MRT}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4-0
|African Cup Qualification
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |14
|{{dts|12 April 1991}}
|Nouakchott, Mauritania
|{{fb|MRT}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2-0
|African Cup Qualification
|-
|}

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Aba i Canton, muri Leta ya Michigan, hamwe n'umugore we n'abana bane.

== Icyubahiro ==
'''Wydad'''

* Igikombe cy'intebe ya Maroc : 1978, 1979, 1981, 1997 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Botola : 1978 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Igikombe cya Mohammed V : 1979

'''Fc Sion'''

* Igikombe cy'Ubusuwisi : 1986 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Abdelaziz Bouderbala |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17523/Abdelaziz_Bouderbala.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Maroc'''

* 1983 Nyampinga wimikino ya Mediterane : 1983 
* 1980 Igikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu : umwanya wa 3 

'''umuntu ku giti cye'''

* CAF Umukinnyi wumupira wamaguru wumwaka wa kabiri : 1986
* Umupira w'amaguru nyafurika wo mu kinyejana cya 20 : umwanya wa 15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Igikombe cya Afurika cyibihugu byumukinnyi mwiza: 1988

== Reba ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Maroke]]</text>
      <sha1>ryp5a8l0bmvk30igotoas03xsjpq8q9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hicham Zerouali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141776</id>
      <parentid>121743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3400" sha1="2znuvsg8de5xmflvxtp22w0hmrfhrdo" xml:space="preserve">'''Hicham Zerouali''' uzwi ku izina nka Zero cyangwa Umupfumu wa [[Maroke]] (wavutse 17 Mutarama 1977 - 5 Ukuboza 2004) ni umugabo wahoze ari  umukinnyi wu mupira wa maguru ukomoka muri Maroke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Hicham Zerouali remembered&quot; .

Aberdeen F.C. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27

February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Raja_de_Casablanca_vs_Ittihad_Khemisset,_April_25_2010-1.jpg|thumb|right|Hicham Zerouali yambaye numero 7.]]

Yakinaga mubi mbere mu kibuga hagati muri Maroke, muri Scotland na United Arab Emirates. Yakinnye imikino 7 muri Maroke ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Akazi mu ikipe ==

=== Aberdeen ===
Nyuma yo gukinira muri Maroc kavukire ya Yaakoub El Mansouria na Polisi ya USP, &lt;ref name=&quot;remembered&quot; /&gt; Zerouali yasinywe n’umuyobozi wa Aberdeen Ebbe Skovdahl ukomoka muri FUS de [[Rabat]] mu Gushyingo 1999 ku mafaranga 450.000, abigiriwemo inama n’umuyobozi w’umupira w’amaguru., Keith. Burkinshaw. &lt;ref name=&quot;remembered&quot;&gt;&quot;Hicham Zerouali remembered&quot; .

Aberdeen F.C. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27

February 2019.{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere muri Scotland wambaye ishati ya '0' mu 2000, yabujijwe muri shampiyona ya 2000 na Premier League ya Scotland n'Ubwongereza. 

Muri Mutarama 2000, Zerouali yatsinze igitego cya metero mirongo itatu ku busa mu gikombe cya Scottish Cup cya kane cyatsinzwe na St Mirren kugira ngo yongere yongere. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zero luck for Moroccan&quot; . BBC Sport website. 28

August 2000.{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zerouali yahise atsinda ibitego 2-0 kuri Pittodrie kugirango afashe iyi kipe mu cyiciro gikurikira cyamarushanwa. Aberdeen yageze ku mukino wanyuma w'igikombe cya Scottish 2000 ndetse na FA Cup 2000 hamwe na Zerouali bakina imikino yombi, nubwo batsinzwe na Celtic na Rangers.

Muri Kanama 2000, Zerouali yavunitse akaguru mu mukino wahuje Motherwell, nyuma aza kubura umwanya mu mikino Olempike yabereye i Sydney, amaherezo amara umwaka adakina. Muri kimwe mu bihe atazibagirana nyuma yo kugaruka, yatsinze Hat-trick na Dundee. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hat-trick&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2001 |title=Zero hat-trick dumps Dundee |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/1564871.stm |publisher=BBC Sport}}&quot;Zero hat trick hero in Dundee&quot; . AFC Heritage

Trust . 29 September 2001. Retrieved 27 February

2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Al-Nassr mwene FAR Rabat ===
Nyuma yuko amasezerano ye muri Aberdeen arangiye, yahise agaruka gukina umupira wamaguru muri [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe|United Arab Emirates]] hamwe na Al-Nassr umwaka umwe, mbere yo gusubira mu gihugu cye cya Maroc mu 2003, asinyira FAR Rabat. aho yatsindiye Coupe du Trone muri uwo mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2004 |title=Zerouali killed in car accident |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/aberdeen/4070807.stm |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&quot;Zerouali killed in car accident&quot; . BBC

Sport. 6 December 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi mpuzamahanga ==
Zerouali yakinnye imikino 7 mu ikipe yumupira wamaguru ya Maroc maze atsinda ibitego bitatu. Yakiniye Maroc mu gikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu byabereye muri [[Mali]] mu 2002 maze atsinda ibitego bibiri yatsinze [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]] ibitego 2-1. Yakinnye kandi muri Shampiyona y’urubyiruko mu 1997. Yari mu ikipe mpuzamahanga ukwezi mbere yuko apfa.

== Urupfu ==

== Abasesenguzi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Maroke]]</text>
      <sha1>2znuvsg8de5xmflvxtp22w0hmrfhrdo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rachid Rguig</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15154</id>
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      <id>141869</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:05Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2326" sha1="hg9ue9der27lhatni6mt6kgpg08yidx" xml:space="preserve">'''Rachid Rguig''' (wavutse 1 Nzeri 1980) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga ukina umukino wa Jido muri Maroke, wakinnye mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyoroheje.  Yatsindiye umudari wa feza mu cyiciro cye mu marushanwa ya Afurika ya Jido yo mu 2009 yabereye i Port Louis muri [[Morise|Maurice]], nu muringa mu marushanwa ya Afurika ya Jido yo mu 2008 yabereye i Agadir, muri Maroke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008 African Championships – Agadir, Morocco |url=http://www.judoinside.com/event/view/5098/ |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Judo Inside}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 African Championships – Port Louis, Mauritius |url=http://www.judoinside.com/event/view/5838/ |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Judo Inside}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rguig yari ahagarariye [[Maroke|Maroc]] mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2008 yabereye i Beijing, aho yarushanijwe mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'abagabo (66)&amp;nbsp;kg). Yakiriye neza umukino wa kabiri wibanze, mbere yo gutsindwa, na ippon (point point) hamwe na juji gatame (ukuboko kwinyuma-perpendicular), kwa Benjamin Darbelet w’[[Ubufaransa]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Men's Half Lightweight (66kg/145 lbs) Preliminaries |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/judo/resultsandschedules/rsc=JUM066508/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821025649/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/judo/resultsandschedules/rsc=JUM066508/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2012 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubera ko uwo bahanganye yateye imbere mu mukino wanyuma, Rguig yatanze irindi shoti ry'umudari wa bronze yinjira mu cyiciro cya repechage. Kubwamahirwe, yatsinzwe kumukino we wambere numunyakanada Sasha Mehmedovic, watsinze neza waza-ari awasete ippon (point point) hamwe na kata gatame (gufata urutugu), muminota ibiri namasegonda mirongo itatu n'atandatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Men's Half Lightweight (66kg/145 lbs) Repechage |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/judo/resultsandschedules/rsc=JUM066552/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821030705/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/judo/resultsandschedules/rsc=JUM066552/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2012 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Maroke]]</text>
      <sha1>hg9ue9der27lhatni6mt6kgpg08yidx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Ahey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141805</id>
      <parentid>119394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1994" sha1="geiuvwpt2g0pi7chbm5ct6fbgeq466p" xml:space="preserve">
'''Michael Kofi Ahey''' (wavutse ku ya 22 [[Gana|Ugushyingo]] 1939) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-13 |title=Michael Kofi AHEY - Olympic Athletics {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.olympic.org/michael-kofi-ahey |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=International Olympic Committee |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ni umukinnyi wabigize umwuga wakomokaga muri Gana, yirukankaga muri metero ndende nka Marato, yahatanye mu 1964 mu mpeshyi, yongera mu 1968 nabwo mumpeshyi, yongera kugaruka na one mu mpeshyi yo 1972.&lt;ref&gt;https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ghana/michael-ahey-14346492&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://olympics.com/fr/athletes/michael-kofi-ahey&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theirishfield.ie/results-round-up-march-11th-2023-753210&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theirishfield.ie/results-round-up-february-25th-2023-750852&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1074325/mike-ahey-oko-addy-and-ohene-karikari-honored.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-sprint-ghaneen-veut-etre-sexy-a-nouveau/3537542.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/sports/267653/Commonwealth-Games-Boxing-hen-laying-Ghana-s-golden-eggs&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1201379/big-boost-for-13th-african-games.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/comment/features/202210/476995.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313142146/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/comment/features/202210/476995.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theirishfield.ie/results-round-up-july-2nd-2022-707250&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/11/11/charlton-ehizuelen-long-jump-was-destined-to-give-nigeria-first-olympic-gold/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/11/11/charlton-ehizuelen-long-jump-was-destined-to-give-nigeria-first-olympic-gold/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theirishfield.ie/results-round-up-october-1st-2022-725664&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]]</text>
      <sha1>geiuvwpt2g0pi7chbm5ct6fbgeq466p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vida Anim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141950</id>
      <parentid>122581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="7360" sha1="qntxj5if6yxqgkn6te2lybl6koz94lo" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Vida Anim Berlin 2009.jpg|thumb|Vida Anim]]
'''Vida Anim''' (wavutse ku ya 7 Ukuboza 1983 &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vida Anim&quot; . Official website of London 2012

Olympics . Archived from the original on 5 August

2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku maguru uvuka muri Greater [[Accra]] muri [[Gana]] uzobereye muri metero 100 na 200. &lt;ref name=&quot;beijing&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906221623/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/9/219129.shtml Athlete biography: Vida Anim], beijing2008.cn, ret: 27 August 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Hamwe na [[Mavis Akoto]], Monica Twum na Vida Nsiah, afite rekodi yo muri Gana mu kwiruka metero 4x100 akoresheje amasegonda 43.19, ibyo bikaba byagezweho mu gihe cy'amarushanwa mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2000 yabereye i Sydney. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gbrathletics.com/cw99.htm Commonwealth All-Time Lists (Women)] – GBR Athletics&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko zipiganwa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!Umwaka
!Amarushanwa
!Igihugu
!Umwanya
!Ubureure
!Igihe
|-
|1999
|[[Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|[[Johannesburg, South Africa]]
|8th
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games – Women's 200 metres|23.81]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2000
|[[2000 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] 
|[[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|4 × 100 m relay
|43.99
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] 
|[[Sydney, Australia]]
|9th (sf)
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|43.19]] (NR)
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]
|4th
|100 m
|[[2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.58]] &lt;small&gt;(wind: +2.0&amp;nbsp;m/s)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|200 m
|[[2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.81]] &lt;small&gt;(wind: +0.7&amp;nbsp;m/s)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2002
|[[Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] 
|[[Manchester, United Kingdom]]
|21st (h)
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres|12.27]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2003
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]]
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games – Women's 100 metres|11.29]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games – Women's 200 metres|23.17]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Paris, France]]
|13th (qf)
|100 m
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.29]]
|-
|14th (sf)
|200 m
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.16]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] 
|[[Budapest, Hungary]]
|11th (sf)
|60 m
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres|7.25]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] 
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|31st (qf)
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|DNF]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2005
|rowspan=2|[[2005 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Helsinki, Finland]]
|17th (qf)
|100 m
|[[2005 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.41]]
|-
|19th (h)
|200 m
|[[2005 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|24.16]]
|-
|rowspan=8|2006
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Melbourne, Australia]]
|12th (sf)
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres|11.51]]
|-
|6th
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metres|23.34]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Bambous, Mauritius]]
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|100 m
|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.58]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|200 m
|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|22.90]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[2006 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|44.43]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2006 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Athens, Greece]]
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|100 m
|11.21
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|200 m
|22.81 PB
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|4 × 100 m relay
|43.61
|-
|rowspan=6|2007
|rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Algiers, Algeria]]
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | 3rd
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Women's 100 metres|11.33]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Women's 200 metres|23.29]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Women's 4 x 100 metres relay|43.84]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|20th (qf)
|100 m
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.36]]
|-
|26th (qf)
|200 m
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.47]]
|-
|12th (h)
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|43.76]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2008
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] 
|[[Valencia, Spain]]
|22nd (sf)
|60 m
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres|7.45]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|100 m
|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.43]]
|-
|6th (sf)
|200 m
|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.76]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[2008 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 x 100 metres relay|44.12]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] 
|[[Beijing, China]]
|15th (sf)
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|11.51]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|rowspan=2|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|13th (sf)
|100 m
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.43]]
|-
|20th (sf)
|200 m
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.36]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2011
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|rowspan=2|[[Maputo, Mozambique]]
|4th
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's 100 metres|11.37]]
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's 200 metres|23.06]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Istanbul, Turkey]]
|18th (sf)
|60 m
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres|7.36]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London|London, United Kingdom]]
|43rd (h)
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres|23.71]]
|}

=== Umuntu mwiza ===

* 60 m - 7.18 s (2004, mu nzu)
* Metero 100 - 11.14 s (2004) - amateka yigihugu.
* Metero 200 -22.81 s (2006) - amateka yigihugu ni 22.80 s.

== Abasesenguzi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]]</text>
      <sha1>qntxj5if6yxqgkn6te2lybl6koz94lo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141840</id>
      <parentid>139220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6731" sha1="hxs9y8cb2v5mio91dsk3ahg9gl2jm3f" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Forest Landscape Integrity Index map of Earth, 2019 (forest condition by degree of anthropogenic modification).png|thumb|265x265px| Igipimo cy’uburinganire bw’amashyamba cyerekana ihindura amashyamba asigaye ]]
[[Dosiye:Annual change in forest area, world map, OWID.png|alt=This screen shot shows a map that highlights countries based on their net change rate of forest area. Areas that appear more blue have a higher net change rate than areas that appear tan. Brown areas indicate a net loss of forest area.|thumb| Agace k’amashyamba igipimo cy’imihindagurikire y’igihugu muri 2020]]
Gutema amashyamba ni uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sutter |first=John D. |date=13 August 2015 |title=10 climate change villains |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/13/opinions/gallery/top-climate-change-contributors/index.html |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=139}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka ku mashyamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2022-10-19 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Forests |url=https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-impacts-forests |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihinduka ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, mu buryo bwo gutema amashyamba,  ni isoko rya kabiri rinini rya ya karuboni yo mu kirere, nyuma yo gutwikwa na peteroli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions {{!}} CO2 Human Emissions |url=https://www.che-project.eu/news/main-sources-carbon-dioxide-emissions |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=www.che-project.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imyuka ya parike isohoka mugihe cyo gutwika biyomasi yishyamba no kubora ibikoresho byi bimera bisigaye hamwe na karuboni yubutaka. Icyitegererezo cyisi yose hamwe nu bubiko bwa parike yi gihugu itanga ibisubizo bisa kubyangiza amashyamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;muri 2019  , gutema amashyamba bishinzwe hafi 11 ku ijana mu byuka bihumanya ikirere.  Ibyuka byangiza imyuka yo gutema amashyamba birihuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=444–451}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2022-02-28 |title=Deforestation emissions far higher than previously thought, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/28/deforestation-emissions-far-higher-than-previously-thought-study-finds-aoe |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukura amashyamba ni karuboni ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Zimwe mu ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nk’umuriro mwinshi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=981}}&lt;/ref&gt; zishobora kongera amashyamba. 
[[Dosiye:Des Poulets Goliath de couleur beige dans un poulailler au Bénin.jpg|thumb|Ubworozi]]
Gutema amashyamba biza muburyo bwinshi: umuriro w’ishyamba, gutema ubuhinzi, korora amatungo, no gutema ibiti, . Umubare munini wi bikorwa byu buhinzi bivamo amashyamba biterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Government Subsidies for Agriculture May Exacerbate Deforestation, says new UN report |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/government-subsidies-for-agriculture-may-exacerbate-deforestation-says-new-un-report/#:~:text=An%20estimated%2080%20per%20cent,a%20new%20United%20Nations%20brief.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amashyamba afite 31 ki ijana yubutaka bwisi kandi buri mwaka kilometero kare 75.700 (bingana na hegitari miliyoni 18.7) zishyamba ziratakara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WWF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation |access-date=2018-04-18 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nk’uko ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’isi kibitangaza, habayeho kwiyongera kwa 12 ku ijana mu gutakaza amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha kuva muri 2019 kugeza 2020.  Gutema amashyamba menshi bikomeje kubangamira amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, na serivisi y'ibidukikije batanga. Igice nyamukuru gihangayikishijwe no gutema amashyamba ni mumashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha kubera ko atuwe n’ibinyabuzima byinshi ku isi.

== Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ==

== Impamvu zitera amashyamba ==
[[Dosiye:Ladd_photo_of_solid-tired_Moreland_logging_trucks_of_Biles_Coleman_Lumber_Co._on_the_Moses_Mountain_logging_unit...._-_NARA_-_298699.jpg|thumb| Amakamyo yo gutema ibiti bya Moreland]]

=== Ubworozi ===
Ubworozi bw'amatungo busaba igice kinini cy'ubutaka bwo korora amashyo y'amatungo n'ibihingwa by'amatungo kubyo abaguzi bakeneye. Nk’uko [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Umutungo Kamere|ikigega cy'isi cyita ku nyamaswa kibitangaza]], &quot;Ubworozi bw'inka nini ni bwo bwa mbere mu guteza amashyamba mu bihugu hafi ya byose bya Amazone, kandi bingana na 80% by'amashyamba muri iki gihe.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unsustainable Cattle Ranching |url=https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/amazon_threats/unsustainable_cattle_ranching/ |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=World Wildlife Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubworozi bw’amatungo bwashinzwe muri Tejas mugihe cya Misiyoni ya Espagne, hagati ya 1820 na 1865 kandi bwari butwarwa ahanini n’[[inka]] zo muri [[Megizike|Mexico]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Cattle ranching - a brief history |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/americanwest/cattleranchingrev1.shtml |access-date=2018-04-29 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Texas Tradition of Cattle Ranching Began in Tejas {{!}} THC.Texas.gov - Texas Historical Commission |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/blog/texas-tradition-cattle-ranching-began-tejas |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.thc.texas.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma, ubwo ubutumwa bwari bumaze gufungwa maze abapadiri n'abasirikare bava muri ako gace ariko bagasiga inka inyuma, umurimo wafashwe n'abenegihugu ku giti cyabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'intambara y'abenegihugu, Texans yatangiye gukusanya inka no kugurisha amajyaruguru muri leta nka Kansas na Illinois. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Nk’uko bitangazwa na [[Amahoro Masa|Greenpeace]], umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uharanira ibidukikije ku isi, inganda z’inka nizo zifite uruhare runini mu kohereza imyuka ya metani kubera ko 60% by’inyamabere zose ku isi ari inka z’amatungo.   Gusimbuza ubutaka bw’amashyamba n’inzuri bitera igihombo cy’amashyamba, ibyo bikaba biganisha ku kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gutwika uburyo bw’ubuhinzi no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=e20210262}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwagura ubuhinzi ===
[[Dosiye:Amazon_slash_and_burn_agriculture_Colombia_South_America.jpg|thumb| Amazone yatemye-yaka ubuhinzi, Kolombiya]]

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


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    <title>Amababi yangiza</title>
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[[Dosiye:Blue-gree_algae_bloom_Lake_Erie.png|thumb|  (algae yubururu-icyatsi kibisi) irabya ku kiyaga cya Erie (Amerika) mu 2009. Ubu bwoko bwa algae burashobora gutera uburabyo bwangiza.]]
Rimwe na rimwe nti bisobanutse icyateye HABs yihariye kuko ibibera ahantu hamwe bigaragara ko ari ibintu bisanzwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=1007–1015}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu gihe ahandi bigaragara ko ari ibisubizo byi bikorwa bya bantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=49–52}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu turere tumwe na tumwe hari aho uhurira na bashoferi nki ntungamubiri, ariko  nazo zabayeho kuva mbere yuko abantu batangira kugira ingaruka kubidukikije. HABs iterwa na eutrophication, ikaba ari intungamubiri nyinshi mu mazi. Intungamubiri ebyiri zikunze kugaragara ni azote (nitirate, ammonia, na urea) na fosifate. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=Harmful Algal Blooms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/habs/general.html |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Intungamubiri zirenze urugero zitangwa [[Agricultural pollution|n'ubuhinzi]], umwanda w’inganda, gukoresha [[ifumbire]] ikabije mu mijyi / mu mijyi, hamwe no gutemba kw'imijyi. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwamazi no gutembera gake nabyo bigira uruhare.
[[Dosiye:Amababi y'ivyo dusanga mukibira.jpg|thumb|Amababi]]

== Ibisobanuro no kubiranga ==
Irashobora kugaragara nkifuro, ibibyimba, cyangwa mateli hejuru cyangwa munsi yubutaka bwamazi kandi irashobora gufata amabara atandukanye bitewe nibibara. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=Harmful Algal Blooms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/habs/general.html |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/habs/general.html &quot;Harmful Algal Blooms&quot;]. [[Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara|CDC]]. 9 March 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ibiro byimshwe irabya mu biyaga cyangwa imigezi y'amazi meza bishobora kugaragara nk'icyatsi kibisi, akenshi gifite imirongo igaragara isa n'irangi ireremba. &lt;ref name=&quot;California&quot;&gt;[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pyramid-lake-algae-bloom-20160714-snap-story.html &quot;Summer conditions growing toxic algae blooms in two California lakes&quot;], ''Los Angeles Times'', July 21, 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Indabyo za Cyane bacteriya nikibazo cyisi yose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=4–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagambo ==

== Ubwoko ==
[[Dosiye:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg|thumb| Ishusho ya satelite yikiyaga cya Erie mugihe cya algal yangiza muri 2011.]]
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


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    <title>Gutunganya amazi y’ubuhinzi</title>
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Abahinzi barashobora gu shiraho ibikorya birwanya isuri nziza kugirango bagabanye imigezi kandi bagumane ubutaka mu mirima yabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erosion |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/erosion/ |access-date=2020-11-19 |publisher=US Natural Resources Conservation Service |location=Washington, DC |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414170228/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/crops/erosion/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ubuhanga busanzwe burimo guhinga konteri, guhinga ibihingwa, guhinduranya ibihingwa, gutera ibihingwa bimaze igihe no gushyiraho imigezi yinzuzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRCS-NCPS&quot;&gt;U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/technical/cp/ncps/ &quot;National Conservation Practice Standards.&quot;] National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2015-10-02.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EPA-agmm&quot; /&gt;  Abahinzi barashobora kandi guteza imbere no gushyira mubikorwa gahunda yo gucunga intungamubiri kugirango bagabanye gukoresha intungamubiri zikabije &lt;ref name=&quot;NRCS-NCPS&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EPA-agmm&quot; /&gt; no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwanduza intungamubiri. Kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nudukoko, abahinzi barashobora gukoresha uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza  (bushobora no kurwanya udukoko twangiza) kugirango bakomeze kurwanya udukoko, kugabanya kwishingira imiti yica udukoko, no kurinda ubwiza bw’amazi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2017-06-27 |title=Integrated Pest Management Principles |url=https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles |website=Pest Control and Pesticide Safety for Consumers |publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwanda udahumanye ==
[[Dosiye:Eroded_soils_in_Iowa.png|right|thumb| Ubutaka bwangirika cyane kumurima muri Iowa]]

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|2}}
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    <title>Houda Ben Daya</title>
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      <text bytes="1240" sha1="qttte5v14udoyinrd6ba3utjrbm1jip" xml:space="preserve">'''Houda Ben Daya''' (wavutse ku ya 21 Nyakanga 1979) ni umukinnyi ukina umukino wa jido ukomoka muri [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]], wi tabiriye icyiciro cya kabiri cya marushanwa ya bagore baremereye.  Yatwaye imidari itanu, harimo iya zahabu eshatu zo muri Shampiyona nya furika ndetse nu muringa mu mikino ya mediterane yo mu 2001 yabereye muri Tuniziya, maze ahagararira igihugu cye cya [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] mu birometero 78 mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2004 .  

Ben Daya yujuje ibisabwa mu ikipe ya Tuniziya mu cyiciro cya bagore baremereye mu biro 78 mu mikino Olempike yo mu 2004 yabereye muri Atenayi, mu kuza ku mwanya wa jido no guhabwa ikiruhuko muri Shampiyona nya furika yabereye muri Tuniziya.   Yatsinzwe umukino wo gufungura na Edinanci Silva wo muri Berezile, watsinze ippon maze amurusha imbaraga kuri tatami akoresheje uchi mata  mu minota itatu na masegonda cumi n'u munani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2004 |title=Judo: Women's Half-Heavyweight (78kg/172 lbs) Round of 16 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/martial_arts/results/3534182.stm |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=[[Athens 2004]] |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukunnyi wa Tuniziya]]</text>
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    <title>Byinshi ku mushinga ‘Green Gicumbi’ ukomeje gukora itandukaniro mu kurengera ibidukikije</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
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      <text bytes="8175" sha1="4yqpzj0imdygyovloko5p8lrc0kmvjd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Minister Biruta visits Green Fund investments - 25149971670.jpg|thumb|Green Rwanda]]
Green Gicumbi Project, ni umwe mu mishinga minini u Rwanda rufite yo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe no kubaka ubukungu butangiza ibidukikije, aho mu myaka itandatu uzamara uzatwara asaga miliyari 32 Frw.
Watekerejweho ngo ushyirwe mu bikorwa, nyuma y’uko bigaragajwe ko u Rwanda ari kimwe mu bihugu bifite ibyago byo kwibasirwa n’ingaruka zikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe.

Raporo y’igihugu yakozwe muri 2018 yerekanye ko [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] by’umwihariko [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]], gafite ibyago biri hejuru byo kwibasirwa n’ingaruka zikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe, kakaba ku mwanya wa kabiri mu kugerwaho n’ingaruka zifitanye isano nayo.
Iyi niyo mpamvu nyamukuru yatumye aka karere gatoranywa ngo gakorerwemo uyu mushinga.

Watangijwe muri Mutarama 2020, nyuma y’uko muri 2019 Leta y’u Rwanda yabonye inkunga ya miliyoni zisaga 32 $ yatanzwe n’Ikigega gitera Inkunga Imishinga yo guhangana n’ Imihindagurikire y’Ibihe (GCF), ushyirwa mu bikorwa n’Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije (FONERWA).

Gumisiriza Nicolas, umuturage wo muri Koperative Kopabemu yo mu Murenge wa Rushaki mu Karere ka Gicumbi, igizwe n’abahinzi batubura ibirayi, ibishyimbo n’ingano, ashimira uyu mushinga kuko mbere utarabafasha gukora amaterasi, ubutaka bahingagaho bwari ku buhaname bubateza isuri ibangiriza imyaka bikabateza ibihombo.

Ati ‘‘Hari hahanamye mu buryo buteye ubwoba kandi abahinzi bagahinga uko biboneye.’’
[[Dosiye:Green Rwanda tea.jpg|thumb|rWANDA IS Going Green]]
Gumisiriza avuga ko mbere umushinga Green Gicumbi utaraza, ahantu bahingaga hatari amaterasi nta musaruro wavagamo.

Undi muturage wungukiye muri uyu mushinga, Mukagatare Jaqueline wo muri Koperative Kotemika yo mu Murenge wa Kaniga itubura ibirayi, avuga ko Umushinga Green Gicumbi utaraza ngo ubahitiremo imbuto y’ibirayi iberanye n’ubutaka bafite, bakuragamo umusaruro muke.

Ati ‘‘Twahingaga nka toni nk’ebyiri tukabonamo nka toni eshatu, tukumva turi guhomba.’’

Mukagatare avuga ko imbuto y’ibirayi byo mu bwoko bwa Kinigi bari gutubura, bayitezeho umusaruro uruta uwo babonaga mbere.

Umuyobozi w’Umushinga Green Gicumbi, Kagenza Jean Marie Vianney, yabwiye IGIHE ko n’ubwo uyu mushinga umaze imyaka itatu utangiye, ugeze ku rugero rushimishije ushyirwa mu bikorwa.

Ati ‘‘Umushinga ubungubu ugeze nko kuri 65% ugereranyije n’intego z’imyaka itandatu.’’

Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Gicumbi uyu mushinga uherereyemo, Nzabonimpa Emmanuel, avuga ko wahaye abaturage akazi ukabafasha no mu bundi buryo, ibituma aka karere kaza ku mwanya wa mbere mu kwitabira gahunda ya ‘Ejo Heza’.

Ati ‘‘Ibijyanye na Ejo Heza ubu mu gihugu turi aba mbere, twafatanyije na bo.’’

Mu gihe cy’imyaka itandatu uyu mushinga uzamara, uzaba ugizwe n’ibyiciro by’ibikorwa 133 bikubiye mu byiciro bito 27, ndetse n’ibice bine.

Uyu mushinga uzita ku kubungabunga Icyogogo cy’Umuvumba no guteza imbere ubuhinzi bwihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe, uburyo burambye bwo gucunga amashyamba no kubyaza umusaruro ibiyakomokaho ndetse no guteza imbere ku buryo burambye ingufu zitangiza ibidukikije.

Uzita kandi ku miturire itangiza ibidukikije kandi ibasha guhangana n’ingaruka zikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe, n’uburyo bwo gusangira ubumenyi ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe ndetse no kubyinjiza muri gahunda zitandukanye.

Ibimaze kugerwaho n’umushinga Green Gicumbi

Mu ngingo yo kubungabunga icyogogo cy’Umuvumba no guteza imbere ubuhinzi bwihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
[[Dosiye:Ikirere c'ikabonobono.jpg|thumb|ikirere]]
Hegitari 12,000 z’ubutaka bwarinzwe isuri binyuze mu gukora amaterasi y’indinganganire n’amaterasi yikora, abaturage 23,000 bahawe imirimo muri uyu umushinga.

Hegitari 4,801 zateweho ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka izindi Hegitari 981 zateweho ibiti bifata ubutaka.

Hegitari 40 zateweho ikawa yo ku musozi, yihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe inongera umusaruro w’ikawa.

Hegitari 50 zateweho icyayi cyo ku musozi, kihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe hagamijwe guhangana n’ingaruka ziyikomokaho no kongera umusaruro w’icyayi.

Hubatswe sitasiyo eshatu z’iteganyagihe, mu rwego rwo gutanga amakuru y’iteganyagihe mu buryo bwihuse, ku bahinzi.

Inka 160 zahawe imiryango itishoboye muri gahunda ya Girinka, mu rwego rwo kuzamura iterambere ryabo.

Miliyoni 694 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda zatanzwe ku mishinga yo kurengera ibidukikije no guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, yakozwe na koperative 14 zo mu mirenge 9 umushinga ukoreramo.

Mu kubungabunga amashyamba ku buryo burambye, hanagabanywa ibicanwa biyakomokaho, hegitari 1,107 z’amashyamba zaravuguruwe.

Imbabura zironderereza ibicanywa 19,900 zahawe imiryango itishoboye mu rwego rwo kugabanya itemwa ry’amashyamba no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.

Imizinga ya kijyambere 300 yahawe koperative ndetse n’abavumvu 40 bahugurirwa gukora ubuvumvu bwa kijyambere. Ingemwe nziza 3,300,000 zarafumbiwe ndetse zitererwa ku gihe.

Utwuma 40 dufasha mu gukoresha neza ingufu mu ruganda (VSD), twashyizwe mu ruganda rw’icyayi rwa Mulindi, hubakwa ubwanikiro bw’inkwi ku ruganda rw’icyayi rwa Mulindi ndetse imiryango 10 ihabwa Biogaz.

Mu mushinga Green Gicumbi ibigo 40 by’amashuri byahawe mivero nini, mu rwego rwo gufasha mu kugabanya ibicanwa n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ndetse toni 5,746 z’imyuka ya Co2 zigabanywa n’ibikorwa by’umushinga.
[[Dosiye:Ikirere cyaburera.jpg|thumb|imihindagurikire y'ikirere]]
Himakajwe imiturire yihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe

Mu kwimakaza imiturire yihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe, hubatswe ibigega 135 bifata amazi y’imvura aturuka ku bisenge by’amazu, ibindi bibini byubakwa munsi y’ubutaka. Byafashe amazi angana na litiro 3,028,000.

Ibyobo bifata amazi byaciwe kuri Hegitari 32 n’inzitiro 4,642 zigabanya umuvuduko w’amazi, zikanarwanya isuri zubatswe mu mikoki.

Umudugudu wihanganira imihindagurikire y’ibihe wubatswe mu Murenge wa Rubaya utuzwamo imiryango itishoboye 40 yari ituye mu manegeka, naho undi urimo kubakwa mu murenge wa Kaniga kugira ngo uzatuzwemo imiryango 60 itishoboye igituye mu manegeka.

Inkoko 200 zorojwe imiryango 40 yatujwe mu Mudugudu wa Rubaya. Ibilometero 30 byo ku nkengero z’imihanda n’imigezi zateweho ibiti bifata ubutaka birimo imigano n’urubingo.

Ku bijyanye no gusangira ubumenyi no kubwingija mu mikorere, abantu 7,215 bahuguwe ku ntego z’umushinga, impamvu z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, ingaruka zayo ndetse n’ingamba zo gukumira.

Ibyiciro 185 bya za komite zo ku Rwego rw’Ibanze zashyizweho, ndetse zigishwa ku ruhare rwazo mu bikorwa by’umushinga.

Binyuze mu kigega cya FONERWA cyo gufasha imishinga y’aho abaturage batuye, ndetse no muri Banki y’isi, koperative 77 zongerewe ubumenyi ndetse zihugurwa ku buryo bwo gutegura imishinga ibyara inyungu igamije kubungabunga ibidukikije no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.

Kugeza ubu, koperative 29 zashyikirije Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Amakoperative, RCA, ubusabe bwazo bwo guhabwa ubuzima gatozi, 13 muri zo zamaze kubuhabwa.

Umushinga Green Gicumbi nurangira, abagenerwabikorwa bazakomeza gusigasira ibyakozwe kuko bazaba baramaze gusobanurirwa neza no kumva icyo uyu mushinga wabamariye.

Ubarizwa mu Mirenge icyenda muri 21 igize Akarere ka Gicumbi, ari yo Rubaya, Cyumba, Kaniga, Mukarange, Rushaki, Shangasha, Manyagiro, Byumba na Bwisige.

Biteganyijwe ko uyu mushinga uzahindura ubuzima bw’abaturage ugashyira mu mibereho myiza abagera ku bihumbi 530, mu buryo buziguye n’ubutaziguye.

Muri miliyari zisaga 32 Frw zizashorwa muri uyu mushinga, hamaze gukoreshwamo miliyari zisaga 18 Frw.

Hiyongereyeho miliyari imwe isaga yatanzwe na Banki y’Isi binyuze muri GCF, itangwa nk’inkunga y’inyongera. Muri ayo mafaranga, binyuze muri FONERWA, amakoperative 14 amaze guhabwaho miliyoni 690.

== amashakiro ==
http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/byinshi-ku-mushinga-green-gicumbi-ukomeje-gukora-itandukaniro-mu-kurengera</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imisozi ya Kukuruku (Nijeriya)</title>
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      <text bytes="436" sha1="aarj79jrnwzoiy0ljih252e9o1vkmmm" xml:space="preserve">'''Imisozi ya Kukuruku''' ni agace gakomeye k'imisozi miremire yatandukanijwe muri [[Nijeriya]]. Irimo (mu magambo yavanyweho) Igice cya Afenmai, kizwi kugeza mu 1957 cyitwa Diviziyo ya Kukuruku, ndetse no mu bice bya Owo na Ekiti, ndetse no mu Ntara ya Kabba  mu sihugu cya Nijeriya. &lt;ref&gt;''Geographical Regions of Nigeria'', 1970, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AGuri9TP5kgC&amp;pg=PA109&amp;lpg=PA109 p.109]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubuhinzi burambye</title>
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      <text bytes="5911" sha1="4ttey9gnzhvvovx2whctsbnzn1uttn9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sembrado de soja en argentina.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi burambye]]
'''Ubuhinzi burambye''' ni [[ubuhinzi]] bukorwa muburyo burambye bwuzuza ibyo umuryango ukeneye harimo ibiryo hamwe  n'imyenda, bitabangamiye ubushobozi bwibiriho cyangwa ibizaza kugirango babone ibyo bakeneye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=What is sustainable agriculture {{!}} Agricultural Sustainability Institute |url=https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture |access-date=2019-01-20 |website=asi.ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irashobora gushingira kumyumvire ya serivisi y'ibidukikije. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kongera ubuhinzi burambye. Iyo utezimbere ubuhinzi mu rwego rwibiribwa muburyo burambye, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ubucuruzi bworoshye nu buryo bwo guhinga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2016 |title=Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture |url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/busdev/facts/15-023.htm |access-date=10 October 2019 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuhinzi bufite umyanya mu nini mu kirere ndetse no ku ibidukikije, bugira uruhare runini [[Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi|mu guteza i,mbere imihindagurikire y’ikirere]] (sisitemu y’ibiribwa ishinzwe kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere),  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=198–209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuke bw’amazi, umwanda w’amazi, iyangirika ry’ubutaka, gutema amashyamba n’ibindi bikorwa;  icyarimwe itera impinduka z'ibidukikije kandi bigira ingaruka kuri izi mpinduka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=4–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuhinzi burambye bugizwe nu buryo bwangiza ibidukikije bwo guhinga butanga umusaruro w'ibihingwa cyangwa amatungo bitangiza gahunda za bantu cyangwa kamere. Harimo gukumira ingaruka mbi ku butaka, amazi, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, umutungo ukikije cyangwa umanuka - kimwe n'abakora cyangwa abatuye  murima cyangwa mu baturanyi. Ibigize ubuhinzi burambye birashobora kubamo ubuhinzi bwimbuto, ubuhinzi [[Agroforestry|bw’amashyamba]], ubuhinzi buvanze, guhinga byinshi, no guhinduranya ibihingwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ben Falk, ''The resilient farm and homestead: An innovative permaculture and whole systems design approach''. Chelsea Green, 2013. pp. 61–78.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gutezimbere uburyo burambye bwibiribwa bigira uruhare mu kuramba kwabaturage. Kurugero, bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ugushiraho gahunda y'i biribwa irambye ishingiye ku buhinzi burambye. Ubuhinzi burambye butanga igisubizo gishoboka kugirango sisitemu yubuhinzi igaburire abaturage biyongera mugihe ibidukikije bihinduka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=4–17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRockströmWilliamsDailyNoble2016&quot;&gt;Rockström, Johan; Williams, John; Daily, Gretchen; Noble, Andrew; Matthews, Nathanial; Gordon, Line; Wetterstrand, Hanna; DeClerck, Fabrice; Shah, Mihir (2016-05-13). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226894 &quot;Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability&quot;]. ''Ambio''. '''46''' (1): 4–17. [[Doi (ibiranga)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0793-6|10.1007/s13280-016-0793-6]]. [[PMC (ibiranga)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226894 5226894]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ibiranga)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27405653 27405653].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Usibye uburyo burambye bwo guhinga, [[Sustainable diet|guhinduranya imirire ku mafunguro arambye]] ni inzira ifatanye yo kugabanya cyane ingaruka z’ibidukikije. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shifting to Sustainable Diets |url=https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/shifting-sustainable-diets |access-date=26 April 2022 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=3–15.e1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=1–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=29–37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibipimo byinshi birambye hamwe na sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo birahari, harimo ibyemezo kama,  Ubucuruzi buboneye, Inshuti Yinyoni, hamwe nu ruhungusza rusange yumuryango wa Kawa (4C). &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sustainable agriculture for a better world |url=https://saiplatform.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibisobanuro ==
Ijambo ubuhinzi burambye ryasobanuwe mu 1977 na USDA  nka gahunda ihuriweho n’ibikorwa by’ibihingwa n’inyamanswa bifite aho bihurira bizakoreshwa mu gihe kirekire: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Nyamara igitekerezo cyo kugirana umubano  mwiza kandi urambye nu butaka cyiganje mu baturage batwitse mbere yikinyejana mbere yuko iryo jambo ryongerwa kumugaragaro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=123–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intego ==

=== Amahame y'ingenzi ===
Hariho amahame menshi yingenzi ajyanye no kuramba mubuhinzi: &lt;ref name=&quot;Pretty2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=447–465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibidukikije ==
[[Dosiye:Traditional_ploughing_-_Karnataka.jpg|left|thumb| Uburyo bwo guhinga gakondo bufite karuboni nkeya. ]]
Imyitozo ishobora kwangiza ubutaka igihe kirekire harimo guhinga cyane ubutaka (biganisha ku isuri) no kuhira nta mazi ahagije (biganisha ku munyu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=154–164}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=844–853}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Conservation_farming_02.jpg|thumb| Guhinga kubungabunga [[Zambiya]]]]

=== Intungamubiri ===

==== Nitrates ====
[[Dosiye:Walls_against_water_runoff.JPG|thumb| Inkuta zubatswe kugirango birinde amazi, Andhra Pradesh, Ubuhinde]]

== Amateka ==

== Reba ==

== Inkomoko ==
{{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture − In Brief|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%27s_Biodiversity_for_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%88%92_In_Brief_(FAO).pdf|license=CC BY-SA IGO 3.0}} 

[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubukangurambaga bwa Global Goal Jam mu Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="1925" sha1="ain5e13y7pnab6eja4p0bticsth77ff" xml:space="preserve">Mu 2018 na 2019, Green Protector yateguye ubukangurambaga bwiswe Global Goal Jam mu Rwanda. Global Goal Jam ni ubukangurambaga bumara iminsi ibiri ku isi hose aho abantu bafite dushya bahura bakigira hamwe ibibazo byugarije igihugu bashingiye ku Ntego z’Iterambere Rirambye z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye. Mu 2018, twafatanyije na Gahunda y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Yita ku Iterambere (UNDP) mu gutegura ubu bukangurambaga aho abantu bafite ubumenyi n’ubunararibonye barenga ijana basabye kwitabira. Muri abo, mirongo ine (40) nibo batoranyijwe maze bakora amatsinda icumi ariyo yigiye hamwe intego z’iterambere rirambye zashyizweho n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye arizo: Kurandura ubukene, Kwimakaza ubuzima bwiza n’imibereho myiza, Uburinganire, Gukoresha ingufu zihendutse kandi zidahumanya ikirere hamwe no Kubaka imijyi irambye kandi ibereye. 

Mu 2019, twafatanyije n’Abahagarariye zUmuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi mu Rwanda gutegura ubundi ubukangurambaga nk’ubwo bwabereye mu Rwanda. Abitabiriye ubu bukangurambaga bigiye hamwe zimwe mu Ntego z’Iterambere Rirambye). Ubu bukangurambaga bwari butandukanye n’ubwabaye mu 2018 kuko abitabiriye babonye umwanya wo kuganira n’abaturage, bakumva ibitekerezo byabo ku gukemura ibibazo birebana n’izi Ntego z’Iterambere Rirambye. Iyo hashize iminsi bari muri icyo gikorwa, hategurwa inama mpuzamahanga aho aya matsinda agaragariza abahagarariye guverinoma z’ibihugu bitandukanye ndetse n’abafatanyabikorwa igisubizo ku ku kibazo kiri mu Ntego z’Iterambere Rirambye (SDGs) baba bakozeho ubushakashatsi. Bitewe n’uko ayo matsinda aba agizwe n’abantu bafite ubumenyi n’ubunararibonye butandukanye, bahuriza hamwe bagashaka igisubizo cy’ikibazo cyugarije isi kandi bagashyiraho ingamba z’igihe gito zitanga umusaruro mu gihe kirekire.

== Amashakiro ==
https://web.archive.org/web/20230321025413/https://www.thegreenprotector.org/rw/ibyo-dukora/</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Congo</title>
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      <text bytes="7854" sha1="pblkhadjlgq3dhdhnopu7rhzyeotgm8" xml:space="preserve">'''Umugezi wa Congo''', ahahoze hitwa kandi ku '''mugezi wa Zayire''', ni uruzi rwa kabiri rurerure muri [[Afurika]], rugufi kuruta [[Nili]], ndetse nu mugezi wa kabiri munini ku isi ukurikije ubwinshi bw’amazi, ukurikira Amazone gusa. Ninzuzi zimbitse ku isi, zifite uburebure bwa metero 219.5. &lt;ref name=&quot;usgs2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-15 |access-date=2012-03-14 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gahunda ya Congo Lualaba   ifite uburebure bwa kolometero  4,700, ituma iba umugezi wa cyenda muremure kwisi. Chambeshi ni uruzi rw'umugezi wa Lualaba, naho ''Lualaba'' ni izina ry'umugezi wa Congo hejuru y’isumo rya Boyoma, rikagera kuri kolometero 1,800. .

Upimiye hamwe na Lualaba, uruzi runini, uruzi rwa congo rufite uburebure bwa kilometero 4,370. Ninzuzi nini yonyine yambuka Ekwateri kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo'' (1979), p. 6. &quot;Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic.&lt;br /&gt;In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibaya cya Kongo gifite ubuso bungana na 4,000,000 km, cyangwa 13% by'ubutaka bwose bwa Afurika.

== Izina ==
Izina ''Congo'' rikomoka mu Bwami bwa Kongo rimwe riherereye ku nkombe y'amajyepfo y'uruzi. Ubwami nabwo bwitiriwe abasangwabutaka Bantu Kongo, bazwi mu kinyejana cya 17 nka &quot;Esikongo&quot;.  Amajyepfo y'Ubwami bwa Kongo hakwiye gushyirwaho ubwami bwa Kakongo, bwavuzwe mu 1535. Abraham Ortelius yanditseho &quot;Manicongo&quot; nk'umujyi uri ku nkombe z'umugezi ku ikarita ye y'isi yo mu 1564. &lt;ref&gt;[[Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[Angola]] and [[Botswana]].&lt;/ref&gt; Amazina yimiryango muri ''Kongo'' birashoboka ko yakomotse kumagambo yo guteranira hamwe cyangwa guterana kwimiryango. Izina rya kijyambere ryabaturage ba Kongo cyangwa ''Bakongo'' ryatangijwe mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. 

== Ikibaya n'amasomo ==
[[Dosiye:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb| Ikirere kireba iburengerazuba bwumugezi wa congo hamwe hejuru ya kimwe cya kabiri cyaMalebo na Mbamu|232x232px]]
Ikibaya cy'amazi cya congo gifite kilometero  4,014,500, &lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|pages=338–339}}&lt;/ref&gt; agace kanini kuruta [[Ubuhinde]]. Kongo isohoka mu kanwa kayo iri hagati ya 23,000 to 75,000 m  , ugereranije ni 41,000 m   . &lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot; /&gt; Uruzi rutwara buri mwaka toni miliyoni 86 zubutaka bwahagaritswe mu nyanja ya Atalantika hamwe n’inyongera ya 6 ku ijana yuburiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb| Ikibaya n'amazi yo mu ruzi rwa congo hamwe n'ibihugu byaranzwe|231x231px]]
[[Dosiye:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb| Ikibaya n'amazi yo mu ruzi rwa Congo hamwe na topografiya igicucu|233x233px]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
 !Left tributary
 !Right tributary
 !Length (km)
 !Basin size (km²)
 !Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
 |-
 | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Congo'''
(river mouth to [[Kinshasa]])
 |-
 |M'pozo
 |
 |170
 |
 |79
 |-
 |Kwilu
 |
 |284
 |6,500
 |89
 |-
 |Inkisi
 |
 |392
 |13,500
 |291
 |-
 |
 |Djoué
 |175
 |6,225
 |158
 |-
 | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Congo'''
([[Kinshasa]] to the Boyoma Falls)
 |-
 |Nsele
 |
 |193
 |4,500
 |77
 |-
 |Lufimi
 |
 |250
 |11,500
 |199
 |-
 |Kasai
 |
 |2,153
 |884,370
 |11,600
 |-
 |
 |Léfini
 |
 |14,000
 |423
 |-
 |
 |Nkeni
 |
 |8,000
 |249
 |-
 |
 |Alima
 |500
 |21,030
 |700
 |-
 |
 |Likouala
 |615
 |69,800
 |1,053
 |-
 |
 |Sangha
 |1,395
 |191,953
 |2,471
 |-
 |Irebu
 |
 |35
 |7,380
 |106
 |-
 |
 |Ubangi
 |2,299
 |651,918
 |5,936
 |-
 |Ruki
 |
 |1,200
 |173,790
 |4,500
 |-
 |Ikelemba
 |
 |345
 |12,510
 |222
 |-
 |Lulonga
 |
 |705
 |76,950
 |2,040
 |-
 |
 |Mongala
 |590
 |52,200
 |709
 |-
 |
 |Itimbiri
 |535
 |50,490
 |773
 |-
 |
 |Aruwimi
 |1,287
 |116,100
 |2,200
 |-
 |Lomami
 |
 |1,798
 |109,080
 |2,062
 |-
 |
 |Lindi
 |600
 |60,300
 |1,200
 |-
 | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Congo'''
(Lualaba; upstream from the Boyoma Falls)
 |-
 |
 |[[Maiko (river)|Maiko]]
 |
 |
 |319
 |-
 |
 |Lilo
 |
 |
 |192
 |-
 |Ruiki
 |
 |
 |
 |126
 |-
 |Lilo
 |
 |
 |
 |93
 |-
 |
 |Lowa
 |600
 |49,590
 |1,625
 |-
 |
 |Ulindi
 |690
 |30,240
 |902
 |-
 |Kasuku
 |
 |
 |
 |176
 |-
 |
 |Ambe
 |
 |
 |68
 |-
 |
 |Elila
 |670
 |27,360
 |678
 |-
 |Lueki
 |
 |
 |
 |59
 |-
 |Lubutu
 |
 |
 |
 |57
 |-
 |
 |Kunda
 |
 |
 |41
 |-
 |
 |Luama
 |320
 |25,000
 |221
 |-
 |
 |Lukuga
 |350
 |271,580
 |271
 |-
 |Luvidjo
 |
 |240
 |
 |70
 |-
 |
 |Luvua
 |373
 |265,260
 |600
 |-
 |
 |Kalumen-
gongo
 |
 |
 |67
 |-
 |Lovoi
 |
 |
 |
 |186
 |-
 |
 |Lufira
 |590
 |51,480
 |502
 |-
 |Lubudi
 |
 |370
 |27,500
 |192
|}
'''Kongo yo hepfo''' (uruzi rwi nzuzi kugera [[Kinshasa]]) Hasi ya Kinshasa, kuva kumugezi wa Banana, hari imigezi minini.

'''Hagati ya Kongo''' ([[Kinshasa]] kugera ku Isumo rya Boyoma)

* Kwa-Kassai (ibumoso)
** Fimi
*** Lukenie
** Kwango
*** Kwilu
** Sankuru
* Alima (iburyo)
* Likouala - Mossaka (iburyo)
* Sangha (iburyo)
** Kadéï (570 km, 41.000 km², 466 m³ / s)
* Ubangi (iburyo)
** Mbomou
** Uele
* Tshuapa cyangwa Ruki (ibumoso)
* Lulonga (ibumoso)
** Lopori
** Maringa
* Mongala (iburyo)
* Itimbiri (iburyo)
* Aruwimi (iburyo)
* Lomami (ibumoso)
* Lindi (iburyo)

== Akamaro k'ubukungu ==
[[Dosiye:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Mbandaka_market.jpg|thumb| Umujyi wa Mbandaka ni icyambu kirimo abantu benshi ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Congo.|235x235px]]
[[Dosiye:Congo_maluku.jpg|right|thumb| Umugezi wa Kongo i Maluku .|236x236px]]
[[Dosiye:Chutes_Livingstone.jpg|thumb| Intangiriro yisumo rya Livingstone (Lower Congo Rapids) hafi ya [[Kinshasa]]|242x242px]]

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Inkomoko rusange ==

*  
* Forbath, Peter (1979). ''The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River''. New York: E. P. Dutton,.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-525-47573-7|0-525-47573-7]].

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Umushinga Wihishe Urugendo rwa Royal Geography Society :
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120922/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Johannesburg/Congo.aspx Umugezi wa Kongo]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172521/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/Audio%20Slideshows.aspx#level_16 Amashusho yerekana amajwi: Uruzi rwa Kongo: Gukurikiza inzira ya Sir Henry Morton Stanley] - Tim Butcher avuga urugendo rwe muri Kongo mu nzira y’umushakashatsi wo mu kinyejana cya 19 Sir Henry Morgan Stanley.
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&amp;view=wrapper&amp;Itemid=82 Bibliografiya ku mutungo w'amazi n'Isomero mpuzamahanga] ry'amahoro Isomero
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Ikarita yikibaya cyumugezi wa congo kumutungo wamazi eAtlas]
* [http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html Umushinga wa Kongo], ''Inzu Ndangamurage y’amateka Kamere y'Abanyamerika''
[[Ikiciro:Congo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flora Ugwunwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15600</id>
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      <id>142074</id>
      <parentid>122142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:42:02Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2898" sha1="lz4mashqjst37fdfrixbow03au7jlq8" xml:space="preserve">'''Flora Ugwunwa''' (wavutse ku ya 26 Kamena 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;women_shot_put_f54_world_para_championships_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's shot put F54 |url=https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823211951/https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=2019 World Para Athletics Championships}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;paralympic_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flora Ugwunwa |url=https://www.paralympic.org/flora-ugwunwa |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=paralympic.org |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaserukiye [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]] mu mikino Paralempike ya 2016 yabereye i [[Rio de Janeiro]], muri Burezili kandi yegukana umudari wa zahabu mu bagore bajugunye amajosi ya F 54 . &lt;ref name=&quot;paralympic_bio&quot; /&gt; Yashyizeho kandi amateka mashya ya 20.25m muri ibi birori. 

Yaserukiye Nijeriya mu mikino Paralempike ya 2020 yabereye i Tokiyo, mu [[Ubuyapani|Buyapani]] nyuma yo kwegukana umudari wa feza mu marushanwa y'umuhunda yo guta mu bagore F 54 mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y’imikino ngororamubiri ya Para yabereye i Dubai muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abarabu. &lt;ref name=&quot;world_para_2019_javelin_results_f54&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dubai 2019 Results {{!}} Event Overview - Women's javelin throw F54 |url=https://www.paralympic.org/dubai-2019/schedule/info-live-results/atdu19/eng/at/engat_athletics-results-women-s-javelin-throw-f54-1-01.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=paralympic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitabiriye kandi amasasu y'abagore ashyira F 54 ibirori aho yarangije ku mwanya wa 6. &lt;ref name=&quot;women_shot_put_f54_world_para_championships_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's shot put F54 |url=https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823211951/https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=2019 World Para Athletics Championships}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf &quot;Women's shot put F54&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''2019 World Para Athletics Championships''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200823211951/https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resATDU19/pdf/ATDU19/AT/ATDU19_AT_C73S_ATWS54100.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 23 August 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 August&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Nigeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>lz4mashqjst37fdfrixbow03au7jlq8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyumba ya Mungu Urugomero</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15677</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:01Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1149" sha1="m7xqeoxmqz101flcp6c2xrw6woqxyrh" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ubungo_Power_Plant.jpg|thumb|urugomero rw' amashanyarazi rwo muri tanzaniya |280x280px]]
'''Urugomero rwa Nyumba ya Mungu''' ni urugomero ruri muri [[Tanzaniya]], urugomero rwa mashanyarazi ruherereye   rukorera mu Karere ka Mwanga, mu Karere ka [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. Yubatswe mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 1960   ni amazi manini yo mu karere ka Kilimanjaro. '''Nyumba ya Mungu Ikigega'''. Ikigega gisangiwe n'akarere ka Moshi mu karere ka Kilimanjaro n'akarere ka Simanjiro mu karere ka Manyara. Nyumba ya Mungu bisobanura 'Inzu y'Imana'.  Ubushobozi bwayo bw'ashyizweho ni 8  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/pangani-hydro-system |access-date=27 July 2015 |website=Tanzania Electric Supply Company |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184705/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/pangani-hydro-system |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incamake ==

== Reba kandi ==

* Isosiyete itanga amashanyarazi muri Tanzaniya
* Urutonde rw'amashanyarazi muri Tanzaniya

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa Tanzaniya]]</text>
      <sha1>m7xqeoxmqz101flcp6c2xrw6woqxyrh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Lukenie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15685</id>
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      <id>141932</id>
      <parentid>93713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="2555" sha1="2xvtvr2fe0wgtpw8cjygop70z1i9ldb" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Kureba mu kirere '''uruzi rwa Lukeniye''' uko ruzenguruka mu mashyamba yo hagati ya Congo yo hagati yo muri Congo.]]
[[Dosiye:Kasai_River_Catchment_OSM.png|thumb| Umugezi wa Lukenie mu gufata Kasai (hejuru)]]
'''Umugezi wa Lukenie''' ni [[uruzi]] ruri mu kibaya cyo hagati cya Kongo hagati muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (DRC).

Inzuzi ziva i [[Kinshasa]] zerekeza muri [[Umugezi wa Congo|Congo]] (Kasayi), na uruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Fimi|Fimi]]  kugera i Lukeniye kugeza aho zimukiye i Kole, urugendo rw'i byumweru 6 kugeza 12. Ibi ntibikorwa mugihe cyamazi make (Kamena - Kanama), ariko, kubera gutinya guhagarara igihe kirekire. Lukenie ntabwo ishobora kugendagenda hejuru ya Kole.

Mu bihe bya mbere y’abakoloni b’Ababiligi, uruzi rimwe na rimwe rwakoreshwaga mu gutwara reberi ku biro nka Kole na Lodja ikamanuka ku kiyaga cya Leopold II. Nyamara, ibikoresho byinshi byazanwe ku butaka bwa Bene Dibele, mu majyepfo ku nkombe y’iburyo y’umugezi wa Sankuru munsi gato y’aho bihurira n’umugezi wa [[Umugezi wa Lubefu|Lubefu]], inzira yizewe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=65, 123–124}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bimwe mu bice nyamukuru [[Logging concession|by’ibiti]] bya Sodefor biri ku mpande zombi z'umugezi wa Lukenie, bishingiye kuri Oshwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |url=http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-02-03 |publisher=SODEFOR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nzeri 2010, abantu babarirwa mu magana bo muri Oshwe, umuryango wo mu Ntara ya Mai-Ndombe, bigaragambije barwanya SODEFOR. Basabye ko ihagarikwa ry’ibiti by’inganda muri kariya karere, byangiza amashyamba y’imvura abaturage bashingiyeho nta nyungu ku baturage bakennye. 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=Greenpeace20100923&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/Press-Centre-Hub/Press-releases/Greenpeace-witnesses-DRCs-Oshwe-Communities-Protest-Against-Logging-Company/
 |publisher=Greenpeace
 |title=Greenpeace witnesses DRC's Oshwe Communities Protest Against Logging Company
 |date=September 23, 2010
 |access-date=2012-02-03
 |archive-date=2012-01-30
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130190157/http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/Press-Centre-Hub/Press-releases/Greenpeace-witnesses-DRCs-Oshwe-Communities-Protest-Against-Logging-Company/
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]]</text>
      <sha1>2xvtvr2fe0wgtpw8cjygop70z1i9ldb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Momboyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15742</id>
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      <id>142073</id>
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      <text bytes="926" sha1="cfgw2opeuop5o0pxgq581huzaq05vvk" xml:space="preserve">'''Umugezi wa Momboyo''' (mu gifaransa ni umugezi wa Momboyo) ni uruzi ruri muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Ihurira nu mugezi wa Busira ikora uruzi rwa Ruki, [[Umugezi wa Congo|uruzi rw'umugezi wa Congo]]. Momboya nu mugezi wacyo mukuru Luilaka irashobora kugenda kuri kilometero 545 kuva ku isoko yawo.

== Aho biherereye ==

== Kubaho kwabantu ==
Imidugudu iherereye ku ruzi itanga umuriro muri Mbandaka n'i biribwa bihari bitandukanye, icy'ingenzi bihari ni  myumbati, ibigori n'amavuta y'imikindo. [5] Amazi y'inzuzi yandujwe no gusohoka mu masoko rusange k'uruhande rw'inzuzi. Ibi bivamo indwara ziterwa n'amazi nka diyare mu baturage bahaturinye. [6] Mu 2008 hagaragaye ibibazo by’inguge muri Ingende munsi y’umugezi no muri Boteka, kuri Momboya. Iyi ndwara iterwa ahanini  no kurya inyama z'inguge. [7]

== Inyandiko ==

== Imirongo ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== Inkomoko ==
 
[[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]]</text>
      <sha1>cfgw2opeuop5o0pxgq581huzaq05vvk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umugezi wa Mulobozi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15744</id>
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      <id>141706</id>
      <parentid>140312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:18:52Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="783" sha1="46xzquewg9smj5pwlnj713n8rzsw0cm" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Murray howlong.jpg|thumb]]
'''Umugezi wa Mulobozi''' ni uruzi ruri mu Ntara ya Tanganyika (ahari  Intara ya Katanga) wo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Itemba iva iburengerazuba, ikanyura mu misozi ya Marungu, mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika mu majyaruguru y'icyambu cya Moba. Amashyamba n'inzira y'inzuzi zayo ziri mu kaga gakomeye ko kurimbuka gaterwa  n’isuri ku nkombe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Birdlife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marungu highlands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6072 |access-date=2011-11-02 |website=Birdlife}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ikinyamushongo|Mollusk]] [[Tomichia guillemei]] ituye  muri Mulobozi kandi atuye ku ruzi rw'uzuye ibyondo mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. 

== Reba ==</text>
      <sha1>46xzquewg9smj5pwlnj713n8rzsw0cm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saidi Kyeyune</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141633</id>
      <parentid>94030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141633</origin>
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      <text bytes="3405" sha1="eykv4fpsvri2nu254uv2dbt2txes2jg" xml:space="preserve">'''Saidi Kyeyune''' (wavutse 1 Mutarama 1993)ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri Uganda ukina nku mukinnyi wo hagati muri Uganda Revenue Authority SC hamwe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|n'ikipe y'igihugu ya Uganda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda |url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/african-tournaments/chan/team-profiles/2014/uganda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222144719/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/african-tournaments/chan/team-profiles/2014/uganda.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=mtnfootball.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Muri Mutarama 2014, umutoza Milutin Sedrojevic, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2016 |title=Ghana missed Andre Ayew and Kwadwo Asamoah in Uganda draw - Micho |url=http://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/Ghana-missed-Andre-Ayew-and-Kwadwo-Asamoah-in-Uganda-draw-Micho-475759}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya mutumiwe kujya mu [[Imisambi ya Uganda|ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Uganda]] mu gikombe cya Afurika  cyo muri 2014 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda Cranes Regroup For CHAN 2014 Preparations |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/16844/16844.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211135431/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/16844/16844.html |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=kawowo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda makes changes in squad for 2014 Africa Nations Championship |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sports/2014-01/05/c_133018954.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213556/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sports/2014-01/05/c_133018954.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=xinhuanet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;adsfas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Micho Names Uganda Final Team For CHAN 2014 |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/16851/16851.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211135354/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/16851/16851.html |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=kawowo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi kipe yegukanye umwanya wa gatatu mu matsinda y’irushanwa nyuma yo gutsinda [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]], inganya na [[Zimbabwe]] itsindwa na [[Maroke]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda's impressive CHAN start |url=http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/footballafrica/id/1365?cc=3888 |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=espnfc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe vs Uganda Preview |url=http://www.goal.com/en-za/match/125934/zimbabwe-vs-uganda/preview |access-date=11 February 2014 |publisher=goal.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!nomero
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 6 Gashyantare 2013
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|&lt;/img&gt; Rwanda
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-2
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| 22 Mutarama 2021
| Stade de la Réunification, Douala, Kameruni
|&lt;/img&gt; Kugenda
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1–1'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-2
| Amarushanwa ya Afurika 2020
|-
| 3.
| 26 Mutarama 2021
| Stade de la Réunification, Douala, Kameruni
|&lt;/img&gt; Maroc
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2–4'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-5
| Amarushanwa ya Afurika 2020
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>eykv4fpsvri2nu254uv2dbt2txes2jg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geofrey Massa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141634</id>
      <parentid>140187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4857" sha1="76rru4od38r22drif8otlv2v3w7qn75" xml:space="preserve">'''Geofrey Massa''' (wavutse 19 Gashyantare 1986) Ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri  [[Ubugande|Uganda]] ukinira muri shampiyona ya  KTFF Süper Lig k'uruhande rwa Küçük Kaymaklı muri Chiypure ya ruguru.

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==
Yavukiye i Jinja, Massa yatangiye umwuga we muri 2004 hamwe n'ikipe ya [[Police Fc|Police FC]] muri shampiyona ya Uganda, mbere yo kwerekeza mu ikipe ya Al-Masry Club yo mu [[Misiri]] muri 2005. Yakinnye imyaka itatu muri Egiputa mbere yo kwimukira mu 2008 mu ikipe yo [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika yepfo]] ya Jomo Cosmos, yakinnye imikino 14 atsinda igitego kimwe. Muri 2008, yavuye muyo kipe asubira mu Misiri maze asinyana na Itesalat. Massa yinjiye ku ya 14 Nzeri 2011 muri shampiyona ya Telsim Super League, mu ikipe ya Yenicami Ağdelen SK.  Ku ya 21 Kanama 2013, yasinyanye amasezerano na kaminuza yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ya Pretoria FC yo kuyikinira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=AmaTuks Sign Ugandan Striker |url=http://www.amatuks.co.za/article/amatuks_sign_ugandan_striker |publisher=Amatuks.co.za |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521191711/http://www.amatuks.co.za/article/amatuks_sign_ugandan_striker |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Massa yagiye agaragara mu [[Imisambi ya Uganda|ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru ya Uganda]], akaza bwa mbere muri 2005. 

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No
!italiki
!ahantu
!uwo bakinnye
!ibitego
!ibisubizo
!amarushanwa
|-
|1.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1 ukuboza 2005
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stadium]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |somaliya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005 CECAFA 
|-
|2.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
|-
|3.
|3  ukuboza  2005
|Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
|sudani
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2005 CECAFA 
|-
|4.
|29  ukuboza  2005
|Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Misiri
|ekwadoro
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|[[2005 LG Cup|LG 2005]] 
|-
|5.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 nzeri 2006
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, [[Ubugande|Uganda]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |lesoto
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |igikombe cy'afurika 2008
|-
|6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|7.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |12 ukwakira 2008
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |benine
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010 FIFA 
|-
|8.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
|-
|9.
|7 mutarama 2009
|Nakivubo Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|somaliya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|2008 CECAFA 
|-
|10.
|7 mutarama 2009
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|burundi
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5–0
|2008 CECAFA 
|-
|11.
|2 ukuboza 2009
|Mumias Sports Complex, Mumias, [[Kenya]]
|burundi
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|CECAFA  2009
|-
|12.
|4 kamena 2011
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|gine
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|igikombe cy'afurika 2012  
|-
|13.
|16 kamena 2012
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|congo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|igikombe cy'afurika 2013  
|-
|14.
|13 ukwakira 2012
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0 (8–9 p)
|igikombe cy'afurika 2013 
|-
|15.
|31 gicurasi 2014
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|madagasikare
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|igikombe cy'afurika 2015 
|-
|16.
|19 nyakanga 2014
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|moritaniya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|igikombe cy'afurika 2015 
|-
|17.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |10 Nzeri 2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |gine
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |igikombe cy'afurika 2015 
|-
|18.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|19.
|9 ugushyingo 2014
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|Umukino wa gicuti
|-
|20.
|13 kamena 2014
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|botsuwana
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|igikombe cy'afurika 2017 
|-
|21.
|9 ugushyingo 2014
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|togo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| FIFA  2018
|-
|22.
|8 mutarama 2017
|Armed Forces Stadium, Abu Dhabi, leta z'abarabu. 
|silovakiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|Umukino wa nshuti
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>76rru4od38r22drif8otlv2v3w7qn75</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geoffrey Sserunkuma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141635</id>
      <parentid>120044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6587" sha1="cqybg5axdylc8ap32ou6h40eaiwmph6" xml:space="preserve">
'''Geoffrey Sserunkuma''' [[Imisambi ya Uganda|(]]  ku ya 7 [[Umupira w’amaguru|Kamena]] [[Imisambi ya Uganda|1983]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sserunkuma, Geoffrey |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6889/Geoffrey_Sserunkuma.html |access-date=7 October 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni umukinnyi ukomoka muri uganda wa bigize umwuga, ukina muri Wakiso FC hamwe n'ikipe y'igihugu ya uganda nka rutahizamu.

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==
Sserukuma akina nka rutahizamu, yakiniye ikipe ya Polisi Jinja . Yishimiye gutsinda ari muri Kampala City Council FC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaweesi, Fred |last2=Katende, Norman |date=21 June 2005 |title=Eyes on Sserunkuma |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/440588 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922013435/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/440588 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=The New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; mbere yo kwerekeza mu ikipe ya Saint-George SA yo muri Etiyopiya muri shampiyyona ya Premier League muri Nyakanga 2007. Mu mpeshyi 2008, yavuye muri ikipe ya Addis Ababa yimukira muri Bloemfontein Celtic . Muri Nyakanga 2009, yavuye muri Bloemfontein Celtic  kwimukira i Vasco Da Gama, nyuma yo guterana amagambo n'umuyobozi wa Celtic , Owen da Gama . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2016-03-10 |title=Sserunkuma rules out retirement |url=https://eagle.co.ug/2016/03/10/sserunkuma-rules-out-retirement.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=Eagle Online |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215073947/https://eagle.co.ug/2016/03/10/sserunkuma-rules-out-retirement.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bidvest Wits ===
Ku ya 6 Mata 2010, Sserunkuma yasinyiye ikipe ya Bidvest Wits yemera amasezerano y'iyi kipe imyaka ibiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaweesi, Fred |date=6 April 2010 |title=Sserunkuma secures move to S.A. |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004070563.html |publisher=The New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vasco Da Gama ===
Ariko, yagarutse muri Vasco Da Gama muri gihmbwe cya yakurikiyeho, akina mu cyiciro cya kabiri nyuma yo gusezererwa kwi kipe kuva mu isonga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wasike, Abdu |date=22 July 2011 |title=Sserunkuma Rejoins Vasco |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107220245.html |publisher=The Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikipe yumupira wamaguru ya Lweza ===
Muri 2015, Sserunkuma yinjiye muri Lweza FC .  Sserunkuma yakinnye shampiyona  yo muri Lweza FC atsinda ibitego umunani muri icyo gihembwe. 

=== Kubaka FC ===
Muri Nyakanga 2017, Sserunkuma yinjiye muri Buildcon FC  Ku ya 12 Kanama, '''Sserunkuma''' yatsinze igitego  cya mbere muri Buildcon FC na '''Lusaka Dynamos''' mu mukino wa shampiyona wa bereye kuri Stade Levy Mwanawasa. 

=== NAPSA Inyenyeri ===
Yakiniye NAPSA Stars FC FC igihembwe kimwe.

=== Wakiso Giants FC ===
Ku ya 7 Kanama 2019, Sserunkuma yinjiye mu gukina  muri Wakiso Giants FC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Veteran Sserunkuma ready for another challenge after signing for Wakiso Giants |url=https://kawowo.com/2019/08/06/veteran-sserunkuma-ready-for-another-challenge-after-signing-for-wakiso-giants/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Wakiso Giants sign striker Geoffrey Sserunkuma &amp;#124; Swift Sports Uganda |url=http://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/wakiso-giants-sign-striker-geoffrey-sserunkuma/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401162114/http://swiftsportsug.com/blog/wakiso-giants-sign-striker-geoffrey-sserunkuma/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==

== Imibare mpuzamahanga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]]
|-
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Intego
|-
| 2002
| 5
| 1
|-
| 2004
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2005
| 6
| 3
|-
| 2006
| 10
| 5
|-
| 2007
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2008
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2009
| 1
| 1
|-
| 2010
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2017
| 7
| 1
|-
! Igiteranyo
! 48
! 13
|}

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!No
!itariki
!stade
!uwo bahanganye
!ibitego
!igisubizo
!amarushanwa
|-
|1.
|1 Ukuboza 2002
|Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium, Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]
|somalliya 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2002 muri  CECAFA 
|-
|2.
|4 Ukuboza 2002
|Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium, Arusha, Tanzania
|etiyopiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2002muri   CECAFA
|-
|3.
|6 ukuboza 2002
|Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium, Arusha, Tanzania
|Rwanda
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2002 muri  CECAFA 
|-
|4.
|18 Kamena 2005
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, [[Ubugande|Uganda]]
|kape veride
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|2006 muri  FIFA 
|-
|5.
|8 ukwakira 2005
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|borkinafaso
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|2006muri  FIFA 
|-
|6.
|30 ugushyingo 2005
|[[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stadium]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
|jibuti
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6–1
|2005 muri CECAFA
|-
|7.
|3 ukuboza 2005
|Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
|sudani
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2005 muri  CECAFA 
|-
|8.
|16 nyakanga 2006
|Zaawia Stadium, Zawiya, [[Libiya|Libya]]
|libiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–3
|gicuti 
|-
|9.
|27 ugushyingo 2006
|Addis Ababa Stadium, [[Addis Ababa]], [[Etiyopiya|Ethiopia]]
|sudani
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2006 muri  CECAFA 
|-
|10.
|30 ugushyingo 2006
|Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|rwanda
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|2006 muri CECAFA 
|-
|11.
|8 ukuboza 2006
|Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|sudani
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2 (5–6 p)
|2005 muri  CECAFA 
|-
|12.
|31 gicuraci 2009
|Tamale Stadium, Tamale, [[Gana|Ghana]]
|gana
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|gusuti
|-
|13.
|4 nzeri 2010
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|angola
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2012 muri chan
|-
|14.
|27 mutarama 2016
|Umuganda Stadium, [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]], [[Rwanda]]
|zimbabwe
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|2016 muri chan
|-
|15.
|11 ukwakira 2017
|Estádio Nacional de Cabo Verde, Praia, kape veride
|kape veride
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
|2019 muri chan
|}

=== Umuntu ku giti cye ===

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>cqybg5axdylc8ap32ou6h40eaiwmph6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dan Sserunkuma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141636</id>
      <parentid>122144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6288" sha1="q2nekcvczq6pvgylli29a756es0jmqt" xml:space="preserve">
'''Daniel Sserunkuma uzwi ku izina rya Muzenyi''' (yavutse ku ya 14 Ukuboza 1993) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka i Kampala muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], kuri ubu ukina nka rutahizamu muri  Vipers SC n'ikipe [[Imisambi ya Uganda|y'igihugu ya Uganda]] (&quot;Cranes&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/51120/Dan_Sserunkuma.html Dan Sserunkuma] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Sserunkuma yavukiye kandi akurira mu gice cya Lubaga cyo mu karere ka Kampala . Yize mu ishuri rya Mutagatifu Mariya i Kitende ryanabyaye abakinnyi ba Uganda nka David Obua, Eric Obua, Emmanuel Okwi na [[Ibrahim Juma (umupira w'amaguru)|Ibrahim Juma]] .

=== Express ===
Mu Gushyingo 2013, Sserunkuma yateje impagarara muri iyi kipe atanga ku mugaragaro icyifuzo cyo kwimura, agaragaza ko yifuza kujya mu ikipe ya FC Banants yo muri [[Arumeniya]] . Ariko, umukinnyi ntiyari yemerewe kuva muri iyo kipe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swila, Isaac |date=19 November 2013 |title=Dan Sserunkuma to leave Gor Mahia for FC Banants in Armenia |url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/Sports/Dan-Sserunkuma-Gor-Mahia-FC-Banants-Armenia/-/1951244/2080102/-/format/xhtml/-/rxy9foz/-/index.html |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Nation |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226112836/http://mobile.nation.co.ke/Sports/Dan-Sserunkuma-Gor-Mahia-FC-Banants-Armenia/-/1951244/2080102/-/format/xhtml/-/rxy9foz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2014, niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona yi cyiciro cya mbere cya [[Kenya]] muri 2014 yatsinze ibitego 16. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssenoga, Shafik |date=21 November 2014 |title=KPL: Sserunkuma wins Golden Boot |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/662059-kpl-sserunkuma-wins-golden-boot.html |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magak, Chrisphine |date=19 November 2014 |title=2014 KPL Awards: Sserenkuma feted in absentia |url=http://www.futaa.com/football/article/2014-kpl-awards-sserenkuma-feted-in-absentia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214104503/http://www.futaa.com/football/article/2014-kpl-awards-sserenkuma-feted-in-absentia |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Futaa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Simba SC ===
Ukuboza 2014, Sserunkuma  yimukiye ku buntu mu bihangange byo muri [[Tanzaniya]] cya  Simba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=KPL: Sserunkuma Signs for Tanzania's Simba S.C. |url=http://cecafasports.com/kpl-sserunkuma-signs-for-tanzanias-simba-fc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214231520/http://cecafasports.com/kpl-sserunkuma-signs-for-tanzanias-simba-fc/ |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=CecafaSports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahagaritse amasezerano yagiranye ni yi kipe ku bwumvikane nyuma y’amezi atanu gusa muri shampiyona ya  Tanzaniya Premier League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ismael Kiyonga |date=11 May 2015 |title=I have parted ways with Simba, claims Sserunkuma |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/21824-sserunkuma-claims-he-has-parted-ways-with-simba.html |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=Kawowo Sports |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925111915/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/21824-sserunkuma-claims-he-has-parted-ways-with-simba.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ulisses ===
Ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2015, hatangajwe ko Sserunkuma yinjiye mu ikipe ya Ulisses yo muri Arumeniya ku masezerano y'imyaka ibiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Isabirye |date=30 July 2015 |title=Dan Sserunkuma joins Armenian side Ulisses F.C. on a 2 year deal |url=http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/22826-confirmed-dan-sserunkuma-joins-armenian-side-on-a-2-year-deal.html |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=Kawowo Sports |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925093115/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/22826-confirmed-dan-sserunkuma-joins-armenian-side-on-a-2-year-deal.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nzeri 2017, Dan yinjiye muri Express FC.  Dan yatsinze igitego   cya mbere muri Express yakinnye na Maroons Football Club ku ya 27 Nzeri 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Express cruise past Maroons to earn first win of the season |url=http://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/express-cruise-past-maroons-to-earn-first-win-of-the-season/ |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=www.swiftsportsug.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714021104/http://www.swiftsportsug.com/blog/express-cruise-past-maroons-to-earn-first-win-of-the-season/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Muri Gashyantare 2013, Sserunkuma yakiriye ikipe  ya mbere ihamagarira muri  [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Cranes ya Uganda]] . Mu mukino we wa mbere yakinnye nu [[Amavubi|Rwanda]], yatsinze igitego kimwe kuri penariti m ugihe yatanze umupira uvamo igitego kindi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muneza, Stephen |date=7 August 2013 |title=Sserunkuma close to Eastern Europe move |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/sserunkuma-close-to-eastern-europe-move/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Redpepper |archive-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227001100/http://www.redpepper.co.ug/sserunkuma-close-to-eastern-europe-move/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%&quot;
!#
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 6 Gashyantare 2013
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rwanda
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-2
| Nshuti
|-
| 2.
| 19 Ugushyingo 2013
| Sitade y'igihugu ya Nyayo, [[Nairobi]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igikombe cya CECAFA 2013
|-
| 3.
| 7 Ukuboza 2013
| Sitade ya Mombasa, Mombasa
|Tanzaniya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2–2'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2-2 (2–3   
|-
| 4.
| 4 Kamena 2019
| Umuganwakazi ntare Magogo, KwaMashu
| Afurika y'Epfo
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1 (2–4   
| Igikombe cya COSAFA 2019
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>q2nekcvczq6pvgylli29a756es0jmqt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pione Sisto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141732</id>
      <parentid>127740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:20:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141732</origin>
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      <text bytes="3566" sha1="0aj45e26hztjor1t20ue5tok3u5sky4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Pione Sisto 2018 XXIII Memorial Quinocho (RC Celta vs Mainz 05) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pione Sisto]]
'''Pione Sisto Ifolo Emirmija''' (yavutse 4 Gashyantare 1995) Ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] muri shampiyona ya  Danemarike ukina nk'umukinnyi w’ibumoso, mu ikipe ya Midtjylland yo muri Danemarike.

Yatangiye umwuga we w'abigize umwuga hamwe na Midtjylland yo muri shampiyona ya Danemarike Superliga, amaze kugaragara imikino114 yose ndetse atsinda ibitego 31 muri shampiyona eshanu. Muri 2016 yimukiye muri Celta Vigo kumafaranga miliyoni 5 zama euro, aho yatsinze ibitego 18 m'umikino 135. Muri 2020, yagarutse muri Midtjylland kuri miliyoni 3 z'amayero.

Sisto yagaragaye bwa mbere mu ikipe y'igihugu ya Danemarike muri 2015, kandi yari mu bakinnyi babo mu gikombe cy'isi cya FIFA muri 2018 .

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==

=== Umwuga wo hambere ===
Pione Sisto yavukiye i Kampala, [[Ubugande|muri Uganda]], avukira mu muryango ukomoka muri [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo|Sudani y'Amajyepfo]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=Forslag til Lov om indfødsrets meddelelse |trans-title=Proposals to Act on naturalization |url=http://www.ft.dk/RIpdf/samling/20141/lovforslag/L45/20141_L45_som_fremsat.pdf |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[Folketing|Danish Parliament]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuryango wa Sisto w'imukiye muri Danimarike afite amezi abiri. Yagaragaye na Tjørring NIBA muri 2002, afite imyaka irindwi, y'imukira mu rubyiruko rwa FC Midtjylland muri 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=Pione Sisto: the Uganda-born Dane who gunned down Man United and dreams of Barcelona |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/pione-sisto-uganda-born-dane-who-gunned-down-man-united-and-dreams-barcelona |access-date=31 July 2016 |publisher=[[FourFourTwo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Midtjylland ===
Yatsindiye Midtjylland ikina na Manchester United itsinze iwayo ibitego 2-1 muri Europa League ku ya 18 Gashyantare muri 2016.  Yatsinze kandi igitego cyo gufungura umukino wa kabiri kuri Old Trafford mbere yuko Midtjylland ikomeza gutsindwa 5–1 (6–3 kuri rusange) na United maze yanga kuva muri Europa League. 

=== Celta ===
[[Dosiye:Pione Sisto v Lincoln 2015.jpg|thumb| Sisto ukinira Midtjylland muri 2015]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ikipe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |igihembwe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |irushanwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |irushanwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |umugabane
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |igiteranyo
|-
!shampiyona
!por
!igiteranyo
!por
!igiteranyo
!por
!ibitego
!por
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Midtjylland
|2012–13
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Danimarike Superaliga
|10
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|0
|-
|2013–14
|27
|6
|2
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|29
|9
|-
|2014–15
|22
|8
|0
|0
|2
|0
|24
|8
|-
|2015–16
|29
|4
|0
|0
|13
|4
|42
|8
|-
|2016–17
|2
|2
|0
|0
|5
|4
|7
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |igiteranyo
!90
!20
!3
!3
!20
!8
!113
!31
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Celta Vigo
|2016–17
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Liga
|30
|3
|6
|1
|13
|2
|49
|6
|-
|2017–18
|34
|5
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|6
|-
|2018–19
|25
|2
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|27
|2
|-
|2019–20
|21
|2
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|23
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |igiteranyo
!110
!12
!12
!4
!13
!2
!135
!18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Midtjylland
|2020–21
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |DanimarikeSuperliga
|30
|8
|4
|0
|8
|0
|42
|8
|-
|2021–22
|24
|2
|5
|0
|10
|0
|39
|2
|-
|2022–23
|1
|1
|0
|0
|2
|1
|3
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |igiteranyo
!55
!11
!9
!0
!20
!1
!84
!12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |igiteranyo
!255
!43
!24
!7
!53
!11
!332
!61
|}

=== Mpuzamahanga ===

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>0aj45e26hztjor1t20ue5tok3u5sky4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Denis Onyango</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142065</id>
      <parentid>139916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:40:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>142065</origin>
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      <text bytes="3691" sha1="dsbgfy47rzaesxhzqwk7l51jmw6cngl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Go Ahead Eagles - Mamelodi Sundowns FC - 53066456428 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Onyango (2023)]]
'''Denis Masinde Onyango''' (yavutse ku ya 15 [[Umupira w’amaguru|Gicurasi]] 1985) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=36. Denis Onyango &amp;#124; Mamelodi Sundowns |url=http://www.sundownsfc.co.za/36-denis-onyango/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210090324/http://sundownsfc.co.za/36-denis-onyango/ |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni umuganda ukina umupira w'amaguru wabigize umwuga ukina mu izamu, wakinaga [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri afurika yepfo]].

Amaze gutangira umwuga we mu gihugu cye kavukire, Onyango yagiye gukina muri Shampiyona y’[[umupira w'amaguru]] muri Afurika yepfo muri ikipe ya Supersport United, Mpumalanga Black Aces, na Mamelodi Sundowns. Hamwe na Mamelodi Sundowns, ye gukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona cya CAF muri 2016 kandi yitabira igikombe cyisi cya FIFA cya makipe muri 2016 . Yatowe nk'umukinnyi witwaye neza muri Afurika ukomoka muri Afurika muri 2016 . Yashyizwe kandi ku izamu rya cumi ryiza ku isi ku rutonde rw’umwaka wo muri 2016, ryakozwe n'ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'amateka y'umupira w'amaguru &amp;amp;amp; Ibarurishamibare. 

Yaserukiye [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]] mu gikombe cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2017, anabatwara kugeza igihe yegiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwine |first=Julian |date=10 September 2016 |title=Interview: Uganda Cranes goalkeeper on qualifying for AFCON and the future |url=http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sports/10/sep/2016/interview-uganda-cranes-goalkeeper-qualifying-afcon-and-future-14160#sthash.W7YN7KHy.dpbs |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=www.ntv.co.ug |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010252/http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/sports/10/sep/2016/interview-uganda-cranes-goalkeeper-qualifying-afcon-and-future-14160#sthash.W7YN7KHy.dpbs |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wa ikipe ==

=== Umwuga wo hambere ===
Onyango yavukiye i Kampala, muri Uganda, yatangiye umwuga we na SC Villa i Kampala nyuma yinjira muri St. George SA muri [[Etiyopiya]].

=== SuperSport United na Mpumalanga Umukara Aces ===
Mu 2006, Onyango yinjiye mu ikipe ya Supersport United yo muri Afurika y'Epfo.

Ku ya 8 Nyakanga 2010, yarekuwe na SuperSport United.

Ku ya 26 Nyakanga, Mpumalanga Black Aces yasinyishije  Onyango k'ubuntu. 

=== Mamelodi Sundowns ===
Muri 2011, Onyango yinjiye mu ikipe ya Mamelodi Sundowns yo muri Afurika y'Epfo. 

Ku ya 2 Kanama 2013, yatanze inguzanyo ku bahanganye muri shampiyona Bidvest Wits. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Onyango loaned out to Wits - BigEye.UG |url=http://bigeye.ug/onyango-loaned-out-to-wits/ |access-date=21 May 2018 |website=bigeye.ug |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 2014, Mamelodi Sundowns yakoresheje uburyo bwo kongera amasezerano ya Onyango umwaka. 

Onyango yatsindiye umunyezamu wa PSL igihembo cya shampiyona (umukinnyi mwiza mu cyiciro cya mbere cya Afurika yepfo) muri shampiyona yo muri 2015–16 kandi agumana impapuro 14 zisukuye kuko Sundowns yabonye amanota 71. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ibigaragara n'intego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka
! Ikipe y'igihugu
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Intego
|-
| rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | [[Imisambi ya Uganda|Uganda]]
| 2005
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2006
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2007
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2008
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2009
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 10
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 8
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 6
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
! 75
! 0
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>dsbgfy47rzaesxhzqwk7l51jmw6cngl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Godfrey Mugisha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141751</id>
      <parentid>140263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:21:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2275" sha1="ibsh37mkvtef9hqiygs4ze39mci4abh" xml:space="preserve">'''Mugisha Godfrey''' (Yavutse ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1978) yahoze ari umukinnyi w’[[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] wakinnye nkumukinnyi ukina hagati kandi ari rutahizamu. Godfrey yakinnye cyane nko kina kuruhande. Yahagarariye [[Uganda]] mu batarengeje imyaka 17, abatarengeje imyaka 19 na 21, abatarengeje imyaka 23, n'ikipe nkuru y'igihugu ya Cranes.  Yagombaga gukinira ikipe y'abatarengeje imyaka 23 (Imikino yose yo muri Afurika) muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] ariko yaje kuvayo kubera imvune. Yagize uruhare runini mu kuyobora KCC FC muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza muri shampiyona ya Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;https://chimpreports.com/godfrey-mbitse-to-be-enthroned-today-as-muhabura-bishop/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/muhabura-diocese-gets-new-bishop-&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://chimpreports.com/igg-arrests-kanungu-district-accountant/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1531575/ibanda-nrm-youth-boss-succumbs-covid-19&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/sports/soccer/oloya-mugisha-and-kalungi-right-wingers-with-rare-scoring-touch-3375862&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://kawowo.com/2020/08/03/rewind-when-mayanja-led-kcca-to-title-on-return-from-pro-stint/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/campus-wench-mr-hyena-eats-pricy/110627/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404103651/https://redpepper.co.ug/campus-wench-mr-hyena-eats-pricy/110627/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/recovered-coronavirus-couple-had-no-symptoms-1885406&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.ug/pictorial-reverend-canon-godfrey-mbitse-consecrated-as-third-bishop-of-muhabura-diocese/&lt;/ref&gt;

Yimukiye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Reta zunzubumwe z'Amerika]] muri 2000 kugira ngo yige kaminuza, arangiza afite impamyabumenyi muri sisitemu yo gutanga amakuru no gushushanya. Yabaye itsinda rya mbere mu nama zose muri 2002, 2003, na MVP mukarere ka XII 2003, naho Abanyamerika bose bubahwa muri 2003. Mu mwaka wa mukuru 2004/05 yatumiwe muri Chicago Storm, ikipe y[[umupira w'amaguru]] wa bigize umwuga. Icyo gihe yari hafi kurangiza kugirango ashobore gusinya.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda]]</text>
      <sha1>ibsh37mkvtef9hqiygs4ze39mci4abh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jonathan Bolingi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141951</id>
      <parentid>141034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4620" sha1="eu8dw3o7uq5o15sj112wbvwrgq392dm" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2018-02-22 Entrainement excel jonathan bolingi.jpg|thumb|Jonathan Bolingi]]
'''Jonathan Bolingi Mpangi Merikani''', (yavutse Ku ya 30 Kamena 1994) i [[Kinshasa]], ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repuburika Iharanaira Demokarasi ya congo]] (DRC). Akina nka rutahizamu muri Buriram United. Ni umuhungu wa Mpangi Merikani &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-23 |title=Football africain : ces joueurs dont le CHAN a changé la vie – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/519445/societe/football-africain-ces-joueurs-dont-le-chan-a-change-la-vie/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wahoze ari umunyezamu wa DCMP.

Jonathan Bolingi yegukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona cy’[[umupira w'amaguru]] muri Afurika muri 2016 hamwe n’igihugu cye &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ndetse na CAF Champions League muri 2015 hamwe n’ikipe ya Tout Puissant Mazembe yo muri Kongo.

== Ubuzima ==

=== Umwuga wa ikipe ===
[[Dosiye:2018-02-22_Entrainement_excel-3.jpg|left|thumb| Amahugurwa ya Royal Excel Mouscron, Gashyantare  muri 2018]]
Ageze i Lubumbashi mu mwaka wo muri  2010 nyuma y’igihe gito yamaze muri Kimbangu Sport, yatijwe mu ikipe ya Don Bosco aho yatwaye igikombe cya Congo kandi agaragaza ko ari umuntu watanze rutahizamu w’[[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] Chico Ushindi. Yatsinze ibitego bibiri mu cyiciro kibanza cy'igikombe cya Congo na Tshipepele mu mukino wo kugaruka afite intsinzi nini (7-0), nyuma atsinda igitego muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza na AS Dauphins Noirs de [[Goma]] kugira ngo atsinde (4- 1). Yatsinze kabiri, Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2013 kurwanya Amerika Tshinkunku m'ugihe cya 3rd Umunsi wa ''Linafoot'', kubwi ntsinzi ya Don Bosco (3-0).

Muri mwambaro ya Jomo Cosmos (yo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]]), mu mikino icyenda ya mbere ya shampiyona, yahiye ubwoba kuri konti, yandikisha ibitego 23 byose cyangwa bisi zose hamwe 2.5 kuri buri mukino. Ikipe yo muri Afurika yepfo, yakoresheje se Mpangi Merikani w'imyaka 25, yifuza kubona serivisi zayo, ariko ntabashe kubona amasezerano ya Don Bosco. Kugaruka kwe i Lubumbashi byanze bikunze, nubwo uru ruzinduko rudasanzwe muri Afrika yepfo, kuko uyu mukinnyi rwose yari uwa TP Mazembe.

Kuva hejuru ya metero 85, Jonathan Bolingi (ku bilo 74) arashobora gukina kumurongo wose w'ibitero. Umwirondoro we ushukisha vuba Patrice Carteron udatezuka kumwinjiza mubakozi be.

Yatsinze igitego cye cya mbere muri CAF Champions League Ku ya 9 Werurwe 2014 ahanganye na Astres FC ya Douala ([[Kameruni]]), agarutse  nyuma yo kungukirwa n'ikosa ryakozwe n'umuzamu wa Kameruni. Yatsinze Supercup ya Congo na MK Etanchéité atsinda igitego cya kabiri kuri TP Mazembe ariko ikibabaje kuri we, yarakomeretse kandi byabaye ngombwa aha abandi. Yatsinze ibitego bi tatu na AS Bantou Ku ya 5 Ukwakira 2014 , kumunsi 1 wa Linafoot, harimo ibitego bibiri by'umutwe, kugirango batsinde cyane (7-0).  Ku ya 9 Ukuboza 2014 , yatsinze igitego kimwe rukumbi cya Mazembe yatsinze AS Dauphins Noirs muri Goma ayoboye umupira wa Kabaso Chongo muri 93 iminota.
Yakurikiranwe n'amakipe menshi yo mu [[Ububiligi|bubiligi]], amaherezo yasinyiye Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2017 kuri Standard de Liège ku nguzanyo ihitamo kugura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-01 |title=Transfert: Bope, Bolingi et Luyindama (Mazembe) prêtés au Standard de Liège |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/02/01/actualite/sport/transfert-bope-bolingi-et-luyindama-mazembe-pretes-au-standard-de-liege |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yatsinze igitego cye cya mbere hamwe na Standard de Liège yatsinze KV Kortrijk reuge agaruka gukina &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=Standard : Premier match et premier but pour Bolingi |url=https://footrdc.com/a-la-une/standard-premier-match-premier-but-bolingi/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Foot RDC |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205533/https://footrdc.com/a-la-une/standard-premier-match-premier-but-bolingi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yasinyanye by'imazeyo na Standard de Liège kuri1 Ku ya 18 Gicurasi 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Foot-Transferts : Le Standard lève l’option d’achat de Bolingi, Bope et Luyindama |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/05/18/actualite/sport/foot-transferts-le-standard-leve-loption-dachat-de-bolingi-bope-et |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Umwuga wo guhitamo ===

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>eu8dw3o7uq5o15sj112wbvwrgq392dm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Doxa Gikanji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141637</id>
      <parentid>121390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4385" sha1="df8pmha0cku4c0ff5z9f2l5cgxc7jh7" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Doxa Gikanji
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |   
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Uko ahagaze
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ikipe akinira
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; DC Motema Pembe
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |inomero yambara
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |8
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Ibimuranga
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;izina&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Doxa Doxa Gikanji
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihgu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Umukocongo]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1990-08-21&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1990-08-21&quot;&gt;21 kamena 1990&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(Imyaka 32)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kinshasa]] ([[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|RD Congo]])
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Metero 1,74
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya akinaho
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hagati mu kibuga
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |mu mwuga
|-
   |'''Umwaka'''
|ikipe
|ibindi
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; DC Motema Pembe
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2018-2019
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Prêté à&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; TP Mazembe
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikpe y'igihugu
|-
      |umwaka
|ikipe
|ibindi
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2015-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo 
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;00&lt;/s&gt;2 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2016-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; RD Congo&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;11 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(1)
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;color:#555555;&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;navigation-only&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 2px #99cc99 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;&quot; |
|}
[[Dosiye:Football trainning.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]]
'''Doxa Gikanji''' ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri congo ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati.


== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==

=== Intego z'ikipe y'igihugu ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo urutonde rwa DR Congo mbere.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Intego
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
|30 janvier 2016
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
|[[Rwanda]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' –0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1 ( p )
| Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roger Hitoto</title>
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    <id>16086</id>
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      <id>141806</id>
      <parentid>140061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2191" sha1="jvivhqmwvu6nlch0kyqdvey1l6gho3g" xml:space="preserve">'''Roger Hitoto''', (Yavutse Ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1969) i Mbandaka (muri Zayire, ubu [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|ni Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]), ni umukinnyi ukina arimpuzamahanga mu [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Umukinnyi  hagati mu kibuga hamwe n'uwatwitse, Hitoto yamaze igihe kinini cyu mwuga we m[[ubufaransa]].

== Umwuga ==
Yatojwe ari muri FC Melun, Hitoto yahiswemo afite imyaka 15 na FC Rouen. Ku myaka 19, muri 1988, yatangiye bwa mbere mu cyiciro cya 2. Muri shampiyona esheshatu yakinnye imikino 147 muri D2 (igitego 1) na 10 muri gikombe cya bafaransa. Nyuma yaje kwinjizwa muri Lille OSC, ikipe ikomeye. Buhoro  yigaragaza nk'intangiriro, akurikira Jakob Friis-Hansen. Yakinnye shampiyona bitatu muri D1 (imikino 66 n'ibitego 3) hanyuma bibiri muri D2 (imikino 43) &lt;ref name=&quot;ne&quot;&gt;[http://www.nordeclair.fr/Locales/Lille/Sports/2012/03/23/roger-hitoto-un-leopard-du-congo-freine.shtml Roger Hitoto : un « Léopard du Congo » freiné dans sa progression], nordeclair.fr, 23/03/2012&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yatoranijwe mu ikipe ya Zaire (yiswe iya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] muri 1997), yitabira igikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu muri 1996 (yakinnye imikino 2) hamwe na 1998 (imikino 3). Yakinnye kandi imikino itatu yujuje ibisabwa mu gikombe cyisi cyo muri 1998  .

Yakomeretse cyane muri 1998, Hitoto yavuye i Lille muri 1999 yerekeza [[Ubushinwa|mu Bushinwa]] hanyuma muri [[katari]]. Mu 2001, yagarutse muri shampiyona muri FC Rouen, asubira muri katari, nyuma arangiza umwuga we mu ma kipe yakiniraga harimo FC Mantes, CMS Oissel, ni zindi &lt;ref name=&quot;ne&quot;&gt;[http://www.nordeclair.fr/Locales/Lille/Sports/2012/03/23/roger-hitoto-un-leopard-du-congo-freine.shtml Roger Hitoto : un « Léopard du Congo » freiné dans sa progression], nordeclair.fr, 23/03/2012&lt;/ref&gt; ,  .

Nyuma yuko atangiye izabukuru muri siporo, Hitoto yongeye kuba umujyanama ku isi mu [[umupira w'amaguru]] maze afata inshingano muri federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru ya Kongo, nk'umuyobozi ureberera mu [[Burayi]].

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>jvivhqmwvu6nlch0kyqdvey1l6gho3g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikiyaga cya Logipi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141991</id>
      <parentid>94435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2221" sha1="ro44u1hpup9wrjdut8ol40du3u2iube" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Lake Logipi-4.jpg|thumb|Ikiyaga cya Logipi]]
'''Ikiyaga cya Logipi''' ni ikiyaga gifite amazi arimo umunyu, giherereye mu majyaruguru y’ikibaya cya Suguta ho mu majyaruguru [[Kenya|ya Kenya]] rifuti; gitandukanijwe n’ikiyaga cya Turkana n’ibirunga bigize itsinda, itsinda ry’ibirunga bikiri bito byavutse mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Amasoko ashyushye asohoka ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y'ikiyaga cya Logipi no ku rutare rwa Cathedrale hafi y’amajyepfo yacyo, kandi bigafasha kubungabunga amazi mu gihe cy’ubukonje bukabije. Mu gihe cy'imvura, iki kiyaga nacyo cyongera kuzurwa amazi ava mu mugezi wa Suguta utemba ugana mu majyaruguru ugana mu kibaya cya Suguta, rimwe na rimwe ugakora ikiyaga cy'agateganyo (ikiyaga cya Alablab) gihuza na Logipi.

== Imitere y'ikiyaga cya Logipi ==
Ikiyaga cya Logipi gifite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 3 kugeza kuri 5, kikagira na kirometero 6 z'ubugari na kilometero 3 z'uburebure. Amazi yacyo agizwe na sodium bicarbonate hamwe na pH ya 9.5-10.5 hamwe n' umunyu (imyunyu yose yashonze) itandukanye kuva munsi ya 20 g / L kugeza kuri 50 g / L. Umunyu wa Efflorescent (trona) urahari hafi yacyo. Flamingoes ikunze gutura mu mazi y'umunyu agaburira cyanobacteria ([[Spirulina|Arthrospira]] spp. - yahoze yitwa Spirulina) nizindi plankton. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mathea |first=Chege David |date=November 1, 2009 |title=OUR LAKES, OUR FUTURE |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |access-date=2011-12-29 |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ikiyaga cya Turkana cyuzuye nyuma y'imvura ikabije mu 2020 maze yuzura ikiyaga cya Logipi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya’s quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga bya Kenya]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga byo muri Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>ro44u1hpup9wrjdut8ol40du3u2iube</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leon Mungamuni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141906</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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'''Léon Mungamuni''' (yavute mu mwaka wa 1960) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo (DRC)]]. Yatsinze CAN muri 1968 .

== Ubuzima ==

== Intego z'igihugu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:center; border:1px; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; |Intego zo guhitamo ''Léon Mungamuni''
|-
!
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
|19 janvierKu ya 19 Mutarama 1968
| [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] ( [[Etiyopiya]] )
|Etiyopiya
| '''1''' -0 (igitego 1 kuri 16' )
| 3-2 ap
| AFCON 1968 (kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza)
|-
| 2.
|19 janvierKu ya 19 Mutarama 1968
| [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] ( [[Etiyopiya]] )
|Etiyopiya
| '''3-2''' (igitego 1 kugeza 100 )
| 3-2 ap
| AFCON 1968 (kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza)
|-
| 3.
|9 févrierKu ya 9 Gashyantare 1970
| Wad Madani ( [[Sudani]] )
|Gineya
| '''2''' -2 (igitego 1 kuri 72' )
| 2-2
| CAN 1970 ( 1 umunara )
|}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>ohriz34qz4k4iai5gmwf6ekoeflw7la</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Landry Mulemo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141597</id>
      <parentid>94480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T14:58:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, ibice bishya, amakuru n'amashakiro avuye kuri fr/en.wikipedia, gukosora imvugo n'ibyiciro</comment>
      <origin>141597</origin>
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      <text bytes="5495" sha1="mbkg9nx7gl5lc3b7y56rasvgu01id5d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Landry Mulemo
| birth_date = 17 Nzeri 1986
| birth_place = [[Kinshasa]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Zayire]]
| nationality = Umunyekongo, Umubiligi
| occupation = Umukinnyi w'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] (myugariro w'ibumoso)
| years_active = 2004–2020
}}
'''Landry Mulemo''' (wavutse ku ya 17 Nzeri 1986 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umukinnyi w'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ufite ubwenegihugu bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'ubw'[[Ububiligi]]. Yakinaga nka myugariro w'ibumoso.

Yakuriye mu ikipe ya Standard de Liège, ayitwarana shampiyona y'u Bubiligi mu 2008 no mu 2009. Yakiniye amakipe y'u Bubiligi y'abato, harimo iyitabiriye Imikino Olempike ya 2008 i Beijing, mbere yo guhitamo gukinira ikipe y'igihugu ya Kongo kuva mu 2011.

== Umwuga ==
Mulemo yatangiriye mu bana ba Standard de Liège mu 1990, akomereza muri R Flémalle FC (1992–1995), agaruka muri Standard mu 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Verdediger Landry Mulemo keert terug naar Standard |url=http://www.gva.be/Archief/guid/verdediger-landry-mulemo-keert-terug-naar-standard.aspx?artikel=5bd95cdc-b5c5-4fed-8f46-9985d4c80a7b |website=Gazet van Antwerpen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217094919/http://www.gva.be/Archief/guid/verdediger-landry-mulemo-keert-terug-naar-standard.aspx?artikel=5bd95cdc-b5c5-4fed-8f46-9985d4c80a7b |archive-date=2012-02-17 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2007, yatijwe muri K Saint-Trond VV, ahakina imikino isaga 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Officiel : Mulemo revient |url=http://www.footgoal.net/suite.php?selection=17240 |website=Footgoal.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916204336/http://www.footgoal.net/suite.php?selection=17240 |archive-date=2007-09-16 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agarutse muri Standard de Liège (2007–2010), yatwaranye na yo shampiyona y'u Bubiligi (2008, 2009) n'igikombe cya ''Supercoupe'' (2008, 2009). Muri Kamena 2010, yerekeje muri Bucaspor yo muri [[Turukiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landry Mulemo Bucaspor için geldi |url=http://www.kurultay.net/haberler/spor/mulemo-bucaspor-icin-geldi-2010-06-22.html |website=Kurultay.net |date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626043716/http://www.kurultay.net/haberler/spor/mulemo-bucaspor-icin-geldi-2010-06-22.html |archive-date=2010-06-26 |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yaho yakiniye KV Kortrijk (2011–2013, 2014–2015), Beitar Jerusalem muri [[Isirayeli]] (2013–2014), Kaposvári Rákóczi muri [[Hongiriya]] (2014), KF Vllaznia muri [[Alubaniya]] (2017) na Birkirkara FC muri [[Malita]] (2017–2018).

Muri Mutarama 2020, nyuma y'imyaka ibiri nta kipe afite, yasinyiye Union royale Namur Fosses-la-Ville, aba kapiteni wayo, ayivamo muri Kanama 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landry Mulemo arrive à l'UR Namur FLV |url=https://www.dhnet.be/sports/sport-regional/namur/landry-mulemo-arrive-a-l-ur-namur-flv-5e2ee058f20d5a719a6f0e0f |website=DH Les Sports+ |date=2020-01-27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nouvelles du club – Communication officielle 14-08-2020 |url=https://urnamurflv.be/nouvelles-du-club-communication-officielle-14-08-2020/ |website=UR Namur FLV |date=2020-08-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikipe y'igihugu ==
Mulemo yakiniye ikipe y'u Bubiligi y'abatarengeje imyaka 21, yitabira Shampiyona y'u Burayi y'abatarengeje imyaka 21 yo mu 2007 mu [[Ubuholandi]], ndetse n'Imikino Olempike yo mu 2008 i Beijing, aho u Bubiligi bwabaye ubwa kane. Ku ya 9 Ukwakira 2009, yahamagawe bwa mbere mu ikipe nkuru y'u Bubiligi ku mukino na [[Turukiya]], ariko ntiyinjira mu kibuga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mulemo appelé par Advocaat en remplacement de Deschacht |url=http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1509/Football-Belge/article/detail/1013452/2009/10/09/Mulemo-appele-par-Advocaat-en-remplacement-de-Deschacht.dhtml |website=7sur7 |date=2009-10-09 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yifashishije amategeko mashya ya FIFA, ahitamo gukinira [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], nk'uko Joachim Mununga na Andréa Mbuyi-Mutombo babigenje. Yakiniye Kongo imikino 10 hagati ya 2011 na 2013, harimo umukino wo gushaka itike y'Igikombe cy'Isi na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 2011.

== Nyuma yo gukina ==
Mu 2021, yateguye i [[Kinshasa]] igikorwa cyo gushakisha impano z'abakiri bato ku bufatanye na Málaga CF yo muri Esipanye, naho mu 2022 abikora ku bufatanye na KV Kortrijk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foot : FC Malaga d'Espagne en campagne de détection des talents kinois, MK bien représenté ! |url=https://congoprofond.net/foot-fc-malaga-despagne-en-campagne-de-detection-des-talents-kinois-mk-bien-represente/ |website=Congo Profond |date=2021-07-18 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Landry Mulemo : &quot;mettre en lumière le talent de la jeunesse congolaise&quot; |url=https://www.leopardsfoot.com/landry-mulemo-mettre-en-lumiere-le-talent-de-la-jeunesse-congolaise/ |website=Leopardsfoot |date=2022-01-31 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
'''Standard de Liège'''
* Shampiyona y'u Bubiligi: 2008, 2009
* ''Supercoupe'' y'u Bubiligi: 2008, 2009

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Paul-José M'Poku]]
* [[Christian Luyindama]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Landry Mulemo |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur27037.html |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulemo, Landry}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ababiligi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul-José M'Poku</title>
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      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Landry Mulemo]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2088" sha1="bcy5y2c2x1yhl0m3apjon4f71dkfvv4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:230225 FC서울 vs 인천 유나이티드 Paul-José M'Poku.jpg|thumb|Paul-José M'Poku|360x360px]]
'''Paul-José M'Poku Ebunge''', bakunze kwita '''Paul-José Mpoku''' akitwa kandi '''Polo Mpoku''', (yavutse Ku ya 19 Mata 1992 i [[Kinshasa]], muri Zayire) ni umukinnyi ukina ari mpuzamahanga [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|muri Kongo]], Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati muri Incheon United .

== Ubuzima ==
Atangira [[umupira w'amaguru]] abatarabigize umwuga, muri Cornesse. Hamwe na Luis Pedro Cavanda runaka mu makipe ye.

Paul-José M'Poku yatangiye imyitozo muri Standard de Liège muri 2004 . Mu 2008, yavuye mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] yinjira mu kigo cy'amahugurwa cya Tottenham Hotspur . Nyuma y'ibihe bibiri hamwe nu rubyiruko rwiyi kipe, yatijwe umwaka umwe muri Leyton Orient .

Ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2011 , yasubiye muri Standard de Liège aho yasinye amasezerano 4  y'umwuga .

Ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 2012 , yatsinze igitego  cya mbere ku mutuku m'ugihe cya Standard de Lierse, umukino Standard yatsinze ibitego 3-0

Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2013 , yasinyiye ibitego bitatu ye yambere yatsinze 7-0 na La Gantoise kumukino wibizamini byi [[Burayi]].

Muri shampiyona yo muri 2013-2014, yaturikiye rwose mu ikipe ya Liégeois, yitabira imikino hafi ya yose yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’[[Ababiligi]], maze aba umunyembaraga mu ikipe ye, hamwe n’abakinnyi nka Michy Batshuayi by'umwihariko. Mu mpera zuyu mwaka wuzuye amarangamutima, M'poku azatsinda 12  mu mikino 49   yitabiriye. Standard izarangiza shampiyona ukurikira wu bubiligi, gusa ibuze umutwe.

== Ibihembo ==

* [[Ibipimo bya Liege|Standard de Liège]]
** Coupe de Belgique
*** uwatsinze buinshi: 2018
** Supercoupe de Belgique
*** Uwantinze shampiyona: 2018
** Championnat de Belgique
*** shampiyona ukurikira:  2014 et 2018

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Ni musaza wa Albert Sambi Lokonga, nawe umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|wumupira wamaguru]] wa bigize umwuga.

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Landry Mulemo]]

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cedric Mongongu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16170</id>
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      <text bytes="2299" sha1="ap7bvaum681fzbgnrfmyzuxcp4t63gn" xml:space="preserve">'''Cédric Mongongu''' (yavutse 22 kamena 1989 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umukinnyi ukina [[umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]]  ukina nka myugariro wo hagati.

== Ubuzima ==

=== AS Monaco ===
Yageze kare cyane mu [[Bufaransa]] avuye muri Zayire, Mongongu afite ubwenegihugu bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo]]. Ashishikaye cyane nu [[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w'amaguru]], yatangiye gukinira hariya mu ikipe ya Garenne-Colombes (Hauts-de-Seine) mbere yo kwinjira mu ikipe ya Racing club de France afite imyaka 13, arangije ahakorerwa imyitozo ya AS Monaco muri 2005 hanyuma agaragara bwa mbere muri L1 muri 2007. Yamaze gutorwa mu izamu hagati, yahuye n’[[Ubufaransa]] A 'mu mukino wa gicuti wabereye muri [[Esipanye|Espagne]]. Muri Monaco, ntarashyirwa mu mwanya runaka. Akenshi yakoreshwaga hagati, Ricardo yatangiye kuyikoresha mu kwirwanaho kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo ku zamura. Akoreshwa kandi nk'inyura iburyo, asimburana na François Modesto, aho atoroheye cyane kuruta muri myugariro wo hagati.

Kugira ngo yishyure ibikomere, yagaragaye gake cyane nka myugariro wo hagati. Amaherezo Mongongu yatsinze mu izamu ryo hagati, ihura na Nicolas N'Koulou imwe mu mpeta zo hagati mu Burayi.

Mu ntangiriro za shampiyona yo muri 2009-2010, Cédric yagumanye icyizere cy'umutoza mushya wa ASM, wamuhuje na Sébastien Puygrenier muri myugariro wo hagati. Yasinyanye amasezerano ya mbere y'umwuga y'imyaka 3. Yakinnye imikino 33 ya Ligue 1 muri shampiyona  yamubonye asohoka. Birahumuriza  kandi ni byiza gutangira, yanga abamurwanya. Umukino we mwiza rwose niwo wakinnye na Olympique de Marseille kuri Vélodrome. Imyitwarire ye myiza cyane yatumye aba ku gipangu cy'amakipe akomeye harimo na AC Milan.

Amaherezo yahisemo gukomeza amarangamutima ya Monegasque. Yatangiye umukino wa mbere wa shampiyona yo muri 2010-2011 i Lyon ariko nyuma yaje gutakaza umwanya kubera imvune nimyitwarire ye.

=== Evian Thonon Gaillard ===

== Ibihembo ==

=== Mu ma ikipe ===

* '''[[Ishyirahamwe ryimikino ryikipe yumupira wamaguru ya Monaco|AS Monaco]]'''
** Champion de France des réserves professionnelles en 2008
** ku mukino wa nyuma wa  Coupe de France muri 2010

=== Mu guhitamo ===

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pamphile Mihayo Kazembe</title>
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      <text bytes="4728" sha1="sma32yyd7dzp5tmbt4gjibm6azrgjpp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|image=Mihayo Kazembe.jpg|légende=Mihayo avec le [[TP Mazembe]]}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Pamphile Mihayo Kazembe
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Dosiye:Mihayo_Kazembe.jpg|link=Fichier:Mihayo_Kazembe.jpg|alt=Image illustrative de l’article Pamphile Mihayo Kazembe|374x374px|Mihayo avec le [[TP Mazembe]]]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mihayo   
   |-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ibimugize
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;wd_p27&quot;&gt;[[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;wd_p569&quot;&gt;&lt;time datetime=&quot;1976-09-17&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1976-09-17&quot;&gt;17 nzeri 1976&lt;/time&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;noprint wikidata-linkback&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Blue_pencil.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591651?uselang=fr#P569|baseline|class=noviewer|10x10px|Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(46 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lubumbashi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Uburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,78
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |nyugariro
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |mu ikipe nkuru
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
!mu igihembwe
!ikipe
!ibindi
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1996&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot;&gt;1996&lt;/time&gt;-&lt;time datetime=&quot;1998&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot;&gt;1998&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1966.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1966.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt; Tout Puissant Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1999&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/time&gt;-&lt;time datetime=&quot;2000&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot;&gt;2000&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt; Daring Club Motema Pembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |depuis &lt;time datetime=&quot;2000&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot;&gt;2000&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt; Tout Puissant Mazembe
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikipe nkuru
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
!umwaka
!gu hitamwo
!ibindi
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;2011&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot;&gt;kuva 2011&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt;  Congo 
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |16&amp;nbsp;(1)
|}
[[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe harimo na Mihayo]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Image locale correspondant à celle de Wikidata]]
'''Pamphile Mihayo Kazembe''' (yavutse Ku ya 17 Nzeri 1976 i Lubumbashi) Ni umukinnyi ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] akaba ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] (DRC)  Akina nku mukinnyi wo hagati cyangwa myugariro wo hagati. Kugeza ubu ni umutoza wa TP Mazembe n'umutoza wungirije w'ikipe y'igihugu ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Ni se w'abana 4.

== Ubuzima ==
Mihayo akinira TP Mazembe, yitabiriye igikombe cy'isi cy'amakipe yo muri 2009 ndetse n'igikombe cy'isi cyo muri 2010 aho yari kapiteni. Yakinnye umukino wa nyuma yatsinzwe na Inter Milan (gutsindwa 3-0).

== Amasomo yo gutoza ==

* kuva muri Mata 2017: TP Mazembe

== Ibihembo ==

* Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* umudali wa DR Congo muri 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya DR Congo muri 2000 hamwe na TP Mazembe
* Uwatsinze shampiyona ya Linafoot

'''Nkumutoza'''

* Uwatsindiye Igikombe cya Confederation hamwe na TP Mazembe muri 2017
* Uwatsindiye igikombe cya shampiyona ya congo (Linafoot) 2017

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mbala Mbuta</title>
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'''Mbala Mbuta''' (yavutse Ku ya 7 Mata 1985) ni umutoza muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa congo]] (DRC) uvuka   i [[Kinshasa]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|muri Kongo]] (DRC).

== Umwuga ==
Muri FC Les Star de Kinshasa niho yavumbuwe. Bidatinze yinjiye muri DC Motema Pembe. Ikipe ye yegukanye igikombe [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|cya congo]] muri 2002 ndetse na shampiona [[Kinshasa|ya Kinshasa]], ibikombe byinshi bya shampiyona [[Kinshasa|ya Kinshasa]]. Yatsindiye ibikombe 2 bya muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|wa Kongo]] mu myaka ibiri yakurikiyeho ndetse n'indi shampiyona [[Kinshasa|ya Kinshasa]] mbere yo kuva muri iyi kipe. Amaze gutsinda byinshi muri DC Motema Pembe (DCMP), yageze muri [[Isirayeli|Isiraheli]] muri 2004 mu gihe kitari gito ku nguzanyo. Yinjiye mu ikipe ya Hapoel Tel-Aviv, yamazeyo amezi atandatu mbere yo kugwa mu [[Burayi]] aho azakinira mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]] muri Yverdon-Sport FC, iyi kipe yazamutse mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’Ubusuwisi. Ntabwo azwi n’abanyaburayi, ariko asanzwe ari inyenyeri mu gihugu cye. Muri 2006, ikipe ye, Yverdon-Sport FC, yamanuwe mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’Ubusuwisi (Challenge League). Zurich Grasshopper noneho ihitamo kugura uyu mukinnyi utanga ikizere cyane.  Ku ya 20 Kanama 2014,  SO Cholet iratangaza ko yashakishije umukinnyi muri shampiyona itaha.

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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    <title>Gutunganya ibishanga muri Gisagara</title>
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      <text bytes="3681" sha1="se2wfwnz7lhe35iji3kcqo5enlcumm9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Rice plants of Bohol.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'Umuceri]]
Mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi kuko butunze benshi mu Karere ka Gisagara hatoranyijwe ibihingwa bine byitabwaho kugira ngo abahinzi babashe kwihaza no gusagurira inganda n’amasoko.

== Tumenye Ibihingwa byagombaga guhingwa ==
[[Dosiye:Ab food 06.jpg|thumb|Ibigoli]]
[[Dosiye:Imishingiriro.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bw'Ibishyimbo]]
Mu Karere ka Gisagara haboneka ibishanga bifite ubuso bugera kuri hegitali 5000. Muri byo hamaze gutunganywa hegitali 2500 harimo izigera ku 1500 zatunganyijwe mu myaka itandatu ishize.Mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi kuko butunze benshi mu Karere ka Gisagara hatoranyijwe ibihingwa bine byitabwaho kugira ngo abahinzi babashe kwihaza no gusagurira inganda n’amasoko.Ibyo bihingwa ni ibigori, umuceri, urutoki n’ibishyimbo.Ubuyobozi bw’Akarere bwashyize ingufu mu gutunganya ibishanga bituma umusaruro w’umuceri wiyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gutunganya-ibishanga-byatumye-umusaruro-w-umuceri-wikuba-hafi-gatatu-ishusho-y&lt;/ref&gt;Muri gahunda yo kwigisha abahinzi guhinga kijyambere, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda n’imborera no gutera imbuto y’indobanure ndetse no gutunganya ibishanga ni byo byatumye umusaruro mu buhinzi wiyongera.ndetse no gukoresha neza amazi cyane mu bishanga ndetse no kuhira imusozi.Gutunganya ibishanga ni uburyo bwo gufata neza amazi, aho amazi ari make hakorwa uburyo bwo kuyongera, aho ari menshi akayoborerwa ahandi.Hari ibice bikibamo amazi menshi ku buryo ibigori n’ibishyimbo bitahera, no mu gihe cy’imvura hari ibice bitwarwa. Abahinzi bifuza uwabatunganyiriza igishanga neza.Umuyobozi w'Intara yamajyepfo mumwaka ushize yashishikarizaga abaturage bafite ibishanga kubikoresha neza, ariko bakanitabira kuhira kuko n’ubwo mu bishanga haba harimo amazi ntaba ari mu mirima imbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/gisagara-bitunganyirije-igishanga-none-barishimira-umusaruro-kibaha-no-mu-zuba&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gutunganya ibishanga byagize umusaruro ==
[[Dosiye:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Gutera imbuto y'Umuceri]]
[[Dosiye:Blond and green rice fields.jpg|thumb|Umuceri]]
Umusaruro wagiye uzamuka, mu mwaka 2015 abahinzi bezaga toni 4000 z’umuceri ariko ubu bageze kuri toni hafi ibihumbi 10. Icyo bifuza ni uko bageze kuri toni ibihumbi 20 kandi bifuza kuzabigeraho nibamara gutunganya ibishanga bisigaye.Mu bigori naho umusaruro wariyongereye kuko kuri ubu abahinzi beza toni 4 kuri hegitari imwe; naho ku bishyimbo bakeza toni 1,48.Mu bishanga biteganyijwe ko bizatunganywa harimo icyitwa Nyiramageni gihuza [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]] ya Gikonko, Mamba na Ntyazo gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 600. Ikindi ni icya Ngiryi nacyo kiri gushakirwa ubushobozi kugira ngo gitunganywe.Gutunganya ibyo bishanga bizajyana no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuhira imyaka ku misozi ibikikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Mu bijyanye no kuhira imisozi hegitali 625 zuhiwe hakoreshejwe imashini muri iyi myaka itandatu ishize, naho hegitali hafi 2800 zishyirwaho amaterasi y’indinganire.Hubatswe ubwanikiro bw’ibigori 42 n'ubw’umuceri 28.Hubatswe uruganda rutunganya [[urwagwa]] n’umutobe mu bitoki rufite ubushobozi bwo kwakira toni zisaga 900 mu kwezi kumwe. Rugemura inzoga mu Turere twa Gisagara, Huye, Nyaruguru na Nyamagabe ku buryo ku kwezi rwinjiza amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 90Frw ajya mu baturage baruha ibitoki.Mu kwita ku musaruro hubatswe inganda zirimo urw’umuceri ruri mu Murenge wa Gikonko rutunganya toni zigera ku 7800; hubakwa n’urutunganya ibigori mo ifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nsumbu Mazuwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141753</id>
      <parentid>140225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:21:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141753</origin>
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      <text bytes="9239" sha1="ivpsx27syz1wq1jbp01r9ekhp7siwql" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Footballeur|nom=Nsumbu Mazuwa|nom de naissance=Emmanuel Nsumbu Mazuwa|image=|taille image=|légende=|nationalité={{COD-d}} [[République démocratique du Congo|Congolais (RDC)]]|date de naissance={{date|24|9|1982|en football|âge=oui}}|lieu de naissance=[[Kisangani]] ([[RD Congo]])|taille={{Taille|m=1.85}}|position=[[Milieu de terrain]]|club actuel=|numéro en club=|période pro=[[1999 en football|1999]]-[[2015 en football|2015]]|parcours junior=|parcours pro={{trois colonnes
| [[1999 en football|1999]]-[[2000 en football|2000]]|{{COD-d}} [[Tula Mpaka]]| {{0}}34 {{0}}(0)
| [[2000 en football|2000]]-[[2003 en football|2003]]|{{COD-d}} [[AS Vita Club]]| {{0}}84 {{0}}(0)
| [[2003 en football|2003]]-[[2005 en football|2005]]|{{nobr|{{ISR-d}} [[Hapoël Haïfa]]}}| {{0}}60 {{0}}(9)
| [[2005 en football|2005]]-[[2006 en football|2006]]|{{ISR-d}} [[Betar Jérusalem]]| {{0}}31 {{0}}(2)
| [[2006 en football|2006]]-[[2007 en football|2007]]|{{ISR-d}} [[Maccabi Netanya]]| {{0}}29 {{0}}(0)
| [[2007 en football|2007]]-[[2008 en football|2008]]|{{ISR-d}} [[Hapoël Tel-Aviv FC]]| {{0}}29 {{0}}(0)
| [[2008 en football|2008]]-[[2009 en football|2009]]|{{ISR-d}} [[Bnei Sakhnin FC]]| {{0}}13 {{0}}(1)
| [[2009 en football|2009]]|{{TUR-d}} [[Kocaelispor]]| {{0}}13 {{0}}(0)
| [[2009 en football|2009]]-[[2011 en football|2011]]|{{TUR-d}} [[İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Spor Kulübü|İstanbul Büyükşehir]]| {{0}}21 {{0}}(0)
| [[2009 en football|2009]]-[[2011 en football|2011]]|{{CHY-d}} [[Lapta TBSK]]| {{0}}11 {{0}}(0)
| [[2012 en football|2012]]-[[2013 en football|2013]]|{{TUR-d}} [[Samsunspor]]| {{0}}11 {{0}}(0)
| [[2013 en football|2013]]-[[2015 en football|2015]]|{{MAL-d}} [[Felda United FC]]| {{0}}6 {{0}}(0)
| [[2015 en football|2015]]|{{COD-d}} [[DC Motema Pembe|DCMP Imana]]| {{0}}? {{0}}(?)}}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2 noarchive&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;entete footballblack&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#99cc99;color:#000000;&quot; |Nsumbu Mazuwa
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |Ibi mugize
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Amazina&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Emmanuel Nsumbu Mazuwa
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubwenegihugu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Congolais (RDC)]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |amavuko
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;1982-09-24&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1982-09-24&quot;&gt;24 nzeri 1982&lt;/time&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;(40 )&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kisangani ([[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|RD Congo]])
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ubburebure
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1,85
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;u&gt;Igihe&lt;/u&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999-2015
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umwanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hagati mu kibuga
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |umwuga
|-
   |'''umwaka'''
|'''ikipe'''
|ib
|-
   | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;color:#3;&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |1999-2000
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Tula Mpaka]]
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;34 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2000-2003
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; AS Vita Club
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;84 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2003-2005
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Isiraheli]]&lt;/span&gt; Hapoël Haïfa&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;60 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(9)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2005-2006
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Isiraheli]]&lt;/span&gt; Betar Jérusalem
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;31 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(2)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2006-2007
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Isiraheli]]&lt;/span&gt; Maccabi Netanya
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;29 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2007-2008
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Isiraheli]]&lt;/span&gt; Hapoël Tel-Aviv FC
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;29 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2008-2009
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Isiraheli]]&lt;/span&gt; Bnei Sakhnin FC
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;13 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(1)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Türkiye]]&lt;/span&gt; Kocaelispor
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;13 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-2011
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Türkiye]]&lt;/span&gt; İstanbul Büyükşehir
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;21 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2009-2011
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Kupuro]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Lapta TBSK]]
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;11 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2012-2013
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Türkiye]]&lt;/span&gt; Samsunspor
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;11 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2013-2015
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag of Malaya (1950–1963).svg|link=Fichier:Flag of Malaya (1950–1963).svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Malaya]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Felda United FC]]
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;6 &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(0)
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |2015
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|alt=|border|class=noviewer|20x20px|Ibendera: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;/span&gt; DCMP Imana
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;? &lt;s style=&quot;visibility:hidden;color:transparent&quot;&gt;0&lt;/s&gt;(?)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#99cc99; color:#000000&quot; |ikipe nkuru
|-
      | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
!umwaka
!mu gihugu
!ibindi
|-
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;time datetime=&quot;2002&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/time&gt;-&lt;time datetime=&quot;2010&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/time&gt;
| class=&quot;data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|link=Fichier:Flag_of_Congo_Kinshasa_1997.svg|border|class=noviewer|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt;  Congo 
| class=&quot;data&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center&quot; |31&amp;nbsp;(1)
|}
[[Dosiye:Mini football game.jpg|thumb|Umupira wamaguru]]
[[Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox]]
[[Catégorie:Pas d'image locale ni d'image sur Wikidata]]
[[Catégorie:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]
'''Emmanuel Nsumbu Mazuwa''' (yavutse Ku ya 24 Nzeri 1982 i Kisangani) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira [[Umupira w’amaguru|wamaguru]] ukomoka muri congo. Akina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati. Yitabiriye umupira w'amaguru mu gikombe cy'Afurika muri 2004 hamwe na DR Congo. yahizwemo mu ikipe y'igihugu inshuro 31 kuva 2002.

== Ubuzima ==

== Ibihembo ==

* [[AS Vita Club]]
** Coupe du Congo : 2001
** [[Dosiye:VClub 2013.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya AS Vita Club]]Linafoot 2003 : 2003
* [[Hapoel Haifa|Hapoël Haïfa]]
** Liga Leumit : 2004

== Inyandiko ==

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>ivpsx27syz1wq1jbp01r9ekhp7siwql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michel Mazingu-Dinzey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142062</id>
      <parentid>107225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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[[Dosiye:Michél_Mazingu-Dinzey.JPG|thumb|right|Michél Mazingu Dinzey]]
'''Michél Sinda Mazingu-Dinzey''' (yavutse Ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1972 i [[Berlin]], [[Ubudage|mu Budage]]) ni umukinnyi w'[[Ubudage|Umudage]], Umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|w’umupira w'amaguru]], wabaye umutoza. Kugeza ubu ni umuyobozi wa Antigua na Barbuda Ku ya 7 Werurwe 2019 .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Umwuga w'abakinnyi ===

==== Umwuga wa ikipe ====

==== Umwuga wo guhitamo ====
Hamwe n'ikipe ya Zayire ubu ni DRC, yakinnye imikino 33 (ku bitego 3 yatsinze) hagati yo muri 1996 na 2004.
[[Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire]]
Ari mu itsinda ryatoranijwe mu gikombe cya Afurika cy’ibihugu muri 1996, 2000 na 2004 . Yageze muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza aya marushanwa muri  1996.

Yakinnye kandi imikino ibiri ibara, imikino ibanza y'igikombe cy'isi cyo muri 1998 &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192733/http://fr.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=158794/index.html Fiche de Mazingu Dinzey] sur ''fifa.com''&lt;/ref&gt;, n'imikino ibiri ibara imikino ibanza y'igikombe cy'isi muri 2002 &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002144/http://fr.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=3388/index.html Fiche de Michel Dinzey] sur ''fifa.com''&lt;/ref&gt; .

===== Intego z'igihugu =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; |Intego z'igihugu
|-
!
! Itariki
! Ikibanza
! Murwanya
! Amanota
! Igisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
|Ku ya 23 Mata 2000
| [[Kinshasa]]
|Djibouti
| '''4-1''' (igitego 1 kumunota wa 52 e )
| 9-1
| 2002 Igikombe cy'isi (imikino yo kwishyura)
|-
| 2.
|Ku ya 14 Mutarama 2001
| [[Kinshasa]]
|Gana
| '''1-0''' (igitego 1 kumunota wa e )
| 2-1
| CAN 2002 (yujuje ibisabwa)
|-
| 3.
|Ku ya 14 Mutarama 2004
|? ( Misiri )
|Misiri
| '''1-2''' (igitego 1 e wa 52)
| 2-2
| Umukino winshuti
|}

=== Umwuga wo gutoza ===

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>1ccdaduj3rebmjk7xdw0n84enwyyx4g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andre Ngole Kona</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141907</id>
      <parentid>140274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2130" sha1="4o495vdc77x3tzl8d5tyg019pexgckj" xml:space="preserve">'''Andre Ngole Kona''' cyangwa '''Andre N'Gole Kona''' (Yavutse Ku ya 16 Kamena 1970 i Lubumbashi muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w'umupira w'amaguru ukomoka mu cyahoze ari muri Zayire. Yakinaga nka rutahizamu. 

== Ubuzima ==
Yatangiye gukina umupira w'amaguru mu gihugu cye kavukire kandi akurikirana amakipe ya Lubumbashi (FC Lubumbashi Sport) na Barumbu (SM Bibicha) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.angelfire.com/nj/sivritepe/0203/club/1istanbul.html joueur de İstanbulspor en 2002]&lt;/ref&gt; . Hanyuma yagiye mu kigo cyigisha imyitozo cya Jomo Cosmos muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.jomocosmos.co.za/default.asp?cid=5280 |title=histoire de Jomo Sono |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002959/http://www.jomocosmos.co.za/default.asp?cid=5280 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Muri shampiyona yo muri 1993–94, Andre Kona yakiniyeikipe ya  Gençlerbirliği .

Mu gutsinda ibitego 74 harimo penariti 12 kuri Gençlerbirliği, yabaye umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi muri 1958 .

Hagati yo  muri 1993 (Ku ya 23 Kanama 1993) na 2001 (iKu ya 26 Gicurasi 2001), yakinnye imikino 147 yose hamwe iminota 12 458 kuriyi kipe.

Imyitwarire ye myiza yaje muri shampiyona ya 1993–94, ubwo yatsindaga ibitego 21 byose mu cyiciro cya mbere cya [[Turukiya]] 

akinira ikipe ya Antalyaspor, hanyuma yongera gukinira Gençlerbirliği, hanyuma akinira Diyarbakirspor hanyuma asoreza muri İstanbulspor A. Ş. .

Ni umwe mu bakinnyi bonyine muri [[Turukiya]] batsinze ibitego birenga 100 muri Shampiyona ya [[Turukiya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.k3s.be/blog/index.php?2006%2F07%2F18%2F11-besiktas-belgium-asbl |title=+100buts |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2008-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114095945/http://www.k3s.be/blog/index.php?2006%2F07%2F18%2F11-besiktas-belgium-asbl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ibihembo ==

* 2001 wegukanye igikombe cya Turukiya hamwe na Gençlerbirliği

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>4o495vdc77x3tzl8d5tyg019pexgckj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kutre Dulecha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141956</id>
      <parentid>94751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3413" sha1="3lub6k73fxnkbt8jcw408sk97f226wz" xml:space="preserve">'''Kutre Dulecha''' (yavutse ku ya 22 Kanama 1978 i Sidamo) ni umukinnyi wiruka hagati mu kibuga muri  [[Etiyopiya]]. Arushanwa muri metero 1500, aho yashyizeho agahigo kisi  muri 1997. Yabaye shampiyona w’imbere muri 2004, Etiyopiya ya mbere yegukanye umudari wa metero 1500 mu [[Umugore|bagore]]. Yatsinze amasomo magufi y'abagore muri Shampiyona yisi ya IAAF muri 2000.

== Amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!Umwaka
!Irushanwa
!igihugu
!Umwanya
!Ubuebure
!igihe
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|rowspan=2|[[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lisbon]], Portugali
|bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot;|3rd
|800m
| [[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres|2:05.17]]
|-
|5th
|1500m
|[[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:17.39]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1995
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1995 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|rowspan=2|Harare, Zimbabwe
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
| 1500 metres
| [[Athletics at the 1995 All-Africa Games#Women's events|4:18.32]]
|-
|bgcolor=cc9966| 3rd
| 800 metres
| [[Athletics at the 1995 All-Africa Games#Women's events|2:02.26]]
|-
|1996
|[[1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|Sydney, ositaraliya
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|1500m
|[[1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:08.65]]
|-
|1998
|[[1998 World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|Marrakech, Moroke
|bgcolor=cc9966| 3rd
|Short race (4&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Women's short race|12:37]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1999
|[[1999 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] 
|Seville, esipanye
|bgcolor=cc9966| 3rd
|1500 metres
|[[1999 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|4:00.96]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|Johannesburg, Afurica yepfo
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|1500 metres
|[[Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games#Women's events|4:18.33]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2000
|[[2000 World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|Vilamoura, Portugali
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|Short race (4.18&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Women's short race|13:00]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|Sydney, ositaraliya
|4th
|1500 metres
| [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|4:05.33]]
|-
|[[2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]]
|Doha, katari
|bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | 2nd
|1500 metres
| [[2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final#Women|4:15.75]]
|-
|2003
|[[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] 
|Abuja, Nigeriya
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|1500 metres
| [[Athletics at the 2003 All-Africa Games#Women's events|4:21.63]]
|-
|2004
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] 
|Budapest, Hongiriya
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|1500 metres
| [[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 1500 metres|4:06.40]]
|-
|2005
|[[Amsterdam Marathon]]
|Amsterdam, ubuharande
|bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1st
|Marathon
|2:30:05
|}

== Ibyiza byawe bwite ==

* Metero 800 - 1: 59.37 (1999)
* Metero 1000 - 2: 37.82 (1999)
* Metero 1500 - 3: 58.43 (1998)
* Ikirometero kimwe - 4: 39.04 (1997)
* Ibirometero 15 - 50:28 (2005)
* Igice cya marato - 1:10:54 (2005)
* Marato - 2:32:29 (2005)

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]]</text>
      <sha1>3lub6k73fxnkbt8jcw408sk97f226wz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sifan Hassan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141791</id>
      <parentid>139388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="6103" sha1="g0cuvf9q5pnh4v80itdeg4oypdcaaj9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sifan Hassan - 120609-011.jpg|thumb|Sifan Hassan]]
'''Sifan Hassan''' (Yavutse 1 [[Ubuholandi|Mutarama]] 1993 &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sifan HASSAN – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/sifan-hassan-14489606 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yasoje inshuro eshatu zitigeze zibaho mu mikino Olempike ya Tokiyo yo muri 2020 y egukana imidari ya zahabu muri metero 5000 na metero 10,000, n'umudari wa bronze muri metero 1500 . Hassan niwe mukinnyi w'enyine mu mateka ya Olempike wegukanye imidari mu birometero bigera hagati ndetse no gusiganwa kure cyane mu mikino imwe. Ni umugore wa kabiri gusa wujuje intera ya olempike kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whittington |first=Jess |date=2021-08-07 |title=History-maker Hassan completes medal treble in Tokyo |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=[[World Athletics]] |archive-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052935/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mu marushanwa y’imikino ngororamubiri ku isi, Hassan yatwaye ibikombe bya metero 1500 na 10,000, muri 2019, abaye umukinnyi w'enyine (umugabo cyangwa umugore) mu mateka we gukanye ibyo birori byombi mu marushanwa y’isi imwe cyangwa imikino Olempike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutch |first=Taylor |date=2019-10-05 |title=Sifan Hassan Wins Unprecedented World Championship Double; Houlihan Sets American Record |url=https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a29375367/sifan-hassan-world-championship-double/ |access-date=2019-10-07 |website=Runner's World |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsindiye umudari w'umuringa kuri metero 1500 muri 2015, no kuri 5000 muri 2017 ubwo na we yarangije umwanya wa gatanu kuri metero 1500. Hassan ni inshuro eshatu yegukanye umudari wa Shampiyona y’imbere mu nzu, yegukana umudari wa zahabu kuri metero 1500 muri 2016 ndetse nafeza, kuri metero 3000 na bronze kuri 1500 muri 2018 . Yabonye imidari itandatu yo mu [[Burayi]] (harimo imitwe ibiri yambukiranya igihugu), n'umudari umwe wo mu Burayi. Yatsindiye kandi inshuro eshatu Diamond League, amaze kubona metero 1500 / 5000 muri 2019 .

Hassan ni we ufite agahigo  ku isi mu gusiganwa ku birometero kimwe na kilometero 5, byombi byashyizweho muri 2019, ndetse no gukora isaha imwe, byashyizweho muri 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Sifan Hassan smashes women's 10,000 metres world record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/sifan-hassan-smashes-womens-10000-metres-world-record/articleshow/83283308.cms |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Program 2019&amp;nbsp;–&amp;nbsp;Diamond League – Monaco |url=https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame |access-date=12 July 2019 |website=monaco.diamondleague.com |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713111844/https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatwaye amateka ku isi ku 10,000 iminsi ibiri muri kamena 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Sifan Hassan: Dutch athlete breaks 10,000m world record by more than 10 seconds |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57377392 |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=BBC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nbc2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Letesenbet Gidey breaks 2-day-old world record in 10,000m |url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=OlympicTalk |publisher=NBC Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afite inyandiko eshanu zi Burayi (metero 1500, 3000, 5000, 10,000, igice cya marato) hamwe n’uwubuholandi butatu.

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Sifan Hassan yavukiye i Adama, Oromia, [[Etiyopiya]] akurira mu cyaro cya Kersa mu karere ka Munesa muri Zone ya Arsi ya Oromia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2019 |title=Atileet Siifan Hasan fiigichaan rikkardiiwwan cabsuu itti fufte kun eenyu, akkamiin as geesse? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afaanoromoo/oduu-50669408.amp |access-date=4 August 2021 |publisher=BBC News Afaan Oromoo}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Brink, Cors Van den (24 November 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003629/http://www.atletiekweek.nl/2013/11/24/een-edammertje-voor-de-atlete-uit-nazareth/ Een Edammertje voor de atlete uit Nazareth] {{In lang|nl}}. ''Atletiek Week''. Retrieved on 2014-02-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Yari kwiruka mu myidagaduro. Yavuye muri Etiyopiya ari impunzi agera mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]] muri 2008 afite imyaka cumi n'itanu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Sifan Hassan chases athletics history with Tokyo Olympics treble attempt |url=https://www.ft.com/content/91c39995-7e4c-4d01-a248-e55e764153b5 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=www.ft.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tokyo |first=Ian O'Riordan In |title=Sifan Hassan on course for unprecedented treble after 5,000m win |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/sifan-hassan-on-course-for-unprecedented-treble-after-5-000m-win-1.4637172 |access-date=2021-08-07 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatangiye kwiruka akora amasomo yo kuba umuforomo.  Hassan yabaye umwenegihugu w’Ubuholandi muri 2013. 

== Umwuga ==
[[Dosiye:520_finale_1500m_hassan_(26095090475).jpg|left|thumb| Hassan (iburyo) yerekeza muri metero 1500 muri zahabu mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yo muri 2016 yabereye i Portland]]

=== 2016–2017 ===
[[Dosiye:2019_Payton_Jordan_Invitational_(46848948765).jpg|left|thumb| Hassan yiruka metero 10,000,  muri Ubutumire bwa Payton Jordan muri Palo Alto, CA muri 2019]]
[[Dosiye:Women's_1500m_final_at_2019_World_Athletics_Championships_2.jpg|thumb| Ku mukino wa nyuma wa metero 1500 wa Shampiyona y'isi yo muri 2019 yabereye i [[Doha]], Hassan yatsinze Kipyegon, wari wagarutse nyuma yo kubyara mu mwaka ushize.]]

=== Ibyiza byawe bwite ===

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]]</text>
      <sha1>g0cuvf9q5pnh4v80itdeg4oypdcaaj9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saruba Colley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141708</id>
      <parentid>104710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141708</origin>
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      <text bytes="2970" sha1="ljdtlp1dtt3rfgahsppu8cvjnf9yqxi" xml:space="preserve">
[[Dosiye:Saruba_Colley_2012.jpg|thumb|242x242px| Saruba Colley mu mikino Olempike yo muri  2012]]
'''Saruba Colley''' (yavutse ku ya 5 [[Gashyantare]] 1989, avukira i Sibanor) ni [[Siporo|umukinnyi]] wa [[Umukino|siporo]] [[Gambiya|wo muri Gambiya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saruba Colley |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/colley-saruba-1035254/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531201450/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/colley-saruba-1035254/ |archive-date=2013-05-31 |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=London 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitabiriye amarushanwa ya metero 100 mu mikino Olempike yo muri  2012 ; yirukanka abanziriza akora amasegonda 12.21, amushoboza kujya mu cyiciro cya [[Rimwe|1]], no mu cyiciro cya [[Rimwe|1]] mu masegonda 12.06, ibyo bikaba byashyize ahagaragara agahigo k’[[igihugu]] cya [[Gambiya]] ariko ntibyamujuje ibisabwa muri kimwe cya [[kabiri]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 100m Results: Preliminaries |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-100m/phase=atw001p00/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121205013429/www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-100m/phase=atw001p00/index.html |archive-date=2012-12-05 |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=London 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's 100m Result: Round 1 |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-100m/phase=atw001900/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121216093549/www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-100m/phase=atw001900/index.html |archive-date=2012-12-16 |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=London 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/london-2012-suwaibou-sanneh-raring-to-go&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/history-making-suwaibou-sanneh-into-100m-semis&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambian-athletes-hopeful-of-successful-outing-in-london-2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/spectacular-opening-to-london-2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://worldathletics.org/athletes/the-gambia/saruba-colley-14436916&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://olympics.com/en/athletes/saruba-colley&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.co.uk/athletics/saruba-colley_prs322335/person.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/120982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/summer/2012/athletes/_/athlete/47609&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/AthletismeFicheAthlete18493.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://allfamousbirthday.com/saruba-colley/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412151344/https://allfamousbirthday.com/saruba-colley/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gaa-president-highlights-future-plansdenies-saruba-colleys-absconding&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/oly-athl-atw100-prelim-day7-idUSL6E8J398F20120803&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gambiya]]</text>
      <sha1>ljdtlp1dtt3rfgahsppu8cvjnf9yqxi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elinda Vorster</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141754</id>
      <parentid>94837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:21:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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'''Elinda Vorster''' (Yavutse '''Rademeyer,''' yavutse ku ya 8 Nzeri 1965 i Cape Town) ni umukinnyi ukomoka  [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika y'Epfo]] uri mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru wazobereye mu gusiganwa ku maguru.  Yahagarariye igihugu cye mu mikino Olempike yo muri 1992 na Shampiyona y'isi yo muri 1993 .

Ibyiza bye ni amasegonda 11.22 muri metero 100 (1.4, Germiston 1990) n'amasegonda agera 22.58 muri metero 200 (+1.2, Germiston 1990). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.all-athletics.com/node/143529 |title=All-Athletics |access-date=2023-04-12 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002657/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/143529 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amarushanwa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{flag|South Africa|1928}}
|-
|rowspan=4|1992
|rowspan=2|[[1992 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Belle Vue Maurel]], [[Mauritius]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|100 m
|11.26
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|200 m
|23.60
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Barcelona, Spain]]
|11th (sf)
|100 m
|[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|11.44]]
|-
|14th (sf)
|200 m
|[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres|23.08]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1993
|[[1993 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Durban, South Africa]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|100 m
|11.45
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1993 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Stuttgart, Germany]]
|9th (sf)
|100 m
|[[1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|11.22]]
|-
|11th (sf)
|200 m
|[[1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|22.83]]
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Afurika yepfo]]</text>
      <sha1>2eh3v6mn7612ilso0bkgq35ig1a6msn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dodi Lukebakio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141755</id>
      <parentid>140145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:21:13Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1830" sha1="57om7073qhbvxp91s7zw6i2ny31bdpu" xml:space="preserve">'''Dodi Lukebakio''', Yavutse Ku ya 24 Nzeri 1997 i Asse, [[Ububiligi|mu Bubiligi]],) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukina ari  mpuzamahanga [[Ububiligi|w’umubiligi]]  ukina nka winger i Hertha [[Berlin]].

Nyuma yo gutoranyirizwa muri ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu mukino wa gicuti muri 2016, amaherezo y'ahisemo muri [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] umwaka ukurikira.

== Ubuzima ==
[[Dosiye:Dodi_Lukebakio.jpg|left|thumb| Lukebakio hamwe na Anderlecht muri 2016 .]]
Dodi Lukebakio yatangiye umwuga we muri Sporting Anderlecht. Kubera kubura umwanya wo gukina, yinjiye muri Toulouse FC ku nguzanyo mu mpeshyi yo muri  2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 septembre 2016 |title=Dodi Lukebakio (Anderlecht) est prêté au TFC |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Dodi-lukebakio-anderlecht-est-prete-au-tfc/723223 |website=lequipe.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Kuba adafite indangamuntu cyangwa uruhushya rwo gutura, ntashobora ariko gukina niyi kipe, yewe ndetse ni tsinda ry'abigenewe. Bigaragara ko atabonye indangamuntu y'Ububiligi kuko adashobora kwerekana ko yavukiye mu Bubiligi. Mu byukuri, nta cyemezo cy'amavuko afite. Kubura icyemezo cy'amavuko ntibibuza gukorera mu Burayi (ikibazo cya shampiyona w’uburayi Renato Sanches), ariko kugira ngo abone uruhushya rwo gutura mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Lukebakio agomba kuba ari mpuzamahanga, haba mu ikipe ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] cyangwa mu ikipe y’Ububiligi. Umutoza wa Kongo, [[Florent Ibenge]], yemeye atazuyaje, muri Nzeri 2016, ariko federasiyo y’Ababiligi, na yo yasabye ko yamuhitamo, iramwanga muri iyi shampiyona. Nyuma yakinnye umukino wa gicuti kuri Ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2016 kurwanya na [[Kenya]], idafunga imiryango yo gutoranya Ababiligi.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== amahuza yo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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    <title>Christian Luyindama</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Landry Mulemo]]</comment>
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'''Christian Luyindama Nekadio''', Yavutse Ku ya 8 Mutarama 1994 i [[Kinshasa]]) ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|congo]] (DRC). Akina nka myugariro wo hagati muri Antalyaspor, ku ntizanyo ya Galatasaray SK .

== Ubuzima ==

=== Muri ikipe ===
Hamwe n'ikipe ya Sanga Balende, yitabiriye Shampiyona ny'afurika muri 2015 . Muri iryo rushanwa, yatsinze igitego cyatsinze ikipe ya Libolo yo muri Angola  .

Muri 2015, yinjiye muri Tout Puissant Mazembe maze umutoza we amushyimira nka rutahizamu. Yatsinze ibitego kandi azamura imiterere y'umubiri.

Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2017, yasinyiye muri Standard de Liège ku ntizanyo ahitamo kugura. Yatsinze igitego  cya mbere ku ya 28 Mata 2017 na Royale Union Saint-Gilloise ku gikoni ku munota wa 29 w'umukino. Yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w'umukino kubera ibikorwa byinshi byo kwirwanaho.

Yasinyanye by'imazeyo na Standard de Liège ku ya 18 Gicurasi 2017 amafaranga agera ku 500 000 by'amayero . Ku ya 28 Mutarama 2018, yatsinze ibitego bibiri muri shampiyona yakinnye na Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht ashimirwa by'imazeyo kugaruka kwa acrobatike nziza m'ugihe cy'ambere. Yatwaye igikombe cy'umukinnyi mwiza wa congo muri 2018.

Ku ya 31 Mutarama 2019, yinjiye mu ikipe ya Galatasaray ku nguzanyo ahitamo kugura &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-31 |title=Le Standard perd son roc congolais : Christian Luyindama file à Galatasaray |url=https://www.rtbf.be/sport/football/belgique/jupilerproleague/detail_le-standard-va-t-il-perdre-luyindama-sur-le-gong?id=10133084 |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=RTBF Sport |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Ku ya 29 Nyakanga 2019, Galatasaray yatangaje ko uburyo bwo kugura myugariro bwakoreshejwe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=Galatasaray lève l'option de Luyindama, qui quitte définitivement le Standard |url=https://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/mercato/galatasaray-leve-l-option-de-luyindama-qui-quitte-definitivement-le-standard-5d3f1c23d8ad58593511b199 |access-date=2019-08-08 |website=La DH |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Mu ikipe y'igihugu ===
Hamwe no gutoranya Abanyekongo, yitabiriye Igikombe cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2013 cyateguwe muri [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] .

Yakinnye umukino  wa mbere n’igihugu cye ku ya 5 Mutarama 2017 mu mukino wa gicuti na [[Kameruni]] birangira batsinzwe ibitego 2-0.

Yatoranijwe bwa mbere muri A mu mukino wahuzaga na [[Gineya]] ku ya 13 Ugushyingo 2016 kandi yari mu bahatanira Can muri  2017 ariko ntiyatorwa.

== Ibihembo ==
'''[[Ibipimo bya Liege|Standard de Liège]]''':

* Igikombe cy'Ububiligi
** Uwatsinze: 2018

'''[[Ishoborabyose Mazembe|Tout Puissant Mazembe]]''':

* Igikombe cya Confederation 2016
* Igikombe cyiza cya CAF: Uwatsinze 2016

'''[[Galatasaray Spor Kulübü (umupira w'amaguru)|Galatasaray SK]]''':

* Shampiyona ya Turukiya muri 2019.
* Igikombe cya Turukiya muri 2019.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Landry Mulemo]]

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
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    <title>Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</title>
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      <text bytes="20314" sha1="bo9zt8qyngztddv5ehjqm4qvxh757xx" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o''' (Imvugo ya Gikuyu: [ᵑɡoɣe wá ðiɔŋɔ]; yavutse ; ​​5 Mutarama 1938) Yavuzweho kuba &quot;afatwa nk'umwanditsi w'ibitabo ukomeye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba&quot;. Mubikorwa bye harimo ibitabo, amakinamico, inkuru ngufi, hamwe ningingo, uhereye kunegura [[ubuvanganzo]] n’imibereho kugeza ubuvanganzo bwabana. Niwe washinze ikinyamakuru Mũtĩiri cyo mu rurimi rwa Gikuyu. Inkuru ye ngufi Impinduramatwara Upright: Cyangwa Impamvu Abantu Bagenda Upright, yahinduwe mu ndimi 100 zo hirya no hino ku isi.

Mu 1977, Ngũgĩ yatangiye uburyo bushya bwo gukinisha amakinamico mu gihugu cye kavukire cya Kenya cyashakaga kuvana inzira y’ikinamico mubyo yise &quot;gahunda rusange y’uburezi bwa burugumesitiri&quot;, ashishikariza abantu ubwabo ndetse n’abitabira kwitabira ibyo bitaramo. Umushinga we washatse &quot;kwerekana&quot; inzira yikinamico, no kwirinda &quot;inzira yo kwitandukanya [itanga] ingoro y’inyenyeri zikora hamwe n’imbaga itandukanijwe n’abashimira&quot;, nk'uko Ngũgĩ abivuga, ishishikariza abantu gutambuka mu &quot;bantu basanzwe&quot;. [6] Nubwo umukino we w'ingenzi, Ngaahika Ndeenda, wanditswe na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii, wagenze neza mu bucuruzi, wahagaritswe n'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwa Kenya nyuma y'ibyumweru bitandatu bufunguwe.

Ngũgĩ yaje gufungwa umwaka urenga. Uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] yemerewe kuba imfungwa y’umutimanama mpuzamahanga Amnesty, yavuye muri gereza, ahunga Kenya. Muri Amerika, kuri ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’icyongereza muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine. Yabanje kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Northwestern, Yale University, na New York University. Ngũgĩ yakunze gufatwa nk'umukandida ushobora guhabwa igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu buvanganzo. Yatsindiye igihembo mpuzamahanga cya Nonino 2001 mu Butaliyani, ndetse na Park Kyong-ni 2016. Mu bana be harimo abanditsi Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.

== Ibyaranze ubuzima bwe ==
'''Uko yize naho yigiye amashuri abanza'''
Ngũgĩ yavukiye Kamiriithu, hafi ya Limuru [13] mu karere ka Kiambu, muri Kenya, ukomoka mu Kikuyu, maze abatiza James Ngugi. Umuryango we wafatiwe mu myigaragambyo ya Mau Mau; murumuna we Mwangi yagize uruhare rugaragara mu gisirikare cya Kenya cy’Ubwisanzure n’Ubwisanzure (ari naho yiciwe), undi muvandimwe yarashwe mu gihe cy’ibihe bidasanzwe, nyina akorerwa iyicarubozo ku biro by’abashinzwe umutekano mu rugo rwa Kamiriithu.

Yagiye mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Alliance, akomeza kwiga muri kaminuza ya Makerere i Kampala, muri Uganda. Nkumunyeshuri yitabiriye inama nyafurika y’abanditsi yabereye i Makerere muri Kamena 1962, [Muri iyo nama Ngũgĩ yasabye Chinua Achebe gusoma inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki z’igitabo cye cyitwa Uruzi Hagati na Nturirire, Umwana, nyuma kikazasohoka mu gitabo cyitwa Heinemann's African Writer Series, cyatangiriye i Londres muri uwo mwaka, Achebe akaba umwanditsi mukuru wa mbere w’ubujyanama. ] Ngũgĩ yakiriye B.A. mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] kuva muri Makerere University College, Uganda, mu 1963.

== Ibitabo byambere nubushakashatsi bwe mu Bwongereza ==
Igitabo cye cya mbere yise “Kurira, Umwana,” cyasohotse muri Gicurasi 1964, kiba igitabo cya mbere mu Cyongereza cyanditswe n'umwanditsi ukomoka muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. [23]

Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, amaze kubona buruse muri kaminuza ya Leeds kwiga MA, Ngũgĩ yagiye mu Bwongereza, aho yari ari igihe igitabo cye cya kabiri yise Uruzi Hagati, cyasohokaga mu 1965. [22] Uruzi Hagati, rufite amateka y’imyigaragambyo ya Mau Mau, rukanasobanura urukundo rudashimishije hagati y’abakristu n’abatari abakirisitu, mbere yari kuri gahunda y’ishuri ryisumbuye ry’igihugu cya Kenya. [24] [25] [26] Yavuye i Leeds atarangije isomo rye ku buvanganzo bwa Karayibe, [27] aho ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze kuri George Lamming, uwo Ngũgĩ yavuze mu cyegeranyo cye cyo mu 1972 yakusanyije imuhira: &quot;Yankanguye, ishusho itazibagirana y’imyigarambyo y'abahinzi muri isi yiganjemo abazungu. Kandi mu buryo butunguranye namenye ko hashobora gukorwa igitabo kugira ngo tuvugane, gishobora, hamwe nihutirwa cyane, imigozi yo gukoraho [sic] muri njye. Isi ye ntiyari idasanzwe kuri njye nk'iya Fielding. , Defoe, Smollett, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Dickens, D. H. Lawrence.

== Guhindura izina, ingengabitekerezo no kwigisha ==
Igitabo cya Ngũgĩ cyo mu 1967 cyitwa 'Ingano y'ingano' cyerekanaga ko yakiriye Marxism ya Fanoniste. Nyuma yaje kureka kwandika mu Cyongereza, n'izina James Ngugi nk'abakoloni; mu 1970 yari yarahinduye izina ayita Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, [29] atangira kwandika mu gihugu cye Gikuyu. Mu 1967, Ngũgĩ yatangiye kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Nairobi nk'umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bw’icyongereza. Yakomeje kwigisha muri kaminuza imyaka icumi mugihe yakoraga nka Mugenzi wandika guhanga i Makerere. Muri icyo gihe, yanatumiwe muri kaminuza ya Northwestern mu ishami ry’icyongereza n’Africa umwaka umwe.

Mugihe umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, Ngũgĩ yabaye umusemburo wibiganiro byo gukuraho ishami ryicyongereza. Yavuze ko nyuma y’ubukoloni burangiye, byabaye ngombwa ko kaminuza yo muri Afurika yigisha ubuvanganzo nyafurika, harimo n’ubuvanganzo bwo mu kanwa, kandi ko ibyo bigomba gukorwa hagamijwe kumenya ubukire bw’indimi nyafurika.

== Igihe cy'fungwa ==
Mu 1976, Thiong'o yafashije gushinga ikigo cy’uburezi n’umuco cya Kamiriithu cyateguye ikinamico nyafurika muri ako karere. Umwaka wakurikiyeho hasohotse Amababi yamaraso. Ubutumwa bwa politiki bukomeye, ndetse n'ubw'ikinamico ye Ngaahika Ndeenda (Nzashyingirwa Iyo nshaka), yandikiranye na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii ndetse anasohoka mu 1977, byateje Visi-Perezida wa Kenya icyo gihe Daniel arap Moi gutegeka ko atabwa muri yombi. Hamwe na kopi z'imikino ye, hafashwe ibitabo bya Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, na Vladimir Lenin. Yoherejwe muri gereza nkuru y’umutekano ya Kamiti, agumayo aho hafi umwaka wose ataburanishijwe.

Yafungiye muri kasho hamwe n’abandi bagororwa ba politiki. Mu gihe cyo gufungwa kwabo, bemererwaga isaha imwe y'izuba ku munsi. Ngũgĩ yaranditse ati: &quot;Urwo ruganda rwahoze ari urw'abakatiwe mu mutwe mbere yo gukoreshwa neza nk'akazu k '' abanyapolitiki.&quot; Yabonye ihumure mu nyandiko maze yandika igitabo cya mbere kigezweho i Gikuyu, Sekibi ku musaraba (Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ), ku mpapuro z'umusarani zatanzwe na gereza.

Amaze kurekurwa mu Kuboza 1978, [21] ntabwo yasubijwe ku mirimo ye yo kuba umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, maze umuryango we uhohoterwa. Kubera inyandiko yanditse ku karengane ka guverinoma y'igitugu icyo gihe, Ngũgĩ n'umuryango we bahatiwe kubaho mu buhungiro. Gusa nyuma yuko Arap Moi, perezida wa Kenya umaze igihe kinini mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru, yeguye mu 2002, byari byiza ko bagaruka.

Igihe yari muri gereza, Ngũgĩ yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika kwandika amakinamico ye n'ibindi bikorwa mu cyongereza maze atangira kwandika ibihangano bye byose mu rurimi rwe kavukire, Gikuyu.

Igihe amaze muri gereza cyanashishikarije ikinamico Urubanza rwa Dedan Kimathi (1976). Yanditse ibi ku bufatanye na Micere Githae Mugo.

=== Ubuhungiro ===
Igihe Ngũgĩ yari mu buhungiro, yakoranye na komite ikorera i Londres ishinzwe kurekura imfungwa za politiki muri Kenya (1982–98). [21] [7] Muri iki gihe, Matigari ma Njiruungi (byahinduwe na Wangui wa Goro mu Cyongereza nka Matigari). Mu 1984, yasuye Porofeseri muri kaminuza ya Bayreuth, naho umwaka wakurikiyeho ni Umwanditsi-utuye mu gace ka Islington i Londres. Yize kandi filime mu kigo cya Dramatiska i Stockholm, muri Suwede (1986).

Ibikorwa bye byaje nyuma birimo Gufungwa, ikarita ye ya gereza (1981), Decolonising the Mind: Politiki y'ururimi mu buvanganzo nyafurika (1986), inyandiko ivuga ko abanditsi b'Abanyafurika bavuga mu ndimi zabo kavukire aho kuba indimi z'i Burayi, kugira ngo bareke gutinda. amasano y'abakoloni no kubaka ubuvanganzo nyabwo bwo muri Afurika, na Matigari (byahinduwe na Wangui wa Goro), (1987), kimwe mu bikorwa bye bizwi cyane, urwenya rushingiye ku mugani wa Gikuyu.

Ngũgĩ yasuye Porofeseri w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya muri kaminuza ya Yale hagati ya 1989 na 1992. [21] Mu 1992, yari umushyitsi muri Kongere y’abanditsi bo muri Afurika yepfo maze amara igihe mu mujyi wa Zwide hamwe na Mzi Mahola, umwaka abaye umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya New York, aho yari afite intebe ya Erich Maria Remarque. Kugeza ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya ndetse akaba yarabaye umuyobozi wa mbere w'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kwandika no guhindura [34] muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine.

=== Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000 ===
Ku ya 8 Kanama 2004, Ngũgĩ yasubiye muri Kenya mu rwego rwo kuzenguruka ukwezi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ku ya 11 Kanama, abajura binjiye mu nzu ye ifite umutekano mwinshi: bateye Ngũgĩ, basambanya umugore we bamwiba ibintu bitandukanye by'agaciro. Igihe Ngũgĩ yagarukaga muri Amerika arangije urugendo rwe rw'ukwezi, abagabo batanu batawe muri yombi bakekwaho icyo cyaha, harimo na mwishywa wa Ngũgĩ. Mu mpeshyi 2006 ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cyandika Random House cyasohoye igitabo cye cya mbere gishya mu myaka hafi makumyabiri, Wizard of the Crow, cyahinduwe mu Cyongereza na Gikuyu n'umwanditsi.

Ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 2006, ubwo yari i San Francisco muri Hotel Vitale kuri Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ yarahohotewe maze ategekwa kuva muri hoteri n'umukozi. Ibirori byateje rubanda kandi birakaza Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika ndetse n’abanyamuryango ba diaspora nyafurika baba muri Amerika, [36] [37] bituma hoteri isaba imbabazi.
Mu bitabo aheruka gukora harimo Globalectics: Theory na Politiki yo Kumenya (2012), n'ikintu cyatanyaguwe kandi gishya: Afurika Renaissance yo muri Afurika, icyegeranyo cy'inyandiko zasohotse mu 2009 zitanga igitekerezo cy'uruhare rukomeye rw'indimi nyafurika mu &quot;izuka ry'urwibutso rwa Afurika. . Ibyo byakurikiwe nibikorwa bibiri byakiriwe neza byandika ku buzima: Inzozi mugihe cyintambara: Memoire yubwana (2010) [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] no munzu yumusobanuzi: Memoire (2012) ), wasobanuwe ko ari &quot;mwiza kandi w'ingenzi&quot; n'ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times, [45] mu bindi bitekerezo byiza. [46] [47] [48]

Igitabo cye cyitwa The Nine Nine, cyanditswe mbere kandi gisohoka muri Gikuyu nka KendaBane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ. Muiyuru: Rugano Rwa Gikuyu na Mumbi (2019), cyahinduwe mu Cyongereza na Ngũgĩ kugira ngo gisohore mu mwaka wa 2020, kandi ni ugusubiramo mu mivugo y’amateka y’inkomoko y'abaturage be. 49] Ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times cyasobanuye ko ari &quot;ubushakashatsi bwanditswe ku murongo ku murongo wa rubanda bugaragaza imigani ya rubanda, imigani n'imigani binyuze mu ndimi zishingiye ku gitsina gore ndetse no muri Afurika.&quot;
&quot;Ngũũ .Ibintu byose bihurira kumurongo ufite imbaraga kugirango icyenda Cyuzuye kiba inkuru yibitangaza no kwihangana; amateka yerekana ibihe bigezweho n imigani; gutekereza ku ntangiriro nimpera; hamwe na palimpsest yibuka kera na none, nkuko Ngũgĩ atwikiriye igitsina gore Cyuzuye. imbaraga ku nkomoko y'imigani y'abaturage ba Gĩkũyũ bo muri Kenya mu buryo butangaje bwo kwerekana imiterere. &quot;

Fiona Sampson yanditse mu kinyamakuru The Guardian yashoje avuga ko &quot;ari umurimo mwiza wo kwishyira hamwe utanga gusa gutandukanya 'ubuhanzi buhanitse' no kuvuga inkuru gakondo, ahubwo ko butanga ibyo abantu bakeneye cyane: kumva ko ubuzima bufite intego.&quot; [52 ]

Muri Werurwe 2021, Icyenda Cyuzuye kibaye igitabo cya mbere cyanditswe mu rurimi kavukire rw’Afurika rwashyizwe ku rutonde rw’igihembo mpuzamahanga cy’ibitabo, aho Ngũgĩ abaye umukandida wa mbere nk'umwanditsi akaba n'umusemuzi w'igitabo kimwe.

== Umuryango we ==
Bane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.

== Ibihembo n'icyubahiro ==
* 1963: The East Africa Novel Prize
* 1964: Unesco First Prize for his novel, Weep Not Child, at the First World Festival of Black and African arts at Dakar, Senegal
* 1973: The Lotus Prize for Literature, at Alma Atta, Khazakhistan
* 1992 (6 April): The Paul Robeson award for Artistic Excellence, Political Conscience and Integrity, in Philadelphia
* 1992 (October): honoured by New York University by being appointed to the Erich Maria Remarque Professorship in Languages to &quot;acknowledge extraordinary scholarly achievement, strong leadership in the University Community and the Profession and significant contribution to our educational mission.&quot;
* 1993: The Zola Neale Hurston-Paul Robeson Award, for artistic and scholarly achievement, awarded by the National Council for Black Studies, in Accra, Ghana
* 1994 (October): The Gwendolyn Brooks Center Contributors Award for significant contribution to The Black Literary Arts
* 1996: The Fonlon-Nichols Prize, New York, for Artistic Excellence and Human Rights
* 2001: Nonino International Prize for Literature[56][57]
* 2002: Zimbabwe International Book Fair, &quot;The Best Twelve African Books of the Twentieth Century.&quot;
* 2002 (July): Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature, UCI.
* 2002 (October): Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Cabinet Awarded by the International Scientific Committee of the Pio Manzu Centre, Rimini, Italy.
* 2003 (May): Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
* 2003 (December): Honorary Life Membership of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA),
* 2004 (23–28 February): Visiting Fellow, Humanities Research Centre.
* 2006: Wizard of the Crow is No. 3 on Time magazine's Top 10 Books of the Year (European edition)[58]
* 2006: Wizard of the Crow is one of The Economist's Best Books of the Year[59][60]
* 2006: Wizard of the Crow is one of Salon.com's picks for Best Fiction of the year[61]
* 2006: Wizard of the Crow is the winner of the Winter 2007 Read This! for Lit-Blog Co-Op; The Literary Saloon
* 2006: Wizard of the Crow highlighted in the Washington Post’s Favorite Books of the year.
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow - Finalist on the Long List for the 2007 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize.
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow - Finalist on the NAACP Image Award for Fiction
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow - finalist on the 2007 Commonwealth Writers' Prize Shortlist for Best Book – Africa.[62]
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow - Gold medal winner in Fiction for the 2007 California Book Awards[63]
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow - 2007 Aspen Prize for Literature
* 2007: Wizard of the Crow – Finalist for the 2007 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Black Literature
* 2008: Wizard of the Crow nominated for the 2008 IMPAC Dublin Award[64]
* 2008 (2 April): Order of the Elder of Burning Spear (Kenya Medal – conferred by Kenya’s Ambassador to the United States in Los Angeles).
* 2008: (October, 24) Grinzane for Africa Award
* 2008: Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair in Democratic Ideals, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.[65]
* 2009: Shortlisted for the Man Booker International Prize[66][67]
* 2011: (17 February) Africa Channel Literary Achievement Award.
*2012: National Book Critics Circle Award (finalist Autobiography) for In the House of the Interpreter[68]
* 2012 (31 March): W.E.B. Du Bois Award, National Black Writer’s Conference, New York.[69]
* 2013 (October): UCI Medal
* 2014: Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences[70]
* 2014: Nicolás Guillén Lifetime Achievement Award for Philosophical Literature[71]
* 2014 (16 November): Honoured at Archipelago Books' 10th anniversary gala in New York.[72]
* 2016: Park Kyong-ni Prize[73]
* 2016 (14 December): Sanaa Theatre Awards/Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of excellence in Kenyan Theatre, Kenya National Theatre.[74]
* 2017: Los Angeles Review of Books/UCR Creative Writing Lifetime Achievement Award[75]
* 2018: Grand Prix des mécènes of the GPLA 2018, for his entire body of work.[76]
* 2019: Premi Internacional de Catalunya Award for his Courageous work and Advocacy for African languages
* 2021: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize for The Perfect Nine
* 2021: Elected a Royal Society of Literature International Writer[77]
* 2022: PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement in International Literature

== Impamyabumenyi z'icyubahiro ==
Albright College, Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa, 1994
University of Leeds, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2004
Walter Sisulu University (formerly U. Transkei), South Africa, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Literature and Philosophy, July 2004.
California State University, Dominguez Hills, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005.
Dillard University, New Orleans, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005.
University of Auckland, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2005
New York University, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Letters, 15 May 2008
University of Dar es Salaam, Honorary doctorate in Literature, 2013[79]
University of Bayreuth, Honorary doctorate (Dr. phil. h.c.), 2014[57]
KCA University, Kenya, Honorary Doctorate degree of Human Letters (honoris causa) in Education, 27 November 2016
Yale University, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt. h.c.), 2017[80]
University of Edinburgh, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt.), 2019[81]
Honorary PhD, Roskilde, Denmark

== Inyandiko yasohoye ==
Novels
Weep Not, Child (1964), ISBN 978-0143026242
The River Between (1965), ISBN 0-435-90548-1
A Grain of Wheat (1967, 1992), ISBN 0-14-118699-2
Petals of Blood (1977), ISBN 0-14-118702-6
Caitaani Mutharaba-Ini (Devil on the Cross, 1980)
Matigari ma Njiruungi, 1986 (Matigari, translated into English by Wangui wa Goro, 1989), ISBN 0-435-90546-5
Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow, 2004), ISBN 9966-25-162-6
The Perfect Nine: The Epic of Gĩkũyũ and Mũmbi (2020)
Short story collections
A Meeting in the Dark (1974)[82]
Secret Lives, and Other Stories, (1976, 1992), ISBN 0-435-90975-4[citation needed]
Minutes of Glory and Other Stories (2019)[citation needed]
Plays
The Black Hermit (1963)[citation needed]
This Time Tomorrow (three plays, including the title play, &quot;The Rebels&quot;, &quot;The Wound in the Heart&quot; and &quot;This Time Tomorrow&quot;) (1970)[83]
Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics (1972), ISBN 0-435-18580-2[citation needed]
The Trial of Dedan Kimathi (1976), ISBN 0-435-90191-5, African Publishing Group, ISBN 0-949932-45-0 (with Micere Githae Mugo and Njaka)[82]
Ngaahika Ndeenda: Ithaako ria ngerekano (I Will Marry When I Want) (1977, 1982) (with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii)[citation needed]
Memoirs
Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary (1981)[citation needed]
Dreams in a Time of War: a Childhood Memoir (2010), ISBN 978-1-84655-377-6[citation needed]
In the House of the Interpreter: A Memoir (2012), ISBN 978-0-30790-769-1[citation needed]
Birth of a Dream Weaver: A Memoir of a Writer's Awakening (2016), ISBN 978-1-62097-240-3[citation needed]
Wrestling with the devil: A Prison Memoir (2018) [84]
Other nonfiction
Education for a National Culture (1981)[82]
Barrel of a Pen: Resistance to Repression in Neo-Colonial Kenya (1983)[82]
Mother, Sing For Me (1986)[citation needed]
Writing against Neo-Colonialism (1986)[82]
Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (1986), ISBN 978-0852555019
Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms (1993), ISBN 978-0852555309
Penpoints, Gunpoints and Dreams: The Performance of Literature and Power in Post-Colonial Africa (The Clarendon Lectures in English Literature 1996), Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-818390-9[85]
Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance (2009), ISBN 978-0-465-00946-6[86]
Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing (2012), ISBN 978-0231159517 Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing on JSTOR
Secure the Base: Making Africa Visible in the Globe (2016), ISBN 978-0857423139
Children's books
Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene na Mbaathi i Mathagu, 1986)[citation needed]
Njamba Nene and the Cruel Chief (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene na Chibu King'ang'i, 1988)[citation needed]
Njamba Nene's Pistol (Bathitoora ya Njamba Nene, 1990), ISBN 0-86543-081-0[citation needed]
The Upright Revolution, Or Why Humans Walk Upright, Seagull Press, 2019, ISBN 9780857426475</text>
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    <title>Hanshin Tigers</title>
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'''Hanshin Tigers''' (阪神タイガース) ni ikipe [[Ubuyapani]] yabigize umwuga. Biri muri Ligue Nkuru. Ikibanza cyabereye ni Stade Hanshin Koshien mu mujyi wa Nishinomiya, Perefegitura ya Hyogo.
Izina rigufi ni &quot; Hanshin &quot; naho izina ni &quot; Ingwe &quot;. Rimwe na rimwe byitwa &quot; ingwe &quot; cyangwa &quot; kurwanya ingwe &quot;. Mu makipe 12 asanzwe yabigize umwuga mu Buyapani, ifite amateka ya kabiri maremare nyuma ya Yomiuri Giants, kandi ni imwe mu makipe yatangije shampiyona yabigize umwuga mu 1936 . Kugeza mu 1960, yitwaga Ingwe za Osaka usibye igihe cyintambara.

Isosiyete ikora ni Hanshin Tigers Co., Ltd. Isosiyete y'ababyeyi ni Hanshin Electric Railway (ishami rya Hankyu Hanshin Holdings).

Shampiyona eshanu zatsinze (zashyizwe ku mwanya wa 5 mu mubare watsinze), inshuro imwe gusa mu Buyapani (ihuza amanota yo hasi mu makipe 12), kandi kuva 1987 kugeza 2001 , imyaka yijimye yo kurohama kugeza hasi inshuro 10 muri saison 15.

==Ihuza ryo hanze==
{{commonscat|Hanshin Tigers}}
* [https://m.hanshintigers.jp/ Urubuga rwemewe]


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  <page>
    <title>RwandAir</title>
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      <text bytes="15615" sha1="ekrz3j98ni8hxph7cw7t26wi1lv0j29" xml:space="preserve">[[File:2012-06-21 07-13-14 Kenya Nairobi Area Empakasi.jpg|thumb|2012-06-21 07-13-14 Kenya Nairobi Area Empakasi]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir_Logotype.png|thumb|RwandAir Logo]]
[[Dosiye:Airbus A330-243 RwandAir.jpg|thumb|Indege iparitse ku kibuga]]
[[Dosiye:B737 de Rwandair en el Aeropuerto Internacional OR Tambo en Johannesburgo, Sudáfrica.JPG|thumb|Rwandair]]
[[Dosiye:Rwandair taking off.jpg|thumb|Rwandair taking off]]
[[Dosiye:Rwandair Express Boeing 737-500 Mutzair.jpg|thumb|Rwandair Express Boeing 737-500 ]]
[[Dosiye:Airbus A330-243 RwandAir.jpg|thumb|Airbus A330-243 RwandAir]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir Airbus A330-243 on finals into Toulouse.jpg|thumb|Airbus A330-243 RwandAir]]
[[Dosiye:Rwandair Boeing 737-700 at Douala Airport.jpg|thumb|Rwandair Boeing 737-700 at Douala Airport]]
[[Dosiye:Rwandair Express B737-5L9 OY-APH (leased Maersk) (6432281483).jpg|thumb|Rwandair Express B737-5L9 OY-APH (leased Maersk) (6432281483)]]
[[Dosiye:Johannesburg O.R. Tambo Airport Rwandair Boeing 737-7K5 9XR-WK.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg O.R. Tambo Airport Rwandair Boeing 737-7K5 9XR-WK]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir flight at Kamembe Airport.jpg|thumb|RwandAir flight at Kamembe Airport]]
[[Dosiye:N225SC Boeing B.735 Ex -- RwandAir (13891911815).jpg|thumb|N225SC Boeing B.735 Ex -- RwandAir (13891911815)]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir B737-55D 9XR-WE (8617038800).jpg|thumb|RwandAir B737-55D 9XR-WE (8617038800)]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-200LR Mutzair.jpg|thumb|RwandAir Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-200LR Mutzair]]
[[Dosiye:RwandAir aircraft at London Heathrow Airport (July 2023).jpg|thumb|RwandAir aircraft at London Heathrow Airport (July 2023)]]
[[Dosiye:View of Mount Kilimanjaro from Window of RwandAir Jet - Tanzania (8928661388).jpg|thumb|View of Mount Kilimanjaro from Window of RwandAir Jet - Tanzania (8928661388)]]
[[Dosiye:Secretary Kerry Disembarks Upon Arrival in Kigali - Flickr - U.S. Department of State.jpg|thumb|Secretary Kerry Disembarks Upon Arrival in Kigali - Flickr - U.S. Department of State]]
[[Dosiye:Airbus A330-300 9XR-WP of RwandAir Heathrow 2024G.jpg|thumb|At London 2024 081]]
'''RwandAir Limited''' ni indege igenda mu kirere iriho  ibendera ryu [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=CAPA Centre for Aviation |date=21 December 2014 |title=RwandAir plans further regional expansion in 2015 and launch of long-haul services in 2017 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/rwandair-plans-further-regional-expansion-in-2015-and-launch-of-long-haul-services-in-2017-202148 |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=CAPA Centre for Aviation |location=Sydney, Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikora serivisi zi mbere mu gihugu ndetse n’o mumahanga muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]], Afurika yo hagati, Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]], [[Burayi|Uburayi]], Uburasirazuba bwo hagati na [[Aziya]], uhereye ku kibuga  cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya [[Kigali]]  Ikanombe.. &lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniel Sabiiti |date=29 June 2017 |title=RwandAir Appoints UK Firm To Handle Its Cargo Services In Europe |url=http://ktpress.rw/2017/06/rwandair-appoints-uk-firm-to-handle-its-cargo-services-in-europe/ |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=KTPress Rwanda |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==

=== Kwishyira hamwe ===
[[Dosiye:Rwandair_Express_Boeing_737-500_Mutzair.jpg|thumb| Iyahoze ari Rwandair Express Boeing 737-500]]
Nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu 1994]], Guverinoma yagerageje inshuro nyinshi kubyutsa icyahoze ari indege z’igihugu zahoze  ari Air Rwanda yahagaritse ibikorwa byayo mu gihe cya jenoside. Ibigo bitandukanye byigenga byagaragaje ko byifuza gufatanya na guverinoma, kandi  nka SA Alliance Air ikorera muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] yayoboye isosiyete kuva mu 1997 kugeza 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yates |first=Chris |date=1997 |title=Alliance spreads into Central Africa |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203062.html?search=air%20rwanda |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Flightglobal.com Archiving Air Transport Magazine |format=Archived from the Original}}&lt;/ref&gt; SA Alliance imaze guhagarika ibikorwa, guverinoma yu Rwanda yigaruriye ibikorwa byu Rwanda kandi yongera kwita ku kirango cy’indege, kugira ngo ikomeze. RwandAir yatangiye gukora ku ya 1 Ukuboza 2002 nk'ikigo gishya cy’igihugu cy’u Rwanda ku izina rya '''Rwandair Express''' (hamwe n' indege zitwara abagenzi nk'igikorwa ny'amukuru). Muri 2016, RwandAir yakiriye ubugenzuzi bw’umutekano mpuzamahanga bw’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ku bikorwa by’ubutaka (ISAGO). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=11 November 2016 |title=RwandAir gets safety certification for its ground operations |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-11-11/205241/ |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ongera ushireho ikimenyetso ===
Isosiyete y'indege yatangiye kwaguka mu karere mu 2009, umuyoboro urimo nka Dar-es-Salaam, [[Nairobi]], ndetse no mu gihugu imbere nko ku [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]]. Muri Werurwe 2009, indege yandikishije ikirango gishya cya ''RwandAir Limited'', ni ryo zina ryayo. Muri kamena 2009, isosiyete y’indege yongeye kwerekanwa ku mugaragaro kuva Rwandair Express yerekeza kuri RwandAir, kubera ko iryo zina rishya ryasobanuraga indege nini, ikomeye, mu gihe &quot;Express&quot; ryari izina ryahoranye, risobanura ibikorwa bito byo mu karere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=25 August 2014 |title=RwandAir changing country's aviation industry through enhanced aviation skills |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/advertorial/466 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Bombardier CRJ-900 '9XR-WH' Rwandair (15382160677).jpg|thumb|indege ya Rwandair]]
Muri Gicurasi 2010, Rene Janata yabaye umuyobozi mukuru, atangiza gahunda y'igendo zo mukirere.  kandi atezimbere indege kugirango ibe umuyoboro ugezweho. Mu Kwakira 2010, John Mirenge yabaye umuyobozi mushya wa RwandAir. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=29 October 2010 |title=Mirenge new CEO of RwandaAir |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/25449 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519122343/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/25449 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2010–2015 ===
Muri Nyakanga 2010, haje indege ya mbere ya Boeing 737-500 nshya ya RwandAir; iya kabiri yahageze ku ya 20 Ukwakira 2010. zombi bakodeshwaga muri serivisi rusange z’amashanyarazi y’indege (GECAS) kandi buriyose ifite ibyiciro bibiri bifite imyanya 12 y’ubucuruzi n’imyanya 90 y’ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=23 August 2010 |title=Another RwandAir Boeing arrives |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/23231 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Kanama 2011, indege yafashe urugendo rw'i indege rwa mbere rwi ndege yaguzwe mu ruganda rukora indege. Indege zose zabanjirije izakoreshwaga na RwandAir  rwari rwaratijwe cyangwa zari zaraguzwe nkindege za kabiri. Indege yaguzwe ni Boeing 737-800 hamwe na Sky Interior, izwi kandi ku izina rya Boeing 737 Next Generation, kandi niyo yonyine yakoraga mu ndege zo [[Afurika|muri Afurika]]. Indege yahagurutse i Boeing Field i Seattle, Washington, [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]], saa kumi nimwe nigice za mugitondo PST. Yahagaritse bwa mbere ku Kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Keflavík muri [[Isilande]], nyuma yerekeza ihagarara rya kabiri yerekeza [[Istanbul|Istambul]], [[Turukiya]]. Amaherezo igeze i [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]], nyuma yu rugendo rw'amasaha asaga 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=28 August 2011 |title=RwandAir's new Boeing 737-800NB plane lands |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/84787 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Kwakira 2011, RwandAir yaguze Boeing yabo ya kabiri yitwa 737-800. Muri Mutarama 2012, Rwandair yajugunye indege ebyiri CRJ200 yari ifite, itegereje kubona CRJ-900NG zindi ebyiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Twelve&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flightcommagazine.com |date=3 May 2017 |title=RwandAir: Daring to dream |url=http://www.flightcommagazine.com/single-post/2017/05/03/RwandAir---Daring-to-dream |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Flightcommagazine.com |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143108/https://www.flightcommagazine.com/single-post/2017/05/03/RwandAir---Daring-to-dream |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Gashyantare 2013, John Mirenge yatangaje ko iyi ndege izajya igurukira  i [[Accra]], Cape Town, [[Harare]], Juba, na Zanzibar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Reporter |date=13 February 2013 |title=RwandAir eyes Harare route |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/02/13/rwandair-eyes-harare-route/ |access-date=26 January 2016 |location=Harare |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212162307/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/02/13/rwandair-eyes-harare-route/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Gicurasi 2015, RwandAir yabaye umunyamuryango wa IATA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bateta |first=Agnes |date=24 January 2016 |title=Global umbrella gives RwandAir kudos |url=http://www.busiweek.com/index1.php?Ctp=2&amp;pI=4725&amp;pLv=3&amp;srI=58&amp;spI=24 |access-date=26 January 2016 |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2017, Guverinoma ya [[Bene]] yahaye RwandAir uburenganzira bwa karindwi bwo gukora ingendo ziva muri Bene. RwandAir irateganya kugurukisha indege ebyiri Boeing 737 ku Kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Cotonou muri Bene. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=David |date=3 August 2017 |title=RwandAir launches Cotonou hub as Benin and Rwanda plan new airline |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/274134/rwandair-launches-cotonou-hub-as-benin-and-rwanda-plan-new-airline/ |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Routesonline.com |location=Manchester, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Gashyantare 2020, nyuma y'amezi abiri [[katari]] Airways yaguze imigabane 60% ku Kibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera, isosiyete ya Leta ya katari yaguze imigabane 49% muri RwandAir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar Airways in talks to buy 49% stake in Rwanda's state carrier |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/qatar-airways-talks-buy-49-stake-rwanda-state-carrier-200205095627333.html |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2020 |title=Qatar Airways confirms purchase of 49% stake in RwandAir |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/23179/qatar-airways-confirms-purchase-of-49-stake-in-rwandair/ |access-date=10 February 2020 |publisher=The Africa Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar Airways in Talks to Buy 49% RwandAir Stake, Interested in Increasing LATAM Investment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/02/05/business/05reuters-qatar-aviation-qatar-airways-m-a.html |access-date=5 February 2020 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Inzira y'indege''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RwandAir Flight Pass |url=https://rwandair.optiontown.com/ |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=RwandAir Flight Pass}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2019, RwandAir yagiranye ubufatanye na Optiontown ikorera muri Amerika kugirango itangire urubuga rwo kwishyurwa mbere yindege yiswe Flight Pass, ituma abakiriya babanza kugura indege za RwandAir ku giciro cyiza kandi bagahitamo igihe bashaka gutembera nyuma. 
[[Dosiye:ET-APS - Ethiopian Airlines - Boeing 777-F6N - 41846 - VGHS.jpg|thumb|indenge ya Ethiopian ]]
Muri Nzeri 2022, hatangajwe imigambi y’indege yo kwinjira muri Oneworld, ku nkunga ya Qatar Airways. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=RWANDAIR WILL JOIN ONEWORLD ALLIANCE |url=https://liveandletsfly.com/rwandair-oneworld/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi byatumye indege ya RwandAir ya gatatu yinjira mubufatanye bwindege muri Afrika yuburasirazuba, nyuma ya Ethiopian Airlines (Star Alliance) na [[Kenya]] Airways (SkyTeam), n'indege ya kabiri ny'afurika nyuma ya Royal Air Maroc kwinjira muri Oneworld.

== Ibikorwa ==

=== Kuba nyir'ubuyobozi no kuyobora ===
U Rwandair rufite 100 ku ijana na Guverinoma y'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;DOTOST2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=APPLICATION OF RWANDAIR LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY FOR AMENDINGFOREIGN AIR CARRIER PERMIT |url=https://beta.regulations.gov/document/DOT-OST-2017-0049-0006 |publisher=US Department of Transport |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206055405/https://beta.regulations.gov/document/DOT-OST-2017-0049-0006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Seventeen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saul Butera |date=12 February 2013 |title=RwandAir May Offer Shares After Returning to Profit in Two Years |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-12/rwandair-may-offer-shares-after-returning-to-profit-in-two-years.html |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2021, amasezerano yo kugurisha imigabane 49% muri Qatar Airways bivugwa ko ari mu cyiciro cya nyuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Govt in final talks with Qatar Airways over RwandAir equity |url=https://www.logupdateafrica.com/govt-in-final-talks-with-qatar-airways-over-rwandair-equity-aviation |publisher=Logistics Update Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Kigali in final talks with Qatar over RwandAir equity |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/101746-kigali-in-final-talks-with-qatar-over-rwandair-equity |publisher=ch-Aviation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guverinoma yigeze kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo indege nyuma ya 2013, imaze kubona inyungu; inzira yari yarateganyijwe muri 2008 nyuma yuko bigaragaye ko muri kiriya gihe nta muntu n'umwe wigeze atanga amafaranga yari ateganijwe kugirango igurishwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eighteen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=RNA Reporter |date=4 September 2010 |title=RwandAir to be sold after becoming profitable – Finance Minister |url=http://www.rnanews.com/politics/4122-rwandair-to-be-sold-after-becoming-profitable-finance-minister |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Rwanda News Agency (RNA) |location=Kigali |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120911/http://www.rnanews.com/politics/4122-rwandair-to-be-sold-after-becoming-profitable-finance-minister |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Rwandair Express B737-5L9 OY-APH (leased Maersk) (6432281483).jpg|thumb|Rutemikirere ya Rwandair]]
Inama y'ubutegetsi ya RwandAir ishinzwe kureba niba indege ikurikiza uburyo bukwiye bwo kuyobora ibigo kugira ngo habeho ishyirwaho no kurinda agaciro ka abanyamigabane. Patricie Uwase kuri ubu ni Umuyobozi wa RwandAir kuva muri Nzeri 2021; umukambwe umaze igihe kinini mu by'indege Girma Wake yari umuyobozi kuva muri 2012 kugeza 2017.  Muri Mata 2018, Yvonne Manzi Makolo niwe umuyobozi mukuru, amaze kuzamurwa mu ntera n’umuyobozi nk'uwungirije, ushinzwe ibikorwa by’amasosiyete. Yasimbuye umuyobozi mukuru w'agateganyo Col. Amahirwe Ndagano. 

== Rwandair ==
Rwandaiar nindege yurwanda ikaba itwara abantu barenga ibihumbi bibiri(2000) ikaba ikora ingendo zohanze nindege yatumye urwanda rumenyekana kurwego mpuza mahanga nkomuburayi nahandi hatandukanye .nindege yinjiriza urwandakandi ikanorohereza ingendo  kubashaka kujya mubihugu byohanze.iyindege kandi inafasha mubijyanye nubwikorezi nubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka. mubushakashatsi nakoze nasanze rwandair ariyo ndege ninin murwanda nange nayihaye akazina ariko INDATA RWANDA  RWANDAIR {{Reflist|2}}
[[Ikiciro:Indege]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kubi Indi</title>
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'''Kubi Chaza Indi''' ni umurwanashyaka w'iterambere wo muri [[Zimbabwe]] ni rwiyemezamirimo w'umugore. Akunze gukoresha izina rye rya mbere, Kubi Chaza, yari umukinnyi wa filime mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], agaragara muri ''Live and Let Die'' mu 1973 ari umwanditsi w’igurisha ukorera James Bond. Amaze gusubira muri Zimbabwe, we n'umugabo we w'umukinnyi wa filime witwaJohn Indi batangije uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa by'ubwiza.

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Indi afite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'imiryango, byumwihariko ku bijyanye n’ibibazo byugarije abagore, kandi ni umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abagore bakora ubucuruzi b’abasangwabutaka bo muri [[Zimbabwe]].

Umuryango wa Indi wakomeje gukora mu mitunganyirize ya film, John nk'umukinnyi, ariko Kubi kumpande zombi za kamera. Mu 1989, yakoze ''I am the Future'', filime ivuga ku mukobwa ukiri muto (wakinwe na Stella Chiweshe) ujya mu mujyi munini ahunze intambara y'ubwigenge bwa Zimbabwe mu cyaro. Mu 1993, yakinnye eponymous heroine's modern neighbour muri ''Neria'', inyandiko ya Tsitsi Dangarembga ivuga ku bapfakazi muri Zimbabwe. Filime zombi zayobowe na Godwin Mawuru, naho ''Neria'' yagaragayemo amajwi ya Oliver Mtukudzi.

Indi ni umunyamuryango w'abakora amafilime b'abagore bo muri Zimbabwe.

== Umwuga ==
Yakinnye ari umukobwa wakoraga agurisha mu iduka rya Oh Cult Voodoo yaje igihe yari mu Bwongereza, maze abigiramo uruhare. Yakinnye nk'umukobwa ucuruza akorera James Bond (yakinnye na Roger Moore), amupfunyikira ikintu hanyuma avuza Mister Big igihe Bond avuye mu iduka. &lt;ref&gt;''3-mob.com'', 4 March 2017 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604213557/https://3-mob.com/entertainment/when-a-zimbabwean-girl-appeared-on-a-james-bond-film/#.WYRdnWd--Um When a Zimbabwean girl appeared on a James Bond film…]&lt;/ref&gt;

Zimbabwe imaze kwigenga, Indi n'umugabo we John basubiye mu gihugu. Ari naho batangiriye uruganda rw'ibicuruzwa by'ubwiza rwitwa Kubi Cosmetics. Ubu ni iduka rizwi cyane muri Afrika yepfo. Ikora ibicuruzwa byumwihariko ku ruhu n'umusatsi wa Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;''News Day Zimbabwe'', August 3, 2013 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606003118/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/08/03/ocoft-rescues-children-of-jailed-parents Ocoft rescues children of jailed parents - Report by Ropafadzo Mapimhidze]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashusho ==

* ''Tommorow'' (1970) - Sylvana
* ''Live and Let Die'' (1973) - umwanditsi unacuruza (Oh Cult Voodoo Shop, 33 E 65th St, Umujyi wa New York, New York 10065)
* ''Love Thy Neighbour'' (1973) - umukobwa wa mbere w'umwirabura
* ''Royal Flash'' (1975) - Lucy
* ''Neria'' (1993) - Connie (uruhare rwa film ya nyuma)
* ''Shaina'' (2020) - Rooster Gogo

== Reba ==
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    <title>Hôtel des Mille Collines</title>
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      <text bytes="6609" sha1="a02q3vcrhzfipmol3q8ss0bujroxrlh" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Facade of Hotel des Mille Collines - a.k.a. Hotel Rwanda - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Hotel ]]
[[Dosiye:Garden Bar of Hotel des Mille Collines - a.k.a. Hotel Rwanda - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|286x286px|'''Garden Bar of Hotel des Mille Collines - a.k.a. Hotel Rwanda - Kigali - Rwanda''']]
'''Hôtel des Mille Collines'''

(Hotel y’imisozi igihumbi) ni hoteri nini iri [[Kigali|mu mujyi wa Kigali]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]]. Yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yuko abantu 1.268 bahungiye muri iyi nyubako mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yo mu 1994. Inkuru ya hoteri n’umuyobozi wayo muri kiriya gihe yari, [[Paul Rusesabagina]], yaje gukoreshwa nk'ishingiro rya filime ya Terry George ya ''[[Hotel Rwanda]]'' muri 2004.

Iyi hoteli y'inyenyeri 4 itanga ikigo cy'ubucuruzi na [[Wi-Fi]] y'ubuntu. Ibikoresho byo kwidagadura birimo pisine yo hanze ifite akabari, spa n'ibigo by'imyitozo ngororamubiri, n'ibibuga bya tenisi. Ahantu nyaburanga hafi harimo Sitade Amahoro n'Ikigo cy'Urwibutso rwa Jenoside cya Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fr.readytotrip.com/hotels/Rwanda/Nyarugenge/Kigali/hotel-des-mille-collines-by-kempinski/|title=Hotel des Mille Collines 4* ➜ Kigali, Nyarugenge|lang=fr|date=2025-01-11|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Isosiyete y'indege y'Ababiligi Sabena niyo yubatse '''Hôtel des Mille Collines''' muri 1973 kandi yari iyifite mu gihe cya Jenoside yo mu Rwanda muri 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwai |first=Collins |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Mille Collines snaps ties with Kempinski Hotels |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-03-22/198228/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2016-05-15 |website=[[The New Times Rwanda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yari hoteri Y'inyenyeri  enye ifite ibyumba 112, akabari, ibyumba bitatu by'inama, resitora, pisine, hamwe na tennis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guest rooms &amp; services |url=http://www.millecollines.net/Guest_room.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511235346/http://www.millecollines.net/Guest_room.aspx |archive-date=2006-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facilities and Leisure |url=http://www.millecollines.net/Terms_conditions.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406073116/http://www.millecollines.net/Terms_conditions.aspx |archive-date=2006-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Sign at Gate of Hotel des Mille Collines - a.k.a. Hotel Rwanda - Kigali - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Hotel]]
Ku ya 10 Kanama 2005, Hoteli Sabena yagurishije Hotel des Mille Collines kuri Hotel MIKCOR Hotel Holding &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2005 |title=News: Mikcor Hotel Group |url=http://www.millecollines.net/News.aspx?News_ID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922173612/http://www.millecollines.net/News.aspx?News_ID=1 |archive-date=2008-09-22 |access-date=2008-12-02 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuri miliyoni 3.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika (hafi miliyari 1.8 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2005 |title=Hôtel des Mille Collines news page |url=http://www.millecollines.net/News.aspx?News_ID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922173612/http://www.millecollines.net/News.aspx?News_ID=1 |archive-date=2008-09-22 |access-date=2008-12-02 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Hotel Des Mille Collines |url=http://www.hotel-contacts.com/33208/hotel-des-mille-collines.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104504/http://www.hotel-contacts.com/33208/hotel-des-mille-collines.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date= |website=hotel-contacts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru w'itsinda rya MIKCOR, Miko Rwayitare, yavuze ko mu ihererekanyabubasha ryabereye muri iyo hoteri ku wa kane tariki ya 16, yavuze ko ubu iryo tsinda rifite 89% bya hoteri byose, ifite 8.5% na 2.5% ifitwe na Banki ishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda (BRD) na guverinoma yu Rwanda. Rwayitare kandi yari umuyobozi mukuru wa Telecel International, yari isosiyete y'itumanaho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majyambere |first=Gertrude |date=September 19, 2005 |title=MIKCOR Hotels takes over Milles Collines |url=http://www.rwanda.rw/article.php3?id_article=1010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070730021926/http://www.rwanda.rw/article.php3?id_article=1010 |archive-date=2007-07-30 |access-date= |website=rwanda.rw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Mata 2014, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwai |first=Collins |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Mille Collines snaps ties with Kempinski Hotels |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-03-22/198228/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2016-05-15 |website=[[The New Times Rwanda]]}}
[[Ikiciro:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mickor Investment Holdings Ltd yahinduye imicungire ya hoteri ayishyikiriza Hoteli Kempinski &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=September 9, 2014 |title=No need for 'Hotel Rwanda' brand as Kempinski takes over Mille Collines |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/551 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 9, 2019 |website=[[The New Times Rwanda]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; maze Kôinski yitwa Hôtel des Mille Collines. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Kempinski takes over running of ‘Hotel Rwanda’ |url=http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/kempinski-hotels-expands-african-portfolio/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=Breaking Travel News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoteri yavuye mu munyururu wa Kempinski nyuma y'imyaka ibiri, kw'itariki 1 Mata 2016, isubira ku izina ryayo rya mbere.

== Mu muco uzwi ==
[[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 004 - A view of Kigali from Hôtel des Mille Collines - Kigali.jpg|thumb|'''ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 004 - A view of Kigali from Hôtel des Mille Collines - Kigali''']]
Hoteri niho hategurirwaga filime ''[[Hotel Rwanda]]'', ariko ntabwo igaragara muri iyi filime, ariko ahanini yafatiwe muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika yepfo]]. Iyi hoteri ariko igaragara muri firime ya HBO 2005, Rimwe na rimwe muri Mata, na firime yo muri Kanada muri 2007, ''Shake Hands hamwe na Sekibi'', nayo yafatiwe ahantu mu Rwanda.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* {{Commonscat|Hôtel des Mille Collines}}
* [https://www.millecollines.rw/ Hôtel des Mille Collines official website]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inge Zaamwani-Kamwi</title>
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      <text bytes="4176" sha1="2526xok9zhu0jwf28zjqodrkf07q722" xml:space="preserve">'''Inge Zaamwani-Kamwi''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1958 i Grootfontein, mu karere ka Otjozondjupa) ni rwiyemezamirimo ukomoka mu gihugu cya [[Namibiya]] akaba ari n'umujyanama wa perezida. &lt;ref name=&quot;covid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia's presidential advisor tests positive for COVID-19 - Xinhua &amp;#124; English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/14/c_139291120.htm |access-date=2023-06-05 |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413184209/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/14/c_139291120.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w'umushinga [[Namdeb]], ukaba wari umushinga uhuriweho w'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro hagati ya guverinoma ya [[Namibiya|Namibia]] na sosiyete yitwa De Beers, kuva yahabwa izo nshingano mu mwaka wa 1999. Mbere yizo nshingano muri uwo mushinga wa Namdeb, Zaamwani yari umuyobozi muri Minisiteri y’amabuye y’agaciro n’ingufu yo muri [[Namibiya]] kuva mu mwaka wa 1995 kugeza mu mwaka wa1998. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110611181022/http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=187 Inge Zaamwani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611181022/http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=187|date=11 June 2011}} at the Namibia Institute for Democracy&lt;/ref&gt; Icyakora, yahagaritse izo nshingano muri Mata 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namdeb CEO Inge Zaamwani-Kamwi to Step Down |url=http://www.idexonline.com/FullArticle?Id=40868 |access-date=2018-07-23 |website=www.idexonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uburezi ==
Zaamwani yize mu kigo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gishinzwe Namibia (UNIN) giherereye muri [[Zambiya]] kuva mu mwaka wa 1977 kug1za mu mwaka wa 981, ubwo yarangizaga impamyabumenyi mu ''masomo y’iterambere''. Yabonye kandi amahugurwa y’abayobozi yahawe na INSEAD, mu[[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], muri kaminuza ya Cape Town hamwe na Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Harvard (ku bufatanye na kaminuza ya Witwatersrand). Zaamwani ni umunyamategeko wiguye mu mategeko y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, amaze kubona Impamyabumenyi y'amategeko y'Icyubahiro muri ''kaminuza ya Thames Valley'' iherereye i Londres, ndetse n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu mategeko (LLM) yakuye muri kaminuza ya Dundee, mu gihugu cya Scotland. 

== Umwuga ==
Zaamwani yatangiye umwuga we mu mwaka wa 1984 nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe umushinga w'inama y'abagore ya SWAPO i [[Lusaka]], muri [[Zambiya]]. Afite ashishikajwe na Air Namibia hamwe na Banki nkuru yigihugu ya Namibia.

Zaamwani-Kamwi ubu akora nk'umuyobozi mukuru wa Namdeb muri sosiyete ya De Beers Anonyme.

Kugeza muri Kamena 2008, yari afite inshingano zo kuba Perezida w'Urugaga rw'Ubucuruzi n'inganda rwo mu gihugu cya Namibiya. Yabaye Umuyobozi wigenga utari umuyobozi nshingwabikorwa mur muryango witwa FNB Namibia Holdings Limited guhera muri Mutarama 2000. Yari afite inshingano zo kuba umuyobozi ushinzwe umutungo muri (Namibia) (Proprietary) Ltd. Zaamwani-Kamwi yabaye Umuyobozi wa Extract Resources Ltd kuva ku ya 3 Mata 2009. Akora nk'umuyobozi wa Banki nkuru yigihugu ya Namibiya, Namdeb Property (Pty) Ltd, NamGem Diamond Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd, Diamond Board Namibia, Fishcor na Seaflower Lobster, NOSA Namibia, Zantang Investments (Pty) Ltd. na NABCOA, Ikigega cya XNET. Akora kandi nk'umwe mu bagize Inama y’amasosiyete akomeye ya Namibiya, n'ibigo hamwe n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Akora kandi nk'umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama ya UNAM, Umuryango wita ku mutungo Kamere wo muri Namibiya, Ikigo cya Namibiya gishinzwe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'ikoranabuhanga, Inama y'Urugaga rw'amabuye y'agaciro, Junior Achievement Namibia, Ikigo cy'imyuga n'amahugurwa, Urugaga rw'ubucuruzi n'inganda rwa Namibiya. Ni Umunyamuryango w’umuryango w'icyubahiro wa Lincolns Inn, London kandi ni umwe mu bagize ikigo gishinzwe ubuyobozi n’indangagaciro rusange z’ishuri ry’ubucuruzi rya UCT. 

Ku ya 14 Kanama 2020, Zaamwani-Kamwi yaje kwipimisha asanga yaranduye icyorezo cya COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;covid&quot;/&gt;

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    <title>Amashiringi yo muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba</title>
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      <text bytes="10675" sha1="kgg05wd75p7d0bkzxjf2y3xeekzgv8f" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2013 10 23 Economy Barclays Remittance Money Transfer 013 (10470844736).jpg|thumb|amashiringi yo muburasirazuba bwa africa]]
'''Amashiringi yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba''' yari mu ishami rya konti mu turere twagenzuwe n'Ubwongereza muri [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] kuva muri 1921 kugeza  muri 1969.  Yatanzwe n'Inama ishinzwe ifaranga rya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Niryo zina ryateganijwe ku mafaranga asanzwe [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|Umuryango wiburasirazuba bwa Afrika]] uteganya ahari imbere kumenyekanisha.

Amashiringi yagabanijwemo ''amafaranga'' 100, naho amashiringi makumyabiri yari mu ipawundi 1.
[[Dosiye:East_African_Shilling_Map.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Shilingi ya kera ya Afrika yuburasirazuba (ibumoso), I Shilingi nyafurika yuburasirazuba ryubu (iburyo)]]

== Amateka ==

=== Amashiringi ya mbere yo muri Afrika y'iburasirazuba ===
Bitandukanye n'ahandi mu mutungo w'Ingoma y'[[Ubwongereza]] yakoreshaga na siterilingi, muri Afurika y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubwongereza, i shilingi aho kuba I pawundi cyari igice cy'ibanze cya konti, hamwe na pawundi yari ahanini yakoreshwaga mu kwandika amafaranga menshi cyane ntibyaba byoroshye iyo byavuzwe gusa muri shilingi.

Iyi miterere idasanzwe yavutse kubera ko ifaranga rya mbere ryakoreshejwe n’abategetsi b’abakoloni b’Ubwongereza muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bw’Ubwongereza ryari amafaranga, ntabwo ari siterilingi. Amashiringi yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yamenyekanye muri [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], na [[Ubugande|Uganda]] muri 1921, asimbuza folorine yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba igihe gito ku gipimo cya shilingi 2 na folorine 1. Folorine yari yazanywe kubera izamuka ry’ibiciro bya feza nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Muri kiriya gihe, amafaranga yu [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] yari ifaranga ry’ibihugu by’Ubwongereza by’Uburasirazuba. Ifaranga, kubera ko ari igiceri cya feza, ryazamutse mu gaciro kirwanya siterilingi. Iyo igeze ku gaciro ka shilingi ebyiri, abayobozi bahisemo kuyisimbuza folorine. Kuva muri folorine niho havuye shilingi yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Ifaranga ryagumye gushirwa kuri siterlingi imwe kandi ryagabanijwemo amafaranga 100.     muri 1936, Zanzibar yinjiye mu nama y’ifaranga, maze ifaranga rya Zanzibari risimburwa ku gipimo cya 1 kugeza kuri 1 Zanzibari. &lt;ref name=&quot;tmms_tanzania&quot; /&gt; Yasimbuwe n’ifaranga ryaho (shilingi yo muri Kenya, shilingi ya Uganda, na shiringi ya Tanzaniya) nyuma yubwigenge bwintara. &lt;ref name=&quot;tmms_kenya&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tmms_tanzania&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tmms_uganda&quot; /&gt;

Muri 1951, shilingi yo muri Afrika y'iburasirazuba yasimbuye amafaranga yu Buhinde muri koloni ya Adeni na protekate, ihinduka na Federasiyo y’abarabu yepfo muri 1963. Muri 1965, Ikigo cy’ifaranga ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba cyarasenyutse, maze dinari y’Abarabu yepfo isimbuza shilingi muri Federasiyo y’Abarabu yepfo ku gipimo cya 20 kugeza kuri dinari 1.  

=== Amashiringi ya kabiri yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba ===
Impapuro zasubukuwe n’ifaranga ryasabwe [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|n’umuryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba]], ugizwe na [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uburundi|Burundi]], [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo|Sudani yepfo]], na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Byari byavuzwe ko shilingi ya kabiri yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba izashyirwa ahagaragara mu mwaka wa 2012, ariko intego ntiyagerwaho. Itariki ya kabiri yagenewe umwaka wo muri 2015 yashyizweho, ariko nayo ntiyujujwe. Itariki ya gatatu igenewe ni muri 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=878–902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibiceri ==

=== Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya George V. ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya George V.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo bya tekiniki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Misa
! Ibigize
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img13/57-22]
| 1 ku ijana
| KM 22
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Umuringa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;GEORGIVS V&quot;, &quot;REX ET IND: IMP:&quot;, ikamba, agaciro
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot; AFRIKA y'iburasirazuba &quot;, agaciro, itariki
| 1922-1935
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 5
| KM 18
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1921-1936
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 10
| KM 19
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=nmc2/57-20]
| Amafaranga 50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya Edward VIII ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya Edward VIII
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibigize
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img/57-23]
| Amafaranga 5
| KM 23
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umuringa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;EDWARDVS VIII&quot;, &quot;REX ET IND: IMP:&quot;, ikamba, agaciro
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Afurika y'iburasirazuba&quot;, agaciro, itariki
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1936
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 10
| KM 24
|}

=== Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya George VI ===

==== Nka JORIJI VI ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya George VI nka JORIJI VI
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo bya tekiniki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Misa
! Ibigize
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| 1 ku ijana
| KM 29
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Umuringa
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | &quot;JORIJI VI&quot;, &quot;REX ET IND: IMP:&quot;, ikamba, agaciro
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | &quot; Afurika y'iburasirazuba&quot;, agaciro, itariki
| 1942
| umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Amafaranga 5
| KM 25
| 1936
| umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| KM 25.1
| 1937-1941
| umwobo wo hagati, flan
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-25_2]
| KM 25.2
| 1941-1943
| umwobo wo hagati, flan yoroheje
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| KM 25.3
| 1942
| NTA mwobo wo hagati, flan yoroheje
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amafaranga 10
| KM 26.1
| 1937-1941
| bimwe bifite umwobo wo hagati, bimwe bidafite, flan yuzuye
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| KM 26.2
| 1942-1945
| umwobo wo hagati, flan yoroheje
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

==== Nka GEORGIVS SEXTVS ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya George VI nka GEORGIVS SEXTVS
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibigize
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?=img10/57-32]
| 1 ku ijana
| KM 32
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Umuringa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;GEORGIVS SEXTVS REX&quot;, ikamba, agaciro
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot; Afurika  y'iburasirazuba&quot;, agaciro, itariki
| 1949-1952
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-33]
| Amafaranga 5
| KM 33
| 1949-1952
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 10
| KM 34
| 1949-1952
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210905/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/images/003coin_scaled.jpg]
| Amafaranga 50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya Elizabeti wa II ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe ku ngoma ya Elizabeti wa II
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibigize
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img/57-35]
| 1 ku ijana
| KM 35
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Umuringa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;QUEEN ELIZABETH WA KABIRI&quot;, ikamba, agaciro
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;Afurika y'iburasirazuba&quot;, agaciro,
| 1954-1962
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img11/57-37]
| Amafaranga 5
| KM 37
| 1955-1963
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Amafaranga 10
| KM 38
| 1956-1964
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210920/http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/images/EA_50cents_1961_scaled.jpg]
| Amafaranga 50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Yatanzwe nyuma y'ubwigenge ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Yatanzwe nyuma y'ubwigenge
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inomero ya Cataloge
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibigize
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amatariki
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ijambo
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://worldcoingallery.com/countries/coin.php?image=img10/57-39]
| Amafaranga 5
| KM 39
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umuringa
| &quot;SENTI TANO&quot;, 5, &quot;AMAFARANGA GATANU&quot;, &quot;AFRIKA EAST&quot;
| &quot;Afurika y'iburasirazuba, 5,
| 1964
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | umwobo wo hagati
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606093729/http://www.coinpage.com/coin-image-316.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606093729/http://www.coinpage.com/coin-image-317.html]
| Amafaranga 10
| KM 40
| &quot;SENTI KUMI&quot;, 10, &quot;AMAFARANGA CUMI&quot;, &quot;AFRIKA y'iburasirazuba&quot;
| &quot;Afurika y'iburasirazuba &quot;, &quot;10&quot;
| 1964
|}
 

== Inoti ==
Muri 1921, inoti zatanzwe n’ikigo cy’ifaranga ry’Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu migeci  cya 5 , 10 , 20 , 100 , 200 , 1,000  na 10,000, hamwe n'inoti za shilingi za 20 na hejuru kandi ifite amadini agaragara muri pawundi (1, 5, 10, 50 na 500). Muri 1943, hasohotse inoti 1 , inshuro imwe gusa izo nyandiko zakozwe. 1,000  inoti zatanzwe gusa kugeza muri 1933, hamwe 10,000  inoti iheruka gutangwa muri 1947. Asigaye yatanzwe kugeza muri 1964.

Amashilingi yanditswe ku inoti mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]], [[Icyarabu]], na Gujarati, mu gihe indangagaciro za pawundi zanditswe mu Cyongereza gusa.

== Ikarita ==

== Reba kandi ==

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}} 

: Iheruka gusohoka 10,000 / = inoti yanditswe ku ya 1 Kanama 1951 ariko inoti nkuru yakoreshejwe mugusiba imbere mu myaka myinshi nyuma yo muri 1951.

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202327/http://www.eac.int/ Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]
* [http://rodsell.com/enotes/eastafrica.htm Amashusho yinoti zo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba]
[[Ikiciro:Amafaranga]]</text>
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    <title>Amashilingi ya Tanzaniya</title>
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      <text bytes="11699" sha1="5g17zh3nl1fr4irabgy9nkvoap1oxkh" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:1,000 Tanzanian shillings banknote 2011 - obverse.jpg|thumb|amafaranga yama tanzaniya]]
'''Amashiringi''' ya Tanzaniya (mu magambo ahinnye: '''TSh''' cyangwa code '''TZS''') ni ifaranga rya Tanzaniya. Ikaba Igabanijwemo amafaranga 100. Amashiringi ya Tanzaniya yasimbuye [[Amashiringi yo muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba|amashiringi yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba]] ku ya 14 Kamena 1966. 

== Icyitonderwa ==
Ibiciro cyama shilingi ya Tanzaniya byanditswe muburyo bwa x/y, aho x ari amafaranga ari hejuru ya shilingi 1, mugihe y ari amafaranga. Ikimenyetso kingana na hyphen byerekana umubare wa zero. urugero amafaranga 50 yanditswe angana na shilingi 100. Rimwe na rimwe, impine ya mashilingi ni TSh ishyirwa imbere kugirango bitandukane. Niba umubare wanditse ukoresheje amagambo kimwe numubare, gusa (urugero bandika TSh 10 miliyoni).

Iki gishushanyo cyagereranijwe kuri siterilingi, aho amafaranga yanditswe muburyo bumwe bwa amapawundi (£), amashilingi (s), na amapence (d). Muri iyo nyandiko, amafaranga ari munsi yama pawundi yanditswe gusa muri shilingi na pence.

== Ibiceri ==
[[Dosiye:200_tz_shillings_front.jpg|thumb|200/  ibinyuranye]]
Muri 1966, ibiceri byatangijwe bi menyekana nka -/ , -/ , -/  na -/  na 1/ , hamwe na -/  biri mu muringa, -/  muri nikel-umuringa (umuringa-nikel -zinke) hamwe na - / 50 na 1 / = muri kupro-nikel. Igikombe-nikel 5/  ibiceri byatangijwe muri 1972, bikurikirwa na nikel-y'umuringa -/  muri 1977. Ibi biceri byambere byashyizweho, bikwirakwizwa kuva muri 1966 kugeza muri 1984, ibyo byose byakozwe na Christopher Ironside OBE. &lt;ref name=&quot;bot-tz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bank of Tanzania: Banking Operations - Currency Museum: Coins |url=http://www.bot-tz.org/bankingoperations/currency/coins.asp |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=bot-tz.org |archive-date=2009-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601201821/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/coins.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 1987, icyuma gikozwe muri nikel cyasimbuye igikombe-nikel muri -/  na 1/ , maze hashyirwaho igikombe-nikel 5/  na 10/ iyi biceri, bifite 5/  dekagonale. Muri 1990, hashyizweho nikel yambaye ibyuma 5/ , 10/  na 20/ , hakurikiraho ibiceri bikozwe mu muringa 100/  muri 1993, 50/  muri 1996 na misiri-nikel-zinc 200/  muri 1998.

Ibiceri bikunze  kuzenguruka ni 50/ , 100/ , 200/ , na 500/  . Igiceri 500/  cyatanzwe ku ya 8 Nzeri 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;bot2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Image: IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg, (960 × 1280 px) |url=http://www.bot.go.tz/Adverts/PressRelease/IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=bot.go.tz |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193847/http://www.bot.go.tz/Adverts/PressRelease/IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inoti ==
Ku ya 14 Kamena 1966, Benki Ya Tanzaniya (Banki ya Tanzaniya) yazanye inoti ya 5/ , 10/ , 20/  na 100/  . Inoti 5/  yasimbuwe nigiceri mu 1972. Inoti 50/  zatangijwe mu 1985, zikurikirwa na 200/  muri 1986, 500/  muri 1989 na 1,000/  muri 1990. Inoti 10/ , 20/ , 50/  na 100/  zasimbuwe n'ibiceri mu 1987, 1990, 1996 na 1994. 5,000/  na 10,000/  inoti zatangijwe mu 1995, zikurikirwa na 2000 / = muri 2003. Urukurikirane rushya rw'inoti rwasohotse muri 2011. Izi nyandiko nshya zirimo ibintu byinshi byumutekano birinda impimbano. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151029205825/http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php Tanzania new note family confirmed] BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2011-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405164844/http://thecitizen.co.tz/magazines/-/6750-expect-nothing-but-the-best-money-printing-firm-tells-dar] ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 2011-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |Urukurikirane rwa kera
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibara rikuru
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Itariki yatangarijwe
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
! Ikimenyetso cy'amazi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-10-note-front.jpg|95x95px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-10-note-back.jpg|95x95px]]
| 10/ 
| -
| Icyatsi
| [[Julius Nyerere]]
| Urwibutso rwa Arusha
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Giraffe
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | -
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-20-note-front.jpg|100x100px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-20-note-back.jpg|98x98px]]
| 20/ 
| -
| Ubururu
| [[Julius Nyerere]]
| Rusange Tire Igiti cya Afrika yuburasirazuba
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-100-note-front.jpg|108x108px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:Tzs-100-note-back.jpg|108x108px]]
| 100/ 
| -
| Umutuku
| [[Julius Nyerere]]
| [[Abamasayi|Maasayi]]
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Urukurikirane rwa 1997 &lt;ref name=&quot;bot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bank of Tanzania Historical Notes |url=https://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/CurrencyMuseum.asp |access-date=2015-07-05 |website=bot |publisher=Bank of Tanzania |archive-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119195255/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/CurrencyMuseum.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibara rikuru
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Itariki yatangarijwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ikimenyetso cy'amazi
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0030.htm]
| 500 / = (Shilingi Mia Tano)
| 138 x 69 mm
| Icyatsi
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Zebra
| Gusarura isuka; Uhuru Torch
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1997
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Giraffe
|-
| [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0031.htm]
| 1000 / = (Shillingi Elfu Moja)
| 142 x 71 mm
| Umutuku
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Inzovu nyafurika
| Ikirombe cya Kiwira; Urugi rwa Banki yabaturage ya Zanzibar
|-
| [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0034.htm]
| 1000 / = (Shilingi Elfu Moja)
| 142 x 71 mm
| Umutuku
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Julius Nyerere]] ; Inzovu nyafurika
| Ikirombe cya Kiwira; Urugi rwa Banki yabaturage ya Zanzibar
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2000
|-
| [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0032.htm]
| 5000 / = (Shillingi Elfu Tano)
| 145 x 73 mm
| Umutuku
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Rhino
| Giraffes ; [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro|Mt Kilimanjaro]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1997
|-
| [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0044.htm]
| 10,000 / = (Shilingi Elfu Kumi)
| 149 x 75 mm
| Indigo
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; [[Intare]]
| Banki ya Tanzaniya ; &quot;Inzu y'igitangaza&quot; (Zanzibar)
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;12&quot; |Urukurikirane rwa 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130118042704/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/currencyInCirculation.asp]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Agaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibara rikuru
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Itariki yatangarijwe
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
! Ikimenyetso cy'amazi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:500_tz_shillings_front.jpg|95x95px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:500_tz_shillings_back.jpg|95x95px]]
| 500/ 
| 130 × 63 mm
| Icyatsi
| Buffalo nyafurika
| Inzu ya Nkrumah, Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Giraffe
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2003
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:1000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|100x100px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:1000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|98x98px]]
| 1,000/ 
| 135 × 66 mm
| Ubururu
| [[Julius Nyerere]]
| Inzu ya Leta, Dar es Salaam
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:2000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|101x101px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:2000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|101x101px]]
| 2,000/ 
| 140 × 69 mm
| Icunga-umukara
| [[Intare]], [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro]]
| Igihome gishaje, Umujyi wa Kibuye, Zanzibar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:5000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|104x104px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:5000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|104x104px]]
| 5,000/ 
| 145 × 72 mm
| Umutuku
| Inkeri z'umukara
| Geita zahabu Mine n'inzu y'ibitangaza Zanzibar
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:10000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|108x108px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |[[Dosiye:10000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|108x108px]]
| 10,000/ 
| 150 × 75 mm
| Umutuku
| [[Inzovu]]
| Icyicaro gikuru cya Banki ya Tanzaniya i Dar es Salaam
|-
|}

=== Kugeza ubu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Urukurikirane rwa 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;banknotenews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanzania new note family confirmed &amp;#124; Africa &amp;#124; Banknote News |url=http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=banknotenews.com |archive-date=2015-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029205825/http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ishusho
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Indangagaciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibipimo
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibara rikuru
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibisobanuro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Itariki yatangarijwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Itariki yikibazo cya mbere
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ikimenyetso cy'amazi
|-
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
! Kurwanya
! Subiza inyuma
|-
|[[Dosiye:TZSn00500v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Dosiye:TZSn00500r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
| 500/ 
| 120 x 60&amp;nbsp;mm
| Icyatsi
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume
| Inyubako ya salle nkuru ya kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam; abanyeshuri barangije bambaye ingofero namakanzu; Inkoni ya Aesculap
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2011
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1 Mutarama 2010
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 500
|-
|[[Dosiye:TZSn01000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Dosiye:TZSn01000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
| 1,000/ 
| 125 x 65&amp;nbsp;mm
| Ubururu
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Perezida Julius Kambarage Nyerere; Bismarck Urutare muri Mwanza Harbour
| Ikawa; Inyubako ya Leta (Ikulu) ifite ibendera muri Dar es Salaam
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 1000
|-
|[[Dosiye:TZSn02000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Dosiye:TZSn02000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
| 2,000/ 
| 130 x 66&amp;nbsp;mm
| Icunga
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Intare]]
| Ibiti by'imikindo; igihome cya kera cya Arabiya Arabiya (Ngome Kongwe) mu mujyi wa Zanzibar; ikibaho
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 2000
|-
|[[Dosiye:TZSn05000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Dosiye:TZSn05000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
| 5,000/ 
| 135 x 67&amp;nbsp;mm
| Umutuku
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; igihingwa; inkeri z'umukara
| Cyanid Leaching igihingwa cya zahabu ya Geita
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 5000
|-
|[[Dosiye:TZSn10000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[Dosiye:TZSn10000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]]
| 10,000/ 
| 140 x 68&amp;nbsp;mm
| Umutuku
| Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Inzovu]]
| Indabyo; Inyubako yicyicaro gikuru cya Banki ya Tanzaniya i Dar es Salaam
| Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 10000
|-
|}

== Reba kandi ==

* Ubukungu bwa Tanzaniya
* Uganda shilingi
* Shilingi

== Reba ==
'''Inyandiko'''{{Reflist}}'''Inkomoko'''
 

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094153/https://www.bot.go.tz/BankingOperations/Currency/currencyInCirculation.asp Urupapuro rwa Banki ya Tanzaniya ku kuzenguruka inoti]
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Tansania-B-En.htm Inoti za Tanzaniya]
* [https://banknotenews.com/?p=18765] {{In lang|en|de|fr}}
[[Ikiciro:Amafaranga]]</text>
      <sha1>5g17zh3nl1fr4irabgy9nkvoap1oxkh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubukerarugendo muri Etiyopiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16751</id>
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      <parentid>108782</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="5917" sha1="ceym1eqku7ilb90q00o20b93mjlxjct" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:ET-ASL@PEK (20180522162936).jpg|thumb|INDEGE ZA ETHIOPIA AIRWAYS ZIFASISHWA MUBUCYERARUGENDO]]
Ubukerarugendo muri [[Etiyopiya]] bwagize 5.5% by'umusaruro rusange w'igihugu (GDP) mu mwaka wa 2006, wiyongereyeho 2% ugereranije n'umwaka ushize. Guverinoma yerekana umuhigo yahize wo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo binyuze mu bikorwa byinshi. Ubukerarugendo ni kimwe mu bigize gahunda yo kugabanya ubukene bwa Etiyopiya (PRSP), igamije kurwanya ubukene no guteza imbere ubukungu.

== Incamake ==
[[Dosiye:Adua_Memorial,_or_The_Folly_of_Imperialism_(3130882917).jpg|thumb| Urwibutso rw'abasirikare b'Abataliyani bishwe mu ntambara ya Adwa]]
Ahantu nyaburanga hashobora kuba harimo Icyegeranyo cya Etiyopiya cya parike yigihugu (harimo na Parike y’igihugu ya Semien), hamwe n’ahantu h’amateka, nko mu mijyi ya Axum, Lalibela na Gondar, umujyi wa Harar Jugol ukikijwe n'inkike, Umusigiti wa Negash, muri Negash na Sof Omar.

Iterambere mu myaka ya za 1960, ubukerarugendo bwaragabanutse cyane mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980 munsi ya Derg .Isubiranamo ryatangiye mu myaka ya za 90, ariko iterambere ryabujijwe no kubura amahoteri akwiye ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa remezo, nubwo hagenda hagaragara iyubakwa ry’amahoteri mato mato, amahoteri yisumbuyeho na resitora, ndetse n’ingaruka z’amapfa n’ihungabana rya politiki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Ethiopia.pdf Ethiopia country profile]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (April 2005). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Rubaksa_footbridge.jpg|left|thumb| Rubaksa footbridge kumurongo w'urugendo '''16''' muri Dogu'a Tembien]]
[[Dosiye:Danakil.jpg|thumb| Ikirunga cya Dallol]]
Kimwe mu bintu bitera imbaraga n'ubwiyongera bw'ubucyerarugendo bw’ibidukikije, hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo kwaguka muri Etiyopiya. Biteganijwe ko kugurisha ibicuruzwa byingendo bizakomeza kwiyongera, byerekana ko byiyongereyeho 7% muri mwaka wa 2006 kandi byari byarateganijwe ko mu mwaka wa 2007 biziyongeraho 5%. Igurishwa riterwa ahanini no kwagura inyungu mubikoresho by'ubucyerarugendo bw’ibidukikije, harimo ingendo zo kwidagadura, gukora ingendo zakure namaguru &lt;ref&gt;https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe na safari ugenda winjiza amafaranga menshi mubakoresha ingendo.

== Inzu ndangamurage z'isi ==
Etiyopiya ifite ahantu 9 h'umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburezi, ubumenyi n’umuco  (UNESCO) ndangamurage ku isi : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: Ethiopia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/et/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amatongo ya Aksum
* Amatorero yo mu rutare-Hewn i Lalibela
* Fasil Ghebbi, Akarere ka Gondar
* Harar Jugol, Umujyi W'amateka
* Umuco wa Konso
* Ikibaya cyo hepfo cya Awash
* Ikibaya cyo hepfo ya Omo
* Tiya
* Pariki ya Simien

== Ikinyagihumbi ==
[[Dosiye:Ethiopia Banna tribe kids.jpg|thumb|390x390px|Ubwoko bwabanya Ethiopia bagendera kubit]]
Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2007 niho hatangiye umwaka wa 2000 muri kalendari ya Etiyopiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archives for: March 2009, 03 - nazret.com Merkato Blog |url=http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?blog=15&amp;m=20090303 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314022210/http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?blog=15&amp;m=20090303 |archive-date=2009-03-14 |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=Nazret.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minisiteri y’umuco n’ubukerarugendo yishora mu mpaka zishingiye ku marushanwa y’ubwiza mu rwego rwo kwizihiza Ikinyagihumbi cya Etiyopiya. Bavuga ko minisiteri yananiwe kwishyura serivisi zamamaza ziva mu isosiyete ikorera mu Bwongereza muri Millenium Miliyoni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miss Tourism Millennium attracts international contestants |url=http://www.jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=17236 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713105618/http://www.jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=17236 |archive-date=2011-07-13 |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=Jimma Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-03-14 |title=Ethiopia's State Ministry for Culture and Tourism Corruption Scandal |url=http://gadaa.com/oduu/?p=575 |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=Gadaa.com |archive-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711062558/http://gadaa.com/oduu/?p=575 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2007/Oct/30Oct07/41417.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101023144/http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2007/Oct/30Oct07/41417.htm |archive-date=2008-01-01 |access-date=2010-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia fails to pay world pageant beauties their money |url=http://www.ethiomedia.com/aurora/99997.html |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=Ethiomedia.com |archive-date=2011-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203219/http://www.ethiomedia.com/aurora/99997.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;afdevinfo1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-04-18 |title=Gaas Mohamuda (Ethiopia) |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2333.html |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=Afdevinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=www.meadna.com |url=http://www.meadna.com/business%20page/Commentary%20pages/zeraiselomun/Corrupt%20EPRDF%20Ministers.htm |access-date=2011-04-02 |publisher=www.meadna.com |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063615/http://www.meadna.com/business%20page/Commentary%20pages/zeraiselomun/Corrupt%20EPRDF%20Ministers.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Minisiteri y’umuco n’ubukerarugendo (Etiyopiya)
* Urutonde rw'umurage w'isi muri Etiyopiya
* Ibiruhuko rusange muri Etiyopiya

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo muri Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>ceym1eqku7ilb90q00o20b93mjlxjct</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aero Tropical (Sosiyete y'ubwikorezi bw'abantu n'ibintu)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16758</id>
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      <id>141733</id>
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      <text bytes="1348" sha1="p319cwuse0hszppyixdv37oubrv03bw" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Scandinavian Airlines Boeing 737-700; SE-REX@AMS;15.04.2013 705hy (8679520685).jpg|thumb|333x333px]]
'''Aero Tropical''', izwi kandi ku mazina nka '''Air Tropical''', yari sosiyete y'indege ikorera muri [[Angola]]. Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1996 ihagarika ibikorwa mu mwaka wa 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Tropical at airlineupdate.com |url=http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/africa/angola.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630040956/http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/africa/angola.htm |archive-date=2012-06-30 |access-date=2011-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Boeing_737-219(Adv),_Aero_Tropical_JP6084067.jpg|thumb|right|Indege ya Sosiyete AeroTropical]]

== Impanuka n'ibyabaye ==

* Tariki 27 z'ukwezi kwa Gashyantare mu mwaka wa 1996 saa 05:40 ku isaha yaho, indege y'imizigo ya Aero Tropical Antonov An-12 (yanditswe na ER-ACE)  yakoze impanuka mu buryo butumvikana bwamayobera ku Kibuga cy'indege cya Lucapa nyuma yaho yarikurikiye indege yarivuye i Luanda. Abantu umunani bose bari mu ndege barapfuye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 12BP ER-ACE Lukapa |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960227-1 |access-date=2017-08-16 |website=aviation-safety.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ingendo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>KCB Bank Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="4295" sha1="hujuflrtxsnzsfhfidc2tl8lk8ijcl8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:KCB_bank_(2108245215).jpg|thumb|KCB bank muri kenya ]]
[[Dosiye:Bnr logo.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cya BNR yemeje KCB Bank  ]]
[[Dosiye:KCB bank in Bujumbura.jpg|thumb|kcb bank in bujumbura]]
 

'''Banki ya KCB u Rwanda''' yari banki y'ubucuruzi mu [[Rwanda]] n’ishami rya KCB Group yo muri Kenya. Yari imwe muri banki zemewe na [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]], mu bugenzuzi blw’amabanki mu gihugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BNR |date=1 November 2015 |title=List of Licensed Banks In Rwanda As At November 2015 |url=http://www.bnr.rw/uploads/media/List_of_licensed_banks_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714104320/http://www.bnr.rw/uploads/media/List_of_licensed_banks_2015.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=[[National Bank of Rwanda]] (BNR) |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza muri Kamena 2015, KCB y'u Rwanda rwatanze serivisi ziciriritse zitanga serivisi z’imari, aho umutungo wose ugera kuri miliyoni 190.2 z'[[amadolari y'Amerika]] (RWF: miliyari 140 z'[[amafaranga y'u Rwanda]]) hamwe n’imigabane y’abanyamigabane ingana na miliyoni 16.3 z'[[amadolari y'Amerika]] (miliyari 12 [[amafaranga y'u Rwanda]]). 

== Amateka ==
Ukuboza 2008, u Rwanda RC rwatangiye serivisi z’amabanki i Kigali, nyuma y’uruhush
[[Dosiye:BPR bank of Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Banki ya BPR]]
ya rwatanzwe na [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]]. Kuva icyo gihe, banki yafunguye amashami cumi n'ane (14) mu gihugu.  KCB u Rwanda ni ishami rya 100% ry'itsinda rya KCB.

Nyuma yo kubona [[Banque Populaire du Rwanda|BPR]] n'itsinda rya KCB, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 September 2021 |title=KCB Group PLC Completes Acquisition of Banque Populaire du Rwanda Plc (BPR). |url=https://rw.kcbgroup.com/about-us/news-room/banking/kcb-group-plc-completes-acquisition-of-banque-populaire-du-rwanda-plc-bpr |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=KCB Group |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228154033/https://rw.kcbgroup.com/about-us/news-room/banking/kcb-group-plc-completes-acquisition-of-banque-populaire-du-rwanda-plc-bpr |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda  rwahujwe na ''Banque Populaire du Rwanda'' rushinga [[Banque Populaire du Rwanda|Banki ya BPR Rwanda Plc]], bituma iba banki ya kabiri mu gihugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nzabonimpa |first=Patrick |date=5 May 2022 |title=KCB Group completes acquisition of Banque Populaire du Rwanda |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/featured/featured-kcb-group-completes-acquisition-banque-populaire-du-rwanda |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umuyoboro w'ishami ==
Kuva mu Gushyingo 2015 kuvugurura, KCB u Rwanda rufite amashami cumi n'ane (14) mu gihugu hose. Mu bibanza banki ikoreramo amashami harimo ibi bikurikira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muyagu |first=Triphomus |date=29 October 2015 |title=Rwanda: KCB Upgrades Nyarutarama Branch |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201510301123.html |access-date=1 November 2015 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KCB Group |first= |date=1 November 2015 |title=Location of the Branches of KCB Rwanda |url=https://rw-en.kcbbankgroup.com/locator/?branch_atm=1&amp;postal_code_location= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080553/https://rw-en.kcbbankgroup.com/locator/?branch_atm=1&amp;postal_code_location= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=[[Kenya Commercial Bank Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ishami rikuru - Avenue de la Paix, [[Kigali]]
# Ishami rya Kimironko - Kimironko, [[Kigali]]
# Ishami rya Nyabugogo - Nyabugogo, [[Kigali]]
# Ishami rya Remera - Remera, [[Kigali]]
# Ishami rya Gisozi - Gisozi, [[Kigali]]
# Tropical Plaza Ishami - Umujyi rwagati, [[Kigali]]
# Ishami rya Musanze - Musanze
# Rubavu Ishami - [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]]
# Ishami rya Muhanga - Muhanga
# Huye Ishami - [[Butare|Huye]]
# Ishami rya Rusizi - [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Rusizi]]
# Ishami rya Kayonza- Kayonza
# Ishami rya Nyarutarama - Centre ya MTN, Nyarutarama, [[Kigali]]

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rwa banki mu Rwanda
* Itsinda rya KCB
* Banki y'Ubucuruzi ya Kenya
* KCB Sudani
* KCB Tanzaniya
* KCB Uganda

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Ikiciro:Banki]]
[[Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
      <sha1>hujuflrtxsnzsfhfidc2tl8lk8ijcl8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Banki ishinzwe imiturire mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141920</id>
      <parentid>115520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4225" sha1="fo84m627ztxjui3xfvlcwoaod1dvbnk" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bank of Skotia.jpg|thumb|banki|264x264px]]
[[Dosiye:כיכר בקיגאלי בירת ראונדה.jpg|thumb|banki]]
 

'''Banki ishinzwe imiturire mu Rwanda''' yari banki y’ubucuruzi mu [[Rwanda]]. Izina ryayo mu [[Igifaransa|gifaransa]] ni '''Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda SA''' (BHR). Iyi banki yari imwe mu ma banki y’ubucuruzi yemewe na [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]], akaba ari  umugenzuzi w’amabanki mu gihugu. 

== Amateka ==
Banki yafunguwe muri 1975, nk'ikigo gishinzwe imari y'amazu kimwe n'umushinga utimukanwa. HBR yariyandikishije nk'isosiyete idafite inshingano. Ku ya 2 Nyakanga 2004, [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda]], Banki Nkuru y’igihugu, yahaye HBR uruhushya rw’agateganyo rwo gukora nka Banki y’imiturire. Uru ruhushya rwashingiraga ku kigo cyazamuye imari shingiro kugeza kuri miliyoni 2.65 z'amadolari ya Amerika, kugira ngo gikurikize amategeko agenga amabanki muri iki gihe mu Rwanda.

Ku ya 25 Gashyantare 2005, abanyamigabane ba '''Banque de l'Habiatat du Rwanda''' (BHR), bakoze inama rusange idasanzwe kandi bahitamo kongera imari shingiro yabo ku gipimo gito gisabwa, guhindura izina ryabo muri '''Banki yi miturire y’u Rwanda''' no guhindura izina ryabo ubutumwa buva mu kigo cy’inguzanyo, uteza imbere imitungo itimukanwa kuri Banki yubucuruzi kabuhariwe mu bijyanye n’imari yimiturire. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Housing Bank of Rwanda |url=http://www.bhr.co.rw/english/events.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921122018/http://www.bhr.co.rw/english/events.htm |archive-date=2008-09-21 |access-date=2012-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyirubwite ==
Kugeza muri Mata 2010, imigabane ya banki yari ifite ibigo bikurikira: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stock Ownership of Housing Bank of Rwanda |url=http://www.chr.co.rw/english/events.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415052306/http://www.chr.co.rw/english/events.htm |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;
|+'''Banki yimyubakire yu Rwanda'''
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | Urutonde
! Izina rya nyirubwite
! Ijanisha nyirizina
|-
| 1
| Guverinoma y'u Rwanda
| 56.00
|-
| 2
| Ikigega cy'Ubwiteganyirize bw'u Rwanda
| 30.00
|-
| 3
| Banki ishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda
| 5.00
|-
| 4
| [[Banki ya Kigali|Bank of Kigali]]
| 5.00
|-
| 5
| [[I&amp;M Banki Rwanda|Banki y'ubucuruzi y'u Rwanda]]
| 1.66
|-
| 6
| MAGERWA
| 1.66
|-
| 7
| Ibiro bya Thé
| 0.68
|-
|
| '''Igiteranyo'''
| '''100.00'''
|-
|}

== Umuyoboro w'ishami ==
Kuva muri Mata 2010, banki yakomeje icyicaro cyayo kuri Avenue de la Justice, mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'u [[Rwanda]]. Nta yandi mashami yari azwiho kubaho muri kiriya gihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Branch Network of Housing Bank of Rwanda |url=http://www.chr.co.rw/english/contact.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416174717/http://www.chr.co.rw/english/contact.htm |archive-date=2010-04-16 |access-date=2010-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gufata no guseswa ==
Muri Mata 2011, Banki ishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda, izwi ku bimenyetso [[Igifaransa|by’igifaransa]] '''BRD''', yabonye inyungu 100% igenzura inyungu muri Banki y’imiturire y’u Rwanda. BRD iri mubikorwa byo kwinjiza umutungo, imyenda n'abakozi ba HBR. Nyuma yo kongera gutunganya, BRD izatangira ibikorwa byo gucuruza amabanki. Byongeye kandi, izatangira kwandikisha ibicuruzwa by’inguzanyo byaturutse ku yandi m'abanki y’ubucuruzi mu gihugu, mu rwego rwo kongera umutungo w’amazu mu [[Rwanda]]. Mugihe cyo gufata, umutungo wa HBR wose wari ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 23.7 z'amadolari (miliyari 14 z'[[amafaranga y'u Rwanda]]).  

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [http://allafrica.com/stories/200902230072.html HBR One of Three Rwandan Banks in Mortgage Financing (HBR, CBR &amp; KCB)]
* [http://allafrica.com/stories/201104270102.html Housing Bank of Rwanda Acquired By Development Bank of Rwanda]

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rwa banki mu Rwanda
* [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|Ubukungu bw'u Rwanda]]

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Banki]]
[[Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
      <sha1>fo84m627ztxjui3xfvlcwoaod1dvbnk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Banki y'Isi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141842</id>
      <parentid>134634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="7105" sha1="tsc65rvq4p5ajvobzjaci1536rm9gfd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:The_World_Bank_logo.svg|thumb|logo ya banki y'isi ]]
[[Dosiye:World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg|thumb|Ikicyaro gikuru cya banki y'isi i Washington]]
'''Banki y'isi''' ni kigo mpuzamahanga cy'imari gitanga inguzanyo n'inkunga kuri guverinoma z'ibihugu bikennye kandi biciriritse hagamijwe gukurikirana imishinga y'ishoramari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2008 |title=About Us |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about |access-date=13 June 2019 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banki y'isi ni izina rusange rya Banki mpuzamahanga ishinzwe iyubaka n'iterambere izwi IBRD) n'ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe iterambere (izwi IDA), imiryango ibiri mu miryango itanu iri mpuzamahanga ifitwe n'itsinda rya Banki y'Isi. Yashinzwe hamwe [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari|n’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari]] mu nama ya Bretton Woods yo muri 1944. Nyuma yo gutangira buhoro, inguzanyo yayo ya mbere yari iy'Ubufaransa muri 1947. Mu myaka ya za mirongo 70, yibanze ku nguzanyo ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, biva kuri ubwo butumwa mu myaka ya za mirongo 1980. Mu myaka 30 ishize, yashyizemo imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n’amatsinda y’ibidukikije mu nshingano z’inguzanyo. Ingamba z’inguzanyo ziterwa n’intego z’umuryango w’abibumbye urebye zigamije iterambere rirambye, ndetse n’ibidukikije ndetse n’imibereho myiza.

== Itsinda rya Banki y'Isi ==
Itsinda rya Banki y'Isi ni umuryango mugari w’i miryango itanu iri mpuzamahanga, n’umuryango w’ababyeyi wa Banki yisi, izina rusange ryahawe imiryango ibiri ya mbere yashyizwe ku rutonde, ni IBRD na IDA:

* Banki mpuzamahanga yo kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere (IBRD)
* Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryiterambere (IDA)
* Isosiyete mpuzamahanga ishinzwe imari (IFC)
* Ikigo gishinzwe ingwate mu ishoramari (MIGA)
* Ikigo mpuzamahanga cyo gukemura amakimbirane ashoramari (ICSID)

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:WhiteandKeynes.jpg|right|thumb| Harry Dexter White (ibumoso) na John Maynard Keynes, &quot;a bashinze Banki y'Isi hamwe [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari|n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari]] (IMF) &lt;ref name=&quot;Bretton Woods Founding Fathers 2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Founding Fathers |url=http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023626/http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Banki y'isi yashinzwe mu nama yo muri Bretton Woods yo muri 1944, hamwe n'ikigega [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari|mpuzamahanga cy'imari]] (IMF). Perezida wa Banki y'Isi asanzwe ari [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Umunyamerika]]. &lt;ref&gt;''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 March 2015, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/business/france-germany-and-italy-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank.html &quot;France, Germany and Italy Say They'll Join China-Led Bank&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Banki y'isi hamwe na IMF byombi bifite icyicaro i Washington, DC, kandi bigakorana cyane.
[[Dosiye:The_Gold_Room_-_Bretton_Woods_Mount_Washington_Hotel.jpg|thumb| Icyumba cya Zahabu muri kiri muri Mount Washington Hotel ahari hashyizweho Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari na Banki y'Isi]]
Nubwo ibihugu byinshi byari bihagarariwe mu nama ya Bretton Woods, [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] [[Ubwongereza|n’Ubwongereza]] nibyo bikomeye byitabiriye kandi byari byiganje mu mishyikirano.  : 52–54 Icyari kigamijwe gushingwa Banki y'Isi kwari ugutanga inguzanyo z'agateganyo mu bihugu bikennye bidashobora kubona inguzanyo mu bucuruzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=53–76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banki irashobora kandi gutanga inguzanyo no gusaba ivugurura rya politiki kubahawe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== COVID-19 Icyorezo ==
Muri Nzeri 2020 hari cyorezo cya COVID-19, Banki y'Isi yatangaje muri gahunda ya miliyari 12 z'amadolari yo guha ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga make kandi yo hagati y'urukingo rumaze kwemezwa.  Muri Kamena 2022, banki yatangaje ko miliyari 10.1 z'amadorali y'amerika, zatanzwe mu guha ibihugu 78 urukingo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:World_Bank_Group_headquarters.jpg|alt=|thumb| Inyubako yicyicaro gikuru cya Banki yisi kiri i Washington, DC muri Amerika]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abashinzwe ubukungu muri Banki y'Isi 
!Izina
! Amatariki
! Ubwenegihugu
|-
| Hollis B. Chenery
| 1972–1982
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Anne Osborn Krueger
| 1982–1986
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Stanley Fischer
| 1988–1990
| Amerika na Isiraheli
|-
| Lawrence Summers
| 1991–1993
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Michael Bruno
| 1993–1996
| Isiraheli
|-
| [[Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph E. Stiglitz]]
| 1997–2000
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Nicholas Stern
| 2000–2003
| Ubwongereza
|-
| François Bourguignon
| 2003–2007
| Ubufaransa
|-
| Justin Yifu Lin
| 2008–2012
| Ubushinwa
|-
| Kaushik Basu
| 2012–2016
|Ubuhinde
|-
| Paul Romer
| 2016–2018
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Shanta Devarajan &lt;small&gt;(Umukinnyi)&lt;/small&gt;
| 2018–2018
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Penny Goldberg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/04/26/yales-penny-goldberg-appointed-chief-economist-world-bank |access-date=27 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/26/world-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120127/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/26/world-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| 2018–2020
|Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Aart Kraay &lt;small&gt;(Gukina)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274 |access-date=3 March 2020 |website=[[Channel News Asia]] |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206014827/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aart Kraay |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/a/aart-kraay |access-date=3 March 2020 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2020–2020
|
|-
| Carmen Reinhart
| 2020–2022
| Leta zunz'ubumwe
|-
| Indermit Gill
| 2022 - ubungubu
| Ubuhinde
|}

== Reba kandi ==
 

* Ingufu zisukuye ziterambere ryishoramari
* Ironderero rya Demokarasi
* Gahunda yo Gufasha Imiyoborere Yingufu (ESMAP)
* Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'imari
* Banki Nshya y'Iterambere
* Intara y'Ubusuwisi

== Reba ==

== Ibindi gusoma ==

[[Ikiciro:Amabanki]]</text>
      <sha1>tsc65rvq4p5ajvobzjaci1536rm9gfd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuhora wo mu majyaruguru y'afurika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16989</id>
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      <id>142063</id>
      <parentid>139122</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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'''Umuhanda wa ruguru''' (Northern Corridor)ni inzira ihuze kandi ikomeye y'ogutwara abantu n'ibinyu mu bihugu byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba no Hagati nko mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]], Uburasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|DR Congo]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo|Sudani y'Amajyepfo]] na [[Uganda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Northern Corridor Transit and Transportation Coordination Authority |url=http://www.ttcanc.org/page.php?id=11 |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064253/http://www.ttcanc.org/page.php?id=11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuyoboro munini wo gutwara abantu mu majyaruguru uhuza icyambu cya Mombasa kandi harimo n' umuhanda wa gari ya moshi za Kenya Railways Corporation na Uganda Railways Corporation; ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi; inzira y'amazi yo mu gihugu imbere; kontineri isanzwe ifatwa nkaho ari ICD (Inland Container Depots); Icyambu cya Tororo Imbere - amasezerano yahawe na Great Lakes Ports Limited yo muri Kenya mu gihe abatavuga rumwe n’ibigo bitwara ibicuruzwa n’abatwara amakamyo; bongeyeho umuyoboro wa peteroli.

Ubundi buryo bwo gutwara abantu bukorera mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bidafite inkombe binyuze muri [[Tanzaniya]], bwitwa [[Umuhanda wo hagati (Afurika)|Umuhanda wo hagati]] uhuza Dar es Salaam. Ibi bifashisha umurongo wo hagati wa Tanzaniya.

== Inkomoko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kigali Solaire</title>
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    <id>17010</id>
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      <text bytes="1451" sha1="7t10z4os58ewgry4ccupa0tfcgxlwbd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Umuriro.jpg|thumb|kigali soleir]]
'''Kigali Solaire''' ni urugomero rw'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu [[Rwanda]] kandi mu gihe cyo kubaka ni cyo gihugu cya Afurika kinini cyashyizeho amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba. Yubatswe mu 2006 kuri Mont Jali hafi y'umurwa mukuru [[Kigali]]. Uruganda rukoresha amafoto yerekana amashanyarazi kandi rufite umusaruro mwinshi wa 250 kilo hamwe nibisohoka buri mwaka biva kuri kilowate 325.000. Yatewe inkunga n’umujyi [[Ubudage|w’Ubudage]] isosiyete ikora ibikorwa by’ingirakamaro ya Stadtwerke Mainz AG (ubu ni : Mainzer Stadtwerke AG), Mainz ikaba umurwa mukuru wa Rhineland-Palatinate, ifitanye ubufatanye n’u Rwanda.

Uruganda rugizwe gusa na gahunda, rugizwe no gukwirakwiza panne 30 yifoto ya 1 kilo imwe mu midugudu yo hanze y'igihugu amashanyarazi, agera kuri 5% yi gihugu gusa. Sitasiyo ntoya isanzwe ishyirwa hejuru yinzu yi bitaro cyangwa amashuri. Iyi gahunda kandi ni gutera inkunga no guhugura abatekinisiye baho kugirango babungabunge ibyashizweho byose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Rwanda: rays of sunshine for the economy |url=http://www.gtz.de/en/presse/21738.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430162716/http://www.gtz.de/en/presse/21738.htm |archive-date=2012-04-30 |access-date=2010-03-22 |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umuriro]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gahunda ya 2063</title>
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'''Gahunda ya 2063''' ni urutonde rwibikorwa byasabwe kandi bishyirwa mu bikorwa n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-13 |title=Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213181702/https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview |archive-date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2020-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yemejwe ku ya 31 Mutarama 2015 mu Nteko rusange ya 24 y’abakuru b’ibihugu na za guverinoma z’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika i [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Agenda 2063 {{!}} Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, OSAA |url=https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/peace/agenda2063.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132137/https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/peace/agenda2063.shtml |archive-date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2020-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhamagarira gahunda nk'iyi byakozwe bwa mbere n'Inteko ishinga amategeko ya 21 ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-01-13 |title=50th Anniversary Solemn Declaration |url=http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/50anniv_declaration_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113110706/http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/50anniv_declaration_2013.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2020-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyuma y'imyaka 50 umuryango w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika washinzwe, nka gahunda y’imyaka 50 iri imbere. Intego zavuzwe muri Gahunda ni iterambere ry’ubukungu (harimo no kurandura ubukene mu gisekuru kimwe), kwishyira hamwe kwa politiki (cyane binyuze mu ishyirwaho rya Afurika ihuriweho na Leta zunze ubumwe), guteza imbere demokarasi n’ubutabera, gushyiraho umutekano n’amahoro kuri umugabane wa Afurika wose, gushimangira indangagaciro z'umuco binyuze muri Afurika yubuzima bushya hamwe n'ibitekerezo bya Afurika, uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye bwa politiki ku bihugu by'amahanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goals &amp; Priority Areas of Agenda 2063 {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/agenda2063/goals |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=au.int |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205104/https://au.int/agenda2063/goals |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raporo ya mbere yo ku mugabane wa Afurika ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Gahunda ya 2063 yatanzwe na Perezida Alassane Ouattara wa [[Kote Divuwari|Kote divuwari]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-24 |title=African Union (AU) Summit: First continental report on implementation of Agenda 2063 unveiled {{!}} Africanews |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/02/10/african-union-au-summit-first-continental-report-on-implementation-of-agenda-2063-unveiled/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224140034/https://www.africanews.com/2020/02/10/african-union-au-summit-first-continental-report-on-implementation-of-agenda-2063-unveiled/ |archive-date=2020-02-24 |access-date=2020-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2020, ibyo bikaba byatangiye ukwezi kwa kabiri. Ipima iterambere rirwanya intego zasobanuwe kuri gahunda yambere yimyaka icumi yo gushyira mu bikorwa kandi yatangijwe hamwe nu rubuga rwa interineti rwerekana interineti rwerekana iterambere mu bice bitandukanye bya Gahunda ndetse n’uturere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Imishinga yibendera ==
Gahunda ikubiyemo imishinga 15 yibendera, byagaragaye ko ari urufunguzo rwo gufasha no kwihutisha iterambere mu nzego zose ziterambere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flagship Projects of Agenda 2063 {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/agenda2063/flagship-projects |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=au.int |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210810/https://au.int/agenda2063/flagship-projects |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba ni :

# Umuyoboro wihuta wa gari ya moshi uhuza [[umurwa]] mukuru wa Afrika yose hamwe nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi
# Gushiraho ingamba zo guhindura ubukungu bwa Afrika kuva mubitanga ibikoresho fatizo bikabikoresha cyane umutungo wabyo
# Ishyirwaho [[Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika|ryakarere ka Afrika yubucuruzi bwigenga]]
# Itangizwa rya Passeport y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, no gukuraho ibyangombwa byose bisabwa abafite muri Afurika
# Kurangiza intambara zose, amakimbirane ashingiye ku baturage, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, n’amakimbirane akaze muri 2020
# Kubaka urugomero rwa gatatu Inga
# Ishirwaho [[Isoko rimwe rya afurika ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu kirere|ry'isoko rimwe ryo muri Afurika ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu]]
# Ishirwaho ry'ihuriro ngarukamwaka ry'ubukungu muri Afurika
# Ishyirwaho ry’ibigo by’imari, biteganijwe nka Banki y’ishoramari nyafurika, Isoko ry’imigabane ya Pan-Afurika, Ikigega cy’imari nyafurika, na Banki nkuru y’Afurika;
# Umuyoboro wa data wo muri Afrika
# Gutezimbere ingamba rusange za Afrika zo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kirere
# Ishyirwaho rya kaminuza nyafurika ifunguye, igizwe na digitale, yiga intera
# Ubufatanye ku mutekano wa cyber
# Urufatiro rwinzu ndangamurage nini nyafurika, kubungabunga umurage ndangamuco nyafurika no guteza imbere pan-Africanism
# Gukusanya Encyclopaedia Africana nkumutungo wemewe ku mateka yukuri ya Afrika nubuzima bwa Afrika.

=== Gushyira mu bikorwa ===
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w' Afurika ku mugabane wa Afurika (ACFTA) kashyizweho n'amasezerano yemejwe muri Werurwe 2018 kandi azatangira gukora guhera ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-project/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=www.nepad.org |archive-date=2023-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215212704/https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-project/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Banki nyafurika ishoramari n’ikigega cy’imari nyafurika byashyizweho ku izina, icyicaro gikuru kikaba cyubatswe i Tripoli, [[Libiya]] na Yaoundé, [[Kameruni]]. Igihugu cya [[Misiri]] kigiye kwakira Ikigo Nyafurika gishinzwe icyogajuru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kazeem |first=Yomi |title=A new space agency signals Africa’s focus on harnessing geospatial data |url=https://qz.com/africa/1550551/egypt-to-host-african-space-agency/ |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=Quartz Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pan African Virtual na E-University (PAVEU) yashizweho nkimbaraga za digitale ya kaminuza ya Pan-African kandi itanga icyiciro cyambere cyamasomo atatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – PAVEU |url=http://paveu.africa-union.org/about-us/ |access-date=2020-02-24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224145955/http://paveu.africa-union.org/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imishinga myinshi irahagarikwa kubera kubura inkunga, nkumuyoboro wa gari ya moshi wihuta, ikigo cy’ikirere, n’urugomero rwa Inga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flagship Projects {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-projects |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=www.nepad.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053526/https://www.nepad.org/agenda-2063/flagship-projects |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
[https://www.nepad.org/agenda-dashboard Gahunda 2063 itera imbere] kurubuga rwa [[Umugambi Mushya w’Iterambere muri Afurika|NEPAD]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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    <title>Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe</title>
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      <text bytes="5224" sha1="j05p2uygy0d8ouvsf9rn12dxin1ai4k" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Zi-map.png|right|thumb|268x268px| Ikarita ya Zimbabwe]]
[[Dosiye:Zimbabwe.geohive.gif|right|thumb|250x250px| Intara n'imijyi ya Zimbabwe]]
[[Dosiye:Bulawayo Airport-70s.jpg|thumb|bulawayo airport]]
[[Dosiye:Air Zimbabwe B767-2N0ER (Z-WPF) at Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport.jpg|thumb|air zimbabwe mqabuko nkomo internation airport]]
Uru ni '''urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege mu gihugu cya [[Zimbabwe]]''', bikurikiranye ahantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Code for Trade and Transport Locations - ZIMBABWE |url=https://service.unece.org/trade/locode/zw.htm |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=service.unece.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Igihugu cya Zimbabwe, kizwi nka Repubulika ya Zimbabwe ku mugaragaro, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe n'imwe gikoraho, giherereye mu majyepfo ya [[Afurika]], hagati y'uruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi]] na [[Umugezi wa Limpopo|Limpopo]]. Ihana imbibi na Afurika y'Epfo mu majyepfo, [[Botswana]] mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, [[Zambiya]] mu isonga rya [[Namibiya]] mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, na [[Mozambike]] mu burasirazuba, hamwe na Leeds wari umujyi ukomeye. [[Umurwa|Umurwa mukuru]] wa Zimbabwe ni [[Harare]]. Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara umunani n’imijyi ibiri ifite imiterere y'intara.

== Ibibuga by'indege ==
Amazina y'ibibuga by'indege byerekanwe '''mu mukara ushize amanga''' werekana ibibuga by'indege byateguye serivisi z'indege z'ubucuruzi.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;&quot; |Umujyi watanzwe
! style=&quot;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;&quot; | Intara
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ICAO
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | IATA
! style=&quot;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;&quot; | Izina ry'ikibuga cy'indege
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Bulawayo
| Bulawayo
| FVBU
| BUQ
| '''Yoshuwa Mqabuko Nkomo Ikibuga Mpuzamahanga''', ''cyahoze ari'' Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Bulawayo
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Ikinyejana
| Mashonaland Hagati
| FVCN
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Chipinge
| Manicaland
| FVCH
| CHJ
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Chipinge
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Chiredzi
| Masvingo
| FVCZ
| BFO
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Buffalo
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Gweru
| Midlands
| FVTL
| GWE
| Ikirere cya Gweru-Thornhill
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| [[Harare]]
| Harare
| FVHA
| HRE
| '''Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Robert Gabriel Mugabe''', ''ahahoze ari'' ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Harare
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| [[Harare]]
| Harare
| FVCP
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Hwange ( Parike ya Hwange )
| Matabeleland Amajyaruguru
| FVWN
| HWN
| '''Ikibuga cy'indege cya Hwange'''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Hwange
| Matabeleland Amajyaruguru
| FVWT
| WKI
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Hwange
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Kariba
| Mashonaland Iburengerazuba
| FVKB
| KAB
| '''Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kariba'''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Kotwa
| Mashonaland Iburasirazuba
| FVOT
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kotwa
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Kwekwe
| Midlands
| FVKK
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kwekwe
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Marondera
| Mashonaland Iburasirazuba
| FVMA
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Marondera
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Masvingo
| Masvingo
| FVMV
| MVZ
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Masvingo
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Mhangura
| Mashonaland Iburengerazuba
|
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Mhangura, ''ubu gifunze''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Umusozi wa Darwin
| Mashonaland Hagati
| FVMD
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Mount Darwin
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Mutare
| Manicaland
| FVMU
| UTA
| Ikibuga cya Mutare
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Mutare
| Manicaland
| FVGR
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege kinini
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Mutoko
| Mashonaland Iburasirazuba
| FVMT
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Mutoko
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Isumo rya Victoria
| Matabeleland Amajyaruguru
| FVFA
| VFA
| '''Ikibuga cy'indege cya Victoria'''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Zvishavane
| Midlands
| FVSH
|
| Ikibuga cy'indege cya Zvishavane
|}

== Reba kandi ==

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege ya code ya ICAO: F # FV - Zimbabwe
* [[Dosiye:2012-06-21 07-13-14 Kenya Nairobi Area Empakasi.jpg|thumb|Indege]]Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation / Urutonde rw'indege: Afrika # Zimbabwe

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* {{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=ICAO Location Indicators by State |url=http://legacy.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905221821/http://legacy.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012 |publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=February 2012 |title=UN Location Codes: Zimbabwe |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/zw.htm |website=[[UN/LOCODE]] Code List 2011-2 |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]]}} - includes IATA codes
* {{Cite web |title=Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.gcmap.com/search?Q=country:ZW |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.gcmap.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=CAAZ – Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe |url=https://www.caaz.co.zw/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629142236/https://www.caaz.co.zw/ |url-status=dead }}
[[Ikiciro:Indege]]
[[Ikiciro:Ingendo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]]
[[Ikiciro:Zimbabwe]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
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    <title>Ikibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince</title>
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[[Dosiye:Super Constellation at Salisbury Airport Rhodesia.JPG|thumb|'''''Super Constellation''''' yaparitse ku kibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince mu mwaka wa 1975 ikoreshwa nk'inzu yo kwidagaduriramo.]]
[[Dosiye:Harare in Zimbabwe (adm).svg|thumb|Ikibuga cy'indege muri Zimbabwe]]
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Incamake
|-
|'''Ubwoko bw'ikibuga'''
|Rubanda (Rusange)
|-
|'''Umukoresha'''
|pilot (PPL)
|-
|'''Ikorera'''
|Harare
|-
|'''Aho biherereye'''
|Mount Hampden
|-
|'''Kuzamuka AMSL'''
|Metero 1,477
|-
|'''Guhuza'''
|271092 [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Charles_Prince_Airport&amp;params=17_45_05_S_30_55_30_E_type:airport 17°45′05″S 30°55′30″E]
|}
'''Ikibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince''', iki kibuga cy'indege cyahoze cyitwa Mount Hampden nyuma yaho kiza guhindurirwa izina cyitirirwa uwahoze ari umuyobozi w'ikibuga cy'indege Charles Prince &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rhodesia |url=http://www.a2oxford.info/Pages/rhodesia/pages/charles_prince.html |access-date=2018-09-03 |website=www.a2oxford.info |archive-date=2016-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103093336/http://www.a2oxford.info/Pages/rhodesia/pages/charles_prince.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (wari umusirikare mukuru w'ingabo z'irwanira mu kirere mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose), ugereranije kiri nko muri kilometero 16 (16 km) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Harare]], mu gihugu cya [[Zimbabwe]].

Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yabaye nk'itsinda rya Rhodesian Training Training Group, ryigisha abapilote muri gahunda yiswe  [[:en:British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan|British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]]. Mu mwaka wa 1973 ikibuga cy'indege cyarahinduwe gikoreshwa n'abasivili.

Radio y'itumanaho ku kibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince i Harare  iherereye mu kibuga cy;indege. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charles Prince NDB (CP) @ OurAirports |url=http://ourairports.com/navaids/CP/Charles_Prince_NDB_ZW/#lat=-17.751399993896484,lon=30.926599502563477,zoom=10,type=Satellite |access-date=2018-09-03 |website=ourairports.com |archive-date=2018-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151030/http://ourairports.com/navaids/CP/Charles_Prince_NDB_ZW/#lat=-17.751399993896484,lon=30.926599502563477,zoom=10,type=Satellite |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SkyVector: Flight Planning / Aeronautical Charts |url=https://skyvector.com/?ll=-17.75156,30.924706&amp;chart=301&amp;zoom=1 |access-date=2018-09-03 |website=skyvector.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* [[Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe]]

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20160828180544/http://ourairports.com/airports/FVCP/pilot-info.html#general OurAirports - Charles Prince]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20130405164805/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=ZI12102 World Aero Data]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013011618/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-africa/zim/zim-af-bases.htm Zimbabwe Military Air Bases and Airfields]
** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/-17.7586/30.9291 OpenStreetMap - Charles Prince Airport]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20230924204503/http://a2oxford.info/Pages/rhodesia/rhodesia.html Rhodesia aviation]

[[Ikiciro:Zimbabwe]]
[[Ikiciro:Indege]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikibuga]]</text>
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    <title>Komite ishinzwe amafaranga n’imari</title>
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'''Komisiyo ishinzwe ifaranga n’imari (Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs)''' ni imwe muri komite icumi zihoraho z’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Pan afurika. Ikemura ibibazo bikurikira :

* Suzuma umushinga ugereranya ingengo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kandi ushyikirize Inteko.
* Muganire ku ngengo y’imari y’ubumwe kandi mutange ibyifuzo bikwiye.
* Suzuma kandi utange raporo ku Nteko ku bibazo bifitanye isano n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingengo y'imari y'umwaka.
* Fasha Inteko gushyira mu bikorwa uruhare rwayo rwo gushyiraho politiki nziza y’ubukungu, ifaranga n’ishoramari.

Perezida wa Komite ni Peter Daka ukomoka muri [[Zambiya]].

Umuyobozi wungirije Babacar Gaye ukomoka muri [[Senegali]].

Rapporteur ni Wycliffe Oparanya ukomoka muri [[Kenya]].
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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    <title>Gari ya moshi muri Zimbabwe</title>
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[[Dosiye:Train in the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe - panoramio.jpg|thumb|gariyamoshi muri zimbabwe|369x369px]]
'''Gariyamoshi muri Beitbridge''' harimo:

== Ikarita ==

* [https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/zimbabwe.pdf Ikarita ya Loni]
* [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3dee2cf00.pdf Ikarita ya UNHCR]

== Umujyi ukoreshwa ==

=== Gusohoka ===
Bulawayo - [[Gaborone]] umurongo nyamukuru:

* Bulawayo
* Plumtree

Gari ya moshi ya Beira - Bulawayo (Gariyamoshi ya Machipanda)

* Bulawayo
* Somabhula
* Gweru
* Kadoma
* [[Harare]]
* Marondera
* Nyazura
* Mutare

Gari ya moshi ya Limpopo (Gweru - [[Maputo]] gari ya moshi)

* Somabhula / Gweru
* Zvishavane
* Rutenga - ihuriro rya Beitbridge
* &lt;/img&gt; Sango / Niangambe - sitasiyo y'umupaka
* Chicualacuala (ahahoze Malvernia) - umupaka na&lt;/img&gt; [[Zimbabwe]]

Beitbridge Bulawayo Gari ya moshi

* Esigodini
* Mbalabala
* Mazunga
* &lt;/img&gt; Beitbridge - umupaka
* &lt;/img&gt; Messina

Gari ya moshi ya Lowveld

* Mbizi - ihuriro
* Triangle
* Chiredzi
* Nandi - urusyo; terminus

=== Basabye ===

* [[Harare]]
** (rehabilitate)
* Chinhoyi
** (new construction 235&amp;nbsp;km)
* Chirundu - on [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi River]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHINA &amp; ZIMBABWE RAIL &amp;#124; Railways Africa |url=http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/11/china-zimbabwe-rail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123015958/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/11/china-zimbabwe-rail/ |archive-date=2009-11-23 |website=www.railwaysafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHINA &amp; ZIMBABWE RAIL &amp;#124; Railways Africa |url=http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/11/china-zimbabwe-rail/#comment-1196 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123015958/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/11/china-zimbabwe-rail/ |archive-date=2009-11-23 |website=www.railwaysafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** (possible extension 85&amp;nbsp;km)
* [[Lusaka]] - capital

* Hwange ibirombe bishoboka.
* Technobanine Point hafi ya [[Maputo]].

=== Kuzamura ===

* Igishushanyo mbonera cya Gari ya moshi yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba

== Reba kandi ==

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Gari ya moshi y'igihugu ya Zimbabwe

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Zimbabwe]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]]</text>
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[[Dosiye:Dülmen, Umland, Sonnenaufgang -- 2012 -- 8069.jpg|thumb|Ifoto igaragaza imirasire y' izuba]]
Ni abanyeshuri 10 bibumbiye hamwe maze bakora  itsinda rikora ubushakashatsi muri ishuri rikuru ryitwa Sinhgad Technical Education Society (STES mu Rwanda), bakoze ipombo na yo ikoresha imirasire y’izuba, Iyi Pombo kandi bakoze ikoreshwa n’imirasire y’izuba kandi ni yo izuba ritava irakora kuko ifite batiri ibika umuriro. Ibi ni ibisubizo bikenewe aho gukoresha kajugujugu cyangwa izindi mbaraga twakoresha izuba kuko ntabwo ryishyuzwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/ibindi-bikoresho/article/nyuma-y-imodoka-ikoresha-imirasire-y-izuba-bakoze-ipombo-izafasha-mu-kurwanya?fbclid=IwAR20cqI7O86R-K-oLBXG78skva4QyQEZWplYfgo-VG1AGj8HVb9TBQtj96g&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipombo ==
[[Dosiye:PivotIrrigationOnCotton.jpg|thumb|kuhira]]
[[Dosiye:SiphonTubes.JPG|thumb|ipompo]]
Aba banyeshuri 10 bakoze ipombo ikoreshwa n’imirasire y’izuba nk’uko  babigenza; ni ipombo igabanya akazi kakorwaga n’umuhinzi cyangwa undi wese kuko byamusabaga gupombesha ukuboko kumwe, naho ukundi kukaba gufashe agatiyo (aga tube) kanyanyagiza umuti ku bihingwa. Bavuga ko babasha gukora ipombo nka mirongo itatu ku munsi kuko ibikoresho byose bikenerwa ngo zikorwe biboneka ku masoko yo mu [[Rwanda]] kandi bitwara nk’ibihumbi 60 by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda ku ipombo imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi]]</text>
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    <title>Imbehe</title>
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== Imbehe ==
mu [[Rwanda]] rwambere, mbere y'umwaduko w'abakoroni abanyarwandaga bariraga kugikoresho

kibaje gikoze nk'isahani y'ubu aho wasanganga muri buri rugo aho basaga ibiti bakabikoramo ibikoresho byo kuriramo bizwi nk'imbehe ndetse n'ibindi bikoresho binyuranye bakoreshaga m'ugikoni

== Ibibihe ==
[[Dosiye:Rwanda Traditional meal.jpg|thumb|ifunguro]]
Imbehe ni igikoresho babazaga mubimera ubundi bakagikoresha bagifunguriraho (kura) ariko kuri ubu haje ibigezwho barira ku masahani</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Habumuremyi Pierre Damien</title>
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[[Dosiye:Pierre Damien Habumuremyi.jpg|thumb|'''Habumuremyi''']]
'''Habumuremyi Pierre Damien'''  (wavutse 20 Gashyantare 1961) ni umunyapolitiki w'umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda kuva ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2011 kugeza ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2014. &lt;ref&gt;[http://rulers.org/rulqr.html#rwanda Rulers.org], Rulers (B. Schemmel)&lt;/ref&gt; Yabanje kuba [[Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda|Minisitiri w’uburezi]] kuva muri Gicurasi 2011 kugeza Ukwakira 2011.

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Habumuremyi Pierre-Damien yavutse 1961 i Ruhondo, [[Akarere ka Musanze|mu Karere ka Musanze]]. Yize mu bihugu byinshi, birimo [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Ubufaransa]], na [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]]. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya B.Sc. muri sociologiya, mbere yo kurangiza icyiciro cye cya kaminuza muri kaminuza ya Lubumbashi muri 1993. Yarangije M. Sc  muri siyanse ya politiki yakuye muri kaminuza ya Panthéon Assas muri 2003.  Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. muri siyanse ya politiki yakuye muri kaminuza ya [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]] muri 2011.

== Umwuga ==
Habumuremyi Pierre yatangiye umwuga we w’amasomo, akora umwarimu wungirije muri [[kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]] kuva muri 1993 kugeza 1999, anaba umwarimu muri kaminuza yigenga ya [[Kigali]] na kaminuza ya Adventiste ya balayiki ya Kigali muri 1997-1999 (UNILAK). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Prime Minister |url=http://www.primature.gov.rw/the-prime-minister.html |access-date=2012-11-21 |publisher=PMO Rwanda |archive-date=2012-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125041912/http://www.primature.gov.rw/the-prime-minister.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri kiriya gihe, yanabaye umuhuzabikorwa wumushinga muri gahunda yo gufasha tekinike yubudage (GTZ Kigali) mu 1995-1997 n’umuyobozi mukuru w’umushinga ushinzwe ubutabazi gatolika muri 1997-2000. 

Kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2003, yabaye umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe amatora mu Rwanda, nyuma aba umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa kugeza muri 2008.  Ku ya 11 Gicurasi 2008. Habumuremyi yatorewe kuba umwe mu bahagarariye  u Rwanda mu Nteko ishinga amategeko ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba.  Yasimbuwe nk'umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe amatora na Charles Munyaneza muri Nyakanga 2008. &lt;ref&gt;Dan Ngabonziza, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200807300077.html &quot;Former NEC boss leaves office&quot;], ''The New Times'', 29 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Habumuremyi Pierre - Damien yaje muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda nka minisitiri w’uburezi muri Gicurasi 2011, asimbuye Charles Murigande. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/fr_fr/noticias/africa/2011/4/18/Remaniement-ministeriel-Rwanda-Premier-ministre-inchange,e348011a-0488-43a0-a8e9-510985fc675c.html &quot;Remaniement ministériel au Rwanda, le Premier ministre inchangé&quot;], Angola Press Agency, 7 May 2011 {{In lang|fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yagizwe minisitiri w’intebe ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2011. Ishyirwaho rye ryaratunguranye, urebye nkuko yagaragaraga cyane kuri politiki.  Yasimbuwe na Anastase Murekezi ku ya 23 Nyakanga 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UMUSEKE.RW – Murekezi yasimbuye Dr Habumuremyi |url=http://www.umuseke.rw/anastase-murekezi-yagizwe-minisitiri-wintebe-mushya/# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808105046/http://www.umuseke.rw/anastase-murekezi-yagizwe-minisitiri-wintebe-mushya/# |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanditse igitabo ''cyitwa'' Politiki kwishyira hamwe mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside yo mu 1994: Utopiya cyangwa Ukuri, cyasohowe n'Ikinyamakuru Palotti, Kigali, mu 2008.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.primature.gov.rw/ Ibiro by'urubuga rwa Minisitiri w’intebe]
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL5194630A/Pierre_Damien_Habumuremyi Umwirondoro ku Isomero rifunguye]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Minisitiri w'intebe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Murekezi Anastase</title>
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      <text bytes="1760" sha1="juz7hqiqw7p8xnomnq716cvmfk9630o" xml:space="preserve">'''Murekezi Anastase'''  (wavutse ku ya 15 Kamena 1952) ni umunyapolitiki w'umunyarwanda. Yize muri Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare (GSOB) akomeza muri kaminuza Gatolika ya Louvain mu Bubiligi kwiga ubuhinzi. Yabaye Minisitiri w’abakozi ba Leta n’umurimo kugeza ku ya 23 Nyakanga 2014 ubwo yabaga [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda]], akora kugeza muri 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;newVision&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2014 |title=Kagame sacks prime minister, cabinet reshuffle expected |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657923-kagame-sacks-prime-minister-cabinet-reshuffle-expected.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214224121/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/657923-kagame-sacks-prime-minister-cabinet-reshuffle-expected.html |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=23 July 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva muri 2017-2020, yabaye Umuvunyi mukuru mu Rwanda.

== Amashyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ==
Anastase Murekezi kandi ni umwe mu bagize Inama y'Ubuyobozi ya [https://web.archive.org/web/20150908223201/http://www.compact2025.org/ Compact2025], ubufatanye buteza imbere kandi bukwirakwiza inama zishingiye ku bimenyetso ku banyapolitiki ndetse n'abandi bafata ibyemezo bigamije guca inzara n'imirire mibi mu myaka 10 iri imbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.compact2025.org/about-compact2025/governance/leadership-council/ |title=Leadership Council members from the website of the Compact 2025 partnership |access-date=2023-10-26 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105052340/http://www.compact2025.org/about-compact2025/governance/leadership-council/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Minisitiri w'intebe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umunsi muzamahanga wabakozi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1199" sha1="3gkwca02ke4fsqslf5sbpf2phzjc1e6" xml:space="preserve">== umunsi  muza mahanga w'abakozi ==


umunsi muzamahanga w'bakozi  ufite inkomoko ku cyiswe (haymarket affair)

aho aba police bishe abasabaga ko amasaha yahinduka akava kuri 12 agagera 

kuri 8 kumunsi.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/menya-impamvu-tariki-ya-1-gigurasi-yagizwe-umunsi-mpuzamahanga-w-umurimo]


uyumunsiabanshi bakunze kuwita &lt;nowiki&gt;'' may day''&lt;/nowiki&gt;  cyangwa (umunsi wa gicurasi)

waje kujyirwa umunsi mpuzamahanga mu 1889 munama mpuzamahanga 

ya mbere yabereye i paris mubufaransa.

itariki ya1 gicurasi iza kwemezwa 1891. uyumunsi  waje kwitabirwa  cyane n'ibihugu

byajyenderaga kumatware ya gisosiyalisite na gikomonisite. aho munama muzamahanga

y'amashyaka ya gisosayalisite  yabereye i masterdam mu 1904, basabwe kujya bigaragambya

kuri buri iyi talikikujyirango bashyirirweho amasaha umunani y'akazi atarenga.[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/menya-impamvu-tariki-ya-1-gigurasi-yagizwe-umunsi-mpuzamahanga-w-umurimo]


'''Andi makuru arambuye k'umunsi muzamahanga w'abakozi'''

https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/menya-impamvu-tariki-ya-1-gigurasi-yagizwe-umunsi-mpuzamahanga-w-umurimo</text>
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    <title>Muyombo Thomas</title>
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      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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'''Muyombo Thomas''' ( yavutse ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1984 ), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Tom Close,''' yavukiye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], umucuranzi ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]], akaba n'umuganga. Ikinyamakuru cya Chimp Reports cyo muri Uganda cyo muri 2013 yavuze ko ari [[umwami]] wa Afrobeat na Dancehall mu Rwanda. 

== Ubuzima bwa mbere n'uburere ==
Muyombo, uwa kabiri mu bana batatu,  yavutse ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1984 kuri Edward Karangwa na Kwizera Grace Dukuze  mu Karere ka Masindi muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] . Nyuma yo gutangira amashuri abanza muri Uganda, Muyombo yimukiye mu Rwanda, ari naho yarangirije amashuri yisumbuye ku ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kiziguro na Lycée de Kigali y’[[Igifaransa]]. Mu mwaka wa kane, yatangiye kuririmba muri korari y'itorero.

Yarangije impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza mu buvuzi bwa muntu muri [[kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]] muri 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-04 |title=Singer Tom Close named head of Kigali centre for blood transfusion |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/tom-close-kigali-centre-blood-transfusion |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==

=== Umwuga wa muzika ===
Nk'umucuranzi, Muyombo akunzwe kwitwa [[Tom close|Tom Close]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-15 |title=Singer Tom Close 'Happy for the New Appointment, Ready for Any Challenge' |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/singer-tom-close-happy-for-the-new-appointment-ready-for-any-challenge/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iriza |first=Jade Natacha |date=2023-05-26 |title=Tom Close on his comeback with ‘Essence’ |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7778/entertainment/music/tom-close-on-his-comeback-with-essence |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2005, Muyombo yashinze itsinda rye rya mbere hamwe n'inshuti enye ku izina rya Afro Saints, yandika indirimbo eshanu hagati ya 2006 na 2007 ariko ntabashe gutsinda. Indirimbo ye ya mbere nk'umuhanzi wenyine, Mbwira Yego, yanditswe mu Gushyingo 2007 hanyuma akurikirwa no kumurika alubumu ye ya mbere, ''Kuki'', muri Gicurasi 2008. Yanditse izindi alubumu enye hagati ya 2008 na 2013, yise ''Subiza'', ''Ntibanyurwa, Komeza Utsinde'' na ''Mbabarira Ugaruke'' . 

Yakoranye n’abahanzi benshi bo mu Rwanda ndetse n’amahanga, barimo Porofeseri Jay, Radio na Weasel, Jenerali Ozzey, [[Butera Jane|Knowless]], na Sean [[Kingston]]. Yazengurutse cyane mu Rwanda no mu bihugu bigize [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]], anakorera muri Amerika mu 2011.  Yakoreye muri concert yizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka icumi sosiyete y'itumanaho yo mu karere [[MTN Rwanda|MTN]] ari kumwe n'umuhanzi mpuzamahanga Shaggy . 

Muyombo yatsindiye amarushanwa ya mbere ya buri mwaka ya Primus Guma Guma Super Star amarushanwa y'abahanzi bazwi, yabereye kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] muri 2011.  Muri 2008, yatsindiye Umuhanzi mwiza mu marushanwa yakiriwe na [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]] . Yatsindiye kandi Umuhanzi w'umwaka muri Salax Awards muri 2009, 2010 na 2011. 

=== Umwuga w'ubuvuzi ===
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi, Muyombo yinjiye mu ishami ry'abana b'ibitaro bya Kacyiru mu 2014.  Mu 2015, yinjiye muri serivisi yo gutanga amaraso mu 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; agirwa umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'akarere gishinzwe gutanga amaraso i Kigali mu 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-04 |title=Singer Tom Close named head of Kigali centre for blood transfusion |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/tom-close-kigali-centre-blood-transfusion |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/tom-close-kigali-centre-blood-transfusion &quot;Singer Tom Close named head of Kigali centre for blood transfusion&quot;]. ''The New Times | Rwanda''. 2019-04-04&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-01-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-15 |title=Singer Tom Close 'Happy for the New Appointment, Ready for Any Challenge' |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/singer-tom-close-happy-for-the-new-appointment-ready-for-any-challenge/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/singer-tom-close-happy-for-the-new-appointment-ready-for-any-challenge/ &quot;Singer Tom Close 'Happy for the New Appointment, Ready for Any Challenge'&quot;]. ''KT PRESS''. 2020-12-15&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-04-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakoze kandi nk'umuganga mu bitaro bya polisi y'igihugu biherereye i [[Kigali]] . 

== Ibisohokayandikiro byatoranijwe ==

* ''Inka Yande'' (comic, umuzingo wa gatatu) &lt;/link&gt;
* ''Nkunda u Rwanda (comic)'' &lt;/link&gt;
* ''suka Yande (urwenya)'' 

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Nyina wa Muyombo yapfuye mu 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-15 |title=Singer Tom Close 'Happy for the New Appointment, Ready for Any Challenge' |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/singer-tom-close-happy-for-the-new-appointment-ready-for-any-challenge/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/12/singer-tom-close-happy-for-the-new-appointment-ready-for-any-challenge/ &quot;Singer Tom Close 'Happy for the New Appointment, Ready for Any Challenge'&quot;]. ''KT PRESS''. 2020-12-15&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-04-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Arubatse, afite abana babiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inama y’Igihugu y’Abantu bafite ubumuga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17557</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1860" sha1="9ua3sv75uragdi50ueemfvbcyiu4c8n" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:They have the same rights as we, they want to study and learn.jpg|thumb|ubumuga]]
[[Dosiye:Persons Living with Disability in Ghana at the Global Disability Summit co-hosted in Ghana.jpg|thumb|abantu bafite ubumuga]]
[[Dosiye:A PhD holder with mobility impairment.jpg|thumb|ubumuga]]
[[Dosiye:Neighborhoods in Yaounde Events23.jpg|thumb|abantu bafite ubumuga]]
'''NCDP''' mu Rwanda (National council of persons with disabilities in Rwanda) mu gambo arambuye ni '''Inama y’Igihugu y’Abantu bafite ubumuga''' mu Rwanda. Aho haheruswe gukorwa ibarura riri rusange ryakozwe mu 2022 ryaje kugaragaza ko abantu bafite ubumuga mu Rwanda bagera kubihumbi 391.775, aho bangana na 3,4% bya miliyoni 13,24 z’abatuye batuye mu Rwanda. Hakaba [[Umugore|abagore]] bafite ubumuga bagera kuri 216.826 ndetse abagabo nabo ni 174.949.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/hatangiye-ibarura-ry-abafite-ubumuga-mu-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inama-y-abafite-ubumuga-igiye-kugenzura-uko-inyubako-z-imikino-n-imyidagaduro&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mu ntara ==
U Rwanda rufite [[intara]] 4 ndetse n’umujyi wa kigali.

* '''Intara y’Iburasirazuba''' ni intara nini ifite umubare munini ungana na (109.405) 
* '''Intara y’Amajyepfo''' ni intara ifite umubare wabamuhaye ungana na (98,337). 
* '''Intara y Uburengerazuba,''' intara ifite umubare wa bamuhaye ungana na 88.967, 
* '''Intara y Amajyarugur'''u bakaba 60.336 mu gihe 
* '''Umujyi wa Kigali''' ukaba urimo abagera kuri 34.730.

Akarere ka Nyagatare ni ko karere urebye gafite umubare munini w’abafite ubumuga aho bagera ku 20.631 ndetse gakurikiwe na karere ka Gasabo (17.585) mu gihe aka karere ka Nyarugenge ko mu Mujyi wa Kigali ari ko gafite umubare muto (8.206).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]</text>
      <sha1>9ua3sv75uragdi50ueemfvbcyiu4c8n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyunganirangingo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141996</id>
      <parentid>127973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2573" sha1="to2q2owpr56s3r2s5x6f5d7drm1bffu" xml:space="preserve">Inyunganirangingo ni uburyo bukoreshwa mu kunganira no gufasha ingingo  z' abafite ubumuga mu mibereho n' imikorere yabo ya buri munsi. bigatuma bisanga kandi bakabasha gukora imirimo imwe ni mwe nkabandi bose. ibi mundimi z' amahanga byitwa: (assisstive devices).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2024/01/rusizi-abafite-ubumuga-bahawe-inyunganirangingo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117185559/https://umuseke.rw/2024/01/rusizi-abafite-ubumuga-bahawe-inyunganirangingo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Ngala_maimo_wajiri_displays_amputee_football.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo,,,]]
[[Dosiye:IRAKOZE_SAMUEL_IN_HIS_WHEELCHAIR_TO_SCHOOL.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo]]

== Uko bihagaze mu Rwanda ==
abafite ubumuga mu [[Rwanda]] barashima leta ko ntako itagira ngo ibafashe kubona Inyunganirangingo n' Insimburangingo ariko bagasaba ko izi serivisi zajya zibegerezwa kuburyo bazibona hafi yabo bitabagoye. ndetse banifuza ko bajya bazihabwa ku bwisungane mu kwivuza (mutuel de sante).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/abafite-ubumuga-bifuza-ko-barushaho-kwegerezwa-insimburangingo-n-inyunganirangingo&lt;/ref&gt; 

Umuyobozi w' inama y' igihugu y' abantu bafite ubumuga mu [[Rwanda]] &quot;[[Olivia Mbabazi|Olivia MBABAZI]]&quot; avuga ko mu bibazo byugarije abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda ari ukubono insimburangingo n' inyunganirangingo kuko mu gihugu hose hari ibitaro 4 bitanga iyi serivisi hifashishijwe ubwisungane mu kwivuza bityo rero hari bamwe bakigorwa no kubona izo serivisi, gusa Minisiteri y' ubutegetsi bw' igihugu mu Rwanda ivuga ko hari gushyirwa imbaraga mu kwegereza serivisi abaturarwanda byumwihariko abafite ubumuga bityo rero bidatinze izo serivisi zizagera mubitaro 
[[Dosiye:FM1C0659.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo ..]]
byinshi mu gihugu hose kuburyo abafite ubumuga batazongera kugorwa no kuzibona hafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/fileadmin/Reports/Isurwa_ry__ibigo_bikora_insimburangingo.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117185603/https://www.ncpd.gov.rw/fileadmin/Reports/Isurwa_ry__ibigo_bikora_insimburangingo.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Imibereho-yabana-bafite-ubumuga-bukomatanyije]
[[Dosiye:Boy_in_standing_frame.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo .]]
[[Dosiye:Wheelchair_Merchant_on_the_streets_of_Monrovia.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo]]
[[Dosiye:Stairlift_with_remote_control.jpg|thumb|Inyunganirangingo]]

=== Indanganturo ===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Murema Jean Baptiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141856</id>
      <parentid>137728</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1511" sha1="0r426fn8ol1leyb5vgiepvtrropd5ex" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Heidelberg Paralympic Games in 1972 1970 (JOKAJUK3B A-3).tif|thumb|Jean mu marushanwa]]
Murema Jean Baptiste ni umugabo wubatse akaba ari umunyarwanda, ndetse akaba ari umuyobozi wa [[NPC Rwanda]], (National Paralympic Committee of Rwanda) kuva muri 2021 ari umuyobozi mukuru waryo. Yakinnye mu makipe agiye atandukanye muri paralempike, yitabira amarushanwa atandukanye, aho yaje gutwara ibikombe haba muri afurika ndetse na marushanwa yi burayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfmumwezi.rw/News/sp?pg=138-Murema-Jean-Baptiste-yongeye-gutorerwa-kuyobora-NPC |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-18 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118141623/https://www.bbfmumwezi.rw/News/sp?pg=138-Murema-Jean-Baptiste-yongeye-gutorerwa-kuyobora-NPC |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/indi-mikino/article/murema-jean-baptise-yongeye-gutorerwa-kuyobora-npc&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amarushanwa yitabiriye ==
Murema jean Baptiste yitabiriye amarushanwa atandukanye nko mu ubwongereza i londere muri 2012, akina umukino wa maboko wa volleyball ya bamugaye bakina bicaye, nyuma aza kwitabira andi marushanwa muri brezil i Riyo muri 2016.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.paralympic.org/news/jean-baptiste-murema-new-npc-rwanda-president&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/195919/Sports/swimming-judo-and-badminton-to-be-added-to-paralympic-competitions&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga (Rwanda)]]
[[kunyomoza:Ubumuga (Rwanda)]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ihuriro ry’igihugu ryita ku bafite ubumuga (NDMC)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141711</id>
      <parentid>133726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:19:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2593" sha1="70bi7149rucua7wgjtzw789ocav72u3" xml:space="preserve">'''Ihuriro ry’igihugu ryita ku bafite ubumuga (mu [[icyongereza]]: National Disability Mentoring Coalition-NDMC)''' rigamije gukangurira abantu kumenya akamaro n’ingaruka z’ubujyanama mu buzima bw’abafite [[ubumuga]] no kongera umubare n’ubuziranenge bwa gahunda z’abajyanama b’abafite [[ubumuga]] mu gihugu hose. Yashinzwe mu Kuboza 2014, NDMC yimukiye muri Werurwe 2018 itura mu rwego rw’abafatanyabikorwa b’Urubyiruko rufite ubumuga (PYD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ndmc.pyd.org/about/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-19 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119125935/https://ndmc.pyd.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.accessibility.com/org-spotlight/nonprofit/the-national-disability-mentoring-coalition-ndmc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://disabilitypolicyworks.org/ndmc/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-19 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119125934/http://disabilitypolicyworks.org/ndmc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ncrtm.ed.gov/library/detail/national-disability-mentoring-coalition-ndmc&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://benderleadership.org/bender-leadership-academy-selected-for-susan-m-daniels-disability-mentoring-hall-of-fame/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://oklahoma.gov/occy/newsroom/2022/oklahoma-commission-on-children-and-youth-completed-certificatio.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intego ==
Yashinzwe mu Kuboza 2014, Ihuriro ry’igihugu gishinzwe kurwanya ubumuga (NDMC) n’umuryango w’abanyamuryango ugamije kongera ubumenyi, ireme, n’ingaruka z’ubujyanama ku bafite ubumuga mu gihugu hose.

== Ibikorwa ==
Kumenya ('''mu [[icyongereza]]: Awareness)''' - Kugaragaza uruhare rukomeye rwo gutanga inama nkingamba zo gufasha abafite ubumuga kwiteza imbere binyuze mu amasomo, akazi ndetse n’imibereho yigenga;

Kwihuza ('''mu [[icyongereza]]: Connections)''' - Korohereza itumanaho hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa no gusangira amakuru yerekeye “ikora” mu guhugura abafite ubumuga;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ibikoresho ('''mu [[icyongereza]]:Resources)''' - Gutanga amahugurwa, ubufasha bwa tekiniki, hamwe numuyoboro woherejwe kugirango wongere umubare wabatoza kandi ushimangire ingaruka zuburambe;

Kwinjiza ('''mu [[icyongereza]]:''' '''Inclusion''' - Korohereza amahirwe yo gutoza abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye n'ubushobozi mubice byose; na

Kumenyekana ('''mu [[icyongereza]]:''' '''Recognition)'''- Kubaha indashyikirwa mu gutanga inama binyuze muri Susan M. Daniels Mentoring Hall of Fame.

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Walker (mobility)</title>
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    <id>17665</id>
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      <id>141975</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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[[Dosiye:Walker._frame.jpg|right|thumb|333x333px| Akuma gafasha Kugenda imbere.]]
Umuntu '''ugendera kukuma gafasha abafite ubumuga''' (Icyongereza cyo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru) cyangwa '''ikinyabiziga cyo kugenda''' (Icyongereza cyo mu Bwongereza) ni igikoresho gitanga inkunga yo gukomeza kuringaniza cyangwa gutuza mugihe ugenda, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubumuga bw'imodoka bushingiye kumyaka, harimo n'intege nke. Irindi jambo risanzwe rihwanye nuwagendagenda ni iyo bita '''Zimmer''' '''(ikadiri)''', ikirango rusange kiva muri Zimmer Biomet, uruganda rukomeye rw'ibikoresho nk'ibi bice bisimburana. Kugenda k'umurongo ufite ibiziga bibiri byimbere, kandi hariho n'abagenda bazunguruka bafite ibiziga bitatu cyangwa bine, bizwi kandi nko kuzina '''rotateur'''.

Abagenda kuri icyogikoresho batangiye kugaragara mu ntangiriro yu mwaka 1950. Ipatanti ya mbere yo muri Amerika yahawe mu mwaka 1953 na William Cribbes Robb, wa Stretford, mu Bwongereza, kubera icyogikoresho cyitwa &quot;imfashanyo yo kugenda&quot;, cyari cyarashyikirijwe ibiro by’ipatanti mu Bwongereza muri Kanama mu mwaka 1949. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/patents/US2656874?printsec=abstract#v=onepage Walking Aid – US Patent 2656874] Retrieved 2012-03-03&lt;/ref&gt; Impinduka ebyiri zifite ibiziga zombi zahawe ipatenti muri Amerika muri Gicurasi mu mwaka 1957, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/patents/US2792052?printsec=abstract#v=onepage Invalid Walker – US Patent 2792052] Retrieved 2012-03-03&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/patents/US2792874?printsec=abstract#v=onepage Orthopedic Walker – US Patent 2792874] Retrieved 2012-03-03&lt;/ref&gt; naho igishushanyo cya mbere kidafite ibiziga cyiswe &quot;umutambukanyi&quot; cyatanzwe mu mwaka wa 1965 na Elmer F. Ries wa Cincinnati, muri Leta ya Ohio. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/patents/US3165112?printsec=abstract#v=onepage Walker or Walker Aid – US Patent 3165112] Retrieved 2012-03-03&lt;/ref&gt; Ugenda imbere usa nabagenda bigezweho yahawe patenti mu mwaka 1970 na Alfred A. Smith wo muri Van Nuys, muri Californiya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com/patents/US3517677?printsec=abstract#v=onepage Smith Invalid Walker – US Patent 3517677] Retrieved 2012-03-03&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka 2023, ibishushanyo mbonera byambere bifungura isoko bifasha kugenda byasohotse nyuma yo gupimishwa bishobora kwigana digitale hamwe ni capiro rya 3D ridahenze, ryashizweho kandi rigabanya ingano ya purusa 20%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=79}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igishushanyo ==
Igishushanyo cy'ibanze kigizwe n'ikintu cyoroheje kijyanye no mu rukenyerero, hafi santimetero 12 (30&amp;nbsp;cm) yimbitse kandi yagutse gato kurenza uyikoresha. Abagenda nabo baraboneka mubindi bipimo nkabana (kubana) cyangwa bariatric (kubantu bafite umubyibuho ukabije). Kugenda bigezweho bishobora guhinduka kandi bigomba gushyirwaho mu rwego rworohereza umukoresha, ariko bikemerera umukoresha kugumana akantu gato mu ntoki. Uku kugoreka gukenewe kugira ngo amaraso atembera neza binyuze mu maboko nkuko bigenda. Amaguru abiri y'imbere y'umugenzi ashobora cyangwa ntashobora kuba afite ibiziga bifatanye, bitewe n'imbaraga n'ubushobozi bw'Umuntu uyikoresha. Birasanzwe kandi kubona ibiziga bya caster cyangwa kunyerera ku maguru y'inyuma y'umugenzi ufite ibiziga b'imbere; usibye ibicuruzwa byunvikana byahujwe no kunyerera n'amaguru nk'ibirenge bifatanye, hamwe n'udupira twa tennis twacukuyemo imyobo kugira ngo tubishyire kumaguru nabyo bikoreshwa hejuru nk'ibiti, epoxy na liniyumu hasi bisanzwe mu bigo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240106100825/https://spkmobility.com/zimmer-frame-wheeled/ Unlocking Mobility - The evolution of zimmer frames] Evolution and design of zimmer frames.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igikoresha ==
[[Dosiye:A_woman_supporting_herself_with_a_walking_frame.jpg|thumb| Umugore ushyigikira ibiro bye akoresheje ikinyabiziga kigenda nta ruziga]]
Umuntu agenda afite ikadiri ikikije imbere n'impande kandi amaboko yabo atanga infashanyo y'iyongera mu gukomeza hejuru yimpande zikadiri. Ubusanzwe, umutambukanyi arafatwa agashyirwa intera ngufi imbere y'umukoresha. Umukoresha noneho aragenda kandi asubiramo inzira. Hamwe no gukoresha ibiziga hamwe n'ibibyunganira, uyikoresha ashobora gusunika ugenda imbere bitandukanye no kumusunika. Ibi bituma byoroha gukoresha ingendo, kuko bidasaba uyikoresha gukoresha amaboko kugirango azamure uwugenda. Ibi ni ingirakamaro kubafite imbaraga nke z'amaboko.

Kugenda akenshi bikoreshwa n'abantu barimo gukira ibikomere cyangwa ukuguru. Irakoreshwa kandi ku bantu bafite ibibazo byo kugenda cyangwa bafite ibibazo byoroheje bidakomeye.

Ikindi wamenya gifitanye isano ni hemi-wolker, umutambukanyi hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubunini bw'urugendo gakondo rugenewe gukoreshwa n'abantu bafite ubuhanga buke cyangwa bushidikanywaho mukuboko kumwe. Aba bagenda bahagaze neza kuruta inkoni ya kane (inkoni ifite ingingo enye zikora ku butaka, bitandukanye n'imwe), ariko ntibisabwa cyane nk'uwagendagenda gakondo kubashobora kuyikoresha.

== Reba ==
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  <page>
    <title>Bridge plate (mechanism)</title>
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      <text bytes="4998" sha1="pca9gdhumfbnkk7zbh7x8ja0j1uuzwc" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Doorway_bridgeplate_in_low-floor_LRV.jpg|thumb| Ikiraro mu modoka ya gari ya moshi yoroheje]]
'''Ikiraro cy'abafite ubumuga''', n'uburyo bw'ubukanishi, [[Wheelchair ramp|bwimukanwa bw'abafite ubumuga]] bikoreshwa mu modoka zimwe na zimwe za gari ya moshi zoroheje (LRVs) kugira ngo hatangwe intebe [[Wheelchair|y’abafite ubumuga]]. Icyapa cy'ikiraro kiva ku kinyabiziga kigera kuri platifomu, kigomba kuzamurwa kugira ngo kigere hafi y'urwego rw'ikinyabiziga kugira ngo [[igare]] ry'abafite ubumuga ridakenera kunyura hejuru y’urugendo rurerure cyane muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]], itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga rivuga ko ahahanamye hatagomba kurenza santimetero 1 zo kuzamuka kuri buri santimetero 12 z'uburebure. Bisi zimwe zo hasi nazo zikoresha ibyapa byikiraro muriki gihe, bigera k'umuhanda kugira ngo zitange intebe y’abafite ubumuga, ariko bisi nyinshi zo hasi aho gukoresha [[Wheelchair ramp|igitereko]] gisanzwe gikora nk'igice ariko gishobora gusohorwa n'umuryango ukoresheje bimwe byo k'umuryango k'umuhanda, muri iki gihe igiharaye ku mbuga ni kirekire bihagije ku buryo gishobora kuba nk'igare ry'abafite ubumuga byukuri aho kuba ikiraro kitaremereye cyane.

Ibyapa by'ikiraro bishobora koherezwa n'intoki n'ushinzwe gutwara ibinyabiziga cyangwa undi muntu w'abakozi cyangwa imbaraga, zishobora gukururwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA-2013-guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Modern Streetcar Vehicle Guideline |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Documents/APTA-RT-ST-GL-001-13.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423074825/http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Documents/APTA-RT-ST-GL-001-13.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-23 |access-date=2018-07-10 |publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |at=p. 37 [p. 40 of PDF]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imodoka za mbere zitwara abagenzi muri Amerika ya Ruguru zashyizwemo ibyapa by’ikiraro zishobora gukururwa ni TriMet (Portland, Oregon) Siemens SD660 LRVs,  iyambere ikaba yararangiye mu mwaka 1996.  Mbere, mu mwaka 1987, sisitemu ya Gari ya moshi ya Sacramento RT yafunguwe yakoresheje ibyuma bidafite ingufu, sitasiyo yubatswe na plaque ikiraro kugira ngo icyuho kiri hagati y’igice kinini kuri buri sitasiyo no hasi ya LRV. &lt;ref name=&quot;TRB-221&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1988 |title=Special Report 221: Light Rail Transit – New System Successes at Affordable Prices |url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr221/221.pdf |access-date=2018-07-09 |publisher=[[Transportation Research Board]] |at=Section &quot;Sacramento&quot;, pp. 157–161}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Icyapa gikoreshwa n'intoki ==
 
Kuri gariyamoshi zimwe na zimwe mu bighugu by'u [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] no mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], ntibishoboka ko umuntu ashobora kugera ku rwego ruhoraho kuva kuri pulatifomu kugera muri gari ya moshi zigiye zitandukanye niba ubwoko bwa gari ya moshi zinyura cyangwa zikorera kuri sitasiyo. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, sitasiyo ishobora kugira umwe cyangwa benshi bakoreshwa nk’abakozi binjira cyangwa bava ku kibuga, kugira ngo bakoreshwe iyo umukoresha w’abafite ubumuga yuriye gari ya moshi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=Step-free access arrives at four eastern TfL Rail stations |url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/march/step-free-access-arrives-at-four-eastern-tfl-rail-stations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308174134/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/march/step-free-access-arrives-at-four-eastern-tfl-rail-stations |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Transport for London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikiraro cy'abafite ubumuga hejuru y'inzira ==
[[Dosiye:Bridge_plate_across_tracks.jpg|thumb| Ikiraro cy'abafite ubumuga kizenguruka inzira ebyiri.]]
[[Dosiye:Bridge_plate_in_use_for_boarding.jpg|thumb| Icyapa cy'ikiraro kizengurutse inzira ebyiri zikoreshwa mu kwinjira.]]
Ibyapa byinshi binini by'ikiraro, bizenguruka inzira, bikoreshwa mu kwinjira mu gihe inzira i ruhande rwa pulatifomu ifunze, cyane cyane ku kubungabunga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-31 |title=Bridge plates being used to board trains |url=https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/amp/Bridge-plates-being-used-to-board-trains-6602482.php |website=Greenwich Time |access-date=2024-01-20 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921024241/https://www.greenwichtime.com/news/amp/Bridge-plates-being-used-to-board-trains-6602482.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ishobora guteza akaga, kubera ko igice cy'umuhanda kigomba kuvanwa muri serivisi na gari ya moshi igahinduka kugira ngo birinde kugongana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rebecca Harshbarger |date=2014-11-13 |title=Metro North workers suspended after safety mishap |url=https://nypost.com/2014/11/13/metro-north-workers-suspended-after-safety-mishap/ |website=The New York Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Umuyoboro wuzuye
* [[Wheelchair lift|Kuzamura intebe]]
* [[Wheelchair ramp|Intebe y’abafite ubumuga]]

== Reba ==
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  <page>
    <title>Transfer bench</title>
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      <text bytes="5195" sha1="dwky7uwzxua2ectnq2mz7x5ulyy53tf" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Transfer_bench.jpg|alt=A white plastic bench sits with two legs inside a bathtub and two legs outside the tub resting on the floor.|thumb|Kwimura intebe yiteguye gukoreshwa]]
'''Atransfer bench'''  (izwi kandi nk'intebe '''yo kwiyuhagiriramo''', '''intebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo''', '''intebe yo kogeramo''', cyangwa '''intebe yo kwimura''') ni [[Mobility aid|igikoresho cyo mubwiherero]] gifasha umuntu kwicara kugirango yinjire mu bwogero (bathtub)mu buryo butekanye. Uyikoresha akenshi yicara ku ntebe, ikaba irenze ku ruhande rw'ubwogero(tub), hanyuma igakomeza kugenda buhoro buhoro iva hanze ijya imbere mu bwogero. Intebe zo kwimurira mu bwogero zikoreshwa nabantu bafite ikibazo cyo kurenza urukuta rw'ubwogero cyangwa kwinjira mu bwogero, kubera uburwayi cyangwa ubumuga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amini |first=D. |last2=Lieberman |first2=D. |last3=Hunter |first3=E. |date=2018 |title=Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Musculoskeletal Conditions |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ccm&amp;AN=130396318&amp;lang=en-gb&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site |journal=American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=1–5 |via=EBSCOHost}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=King |first=E. C. |date=2020 |title=Bathing frail seniors at home: Home care providers’ approaches |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ccm&amp;AN=145320560&amp;lang=en-gb&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site |journal=Work |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=499–517 |via=EBSCOHost}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inyandiko ntoya idafite intebe ndende, yicaye rwose imbere y'ubwogero, izwi '''nkintebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo'''. Imikorere yayo yubatswe imbere yintebe.

== Ubwoko ==
Intebe yambere yo kwimura mubusanzwe igizwe ninyuma, intebe ndende, namaguru ane. Amaguru imbere y'ubwogero rimwe na rimwe aba afite plungers munsi yazo zifata hejuru y'ubwogero kugirango gihamye. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye, bwihariye kubyo umurwayi akeneye. Ingano, (mubisanzwe irashobora guhinduka) uburebure, n'ubugari burashobora gutandukana. Umukoresha yinjira ku ntebe avuye hanze y'ubwogero hanyuma akikubita hejuru yintebe kugeza imbere, azamura ukuguru kumwe icyarimwe hejuru y'ubwogero.

Ibikoresho bitandukanye byubushake birahari, nkintebe ya padi, gufungura ibicuruzwa, gushyigikira inyuma, cyangwa amaboko ya swing-away.

=== Kunyerera cyangwa kuzunguruka ===
Ibi biratandukanye bivuye ku ntebe yo kwimura, kubera ko aho gusunika kurundi ruhande, uyikoresha ntabwo agomba kwimura ikibuno cye hejuru yintebe. Umukoresha yicaye gusa ku ntebe hanyuma anyerera kurundi ruhande, mubisanzwe kumurongo cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bwo kunyerera. ibi bigabanya cyane ku kintu (friction), bigatuma kwimuka byoroha cyane ku barwayi bakeneye gufashwa cyane.

Intebe zo kwiyuhagiriramo cyangwa kwiyuhagira ziza muburebure butandukanye, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhitamo intebe, intebe za swivel, nintebe zaciwe. Bamwe baridegembya, mugihe abandi bifatanye kuruhande rw'ubwogero. Hariho kandi moderi ihuza intebe yibiziga, hamwe na transfert yo kwimura muri tubi ihuza intebe.

Igishushanyo mbonera gishya cyo guswera gifite ibice bitatu bya gariyamoshi bifatanyiriza hamwe kwemerera umurwayi wicaye kuva ku ntebe igendanwa akajya mu bwiherero cyangwa kwiyuhagira. Igice cya mbere cya gari ya moshi ni igice cyintebe igendanwa kandi bicaye munsi yintebe itandukanijwe igizwe nuburuhukiro bwintebe, inyuma, hamwe nintoki zitemewe. Gari ya moshi ya kabiri yicaye mu kabati cyangwa kwiyuhagira kandi ifite ishingiro risa n'intebe isanzwe yo kuguru. Igice cya gatatu cya gari ya moshi ni &quot;guhuza gariyamoshi&quot; ihagarara hamwe nandi maseti abiri kandi ikora ikiraro gihuza hagati yabo.

Kugira ngo ukoreshe ubu bwoko bwintebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo, umurezi abanza gushyira intebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo hamwe na gari ya moshi mu bwogero cyangwa kwiyuhagira akabihagarika. Umurezi noneho ahuza inzira yikiraro na gare yintebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo hanyuma akayifunga hamwe akoresheje gufunga kamera. Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ukuzunguruka intebe igendanwa (hamwe numurwayi wicaye) mumwanya, hanyuma ugahuza kandi ugafunga gari ya moshi igendanwa hamwe na gari ya moshi yikiraro (kuruhande), ukongera ukoresheje gufunga kamera. Iyo ibice bitatu bya gari ya moshi bimaze guhuzwa, umurezi ashobora kuzunguza intebe (hamwe n’umurwayi wicaye) hejuru ya gari ya moshi nyuma, akava munsi y’ibiziga byintebe yimukanwa, hakurya yikiraro, no muri douche cyangwa kwiyuhagira. Intebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo ishyigikira umurwayi nintebe yicaye mugihe cyo kwiyuhagira cyangwa kwiyuhagira.

Ikiraro cyikiraro hamwe nuruziga rwibiziga birashobora guhagarikwa hanyuma bikimurwa kure kugirango umurezi abone uburyo bwo kubuza umurwayi kwiyuhagira. Iyo kwiyuhagira birangiye, inzira ihindagurika yimura umurwayi kuva koga asubira ku ntebe igendanwa.

Intebe za Shower zikoreshwa kenshi zifatanije no [[Patient lift|kuzamura abarwayi]] kubarwayi batunzwe cyane badashobora kwimurwa nintoki kuva ku [[Wheelchair|kagare k'abamugaye]] bajya ku ntebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo. Muri iki gihe, umurwayi yazamuwe muri shitingi avuye mu kagare k'abamugaye cyangwa kuntebe hanyuma akicara ku ntebe yo kwiyuhagiriramo kugira ngo bashobore kunyerera mu bwogero cyangwa kwiyuhagira.</text>
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    <title>Abana 9 mu bana 10 bafite ubumuga ntibiga</title>
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[[Dosiye:NEPAL_Enfant.jpg|thumb|umwana ufite ubumuga ]]

[[Dosiye:International_camp_for_disabled_children_in_Spjutsund_1969_(JOKAÖN3A_F27-1).tif|thumb|abana bafite ubumuga ]]

== Ubumuga mu bana: Iterambere ry'Imiryango y'abafite Ubumuga mu Rwanda ==

&lt;!-- [[File:UNICEF logo.png|thumb|UNICEF ihagarikisha guhagarika inzego n'ubushobozi bwa buri mwana ku isi.]]
--&gt;
Ihuriro ry’Imiryango y’Abafite Ubumuga mu Rwanda (NUDOR) ryagaragaje ko abana bafite ubumuga batiga neza bangana ni cyenda mu mashuri, ntidukwiye kubirengagiza kugira ngo bige nk’abandi.

== Ubusanzwe ==

Mu Karere ka Rulindo, ihuriro ry'Imiryango y'Abafite Ubumuga rwateguwe ubukangurambaga bwiswe ‘Kuvuza Inzogera’ rikorera mu Murenge wa Rusiga, kuri rusange rw'amashuri rwa Rukinga (G.S Rukinga). Iby'uburezi bwa gisubizo byahuguriwe mu mwanya w’umunota umwe, hagamijwe gukangurira buri wese kwita ku burezi bw’abafite ubumuga no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo.

Urukiko rwo mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye cya Rukinga rurimo gushyiraho abana bose, hagamijwe gukemura ubw’ingingo cyangwa ubw’umutwe, bikabereka inzogera mu gihe kingana n’umunota umwe. Uruhara rwa NUDOR rwashyiriweho inzego zitandukanye za rusange.

== Umwarimu Munyakazi na NUDOR ==

&lt;!-- Image of teacher Etienne Munyakazi --&gt;
&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;
Umwarimu witwa Etienne Munyakazi, ushyira mu bikorwa na NUDOR, yavuze ko abanyeshuri b’uburezi bwa gisubizo mu ishuri ry'icyenda bashobora kwigana mu buryo busanzwe. Kandi amagambo y'umwarimu agira ati, “Ururimi (rw’amarenga) ntirukwiye kwigishwa mu rundi rurimi. Ni yo mpamvu wabonye ko ntigeze mbumbura umunwa wanjye.”

Abanyeshuri bose babifashe abagize ubumuga barushanwa gukoresha ururimi rw'amarenga. Abateacher bose bayandika ku kibaho kiri imbere mu ishuri, bashyira mu bikorwa amakuru y'uburyo bwa gisubizo.

== Umubare Munini wa Bafite Ubumuga ==

Mu Rwanda, hagize umubare munini w'abana bafite ubumuga batiga mu mashuri. Ibarura ry'abana bafite ubumuga mu mashuri y'incuke ryongeye kugaragaza ko ikibazo cy'abana bafite ubumuga batiga cyagikomeye.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;
== Ubumuga kandi bwahawe ubufasha ==

U Rwanda rushyira umukono ku masezerano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye kuva muri 2008, agamije gukemura uburezi bw'abafite ubumuga. Inama y'Abafite Ubumuga yashyizweho kandi yongera gushyira mu bikorwa icyo kibazo.

Muri 2014, ibarura ryakozwe mu mashuri ryagaragaje ko abana 24,862 bafite ubumuga ari bo bonyine bigaga mu mashuri y'incuke, abanza no mu cyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye.

== Impamvu yo Kwigisha Abana Bafite Ubumuga ==

&lt;!-- Image of teacher Etienne Munyakazi --&gt;
&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;
Mu byo Munyakazi avuga, icyo gihe ari ikibazo cy'umyumvire, ntabwo ari ibintu bihenze. Abafite ubumuga bakemera gukomeza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo mu gusoma no kwandika, kandi icyo gihe bifasha cyane mu kujya ku buryo bwa gisubizo.

== Ikibazo Cy'Abana Bafite Ubumuga ==

NUDOR iravuga ko ku isi yose, abana batajywa mu ishuri kuko bafite ubumuga. Inama y'Abafite Ubumuga yasabwe n'ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ([[UNICEF]]) ryo kuba bafite uburenganzira bw'umwana batajywa mu ishuri.

Mu Rwanda, umubare munini w'abana bafite ubumuga batiga. Amashuri abanza, abayisumbuye, n'icyiciro rusange cy'amashuri yisumbuye, bavuga ko ari benshi bafite ubumuga batajya ku ishuri.

== Urukiko Rwo mu Rwanda rukora ibishoboka ==

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;
U Rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2014 bwakozwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (UNICEF) buvuga ko ku isi yose, abana bacyenda mu bana icumi bafite ubumuga batajya mu ishuri.

== Inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (UNICEF) ==


Mu bihe byose, UNICEF yashatse ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, buri mwana yabyawe mu muryango, no kuba yaravukanye ubumuga, ahabwe uburenganzira bwe bwose.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;

== Amashuri Abanza ==

Mu Rwanda, hashyizweho inama y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye y’Abafite Ubumuga (NUDOR), aho abifashisha ababyeyi n'abaturage mu kwigisha abana babo kwigira mu mashuri. Inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (NCPD) irimo gutegura abaturage gukoresha uburezi bw'abafite ubumuga.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;

== Ibibazo n'Imirimo ==

Mu Rwanda, aribyo byatewe n'ibigo by’amashuri bitaragera ku rwego rwo gutanga uburezi buhamye ku bafite ubumuga. Abarezi bafite ubumenyi mu kwigisha abafite ubumuga bakiri bake, aho bagiye barakomeza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;

== Umusanzu ==

Ubumuga mu bana ni ikimenyetso cy'umuryango mwiza n'umwambaro w'imikorere y'abana. Mu mwaka wa 2008, u Rwanda rushyira umukono ku masezerano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, icyo gihe cyashoboraga gukemura uburezi bw'abafite ubumuga.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;

== Igitangaje ==

Ubusanzwe, ihuriro ry'Imiryango y'Abafite Ubumuga mu Rwanda rikora ibikorwa byiza mu kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, babone umurego w'ubumuga, bafashe gusoma no kwandika.

&lt;!-- Source: [Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga) --&gt;

Ibi bigaragara ko mu gihugu cyacu, hari ibintu byiza bikwiye gukorwa mu kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga. UNICEF yateguye mu mwanya w'ibibazo by'uburezi, ishingiye ku gusoma no kwandika, bigaragara ko u Rwanda rufite inshingano yo kwigisha abana bose, ariko kandi guhura n'ibyo bavuga.

*Izina ry'Inyegarabitekerezo: kigali today '''AMASHAKIRO;'''
Igihe: 17-03-2019  
[[Igitabo]]: Kigali Today  
Itegure: KT Editorial  
Link: [Abana 9 mu bana 10 bafite ubumuga ntibiga - Kigali Today](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ishyirahamwe ry'ibigo bya kaminuza z'abafite ubumuga-AUCD</title>
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      <text bytes="6613" sha1="mtqqz1yi98a9oiev2bz5ffho43wk8zv" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Disability symbols.svg|thumb|ibimenyetso byababana nubumuga]]
[[Dosiye:Persons Living with Disability in Ghana at the Global Disability Summit co-hosted in Ghana.jpg|thumb|abafite ubumuga]]
'''Ishyirahamwe ry'ibigo bya kaminuza z'abafite ubumuga (mu [[icyongereza]]: Association of University Centers on Disabilities -AUCD)''' 

Ni ishyirahamwe ryabanyamuryango rishyigikira kandi riteza imbere umuyoboro wigihugu wa gahunda zishingiye kuri kaminuza zitandukanye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=850 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124084628/https://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=850 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/directory/association-university-centers-disabilities-aucd&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_University_Centers_on_Disabilities&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/odep/alliances/current/association-of-university-centers-on-disability |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124084626/https://www.dol.gov/agencies/odep/alliances/current/association-of-university-centers-on-disability |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ouhsc.edu/thecenter/About-Us/Association-of-University-Centers-on-Disabilities&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://chd.uoregon.edu/node/480&lt;/ref&gt;

== Icyerekezo ==
[[Dosiye:Handicapped boarding at convenient spot on Caltrain.jpg|thumb|umuntu ubana nubumuga]]
AUCD iteganya ejo hazaza aho abantu bose, harimo nabafite ubumuga bwiterambere n’abandi bafite ubumuga, barimo, abitabiriye umuryango wabo. Turabona uburyo bunoze bwo kubona inkunga na serivisi byerekana ibyifuzo n'indangagaciro z'imiryango itandukanye kandi biganisha ku kwishyira ukizana, kwigenga, gutanga umusaruro, hamwe n'ubuzima bwiza kandi bushimishije.

== Inshingano ==
Intego ya AUCD ni uguteza imbere politiki n’imikorere biteza imbere ubuzima, uburezi, imibereho myiza n’ubukungu imibereho myiza y’abantu bose bafite ubumuga bw’iterambere n’ubundi bumuga, imiryango yabo, ndetse n’abaturage babo bafasha abanyamuryango bacu mu bushakashatsi, uburezi, ubuzima, na serivisi ibikorwa bigera ku cyerekezo cyacu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=427 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124084627/https://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=427 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nrd.gov/resource/detail/10763663/Association+of+University+Centers+on+Disabilities |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124084628/https://nrd.gov/resource/detail/10763663/Association+of+University+Centers+on+Disabilities |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.visionforequality.org/resources/association-of-university-centers-on-disabilities-aucd/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/a25f382e0a794cfd90a0f210cef85cd3-association-of-university-centers-on-disabilities-aucd-silver-spring&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ici.umn.edu/welcome/network&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indangagaciro ==

* uruhare rw'abafite ubumuga, abagize umuryango, abahugurwa, abakozi, n'abarimu muri gahunda zabo, imiyoborere, n'ubuyobozi;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* imico itandukanye n’indimi mu gihugu cyacu, uturere twayo, n’imiryango;

* ubudasa burimo ubwoko, ubwoko, umuco, imyaka, ubumuga, idini, igitsina, indangamuntu, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina n'imibereho n'ubukungu;

* kwishyira ukizana kw'abafite ubumuga;

* kwita ku muntu ku giti cye no kwita ku muryango;

* ubushobozi bwumuco nindimi muri serivisi zacu no gutera inkunga, ibikorwa byamahugurwa, ubushakashatsi, nimbaraga zo gukwirakwiza;

* kumenyekanisha kwuzuzanya no kwizerana kubantu bose murwego rwimiryango yabo

* igitekerezo cyubumuga nkigice gisanzwe cyuburambe bwa muntu mumyaka yose, imico, nibiranga.

== Abawugize ==

* Ibigo 67 bya kaminuza byindashyikirwa k'ubumuga bukabije '''(mu [[icyongereza]]:''' '''67 University Centers for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD)'''

* 60 Inyigisho z'Ubuyobozi muri gahunda ya Neurodevelopmental Disability '''(mu [[icyongereza]]: 60 Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities (LEND) programs)'''

* 16 Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi bwiterambere ryabafite ubumuga '''(mu [[icyongereza]]:16 Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research Centers (IDDRC)'''

* Gahunda yo Guteza Imbere-Imyitwarire y'abana bato '''(mu [[icyongereza]]:12 Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Training Program (DBP)'''

=== Abatari abanyamuryango bakira TA ===
Izi porogaramu zikorera kandi ziri muri leta zose z’[[Amerika]] kandi zose zigizwe na [[Amashuri Makuru|kaminuza]] cyangwa ibigo nderabuzima. Bakora nk'ikiraro hagati ya kaminuza nabaturage, bahuza ibikoresho byombi kugirango bagere ku mpinduka zifatika.

AUCD ishyigikira uyu muyoboro wigihugu binyuze mu: 

Ubuyobozi kubibazo bikomeye byimibereho bigira ingaruka kubantu bose babana nubumuga bwiterambere cyangwa ubundi bumuga cyangwa bakeneye ubuzima bwihariye

Ubuvugizi na Kongere n'inzego z'ubuyobozi nyobozi zitera inkunga kandi zikagenga gahunda zikoreshwa n'ababana n'ubumuga

Guhuza no gufatanya nandi mashyirahamwe yigihugu kugirango uteze imbere gahunda yigihugu

Gutezimbere itumanaho murusobe hamwe nandi matsinda mukusanya, gutunganya, no gukwirakwiza amakuru kubikorwa byurusobe nibikorwa

Gutanga ubufasha bwa tekiniki kumurongo mugari

== Ibyo bakora ==
Binyuze mu banyamuryango bayo, AUCD ni umutungo w’inzego z’ibanze, iz'igihugu, iz'igihugu, n’amahanga mpuzamahanga, imiryango, hamwe n’abafata ibyemezo bireba abantu babana n’abafite ubumuga bw’iterambere ndetse n’indi miryango yabo. Abanyamuryango bakora ibikorwa bitandukanye bitandukanye birimo:

* Serivise ntangarugero kubana, abakuze, nimiryango

* Amahugurwa

* Ubushakashatsi bwibanze kandi bukoreshwa

* Amahugurwa nubufasha bwa tekinike kumashuri, abaturage, ninzego zose za leta

* Kunganira politiki

* Isuzuma rya gahunda

* Gukwirakwiza imikorere myiza namakuru mashya

Gahunda za AUCD kandi zihugura ab'igihe kizaza cy'abayobozi mu bushakashatsi bujyanye n'ubumuga, amahugurwa, gutanga serivisi, no kunganira politiki kugira ngo iki gikorwa cy'ingenzi gikomeze.

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Amerika]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango Udaharanira inyungu]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango]]
[[Ikiciro:Amashuri makuru]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mert Lawwill</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
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      <text bytes="8906" sha1="1ccbsm2w85jgxolk2vqetfq87gll6o2" xml:space="preserve">'''Mert Lawwill''' (Yavutse ku ya 25 Nzeri 1940) ni [[:en:Americans|umunyamerika]] wabigize umwuga [[:en:Motorcycle_racing|wo gusiganwa ku ipikipiki]], nyir'ikipe y'isiganwa ndetse n'umushinga [[:en:Mountain_bike|w'amagare yo ku misozi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=7 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcyclemuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitabiriye amarushanwa ya [[:en:AMA_Grand_National_Championship|AMA Grand National Championship]] kuva 1962 kugeza 1977. Lawwill azwiho kuba yaratsinze Shampiyona y’igihugu ya 1969 AMA nkumunyamuryango witsinda ryabasiganwa ku ruganda rwa [[:en:Harley-Davidson|Harley-Davidson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; Nyuma yumwuga we wo gusiganwa ku ipikipiki, Lawwill yabaye umwe mu bambere bashushanya amapikipiki yo gusiganwa [[:en:Motorcycle_frame|ku magare]] n'abubatsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; Lawwill yahise akoresha ubunararibonye bwe nka moto yubaka moto kugirango abashe gukora [[igare]] ryimisozi mishya, atezimbere imwe [[:en:Bicycle_suspension|mumagare]] ya mbere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backmarker: Mert Lawwill |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2011/08/article/backmarker-mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcycle-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yateje imbere amaguru [[:en:Prosthesis|ya prostate]] kuri amputees. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill&quot; /&gt; Lawwill yinjijwe mu [[:en:Mountain_Bike_Hall_of_Fame|Nzu y'ibyamamare ya Mountain Bike]] mu 1997 no mu [[:en:Motorcycle_Hall_of_Fame|Nzu y'ibyamamare ya moto]] mu 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Mert Lawwill |url=http://mmbhof.org/mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=mmbhof.org |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219141756/http://mmbhof.org/mert-lawwill/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wo gusiganwa kuri moto ==
Lawwill yavukiye i [[:en:Boise,_Idaho|Boise, muri Idaho]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=7 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcyclemuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatangiye umwuga we wo gusiganwa nkumukinnyi wikinira ku murongo wa TT waho muri Boise, hanyuma, nyuma yo gusiganwa (nyuma uzwi nka [[:en:Motocross|motocross]] ) hirya no hino muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame2&quot; /&gt; Mu 1961, yimukiye i Los Angeles, muri Kaliforuniya kugira ngo ashobore gusiganwa ku isiganwa ry’isiganwa rya [[:en:Ascot_Park_(speedway)|Ascot Park]], icyo gihe kikaba ari cyo cyabaye intandaro yo gusiganwa [[:en:Track_racing|ku mwanda]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backmarker: Mert Lawwill |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2011/08/article/backmarker-mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcycle-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabonye inkunga na [[:en:Dudley_Perkins_(motorcyclist)|Dudley Perkins]], [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] wa Harley-Davidson i San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame2&quot; /&gt; Muri icyo gihe nibwo Lawwill yatangiye kwiga ibijyanye no guhindura amakarita ya moto kumarushanwa yo gusiganwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill2&quot; /&gt; Kugeza mu 1963, yari amaze gutwara umukinnyi wabigize umwuga maze mu 1964 asinyana amasezerano yo guhatanira ikipe yo gusiganwa ku ruganda rwa Harley-Davidson azabana na we mu buzima bwe bwose bwo gusiganwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame2&quot; /&gt;

Lawwill yatsinze isiganwa rye rya mbere ry’igihugu cya AMA kuri [[:en:California_State_Fairgrounds_Race_Track|Sacramento Mile]] ku ya 19 Nzeri 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=7 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcyclemuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1969, Lawwill yegukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona y’igihugu ya AMA kandi, yatowe nk'umukinnyi ukunzwe cyane muri AMA. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assoc |first=American Motorcyclist |year=1970 |title=AMA Grand National Champions Past And Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=mert+lawwill&amp;pg=PA8 |access-date=2 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukwirwanaho kwe muri Shampiyona nkuru y’igihugu mu gihembwe cya 1970 byabaye ingingo ya filime yerekana amapikipiki ya [[:en:Bruce_Brown_(director)|Bruce Brown]] yo mu 1971, ''[[:en:On_Any_Sunday|Ku Cyumweru icyo ari cyo cyose]]'' yakinnye n’umukinnyi wa filime [[:en:Steve_McQueen|Steve McQueen]] hamwe n’umukinnyi [[:en:Off-road_racing|wiruka mu muhanda]] [[:en:Malcolm_Smith_(motorcyclist)|Malcolm Smith]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assoc |first=American Motorcyclist |date=September 1971 |title=On Any Sunday: A Picture surreal, Larger And More Detailed Than Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_YDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=mert+lawwill&amp;pg=PA20 |access-date=2 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lawwill yakomeje guhatanira igikombe cya Shampiyona y’igihugu ya AMA kugeza mu 1977 ubwo, yasezeye afite imyaka 37 kubera ikibazo cy’amatwi y’imbere cyagize ingaruka ku buringanire bwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assoc |first=American Motorcyclist |date=July 1977 |title=Mert Lawwill. Old? Maybe. Fast? Definitely. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfgDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=mert+lawwill&amp;pg=PA28 |access-date=2 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakusanyije umwuga 161 AMA Grand National arangiza kandi yatsindiye amasiganwa 15 ya Grand National mugihe cyimyaka 15 yo gusiganwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame3&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga wo gushushanya ==
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70, Lawwill yagize uruhare mu gushushanya [[:en:Bicycle_frame|amakarita y'amagare ya siporo]] igenda yiyongera yo gutwara [[:en:Mountain_biking|amagare ku misozi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backmarker: Mert Lawwill |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2011/08/article/backmarker-mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcycle-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yari umwe mu bapayiniya ba mbere ku isi ku magare yo hanze, amaze kumenyekanisha igare rya mbere ry’umusozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Mert Lawwill |url=http://mmbhof.org/mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=mmbhof.org |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219141756/http://mmbhof.org/mert-lawwill/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yateje imbere kandi ubucuruzi bwa mbere bwubucuruzi [[:en:Four-bar_linkage|bune buhuza]] guhagarika amagare yo kumusozi kandi atanga patenti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri kiriya gihe, yakomeje kugira uruhare mu gusiganwa ku ipikipiki nka nyir'ikipe yo gusiganwa muri Shampiyona y’igihugu ya AMA kugeza mu 1990 ubwo, yababazwaga n’uburyo AMA yayoboraga shampiyona. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill3&quot; /&gt; Nyuma yayoboye itsinda ryisiganwa [[:en:Yeti_Cycles|rya Yeti Cycles]] irushanwa ryo gusiganwa [[:en:Downhill_mountain_biking|ku magare kumusozi kumanuka]] maze ateza imbere igare ryatsinze Lawwill DH-9 ryuzuye [[:en:Downhill_bike|rya gare]] yamanuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill3&quot; /&gt;  Amagare yo gusiganwa ku magare ya Lawwill yahawe agaciro cyane n’abasiganwa ku isonga ku isi kandi ibishushanyo bye byatsindiye ibikombe byinshi by’igihugu ndetse n’isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mert Lawwill at the AMA Hall of Fame |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=7 |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcyclemuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Mert Lawwill2&quot; /&gt; 

Muri iki gihe Lawwill agira uruhare mu kubaka no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa byemewe n’umuhanda wa gare ya [[:en:Harley-Davidson_XR-750|Harley-Davidson XR-750]] yasiganwe muri Shampiyona nkuru y’igihugu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Backmarker: Mert Lawwill |url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2011/08/article/backmarker-mert-lawwill/ |access-date=2 January 2016 |publisher=motorcycle-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayobora kandi sosiyete idaharanira inyungu itanga amaboko ya prostate kugirango amputees ashobore gutwara amagare cyangwa moto. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill4&quot; /&gt; Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyamaboko ya prostate yose akora ajya [[:en:Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center|mukigo nderabuzima cya Walter Reed Army]], kugirango akoreshwe nabasirikare bahoze mu ntambara yo muri Iraki na Afuganisitani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Backmarker: Mert Lawwill4&quot; /&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup final</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17794</id>
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      <id>141870</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2891" sha1="l4aircqkarmgf74onz7z8oq10gneaus" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Wheelchair rugby classification.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair Rugby|283x283px]]
[[Dosiye:Wheelchair rugby 191020d3.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair rugby game]]
[[Umukino]] wanyuma w[[Igikombe Cy'isi cya 2026|'igikombe cy'isi]] cyo muri 2021 cyababana n'[[ubumuga]] muri Rugby League yari umwe mu mikino itatu yanyuma y'igikombe cy'isi cya 2021 cya Rugby League (cyasubitswe kandi kiba muri 2022). Yakiniwe ahitwa i Manchester Central Convention Complex i Manchester ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2022, ejobundi haba umukino wa nyuma w’abagabo n’abagore. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fixtures&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2022 |title=Rugby League World Cup 2021 {{!}} Schedule |url=https://www.rlwc2021.com/schedule |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=www.rlwc2021.com |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722011744/https://www.rlwc2021.com/schedule |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubwongereza]] bwatsinze [[Ubufaransa]] muri 28-24 kugira ngo butware igikombe cya kabiri.

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
[[Ubwongereza]] n[[Ubufaransa|'Ubufaransa]] niyo ma kipe abiri yashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere muri IRL Wheelchair ya World Rankings yagize mu irushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2020 |title=Inaugural Wheelchair Rugby League World Rankings revealed |url=https://www.rugby-league.com/article/56843/inaugural-wheelchair-rugby-league-world-rankings-revealed |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=www.rugby-league.com |publisher=RFL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bari mu matsinda atandukanye ku mikino yo mu matsinda.  [[Ubwongereza]] bwatsinze irushanwa rya mbere muri 2008, [[Ubufaransa]] bwatsinze [[Ubwongereza]] ku mukino wa nyuma n'andi marushanwa abiri muri 2013 na 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=England edge out France to win Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/nov/18/england-edge-out-france-to-win-wheelchair-rugby-league-world-cup |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inzira ijya ku mukino wa nyuma ==
Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza byombi byatsinze amatsinda amanota atatu, buri wese yatsinze imikino itatu yose yo mu matsinda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup 2021 |url=https://www.rlwc2021.com/tournament/wheelchair-tournament |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=www.rlwc2021.com |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110171923/https://www.rlwc2021.com/tournament/wheelchair-tournament |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ubufaransa]] bwatsinze kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza na Ositaraliya n'amanota arenga 40, mu gihe Ubwongereza bwatsinze ubwabwo na Walesi amanota arenga 100 mu mukino yabahuje. 

== Umukino ==

== Kohereza umukino ==
[[Dosiye:England_wheelchair_rugby_league_team_celebrating_at_Old_Trafford.jpg|thumb| Ikipe y'Ubwongereza yishimira intsinzi y'igikombe cyisi kuri Old Trafford]]

== Amashakiro; ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Accessaphone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141884</id>
      <parentid>102974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2956" sha1="glxd2uthf1rm6wswwysc8wh1i0h3bzh" xml:space="preserve">'''accessaphone''', yatangijwe bwa mbere mu mwaka 2005 ni CTI (Computer Telephony Integration) ifasha software itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha abantu bakoresha kumeza nka terefone yoroshye ukoresheje uburyo bwabugenewe bwokwandika muri mudasobwa,imbeba ikoreshwa kuri mudasobwa  cyangwa amategeko y'ijwi. Porogaramu ni ingirakamaro cyane kubakoresha bafite icyerekezo gitandukanye n'ubushobozi bwo kugenda.

== Uburyo ikoreshwa ==
Nk'urugero, mu gihe ukoresheje terefone y'umushinga muri Cisco, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cisco: Accessibility for All |url=http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac227/csr2008/the-environment/environmentally-responsible-products/accessibility-for-all.html?internalid=ACA}}.&lt;/ref&gt; NEC cyangwa Tadiran Telecom, imirimo nka Dial, Hold na Transfer ishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe urufunguzo rushyushye D, H na T (ibanzirizwa n'urufunguzo rwa ALT). accessaphone ikoresha Microsoft Windows Terefone Porogaramu (TAPI) kugira ngo ivugane na sisitemu ya terefone y'umushinga.

== Kubahiriza kugerwaho ==
Bumwe mu buryo bwa enterineti butuma sisitemu ya terefone igerwaho kandi Igice cya 508 cyujuje ni ugutanga indangamuntu yumvikana. Iki nicyo gisabwa kuri (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cisco Voluntary Product Accessibility Template - Section 1194.23(e) |url=http://www.cisco.com/web/about/responsibility/accessibility/legal_regulatory/vpats.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane kubakoresha bafite igihombo cyo kutabona nkuko kumenyekanisha umuhamagaro winjira bitangazwa no gukoresha ikoronabuhanga. Ikigo gishinzwe kwinjira muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika(United State Access Board) ikigo gishinzwe Igice cya 508, cyohereje accessphone hamwe na sisitemu ya terefone ya Cisco ku bakozi babo basabaga kugera ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya terefone nka Indangamuntu cyangwa abo bakozi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri bakeneye amajwi kugira ngo babashe kumenya ibijyanye telefone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cisco: Innovation in Accessibility |url=http://www.cisco.com/web/about/responsibility/accessibility/CiscoAccessibilityBrochure.pdf}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2009, Fondasiyo y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona yakoze ubushakashatsi bwakozwe maze yemeza ko accessaphone ikurikiza ingingo ya 508 kandi mu by'ukuri yazamuye Ijwi hejuru y'ibikoresho bya terefone ku bakoresha bakeneye kubona kuri ibyo bikoresho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American Foundation for the Blind Case Study |url=http://www.afb.org/afbconsulting.asp?SectionID=89&amp;DocumentID=4843#summary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222190833/http://www.afb.org/afbconsulting.asp?SectionID=89#summary |archive-date=2011-12-22 |access-date=2013-02-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [http://www.accessaphone.com urubuga rwa enterineti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084617/http://www.access-board.gov/508.htm Reta zunz'ubumwe z'amerika: Igice 508] Archived  &lt;/link&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mobility Worldwide</title>
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    <id>17836</id>
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      <text bytes="4606" sha1="gq910r7ayeb8709d68qxvj1pn3s74yd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Aerial Porters Continue to Support Worldwide Air Mobility Operations DVIDS307907.jpg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:Chairs An early 19th century wheel chair with a pull out footrest.jpg|left|thumb]]
'''Mobility Worldwide''' ni umuryango ushingiye ku kwizera, abakorerabushake ba 501 (c) (3) umuryango udaharanira inyungu.

'''PET''' ni amagambo ahinnye y'umuryango w''utwara abantu ku giti cyabo'', imodoka itsinda ryubaka kandi rigakwirakwiza nta kiguzi cyo gutanga impano yo kugenda kubana bamugaye ndetse nabakuze kwisi yose. PET International, Inc. yatangiye gukora ubucuruzi nka Mobility Worldwide muri Kanama 2016, batangira gukoresha izina rya Mobility Cart kuri iyo modoka. &lt;ref name=&quot;dba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=September 2016: PET International transitions to DBA Mobility Worldwide |url=http://mobilityworldwide.org/newsletters-stories/newsletters/september-2016-mission-seeks-to-help-more-through-rebranding/ |access-date=2016-10-01 |archive-date=2016-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017231955/http://mobilityworldwide.org/newsletters-stories/newsletters/september-2016-mission-seeks-to-help-more-through-rebranding/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva muri 1994, amakarita arenga 80.000 ya Mobility yubatswe kandi agakwirakwizwa n'abafatanyabikorwa barenga 70.

== Amateka ==
PET yakuze mu rugendo rwo muri 1994 n’umumisiyonari w’Abametodisite Reverend Larry Hills yerekeza i Zayirecongo, aho yamenyeye bwa mbere ko iki gikoresho gikenewe igihe yahuraga n’abacitse ku icumu rya polio na mines badashobora kugenda ariko badashobora gukoresha [[Wheelchair|intebe z’abamugaye]] aho batuye mu cyaro. Hills n'umugore we Laura bavuganye na Reverend Mel West ku ntebe y’abamugaye yahinduwe ishobora gukorera, ifatishijwe intoki n'inziga eshatu. Muri 1995, Uburengerazuba bwagize uruhare mu gukora ibicuruzwa Earl Miner mu gukora prototype yubatswe hagamijwe kunangira, ubworoherane no gukora neza. Muri 1996,  enye zashyizwe mu kizamini muri congo. Ukurikije imikorere yabo, PET yagiye mubikorwa kandi yoherezwa gukwirakwizwa muri congo. &lt;ref name=&quot;HIST&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240106011228/https://mobilityworldwide.org/about-2/history/ &quot;History&quot;] Mobility Worldwide Web site&lt;/ref&gt;

Umwaka ukurikira, umusaruro wa PET watangiye kwaguka mu bindi bihugu, guhera kuri [[Mozambike]]. Muri 2000, kugira ngo ibyifuzo byiyongera, Uburengerazuba bwafunguye ikigo muri Columbiya, Misuri, muri Amerika, gikora kwakira ibice byatanzwe, guteranya PET no kubyohereza ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ikigo cya kabiri cyo muri Amerika cyafunguwe muri Penney Farms, muri Floride (hafi ya Jacksonville, Foloride), na Hills muri uwo mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;PENNY&quot;&gt;Howard, Kate: [http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2010-04-13/story/penney-farms-third-world-wheelchairs-and-love &quot;From Penney Farms to the Third World: Wheelchairs and love&quot;] Florida Times-Union, April 13, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2003, ikigo cya gatatu cyashinzwe i Luling, muri Texas muri amerika.

Muri 2004, kugirango bafashe gucunga iterambere n’umusaruro wa PET, Pet International yashizwemo, hamwe n'inama y’abashinzwe abakozi n’abakozi kugira ngo bafashe gucunga ibibazo byose bijyanye no guteranya no gukwirakwiza PET. Igiciro cyibigize PET ni amadolare 300. &lt;ref name=&quot;HIST&quot;/&gt;

== Ibihugu ==
Amagare ya PET yoherejwe muri Afuganisitani, Afuganisitani, Arijantine, Arumeniya, Angola, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, [[Boliviya]], Bosiniya, Botswana, Brasil, [[Bulugariya|Buligariya]], Burkina Faso, u Burundi, Kamboje, Kameruni, Tchad, Ubushinwa, Kolombiya, Kosta Rica, Cuba, [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya São Tomé na Príncipe, Djibouti, Repubulika ya Dominikani, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, Fiji, Gabon, Gambiya, Gaza, Jeworujiya, Gana, Guatemala, Gineya, Gineya-Bisawu. Mozambike, Miyanimari, Namibiya, Nepali, Nikaragwa, Niger, Nijeriya, Koreya y'Amajyaruguru, Pakisitani, Panama, Papuwasiye Nouvelle Gune, Paragwaya, Peru, Filipine, Repubulika ya Kongo, Rumaniya, Uburusiya, u Rwanda, Samowa, Senegali, Siyera Lewone, Somaliya, Sri Lanka, Repubulika ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo, Suwazilanda, Siriya, Tajikistan, Tanzaniya, Tayilande, Togo, Tonga, Tirinidada, Turukiya, Uzubekisitani, Uganda, Ukerene, Uruguya, Vanuatu, Viyetinami, Banki y'Iburengerazuba, Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Zambiya, na Zimbabwe. &lt;ref&gt;[https://mobilityworldwide.org/PImap.html &quot;PET Around the World&quot;] Mobility Worldwide Web site&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://mobilityworldwide.org/ Urubuga rwisi yose]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wheelchair Foundation</title>
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    <id>17839</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2489" sha1="rc8vyw1r4408a5hhkxaejecjeiyfi1e" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Wheelchair from Wheelchair Foundation in Russia,.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair ]]
[[Dosiye:Dana Mathewson American Wheelchair tennis player Wilson Photoshoot.jpg|thumb|wheelchair foundation]]
'''Wheelchair Foundation''' (WF) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu wa shinzwe muri Kamena 2000 n’umushinga w’imitungo utimukanwa Ken Behring, ukaba ufite icyicaro i Danville, muri Californiya. Fondasiyo ifatanya n’abaterankunga (abantu ku giti cyabo, amatsinda n’amasosiyete) gutanga [[Wheelchair|amagare y’abamugaye]] k'ubantu bakeneye ariko badashobora kubigura, cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Kugeza muri Nzeri 2008, umuyoboro wa WF umaze kugeza ibihugu birenga 750.000 by’abamugaye.

Fondasiyo ifatanya n'imiryango itandukanye ya serivise, harimo Rotary Clubs, Knight of Columbus na Sister City International.

Inama mpuzamahanga y’abajyanama ya WF irimo abatari bake ndetse n’abahoze ari abakuru b’ibihugu n’ibyamamare, barimo abayobozi bafatanije Juan Carlos na Sophia wo muri [[Esipanye|Esipayne]], ndetse na Mikhail Gorbachev na Nelson Mandela.

Imiryango yigenga igizwe n'intebe y'abamugaye ni Fondasiyo Yabamugaye yo muri [[Kanada]] na Fondasiyo y'abamugaye UK. WF Australiya nayo yabayeho nk'ikigo cy'igenga kugeza muri 2008 ariko ubu ni umushinga wa Rotary Club ya Gosford West (NSW).

Behring yagize icyo avuga ku kamaro k'imiryango y'itegamiye kuri Leta mu igabana ry'abamugaye:
[[Dosiye:WheelchairSeatingNTSB.jpg|thumb|Igare ry'abamugaye]]
Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ni ingenzi muri buri gihugu. Ndatekereza ko ubu dukorana n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Igihe twari muri [[Afuganisitani]], twakoresheje abantu bamwe bo mu muryango w'abafite ubumuga, kandi ingabo z'Amerika nazo zaradufashaga. Buri gihe dutanga intebe nke mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]], zikorana n’ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga. Muri Amerika yo Hagati, urugero, dukorana n’abadamu ba mbere. Abagore ba perezida ubusanzwe bafite umusingi kandi bafite aho bahurira n’ibitaro byita ku buzima busanzwe. Babaye rero cyane, cyane ifasha muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo mu rwego rwo kudufasha kubona abahawe intebe zibereye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Ability Magazine: Interview with Kenneth Behring - by Chet Cooper'' |url=http://www.abilitymagazine.com/interview_KennethBehring.html |access-date=2012-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [http://www.wheelchairfoundation.org/ Urubuga rwibimuga rwa interineti]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics</title>
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      <text bytes="2555" sha1="p26qjcraye2ijdp3x4ma9i3sv6bt2wy" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2008_Summer_Paralympics_Wheelchair_tennis_-_men_1.jpg|thumb|right|Ifoto igaragaza abakinnyi ba tenisi ikinwa bicaye mu ntebe yafashwe muri Paralympics mu mwaka wa 2008.]]
[[Dosiye:Dana Mathewson American Wheelchair tennis player Wilson Photoshoot.jpg|thumb|wheel chair of tennisers]]
'''wheelchair tennis ni umukino wa Tenisi'''  yabigenewe bwa mbere mu mikino '''Paralympike''' ya siporo nk'imikino yo kwerekana muri 1988, hakaba harabaye ibirori bibiri (abaseribateri n’abagore). Yabaye siporo itanga imidari kumugaragaro muri 1992 kandi yagiye yitabira imikino Paralympike yose kuva icyo gihe. Ibirori bine byakozwe kuva 1992 kugeza 2000, hiyongereyeho ibintu bine (uburinganire buvanze) mu buryo bumwe no gukuba kabiri muri 2004.
[[Dosiye:ClubGuttmann9.jpg|thumb| '''umukinnyi wa wheelchair tennis''']]

== Incamake ==

== Ibyabaye ==
[[Dosiye:Wheelchair tennis Atlanta Paralympics (5).jpg|thumb|Wheelchair tennis]]
Ibirori bigera kuri bitandatu birahatanwa kuri buri Paralympike. Gusa abagabo n'[[Umugore|abagore]] bonyine babereye mu mikino ya Paralympike yo muri 1988, ubwo yari siporo yo kwerekana. Ibi byahujwe n’ibihe bibiri by’abagabo n’abagore nyuma y'imyaka ine ubwo siporo yahinduraga ibirori. Muri 2004, ibintu bibiri bishya byongeweho hamwe na quadriplegiya (nkibyo bizwi kandi nka ibyabaye) kandi bitandukanye nibindi bintu bavanze. Ariko kugeza mu mikino ya 2020, abagore babiri gusa ni bo bitabiriye ibyo birori, Umuholandi witwa Monique de Beer n'Umunyakanada Sarah Hunter, bombi barushanwe muri 2004 na 2008. Nyamara, [[Abadage]] baracyari abagore bonyine begukanye umudari muri Paralympike, umuringa mu marushanwa ya kabiri mu 2004.
[[Dosiye:Summer_Paralympics_2000_-_Wheelchair_Tennis.png|thumb|umukino wa Wheelchair Tennis]]

=== Inshuro enye ===

== Reba kandi ==

* Tennis at the Summer Olympics

== Reba ==

* {{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Wheelchair Tennis History |url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Summer_Sports/Wheelchair_Tennis/index.html |access-date=2009-07-25 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Results by Sport – Wheelchair Tennis |url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/Sports/Results/results_by_sport.html?sport_id=20 |access-date=2009-07-25 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |archive-date=2007-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008192149/http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/Sports/Results/results_by_sport.html?sport_id=20 |url-status=dead }}
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vinux</title>
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      <text bytes="2782" sha1="bisruiu6zznpn7pj0c3zorzcdhp5qph" xml:space="preserve">'''Vinux''' yari ikwirakwizwa rya Linux ryakozwe muburyo bwihariye kubakoreshwa na abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, impumyi kandi batabona igice. [    ​[[Screen Magnifier|​]] Sisitemu kandi yashyigikiye USB Braille yerekana.

Vinux yabanje gutunganywa mu mwaka wa 2008 bikozwe na Tony Sales, Inkunga ya Tekinike muri Royal National College for Blind i Hanoford, [[Ubwongereza|mu Bwongereza]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2009 |title=Royal National College for the Blind: Vinux for the visually impaired |url=http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/page.aspx?o=256746 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094004/http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/page.aspx?o=256746 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=11 August 2010 |website=Excellence Gateway |publisher=Learning and Skills Improvement Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa mbere kuri DistroWatch ku ya 1 Kamena 2010 nka Vinux 3.0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vinux |url=https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=vinux |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=[[DistroWatch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibiranga ==
Vinux yemereye abakoresha mudasobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona no kwinjizamo verisiyo ya Ubuntu mu bwigenge. Harimo Orca (umusomyi wa ecran na magnifier), Speakup (umusomyi wa ecran ya console), Compiz (magnifier ishingiye kuri tekinoroji ya 3d), hamwe n'inkunga yo kwerekana Braille. yerekana ikora mu buryo bwikora iyo ihujwe kandi ishyigikira icyiciro cya 1 nicya 2 [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|Braille]]. Vinux ishobora gukora kuri CD nzima cyangwa USB nzima ntacyo ihinduye kuri sisitemu ikora. Irashobora gushirwa kuri USB cyangwa disiki ikomeye hamwe na sisitemu y'imikorere iriho ubu cyangwa nk'umusimbura wuzuye. 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;li&quot;&gt;[https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/82784.html Vinux Enhances Productivity for Visually Impaired Users | Reviews | LinuxInsider]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sp&quot;&gt;[https://news.softpedia.com/news/ubuntu-based-vinux-linux-5-1-released-for-blind-and-partially-sighted-people-511978.shtml Ubuntu-Based Vinux Linux 5.1 Released for Blind and Partially Sighted People], '''Softpedia News'''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;os&quot;&gt;[https://opensource.com/life/15/8/accessibility-linux-blind-disabled 8 Linux distros for blind and disabled | Opensource.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;mke&quot;&gt;[https://www.maketecheasier.com/5-lesser-known-ubuntu-based-distro-you-have-not-heard-of/ 5 Lesser Known Ubuntu Based Distro You Have Not Heard Of], '''MakeTechEasier'''&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Vinux official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2024-04-16)
* [[sourceforge:projects/vinuxscripts/|Vinux Build Scripts]]
* [[sourceforge:projects/vinux-docs/|Vinux Documentation]] Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* Vinux at DistroWatch</text>
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    <title>Handicap mental</title>
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      <text bytes="5568" sha1="b0easbyaz4oh4fi81l11gfwvjetb2au" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:A Special Olympics (SO) athlete crosses the finish line after completing the last leg of a 400 meter relay race during the Kadena Air Base SO event in Okinawa, Japan, Nov 111105-F-FL863-002.jpg|left|thumb|Ubumuga]]
[[Dosiye:Hypercalcemia (Infantile) with Mental Retardation 1.jpg|thumb|handicape mental]]
'''handicap mental''' ni '''ubumuga bwo mu mutwe''' (rimwe na rimwe bwitwa '''''kudindira mu mutwe''''' mu mvugo isanzwe) ni indwara rusange igaragara mbere yo gukura, irangwa no kubura no kutamenya neza imikorere byibuze ikora. Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bwagiye busobanurwa nk'amanota y'ubwenge (IQ) amanota 70 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title={{lang|en|The relevance of IQ scores}} |url=http://www.2h.com/articles/iq-tests/the-relevance-of-iq-scores.html |access-date=14 décembre 2010 |website=2h.com |language=en |archive-date=2010-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612155300/http://www.2h.com/articles/iq-tests/the-relevance-of-iq-scores.html |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Hafi ya byose bishingiye ku kumenya, ubusobanuro burimo imikorere y'imitekerereze y'umuntu nu bushobozi bw'imikorere ijyanye nibidukikije. Uyu munsi rero, umuntu ntashobora gufatwa nkufite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe gusa kubera ko afite igipimo cy'ubwenge kiri munsi ya 70.

== Ibisobanuro ==
[[Dosiye:Handicap mental.png|thumb|Handicap mental]]
Ishami ry'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS), mu rwego mpuzamahanga rw’indwara (en) ICD-10), risobanura ko ubumuga ''{{Lang|en|mental retardation}}'' ari yataye muri yombi iterambere ryo mu mutwe cyangwa iterambere ryo mu mutwe rituzuye, ryaranzwe no kudahagije kw'amashami n'urwego rusange rw'ubwenge, cyane mu bijyanye n'imikorere yo kumenya, ururimi, ubumenyi bwa moteri n'imikorere myiza  ,  .

== Imvururu zijyanye n'ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (ID) ==
[[Dosiye:Hyperuricemia with Mental Retardation 1.jpg|thumb|Umwana ufite ikibazo cya Mental retardation]]
Izindi mvururu nyinshi n'ibibazo by'ubuzima birashobora kuba bifitanye isano nindangamuntu; neurodevelopmentali, psycho patologike by'umwihariko &lt;ref name=&quot;RapportINSERM2016&quot;&gt;Buntix, W., Cans, C., Colleaux, L., Courbois, Y., Debbané, M., Desportes, V., ... &amp; Plaisance, E. (2016). Les déficiences intellectuelles, INSERM (voir P6/1157 pages)&lt;/ref&gt; . Inshuro zibi by'iyongera hamwe nuburemere bw'indangamuntu kandi biratandukana ukurikije etiologiya y'indangamuntu: syndromes zimwe zirangwa nibibazo byihariye byubuvuzi, bisaba gukurikirana ubuvuzi buhagije &lt;ref name=&quot;RapportINSERM2016&quot; /&gt; .

== Ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso ==
Ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso byose biri ku rwego rw'imyitwarire. Umubare munini wa bantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ntibagaragaza m'uburyo bw'ubwenge bwabo, cyane iyo gutinda guterwa n ibidukikije nk'imirire mibi cyangwa uburozi bwangiza.

Abana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bashobora kwiga guhagarara, gukurura, kugenda cyangwa kuvuga, no kurusha abandi bana. Abana ndetse n'abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bashobora kwerekana byinshi mu bintu bikurikira bikurikira &lt;ref name=&quot;AFP&quot; /&gt;:

== reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]

== Human rights and legal status ==

Amategeko afata abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ('''intellectual disabilities''') mu buryo butandukanye n’abatabufite. Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bwabo harimo uburenganzira bwo gutora, gukora ubucuruzi, gusinya amasezerano, gushyingirwa, no kubona uburezi  akenshi buragabanyirizwa cyangwa bukagenerwa imipaka.

Inkiko zimwe zemeje zimwe muri izo mbogamizi, ariko zanasanze hari izindi ziganisha ku ivangura.

Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abantu bafite ubumuga (UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) ashyiraho amategeko fatizo agenga uburenganzira bwabo, kandi amaze kwemezwa n’ibihugu birenga 180.

Mu bihugu bimwe byo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Badger |first=Emily |date=October 29, 2014 |title=This is what it's like to try to get a Voter ID when you're disabled, poor or don't drive |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/29/this-is-what-its-like-to-try-to-get-a-voter-id-when-youre-disabled-poor-or-dont-drive/ |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' ndetse no muri bimwe mu bihugu by’Ubumwe bw’u Buray'''i''', abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe babuzwa gutora. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Toplak |first=Jurij |date=2020-09-07 |title=Voting is every EU citizen's right, regardless of disability |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/opinion/voting-is-every-eu-citizens-right-regardless-of-disability/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=5 reasons why people with intellectual disabilities should get the right to vote |url=http://www.inclusion-europe.eu/why-people-with-intellectual-disabilities-should-get-the-right-to-vote/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Inclusion Europe |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (European Court of Human Rights) mu rubanza Alajos Kiss v. Hungary (2010''')''' rwafashe umwanzuro uvuga ko Hongiriya itemerewe kubuza abantu gutora ishingiye gusa ku kuba barashyizwe mu murage w’ubwishingizi (guardianship) kubera ubumuga bwo mu mitekerereze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Access |url=http://electionaccess.org/en/resources/publications/174/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=electionaccess.org |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026092952/http://electionaccess.org/en/resources/publications/174/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Sisitemu ya Telesensory</title>
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Telesensory '''Systems''' Ibicuruzwa bya TSI byafashaga abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona gukora mu bwigenge hamwe na mudasobwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bisanzwe byacapwe.

== Amateka ==
Optacon, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=40–51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igicuruzwa cya mbere cya TSI, yatekerejwe na Porofeseri w’amashanyarazi John G. Linvill nk'uburyo umukobwa we ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona, Candy, yasomaga ibyanditswe bisanzwe. Iterambere rya Optacon, riyobowe na James C. Bliss, ryitabiriwe n’abashakashatsi n’abahanga benshi muri kaminuza ya Stanford no mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Stanford (ubu ni SRI International) guhera mu mwaka wa 1962. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assistive Technology Timeline |url=http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=4&amp;DocumentID=4368 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195014/http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=4&amp;DocumentID=4368 |archive-date=2011-05-25 |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo kwerekana neza prototype ikora mu mwaka 1969, TSI yashinzwe  mu mwaka 1970 i Palo Alto, California, USA. TSI yateje imbere umurongo w'ibicuruzwa by'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona mu myaka ya za 70, kandi yaguka mu cyerekezo gito mu mwaka wa 1984.

Ibicuruzwa bya TSI ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona hakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo kumva amakuru, ibicuruzwa byayo byo kureba byazamutse byiyongera ubunini no gutandukanya ibikoresho byacapwe cyangwa amashusho ya mudasobwa. Ibicuruzwa bimwe bya TSI byari bigizwe na software gusa, ariko ibyinshi byari bikenewe n'ibyuma bya elegitoroniki byabugenewe.

Mu myaka mirongo itatu n'itanu TSI yatanze ibikoresho bifasha bya elegitoronike ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ku isi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Library Services for the Visually Handicapped (Malaysia) |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000422/042248eo.pdf |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assistive Devices for the Visually Impaired |url=http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VII.pdf |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Blind Peoples Association of India |pages=208–209 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725094810/http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VII.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni mu gihe kimwe tekinoroji ya mudasobwa yateye imbere kandi sisitemu yo gukoresha mudasobwa yatangiye gushyiramo uburyo bworoshye burimo nko gusoma imvugo igaragara kunsakaza mashusho cyangwa gukuza k'ubusa cyangwa kuba ntakiguzi. Ubwo yari amaze guhindura izina ayita &quot;TeleSensory&quot;, isosiyete yerekeje ibitekerezo byayo ku bicuruzwa bitagaragara kandi yahagaritse gukora ibicuruzwa bitabona mu ntangiriro ya za 90.

Muri Werurwe,mu mwaka 2005, TeleSensory yahoze ari TSI, yatangaje mu buryo butunguranye igice cya 7 cyari mumadeni gihomba kandi abakozi bayo bose baherekejwe bavanwa mu nyubako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kendrick |first=Deborah |date=July 2005 |title=From Optacon to Oblivion: The Telesensory Story |url=http://www.afb.org/AFBPress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060403 |access-date=2009-01-20 |website=AFB Access World |archive-date=2008-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025153450/http://www.afb.org/afbpress/pub.asp?DocID=aw060403 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Kanama mu mwaka wa 2005, InSiPhil (S) Pte Ltd yo muri Singapuru m'Ubuhinde yaguze umutungo w’ubwenge wa TeleSensory hamwe n’umutungo usigaye maze ikomeza gukora bimwe mu bicuruzwa bitagaragara neza ku izina n’ikirango cya TeleSensory. Kuva mu ntangiriro zo mu mwaka wa 2010, ibyo bicuruzwa biboneka henshi hatandukanye nko mu bihugu 50.

== Ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ==
[[Dosiye:TSI_Speech+_Talking_Calculator_01.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Imvugo + kubara]]

* Optacon, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=296–299}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kent Stein |first=Deborah |title=The Optacon: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://www.nfb.org/Images/nfb/Publications/bm/bm98/bm980506.htm |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Blind Service Association of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;mu mwaka 1970 (imashini ya tactile ya fasimile yo gusoma ibyanditswe bisanzwe)
* Imvugo + Kubara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speech+ |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/speech-.html |access-date=2015-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Development of the TSI Speech+ |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/development_of_the_tsi_speech-.html |access-date=2015-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu mwaka 1975 (kubara hamwe no gusohora imvugo)
* VERT, &lt;ref&gt;High Tech Center Training Unit of the California Community Colleges, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220044347/http://www.htctu.fhda.edu/publications/articles/cahe/prodguide.pdf Product Guide to Adaptive Computer Hardware and Software (PDF)]. pg. A17. Accessed 2007-02-02.&lt;/ref&gt; mu mwaka 1979 (imvugo isohora imvugo isoma mudasobwa)
* VersaBraille, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Versabraille system |url=http://www.aph.org/museum/virtual_exhibit/exhibit2/e20010a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121105822/http://www.aph.org/museum/virtual_exhibit/exhibit2/e20010a.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |access-date=2009-01-24 |publisher=Museum of the American Printing House for the Blind}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu mwaka 1979 (mudasobwa y'umuntu ufite braille yerekana neza)
* OsCar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OSCAR |url=http://www.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&amp;top=0&amp;productid=91624&amp;trail=0 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065124/http://www.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&amp;top=0&amp;productid=91624&amp;trail=0 |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=Abledata (National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, USDoE)}}&lt;/ref&gt;  imashini imenyekanisha imvugo isoma imashini

== Ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ==

* Vista &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=707–710}}&lt;/ref&gt; (kwagura ingaragaza amashusho kugira ngo igere kuri mudasobwa)
* Vantage (ifunze umuzenguruko wa TV magnifier yo gucapa cyangwa amashusho)
* Aladdin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hardware Overview: Aladdin Magnifier |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~iuadapts/technology/hardware/cctv/aladdin.html |access-date=2009-01-20 |publisher=Indiana University}}&lt;/ref&gt; (amashusho yerekana uburyo bugaragara)
* PICO (amashusho yerekana uburyo bugaragara)

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Curb cut effect</title>
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[[Dosiye:Curb_cut_for_wheelchair_ramp_(DSC_3616).jpg|alt=Sidewalk granite curb cut for wheelchair ramp|right|thumb|Gukata]]
The curb cut effect ni ibiryo ibintu byateganyijwe gufasha abafite ubumuga bikunda gukoreshwa no gushimwa n'abantu benshi kurusha abo byari byagenewe. Ikintu cyitiriwe curb cuts – miniature ramps igizwe nibice byumuhanda  zabanje gukorwa kugirango [[Wheelchair|intebe y’ibimuga]] igere ahantu runaka, ariko kandi yakiriwe nabantu basunika amagare, amagare cyangwa imizigo. Curb cuts ubu aboneka hose kandi ntakigaragara cyane nk'ikintu-cyagenewe gufasha abafite ubumuga kubona aho banyura.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Julie |date=July 15, 2015 |title=Smashing barriers to access: Disability activism and curb cuts |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/smashing-barriers-access-disability-activism-and-curb-cuts |access-date=April 30, 2022 |website=[[National Museum of American History]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urundi rugero ni ukumva abantu bakoresha televiziyo ifunze. &lt;ref name=&quot;AS_ECC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Fueling the Creation of New Electronic Curbcuts |url=http://www.accessiblesociety.org/topics/technology/eleccurbcut.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220090501/http://www.accessiblesociety.org/topics/technology/eleccurbcut.htm |archive-date=2018-12-20 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Center for an Accessible Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The curb cut effect ni igice cy'ibishushanyo mbonera rusange, ari cyo gishushanya no gutegura ibidukikije ku bushake kugirango bibashe gukoreshwa n'abantu bose, hatitawe ku bushobozi cyangwa ubumuga bafite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Universal Design {{!}} Centre for Excellence in Universal Design |url=https://universaldesign.ie/what-is-universal-design/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=universaldesign.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; The curb effect gato n'igishushanyo mbonera rusange kuko curb cut phenomenon akenshi iba itabigambiriye aho kuba intego, ariko bivamo ibisubizo bisa.

== Ingero ==
Hano hari ingero zimwe zo kugabanya ingaruka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2021 |title=The Curb-Cut Effect - NCI |url=https://dceg.cancer.gov/about/diversity-inclusion/inclusivity-minute/2021/curb-cut-effect |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=dceg.cancer.gov |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522174420/https://dceg.cancer.gov/about/diversity-inclusion/inclusivity-minute/2021/curb-cut-effect |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Inyandiko zifunze zikoreshwa no kumva abantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;AS_ECC&quot;/&gt;
* Imikino iboneka mu mikino ya videwo ikoreshwa n'abakinnyi badafite ubumuga. 
* Porogaramu-y-imvugo ikoreshwa n'abantu badafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa mutism, haba nk'uburyo bwo kuvuga amajwi y'abantu cyangwa kubikorwa byubuhanzi (reba Vocaloid).
* Ibimenyetso byambukiranya abanyamaguru
* Amashanyarazi

== Ingero ==
The curb effect zabaye ibintu bigaragara mugihe societe igenda ishyira mu bikorwa ibidukikije bigerwaho kandi byuzuye. The curb effect  harimo ingaruka zirimo kongera ubumenyi kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera rusange mubaturage muri rusange. Kuba ibintu byinshi byaragenewe mbere kugabanya inzitizi z’abafite ubumuga byakoreshejwe kandi bishimwa n’abantu bo hanze y’abaturage bateganijwe mbere byashishikarije abantu bose gushushanya. Kugabanya kugabanya ingaruka byongera inyungu zubukungu harimo gushyiramo amazu menshi yinjira mubucuruzi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawson |first=David Dyer |date=2015 |title=Building a Methodological Framework for Establishing a Socio-Economic Business Case for Inclusion: The Curb Cut Effect of Accessibility Accommodations as a Confounding Variable and a Criterion Variable |url=https://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/241/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=openresearch.ocadu.ca |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GREVE |first=FRANK |date=June 11, 2007 |title=Curb ramps liberate Americans with disabilities—and everyone else |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/article24460762.html |website=MCCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Reba kandi ==

* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Igishushanyo kirimo
* Angela Glover Blackwell</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igitebo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:53Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="6798" sha1="a4ysbs9ycz3rbc6hm17k5dyuig27z6e" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Edible_fungi_in_basket_2012_G1.jpg|thumb| Ibihumyo biribwa mu gitebo.]]
'''Igitebo''' ni igikorrsho mu muco nyarwanda ubundi isanzwe ikozwe mu biti b'ikomeye, kandi bikaba bishobora gukorwa mubikoresho bigiye bitandukanye, birimo ibiti, inkoni. Mu gihe ibitebo byinshi bikozwe mubikoresho by'ibimera, ibindi bikoresho nk'amafarashi, baleeni, cyangwa insinga z'icyuma bishobora gukoreshwa. Ibitebo mu busanzwe bikozwe n'intoki. Ibitebo bimwe bishyizweho umupfundikizo, mu gihe ibindi bisigaye bifunguye hejuru.

[[Dosiye:Beetroots in a basket.jpg|thumb|igitebo]]

== Gukoresha ==
[[Dosiye:Baskets_in_Haikou_03.jpg|right|thumb| Ku ruhande rw'ibumoso hari ibiseke bizima. Mu buryo butaziguye iburyo ni ibiseke binini bikoreshwa mu kugurisha urusenda n'amafi mato mu mujyi wa Haikou, Intara ya Hainan, [[Ubushinwa|Repubulika y'Ubushinwa]]]]

== Ibikoresho ==
Abakora ibiseke bakoresha ibikoresho byinshi:

* Wicker (gakondo ikozwe mubishanga, rattan, [[urubingo]], n'imigano)
* Ibyatsi
* Plastike
* Icyuma
* Umugano
* Imikindo
* Fibre fibre
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Ibitebolabo&quot;&gt;
Dosiye:President Lyndon B. Johnson and His Puppies - DPLA - 2afc0d6280b9317a88c1a521197e9910.jpg|alt=President Lyndon B. Johnson with a basket of dogs.|Yin[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;nigitebo[[Imbwa|cyimbwa]].
Dosiye:Hand_Crafted_Woven_Basket_hanging_on_the_wall._02.jpg|alt=Hand Crafted Woven Basket hanging on the wall.|Intoki z мет mu gitebo zikozwe mu rukuta.
Dosiye:Baskets_four_styles.jpg|alt=Four different styles of baskets|Abak bune
Dosiye:Baskets_-_Danforth_Museum_-_Framingham,_MA_-_DSC00267.JPG|alt=Baskets - Danforth Museum - Framingham, MA|Ibitebo -Ins Ndangamurage ya Danforth-Framingham, MA
Dosiye:Nuu-chah-nulth_baskets_(UBC2010).jpg|alt=A set of traditional hand-woven native Indian Nuu-chah-nulth peoples' baskets (Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada)|Ur pra Кинг Кинг бikozwe mu ntoki AbahindeNuu-chah-nulthibiseke babantu (Abasangwabutaka bo mu mu ya ya pasifika y'ama ما й yub bwa Kanada)
Dosiye:Baskets_for_sale_(2902069972).jpg|alt=Baskets for sale in the island of La Réunion, east of Madagascar|Ibitebo big mu mu kirwa cya[[Reyiniyo|La Réunion]], ib ки bwa Madagasikari
Dosiye:Straw_hats_and_baskets.jpg|alt=Straw hats and baskets for sale at the Luangwa turn-off on Great East road, Zambia.|Ingofero käiseke binini барLuangwakuzimya[[Zambiya]].
Dosiye:Storage_basket,_Pomo_people,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_2013-16-01.JPG|alt=Storage basket, Pomo people, (indigenous people of California), Honolulu Museum of Art|Igitebo yo yo,abantu ba Pomo, (abasangwabutaka bo muri Californiya), Inzu Ndangamurage ya Honolulu
Dosiye:Trinket_Basket,_Makah_people,_Northwest_Washington,_late_19th_to_early_20th_century,_twined_and_plaited_bear_grass,_sedge,_cedar_bark_-_Chazen_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC01868.JPG|alt=Trinket Basket, Makah people, Northwest Washington, late 19th to early 20th century, twined and plaited bear grass, sedge, cedar bark|Igitebo cya Trinket,abantu ba Makah.
Dosiye:Nootka_Makah_baskets_-_Pacific_Grove_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC06592.JPG|alt=Nootka Makah baskets - Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History|Ibiseke bya Nootka Makah - indu Ndangamurage ya Pasifika ya Grove
Dosiye:Eth1_coffeelady.jpg|alt=Ethiopian woman gathering coffee beans in a basket|Umugore wo[[Etiyopiya|muri Etiyopiya]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;akusanya ibishyimbo bya kawa mu gitebo
Dosiye:Seri_olla_basket_1.JPG|alt=Seri Indian pot-shaped basket (Northern Mexico)|Igitebo kimeze nainkono yomuAma (Ama was ya Mexico)
Dosiye:Bending_vines_for_basket_construction_-_Ponape.jpg|alt=Bending vines for basket construction - Pohnpei|Kunama imizabibu yo Imp igitebo -Pohnpei
Dosiye:Inuitbasket.jpg|alt=Inupiat basket of whale baleen with a walrus ivory finial, Barrow, Alaska|Inupiatagaseke kabaleinehamwe na walrus amahembe yinzovu,Barrow, Alaska
Dosiye:Kelly_church_black_ash_basket.jpg|alt=Black ash baby basket by Odawa-Ojibwe Kelly Church, Michigan|Umukaraw'ivu wumukaranaOdawa- Itorero ryaOjibwe Kelly,Michigan
Dosiye:Yurok_20061109192219.jpg|alt=Yurok baskets from Redwood National Park area, California|Ibiseke byaYurokbiv muriPariki y'igihugu ya Redwood,California
Dosiye:VM_5099_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town,_Xingshan_County,_Hubei.jpg|alt=Traditional western Hubei baskets (China)|IbisekeHubei(Ub tut)
Dosiye:Gullah_basket.JPG|alt=Sweetgrass basket made by the Gullah culture of coastal Georgia or South Carolina, USA|Igitebocya Sweetgrasscy hari numuco waGullahwo ku hari zaJeworujiyaбилгеCarolina, Amerika
Dosiye:Tragekorb_aus_Birkenleder.JPG|alt=Backpack made of birch bark.| Isakoshiikozwe mu kibabi.
Dosiye:BMVB_Cistell_1388.JPG|alt=Egyptian basket preserved in the Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer, Vilanova i la Geltrú|Igitebo yo muri Egiputa kezwe muriBiblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer,Vilanova i la Geltrú
Dosiye:India_Victor_Grigas_2011-8.jpg|alt=A woman carrying a basket full of vegetables on her head in K R Market, Bangalore, India|Umugore yabaje igitebo କାନ imboga kumutwe muisoko rya KR,Bangalore,[[Ubuhinde|muboresha]]
Dosiye:Contemporary_bamboo_baskets_of_Bangladesh_(01).jpg|alt=Contemporary bamboo baskets of Bangladesh.|Ibitebo byiki igihe imigano ya[[Bangaladeshi|Bangladesh]].
Dosiye:ਟੋਕਰਾ.jpg|alt=A basket used in Punjab, India|Igitebo gik amas muriPunjab,[[Ubuhinde|muirira]]
File:Ifugao_baskets2.jpg|alt=Ifugao people baskets in a museum| Ifugao abantuibiseke mungoro ndangamurage
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Inkomoko ==

* Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). ''Imbaraga zo mu nyanja: Ibisigo biva mu butayu'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8165-1541-7|0-8165-1541-7]] .

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628023536/http://pmacraftshow.org/artists-baskets/ Baskets], The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of Art
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604151236/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/advanced_search/query?type=3&amp;title=&amp;keywords=&amp;min_rating=0&amp;max_rating=5&amp;style=+&amp;collection_area=+&amp;medium=&amp;support=&amp;classification=basket&amp;artist=&amp;artist_nationality=+&amp;credit_line=&amp;collection_identifier=&amp;date_created=&amp;location=+&amp;author_lookup=&amp;author_id=0 Baskets at the University of Michigan Museum of Art]
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!/search?material=Baskets Baskets at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]
* [https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/baskets Exhibition: &quot;A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets&quot; at the Smithsonian American Art Museum]
* [https://www.burkemuseum.org/static/baskets/artists/studylab.html Study Lab: &quot;Entwined with Life: Native American Basketry&quot; at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]</text>
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    <title>Ibisumizi</title>
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      <text bytes="4102" sha1="2efs9toikfce6345tbhi73gx953t7lq" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:RUGANZU monument.jpg|thumb|Ruganzu monument in Rwanda]]
Mu [[Rwanda]] kera muhasaga mumyaka ya 1500 hari Ingabo zari ibirangirire zitwaga Ibisumizi zari 

Ingabo ziyobowe nu [[Umwami]] Ruganzu wari utwaye u Rwanda muri icyogihe &lt;ref&gt;https://imigani.rw/si-we-kamara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibisumizi ==
Umuhanga mu mateka yu [[Rwanda]] Padiri Alexis Kgame yanditse igitabo, muri icyo gitabo yavugaga ko nta mu mateka yu Rwanda nta ngabo zigeze zigera ikirenge muk' I'''bisumizi bya Ruganzu''' kuko byamufashije kuzanzamura Igihugu cyari cyarazahajwe n'abanzi b'Ingoma Nyiginya kandi mugihe gito.&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Ruganzu-Ndoli-Intwari-tudakwiriye-kwibagirwa-yateje-imbere-igihugu-cyane-mu&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iherezo rya Rusenge nyuma yo Gutanga kwa Ruganzu ==
Nyuma yuko Umwami Ruganzu amaze Gutanga (Gupfa) aguye mu Musaho wa [[Akarere ka Ngororero|Rubengera]] yishwe na '''[[Bitibibisi]]''', umurambo we 

Ibisumizi birawuheka ariko bikagenda bibwira abantu ko Ruganzu Aberanye (Arwaye), ntibababwire ko yatanze (yapfuye).

Bamujyana iwe ku Mwugaliro (Kigeme -Gikongoro). bamutungukanye ku Munyanzoga we '''Rusenge''' nawe bamubwira ko Ruganzu ya Rwaye Nuko '''Rusenge''' abaha inzoga baranywa bamaze gusinda havamo umwe wasinze mu Bisumizi maze abwira Rusenge ko '''Ruganzu''' umwami wu [[Rwanda]] yaranze, agwa mukantu biramubabaza  cyane maze aca munsi y'urugo hakaba [[igiti]] cy'umuvumu nawe akimanikamo arapfa. Ibisumizi biramutegereza biramubura bukeye bimubona aho yimanitse munsi y'urugo nuko  baherako Baremerwa (Bikorera) Umugogo wa Ruganzu Bawujyana kuwuhamba. i Rutare. ubwo bakomeza urugendo barataha.

== Iherezo ry'Ibisumizi ==
[[Dosiye:A statue of a victorious Ruganzu II Ndoli. rulindo.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cy'Umwami Ruganzu]]
Ibisumizi bimaze gutabaza umugogo wa '''[[Ruganzu II Ndoli|Ruganzu]]''' bishyira nzira birataha. Ubwo bajyaga kwa [[Ruganzu II Ndoli|Ruganzu]] i Ruhashya na Marara mu Busanza bageze mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Butansinda bwa Kigoma]] na Muyange bahura n'ingemu kwa Ruganzu Babagemuriye, baricara baranywa bamaze gusinda havamo umwe ati kandi basha burya Rusenge aturusha ubugabo abandi bati kuki? ati kuko twabyirukanye na Ruganzu tukiri bato akaduhaka akaduha [[inka]] n'imisozi tugakira none uwo yahaye inzoga akaba ariwe wa mwiyahuriye, tugasigara. ubwo bose batera hejuru bati koko '''Rusenge''' aturusha ubugabo. Nuko bamaze kubyiyinjizamo bajya inama yuko yuko babigenza bati nimwicemo amatsinda abiri rimwe rihagarare hakurya hariya i [[Akarere ka Nyanza|kigoma]] irindi irindi rigume hano i [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Muyange]] maze tujye duhura muri iki Gikombe turwane twicane dushire. Inama barayinoza nuko banywa za nzoga huti huti zimaze gushira barambara bararwana bageza hagati bagahagarara itsinda rimaze gushogosha rikivanga nirisigayemo benshi bakongera bakitoranya bakarwana bityo bityo kundunduro abarimo '''Muvunyi na Kamara''' bamara abo badikanyije bose.

nuko barongera bicamo ibice bibiri ikirimo '''muvunyi na Kamara''' kirabinesha kugeza ubwo basigaye bonyine nuko Muvunyi abwira 

kamara ati ngiye kwiyahura maze unsonge Ubundi utahe ujye kubara inkuru. nuko kamara abikora uko sebuja yabimusabye 

maze nawe abonye intumbi za basebuja zandagaye yanga kuzisiga uko arazegeranya arazihamba mu myobo y'inyaga yari aho

maze nawe asaba umutwa wari aho hafi ati ngiye kwiyahura maze unsonge. Umutwa amaze kubikora atyo nawe ariyahuranuko I'''bisumizi''' bishira bityo.&lt;ref&gt;https://nikozitambirwa.tripod.com/insigamigani/kamara.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Umwami na abakoroni.jpg|thumb|ubwami]]

== Inkomoko y'Umugani Siwe Kamara ==
Uyu mugani bawuca iyo babonye umuntu wangirira gukora icyo abandi bazashobora nibwo abanyarwanda bagira bati '''siwe kamara'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/umuco/article/inkomoko-y-imvugo-si-we-kamara&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa ngo '''siwowe kamara''' bati ni mumwihorere  abandi bazabikora. uyu Mugani wakomotse ku mugaragu wa '''muvunyi wa Karema''' witwaga Kamara mu ipfa ry'Ibisumizi bya [[Ruganzu II Ndoli|Ruganzu]] ahasaga mu mwaka w'i 1500 nkuko twabisomye haruguru.&lt;ref&gt;https://imigani.rw/si-we-kamara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Soma Inkuru ==</text>
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    <title>Gabanga Queen’s CC</title>
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      <text bytes="700" sha1="aowmjapv68hvxetg5umxprrlli13ec6" xml:space="preserve">'''Gabanga Queen’s CC''' (Cricket Club) ni [[ikipe]] ikina mu cyiciro cya mbere muri cricket mu rwanda, ikaba ari ikipe ikinamo [[Umugore|abagore]] n'abakobwa gusa. Gabanga Queen’s CC yashinzwe muri muri champiyona 2014. Gabanga Queen’s CC ni ikipe yabatarabigize umwuga bitwa Amateur Cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2023/03/cricket-charity-club-yegukanye-dafabet-rca-t10/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-04-08 |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408210302/https://umuseke.rw/2023/03/cricket-charity-club-yegukanye-dafabet-rca-t10/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo ya cricket]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MBatuyemo Anaclet</title>
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    <id>18340</id>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="518" sha1="plykljatdz2msuvix0o5lc49o7fj3ya" xml:space="preserve">MBATUYEMO Anaclet ni umugabo ufite umugore n'abana babiri. Nkaba naravutse 1990 mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|ntara y'uburasirazuba]] mu karere ka Kayonza mu murenge wa Gahini akagari ka Juru. Nize amashuri abanza kuri GS Juru,amashuri yisumbuye nyakomereza kuri ES Nyamirama. Nakomeje icyiciro cya mbere cya kamizuza muri kaminuza y'Urwanda isha ry'uburezi rya Rukara. Ubu nkaba ndi umwarimu w'igifaransa n'icyongereza ku ishuri ryisumbuye rya Gishari mu karere ka RWamagana. Nkunda gucuranga piano no kumva slow music.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>URUSENGERO RWA ADEPR GISHARI</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1893" sha1="7xpf24blzq8j8rymu2po8am11gqo82u" xml:space="preserve">== Aho ruhereye ==

== ADEPR GISHARI ni urusengero rw' Abapentekoste (pentecoste) ruherereye mu ntara y' Iburasirazuba, mu Karere ka Rwamagana, mu Murenge wa Gishari,mu Kagari ka Bwinsanga.  Urwo rusengero ruherereye  ahegereye ikiyaga cya Muhazi uvuye kuri metero 3000m. Uvuye kuri Kaminuza ya IPRC Gishari no kuri [[Rupee muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba|RNP]] (Rwanda National Police) iherereye  muri  metero nka 350m&lt;ref&gt;Editing ADPR Gishari - Wikipedia&lt;/ref&gt;. ==

== Amateka ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awriipq6wzNqIQMAw7OJzbkF;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3JlbA--?p=ADEPR+Rwanda&amp;fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Ai%2Cm%3Ars-top%2Cct%3Abing%2Crgn%3Atop%2Cpos%3A1&amp;fr=mcafee&amp;imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.twimg.com%2Fmedia%2FEuwDXZNXUAA55R7.jpg%3Alarge&lt;/ref&gt;[[ADEPR Rwanda|ADEPR]] yagejejwe mu Rwanda n’Abamisiyoneri bo muri Suède. Nyuma y’imyaka itatu bahageze ni bwo mu 1943 babatije Umunyarwanda wa mbere, Sagatwa Rudoviko, wabaye umukirisitu wa mbere mu itorero. Ubutumwa bwashibutse mu myaka 83 ishize bumaze gukwira ku isi yose ndetse by’umwihariko mu [[Rwanda]] ADEPR ifite abayoboke barenga miliyoni ebyiri. 

== Imibanire y'abakristo ==
Urwo rusengero abakirisito bafite gahunda nziza yo kugemurira abarwayi kwa muganga, ibyo babikora bakusanya imfashanyo muri bo. Mu Rwanda insengero zifasha Leta y'u [[Rwanda]] mu kugabanya ibyaha bitandukanye nk'ubujura, abigisha bashishikariza abantu kwirinda ibyaha kuko ari inzira ijyana abantu mu muriro w'iteka.&lt;ref&gt;Editing ADPR Gishari - Wikipedia&lt;/ref&gt;Abakristu i Gishari baharanira kubaho bakurikiza inyigisho za Yesu Kristo. Bagaragaza urukundo, gufashanya, gusenga no kugira imyitwarire myiza mu miryango no mu muryango mugari. Bitabira ibikorwa by'itorero, bafasha abatishoboye kandi bagaharanira amahoro n'ubumwe. Imibereho yabo igamije kuba urugero rwiza mu mico no mu bikorwa bya buri munsi.

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>U Rwanda rufite urubyiruko rw’abakoranabushake miliyoni 1,9</title>
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      <text bytes="14081" sha1="jwwgeikeiaj0dszfndxx4alx7t33tzz" xml:space="preserve">= Amateka ya Kiliziya ya Rwamagana yubatswe n'umuganda, umutware akikorera amatafari ku mutwe =
[[Dosiye:Atholic church in Rwamagana District in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya yi Kabgayi]]


Tariki ya 5 Gashyantare 2024, Paruwasi Gatolika ya [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] yitiriwe Umwamikazi w'imitsindo, yujuje imyaka 105 imaze yubatswe n'imiganda y'abaturage bari bayobowe n'umutware w'u Buganza wanatunze amatafari yubakishijwe

Imyaka ibaye 103 Paruwasi ya Rwamagana ibonye izuba (1919-2024 ). Iyo paruwasi yagize umugisha wo gusengerwamo na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika muri 2009, umwami Rudahigwa nawe yayisuye inshuro 10 zose ndetse yubatswe mu bikingi byahoze ari iby'Umutware watwaraga Ubuganza Francisco Rwabutogo wanikoreye amatafari yayubatse.

Paruwasi ya Rwamagana yashinzwe kuwa 5 Gashyantare 1919 na Musenyeri Jean Joseph Hilt, maze iragizwa Bikira Mariya Umwamikazi w’Imitsindo. Padiri Léon Delmas wari usanzwe ari Padiri mukuru wa Misiyoni ya Kigali, yari yarashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1913, ubu ni Paruwasi yitiriwe Umuryango Mutagatifu (Paroisse Sainte Famille), niwe watumwe kurambagiza Ubuganza maze atanga raporo yatumye Musenyeri Hiriti afata icyemezo cyo gushinga Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ubu imaze imyaka 103.
[[Dosiye:Kiliziya ya KABGAYI.jpg|thumb|Kiliziya ]]
[[Dosiye:Rwamagana catholic center.jpg|thumb|Paruwasi ya Rwamagana]]
Paruwasi ya Rwamagana Tariki 21 Nzeri yizihije yubile y'imyaka 100 icyo gihe yari ifite Intego yagiraga iti “Muryango w’Imana, ‘Turabinginze mu Izina rya Kristu: Nimureke Imana ibigarurire.”’(2Kor 5, 20b).
[[Dosiye:RwamaganaDist.png|thumb|Rwamagana]]
Abakiristu ba Rwamagana mu myiteguro ya Yubile yamaze umwaka wose baranzwe Kugira ubumwe bushingiye ku bavandimwe bwa gikristu; Kurangwa n’ubufatanye mu rukundo n’ubwitange mu ngo no mu Miryango-Remezo; Gushimangira ubufatanye bw’Abasaserdoti, Abihayimana n’Abalayiki mu kwitangira ubutumwa bwa Kiliziya ya Kristu, baha Kiliziya umwanya w’ibanze mu kuyiteza imbere; 

Kiliziya.

Kureka urukundo rwa Kristu rukaduhihibikanya tukitangira Iyogezabutumwa rigamije kunga abantu bishingiye ku mugenzo mwiza wo gusaba imbabazi, kuzitanga no guhimbaza ubwiyunge bwagezweho; Kwihatira gukora ubukangurambaga ku Bakristu b’ibyiciro byose bakita ku nshingano z’ubukrsistu muri rusange n’iz’Umunsi wa Nyagasani;

Bityo Misa igakundwa ikitabirwa n’Abagatolika bose igahimbazwa neza, ikubaka imitima, ikubaka Umuryango w’Imana kandi igasozwa no kujya mu butumwa bwo kogeza Ingoma y’Urukundo-Ukuri-Ubugingo-Ibyishimo-Ubutabera n’Amahoro bahereye mu ngo no mu Muryango Remezo.


Mu mwaka wa Yubile amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’ebyiri Magana atanu (72, 550,800 frw) yakusanyijwe n'abakirisitu bavugurura Kiliziya yubatswe 1933. 

Iyo kiliziya yavuguruwe yatangiye kubakwa mu mwaka wa 1933, ibikoresho bikaba byari byaratangiye kwegeranywa mu mwaka wa 1931. Ibuye ry’ifatizo ry’iyo kiliziya ryahawe umugisha kuwa 30 Mata 1933 Mgr Léon Classe Musenyeri akaba ariwe wahisemo ahubakwa iyo kiliziya anatanga igishushanyo mbonera cyayo. Padiri Privat wari i Zaza niwe wari umwubakisha mukuru; iyo kiliziya yatashywe tariki 4 Ukuboza 1934.
[[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|Paruwasi ya Kabgayi]]
Mu kubaka iyo Kiliziya hari ababigizemo uruhare rukomeye harimo uzwi cyane Umutware Fransisko Rwabutogo wabatirijwe i Kabgayi kuwa 2 Nyakanga 1927 maze ahabwa izina rya Fransisko wa Sales, akomezwa kuwa 10 Nyakanga 1927.

Umutware Rwabutogo yubakwa ry’iyo kiliziya yarigizemo uruhare rukomeye: Ubwo yabwiye ingabo ze ngo zifashe kubaka kiliziya. Rubanda ruciye bugufi rwemeye nta guseta ibirenge gutanga imiganda, ariko abakomeye barabyanga ngo ntibashobora kwikorera amabuye cyangwa amatafari no kwisiga ibyondo n’imikungugu, Rwabutogo abyumvise yafashe ingata ashyira ku masunzu ye ku mutwe yikorera amatafari afatanya na rwa rubanda rugufi.

Ba bandi babisuzuguye bagira isoni babona ko ishyano riguye maze barakenyera batunda amabuye n’amatafari kugeza inyubako ya kiliziya yuzuye” Hari byinshi Rwabutogo yakoze bigaragaza ubukristu bwe budashidikanywa harimo no kuba yaraherezaga  amaturo mu Misa z’iminsi Mikuru nka Noheli, Pasika, Umunsi Mukuru w’Isakaramentu Ritagafu.

“Umutware Francois Rwabutogo ku minsi mikuru yaraherezaga, akayobora abatwara amatara mu gihe cya consécration.  agafatanya n’ibisonga bye byarimo uwitwa Ruhorahoza  Gérard wari su  shefu i Nyarusange, Ndaruhutse Bernard wari su shefu, Rugumire  Antoine wari S/ chefu ya Nyarubuye na MUtsinzi Michel su shefu wa Nkomangwa. Ku minsi mikuru ikomeye yaherezaga hamwe n’ibisonga bye ndetse ku matangazo ya Misa nkuru bandikagaho ngo abazahereza ni &quot;Abatware&quot;.

Francois Rwabutogo kandi yanditse [[igitabo]] ku Isakaramentu ry’ugushyingirwa kitwa Ugushyingirwa Gutagatifu, gakubiyemo Inama zerekeye abasore n’abakobwa bashaka guhabwa Isakaramentu ry’Ugushyingirwa.

Umutware Rwabutogo mu rwego rwo kumushimira uruhare rw’indashyikirwa yagaragaje mu kurwanira ishyaka Kiliziya, Papa Piyo wa XII yamushyize mu rugaga rw’abalayiki b’imena baba baragize uruhare muri Kiliziya mu kuyirwanira ishyaka, mu kuyirengera no mu bindi bikorwa by’indashyikirwa mu bihugu byabo, urwo rugaga rwitwa «Chevalier de l’Ordre Pontifical de Saint Sylvestre ». Umudari w’ishimwe ujyana no kumushyira muri urwo rwego yawambitswe ku mugaragaro ku itariki ya 30 Kamena 1940 i Rwamagana ari ku Cyumweru.

Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa, wabatijwe kuwa 17 Ukwakira 1943 agahabwa izina rya Charles Léon Pierre  nawe yagize uruhare mu kubaka kiliziya ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana. Mu mwaka wa 1933 mu gihe Abamisiyoneri bubakaga kiliziya ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, umwami Mutara yabigizemo uruhare rukomeye. Musenyeri Mgr Classe ubwe abitangamo ubuhamya avuga ko &quot; Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa yemereye Abamisiyoneri ba Rwamagana gutema ibiti[1] bigera kuri 300 &quot;

Rusatira Védaste  mu gitabo &quot; yise sous la direction du Dr BYANAFASHE Déogratias, LE BUGANZA SUD ET LA MISSION CATHOLIQUE DE RWAMAGANA (1919-1945, Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Licencié en Histoire, Université Nationale du Rwanda, p 60

Ibyo biti, byari biri mu bikingi bya Rwabugiri, byari byubashywe cyan enta washoboraga gupfa kubitema. Umwami Musinga we yaranabiziriraga cyane kuko bitashoboraga no kugurishwa. Uwihaga kubitema yashoboraga no kuhatakariza ubuzima.Nkuko bigaragara mu Gitabo cya Musenyeri Classe  &quot; Ils trébuchaient dans les ténèbres .&quot; urupapuro rwa  155 kugeza ku rwa 156.

Ikindi ni uko Umwami Mutara atahwemaga gusura Misiyoni ya Rwamagana nk’uko igitabo cy’ubuzima Misiyoni ya Rwamagana kibigaragaza, hagati y’umwaka wa 1931 n’umwaka wa 1945, Mutara Rudahigwa yayisuye misiyoni ya Rwamagana inshuro zigera ku icumi zose.

Mu gihe hatahwaga Kiliziya, Umwami Mutara wa III RUDAHIGWA n'Umugabekazi bitabiriye ibirori byo kuyitaha ndetse Tariki ya 21 Mutarama 1947,  Papa Piyo wa XII yamwambitse umudari  w’ishimwe uhabwa Abalayiki bakoreye Kiliziya ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa, babaye abakristu b’intangarugero mu bihugu byabo, ashyirwa mu rugaga bita  “Chevalier de l’Ordre de Saint Grégoire le Grand&quot;.

Iyo kiliziya yubatswe mu mwaka wa 1933, ikaba iherutse kuvugururwa muri iyi Yubile, Nyakubahwa [[Paul Kagame|Paul KAGAME]], Perezida wa Repubulika, ubwo yari yaje gusengera muri Kiliziya ya Paruwasi ya Rwamagana ku munsi Mukuru wa Noheli muri 2009, yageneye inkunga abakiristu ba Paruwasi Gatolika yo gutunganya imbuga ya Kiliziya hashyirwaho amapave ndetse kigashyirwaho uruzitiro rukomeye, icyo gihe Igitambo cya Misa cyatuwe na Mgr Bahujimihigo Kizito wari umushumba wa Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo, paruwasi ya Rwamagana yayoborwa na padiri n'uwari padiri Mukuru Ntaganira Cyprien.

Misiyoni ya Rwamagana yagiye ibyara Amaparuwasi ayikomokaho iya mbere yabaye iya Kiziguro yashinzwe mu 1930.Kiziguro  ubu ni Paruwasi ibarizwa muri Diyosezi ya Byumba, yashinzwe ibyawe na Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, ikaba ariyo mfura muri Paruwasi zabyawe na Paruwasi ya Rwamagana.

Tariki 11 Ukwakira 1930, nibwo Padiri Soete yahawe ubutumwa bwo kuba umukuru wa Misiyoni nshya ya Kiziguro kandi ahabwa ubutumwa bwo  gushinga iyo Misiyoni. Ku itariki ya 13 ukwakira 1930, Padiri Soweto yagiye i Kiziguro ajyanye n’abafundi ba Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ajya kuhubaka inzu y’ibyumba 3 igenewe gufasha abamisiyoneli bagomba gukora  ubutumwa muri Misiyoni nshya ya Kiziguro. Kuwa 10 Ugushyingo1930, Misiyoni ya Kiziguro yahawe undi mupadiri, waturutse i Kabgayi, ajya  gufasha Padiri Soeto, ari we Padiri Pauwels.

Misiyoni ya Kiziguro nayo yaje kubyara Paruwasi ya Rukara ibarizwa muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo. Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1963, abakirisitu bamaze kugaragaza ko bifuza Paruwasi kubera ingendo ndende bakoraga, uwari Igisonga cy’Umwepiskopi wa Arikidiyosezi ya Kabgayi, Musenyeri Innocent Gasabwoya yasabye abakirisitu gutangira kubaka Kiliziya n’amacumbi y’abapadiri. Nyuma yaho Umwepiskopi yashinze Padiri Ludoviko Piye (Louis Pien) wabarizwaga muri Paruwasi ya Kiziguro kuyitaho no kujya ahasomera Misa ku cyumweru.

Mu mwaka wa 1965 inyubako zari zimaze kuzura nibwo hakozwe umunsi mukuru wo gutaha Kiliziya. Icyo gihe  nibwo Paruwasi ya Rukara yashinzwe ku mugaragaro, iragizwa Mutagatifu Faransisko Saveri (Saint François Xavier).

Paruwasi ya Rukara nayo iritegura kubyara Paruwasi ya Nyakabungo, ubu Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Antoni KAMBANDA Arkiyepiskopi wa Kigali n’Umuyobozi wa Diyosezi ya Kibungo akaba yarayihaye umupadiri uyitaho ku buryo bw’umwihariko.

Paruwasi ya Musha yashinzwe mu 1969 , ubu ni Paruwasi ibarizwa muri Arkidiyosezi ya Kigali, yabanje kuba imwe muri sikirisali zari zigize Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, igihe hatangiye inzego za Diyosezi yari iyo muri Arkidiyosezi ya Kabgayi. Paruwasi ya Musha yitiriwe mutagatifu Dominiko Saviyo yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1969 ibyawe na Paruwasi ya Rwamagana, Mbere y’uko iza i Musha Abapadiri b’Abamisiyoneri babanje gufata ikibanza i Nzige ho muri Santarali ya Kigarama barahakoma, bashyiraho ikimenyetso cy’imbibi ko hafashwe.

Bitewe n’uko mu gace ka Musha ariho hari iterambere ni naho hubatswe Paruwasi ya Musha aho kuyubaka i Kigarama; ubu aho icyicaro cya Paruwasi kiri niho Umutware RWUBUSISI yari atuye. Kuva Paruwasi ya Musha ishinzwe kugeza mu mwaka wa 1994 yayoborwaga n’Abapadiri bo mu muryango w’Abapadiri w’Abasereziyani (Abamisiyoneri) baje gusimburwa n’Abapadiri ba Diyosezi biganjemo abenegihugu ari nabo bayiyobora kugeza ubu. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Paruwasi ya Musha yari igizwe n’amasantarali 7 nyuma yo kubyara Paruwasi ya Kigarama.

Paruwasi ya Mukarange yabanje kuba Sikirisali ya Misiyoni ya Rwamagana, ni nayo Sikirisare ya mbere yayo. Kuwa 10/9/1920 , hashize umwaka umwe Misiyoni ya Rwamagana ishinzwe, Padiri Delimasi yagiye gushaka ikibanza cy’aho kubaka sikirisale ya Mukarange. 

Kuwa 10/01/1930, Padiri ucunga umutungo yohereje abafundi bane i Mukarange batangira kubakisha Sikirisare bakoresheje amabuye barangiza kuyubaka ku wa 20/01/1930. Nyuma yahindutse Santarari ya Paruwasi ya Rwamagana kugeza mu mwaka wa 1970 ubwo yabaye Paruwasi. Musenyeri Sibomana Joseph yayishinze ari iya mbere muzo yashinze, maze ayiragiza Mutagatifu Yozefu; ikaba yarashizwe kuwa 01


Paruwasi ya Ruhunda yashinzwe na Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Antoni KAMBANDA kuwa 9 Nzeri 2018, iragizwa Bikira Mariya Umwamikazi wajyanywe mu ijuru, ikaba igizwe na Santarali ebyiri Ruhunda na Nkomangwa, na Sikirisali eshatu arizo Kavumu, Gati na Nyarubuye.

Abapadiri bakomoka muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana kuva yashingwa kugeza ubu barenga 20 harimo abahavuka nyirizina n’abahatuye cyangwa bakahahererwa isakaramentu ry'Ubusaseridoti bitewe n’uko ababyeyi babo bahatuyUgushyingo 1970.

Abakiristu ba Paruwasi Gatolika ya Rwamagana bayobowe na Padiri Mukuru Twizeyimana Eugene ubwo bakiraga umushumba mushya wa Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo Mgr Twagirayezu Jean Marie Vienney bamugabiye inka.

Umupadiri wa mbere uvuka muri paruwasi ya Rwamagana,  Padiri Stanislas Bushayija wahawe Ubupadiri tariki  25 Nyakanga mu 1944 akaba yaritabye Imana Padiri Vincent Sebagabo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 25 Nyakanga mu 1947 nawe yitabye Imana.  Padiri Tharcisse Rwasabutare yahawe Ubupadiri 8 Mata 1956 akaba yaritabye Imana.

Padiri Medard KAyita ukorera ubutumwa muri Diyosezi Gatolika Nyundo yahawe Ubupadiri 23 Ugushyingo 1958 ,Padiri François Xavier MFIZI ukorera Ubutumwa mu Bubirigi yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 25 Nyakanga mu 1976. Musenyeri Kizito Bahujimihigo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1980 ubu akaba aba muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba.


Anselme MUZERWA yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 10 Kanama 2003 akaba akorera ubutumwa mu Busuwisi. 

Padiri Dieudonné Uwamahoro ushinzwe itumanaho muri Diyosezi Gatolika ya Kibungo yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 22 Nyakanga 2007, Prosper Rugamba ubu akorera ubutumwa muri Diyosezi MAHAGI/Congo-Kinshasa) Padiri Eugène Twizeyimana, niwe padiri Mukuru wa paruwasi Gatolika ya Rwamagana yanaherewemo Ubupadiri tariki ya 14 Kanama 2010.

Padiri Vedaste Tuyiramye yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 14 Kanama2010, Padiri Egide Mutuyimana yahawe Ubupadiri tariki ya 15 Kanama 2011, Padiri J. D’Amour Tumusenge yahawe Ubupadiri tariki  01 Kanama 2015, Padiri alain Robert Umuhire yahawe Ubupadiri tariki 22 Nyakanga 2015 akorera ubutumwa muri Alkidiyosezi ya Kigali.

Padiri Pierre Claver Nkusi, ababyeyi be bakomoka muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana muri santarali ya Mwulire akababa yarahawe ubupadiri kuwa 25 Nyakanga 1987, 

Padiri Vedaste Kayisabe yabatirijwe muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana, akaba yarahawe Ubupadiri Paruwasi ya Mukarange yaravutse, kuwa 26 Nyakanga 1998, ubu ni Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'Inama y'abepisikopi Gatolika mu Rwanda.

Padiri Olivier kayitare, umupadiri wo mu muryango w’Abayezuwiti, wabuherewe muri Paruwasi ya Regina Pacis i Remera kuwa 8 Kanama 2015, ababyeyi be bari batuye muri Paruwasi ya Rwamagana.

&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/139383/amateka-ya-kiliziya-ya-rwamagana-yubatswe-numuganda-umutware-akikorera-amatafari-ku-mutwe-139383.html&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Amatora</title>
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      <text bytes="3424" sha1="n7xfr1ra9neeuiyv3ssx94pwq3kczg0" xml:space="preserve">== Amatora ni bumwe muburyo bwokwihitiramo uzakuyobora. bumwe muburyo bwogutora harimo  amatora aziguye n'amatora ataziguye. ==
[[Dosiye:Amatora_mu_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Amatora mu Rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Kwiyamamaza_mu_Matora.jpg|thumb|Kwiyamamaza mu Matora]]

== Gutora ni uburenganzira bwa buri Munyarwanda wujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa n‟Itegeko Ngenga rigenga amatora n‟Amabwiriza ya Komisiyo y‟Igihugu y‟Amatora. ==

=== Amatora aziguye ni uburyo bwogutora umuntu adahari iritora rikorerwa mubwihisho  ===

=== Amatora ataziguye ni amatora akorwa abantu bose bahabaye ikigihe utorwa atorwa ahari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Electoral_regulations/AMABWIRIZA_ku_Matora_y_Abadepite_09.07.18_FINAL.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727040133/http://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Electoral_regulations/AMABWIRIZA_ku_Matora_y_Abadepite_09.07.18_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Urugero Amatora ya Perezida wa repuburika ni amatora akorwa abaturage bahitamo umuyobozi uyobora igihugu kuva mu mwaka wa 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Gahunda_2024__1_.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517142458/https://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Gahunda_2024__1_.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

amatora muri 2003 aho abanyarwanda abtoye umukandida perezida Kagame.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Gahunda_2024__1_.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517142458/https://nec.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Gahunda_2024__1_.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amatora yo muri 2017 Abanyarwanda bongeye kwitorera umukandida waruhagarariye ishyaka FPR inkotanyi kukigero gishimishije.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/amatora-mu-rwanda-2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu gihe Abanyarwanda barimo kwitegura amatora y’Umukuru w’Igihugu n’ay’Abadepite, Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Amatora (NEC), irasaba ko amategeko n’amabwiriza bigenga amatora byarushaho kubahirizwa, bitwararika ibitemewe nko kwamamaza abakandida kuko igihe cyabyo kitaragera.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amatora/article/abanyarwanda-barasabwa-kubahiriza-amategeko-agenga-amatora&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Rwanda hazakorwa amatora muburyo bubiri hazatorwa abadepite ndetse na perezida wa repubulika  ubu komisiyo y'amatora irimo kwakira kandidatire  kubahatanira iyomyanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nec.gov.rw/index.php?id=35&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=607&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=15&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=5&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2024&amp;cHash=94cd078c4ce8927418592d0610caa51d |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521121316/https://nec.gov.rw/index.php?id=35&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;news&amp;#93;=607&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;day&amp;#93;=15&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;month&amp;#93;=5&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;year&amp;#93;=2024&amp;cHash=94cd078c4ce8927418592d0610caa51d |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ikigo kigihugu gishinzwe amatora mu Rwanda kitwa NEC (National Electoral Commission).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nec.gov.rw/index.php?id=47 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520172821/https://nec.gov.rw/index.php?id=47 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Huye</title>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="to4wysq2vlzk059globl70j78ertpq7" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:HuyeDist.png|thumb|Ikarita ya Huye]]
[[Dosiye:Inside Huye Stadium, People doing written exams for vacancies after COVID-19 Lock-down.jpg|thumb|Stade ya Huye]]

== Akarere ka [[c:File:LL-Q33573_(kin)-Truly_you-Huye.wav|Huye]] ==
Akarere ka [https://www.huye.gov.rw/amakuru huye] ni kamwe mu turere tujyize amajyepho abanyarwanda benshi bahazi ku izina butare gakora kuturere 4 arityo

* nyanza
* Gisagara
* Nyamagabe
* Nyaruguru

ni akarere gafite ibikorwa byinshi bifitiye abaturajye akamaro kanini nka ikibuga cy'umupira wa magura mu rurimi rwa mahanga kitwa (huye stadium), kaminuza nkuru y'urwanda ndeste n'ibindi byinshi. akarere nikamwe nanone mu mijyi y'ungirije umujyi wa kigali.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.huye.gov.rw/amakuru&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Université nationale du Rwanda à Butare.JPG|left|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda iherereye i Huye]]
[[Dosiye:RW Huye (Butare) (26) (17260571255).jpg|center|thumb|Cathedrali ya Butare]]
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UBUREZI MURI RWAMAGANA</title>
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      <text bytes="1547" sha1="mtqjqv9o9zpyiyslkibejv69rmqxnqs" xml:space="preserve">Abanyeshuri bashoje amashuri yisumbuye mu karere ka Rwamagana barize ibijyanye na za siyansi bagenda bakangurirwa kuba bazakomeza amasomo yabo muri ,kaminuza mu bijyanye n’uburezi mu rwego rwo kuzaba abarezi beza.Aba banyeshuri babanza gufasha abarimu kwigisha mu kiciro rusange amasomo bize ukaba umwanya mwiza wo kwimenyereza gukunda uburezi.
[[Dosiye:Uburezi.jpg|thumb]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523131956/https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
banyeshuri bagera muri mirongo itatu bize siyansi baba baratsinze neza amasomo yabo basoza amashuri yisumbuye nibo batoranyijwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibizamini n’ubugenzuzi bw’amashuri '' '' (NESA) bashyikirizwa umushinga witwa IEE ukorera mu karere ka Rwamagana urabahugura bagera ku rwego rwaho ubu  barimo gufasha abarimu kwigisha amasomo bize aho bigisha mu cyiciro rusange. Bavuga ko uyu ari umwanya mwiza bahawe wo kwimenyereza kuzaba abarezi beza ndetse bagafasha abana b’abakobwa bakiri hasi kwitinyuka bakaba bakiga n’amasomo arimo imibare azwi nka (sciences) bityo bikazabagirira akamaro Mubuzima bwabo ndetse nokugihugu murirusange.https://www.izubaradiotv.rw/rwamagana-abarangije-amashuri-yisumbuye-muri-siyansi-barimo-gutozwa-gukunda-uburezi</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigeli II Nyamuheshera</title>
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      <text bytes="2048" sha1="87ugvs1y0h8popu9mhxuw2nqjltmpol" xml:space="preserve">'''Kigeli II Nyamuheshera''' yari [[Urutonde rw'Abami bayoboye u Rwanda|umwami]] mu [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|Bwami bw'u Rwanda]] mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17. Jan Van sina yamusabye ibi bihimbano, akongerwaho no mu gisekuru cya cyami nyuma kugira ngo arangize uruziga rw'amazina y'ingoma. &lt;ref&gt;Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda : The Nyiginya Kingdom. Africa and the Diaspora. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Imigenzo ivuga ko yari umurwanyi ukomeye kandi wagutse cyane. Yari afite ingabo zikomeye zizwi nk'Inkingi. Imwe mu nkambi ze za gisirikare, izwi ku izina ryari  Iziruguru, yagabweho igitero n’abaturage bitwaga abanyabungo&quot; baturutse mu burengerazuba bwa Kivu muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo]] ya none. Kigeli II yibasiye abatware mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo, barimo Bishugi, Kamuronsi, Gishali, Buhunde, Buzi, na Tongo (Masisi). Yahagaritswe n’amashyamba n'imvura menshi kugirango akomeze muri Kongo. Yerekeje ibitero bye byo kwaguka mu burengerazuba [[Ubugande|bwa Uganda]], hafi y’ikiyaga [[Ikiyaga cya Edward|cya Edward]], ahagarara ku &quot;rutare rwa Kabasha&quot; (urutare rwa Kabasha) maze agaragaza ko ari umupaka wahuzaga u Rwanda na Busongora. Busongora yari azwi kandi nk'ubutaka bwa Bacwezi. Byari binyuranyije n'amategeko gakondo y'u Rwanda gutera [[Busongora]] kuko yatekerezaga ko ari inzu y'imana Ryangombe.

Yibasiye kandi yigarurira abatware ba Buberuka anambura ingoma yabo izwi ku izina rya  Icyungo maze atera Kigezi na Bushengero aho yaje guhura n'ibishyimbo bidasanzwe byahinzwe mu Rwanda kugeza na n'ubu bikaba byasabye ubwoko bw'abasangwabutaka buzwi ku izina rya &quot;Ibiharo&quot;. Yambuye kandi Bunyoro ubwoko bw'[[ihene]] zizwi ku izina rya Ihene z'Akamenesho. Ihene nini kandi zashinzwe kwitabwaho bidasanzwe. Umuco wo kwerekana ihene na parade watangijwe ku ngoro kugeza ku ngoma ya [[Yuhi V Musinga]] muri icyo gihe umurezi witwa Bunyereri wa Muhozi ukomoka i Gishubi muri Gitarama yari umushumba w'ihene.

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Yuhi III Mazimpaka</title>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="qk8s4y2rvsvgyrrzdsvhto0ldwk0xcy" xml:space="preserve">'''Yuhi III Mazimpaka''' (cyangwa se ''Yuhi wa Gatatu Mazimpaka'') yariUmwami [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|w'ubwami bwu Rwanda]] kuva mu mwaka 1735 kugeza 1766. &lt;ref&gt;Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda : The Nyiginya Kingdom. Africa and the Diaspora. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yibukwa ko yari umwami mwiza cyane. Yari umuntu uzi ubwenge cyane kandi uhanga. Bavuga ko yari amarangi afite amagambo y'umusizi n'umuhanuzi. Yagaragaje mu nzozi ze kuza mu bwoko bwijimye bw'abantu m'umyaka myinshi nyuma y'urupfu rwe bizatuma ubwami bwe bugwa. [[Umwami]] Yuhi wa III yatanze inshingano yo kubaka inzu y'amagorofa atatu akozwe mu biti by'ibiti, [[urubingo]] n'ibyatsi by'ibyatsi ahantu hazwi ku izina rya ''Kamonyi''. Bikekwa ko ari yo nzu ya mbere yubatswe mu Rwanda. Yarwara rimwe na rimwe uburwayi bwo mu mutwe bitewe no guhuza ibitekerezo gutekereza cyane no kuyobora buri munsi ubwami. Yapfuye azize gukomeretsa ukuguru kubera ko yagerageje kwibira mu rutare rurerure akajya mu kiyaga yari yagiye koga. &lt;ref&gt;Alexis Kagame. Un abrege de l'ethno histoire du Rwanda.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexis Kagame</title>
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      <comment>Kunoza ingingo (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia): infobox, ibice bishya, ikinyarwanda gikosowe, amashakiro avuguruye; gukuraho ifoto itari iye (CESAR-ARTIST.jpg)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7690" sha1="sh7iz754vbqsneuthtew6vcotghqvsa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Alexis Kagame
| birth_date = 15 Gicurasi 1912
| birth_place = Kiyanza (Buliza), [[Akarere ka Rulindo]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date = 2 Ukuboza 1981
| death_place = [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]], umufilozofe, umuhanga mu ndimi, umuhanga mu mateka, umusizi
| known_for = ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956); ubushakashatsi ku mateka n'ubuvanganzo bwa kera bw'u Rwanda
}}
'''Alexis Kagame''' (15 Gicurasi 1912 – 2 Ukuboza 1981) yari umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] w'Umunyarwanda, [[Filozofi|umufilozofe]], umuhanga mu ndimi, umuhanga mu mateka n'umusizi. Azwi cyane ku bushakashatsi yakoze ku mateka avugwa, imigenzo n'ubuvanganzo bw'u Rwanda rwa kera, no ku bitabo bye bya filozofiya bishingiye ku ndimi z'Ikibantu.

Yanditse ibitabo byinshi mu [[Igifaransa]] no mu [[Ikinyarwanda]], harimo n'imivugo. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, yagize uruhare muri politiki, bamwe mu bahanga b'i Burayi bamufata nk'umuyobozi w'ibitekerezo w'umuco n'uburenganzira bw'[[Abatutsi]] guhera mu myaka ya 1940.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Kagame yavukiye i Kiyanza mu Buliza, mu Murenge wa Murambi wo mu [[Akarere ka Rulindo]] ([[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]), mu muryango w'abiru ([[Abiru]]) bari abajyanama b'umwami kandi bakaba barazwe kubika amateka y'ibwami. Igihe yavukaga, u Rwanda rwategekwaga n'[[Abadage]]; nyuma rwaje gutegekwa n'[[Ububiligi]], maze bamwe mu bo mu muryango we bayoboka [[Kiliziya Gatolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kagame, Alexis |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/rwanda/kagame_1alexis.html |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728180209/http://www.dacb.org/stories/rwanda/kagame_1alexis.html |archive-date=2017-07-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yize mu Iseminari nto ya [[Kabgayi]] kuva mu Ukwakira 1928 kugeza mu 1933, akomereza mu Iseminari nkuru ya Nyakibanda, ahabwa ubupadiri mu 1941. Mu myaka ya 1940 na 1950, yayoboye ikinyamakuru gatolika ''Kinyamateka''. Mu 1950, yabaye Umunyafurika wa mbere winjiye mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Ububiligi ry'ubumenyi bw'ibihugu by'ubukoloni (''Institut royal colonial belge'').&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

=== Muri politiki ===
Mu 1952, yanditse igitabo ''Le Code des institutions politiques du Rwanda précolonial'', ashyigikira inshuti ye Umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] n'imitegekere ya kera y'u Rwanda ishingiye ku buhake. Ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni bwabibonyemo imbogamizi, busaba umwepiskopi we kumwohereza i [[Roma]]. Ahageze, yize muri Kaminuza ya Gregoriyana, ahabwa impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) muri filozofiya. Yinjiye kandi mu itsinda ''Les Prêtres noirs'', ry'abanyeshuri b'Abanyafurika biga tewolojiya bashakaga gushingira ku bukirisitu mu guharanira ubwigenge bwa Afurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinck |first=Honoré |title=Alexis Kagame and Aequatoria: Contribution to the biography of Alexis Kagame (1912-1981) |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=16 |year=1995 |pages=467–586}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubushakashatsi bwe, inyandiko ze n'ibitekerezo bye bya politiki ntibyashimishaga abapadiri b'Abanyaburayi n'ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligi, bwashakaga gusimbuza ubwami repubulika. Ni yo mpamvu bimwe mu bitabo bye byaciwemo ibice cyangwa bigahagarikwa. Inyandiko yanditse mu 1945 ku [[Ubwiru|bwiru]] (amategeko y'ibanga y'ibwami) yafatiriwe n'ingabo z'abakoloni, isohorwa n'abahanga b'Ababiligi mu 1964 gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=d'Hertefelt |first1=Marcel |last2=Coupez |first2=André |title=La Royauté sacrée de l'ancien Rwanda |publisher=Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale |location=Tervuren |year=1964 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni bwamufungiraga iwe kugira ngo bugabanye ijambo rye muri politiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harroy |first=Jean-Paul |title=Rwanda : De la féodalité à la démocratie 1955-1962 |publisher=Hayez |year=1984 |page=145 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agarutse mu Rwanda ===
Agarutse mu Rwanda mu 1958, yigishije mu iseminari gatolika. Mu 1963, yabaye umwe mu barimu ba mbere ba Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda i [[Butare]], anigisha by'igihe gito muri Kaminuza ya Lubumbashi. Nyuma y'ubwigenge, yaharaniye ko ubukirisitu bwahuzwa n'umuco nyafurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

Yari mwene wabo wa [[Landoald Ndasingwa]] na mushiki we [[Louise Mushikiwabo]], wamuvuze nk'umugabo muremure, ufite urugwiro n'urwenya. Yapfuye atunguranye ku ya 2 Ukuboza 1981, ubwo yari mu ruzinduko i [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mushikiwabo |first1=Louise |last2=Kramer |first2=Jack |title=Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2006 |pages=146–147 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa ==
=== Amateka n'imibereho y'abantu ===
Kagame yakusanyije inyandiko nyinshi z'ingenzi z'amateka avugwa, azikuye ku bari abatware b'ibwami mbere y'ubukoloni. Ariko yasohoye incamake n'ibisobanuro gusa, kuko yari yarasezeranyije abamuhaye ayo makuru ko atazabisohora byose bakiriho.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot; /&gt;

Nk'uko Claudine Vidal abivuga, intego ye nyamukuru yari ubwami bugendera ku itegeko nshinga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vidal |first=Claudine |title=Sociologie des passions : Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |year=1991 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekanaga u Rwanda rwa mbere y'ubukoloni nk'igihugu cyari gifite ubwumvikane, aho [[ubuhake]] bwahuzaga abantu. Umuhanga mu mibereho y'abantu w'Umubiligi Jacques Maquet yashingiye kuri izo nyandiko. Ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwagaragaje ko iyo shusho itari yuzuye, kuko ititaga ku [[uburetwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pottier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pottier |first=Johan |title=Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52873-3 |pages=110–111, 204 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filozofiya n'indimi ===
Azwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyane cyane ku bitabo bibiri:
* ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956), isesengura ry'Ikinyarwanda n'umuco nyarwanda ku bijyanye n'igitekerezo cy'« ukubaho »;
* ''La Philosophie bantu comparée'' (1976), ubushakashatsi bwagutse bukubiyemo indimi zose z'Ikibantu.

Muri ibyo bitabo, Kagame agaragaza ko imiterere y'indimi z'Ikibantu ikubiyemo filozofiya yihariye nyafurika. Abamunenga bavuga ko yashyize ibitekerezo bya Arisitote ku ndimi zitateguwe nkana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

Yanditse kandi ibitabo byinshi by'imivugo, kandi yagize uruhare mu guhindura [[Bibiliya]] mu Kinyarwanda.

== Ibitabo yanditse ==
* ''Le Code des institutions politiques du Rwanda précolonial'', 1952
* ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'', [[Buruseli]], 1956
* ''Les Milices du Rwanda précolonial'', Buruseli, 1963
* ''Introduction aux grands genres lyriques de l'ancien Rwanda'', Butare, Éditions universitaires du Rwanda, 1969
* ''Un abrégé de l'ethno-histoire du Rwanda'', Butare, Éditions universitaires du Rwanda, 1972–1975 (imibumbe 2)
* ''La Philosophie bantu comparée'', Paris, Présence africaine, 1976

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Ubwiru]]
* [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Nzabatsinda |first=Anthère |title=‘Traduttore traditore’: Alexis Kagame's transposition of Kinyarwanda poetry into French |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=203–210 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagame, Alexis}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abafilozofe]]
[[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Kagame Alexis]] to [[Alexis Kagame]]: Izina mu buryo busanzwe (izina bwite ribanza, nka fr/en.wikipedia na Wikidata)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7690" sha1="sh7iz754vbqsneuthtew6vcotghqvsa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Alexis Kagame
| birth_date = 15 Gicurasi 1912
| birth_place = Kiyanza (Buliza), [[Akarere ka Rulindo]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date = 2 Ukuboza 1981
| death_place = [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]], umufilozofe, umuhanga mu ndimi, umuhanga mu mateka, umusizi
| known_for = ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956); ubushakashatsi ku mateka n'ubuvanganzo bwa kera bw'u Rwanda
}}
'''Alexis Kagame''' (15 Gicurasi 1912 – 2 Ukuboza 1981) yari umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] w'Umunyarwanda, [[Filozofi|umufilozofe]], umuhanga mu ndimi, umuhanga mu mateka n'umusizi. Azwi cyane ku bushakashatsi yakoze ku mateka avugwa, imigenzo n'ubuvanganzo bw'u Rwanda rwa kera, no ku bitabo bye bya filozofiya bishingiye ku ndimi z'Ikibantu.

Yanditse ibitabo byinshi mu [[Igifaransa]] no mu [[Ikinyarwanda]], harimo n'imivugo. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, yagize uruhare muri politiki, bamwe mu bahanga b'i Burayi bamufata nk'umuyobozi w'ibitekerezo w'umuco n'uburenganzira bw'[[Abatutsi]] guhera mu myaka ya 1940.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Kagame yavukiye i Kiyanza mu Buliza, mu Murenge wa Murambi wo mu [[Akarere ka Rulindo]] ([[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]), mu muryango w'abiru ([[Abiru]]) bari abajyanama b'umwami kandi bakaba barazwe kubika amateka y'ibwami. Igihe yavukaga, u Rwanda rwategekwaga n'[[Abadage]]; nyuma rwaje gutegekwa n'[[Ububiligi]], maze bamwe mu bo mu muryango we bayoboka [[Kiliziya Gatolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kagame, Alexis |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/rwanda/kagame_1alexis.html |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728180209/http://www.dacb.org/stories/rwanda/kagame_1alexis.html |archive-date=2017-07-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yize mu Iseminari nto ya [[Kabgayi]] kuva mu Ukwakira 1928 kugeza mu 1933, akomereza mu Iseminari nkuru ya Nyakibanda, ahabwa ubupadiri mu 1941. Mu myaka ya 1940 na 1950, yayoboye ikinyamakuru gatolika ''Kinyamateka''. Mu 1950, yabaye Umunyafurika wa mbere winjiye mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Ububiligi ry'ubumenyi bw'ibihugu by'ubukoloni (''Institut royal colonial belge'').&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

=== Muri politiki ===
Mu 1952, yanditse igitabo ''Le Code des institutions politiques du Rwanda précolonial'', ashyigikira inshuti ye Umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] n'imitegekere ya kera y'u Rwanda ishingiye ku buhake. Ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni bwabibonyemo imbogamizi, busaba umwepiskopi we kumwohereza i [[Roma]]. Ahageze, yize muri Kaminuza ya Gregoriyana, ahabwa impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) muri filozofiya. Yinjiye kandi mu itsinda ''Les Prêtres noirs'', ry'abanyeshuri b'Abanyafurika biga tewolojiya bashakaga gushingira ku bukirisitu mu guharanira ubwigenge bwa Afurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vinck |first=Honoré |title=Alexis Kagame and Aequatoria: Contribution to the biography of Alexis Kagame (1912-1981) |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=16 |year=1995 |pages=467–586}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubushakashatsi bwe, inyandiko ze n'ibitekerezo bye bya politiki ntibyashimishaga abapadiri b'Abanyaburayi n'ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligi, bwashakaga gusimbuza ubwami repubulika. Ni yo mpamvu bimwe mu bitabo bye byaciwemo ibice cyangwa bigahagarikwa. Inyandiko yanditse mu 1945 ku [[Ubwiru|bwiru]] (amategeko y'ibanga y'ibwami) yafatiriwe n'ingabo z'abakoloni, isohorwa n'abahanga b'Ababiligi mu 1964 gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=d'Hertefelt |first1=Marcel |last2=Coupez |first2=André |title=La Royauté sacrée de l'ancien Rwanda |publisher=Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale |location=Tervuren |year=1964 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni bwamufungiraga iwe kugira ngo bugabanye ijambo rye muri politiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harroy |first=Jean-Paul |title=Rwanda : De la féodalité à la démocratie 1955-1962 |publisher=Hayez |year=1984 |page=145 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agarutse mu Rwanda ===
Agarutse mu Rwanda mu 1958, yigishije mu iseminari gatolika. Mu 1963, yabaye umwe mu barimu ba mbere ba Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda i [[Butare]], anigisha by'igihe gito muri Kaminuza ya Lubumbashi. Nyuma y'ubwigenge, yaharaniye ko ubukirisitu bwahuzwa n'umuco nyafurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

Yari mwene wabo wa [[Landoald Ndasingwa]] na mushiki we [[Louise Mushikiwabo]], wamuvuze nk'umugabo muremure, ufite urugwiro n'urwenya. Yapfuye atunguranye ku ya 2 Ukuboza 1981, ubwo yari mu ruzinduko i [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mushikiwabo |first1=Louise |last2=Kramer |first2=Jack |title=Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2006 |pages=146–147 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa ==
=== Amateka n'imibereho y'abantu ===
Kagame yakusanyije inyandiko nyinshi z'ingenzi z'amateka avugwa, azikuye ku bari abatware b'ibwami mbere y'ubukoloni. Ariko yasohoye incamake n'ibisobanuro gusa, kuko yari yarasezeranyije abamuhaye ayo makuru ko atazabisohora byose bakiriho.&lt;ref name=&quot;vinck&quot; /&gt;

Nk'uko Claudine Vidal abivuga, intego ye nyamukuru yari ubwami bugendera ku itegeko nshinga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vidal |first=Claudine |title=Sociologie des passions : Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |year=1991 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekanaga u Rwanda rwa mbere y'ubukoloni nk'igihugu cyari gifite ubwumvikane, aho [[ubuhake]] bwahuzaga abantu. Umuhanga mu mibereho y'abantu w'Umubiligi Jacques Maquet yashingiye kuri izo nyandiko. Ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwagaragaje ko iyo shusho itari yuzuye, kuko ititaga ku [[uburetwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pottier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pottier |first=Johan |title=Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52873-3 |pages=110–111, 204 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filozofiya n'indimi ===
Azwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyane cyane ku bitabo bibiri:
* ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956), isesengura ry'Ikinyarwanda n'umuco nyarwanda ku bijyanye n'igitekerezo cy'« ukubaho »;
* ''La Philosophie bantu comparée'' (1976), ubushakashatsi bwagutse bukubiyemo indimi zose z'Ikibantu.

Muri ibyo bitabo, Kagame agaragaza ko imiterere y'indimi z'Ikibantu ikubiyemo filozofiya yihariye nyafurika. Abamunenga bavuga ko yashyize ibitekerezo bya Arisitote ku ndimi zitateguwe nkana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dacb&quot; /&gt;

Yanditse kandi ibitabo byinshi by'imivugo, kandi yagize uruhare mu guhindura [[Bibiliya]] mu Kinyarwanda.

== Ibitabo yanditse ==
* ''Le Code des institutions politiques du Rwanda précolonial'', 1952
* ''La Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'', [[Buruseli]], 1956
* ''Les Milices du Rwanda précolonial'', Buruseli, 1963
* ''Introduction aux grands genres lyriques de l'ancien Rwanda'', Butare, Éditions universitaires du Rwanda, 1969
* ''Un abrégé de l'ethno-histoire du Rwanda'', Butare, Éditions universitaires du Rwanda, 1972–1975 (imibumbe 2)
* ''La Philosophie bantu comparée'', Paris, Présence africaine, 1976

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Ubwiru]]
* [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Nzabatsinda |first=Anthère |title=‘Traduttore traditore’: Alexis Kagame's transposition of Kinyarwanda poetry into French |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1999 |pages=203–210 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagame, Alexis}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abafilozofe]]
[[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Kigali ya cyera</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8683" sha1="l0oqclwpwyram1q7as3rfvy2q103djx" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:This picture indicates the vintage car in kigali Rwanda.jpg|thumb|[[Dosiye:Air Rwanda Boeing 707 Proctor.jpg|thumb|air Rwanda at ( Kanombe)]]Kigali yo hamber]]
Ibikurikira n'igihe cy'amateka yumujyi wa [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] .

== Ikinyejana cya 20 ==

* 1907 - Kigali founded by Europeans in German [[East African Christian College|East Africa]] when German Richard Kandt &quot; sets up an administrative residence . 
* 1913 - Catholic [[Kiriziya y'umuryango mutagatifu|Sainte-Famille Church]] built.
* 1919
** Belgians in power.
** Commissaire Royal du Gouvernement Belge headquartered in Kigali.
* 1922 - Kigali becomes part of Belgian colonial [[Rwanda-Urundi|Ruanda-Urundi]].
* 1959 - Population: 4,273 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=140–161}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1962
** Kigali becomes capital of independent Republic of Rwanda.
** Population: 6,000 .
* [[Dosiye:KigaliAirportOld.jpg|thumb|Kigali airport old]]1964 - [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|National Bank of Rwanda]] headquartered in city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europa2004&quot; /&gt;
* 1966 - [[Banki ya Kigali|Bank of Kigali]] established.
* 1970 - Population: 54,403 (estimate).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=225–252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1973 - [[Hôtel des Mille Collines]] in business.
* 1975
** [[Lycée de Kigali]] (school) opens.
** Francois Karera becomes mayor.
* 1976 - [[Arikidiyosezi Gatolika ya Kigali|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kigali]] established;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Rwanda |url=http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/verden/chronology/rwanda |access-date=14 October 2017 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo]] |location=Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vincent Nsengiyumva]] becomes archbishop.
* 1977 - Regional organization to develop [[Umugezi wa Kagera|Kagera River]] headquartered in Kigali.
* 1978 - Population: 116,227.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|pages=262–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1980s - &quot;Smelting plant&quot; begins operating.
* 1986 - [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stadium]] opens.
* 1990
** September: Catholic pope visits Kigali.
** Tharcisse Renzaho becomes governor of Kigali prefecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICD - Renzaho - Asser Institute |url=https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/126/Renzaho/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1991 - Population: 234,274 city;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2000.htm |website=Demographic Yearbook 2000 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 921,050 [[Intara z’u Rwanda|prefecture]].
* 1993 - [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|United Nations]] Assistance Mission for Rwanda headquartered in Kigali.
* 1994
** 6 April: Presidents of Rwanda and [[Uburundi|Burundi]] assassinated.
** 7 April: Massacre at Jesuit Centre Christus occurs at the start of the [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Rwandan genocide]].
** 9 April: Gikondo massacre occurs.
** 23 May: &quot;[[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|RPF]] army captures the Kigali Airport.&quot;
** 4 July: The Rwandan Patriotic Army takes Kigali.
* 1995
** ''[[The New Times (Rwanda)|New Times]]'' newspaper begins publication.
* 1996
** Kigali Independent University founded.
** becomes Catholic archbishop.

== Ikinyejana cya 21 ==
[[Dosiye:Kigali_30.17752E_1.97396S.jpg|right|thumb| Satelite ireba Kigali, ahagana mu 2005]]
[[Dosiye:CentralKigali.jpg|right|thumb| Umuhanda, Kigali, 2006]]
[[Dosiye:Kigali.jpg|right|thumb| Reba Kigali, 2015]]

* 2002 - Abaturage: 603.049. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2009-2010/Table08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710195658/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2009-2010/Table08.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-10 |website=Demographic Yearbook 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 - Urubuga rwa ''Kigalicity.gov.rw'' rwashyizwe ahagaragara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kigalicity.gov.rw |url=http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610202235/http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/ |archive-date=10 June 2003 |publisher=City of Kigali |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004 - [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Ikigo cy'Urwibutso rwa Jenoside cya Kigali]] cyafunguwe. [2]
* 2005 - Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda gifite icyicaro mu mujyi.
* 2006
** [[Aisa Kirabo Kacyira]] aba umuyobozi 
** [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt|Inzu ndangamurage yamateka ya Kandt]] yashinzwe.
** Bimwe muri Kigali-Ngali bihinduka Umujyi wa Kigali. 
* 2007 - Umujyi wimyaka ijana. 
* 2008 - [[Rwanda Over The Counter Exchange|u Rwanda hejuru yo guhanahana amakuru]] rwashyizweho.
* 2010 - Hashyizweho akarere kihariye k'ubukungu ka Kigali.  
* 2011
** Gashyantare: Fidèle Ndayisaba yabaye umuyobozi. 
** [[Kigali City Tower|Umujyi wa Kigali]] wubatswe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Emporis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Kigali |url=https://www.emporis.com/city/100108/kigali-rwanda/status/all-buildings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044646/https://www.emporis.com/city/100108/kigali-rwanda/status/all-buildings |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017 |website=[[Emporis.com]] |publisher=Emporis GmbH |location=Hamburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Isoko ry’Imari n’Imigabane|Isoko ry'imigabane mu Rwanda]] rifite icyicaro mu mujyi.
* 2012 - Abaturage: 1.132.686. 
* 2013 - Umujyi wa Kigali Igishushanyo mbonera cyashyizweho. [23]
* 2014 - Gicurasi: [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere|Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere]] i Kigali. [https://www.afdb.org/en/annual-meetings-2014/]
* 2015
** Umujyi wa Kigali Town Hall yubatswe. 
** Inyubako ya Makuza yubatswe (itariki igereranijwe). &lt;ref name=&quot;star2016&quot; /&gt;
* 2016
** Mutarama - Gashyantare: Igice cya Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika 2016 (umupira wamaguru) cyakinwe i Kigali.
** Gashyantare: Amatora y’ibanze yabaye;  Monique Mukaruliza aba umuyobozi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Local Government |title=Mayors Contacts |url=http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/fileadmin/documents/MAYORS1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015101903/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/fileadmin/documents/MAYORS1.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |publisher=Republic of Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Ukwakira: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije yashyizweho umukono i Kigali.
** [[Kigali Convention Centre|Ikigo cya Kigali]] cyubatswe.
* 2017 - Gashyantare: Pascal Nyamulinda yabaye umuyobozi.  

== Reba kandi ==

* [[Kigali|Amateka ya Kigali]]
* Urutonde rwabayobozi ba Kigali
* Ikurikiranyabihe rya Jenoside yo mu Rwanda, 1994
* Igihe cyamateka yu Rwanda

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibiliografiya ==
 

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* {{Cite web |date=4 February 2014 |title=Kigali City, Rwanda |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/kigali-city-rwanda-1907 |website=[[BlackPast.org]] |location=United States}}
* {{Cite web |title=(Kigali) |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Kigali |via=[[Europeana]]}} (Images, etc.)
* {{Cite web |title=(Kigali) |url=http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&amp;q=Kigali&amp;utf8=✓ |via=[[Digital Public Library of America]]}} (Images, etc.)
* {{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=(Kigali) |url=http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&amp;v0=Kigali&amp;c=UBFfm631&amp;c=GIGA_swb&amp;c=ascLeiden&amp;c=NAI&amp;c=IFEAS&amp;c=ilissOLC&amp;c=AiLiSs&amp;c=base&amp;c=dkg |website=[[Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa]] |publisher=[[Frankfurt University Library]] |location=Germany}} (Bibliography)
* {{Cite web |title=(Kigali) |url=http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Kigali%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |website=[[Directory of Open Access Journals]] |location=UK}} (Bibliography of [[Fungura kwinjira|open access]]  articles)
* {{Cite web |title=(Kigali) |url=http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&amp;S0=Kigali&amp;F0=0 |website=Connecting-Africa |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden|African Studies Centre]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands}} (Bibliography)
* {{Cite web |title=(Kigali) |url=http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Kigali |website=[[AfricaBib.org]] |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626122000/https://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Kigali |url-status=dead }} (Bibliography)
[[Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wetland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141808</id>
      <parentid>139892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:23:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1723" sha1="fzlmwe3zx2rz2banm1r60x9eshi9106" xml:space="preserve">== Ibishanga ==
Ibishanga bifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga umutungo w'amazi kandi biri mu bikorwa remezo. birinda kansi ubw'iza bw'amazi, ikindi kandi bigabanya ibyago by'umwuzure kandi bigira uruhare runini mubwiza bw'ibidukikije by'Urwanda .ibishanga kandi by'ongera ubuzi ku binyabuzima byinshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oieau.fr/eaudoc/system/files/33163.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Travis Wetland panorama, Christchurch, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|750x750px|ibishanga]]


Ibishanga bishyirwa mu by'iciro biranga ubwoko bw'ubutaka' Hydrologia n'ikirere .ibishanga binini ni ibishyanga by'imyuzure by'imyuzure y'ubutumburuke buke bujyanye n'ibiyaga binini nkikiyaga cya cyohoha,Rweru,Mugesera,Nasho,N'Inzuzi nka nyabarongo,Akanyaru,Mukungwa,Base,Nyabugogo,ibindi.&lt;ref&gt;https://waterportal.rwb.rw/toolbox/465&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akamaro k'ibishanga ==
[[Dosiye:North Cave Wetlands at dawn.jpg|thumb]]
Ibishanga bimwe na bimwe byo mu [[Rwanda]] bihura n'igitutu cy'ubuhinzi budakwiye (ifumbire mvaruganda n'imiti yica udukoko) isiri y'ubutaka, isuri y'ubutaka, gukuramo ifu,ubucuruzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro,ibikorwa remezo biremewe, umwanda uva mu mazi y'inganda (imyanda kama, virusi ndetse n'ibyuma biremereye) n'ibindi... iyangirika ry'ibishanga n'umwanda bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw'amazi, kugabanuka kw'aibishanga gutanga serivisi z'ibidukikije by'atumye imyuzure yiyongera. ngetse n'abakozi bangiza ibikorwa remezo, bituma umusaruro ugabanuka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-17 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520030759/https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>GUHINDUZA IMIKORESHEREZE Y'UBUTAKA</title>
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      <text bytes="1565" sha1="prc9ruhty04m2bll09xd1e7muydi2l5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Imirambi.jpg|thumb|392x392px]]
Kugeza magingo aya, hari impamvu ebyiri zishobora gutuma habaho guhinduza imikoresgereze yubutaka mu [[Rwanda]]. impamvu yambere niyo nyiri ubutaka ashaka guhuzu ibikorwa bikorerwa kubuta nigishushanyo mbonera. impamvu ya 2 niyo nyiri ubutaka ashaka guhindura imikoreshereze yubutaka itenganyijwe n'igishushanyombonera&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.lands.rw/rw/iyandikisha-ryubutaka&lt;/ref&gt;. urugero niba ubutaka bwari  mubuhinzi ashaka kubuhinduza akabushyira mumiturire. Guhindura imikoreshereje yubutaka mu [[Rwanda]] bikorwa nabanyiri ubutaka kandti babufitiye ibyangombwa byubutaka bubanditseho. Guhinduza bikorwa kandi bikanyura muma serivice atangwa ninzego zifitiye mushingano imicungurire nimkorereshereze yubutaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Ibisabwa ushaka guhinduza ubutaka'' ===

# Ukeneye iyi service agomba kuba afite konti kw'irembo
# Iyo usaba service ari umunyamahanga asabwa nimero yorwundiko rwinzira(numero ya pasiporo) iyo ari umunyarwanda asabwa nimero yindangamuntu
# Bose (Umunyarwanda n'umunyamahanga) basabwa kuba bafite nomero iranganga ubutaka bwabo(UPI)
# Ibigo byigegnga, za koperative, amashyirahamwe bigomba kuba bifite izina ribiranga, numero yigazeti, aderesi hamwe na UPI
# Amasosiyete asabwa kuba afite amazina, TIN, aderesi, na UPI
# Usaba asabwakuba afite nomero ya telephone cyanwa imeli. byaba byiza akaba abifite byose&lt;ref&gt;https://support.irembo.gov.rw/is/support/solutions/articles/47001200485-uko-wahindura-imikoreshereze-y-ubutaka&lt;/ref&gt;

== ''Urutonde rw'indanganturo'' ==
&lt;references /&gt;

*</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wetland status in Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18929</id>
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      <parentid>138122</parentid>
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      <text bytes="2059" sha1="afk45cjtbgb70okkeejvrkbiqobccxd" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Beaverton Creek Wetlands.jpg|thumb|wetland|166x166px]]
[[Dosiye:Tualatin Hills Nature Park wetlands.JPG|thumb|154x154px]]
Ibishanga bishingiye mu byiciro biranga ubwoko bw'ubutaka, Hydrologia n'ikirere.ibishanga binini ni ibishanga by'umwuzure y'ubutumburuke buke bujyanye bujyanye n'ibiyaga binini nk'ikiyaga cya cyohoha,Rweru,Mugesera,Nasho,N'inzuzi nka Nyabarongo,Akanyaru,Mukungwa .Base,Nyabugogo, n'ahandi.N'ubwo bifite akamaro, ibishanga bimwe na bimwe byo mu [[Rwanda]] bihura n'igitutu cy'ubuhinzi budakwiye (ifumbire mva ruganda n'imiti yica udukoko) isuri y'ubutaka, gukuramo ifu,Ubucuruzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro,ibikorwa remezo by'ibishanga nigira ingaruka zikomeye mu kwangirika kwamazi, kugabanuka kw'ibishanga gutanga serivise z'zibidukikije bituma imyuzure yiyongera .ndetse n'abakozi bangiza ibikorwa remezo,ubuzima bituma kandi umusaruro ugabanuka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-19 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520030759/https://www.rema.gov.rw/our-work/link/wetlands |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wetland/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-19 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520163213/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wetland/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Tualatin Hills Nature Park trees.JPG|thumb|wtland]]

== Imihindagurikire y'ibihe ==
Imihindagurikire y'ibihe, Hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage ni iterabwoba ry'ibishanga n'amazi meza kubwibyo imikorere irambye ishyigikira ibishanga bizima kugirango ikore imirimo yayo kandi itange ibicuruzwa na serivise kugirango ubuzima bw'abantu bubeho.Biraza rero kumwanya wambere.U [[Rwanda]] rwerekanye ubushobozi bwa politiki rushimwa kandi rufata ingamba zifatika zo gukemura ikibazo cyo kwangirika kw'ibidukikije no gukoresha umutungo w'amazi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.poh.usace.army.mil/Portals/10/rw_bro.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Imihango Y’umugore Wagiye mu Mugongo</title>
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    <id>18977</id>
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      <id>141858</id>
      <parentid>132705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:26:26Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3083" sha1="q80kndsa9mbh785uwicme6b3q1vj0qp" xml:space="preserve">== Umugore ==
[[Dosiye:Elderly Gambian woman face portrait.jpg|thumb|umugore]]
Umugore wagiye mu mugongo bwa mbere na mbere amaze kurongorwa, bavuga ko “yaboneye urugo. Ugiye mu mugongo bwa mbere amaze gupfusha umwana, bavuga ko arwaye amabi = (gukulira umwana no kumara akanapfu). Umukobwa iyo arwaye ubwa mbere na mbere, bamukoresha imihango myinshi, nko kumuha amata, ubuki; kumubwira akajya mu mulima w’ibihaza n’uw’intolyi. Mu minsi ikulikiraho (muli uko kwezi), iyo hagize ikiba (inka igakamwa amaraso, inzuzi zigacika, ibihaza bikaborera mu mulima yagiyemo), bati: afite umugongo mubi. Naho iyo ali ntakibaye, bati: afite umugongo mwiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-wagiye-mu-mugongo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723145324/https://rw.amateka.net/imihango-yumugore-wagiye-mu-mugongo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uwameze umugongo mubi ali umukobwa, arawugumana amaze no kurongorwa. Uwo lero yaba yarwaye, akazira inka (amata), akazira ubuki, ntabe yajya mu mulima w’ibihaza, kereka amaze gukira rwose.

Uwameze umugongo mwiza na we arawusazana, kandi we ntagire icyo azira.

Umugore wagiye mu mugongo bwa mbere amaze kurongorwa, ntanywa amata. Umugore anyoye amata muli icyo gihe, maze agatanga inka yanywereye amata kubyara, inka ntiba ikibyaye. Inka na yo iyo yamutanze kubyara, umugore akazipfira atabyaye.

Iyo umugore ageze mu rugo, bajya kubona bakabona inka ikamwe amaraso, cyangwa bacunda amata akanga kureta, cyangwa bakabona inka ipfuye gusa,nta kundi bagira ngo ni uwo mugore wanyoye amata yayo ali mu mugongo. Bikaba impamvu yo kumwanga, bakamwinuba.

== Ibindi ==
Abashaka kwitura inabi uwo mugore, bareba igihadiko bakagihadika inka babonye yose; inka ikakirarana, mu gitondo bakakijyana mu mugezi usuma, bakakijugunyamo bavuga ngo: Uko uwomugezi uhora usuma, ni ko uwanyiciye inka na we ahora asuma. Nuko uwo mugore ntagire ubwo akira yagiye mu mugongo.

Umugore wagiye mu mugongo, yilinda kugera aho begetse imizinga, iyo ahagiye inzuki ziramena, cyangwa imizingaikanga kwinjirwa, ikogorora; bakeka umugore wahaje ali mu mugongo. Bati: kereka tumwituye inabi. Bareba igiti cyitwa “madwedwe”, n’intoke y’ikibingo, bakabijugunya mu mugezi usuma; nuko uwo mugore ngo agahora mu mugongo, ntawukire. Ushatse na we yenda madwedwe yonyine, agatereramo uruvumbu, ngo bigatuma umugore ajya mu mugongo ntakire. Umugore wagiye mu mugongo (w’umugongo mubi), yilinda kunyura mu mulima w’itabi; ngo ibibabi birakobana; ntanyura no mu mulima w’inzuzi, ngo ntizera, ngo zera ziboza no gukobana zigakobana; ntanyura no mu mulima w’ibihaza n’uw’ibijumba, n’uwi’ibikoro n’uw’amateke, ngo birabora, no kubemba ngo birabemba. Umugore akabyilinda kereka yakize. Umugore amara kuva mu mugongo, akilinda kwiyuhagira ikiziba, iyo acyiyuhagiye ngo ntiyongera kujya mu mugongo ukundi, maze akazapfa atabyaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>GUCUKURA AMABUYE Y'AGACIRO</title>
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    <id>18986</id>
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      <text bytes="3828" sha1="equsbkjy4a85pd2hbsfx3fojrubh9ba" xml:space="preserve">=== ubucukuzi bw’amabuye yagaciro ukorera mu mashami atatu mu Rwanda– ikirombe cya Rutongo, ikirombe cya Nyakabingo, n’ikirombe cya Musha. Harimo ibibanza bitatu byamabuye y’agaciro hamwe nibindi bitoya biherereye hafi y’ibibanza byambere. ===
Ahantu hose ducukura amabuye y’agaciro hakoreshwa hubahirijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga y’ubucukuzi kandi twubahiriza amahame akomeye y’ibidukikije. Ntabwo dukoresha uburozi cyangwa ibyangiza ibidukikije mugucukura amabuye yacu, ntanubwo ibirombe byacu bisohora ibintu nkibyo byangiza.

Amabuye yacu yose yaremejwe “nta makimbirane”-ibirombe byacu byujuje ibisabwa n’abagenzuzi bamabuye y’agaciro na amabwiriza ya OECD.

Gucukura gasegeleti i Rutongo byatangiye mu 1931, kandi guhera mu 1940, ibirombe byahoraga bitanga toni 800 mu mwaka za gasegeleti. Mu myaka ya zo 1950, SOMUKI, isosiyete icukura amabuye y’agaciro yo mu Bubiligi, yari imaze guteza imbere iki kirombe mu ruganda runini rukora gasegeleti mu Rwanda.Mu 1973, guhuza ahahoze hacukurwa amabuye y’agaciro ya gikoroni byatumye havuka SOMIRWA (Société Des Mines Du Rwanda), umushinga waruhuriweho na guverinoma y’u Rwanda na GEOMINES.Iyi sosiyete icukura amabuye y’agaciro mu Bubiligi yakoreraga aho kugeza iseshwe muri 1986. Muri iki gihe, ibirombe byahawe ubwenegihugu kandi bigakoreshwa na REDEMI (Regie d’Exploitation et de Developpement des Mines).

birombe bya Rutongo bikora munsi y’uruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatangiye muri 2015. Biteganijwe ko irimo toni zigera ku 54.000 za gasegeleti ishobora kugarurwa. Kuri ubu hatanga umusaruro uri hagati ya toni 40 na 70 ku kwezi, biteganijwe ko ziziyongera kugera kuri toni 200 buri kwezi mu myaka itanu iri imbere.

Ibirombe byafunzwe mu 1994 igihe itsembabwoko ryakorewe abatutsi ryaberaga. Mu 1995 bongeye gufungura bayobowe na REDEMI nka koperative y’abacukuzi kugeza mu 2008, igihe guverinoma yongeye kubegurira abikorera.

==== Ikirombe cya Nyakabingo giherereye ku birometero 19 (kumuhanda) ugana mumajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bwa Kigali mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, hafi yumudugudu wa Shyorongi. Iki kirombe gitanga toni zirenga 50 buri kwezi ikaba ifite uruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatangiye muri 2015. ====
Ubushakashatsi ku bucukuzi bw’ibirombe byagiye bikorwa kubera kwirundira hamwe kwibintu bitandukanye bizankwe n’amazi bwatangiye mu mpera za 1930, ariko nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose ni bwo hatangiye gucukurwa mu buryo bwemewe kandi buhoraho. Gucukura munsi yubutaka byatangiye nyuma mu 1960 bakora indani cyangwa imingoti yakorwaga bakurikirana ifiro y’ isarabwayi iteye nkuko umusozi uteye (amabuye cyimeza) . Ayo mabuye yagaciro acukurwa hakorwa imyobo miremire itandukanywa n’umusozi ukomeye, Hari Kandi amafiro agenda bitandukanye nuko umusozi uteye acukurwa mu buryo bwo kuyimaramo 

ine itanga toni zigera kuri 20 buri kwezi za gasegereti, hamwe na Kolota nkeya iboneka mu duce twa Duha na Ntunga, ikaba ifite ruhushya rw’imyaka 25 rwatanzwe muri 2014 muri Piran Rwanda Limited. 


Iyi mine kandi irimo ubwoko bwiza bya Litiyumu iboneka muri Ntunga. haracyakorwa inyigo yimbitse kugirango hamenyekane uburyo bwiza yacukurwamo. 

&lt;ref&gt;https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/imishinga/&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/ibikorwa-birambye/#IBIDUKIKIJE |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2024-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724083641/https://trinity-metals.com/kin/ahabanza/ibikorwa-birambye/#IBIDUKIKIJE |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/umutungo-kamere/amabuye-yagaciro/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401041958/https://muhaziyacu.rw/umutungo-kamere/amabuye-yagaciro/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imihango yo guhura</title>
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      <text bytes="1080" sha1="mknff84g2smtza7fyg16ns3cnai5n8b" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ibishyimbo bishingirirwa.jpg|thumb|247x247px|umurima wibishyimbo]]

== Guhura ==
[[Dosiye:Guhura.jpg|thumb|Guhura|239x239px]]
Iyo bajya guhura imyaka iyo ari yo yose: Ibishyimbo, amashaza, amasaka…; umwana w’umuhungu cyangwa umugabo ni we ubanza kuyikubita inkoni (ikibando), umugore cyangwa umukobwa akabona guhura. Umugore iyo abanjemo ikibando ngo imyaka iratuba; nta mugore urema, harema [[umugabo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/imihngo-yumuntu-nibyo-mu-mulima/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-24 |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614022119/https://rw.amateka.net/imihngo-yumuntu-nibyo-mu-mulima/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihura iyo lirangiye, bagiye kugosora, uwabanje gukubita ikibando, na none ni we ubanza kugosora, abagore bakabona kugosora, bitagenze bityo ngo imyaka iratuba.

Umuntu iyo yanitse amamera, nta waza ngo ayakozemo umuhunda; iyo akojejemo umuhunda, ngo aba ateye kurwana abazanywa inzoga y’ayo mamera.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandiko</title>
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      <text bytes="2364" sha1="65kxw254xbr8qxbrtr947h8s0p2lx4o" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Philippe Kayibanda Picture.jpg|thumb]]
'''Philippe Kayibanda'''    yavutse  tariki 21/11/1977,arubatse afite umugore n'abana 4 , afite impamyabushobozi y'icyiciro cya 3 muri MHA (Masters of Hospital and Healthcare Administration)  yakuye muri university of Rwanda  ndetse afite impamyabushobozi y'icyiciro cya 2 yakuye muri Mount Kenya University   mu ishami rya  General Nursing.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Philippe Kayibanda   yakoranye n'Imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n'ibigo by'ubuzima  binyuranye mu Rwanda  mu rwego rwo guteza imbere  urwego rw'ubuzima hazamurwa ireme rya service z'ubuzima no guteza imbere  serivise z'ubuzima bw'umwana n'umubyeyi &lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/ikirezi01/?locale=en_GB&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.intrahealth.org/vital/rwandas-nurses-communicate-protect-themselves-and-their-clients&lt;/ref&gt; ,byongeye kandi yagiye akora imirimo inyuranye y'ubukorerabushake mubijyanye no guteza imbere umwuga w'abakora ubuforomo mubigo by'ubuvuzi  ,guteza imbere  ibikorwa by'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge  no guteza imbere uburere n'uburezi n'impano by'umwana binyuze  gutera inkunga ibikorwa bya Ikirezi kevine.

Philippe Kayibanda  akorera Jhpiego  kuva mu kwezi kwa 10 (October ,2023) Kugeza ubu aho  ashinzwe Ubuzima bw'umwana no Gukurikirana Malaria (Child Health and Malaria)  mu turere  twa Musanze ,Gakenke ,Ngororero ,Rutsiro na Rubavu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva  mu kwezi kwa 12 /2018  kugeza mukwezi kwa 6/2023   (Dec 2018 - Jun 2023) yakoreye World Vision Rwanda ashinzwe Patient Voice mu mushinga &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;USAID Ingobyi Activity &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; muturere twa  Rwamagana ,Bugesera,Ngoma,Gatsibo na Nyagatare.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva  mu kwezi kwa 9 /2016   kugeza mukwezi kwa 7/2018 yakoreye Jhpiego ashinzwe  guhuza ibikorwa by'umushinga  wa USAID (MCSP)  mukarere ka Kamonyi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Philippe Kayibanda yabaye umuyobozi w'ibigo by'ubuvuzi  binyuranye mu Karere ka Bugesera  (Mareba Hc kuva 2/2005 kugeza 1/2010 na  Kamabuye Hc kuva mu kwezi kwa 3 / 2012 - 9/ 2016)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imirimo yo muri Rwamagana</title>
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      <text bytes="957" sha1="ifzy6l8a0ipdzyfhs7d4fjv3ti993bq" xml:space="preserve">Rwamagana nikamwe muturere tujyize igihugu cy'uRwanda  kakaba kari mumajyepfo ikindi kakaba numugi  mukuru wamajyepfo kakaba gakataje mwiterambere  aho usanga abasaga 500 barimo urubyiruko babonye akazi mumirimo igiye itandukanye harimo kubaka, aho barikubaka isoko rya kijyembere  riazafasha abahaturiye  mubijyanye nubucuruzi  ndetse niterambere muri rusange.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240819080803/https://ukwelitimes.com/rwamagana-imirimo-yo-kubaka-isoko-rigezweho-irarimbanyije/]

=== Rwamagana ===
Akarere ka Rwamagana kajyizwe nicyari akarere ka muhazi, icyari Akarere ka Bicumbi ,imirenge ibiri yari iyagasabo(fumbwe na Mununu) nimirenge itatu ya kabarondo (kaduha,rweru, na nkunga) hiyongereyeho icyari umujyi wa Rwamagana.[http://197.243.22.137/rwamagana/index.php?id=72]

=== inkomoko ===

=== 1.https://ukwelitimes.com/rwamagana-imirimo-yo-kubaka-isoko-rigezweho-irarimbanyije/ ===

=== 2. http://197.243.22.137/rwamagana/index.php?id=72 ===</text>
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    <title>Umuhire Amelia</title>
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'''Amelia Umuhire''' (yavutse 1991) ni umuyobozi wa firime w'u [[Rwanda]] ukorera mu [[Ubudage]], akaba ari produce, n'umwanditsi.

== Ubuzima ==
Umuhire yavukiye i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda muri 1991. Muri 2015 yayoboye urubuga rwa Polyglot aho yataye mushiki we Amanda Mukasonga nk'umuntu nyamukuru wa firime eshatu zigufi zashyizwe kuri YouTube muri 2015. Uru rukurikirane rwerekanwe mu minsi mikuru mpuzamahanga itandukanye nka Tribeca Film Festival, Festival D'Angers, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime ngufi Oberhausen hamwe n’ubugeni bw’ubukorikori n’ingoro ndangamurage nka Victoria na Albert Museum. Urukurikirane rwatsindiye &quot;Urubuga mpuzamahanga rwiza&quot; mu iserukiramuco Tous Ecrans i Geneve hamwe n’urubuga rwiza rw’Abadage kuri Webfest [[Berlin]]. Filime ye ngufi &quot; Mugabo &quot; (2017) yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi Rotterdam mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Blackstar aho yatsindiye Filime y'Ikigereranyo Cyiza, Berlin Biennale, MCA Chicago, MOCA Los Angeles mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha rya Black Radical Imagination ryateguwe na Darol Kae na Jheanelle Brown. Muri 2018, yayoboye videwo yashinzwe yakoreshejwe nk'igitaramo cyo kuzenguruka isabukuru yimyaka 20 ya ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill''. Muri 2018 yanditse, ayobora kandi yandika amajwi &quot; Vaterland &quot; yatowe muri Prix Europa. Yerekanye ibikorwa bye nibindi bikorwa byiyongera kuri solo na matsinda i Berlin, Houston, Cologne, Braunschweig, Florence na Kigali. Niwe wegukanye igihembo cya Villa Romana, igihembo cy’ubuhanzi cya kera cyane mu Budage. Yandika kuri TV yo mu Budage kandi akora ibihangano bya videwo, documentaire nibice byamajwi kubantu bumva [[icyongereza]] nu Budage.

Ibikorwa bye byerekanwe mu birori byinshi bya firime, birimo MOCA Los Angeles, MCA Chicago, Iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Tribeca, Iserukiramuco rya Filime ry’Abanyamerika muri Smithsonian, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi Rotterdam. 

== Amashusho ==

* 2015: ''Polyglot'' (Urubuga rukurikirana)
* 2016: ''Mugabo''
* 2019: ''Umwami Ninde''
* 2020: ''Kana''

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Habyarimana Jean Luc</title>
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'''Mitana Jean Luc''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Nzeri 1983), ni umukinnyi wa firime  wu mu  [[Rwanda]] akaba n'umukinnyi wa sinema. Niwe washinze uruganda rukora firime Filimi rufite icyicaro mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.inzufilms.com/about-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322160504/https://www.inzufilms.com/about-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Habyarimana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Habyarimana |url=https://www.3continents.com/en/individu/15978/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=3continents}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Habyarimana: Cinematographer, Director |url=https://mubi.com/cast/jean-luc-habyarimana |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=MUBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabaye umukinnyi wa sinema muri firime zitandukanye zirimo ''Inyuma y'Ijambo'', ''Kai Umucuruzi'' n'imbaraga ''mu bwoba''. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2017 |title=11 Rwandan Filmmakers You Need to Know About |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/rwanda/articles/11-rwandan-filmmakers-you-need-to-know-about/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=The Culture Trip |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107063425/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/rwanda/articles/11-rwandan-filmmakers-you-need-to-know-about/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jean Luc Habyarimana - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3393691/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;umwana wa habyarimana juvena. Muri iki gihe aherereye muri rdc

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavutse ku ya 29 Nzeri 1983 i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Habyarimana: Rwanda |url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=51461 |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=africultures}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Habyarimana |url=https://www.3continents.com/en/individu/15978/ |website=Festival des 3 Continents}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Muri 2006, yinjiye muri Almond Tree Films Collective maze muri 2009, Mitana akora kuri filime izwi ku izina rya ''Maibobo'' iyobowe na Yves Montand Niyongabo kandi yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi rya Rotterdam mu 2010. Yatanzwe mu iserukiramuco rya Sinema Africano d'Asia e Amerika Latina ya 2011 i Milan, mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Habyarimana&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The testimony of Jean Luc Habyarimana: Cinematographer, Director |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/jeanluc-habyarimana5/profile |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=berlinale-talents}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayoboye ''SAA-IPO'' mu 2010. Yarasiwe i Kigali iterwa inkunga na Tribeca Film Institute. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Tribeca 2011 hanyuma ryerekanwa mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Durban 2011 ndetse na AfryKamera International Film Festival, [[Polonye]] mu 2011. Hanyuma muri 2014, yakoze kuri documentaire ''Inyuma y'Isi'' iyobowe na Marie-Clementine Dusejambo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Habyarimana&quot; /&gt; Muri 2014, yitabiriye Berlinale Talents, aho yari muri Studio yo Guhindura. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;
! Filime
! Uruhare
! Ubwoko
! Réf.
|-
| 2009
| ''Maibobo''
| Umukinnyi wa sinema
| Inyandiko
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Iminsi 100 itanyeganyeje isi''
| Abakinnyi
| Inyandiko
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 100 Days That Didn't Shake the World (2009) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1410002/fullcredits |via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2010
| ''SAA-IPO''
| Umuyobozi
| Inyandiko
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Imbaraga mu bwoba''
| Amashusho
| Inyandiko
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strength in Fear (2012) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2970660/fullcredits |via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2014
| ''Inyuma y'Isi''
| Umuyobozi
| Inyandiko
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the Word (2012) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt12615698/fullcredits |via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2015
| ''Damali''
| Umuyobozi
| Inyandiko
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Kai umucuruzi''
| Umuyobozi
| Inyandiko
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kai the Vendor (2016) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7986152/fullcredits |via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Jean Luc Habyarimana at IMDb
* [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/222819 Musanze to host inaugural Kaci Kaci Art Festival]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240807132704/https://hyphenmagazine.com/blog/2011/06/filmmaker-isaac-chung-rwanda-and-perils-patrimony Filmmaker Isaac Chung, Rwanda, and the Perils of Patrimony]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240322160504/https://www.inzufilms.com/about-1 Inzu Films]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Izere Daniel</title>
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      <text bytes="5250" sha1="tqvsa787k7vt70guu01b9bh0f69gthv" xml:space="preserve">'''Daniel Izere''' (yavutse 1995) bakunze ku mwiita '''Dany Beats''', akora filimi aho azandika [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]], ni injeniyeri w'amajwi, umwanditsi w'indirimbo, na rwiyemezamirimo mubikorwa bya muzika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwai |first=Collins |date=2020-05-07 |title=MTN Rwanda embroiled in copyright infringement row |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/176449/News/mtn-rwanda-embroiled-in-copyright-infringement-row |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azwi cyane kubikorwa bye birimo Sabrina, Ni Wa Ne, Banana, Guma Mu Rugo, na Twifunze. Niwe kandi utunganya amajwi y'ibirori byo mu mudugudu wa Urugwiro, amasezerano yasinyanye mu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kageruka |first=Olivia |last2=Gatera |first2=Emmanuel |date=2021-12-30 |title=Rwandan producers that changed the music game in 2021 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/192447/Entertainment/rwandan-producers-that-changed-the-music-game-in-2021 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Joan |date=2021-05-09 |title=Dany Beats on his upcoming music projects |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185898/Entertainment/dany-beats-on-his-upcoming-music-projects |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abahanzi nka Danny Beats yafashe amajwi barimo Angel Mutoni, Weya Viatora, Kivumbi King, Rita Ange Kagaju, Amalon, Mike Kayihura, Sintex, Bushali, Umuraperi Racine Rwanda, Kevin Skaa na Gisa w'Inganzo n'abandi. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Theos |first=Uwiduhaye |date=21 June 2021 |title=Ambasaderi w’u Bwongereza mu Rwanda yanyuzwe na album nshya ya Rita Kagaju |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ambasaderi-w-u-bwongereza-mu-rwanda-yanyuzwe-na-album-nshya-ya-rita-kagaju |access-date=2023-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere nakazi ==
Dany Beats yavukiye i [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]], akaba ari mu muryango w'abana batatu, barimo murumuna we w'impanga Irimaso Samuel, uzwi kandi ku izina rya DJ TrapBoy, na musaza we Bwanakweli Pacifique. Ababyeyi be ni Bwanakweri Dominique na Mushongana Prudence. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-28 |title=Meet Samuel Irimaso: A promising Rwandan DJ |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/101947/Leisure/meet-samuel-irimaso-a-promising-rwandan-dj |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christian |first=Mugisha |date=7 January 2022 |title=Kigali: Abanyempano bagaragaje ubuhanga mu kuvanga imiziki |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kigali-abanyempano-bagaragaje-ubuhanga-mu-kuvanga-imiziki |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Igihe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yize amashuri menshi kugirango yige, harimo [[Lycée de Kigali|Lycee De Kigali]] mu 2009, Ishuri Rikuru rya Londere rya Saint Lawrence muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] mu 2010, Lycee De La Colombiel mu 2011, n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya tekinike rya SOS mu 2013. Muri 2014, yarangije muri ADB Nyarutarama afite impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi.

Nyuma, muri 2016, Dany Beats yinjiye muri [[University of Kigali|kaminuza ya Kigali]] kugira ngo akomeze amasomo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kigali: Abanyempano bagaragaje ubuhanga mu kuvanga imiziki |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/kigali-abanyempano-bagaragaje-ubuhanga-mu-kuvanga-imiziki |website=IGIHE.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaze kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye yinjiye muri DreamLand Records. Yatangiye, yasohoye indirimbo imwe 'Bad Girl Swag' yanditswe na Angel Mutoni nyuma, akora kandi 'Inzu yubusa' ya Weya Viatora yagiye gukinirwa kumaradiyo mpuzamahanga nka Ijwi rya Amerika muri 2015. Kuva mu 2015, Dany yagize uruhare runini mu kuzamuka kw'abahanzi [[Rwanda|bo mu Rwanda]] nka Kivumbi King, Rita Ange Kagaju, Amalon, Sintex, Kevin Skaa, Mike Kayihura n'abandi. Dany kuri ubu akora akazi ko gutunganya umuziki wigenga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/11/mike-kayihuras-song-earns-him-prix-decouvertes-nomination/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2024-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721220426/https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/11/mike-kayihuras-song-earns-him-prix-decouvertes-nomination/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Byumvuhore |first=Frederic |date=2018-12-09 |title=Weya Viatora showcases potential at debut album launch |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/161759/Entertainment/weya-viatora-showcases-potential-at-debut-album-launch |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Joan |date=2019-06-08 |title=The tales of a 24-year-old music producer |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/167159/Lifestyle/the-tales-of-a-24-year-old-music-producer |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambasaderi w’u Bwongereza mu Rwanda yanyuzwe na album nshya ya Rita Kagaju |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ambasaderi-w-u-bwongereza-mu-rwanda-yanyuzwe-na-album-nshya-ya-rita-kagaju |website=IGIHE.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Danny yakubise muri Muzika muri Afrika [https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/dany-beats Dany Beats]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
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    <title>Umuringa Karemera Carole</title>
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[[Dosiye:Carole Karemera 07729.JPG|thumb]]
'''Umuringa KAremera Carole''' (yavutse 1975) ni umukinnyi akaba ari umunyarwandakazi w’u [[Rwanda]] wavukiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]], umukinnyi w'afilimi wa saxofhone umuyobozi w’ikinamico, umuhanzi utegura ibirori ndetse n’inzobere muri politiki y’umuco.

== Ubuzima ==
Yavutse mu 1975 i [[Buruseli]], umukobwa w’abanyarwanda bari mu buhungiro.  Nkumwana, Carole Karemera yari indashyikirwa mu mibare kandi arota gufungura imigati.  Carole Karemera yize muri Royal Conservatory of Theatre na Muzika mu Bubiligi  Muri 1994, ise, umunyamakuru, yasubiye mu Bubiligi biturutse kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.  Carole Karemera yavumbuye u Rwanda mu 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Libe2018&quot; /&gt;

Yakinnye mu makinamico menshi, nka Battlefield ya Peter Brook na Marie-Hélène Estienne, Twise urukundo na Felwine Sarr, Jaz na Koffi Kwahulé, Scratchin 'imbere imbere&quot; na Wim Vandekeybus Umugore wa Bogus' na Kay Adshead, na Anathema na Jacques Delcuvellerie, kandi icyarimwe batangira umwuga we wa sinema  Hagati ya 2000 na 2004, yagize uruhare runini mu ikinamico ya Groupov Rwanda 94. Se wabo, Jean-Marie Muyango, umwe mu bahanzi bakomeye bo mu Rwanda gakondo, yahimbye amanota kuri iki gitaramo. 

Mu 2005, Carole Karemera yagize uruhare runini hamwe na Idris Elba muri filime ya Raoul Peck ''[[Sometimes in April|Rimwe na rimwe muri Mata]]'', hafi ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994.  Muri uwo mwaka, yahisemo gutura i [[Kigali]].  Carole Karemera amaze kwimukira mu gihugu, yagize uruhare mu mishinga y’umuco, harimo isomero rya mbere rigendanwa ry’u Rwanda, ikigo cy’ubuhanzi cya mbere cy’u Rwanda i Kigali  ISHYO, Espace Madiba isomero ryeguriwe ubuvanganzo nyafurika na Karayibe ryateguye udukino twifashisha mu tubari no mumihanda yimijyi yu Rwanda, murwego rwo guteza imbere abumva bashya hamwe nabaturage mubuhanzi. Mu 2007, Carole Karemera n'abandi bagore barindwi bashinze ikigo cy’ubuhanzi cya Ishyo i Kigali kugira ngo bashyigikire iterambere ry’ubuhanzi n’umuco mu Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Libe2018&quot; /&gt;

Karemera yabaye Umuyobozi w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu Kigega Nyafurika cy'Umurage Nyafurika, nk'umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa Arterial Network, ndetse n'uhagarariye igihugu cya Arterial Network mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carole Karemera |url=http://www.arterialnetwork.org/network/member/carole-karemera/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=Arterial Network |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014191103/http://www.arterialnetwork.org/network/member/carole-karemera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakinnye mu mukino ''wa Battlefield'' wa 2016 wa Peter Brook, ashingiye kuri ''Mahabharata''.  Muri 2018, yahawe igihembo muri Les Journées théâtrales de Carthage, yishimira ibikorwa bye mu ikinamico mu Rwanda no muri Afurika. 

== Amashusho ==

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102946/https://www.mc93.com/magazine/partager-de-nouveaux-recits
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102940/https://www.causette.fr/culture/scene/30-ans-du-genocide-au-rwanda-carole-karemera-oeuvre-a-la-reconciliation-des-hutus-et-des-tutsi-par-le-theatre/ https://www.causette.fr/ umuco le-theatre /]
* https://projet-kesho.com/
* [https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/tous-en-scene/les-corps-nous-parlent-de-kigali-a-belfast-5114215 https://www.radiofrance.fr/umuco wumuco/podcasts]
* https://rfi.my/7dhD
* [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/129169/Lifestyle/you-can-use-art-to-speak-to-the-world---carole-karemera https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/129169/ubuzima]
* https://journals.openedition.org/clo/10082
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0439157/?ref_=tt_cl_t2 Carole Karemera] kuri Data Data Data base
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  <page>
    <title>Bizimana Amani</title>
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'''Bizimana Amani Bizimana''' (yavutse 1996), uzwi ku izina rya '''Amalon''' ni [[Rwanda|umuririmbyi]] akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo na Filimi. Kuva mu  [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]], yabanje kumenyekana asohora amashusho yindirimbo Yambi muri 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Amalon steadily growing in fame |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/amalon-steadily-growing-in-fame-2470168 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere nuburere ==
Amalon yavutse muri 1996 mu karere ka Rubavu mu ntara y’iburengerazuba y’u Rwanda, avukira Amran na Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon yize amashuri yisumbuye ya Kagarama kurwego rusanzwe hanyuma nyuma ahuriweho na Integrated Polytechnic Regional Centre IPRC Kicukiro. 

Yatangiye umwuga we nk'umuraperi nyuma yinjira muri Afrobeat na R&amp;B ayobowe na 1 K Entertainment, isosiyete yashinzwe na Pius Rukabuza, uzwi ku izina rya DJ Pius, umuririmbyi wo mu Rwanda akaba na DJ uzwi kugeza mu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=2019-03-25 |title=So who is Amalon, the only artiste to curtain raise for Burna Boy? |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/165172/Entertainment/so-who-is-amalon-the-only-artiste-to-curtain-raise-for-burna-boy |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indirimbo ye ya mbere ''yambi'' yamushizeho kugirango yamamare mu ndirimbo zitandukanye yakurikiranye nka ''Byakubaho'' na ''Delilah'' arimo Ally Soudy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imikorere ==
Muri 2019, yari mu bahanzi, barimo Sheebah Karungi ukomoka muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], [[Bruce Melodie]], nyirarume Austin, Riderman, Social Mulah, Active, Safi Madiba, Marina, Umwamikazi cha na Jay Polly, bakoreye ibitaramo muri Camp [[Kigali]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ntirenganya |first=Yanditswe na Gentil Gedeon |title=Abahanzi 15 barimo Sheebah ni bo batumiwe muri Kigali Summer Festival |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/abahanzi-15-barimo-sheebah-ni-bo-batumiwe-muri-kigali-summer-festival |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Kigali Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsengiyumva |first=Emmy |title=Rich Mavoko uzaririmba muri Kigali Summer Festival yageze i Kigali - VIDEO - Inyarwanda.com |url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/91419/rich-mavoko-uzaririmba-muri-kigali-summer-festival-yageze-i-kigali-video-91419.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=inyarwanda.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri uwo mwaka, Amalon niwe muhanzi wu Rwanda wenyine wakinnye kuri stage hamwe na Burna Boy mu gitaramo cya BurnaBoyExperience cyabereye muri Intare Conference Arena.

== Ibindi ==

== Reba kandi ==

* Urubuga rwubuzima
* [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda|Umuziki w'u Rwanda]]
* [[Izere Daniel|Daniel Izere]]

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
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  <page>
    <title>Muhoranimana Eloi</title>
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'''Muhoranimana Eloi''' (yavutse ku ya 27 Gicurasi 1999), uzwi cyane ku izina ry'ubuhanzi '''Eloi El''' ni umuhanzi w'umuziki w'[[Rwanda|umunyarwanda]], umwanditsi w'indirimbo ndetse na producer utungana amashusho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Singer Eloi El on taking electronic dance music to greater heights |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/singer-eloi-el-taking-electronic-dance-music-greater-heights |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eloi kabuhariwe mu muziki wo munzu wimbitse akaba ari sub-genre y'umuziki wimbyino za elegitoronike (EDM). Eloi yasohoye ingaragu zirenga 10 ubufatanye nka: ''Magical'', ''Amajwi,'' ''Utari kumwe, Inzira Unkunda''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Emerging Rwanda: EDM producer Eloi El |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/emerging-rwanda-edm-producer-eloi-el |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Joan |date=2022-12-09 |title=Eloi El releases new EP, narrates his journey to fame |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/3458/entertainment/music/eloi-el-releases-new-ep-narrates-his-journey-to-fame |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Eloi El Is Chipping Away At The Ice In His Single &quot;Frozen&quot; |url=https://www.respectmyregion.com/eloi-el-frozen/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.respectmyregion.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eloi yasohoye Umukino wagutse EP witwa ''Afurika ku Isi'', wagaragaye nkuwambere wagaragaye muri EP yasohoye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-27 |title=Music, sports, education: Kigali puts on new cultural and very East African face |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/kigali-puts-on-new-cultural-and-very-east-african-face-3564060 |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=The East African |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belong to You from Spectrum Recordings 2021 on Beatport |url=https://www.beatport.com/release/belong-to-you/3448847 |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=www.beatport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere numwuga wumuziki ==

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Lillian Mbabazi</title>
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'''Lillian Mbabazi ni''' [[Rwanda|umunyarwanda]] akaba ari umuhanzi ufata amajwi ukorera ibikorwa bye muri [[Ubugande|umuganda]]. Yavukiye muri Uganda ku babyeyi b'u Rwanda. Nk’uko byatangajwe na Uganda wamamaza muri Bryan Morel Publications, mu injyana ya muzika ya Lilian ni neo-roho ifitanye isano na R&amp;B Band. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edmund Kagire |date=12 October 2012 |title=Lillian Mbabazi belts out hits at Uganda Jubilee celebrations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Lifestyle/Lillian+Mbabazi+belts+out+hits+at+Uganda+Jubilee+celebrations/-/1433242/1531972/-/3ch3ao/-/index.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |location=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; akaba Yari umunyamuryango wa Blu ya 3 . &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Felix Eupal |date=22 May 2011 |title=Lillian Mbabazi soldiers on minus Blu3, plus baby |url=https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=13503:lillian-mbabazi-soldiers-on-minus-blu3-plus-baby |access-date=17 June 2019 |location=Kampala |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023821/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=13503:lillian-mbabazi-soldiers-on-minus-blu3-plus-baby |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2014, yari umwe mu bahanzi bagaragaye mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya Coke Studio Africa, yaje kandi kugaragara muri Filimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=vclZsrcgrL |date=9 October 2014 |title=Coke Studio Africa Season 2 launched |url=https://www.hipipo.com/2014/10/09/coke-studio-africa-season-2-launched/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=Hipipo.com |location=Kampala |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402123638/https://www.hipipo.com/2014/10/09/coke-studio-africa-season-2-launched/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mbabazi yatangiye kwitwara neza mu 2003, nyuma y’amarushanwa ya Coca-Cola Pop Star yatumye hashyirwaho Blu ya  3 . Yabonye intsinzi muri muzika hamwe nitsinda, yatsindiye Umuhanzi / Itsinda ryiza muri Uganda &amp; Video yumuziki mwiza wo muri Uganda muri 2005 Kisima Music Awards, ndetse na filimi ikaba Video y'umwaka (Hitaji) muri Pearl of Africa Music Awards muri 2005 &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=PAM Awards |date=2005 |title=PAM Awards: 2005 Winners &amp; Nominees |url=http://pamawards.com/pages/2005.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702053829/http://pamawards.com/pages/2005.php |archive-date=2007-07-02 |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=[[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] |location=Kampala |format=Archived from the original on 2 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yatsindiye kandi Video yumwaka (Burrn) muri 2007 Pearl of Africa Music Awards 2007 kandi yatorewe kuba Itsinda ryiza rya Afrika yuburasirazuba bwiza muri 2005 muri Kora Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kora Awards |date=2005 |title=Kora Awards 2005 Nominees |url=http://www.koraawards.co.za/english/musicawards_finalists.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001100910/http://www.koraawards.co.za/english/musicawards_finalists.asp |archive-date=2006-10-01 |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=[[Kora Awards|The KORA All Africa Music Awards]] |format=Archived from the original on 22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsindiye igihembo cyiza cya Album ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (''Hitaji'') mu bihembo bya muzika bya Tanzaniya 2005 ndetse na filimi,  Video nziza yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (Frisky) mu 2006 muri Channel O Music Video Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biz Community Nigeria |date=7 August 2006 |title=Channel O Award Nominees Released |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com.ng/Article/157/66/11163.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=Biz Community Nigeria |location=Cape Town |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121181000/https://www.bizcommunity.com.ng/Article/157/66/11163.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2010, yatowe mu ndirimbo nziza yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (''Aho uri'' kumwe na Radio &amp; Weasel) mu bihembo bya muzika bya Tanzaniya 2010 naho mu 2009, yatowe mu itsinda ryiza &amp; Umuhanzi witwaye neza mu 2009 muri MTV Africa Music Awards 2009 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-29 |title=Lilian Mbabazi |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/lilian-mbabazi |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2010, yatangiye umwuga wenyine kandi afite indirimbo nziza nka &quot;Vitamine&quot; hamwe na Weasel wo muri bombi Goodlyfe Crew, Kawa na Akaga Yakoranye na Goodlyfe Crew, Navio, AY, P-Unit na Kitoko. 

Mu mwaka wa 2016, Mbabazi yatsindiye igihembo cye cya mbere mu bihembo bya HiPipo Music Awards kubera ibihembo bye byo kwibuka hamwe na A Pass. &lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Music In Africa |date=7 December 2015 |title=Uganda's HiPipo Awards Unveil Nominees for 2016 Edition |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/uganda%E2%80%99s-hipipo-awards-unveil-nominees-2016-edition |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=Music In Africa Magazine |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128141156/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/uganda%E2%80%99s-hipipo-awards-unveil-nominees-2016-edition |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Radiyo ===
Mbabazi yatangiye gukora kuri 91.3 Capital FM, imwe mu maradiyo akomeye ya FM muri Uganda, nyuma yo kugenda kwa mugenzi wabo mukuru wa Big Breakfast Karitas Karisimbi mu myaka ya za 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In the spotlight: Radio DJ: Lillian Mbabazi |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1158794/spotlight-radio-dj-lillian-mbabazi |access-date=17 August 2007 |website=The New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyakora, yavuye kuri sitasiyo kugira ngo yibande ku mwuga we wa muzika mbere gato yuko Blu ya 3 isenyuka maze asimburwa kuri sitasiyo na Jackie Lumbasi. Nyuma yaje kwinjira kuri Radiyo yo mu mujyi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oh yes radio! Almost slipped my mind… How did Lilian end up in radio? |url=http://ourmusiq.com/lilian-mbabazi-motherhood-music-and-mathematics/1307/m.aspx |access-date=25 February 2013 |website=Ourmusiq |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817183223/http://ourmusiq.com/lilian-mbabazi-motherhood-music-and-mathematics/1307/m.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Mbabazi yari afitanye umubano na nyakwigendera umucuranzi wa Radio Mowzey (25 Mutarama 1985 - 1 Gashyantare 2018), babyarana abana babiri (Asante Manzi na Izuba). &lt;ref name=&quot;10R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raphael Okello |date=17 August 2007 |title=In the spotlight: Radio DJ: Lillian Mbabazi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1158794/spotlight-radio-dj-lillian-mbabazi |access-date=17 June 2019 |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bivugwa ko abo bashakanye babanye kuva igihe bari muri kaminuza ya Makerere, mbere yo gutandukana kwabo amezi make kugeza mu 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;11R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Big Eye Team |date=25 August 2015 |title=Mowzey Radio Is The Best Father Ever – Says Lilian Mbabazi |url=http://bigeye.ug/mowzey-radio-is-the-best-father-ever-says-lilian-mbabazi/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=Big Eye Uganda |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abashakanye bamaze kubona umwana wabo wa mbere, bahuye nibibazo byinshi amaherezo biganisha ku gutandukana. &lt;ref name=&quot;11R&quot; /&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rwabacuranzi ba Uganda

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mbanda John</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141845</id>
      <parentid>128264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141845</origin>
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'''Mbanda John''', uzwi cyane ku izina rye ry'ubuhanzi '''Calvin Mbanda''' (yavutse ku ya 1 Mutarama 1998) avukira i Kinyinya, mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]] ni umuririmbyi akaba ari umukinnyi wa Filimi wo mu Rwanda, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irakoze |first=Eliane |date=2023-09-29 |title=Calvin Mbanda back from break with new song |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/11117/entertainment/music/calvin-mbanda-back-from-break-with-new-song |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; umwanditsi w'indirimbo akaba n'umuhanzi. Yatangiye umwuga we wa muzika mu 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-01-20 |title=Singer Mbanda rejected a job offer to pursue a career in music |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183444/Entertainment/singer-mbanda-rejected-a-job-offer-to-pursue-a-career-in-music |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yavuze ko gutsinda kwe kuri label ye yari ifitwe na BadRam, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=2021-05-02 |title=Defiant Bad Rama says record label not going anywhere |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185733/Entertainment/defiant-bad-rama-says-record-label-not-going-anywhere |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wagenzuye Mbanda afite imyaka 21. Muri 2019, yatangiye gukorana na The Mane Music House irimo abahanzi barimo [[Tuyishime Joshua|Jay Polly]] atangira gukora indirimbo nka Aye, Tiktak, Aba Abantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shyaka |first=Andrew |date=2021-09-16 |title=Calvin Mbanda Quits The Mane |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/09/calvin-mbanda-quits-the-mane/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yasohoye indirimbo zirimo [[Uwayezu Ariel|Ariel Wayz]], Marina, [[Tuyishime Joshua]], Safi Madiba, Victor Rukotana, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2020-12-30 |title=The top 10 hit songs of 2020 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/182846/Entertainment/the-top-10-hit-songs-of-2020 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbanda azwi cyane mu ndirimbo ze za mbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iribagiza |first=Glory |date=2020-03-26 |title=Are these the future of Rwandan music? |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/175361/Entertainment/are-these-the-future-of-rwandan-music |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indirimbo ze zose zatoranijwe mu bihembo bitatu birimo ''Kiss summer awards'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2020-09-13 |title=Who won what in Kiss Summer Awards 2020? |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/179934/Entertainment/who-won-what-in-kiss-summer-awards-2020 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ibihembo byatoranijwe'', ''ibihembo bya Isangonamuzika'', nyuma Mbanda avuga ko atazongera gukorana na Mane Music House. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kagire |first=Linda M. |date=2021-04-30 |title=End of the road for The Mane? Owner to state fate of collapsing label |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185705/Entertainment/end-of-the-road-for-the-mane-owner-to-state-fate-of-collapsing-label |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rwanda Defence Forces Army Band</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141640</id>
      <parentid>131482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141640</origin>
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      <text bytes="6602" sha1="peloxqwy6wi4r5e3ywlo3axysci0r21" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:RDF_Army_Band.jpg|thumb| Itsinda rya RDF.]]
'''Rwanda defences forces army band''' ni Umutwe wa Gisirikare w’ingabo z’u Rwanda ufite mushingano zawo kuririmba aho wagiye ukora filimi zitandukanye, ni itsinda rinini rikorera Leta na Gisirikare. Nubwo ihagarariye ingabo ndetse ugengwa n’umuyobozi mukuru w’ingabo. Kuva mu 2009 Itsinda rya Gisirikare rya RDF riyobowe na Liyetona Koloneli Gilbert Ndayisabye. Itsinda rya RDF rigizwe n'abayobozi bakuru hamwe na bane:

* HQ / ishami ryamahugurwa y'umuziki na mahugurwa
* Itsinda rya Harmony
* Umuringa
* Itsinda ry'imihango
* Itsinda rya Jazz (abaririmbyi, ababyinnyi n'ingoma)

Iri tsinda rikora muri [[Rwanda|Repubulika yu Rwanda]] no ku mugabane munini [[Afurika|wa Afurika]] . Benshi mu baririmbyi bayo boherejwe mu myaka yashize mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro muri Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Rwandan military band performs Oct. 20, 2007, at the Kigali International Airport, Rwanda, for Rwandan soldiers returning home in a U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport after an eight-month deployment to the Darfur region of Sudan. Airmen from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, and Charleston Air Force Base, S.C., are providing airlift support to the African Union effort in Darfur. Photo by Capt. Erin Dorrance, USAF |url=https://www.defense.gov/observe/photo-gallery/igphoto/2001091303/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Itsinda rya gisirikare rya RDF ryashinzwe muri 1992 mu gihe cy’intambara yo Kwibohoza mu 1990 kugeza 1994 kandi ryatangiye gukora ku ya 8 Werurwe 1992 ahitwa Mulindi FPR na RPA HQ ubwo ryari rifite abanyamuryango 40 gusa. Nyuma y’intambara yo muri 1994, yongeye gushyirwaho n’abanyamuryango 120 bahuguwe n’umutwe wa gisirikare wa Gana wari mu ngabo z’amahoro ziyobowe na UNAMIR ( United Nation Mission mu Rwanda ). Muri 2005, Liyetona Koloneli Lemuel Kayumba yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'itsinda ryashyizweho na Major Gilbert Ndayisabye. Ku buyobozi bwe, iryo tsinda ryatangije imyitozo n’ubusabane n’andi mashuri y’umuziki ya gisirikare y’amahanga.  Mu mwaka wa 2008, ingabo za RDF zohereje itsinda rya mbere ry’abacuranzi 20 bitabiriye amasomo y’umuziki wa Gisirikare ya Afurika yepfo, yatanzwe n’ingabo za Afurika yepfo Band Cape Town babifashijwemo na kaminuza ya Stellenbosch . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kidz |first=Cool Classic |date=Feb 4, 2011 |title=The Rwandan Defence Force Military Band receive training from the SA Army Band in Cape Town |url=https://saarmybandcapetown.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/the-rwandan-defence-force-army-band-receive-training-from-the-sa-army-band-cape-town/ |access-date=Sep 6, 2019 |website=SA Army Band Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umwaka umwe, abanyamuryango 29 bagize iryo tsinda bitabiriye amahugurwa yakozwe nitsinda ry’ingabo z’ingabo z’igihugu cya Uganda mu ishuri rya gisirikare ry’u Rwanda i [[Akarere ka Musanze|Nyakinama]] . 

== Ibirori byo Kwibohoza ==
[[Dosiye:Musical_band.jpg|thumb| Itsinda rya RDF ryambaye imyenda yuzuye.]]
Iri tsinda riririmbira parade ngarukamwaka kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] mugihe cyo kwizihiza umunsi wo kwibohora . Bambaye imyenda isanzwe itukura nicyatsi, bakora [[Indirimbo y’igihugu|indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu]], ''[[Rwanda Nziza|u Rwanda Nziza]]'' kimwe no kwerekana ibyerekanwa. Bakora kandi ingendo za gisirikare gakondo numuziki kavukire nkindirimbo [[Igiswahili|yigiswahiri]] ''Sisi Wenyewe'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=Kwibohora 25: Pomp and Pageantry as Rwanda Marks 25 Years of Liberation |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/kwibohora-25-pomp-and-pageantry-as-rwanda-marks-25-years-of-liberation/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri tsinda ryasohoye alubumu nshya yitwa ''Ubudasa'' mu rwego rwo kwizihiza isabukuru yimyaka 25 yo kwibohora muri 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Niyonkuru |title=VIDEOS: RDF Military Band basohoye Album nshya y'amashusho bise 'Ubudasa' mu rwego rwo kwizihiza umunsi wo #Kwibohora25 - Inyarwanda.com |url=https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/90789/video-rdf-military-band-basohoye-album-nshya-yamashusho-bise-ubudasa-mu-rwego-rwo-kwizihiz-90789.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=inyarwanda.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibindi byabaye ==
Itsinda ryayo rya jazz ryitabiriye ibitaramo hamwe nabasivili ba jazz. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2020 |title=Patriotism and fun at Heroes Day celebration night |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/patriotism-and-fun-heroes-day-celebration-night}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yakoranye n’amatsinda menshi y’amahanga, icyamenyekanye cyane muri zo ni Ingabo z’Amerika zirwanira mu kirere mu Burayi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USAFE Band connects cultures during African Partnership Flight Rwanda |url=https://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1781088/usafe-band-connects-cultures-during-african-partnership-flight-rwanda/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafe.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F1781088%2Fusafe-band-connects-cultures-during-african-partnership-flight-rwanda%2F |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=U.S. Air Forces in Europe &amp; Air Forces Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabanje kwitabira Tattoo ya Gisirikare ya Cape Town muri 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Roll Call: Rwanda Defence Force Army Band |url=https://tattoomemories.wordpress.com/roll-call-rwanda-defence-force-army-band/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagize Urban Boyz (itsinda rya Afropop muri Rwanda) hamwe nitsinda rya jazz ryitwaye neza mu birori byo gutangiza ku mugaragaro imikino ya gisirikare mu 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urban Boyz, Tom Close na Army Jazz Band baririmbye mu birori byo gutangiza imikino ya gisirikare &amp;#124; Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://m.eachamps.rw/article/2574/Urban-Boyz-,-Tom-Close-na-Army-Jazz-Band-baririmbye-mu-birori-byo-gutangiza-imikino-ya-gisirikare}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Itsinda rya Gisirikare Amasomo Yumuziki Yibanze ==
Uyu mutwe uyobora amasomo ya muzika ya Gisirikare Yibanze Yumuziki mu kigo cya Gisirikare cya Kanombe. Amasomo arimo ibi bikurikira: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RDF SOLDIERS GRADUATE IN MILITARY BAND BASIC MUSIC COURSES |url=https://www.mod.gov.rw/news-detail/rdf-soldiers-graduate-from-military-band-basic-music-courses |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219061432/https://www.mod.gov.rw/news-detail/rdf-soldiers-graduate-from-military-band-basic-music-courses |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amasomo Yibanze Yumuziki
* Amasomo ya Majoro
* Imyitozo Yimyitozo
* Inshingano Abigisha

== Reba kandi ==

* Itsinda rya Kenya
* Amatsinda yingabo zigihugu cya Uganda

== Inkomoko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kagame Kayije</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19431</id>
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      <id>141714</id>
      <parentid>126993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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'''Kayije Kagame''' (yavutse muri 1987) ni umuhanzi akaba ari umukinnyi wa filimi zitandunye ukomoka mu Rwanda ariko ubarizwa mu busuwisi.

== Ubuzima n'umwuga ==
Kagame yavukiye mu muryango w'u Rwanda i Geneve mu 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;LPDR bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayije Kagame |url=https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150807/https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=lespressesdureel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gru brief&quot; /&gt; Se, Faustin, ni umunyamakuru ukomeye wa politiki akaba n'umujyanama wa Perezida w'u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] (nta sano bafitanye); nyina ni umwarimu wamateka nigifaransa.   Umwe muri barumuna be ni umukinnyi wa firime [[Kagame Shyaka|Shyaka Kagame]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gru brief&quot; /&gt; Kayije yashishikajwe no gukina afite imyaka 19 ubwo yirukanaga umuyobozi Raffaele Curi [ i ] i [[Roma]] kandi yamuhaye uruhare mu ikinamico. &lt;ref name=&quot;JA profile&quot; /&gt;  Yize ikinamico muri Conservatoire de Musique de Genève umwaka umwe, hanyuma mu 2010 yiyandikisha muri Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Techniques du Théâtre [ fr ] (ENSATT) i Lyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gru brief&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;JA profile&quot; /&gt; Muri 2014, yitabiriye gahunda yo guhugura mu mpeshyi i New York yakiriwe n’umuyobozi w’ikinamico Robert Wilson, wamutaye muri uwo mwaka mu kubyutsa ''Les Nègres'' i Odéon i [[Paris]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;JA profile&quot; /&gt; 

Mubuhanzi, Kagame yakoranye firime ngufi, kwishyiriraho amajwi, nibindi bikoresho hamwe nibice. &lt;ref name=&quot;LPDR bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayije Kagame |url=https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150807/https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=lespressesdureel.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 &quot;Kayije Kagame&quot;]. ''lespressesdureel.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150807/https://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/auteur.php?id=4137&amp;menu=4 Archived] from the original on 27 February 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 February&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saint Omer press kit |url=https://medias.unifrance.org/medias/77/244/259149/presse/saint-omer-presskit-english.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301211329/https://medias.unifrance.org/medias/77/244/259149/presse/saint-omer-presskit-english.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=medias.unifrance.org |publisher=[[Unifrance]] |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2019, hamwe nabandi bahanzi, Kagame yateguye ''Ubuzima Burebure Ibi, kandi Ibi biguha ubuzima'', igice cyafashe igice cyose cyinyubako ya Théâtre de l'Usine [ fr ] i Geneve. &lt;ref name=&quot;LPDR bio&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayije Kagame |url=https://www.theatredelusine.ch/artiste/kayije-kagame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150812/https://www.theatredelusine.ch/artiste/kayije-kagame/ |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |publisher=Théâtre de l'Usine |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri uwo mwaka, Kagame n'umukinnyi wa filime Grace Seri bazengurutse ''Sans Grace Avec Grace'', ibice bibiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;LPDR bio&quot; /&gt;  Mu 2022, we n'umukinnyi wa firime Hugo Radi batangiye kuzenguruka ''Intérieur Vie / Intérieur Nuit'', umurimo nk'uwo ukaba wateguwe kimwe cya kabiri naho igice cyafashwe amashusho.  

Muri ''Saint Omer'' ya Alice Diop (2022), Kagame yerekanye bwa mbere muri firime yakinnye na Rama, umwanditsi utwite yitegereza umugore (wakinnye na Guslagie Malanda) mu rubanza azira kwica umukobwa we w’umwaka umwe.   Imiterere ya Kagame ifite analogue yubuzima busanzwe muri Diop, witabiriye urubanza film ishingiyeho.  AO Scott wo mu ''kinyamakuru The New York Times'' yashimye &quot;imikorere, ituje&quot; ya Kagame, maze ''IndieWire'' imushimira &quot;elegance idafite imbaraga&quot;.   Kagame yatorewe kuba umwe muri Révélations mu birori bya 48 bya César, naho Iterambere ry’amafirime y’[[Burayi|iburayi]] (EFP) amwita umwe mu ba Shooting Stars 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayije Kagame, Switzerland |url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/shootingstars/29901/Kayije-Kagame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301210440/https://www.efp-online.com/en/shootingstars/29901/Kayije-Kagame |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=efp-online.com |publisher=[[European Film Promotion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Intambara ya mbere ya congo</title>
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      <text bytes="2177" sha1="jiqdbvsz7yrmddzmwwqc2u6siip0es7" xml:space="preserve">'''Intambara ya mbere ya Kongo''', {{Efn|{{lang-fr|Première guerre du Congo}}|group=lower-alpha}} nanone yaje kwitwa '''Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi ya Afurika''', {{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=72}} yari intambara y'abenegihugu n'intambara mpuzamahanga ya gisirikare yabaye kuva ku ya 24 Ukwakira 1996 kugeza ku ya 16 Gicurasi 1997 ikaba yarabereye mu gice kinini cya Zayire Zayire (yaje kwitwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]), igasakara no mu bice bimwe bya [[Sudani]] na [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. Amakimbirane yaje gusozwa n’igitero cy’amahanga cyasimbuje perezida wa Zayire Mobutu Sese Seko n’umuyobozi w’inyeshyamba Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Guverinoma ya Kabila itarajegajegaga yaje kugirana amakimbirane n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo, bituma havuka indi ntambara ya kabiri mu 1998–2003, yaje nayo kwitwa intambara ya kabiri y’Afurika 

Ibice by'iburasirazuba bw'igihugu byari byarahungabanye kubera ibibazo bifitanye isano na[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] byakomeje gucengera no ku mipaka y’igihugu cya Kongo, ndetse n'amakimbirane yo mu karere ndetse n'inzika bimaze igihe kirekire bitarakemuka kuva ikibazo cya Congo kibaye. Mu turere twinshi, ubuyobozi bwa leta bwari bugifite imbaraga ariko izina ryabwo ryarasenyutse, aho imitwe yitwara gisirikare, abarwanyi, n'imitwe y'inyeshyamba (bamwe bifatanyaga na leta, abandi bakanga ku mugaragaro imikoranire nayo) bakoresheje imbaraga zifatika. {{sfnp|Abbott|2014|pp=33–35}} {{sfnp|Prunier|2009|pp=77, 83}} Abaturage ba Zayire bari baracitse intege kandi bararakariye ubutegetsi budahamye na ruswa; ingabo za Zayire zari mu bihe bitoroshye. {{sfnp|Abbott|2014|pp=23–24, 33}} {{sfnp|Prunier|2009|p=128}} 

Amaherezo ibintu byarushijeho kuba bibi, ubwo [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] rwateraga Zayire mu 1996 kugira ngo bahashye imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba yari yarahungiye muri icyo gihugu. Ibitero byarushijeho gukara, kubera ko ibihugu byinshi (birimo Uganda, [[Uburundi|u Burundi]], [[Angola]], na [[Eritereya]]) nabyo byaje kwivangamo, ari nako hanashyirwagaho ihuriro ry’inyeshyamba z’abanyekongo zirwanya Mobutu. {{sfnp|Abbott|2014|pp=33–35}}
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Ibisigo</title>
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      <text bytes="2736" sha1="fly9q0owylku78ryqfeui4lzkbyfi68" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:BlokLeiden1.JPG|thumb|ibisigo]]
&lt;big&gt;Ibisigo nyabami&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wikirwanda.org/index.php/Amateka_y%27ubusizi&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;ni ibisigo byatangiye ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli; nibwo byatangiye kwitwa gutyo. mbere hari ibyitwaga ibinyeto (riva ku nshinga kunyeta bivuga gusingiza cyangwa kurata). mu binyeto kagame avuga ko umusizi yahangaga agasigo kagufi k'imirongo nk'icumi cyangwa makumyabiri ,kakaba ari ak'umwami umwe,umwe.nyuma ku ngoma ya Ruganzu ni bwo Nyirarumaga yize uburyo bwo guhuriza mu gisigo kimwe abami benshi cyangwa se akavuga umwami umwe mu gisigo kirekire.&lt;/small&gt;

== AMOKO Y'IBISIGO NYABAMI&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/umuco/article/inkomoko-y-ibisigo-by-ibyuma-mu-mateka-y-ubusizi-nyarwanda&lt;/ref&gt; ==

=== Ibisigo nyabami birimo amoko atatu: &lt;small&gt;ibisigo by'ikobyo ibisigo by'ibyanzu ibisigo by'impakanizi&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/nedet.php?tit=127b52009b64fd0a2a49e6d8a939753077792b0554&lt;/ref&gt; ===
&lt;big&gt;a)IKOBYO/IKUNGU&lt;/big&gt; Ni &lt;small&gt;ibisigo bigiye umujyo umwe bikagira interuro (intangiriro) n'umusayuko.ntibigira ibika bitandukanye ahubwo byo bigiye umujyo umwe.aho bihuriye n'ibindi ni uko bigira indezi([[Amagambo ahinnye|amagambo]] asingiza umwami).birahurutuye ntanubwo ari birebire.urugero tugomba gusesengura ni:&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;none imana itumije abeshi&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;cyasizwe na mutsinzi agitura kigeli Rwabugiri amuhanuririza abaroze se rwogera ngo abarimbure (abagereka bo kwa Rugereka) (igitabio cy'imyandikire umwaka wa gatandatu,p).&lt;/small&gt;
[[Dosiye:Books and Scroll Ornament with Open Book.png|thumb|ibitabo ubonamo ibisigo]]
&lt;big&gt;b)IBYANZU&lt;/big&gt;   &lt;small&gt;Ni ibisigo bigabanyijemo ibika bita ibyanzU bigiye bitandukanywa n'inyikirizo. Mu byanzu iyo bavuga amateka y'abami ntibakurikiranya uko bagiye bima ingoma n'uko ibikorw byabo byagiye bikurikirana. urugero tugomba gusesengura ni:&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Naje kubara inkuru&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; cyasizwe na sekarama ka mpumba agitura rwabugiri mbere yo gutera i ndorwa ([[igitabo]] cy'imyandiko [[umwaka]] wa gatandatu)&lt;/small&gt;

c)&lt;big&gt;IMPAKANIZI N&lt;/big&gt;&lt;small&gt;i [[Igisigo: Singikunda Ukundi|ibisigo]] usanga umusizi yaragendaga avuga amateka y'abami n'ibikorwa byabo abakurikiranya uko bagiye bima ingoma, agaheruka uwo atura igisigo. impakanizi yagiraga ibice by'ingenzi bitatu interuro umusisi avugamo muri rusange ibyo agiye gukomozaho ku bami bose no kugaragaza ko aje kurabukira umwami. [[Igisimba|igihimba]] kigizwe n'ibika bivuga abami bigenda bitandukanywa n'inyikirizo yitwa impakanizi. umusayuko umusizi asingizamo umwami agitura uri ku ngoma ndetse akaba yaboneraho no kwisabira umuriro&lt;/small&gt;

==== ingero: ====
- &lt;small&gt;ukwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza cyasizwe na&lt;/small&gt; NYAKAYONGA ka MUSARE WA KARIMUNDA</text>
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    <title>Imibonano mpuzabitsina</title>
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'''Imibonano mpuzabitsina''' niyo miterere y'ibinyabuzima igena niba ibinyabuzima byororoka byimibonano mpuza bitsina Bitanga umukino w' Umugabo cyangwa w'umugore Mugihe cyimyororokere y'imibonano mpuzabitsina. Igitsina gabo nigitsina gore bikora zygote ikura ikabyara izungura imico kuri buri mubyeyi. Mubisanzwe, ibinyabuzima bitanga udukino duto, twinshi twimuka (intanga) byitwa ''igitsina gabo'', mugihe ibinyabuzima bitanga imikino nini, itagendanwa (selile) byitwa ''igitsina gore''.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250216222822/https://kura.rw/rw/ni-ibiki-bishobora-gutera-umukobwa-kubabara-nyuma-yimibonano-mpuzabitsina/]</text>
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    <title>INTAMBARA YO KU RUCUNSHU</title>
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      <text bytes="5882" sha1="cqjzsg0h5tquvfsdbnx09r1ay39lj5u" xml:space="preserve">== Ikosa ry'Umwami Rwabugilii: Intandaro y'intambara yo ku Rucunshu&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/07/05/ikosa-ryumwami-rwabugiriintandaro-yintambara-yo-ku-rucunshu/&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Intambara yo ku Rucunshu bivugwa ko yaba yaratewe n'ikosa ryakozwe n'umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili. Ubutegetsi bwose ku isi bucungwa n'inzego z'iperereza cyangwa intasi. Umwami kigeki IV Rwabugili we ntabwo ngo yubashye amabwiriza ngenderwaho y'Abiru b'ibwami. Amabwiriza y'Abiru iyo atubahirizwaga yatezaga ibibazo ibwami no ku gihugu muri rusange. Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili kutubaha amabwiriza y'Abiru ngo niho havuye intambara yo ku Rucunshu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Umusozi wa Rucunshu icyo gihe wari ahitwaga Amarangara nyuma muri Repubulika hitwa komine Nyamabuye perefegitire ya Gitarama none ubu ni [[Akarere ka Muhanga]] [[intara]]  y'Amajyepfo. Amateka avuga ko intambara yo ku Rucunshu yabaye mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1896 bishyira mu mwaka wa 1897&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Inkomoko y'iyi ntambara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=3218f463574d9b06c35cb6ac828dab4788a&amp;vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Kigeli IV Rwabugili ajya gutanga yimitse umuhungu we witwaga Rutalindwa amushakira n'umugabekazi w'umutsindirano witwaga Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera, kuko nyina wa Rutalindwa ari we Nyiraburunga wari waracyuwe na Mubyara wa Rwabugili yari yarapfuye, yishwe na Rwabugili ahorera nyina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Abiru baje kugaragariza Rwabugili mbere yuko intambara yo ku Rucunshu iba ni uko bamubwiraga ko Kanjogere atazemera kuba nyina wa Rutarindwa kandi nawe yarabyaye umuhungu ariwe Musinga. Abiru bati: Rwabugiri yakoze ryo guha Kanjogera ubugabekazi kuri Rutarindwa, kandi yarasanzwe aziko atamukundaga na mbere hose.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Umugambi wo guhirika Umwami Mibambwe Rutalindwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ====
Abega babonye ko Rwabugili akoze ibyo, bacura umugambi wo guhirika umwami Rutarindwa, hakima umuhungu  wabo Musinga. Uwo mugambi wacuzwe na Kanjogera na basaza be arivo Kabare na Ruhinankiko n'umuhungu wabo Rwidegembya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===== Uburyo bakoresheje ngo bahirike Rutalindwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; =====
Uburyo bwa mbere bakoresheje ni ukumwomoraho amaboko ya bamwe mu bamushyigikiye, bakabicisha mu buryo bwa'akagambane. Icyo gihe bafashe Abiru bamwe b'inkoramutima ba Rutalindwa bagenda babica uruhongohongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwa kabiri bakoresheje nubwo gushaka amaboko y'abashyigikira Musinga, icyo gihe biyegereje bene Rwabugili batagize amahirwe yo kwima ingoma, babasaba kutagira aho babogamira mu macakubiri yari atangiye kugaragara i bwami. Biyegereza na bamwe mu Biru n'Abatware batavugaga rumwe na Rwabugili, kubera kop abenshi yari yaragiye abanyaga kubera amafuti yabo, kandi akaba ariwe wahaye Rutarindwa ingoma, icyo gihe batangira kwishundika Rutalindwa batyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwa gatatu bakoresheje, nubwo gushoza urugamba(intambara) yabereye ku Rucunshu muri komine Nyamabuye i Gitarama (mu Karere ka Muhanga), ariko umugambi w'Abega wari ugiye kubapfubana iyo badafatirana ingabo z'Abatanyagwa zari zivuye mu Budaha zije kuvuna Umwami ngo zifashe kunesha iza Rutalindwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kubera ko kabare yari azwiho ubutwari ku rugamba mu gihe cy'ingobo za Rwabugili, byatumye izo ngabo zimwumva vubsa zanga kwiteranya nawe ngo hato zitikura amata mu kanwa. Ubwo urugamba rwarashojwe, Rutalindwa abonye ko asumbirijwe niko gufata icyemezo gikomeye. Yafashe abo mu muryango we ( umugore n'abana) n'ibimenyetso ndangabwami byose ( Ingoma ngabe Kalinga n'ibindi) nuko bitwikira mu nzu bose barashya barakongoka ntihaboneka n'igufwa na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iyo ntambara yarangiye Rutalindwa apfuye, numo Kabare yimika mwishywa we Musinga afata izina ry'ubwami rya Yuhi. Nuko Kanjogera nawe areka izina ry'ubugabekazi rya Nyiramibambwe afata irya Nyirayuhi. Nuko Kabare abwira rubanda ko Rutalindwa yari yarigize ikigomeke kihaye ingoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ariko kuko Musinga yari akiri muto, yabanje gutegekerwa na nyina Kanjogera na abasaza be aribo Kabare na Ruhinankiko. Maze guhera ubwo Abega barategeka, barica barakiza, Baragaba, baranyaga, ububasha bw'ingopma Nyiginya babwegukana batyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

====== Ingaruka z'iyo ntambara &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ======
Imwe mu ngaruka z'iyo ntambara, nuko i bwami havutse imitwe ibiri ishyamiranye yaranzwe n'amazimwe, ubutiriganya n'inzangano z'urunuka. Ikindi kandi nuko ku Rucunshu habaye urugero rw'urwikekwe n'ubugome bugamije kwiharira ubutegetsi n'amaronko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kuko na anyuma y'iyo ntambara yo ku Rucunshu abantu bakomeje gupfa bazira ko bagifite ibisigisigi by'umwami Rutalindwa, ibyo byose byashakaga gushimangira ubuhangange bw'Abega no kurushaho gukomeza ingoma ya Musinga ngo irusheho gushinga imizi muri rubanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ibyo byarushijeho gutera ibisare bikomeye kandi birambye mu bikomangoma ( Abana b'umwami) ku ruhande rumwe Abega banganye n'Abanyiginya urunuka, ku rundi ruhande Abega bazirana urunuka n'Abakono.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Indi ngaruka iy'intambara yateje mu mateka y'u Rwanda ni uko yatumye ibirango by'igihugu bishya. Ibyasimbujwe ibyo birango ntabwo byahawe agaciro kuko abanyarwanda ntabwo bigeze byemera. Impamvu ni ukop bavugaga ko ibyo birango by'ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda byari kuzabaho igihe cyose, umwana w'umunyarwanda akazabimenya. Kabare ati: Kalinga n'igiti bazabaze ikindi ariko umwana wacu yime ingoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Abasesenguzi bemera ko gutwika Kalinga ko aribyo byatumye ingoma ya Musinga na Knjogera ariwe nyina itaramba. Amateka atubwira ko nabo baciriwe ishyanga ahitwa Moba ya Kongo ko ariho umwami Musinga yatangiye ko n'umugogo we watwawe n'ababiligi. Rwabugili nk'umwami nk'umubyeyi wa Rutalindwa ntabwo yubashye Abiru bituma umuryango we wicana. Ngibyo ibyo ku Rucunshu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
 Bariza hano
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>cqjzsg0h5tquvfsdbnx09r1ay39lj5u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142050</id>
      <parentid>141677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="5879" sha1="r43zn0nesxdk8qv0ye3imie96rictgm" xml:space="preserve">== Ikosa ry'Umwami Rwabugilii: Intandaro y'intambara yo ku Rucunshu&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://ingenzinyayo.com/2016/07/05/ikosa-ryumwami-rwabugiriintandaro-yintambara-yo-ku-rucunshu/&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Intambara yo ku Rucunshu bivugwa ko yaba yaratewe n'ikosa ryakozwe n'umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili. Ubutegetsi bwose ku isi bucungwa n'inzego z'iperereza cyangwa intasi. Umwami kigeki IV Rwabugili we ntabwo ngo yubashye amabwiriza ngenderwaho y'Abiru b'ibwami. Amabwiriza y'Abiru iyo atubahirizwaga yatezaga ibibazo ibwami no ku gihugu muri rusange. Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili kutubaha amabwiriza y'Abiru ngo niho havuye intambara yo ku Rucunshu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Umusozi wa Rucunshu icyo gihe wari ahitwaga Amarangara nyuma muri Repubulika hitwa komine Nyamabuye perefegitire ya Gitarama none ubu ni [[Akarere ka Muhanga]] [[intara]]  y'Amajyepfo. Amateka avuga ko intambara yo ku Rucunshu yabaye mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1896 bishyira mu mwaka wa 1897&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Inkomoko y'iyi ntambara&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=3218f463574d9b06c35cb6ac828dab4788a&amp;vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Kigeli IV Rwabugili ajya gutanga yimitse umuhungu we witwaga Rutalindwa amushakira n'umugabekazi w'umutsindirano witwaga Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera, kuko nyina wa Rutalindwa ari we Nyiraburunga wari waracyuwe na Mubyara wa Rwabugili yari yarapfuye, yishwe na Rwabugili ahorera nyina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Abiru baje kugaragariza Rwabugili mbere yuko intambara yo ku Rucunshu iba ni uko bamubwiraga ko Kanjogere atazemera kuba nyina wa Rutarindwa kandi nawe yarabyaye umuhungu ariwe Musinga. Abiru bati: Rwabugiri yakoze ryo guha Kanjogera ubugabekazi kuri Rutarindwa, kandi yarasanzwe aziko atamukundaga na mbere hose.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Umugambi wo guhirika Umwami Mibambwe Rutalindwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ====
Abega babonye ko Rwabugili akoze ibyo, bacura umugambi wo guhirika umwami Rutarindwa, hakima umuhungu  wabo Musinga. Uwo mugambi wacuzwe na Kanjogera na basaza be arivo Kabare na Ruhinankiko n'umuhungu wabo Rwidegembya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===== Uburyo bakoresheje ngo bahirike Rutalindwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; =====
Uburyo bwa mbere bakoresheje ni ukumwomoraho amaboko ya bamwe mu bamushyigikiye, bakabicisha mu buryo bwa'akagambane. Icyo gihe bafashe Abiru bamwe b'inkoramutima ba Rutalindwa bagenda babica uruhongohongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwa kabiri bakoresheje nubwo gushaka amaboko y'abashyigikira Musinga, icyo gihe biyegereje bene Rwabugili batagize amahirwe yo kwima ingoma, babasaba kutagira aho babogamira mu macakubiri yari atangiye kugaragara i bwami. Biyegereza na bamwe mu Biru n'Abatware batavugaga rumwe na Rwabugili, kubera kop abenshi yari yaragiye abanyaga kubera amafuti yabo, kandi akaba ariwe wahaye Rutarindwa ingoma, icyo gihe batangira kwishundika Rutalindwa batyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwa gatatu bakoresheje, nubwo gushoza urugamba(intambara) yabereye ku Rucunshu muri komine Nyamabuye i Gitarama (mu Karere ka Muhanga), ariko umugambi w'Abega wari ugiye kubapfubana iyo badafatirana ingabo z'Abatanyagwa zari zivuye mu Budaha zije kuvuna Umwami ngo zifashe kunesha iza Rutalindwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kubera ko kabare yari azwiho ubutwari ku rugamba mu gihe cy'ingobo za Rwabugili, byatumye izo ngabo zimwumva vubsa zanga kwiteranya nawe ngo hato zitikura amata mu kanwa. Ubwo urugamba rwarashojwe, Rutalindwa abonye ko asumbirijwe niko gufata icyemezo gikomeye. Yafashe abo mu muryango we (umugore n'abana) n'ibimenyetso ndangabwami byose (Ingoma ngabe Kalinga n'ibindi) nuko bitwikira mu nzu bose barashya barakongoka ntihaboneka n'igufwa na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iyo ntambara yarangiye Rutalindwa apfuye, numo Kabare yimika mwishywa we Musinga afata izina ry'ubwami rya Yuhi. Nuko Kanjogera nawe areka izina ry'ubugabekazi rya Nyiramibambwe afata irya Nyirayuhi. Nuko Kabare abwira rubanda ko Rutalindwa yari yarigize ikigomeke kihaye ingoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ariko kuko Musinga yari akiri muto, yabanje gutegekerwa na nyina Kanjogera na abasaza be aribo Kabare na Ruhinankiko. Maze guhera ubwo Abega barategeka, barica barakiza, Baragaba, baranyaga, ububasha bw'ingopma Nyiginya babwegukana batyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

====== Ingaruka z'iyo ntambara &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ======
Imwe mu ngaruka z'iyo ntambara, nuko i bwami havutse imitwe ibiri ishyamiranye yaranzwe n'amazimwe, ubutiriganya n'inzangano z'urunuka. Ikindi kandi nuko ku Rucunshu habaye urugero rw'urwikekwe n'ubugome bugamije kwiharira ubutegetsi n'amaronko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Kuko na anyuma y'iyo ntambara yo ku Rucunshu abantu bakomeje gupfa bazira ko bagifite ibisigisigi by'umwami Rutalindwa, ibyo byose byashakaga gushimangira ubuhangange bw'Abega no kurushaho gukomeza ingoma ya Musinga ngo irusheho gushinga imizi muri rubanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ibyo byarushijeho gutera ibisare bikomeye kandi birambye mu bikomangoma (Abana b'umwami) ku ruhande rumwe Abega banganye n'Abanyiginya urunuka, ku rundi ruhande Abega bazirana urunuka n'Abakono.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Indi ngaruka iy'intambara yateje mu mateka y'u Rwanda ni uko yatumye ibirango by'igihugu bishya. Ibyasimbujwe ibyo birango ntabwo byahawe agaciro kuko abanyarwanda ntabwo bigeze byemera. Impamvu ni ukop bavugaga ko ibyo birango by'ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda byari kuzabaho igihe cyose, umwana w'umunyarwanda akazabimenya. Kabare ati: Kalinga n'igiti bazabaze ikindi ariko umwana wacu yime ingoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Abasesenguzi bemera ko gutwika Kalinga ko aribyo byatumye ingoma ya Musinga na Knjogera ariwe nyina itaramba. Amateka atubwira ko nabo baciriwe ishyanga ahitwa Moba ya Kongo ko ariho umwami Musinga yatangiye ko n'umugogo we watwawe n'ababiligi. Rwabugili nk'umwami nk'umubyeyi wa Rutalindwa ntabwo yubashye Abiru bituma umuryango we wicana. Ngibyo ibyo ku Rucunshu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
 Bariza hano
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>r43zn0nesxdk8qv0ye3imie96rictgm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MINUBUMWE</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141997</id>
      <parentid>137612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141997</origin>
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      <text bytes="1624" sha1="1zljsvtlie2e34zsfpqiizl0c89cyq7" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 008 - A view from Hôtel des Mille Collines - Kigali.jpg|thumb|Ministeri]]
'''MINUBUMWE''' 
[[Dosiye:MINUBUMWE.jpg|thumb|AHO MINUBUMWE  IKORERA .KACYIRU-KIGALI]]


ni [[Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n'impunzi|mininiteri]] guteza imbere umuco w’ubumwe n’amahoro mu [[Rwanda|Banyarwanda]] binyuze mu burezi bwo mu mashuri no mu biganiro ku rwego rw’umuryango.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/icyo-wamenya-ku-nshingano-nyamukuru-za-minubumwe-minisiteri-yahurijwemo-ibigo&lt;/ref&gt; MINIUBUMWE (minisiteri y' ubumwe ni inshingano mboneragihugu)iherereye kacyiru munsi yagare ya kacyiru,hamwe n' ikigo cy ' igihugu cy' itangazamakuru mu rwanda(RBA) .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=minubumwe+location&amp;oq=minubumwe&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgJEAAYgAQyBggAEEUYOTIOCAEQRRgnGDsYgAQYigUyDQgCEC4YrwEYxwEYgAQyBwgDEAAYgAQyBwgEEAAYgAQyBwgFEAAYgAQyBwgGEAAYgAQyBwgHEAAYgAQyBwgIEAAYgAQyBwgJEAAYgATSAQoxNDMwNWowajE1qAIIsAIB8QVQ-E3TKqp4Lg&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== MINUBUMWE ==
MINUBUMWE yashyizweho n'inama y’Abaminisitiri yateranye ku itariki ya 14 Nyakanga ni yo yemeje ko habaho iyi Minisiteri nshya maze muri Nzeri inshingano z’ibigo bya leta birimo Komisiyo y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge (NURC), Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside (CNLG), Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Itorero n’Ikigega cya Leta Gishinzwe Gutera Inkunga Abarokotse Jenoside Batishoboye (FARG) zihurizwa muri yo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.minubumwe.gov.rw/mandate/departments-1&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141937</id>
      <parentid>139578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141937</origin>
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      <text bytes="7720" sha1="gd72mn6vy7vphtyelspf1u3mjqfg441" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Milking cow.jpg|thumb|Inka bari gukamamwo amata]]
Ijambo '''“amata”''' ni ijambo ry’Ikirundi n’Ikinyarwanda rifite agaciro gakomeye mu buzima bw’abantu, cyane cyane mu mirire no mu muco. Dore amakuru arambuye kuri iri jambo:

{{stub}}
----

=== 🥛 1. Ibisobanuro by’ijambo “amata” ===

* '''Amata''' ni '''ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka''', cyangwa izindi nyamaswa z’amata nka: ihene, intama, ingamiya, n’ingwejwe.
* Mu Kinyarwanda, “amata” ni ijambo riri mu '''bwinshi'''; ijambo ry’'''umwimerere''' ryarwo mu rwego rw’umwe ni '''amase''', '''amata y’inka''', cyangwa '''icyansi''' (bitewe n'uko ukoreshwa mu mvugo).

----

=== 🥣 2. Uko amata akoreshwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Imikoreshereze
!Ibisobanuro
|-
|'''Kunywa amata'''
|Gufata amata nk’ikiribwa cy’umwimerere.
|-
|'''Gukamisha amata'''
|Gukamura amata mu nka cyangwa izindi nyamaswa.
|-
|'''Guteka amata'''
|Amata ashobora gutekwa cyangwa gutunganywa mu buryo butandukanye (nk’ay’amata y’amashu, ay’ifu, ay'igikoma, n'ibindi).
|-
|'''Gukoramo ibindi biribwa'''
|Amata akorwamo: '''amavuta''', '''fromage (cheese)''', '''yoghurt''', '''amavuta y’inka''', n'ibindi.
|}
----

=== 🧬 3. Agaciro k’amata mu mirire ===

* Amata ni isoko ikomeye ya:
** '''Calcium''' (ifasha amagufa gukomera),
** '''Proteyine''' (ifasha mu bwubatsi bw’umubiri),
** '''Vitamini D''', '''B12''', n’izindi.
* Yifashishwa cyane mu mirire y’abana, abagore batwite n’abonsa, ndetse n’abantu bose bashaka kugira ubuzima bwiza.

----

=== 🐄 4. Amata mu muco nyarwanda ===

* Mu muco wa Kinyarwanda, amata afite agaciro gakomeye:
** Bayatanga nk’ikirango cy’urukundo n’icyubahiro ku bashyitsi.
** Inka n’amata bifatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ubumwe n’amahoro.
** Haririmbwa, haterwa imigani n’imivugo bijyanye n’amata:
*** ''“Amata meza ntiyivugira”'' – bivuga ko ibiza ntibimenyekanisha, ahubwo bigaragarira mu bikorwa.
*** ''“Umwana utaragira amata ntiyamenya akamaro kayo”'' – bivuga ko utagize amahirwe ntamenya agaciro kayo.

----

=== 📝 Mu ncamake: ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ijambo
!Amata
|-
|Ubwoko
|Izina ry'ibintu (plural)
|-
|Ibisobanuro
|Ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka n’izindi nyamaswa z'amata
|-
|Agaciro
|Mu mirire, ubuzima, n’umuco
|-
|Ikoreshwa
|Kunywa, guteka, gukora ibindi biribwa
|-
|Muri kamere
|Akungahaye kuri calcium, protein, vitamini
|}
----Amata ni ikinyobwa gifite uburyohe bwiza kandi bufitiye umubiri w'umuntu akamaro. Akenshi amata avamwo amata y'inka, ariko hashobora gukoreshwa n'amata y'izindi nyamaswa nk'ihene cyangwa intama. amata aba afite intungamubiri nyinshi nka karisiyumu,vitamini D,hamwe n'ibinyamasukari bya Lactose.&lt;ref&gt;https://copilot.microsoft.com/chats/2a6gAgPsVM4GBySmH4HPg&lt;/ref&gt;

kubera ibyiza byinshi bifitiye umubiri akamaro,Amata ni ikinyobwa kimenyerewe cyane kandi kigira uruhare rukomeye mu mirire y'abantu.

== Akamaro k'amata mu mubiri w'umuntu ==
- Ibinure bigize amata ni ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umubiri ugira imbaraga, umubiri ushobora gukora imisemburo,mukurinda umubiri n'ingingo ziwugize,gufasha umubiri guhangana n'ubukonje ndetse no gufasha vitamin zisaba ibinure kugirango zikore neza.

-Isukari iboneka mu mata (yitwa Lactose),ituma umubiri ubona imbaraga zo gukora.
[[Dosiye:Glass of Milk (33657535532).jpg|thumb|Amata]]
-Proteyine ziboneka mu mata zifasha umubiri mu kongera ubudahangarwa,gusana ahangiritse no gukomeza imikorere myiza y'umubiri.Izi ntungamubiri kandi zifasha mu gukomeza imikaya n'amagufa.

-Akomeza imikaya y'amaso no kubona neza, gukungahara kuri Vitamin A biyaha ubushobozi bwo gukomeza amenyo n'amagufa ndetse no kugira uruhu rwiza.Vitamin A inafasha mu kurwanya indwara yo kutabona neza nijoro.

-Vitamin B12; ifasha mu mikorere myiza y'ubwonko n'urwungano rw'imyakura(nervous system) no gukora uturemangigo tw'amaraso dutukura, ibi byose ibifatanya na Vitamin B6, iyi ikongeraho kuvana uburozi mu mwijima. B12 ni igenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y'umutima, ibibazo byo gusinzira, Diyabete n'ibindi bibazo byo mu mutwe.

-Vitamin B2 (riboflavin); ifasha umubiri kwinjiza ubutare bityo bikarinda indwara yo kubura amaraso (anemia).

-Vitamin B3 (niacin); ifasha umutima gukora neza no kugabanya cholesterol mbi mu mubiri, ifasha kandi urwungano rw’imyakura, ngogozi (imikorere myiza y’urwungano ngogozi iyifitanya na vitamin B1 cg thiamine), uruhu, umusatsi n’amaso.

-Vitamin B5 iba mu mata ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa n’aho ingingo zihurira, igafasha mu mikorere myiza y’umutima. Igafasha mu gukora uturemangingo dufasha mu ihanahana ry’amakuru ku bwonko.
[[Dosiye:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|Amata]]
-Folate irinda indwara yo kubura amaraso no gutuma inda-ibyara (uterus) ikura nezaVitamin D, ifasha umubiri kwinjiza kalisiyumu. Inafasha mu kuringaniza imyunyungugu nka kalisiyumu na fosifore mu mubiri, ikanarinda indwara zituma umubiri wirwanya ubwawo (autoimmune diseases). Vitamin D inafasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza.
-Kalisiyumu na manyesiyumu, iyi myunyungugu ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa kimwe n’amenyo. Manyesiyumu ifasha kandi umubiri guhinduramo ibyo turya imbaraga umubiri ukoresha no gukora ingingo zisimbura izishaje. Fosifore nayo ifasha umubiri gukomeza amagufa n’amenyo no gutuma umwijima ukora neza.
-Potasiyumu ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza.
-Zinc ifasha mu gukora ubwirinzi bukomeye, gukura no gusana uturemangingo, gukiza ibisebe kimwe no kwinjiza mu mubiri ibinyamasukari tuba twariye
Selenium, ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’urwungano rurinda umubiri kubera ubushobozi n’ingufu iki kinyabutabire gifite, inarinda kandi imvubura ya thyroid (haba ingoto).
-Choline, ni intungamubiri z’ingenzi amata afite, afasha mu gusinzira, gukoresha imikaya, kwiga no gufata mu mutwe.
Iki kinyabutabire gifasha mu mikorere myiza y’uturemangingo, no gukwirakwiza amakuru k’ubwonko, ifasha kandi mu kwinjiza ibinure mu mubiri no kugabanya ububyimbirwe bukabije.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingaruka z'amata kuri bamwe ===
Hari abo amata atera ikibazo, kizwi nka lactose intolerance. Kuri aba bantu umubiri wabo uba ubura enzymes ihindura isukari iva mu mata, igakoreshwa mu mubiri. Abantu bafite iki kibazo iyo banyweye amata abamerera nabi; bagira ibyuka byinshi mu mara, kumva inda yuzuye no guhitwa. Abantu bafite iki kibazo bagomba kunywa amata atarimo lactose, cg bagafata inyongera zituma bagira lactose mbere yo kunywa amata.
Allergie cg kugira ubwivumbure budasanzwe ku mata, iki ni ikibazo kiba kiri mu miterere y’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri wawe. Abantu bafite iki kibazo barangwa no guhumeka biruhije, gufuruta, kumererwa nabi mu gifu, kuruka no guhitwa igihe banyweye amata.

Kugira potasiyumu na fosifore nyinshi mu mubiri, nazo ziri ku bwinshi mu mata, si byiza ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’impyiko. Iyo impyiko zidashoboye gusohora iyi myunyungugu mu gihe iba yabaye myinshi bishobora guteza ikibazo gikomeye.

Kalisiyumu nyinshi nayo si nziza mu mubiri, ishobora gutera ibibazo bya constipation, kugira utubuye mu mpyiko cg imikorere mibi yazo. Iyi kalisiyumu ishobora no kujya mu mijyana ikaba yatera indwara ku mutima.

Guha amata y’inka umwana utarageza umwaka 1 ntago ari byiza. Aya mata y’inka ugereranyije n’amashereka aba arimo ubutare (fer) bucye, bishobora gutera ibibazo byo kuva mu rwungano ngogozi bitewe no kugira ikigero cy’ubutare gike.

Amata y’inka zimwe na zimwe aba arimo imisemburo kimwe n’imiti (irimo za antibiyotike) n’ibindi bitandukanye izo nka zihabwa. Ibi byose bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bwa muntu n’indwara zibasira ubwonko kimwe na kanseri zitandukanye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manzi Josbert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19863</id>
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      <id>141976</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="1063" sha1="la6i0ky3t9e0g657pfdkdxkmzwtka14" xml:space="preserve">'''Manzi Josbert''' (azwi muri muzika, Gutunganya no kuyobora amashusho y'indirimbo na filime, ni umu content creator azwi ku mazina nka Manzi Wijos) ni umuhanzi numu video Director w'umunyarwanda wavukiye  mu Karere ka Nyamagabe, mu Ntara y 'Amajyepfo, akaba ari [[umwana]] wa mbere mu muryango w'abantu batatu. Manzi Wijos ntakidasanzwe kubona yarakuze akunda [[umuziki]] no ku wutunganya no gukora imirimo ifite aho ihuriye nawo nibisanzwe kuri we kuko yakuze akunda kubyina, kuririmba no kureba TV cyane. Mu gihe abandi banyeshuri bibandaga mugukurikirana ayandi masomo asanzwe, we yakungaga gushushanya no kwandika indirimbo, kubyina, ndetse no kuririmba agakunda no gukoresha machine cyane&lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/manzi_wijos/&lt;/ref&gt;

yibanze m'[[UMUZIKI|umuziki]] kuwukora, kuwutunganya mu buryo bw'amashusho, gu creating ama contents, gukora ibiganiro nama filime aba aribyo akurikirana nku mwuga kuko nizo zari inzozi ze.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/@WijosJosbert&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://audiomack.com/wijos_josbert&lt;/ref&gt;

'''AMASHAKIRO;'''
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>GIHANGA NGOMIJANA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="2098" sha1="punk46flkcyb027cdvkgtixbu0tc27t" xml:space="preserve">== Gihanga ngomijana ==
Ni umwami wambere w'Urwanda wahanze ingoma y'urwanda wavukiye mu umubari (Ubu ni mukarere ka kayonza)  Mu ntangiriro z’ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n’ikindi gikoresho cy’umuziki bita urusengo.Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n’uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n’abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka(bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo bari mu gihugu mbere y’uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka.Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo ’kwogera’ cyangwa se ’kwamamara’.[https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana]

== Abagore Gihanga Yashakanye nabo ==
Ikindi amateka garagaza, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite [[Umugore|abagore]] benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.

Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima (Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma),

Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw' Abashambo (Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa),

Ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko Abahondogo (Bategetse u Bugesera),

Ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba (Bategekaga Ingoma y'u Bugara).

Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo ([[Intara]] ya Kivu y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo.

Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe.[https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=584e8119f307b1134b88fd07883df9d60cd&amp;vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Parike ya nyungwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142114</id>
      <parentid>135584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:31:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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Pariki ya '''Nyungwe''' ni imwe muri pariki zikomeye kandi z'ingenzi mu Rwanda, ikaba izwi cyane cyane kubera ubwiza bw'urusobe bw[['ibinyabuzima]](inyamaswa n'ibimera) biyibonekamo.

'''Amakuru arambuye kuri pariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe:'''

Pariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe iherereye mu ntara y Uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda,mu turere twa Rusizi,Nyamasheke, Karongi, no mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'amajyepfo]] mu turere twa Nyaruguru na Nyamagabe. Iyi pariki kandi ihana urubibi na pariki ya Kibira yo mu gihugu cy''''Uburundi'''.&lt;ref&gt;parike ya nyungwe&lt;/ref&gt; Pariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe ifite ubuso bugera kuri kirometero kare igihumbi na makumyabiri ('''1,020 km²''')

'''Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima dusanga muri Pariki ya Nyungwe'''

#'''Inyamaswa'''
#*Pariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe ibungabunze urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima nk'inyamaswa z'amoko atandukanye, muri yo twavuga:Impundu(chimpanzees), [[inkima]], inyoni,isha,inzoka,intozi,inkomo...Izi nyamaswa zisurwa cyane cyane na bamukerarugendo batadndukanye bavuye iminda yose y'isi.
#*
#* [[Dosiye:Turako jp.jpg|thumb|inyoni zo muri parike ya nyungwe]]'''Inyoni:''' Parike ya Nyungwe ni imwe mu turere duhariwe n’inyoni, harimo izifite ubusitani bw'ubwoko bwihariye nka '''Lesser Swamp-Warbler''', '''Ruwenzori Batis''', na '''Grey-cheeked hornbill'''.
#* '''Imbwa zo mu ishyamba:''' Parike ya Nyungwe ni hamwe mu hantu habarizwa '''imbwa zo mu ishyamba''', kimwe mu bintu bishimishije abakerarugendo.
# '''Amateka n'Ubumenyi:'''
#* Parike ya Nyungwe ni ishyamba rya '''tropical rainforest''' rifite amateka akomeye mu buryo bw'ubuzima. Iyi parike kandi ifite agaciro gakomeye mu rwego rw’ubushakashatsi ku buzimabukorikori.
#* Nyungwe irimo ibimenyetso by’'''ubuzima gakondo''', aho haboneka ibimera byifashishwa mu buvuzi bw'abarundi n'abanyarwanda.
# '''Icyo abantu bahasura bashobora kubona:'''
#* '''Uruzi rwa Kamiranzovu:''' Aha ni ahantu hashimishije mu parike, harangwa n'ubwiza bw’inyamaswa no gucumbika muri parike.
#* '''Igishushanyo cy’Umurage wa Nyungwe:''' Hari ibikorwa byinshi by’ubukerarugendo mu parike harimo '''gusura ibyuma by’amazi,''' imisozi myinshi, ndetse no gutembera mu ishyamba.
# '''Ibikorwa by'ubukerarugendo:'''
#* Parike ya Nyungwe ni ahantu heza ho kwitabira '''gukora hiking,''' gutembera mu ishyamba, kureba inyamaswa z’inyoni ndetse no gufata amafoto y'ibyiza by'ubwiza bw'ikirere.
#* '''Nyungwe Canopy Walk:''' Iki ni igikorwa gikomeye gikurura ba mukerarugendo, aho bagenda ku muyoboro (bridge) uri hejuru mu ishyamba, bakabona amahirwe yo kureba igice kinini cya parike hejuru.
# '''Ubukungu n’Ibikorerwa mu parike:'''
#* Parike ya Nyungwe ni isoko y'ubukungu ku baturage baturiye aka gace kuko habaho ibikorwa by'ubukerarugendo, hakaba n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi mu turere twinshi two mu gice cy'ibiyaga cya Kivu.
# '''Gutanga Ubutaka n'Ubuzima Bwiza:'''
#* Parike ya Nyungwe ifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga ubutaka, cyane ko ibora umwuka mwiza ndetse ikagabanya ibikorwa byangiza ikirere.
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxobox/core</title>
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      <id>141959</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxobox iburyo: hongerwaho templatestyles Module:Infobox/styles.css (float:right)</comment>
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|-
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{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image}}}|size={{{image_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{upright|1}}}|alt={{{image_alt|}}}}}
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 |i=Group I &lt;small&gt;([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |ii=Group II &lt;small&gt;([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |iii=Group III &lt;small&gt;([[Double-stranded RNA viruses|dsRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |iv=Group IV &lt;small&gt;([[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |v=Group V &lt;small&gt;([[Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus|(−)ssRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |vi=Group VI &lt;small&gt;([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |vi/vii=Groups VI and VII
 |vii=Group VII &lt;small&gt;([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])&lt;/small&gt;

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{{#if:{{{subordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subordo|link={{{subordo}}} | auth={{{subordo_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_infraordo|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_infraordo}}} | auth={{{unranked_infraordo_authority|}}} }} }}
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{{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=zoosectio|link={{{zoosectio}}} | auth={{{zoosectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=zoosubsectio|link={{{zoosubsectio}}} | auth={{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_superfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=superfamilia|link={{{superfamilia}}} | auth={{{superfamilia_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_familia}}} | auth={{{unranked_familia_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{familia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=familia|link={{{familia}}} | auth={{{familia_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subfamilia|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subfamilia}}} | auth={{{unranked_subfamilia_authority|}}} }} }}
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{{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=supertribus|link={{{supertribus}}} | auth={{{supertribus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_tribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_tribus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{tribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=tribus|link={{{tribus}}} | auth={{{tribus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subtribus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subtribus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subtribus|link={{{subtribus}}} | auth={{{subtribus_authority|}}} }} }}
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{{#if:{{{alliance|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=alliance|link={{{alliance}}} | auth={{{alliance_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_genus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_genus}}} | auth={{{unranked_genus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{taxonomy|rank=genus|link={{{genus}}}|auth={{{genus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subgenus}}} | auth={{{unranked_subgenus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subgenus|link={{{subgenus}}} | auth={{{subgenus_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_sectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_sectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{sectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=sectio|link={{{sectio}}} | auth={{{sectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subsectio}}} | auth={{{unranked_subsectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{subsectio|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subsectio|link={{{subsectio}}} | auth={{{subsectio_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_series}}} | auth={{{unranked_series_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{series|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=series|link={{{series}}} | auth={{{series_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subseries}}} | auth={{{unranked_subseries_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{subseries|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subseries|link={{{subseries}}}|auth={{{subseries_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_species_group}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_group_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{species_group|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=species group|link={{{species_group}}} | auth={{{species_group_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=species subgroup|link={{{species_subgroup}}} | auth={{{species_subgroup_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_species_complex}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_complex_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=species complex|link={{{species_complex}}} | auth={{{species_complex_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_species}}} | auth={{{unranked_species_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{species|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=species|link={{{species}}} | auth={{{species_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{unranked_subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_subspecies}}} | auth={{{unranked_subspecies_authority|}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=subspecies|link={{{subspecies}}} | auth={{{subspecies_authority|}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=unranked|link={{{unranked_varietas|{{{unranked_variety|}}}}}} | auth={{{unranked_varietas_authority|{{{unranked_variety_authority|}}}}}} }} }}
{{#if:{{{varietas|{{{variety|}}}}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=varietas|link={{{varietas|{{{variety}}}}}} | auth={{{varietas_authority|{{{variety_authority|}}}}}}
}} }}
{{#if:{{{forma|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank=forma|link={{{forma}}} | auth={{{forma_authority|}}}
}} }}
{{#if:{{{virus_infrasp|}}}|{{taxonomy|rank={{{virus_infrasp_rank|RANK MISSING}}}|link={{{virus_infrasp}}} | auth=
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{binomial|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;{{{binomial}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{binomial_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|- style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot;
{{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[{{#switch:{{{regnum|}}}|[[Animalia]]|[[Animal]]ia|Animalia=Trinomen|[[Plantae]]|[[Plant]]ae|Plantae|[[Fungi]]|[[Fungus|Fungi]]|Fungi|[[Archaeplastida]]|Archaeplastida=Infraspecific name (botany)|Trinomial nomenclature}}|Trinomial name]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;trinomial&quot;&gt;{{{trinomial}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{trinomial_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}&quot;{{!}} [[Type genus]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_genus_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_ichnogenus|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}&quot;{{!}} [[Type genus|Type ichnogenus]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_ichnogenus}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_ichnogenus_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_oogenus|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour|}}} }}&quot;{{!}} [[Type genus|Type oogenus]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_oogenus}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_oogenus_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_species|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Type species]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_species}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_species_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_ichnospecies|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Type species|Type ichnospecies]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_ichnospecies}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_ichnospecies_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_oospecies|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Type species|Type oospecies]]
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_oospecies}}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{type_oospecies_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{type_strain|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Type strain]]{{#if:{{{type_strain_ref|}}}|{{{type_strain_ref}}}|}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{type_strain}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} {{{subdivision_ranks}}}{{{subdivision_ref|}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; {{!}}
{{{subdivision|}}}
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{{#if:{{{possible_subdivision|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} {{{possible_subdivision_ranks}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; {{!}}
{{{possible_subdivision|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{diversity|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Biodiversity|Diversity]]{{{diversity_ref|}}} {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Articles using diversity taxobox]] | }}
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#if:{{{diversity_link|}}}|[[{{{diversity_link|}}}|{{{diversity|}}}]]|{{{diversity|}}}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{range_map|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map}}}|size={{{range_map_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map_upright|}}}|{{{range_map_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map_alt|}}}}}
{{!}}-
{{#if:{{{range_map_caption|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; {{!}} {{{range_map_caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
}}
{{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{binomial2_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map2}}}|size={{{range_map2_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map2_upright|}}}|{{{range_map2_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map2_alt|}}}}}
{{!}}-
{{#if:{{{range_map2_caption|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; {{!}} {{{range_map2_caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
}}
{{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{binomial3_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{range_map3}}}|size={{{range_map3_width|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{#if:{{{range_map3_upright|}}}|{{{range_map3_upright}}}|{{{upright|1}}}}}|alt={{{range_map3_alt|}}}}}
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{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; {{!}} {{{range_map3_caption}}}
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}}
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{{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{binomial4_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
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{{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}|
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{{#if:{{{range_map4_caption|}}}|
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|-
{{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;color:inherit; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color: {{{colour}}} }}&quot; {{!}} [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]{{{synonyms_ref|}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; {{!}}
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Define any categories to be displayed on the page here:
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      <sha1>go56hum5bc7fzklmbms7apuhmzh5hca</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ururimi rwikirashi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141921</id>
      <parentid>135352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="751" sha1="qw91q2gzjx5voifqd6dtxoyyzagh93w" xml:space="preserve">ni ururimi ruvugwa murwanda cyane cyane nabaturange baturuka muturere nka kirehe,ngoma na kayonza muduce tumwe na tumwe

abaturange butu turere bavugako bamenye ikinyarwanda bari munkambi mugihugu cya tanzaniya. uru rurimi rwikirashi rwumvikana nkindimi zitandukanye zo mubihugu nka uganda (ikinyankore) tanzaniya (ikinyambo ni gihaya). ni ururimi rwumuco rwa kera mucyahoze ari  igihugu kigisaka. 

=== urugero rwikirashi ===
mukuramukanya bavuga : 1.ago mwasibana bivuze amakuru mwirirwanye

2. MUKOMIRE?  BIVUZE MURAKOMEYE? &lt;ref&gt;[https://muhaziyacu.rw/umuco/abakoresha-ururimi-rwikirashi-bafite-impungenge-ko-rushobora-kuzima/ Abakoresha ururimi rw’Ikirashi bafite impungenge ko rushobora kuzima – MUHAZIYACU]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Artificial Intelligence</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142007</id>
      <parentid>123104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:44:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="ptb8cyjuf4n8c1gcbm97q033o1pqqe4" xml:space="preserve">== &lt;big&gt;Ubwenge bu hangano&lt;/big&gt; ==
Bivuga ukugereranwa n'ubwenge bw'umuntu mu mashini hakoreshejwe porogaramu zo zigisha gukora nk'umuntu (kwiga no gutekereza nk'umuntu  &lt;ref&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=artificial+intelligence&amp;oq=Artif&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqCggBEAAYsQMYgAQyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABixAxiABDIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABNIBCTk4MzY1ajBqN6gCALACAA&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibice by'ingenzi bikoze AI &lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence&lt;/ref&gt; ==

# Amakuru (Data) 
# Imikoreshereze ya mudasobwa (Algorithms)
# Imikoreshereze ya mudasobwa (Machine learning and Deep learning)

AMASHAKIRO</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cederberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142061</id>
      <parentid>139340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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Cederberg n'imisozi itangaje cyane, imisozi igera kuri kilometero 200 (200km) mu majyaruguru ya Cape town.[https://www.nature-reserve.co.za/south-africa-info-cederberg.html]
Imisozi ya Cederberg igera kuri 50km amajyaruguru - amajyepfo na 20km iburasirazuba - iburengerazuba. Bahana imbibi n'iburengerazuba na Sandveld, amajyaruguru n'imisozi ya Pakhuis, iburasirazuba n'amasoko ya Springbok n'amajyepfo n'imisozi ya Kouebokkeveld na Skurweberge. Umuhanda munini winjira,N7, ugana iburengerazuba bwurwego. Imijyi yegeranye ni Citrusdal mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba na Clanwilliam mu majyaruguru. Agace gatuwe cyane.

Hariho imisozi myinshi izwi muriyo harimo Sneeuberg (2026m) na Tafelberg (1969m). Tafelberg ([[Ikinyafurikansi|Afrikaans]] ya &quot;Umusozi wameza&quot;) ntigomba kwitiranywa n'umusozi w'ameza  muri Cape Town. Ahantu nyaburanga hagaragara harimo umusaraba wa Maltese, Wolfberg Arch na Wolfberg Cracks.

Ikiranga ako gace gisobanuwe neza n'amabuye y'umucanga, akenshi ritukura mu mabara. Iri tsinda ryibitare ririmo imirongo ya shale  kandi mu myaka yashize havumbuwe ibintu  bike by,ingenzi byavumbuwe muri ibyo byiciro. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima ni amafi ya mbere kandi byatangiye kuva miliyoni 450 kuva mugihe cya Ordovic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie Gosling |date=10 May 2005 |title=Fossilised fish 'ancestor' found in Cederberg |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=14&amp;click_id=143&amp;art_id=vn20050510071344218C153391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525043216/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=14&amp;click_id=143&amp;art_id=vn20050510071344218C153391 |archive-date=25 May 2005 |website=[[Cape Times]] |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima ==
Ibimera byiganjemo ni Mediterranean fynbos  mu bishanga byo mu majyepfo no mu burengerazuba, bigahinduka igice cy’ubutayu mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba.imyerezi ya Clanwilliam iri mu kaga(''Widdringtonia wallichii'') yo mu muryango Cupressaceae  hamwe na protea ya shelegi(''Protea cryophila'') ya Proteaceae yanduye muri kariya gace, iboneka gusa mu turere twa kure cyane hejuru y’imisozi.

Inyamanswa zo muri ako gace ni feids ingwe (''Panthera pardus'') na caracal(''Caracal caracal''). Izindi nyamabere zirimo hyrax  (''Procavia capensis'') cyangwa &quot;dassie&quot;, meerkats (''Suricata suricatta'') n'izindi mongoose(Herpestidae), antelopes nini''(urugero'' :bontebok Damaliscus ''pygargus dorcas'' na gemsbok ''Oryx'' ''gazella'') Hariho kandi inyoni nyinshi, [[inyamaswa]] z’inyamabere nto, ibikururuka hasi n'udukoko.

Andi moko yugarijwe aboneka mu gace k'ubutayu bwa Cederberg harimo cyprinide Clanwilliam y'umuhondo (''Labeobarbus capensis'', abatishoboye), Clanwiliam redfin(''Barbus calidus'',abatishoboye) na sawfin (''Barbus serra'', iri mu kaga).

== Ibikorwa byabantu ==

=== Amateka ===
Mu buvumo no hejuru y’akarere kose, ibihangano bya San rock  birashobora kuboneka, gihamya y'abantu ba mbere b'abantu. Gutura mu Burayi byazanye amashyamba n’ubuhinzi bumwe na bumwe, bituma hasenywa cyane ibiti by'amasederi byaho, ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bitemwa ku nkingi za telefone, ibikoresho byo mu nzu ndetse n'amazu. Kugera kwi Burayi kwanatumye abaturage ba San bakurwaho. Mu majyaruguru,sitasiyo  ya kera ya Moraviya ya Wupperthal iracyahari, umutima w’umuryango muto uhinga, kandi ubamo inganda zaho zitanga ''veldskoene'', inkweto gakondo zoroshye.

Birashoboka ko Cederberg yari ikibuga cy'amajyepfo cy'intambara ya kabiri ya Boer. Itsinda rito ry'inyeshyamba za Boer ryinjiye muri kariya gace kuva muri repubulika ya Boer, mu bilometero amagana ugana mu majyaruguru, bizeye ko bazatera inkunga abaturage benshi mu bahinzi baho bakomoka mu Buholandi. Muri ibyo barananiwe; abahinzi bashobora kuba badafite impuhwe nke zo kubongereza ariko bari bafite imyumvire iboneye n'inde uzatsinda intambara. Bavuga ko abakomando ba Boer bahuye na Cederberg n'umwongereza wenyine, abategeka kwiyegurira. Baramusetse, kuko yari umwe kandi bari benshi kandi bagerageza kumutekerezaho, berekana ibyiringiro by'umwanya we. Yanze gusubira inyuma arangije arashwe. Aho yaguye ubu yitwa ''Engelsmanskloof'' (&quot;Ikibaya cy'umwongereza&quot;).

=== Ubuhinzi ===
Ubutaka bwo guhinga  bugarukira ku butumburuke, ikirere cyumutse, hamwe n'ubutaka bw'amabuye, kandi imirima mike irahari. [[Icyayi]] cya Rooibos nicyo gihugu kizwi cyane cyoherezwa mu mahanga, nubwo imbuto n'itabi nabyo bisarurwa mu mirima imwe n'imwe. Agace ka Cederberg karimo divayi imwe, hejuru muri Afrika yepfo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cederberg Wines – Award-winning wines from high-altitude vineyards. |url=https://www.cederbergwine.com/ |website=cederbergwine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hafi yakarere ka Wupperthal hari imirima myinshi itunzwe. Ibihingwa bimwe na bimwe [[Umubunda (pinusi)|by'ubucuruzi]] biguma hafi ya sitasiyo y’amashyamba ya [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]]. Proteas n'ibindi bimera bya fynbos  nabyo birahingwa. Imirima itari mike yahindutse abashyitsi benshi bigaburira isoko ry'ubukerarugendo bwaho ndetse n’amahanga.

=== Ubukerarugendo ===
Nka gace k'ubutayu, ibikorwa byibanze ni ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku bidukikije, harimo gukambika,kuzamuka urutare no gutembera. Inkambi nkuru, Alijeriya, ikorwa na CapeNature, mu gihe izindi nka Sanddrif, Driehoek, Jamaka na Kromrivier zikorera ku giti cyabo kandi zigashinga Cedarberg Conservancy, ishyirahamwe ku bushake bwa ba nyir'ubutaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cederberg Conservancy |url=https://www.cederberg.co.za/about |access-date=6 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cederberg izwi cyane kubera ubwiza bw'inzira zo kuzamuka ku rutare cyane cyane izengurutse impinga ya Krakadouw na Tafelberg. Imeza Umusozi Sandstone ikora ibintu byiza byinzira zidasanzwe. Hariho urugendo rwinshi n'ijoro harimo ibyamamare kandi bitangaje bya Wolfberg Arch, Wolfberg Cracks na Maltese Cross.

Aka gace kandi karimo indorerezi y’inyenyeri yikunda, ikunze kwakira n'imugoroba ifunguye k'ubantu rusange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cederberg Astronomical Observatory |url=https://www.cederbergobs.org.za/ |website=cederbergobs.org.za |access-date=2025-07-26 |archive-date=2024-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113153/https://www.cederbergobs.org.za/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hariho inzira zitandukanye 4x4.

Agace kanini ko mu majyaruguru ya Cederberg gafite Itorero rya Moraviya. Umudugudu wuzuye wa Wuperthal ugizwe n'inzira ya misiyoni itanga abashyitsi uburyo bushimishije bw'ubuzima bwo mu cyaro. Umudugudu kandi n'ikigo kizwi cyane cyakozwe n'intoki zikozwe mu ruhu n'inkweto. Imwe muri &quot;buite stasies&quot; (bisobanurwa mu buryo butaziguye nka sitasiyo yo hanze) ni Heuningvlei, agace gato keza cyane kari mu nzira yo gutunganya inzira y'amagare y'indogobe kuva mu mpinga ya Pakhuis Pass kugera mu mudugudu. Uyu mushinga wo kurwanya ubukene uterwa inkunga n’ishami rishinzwe ibidukikije n’ubukerarugendo, urimo gushiraho amacumbi y’ibikapu, ubusitani bw’ibimera n’andi masoko atandukanye y’ubukerarugendo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cederberg Heritage Route |url=http://www.cedheroute.co.za/ |access-date=7 January 2019 |website=cedheroute.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Iterambere ry'abari n'abategarugori mu Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="3720" sha1="f8d52s1dts65tieb1a8pgctf243hwde" xml:space="preserve">Mu  myaka yo hambere  mbere yuko abazungu baza mu Rwanda(mu kinyejana cya 19) sosiyete y'U Rwanda yari ishingiye ku muryango wa patriarkiya(ugenderaho ku butware bw'abagabo) aho Abagore bafatwaga nk'abantu bagomba kubahwa ariko batari bafite uburenganzira bwinshi ku bijyanye n'ifata-rwanzuro, Bari bashinzwe cyane imirimo yo mu rugo kurera n'ubuhinzi ariko nta bureganzira bwo kuragwa ku matungo cyangwa gufata ibyemezo bikomeye mu muryango. Abagore bake bonyine nibo bashoboraga kubona agaciro kenshi iyo bari abavuzi,abahanuzi, cyangwa ababyeyi b'abami.

Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'abadage n'ababiligi (1890s-1959) byarushijeho kudindiza abagore (abakoloni bashyizeho ubuyobozi bushingiye ku bagabo gusa, bityo  abagore barirengagizwa mu nzego zose, ishuri ryatangiriye ku bahungu abakobwa n'abagore ntibigeze bahabwa amahirwe yo kwiga, nta burenganzira bwo gutora, gutunga ubutaka cyangwa se kwiyamamaza mu nzego) .

Mu gihe cya Repubuika ya mbere niya kabiri(1962-1994) habonetse intambwe ya mbere y'impinduka:

* 1960s-1980s; Guverinoma ya kayibanda na Habyarimana yatanze uburezi ku bagore ku rugero ruto.
* 1975: U Rwanda rwitabiriye bwa mbere Umwaka mpuzamahanga w'abagore washyizweho na Loni, bigaragaza ko hari ubushake bwo gutangira kubazirirkana.
* Habayeho imiryango y'abagore nka Union des Femmes Rwandaises n'izindi zashinzwe, ariko zagendaga zikora gusaku bijyanye n'uburere bwiza n'ubuzima, si ku bibazo by'uburenganzira.
* Ariko abagore ntibari mu myanya y'ubuyobozi: poitiki, ubukungu n'ubucuruzi byagumye ari iby'abagabo.
* Muri rusange, nubwo hari intambwe nkeya zatewe ntampinduka zifatika zabaye mu bijyanye n'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'abagore.

Iterambere nyuma ya 1994, iki nicyo gihe  cy'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'abari n'abategarugori ubwo Guverinoma y'U Rwanda(FPR Inkotanyi) yashyizeho gahunda zikomeye:

* Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2003 ryashyizeho ko 30% by'inzego zose zigomba kugira abagore.
* Hashyizweho MINFRA(Minisiteri y'uburinganire), hamwe n'ama &quot; Gender Monitoring Offices&quot; agamije  gukurikirana ibirebana n'abagore n'abakobwa.
* Abagore batangiye kwigishwa uburenganzira bwabo, guhabwa amahugurwa, gutangirwa inguzanyo.

== Amavugururwa ==

* Amategeko mashya yemeje ko Abagore bashobora kuragwa, gutunga ubutaka no gufata ibyemezo mu muryango.
* Kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina byashyizwe mu mategeko'
* Hatangiye kubakwa gahunda zo kwigisha abakobwa ikoranabuhanga, guhugura abacuruzi b'abagore no kubafasha kwinjira mu masoko.

U Rwanda rufatwa nk'ikitegererezo ku isi kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugeza ubu. U Rwanda rufatwa nk'igihugu cya mbere  muri Afurika  n'isi mu gushyigikira iterambere ry'abagore:

* Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ifite abagore barenga 60% aricyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi.
* Abagore bari mu butegetsi bw'igihugu, ubucuruzi, uburezi, ikoranabuhanga n'ubuvuzi.
* hari ibigo byita ku bagore byabaye intangarugero nka; 

# Isange one stop center (ku bahohotewe)
# Women for women Rwanda
# Akilah institute, FAWE Rwanda, n'ibindi bigo byigisha abakobwa.

Kera Abagore babaga mu muryango utegekwa n'abagabo badafite ijambo ariko ubu Abari n'Abategarugori bari mu myanya y'ubuyobozi, bashyigikiwe n'amategeko n'imishinga.

Nta burenganzira bwo gutunga, kwiga cyangwa kuyobora ariko ubu iterambere ryabo ryahindutse rishingiye kuri olitiki y'uburinganire, amavugurura y'amategeko n'uruhare rwabo mu kubaka igihugu.

== Amashakiro ==
https://www.gmo.gov.rw/

https://www.statistics.gov.rw/statistical-publications/gender-and-youth/gender/national-gender-statistics-report-2024

https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/rwanda

https://rwandadispatch.com/empowering-rwandas-future-how-gender-equality-is-shaping-a-sustainable-society/</text>
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    <title>Umugezi wa Ada Foah</title>
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      <text bytes="5012" sha1="c1u0c63zg5eb6pscvojqhnvwwp5cvrb" xml:space="preserve">'''Ada Foah''' ni umujyi uri ku nkombe y’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa [[Gana]], aho uruzi rwa Volta ruhurira n'inyanja ya Atalantika. Umujyi uherereye hafi yumugezi wa Volta, hafi yumuhanda wa [[Accra]] - Aflao. Azwiho kuba ku nkombe z'ibirwa, Ada Foah ni n'umurwa mukuru w'akarere ka Ada y'Iburasirazuba (ahahoze hitwa Dangme y'Iburasirazuba) n'icyicaro cy'Inteko y'Akarere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ada East |url=http://ghanadistricts.com/About-District-Details.aspx?distID=105&amp;distName=Ada%20East |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225123/http://ghanadistricts.com/About-District-Details.aspx?distID=105&amp;distName=Ada%20East |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=Ghana Districts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Ubukoloni bw’Abaholandi muri Ada mu kinyejana cya 16 bwabonye iterambere ry’ubucuruzi mu 1775. Izina &quot;Foah&quot; ryakomotse ku ijambo Fort, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Field Notes {{!}} Nature, Spirit and Climate Change in Ghana. |url=https://fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org/expedition/alongthevoltainghana |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nko mu 1783, Fork Kongenstein  yubatswe n’Abaholandi kandi ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Transatlantike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Field Notes {{!}} Nature, Spirit and Climate Change in Ghana. |url=https://fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org/expedition/alongthevoltainghana |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Igihome cyaguzwe n'abongereza ku ya 15 Werurwe 1850. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-02 |title=Ghana Museums &amp; Monuments Board |url=http://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/fort-kongenstein.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502123739/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/fort-kongenstein.php |archive-date=2 May 2012 |access-date=2023-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Gusa ibimenyetso bya Fort Kongenstein tubisanga muri Ada,mukarere ka Greater Accra. Icyambu cya Ada giherereye ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Volta. aho abantu babaga bagurishirizazwe bakoherezwa muri [[Amerika]] banyuze muri iki gihome nk'abacakara. Igihome cyazimye hafi yinyanja kandi kirasenyuka, buhoro buhoro cyoza inyubako yahoze ari gereza mu nyanja. &lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fort Kongenstein, Ada |url=http://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/fort-kongenstein.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502123739/http://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/fort-kongenstein.php |archive-date=2 May 2012 |access-date=12 January 2014 |publisher=ghanamuseums.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; izamuka ry’amazi rikomeje kubangamira inkombe n’abaturage baho, kubaka urukuta rwo kurinda inyanja birizera ko bizahagarika iri terambere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=As rising seas destroy Ghana's coastal communities, researchers warn against a seawall-only solution |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/03/as-rising-seas-destroy-ghanas-coastal-communities-researchers-warn-against-a-seawall-only-solution/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Field Notes {{!}} Nature, Spirit and Climate Change in Ghana. |url=https://fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org/expedition/alongthevoltainghana |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=fieldnotes.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubutegetsi bw'abakoroni bw'abongereza bwashyizweho mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Gucuruza n'Abanyaburayi mu bucuruzi bw'abacakara barengana, Ada yabaye isoko rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara mu byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubucuruzi bwabacakara bumaze kuvaho, Dangmes yacuruzaga ibicuruzwa byamashyamba yo muri Afrika yo mu turere dushyuha (cyane cyane amavuta yintoki, intoki za palm na rubber). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ubukerarugendo bw'Ada Foah ==
Ada Foah ni ikigo cy’ubukerarugendo mu Karere ka Ada iburasirazuba hamwe n’inyanja zacyo,Inkombe n’ibikurura mukerarugendo na serivisi. Numugezi n'inyanja, Ada Foah azwiho siporo yo mazi nko koga, ubwato, kuroba hamwe n'ubwato. Inkombe z'umugezi ahanini zifunzwe na chalets z'ibiruhuko kuko abantu benshi baturutse [[Accra|i Accra]] bakoresha aho hantu nka weekend. Hariho icyambu n'ubwato ku nkombe z'umugezi aho amato ashobora gukodeshwa kugira ngo akore ingendo azenguruka ibirwa byo mu ruzi. Club ya Sailing Club, iherereye ku mugezi wa Volta, yugururiwe abanyamuryango gusa.

== Ubumenyi bw'isi ==

=== Ikirere ===
Ubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha buri kwezi bivuze ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 18° C (64° F) muri buri kwezi kwumwaka kandi mubisanzwe byitwa igihe cyizuba, ukwezi kwumutse kugusha imvura itageze kuri 60mm (2.36in) y'imvura.Ikirere cya Koppen cyerekana ubwoko bwikirere ni Aw, ikirere gishyuha cya savanna.

== Amashakiro ==</text>
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    <title>Cyrene, Libiya</title>
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'''Cyrene''', yiswe '''Kyrene''', yari ubukoloni bwa kera bw'Abagereki n'umujyi w'Abaroma hafi ya Shahhat y'ubu mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Libiya]] muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru. Wari igice cya Pentapolis, itsinda ry'ingenzi ry'imijyi itanu yo mukarere, kandi ryahaye ako gace izina rya kera na kera rya Cyrenaica.

Cyrene iryamye k'umusozi wa Jebel Akhdar. Ibisigazwa by'ubucukuzi bwa hegitari nyinshi kandi birimo insengero nyinshi zubatswe, stoas, theatre, ubwiherero, amatorero, hamwe n’amazu ya palasitike. Umujyi ukikijwe na Necropolis ya Cyrene. Kuva mu 1982, ni Umurage w’isi wa UNESCO. Icyambu cy'umujyi cyari Apolloniya (Marsa Sousa), giherereye nko mu {{Convert|10|mi|km|order=flip}} mu majyaruguru.

Uyu mujyi witiriwe Apollo na etymom  w'icyamamare, Cyrene n'Abagereki ubwabo ariko birashoboka ko byakoronijwe n'abimukira baturutse I Thera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya karindwi mbere ya Yesu. Mu mizo ya mbere yategekwaga n'ingoma y'abami yitwa Battiads, bakize kandi bakomeye bitewe n'imivumba yagiye ikurikirana y'abinjira n'abasohoka no kohereza amafarashi na silifium, n'ibihingwa by’imiti. Mu kinyejana cya gatanu mbere ya Yesu, bari bamaze kwagura indi mijyi ya Cyrenaica. Yabaye icyicaro cya cyrenaics, ishuri rya filozofiya mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yesu, ryashinzwe na Aristippus, umwigishwa wa Sokalate. Mu gihe cy'Abagiriki, umujyi wasimburanaga hagati yo kuba mu [[Misiri]] ya Ptolémée n'umurwa mukuru w'ubwami bwigenga. Wari kandi ihuriro rikomeye [[Kiyahudi (Judaism)|ry'Abayahudi]]. Mu mwaka wa  96 mbere ya Yesu, yanyuze muri repubulika y'abaroma ihinduka igice cy'intara ya kirete na cyrenaica. Umujyi washenywe n’abarwanyi b'Abayahudi mu mwaka wa 115 nyuma ya Yesu mu gihe cyo kwigomeka kw'abadiaspola, kandi wubatswe buhoro mu kinyejana cyakurikiyeho. Umutingito wabaye mu 262 na 365 washenye umujyi, ariko gutura bimwe byakomeje mu gihe cya mbere cya Byzantine ndetse n’abayisilamu bigarurira Maghreb mu 642, nyuma y’aho hantu haratereranwa kugeza hashyizweho ikigo cya gisirikare cy’[[Ubutaliyani]] kuri icyo kibanza mu 1913. Ubucukuzi burakomeje kuva icyo gihe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/21-World-Heritage-Sites-you-have-probably-never-heard-of/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Abantu babaye muri Cyrenaica kuva muri Palaeolithic. hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byo gutura mu buvumo buri munsi ya Acropolis ishobora kubanziriza gutura mu [[Ubugereki|Bugereki]]. Birashoboka koabanya Mino na Mycenaeans basuye Cyrene mu gihe cya Bronze, kubera ko iri mu nzira yoroshye yo mu nyanja iva muri Aegean yerekeza muri Egiputa, ariko ibimenyetso byonyine bya kera byerekana ko ibyo ari ibintu bitandukanye byavumbuwe ku gicaniro gito cya Minoan hamwe n'ikidodo cya Minoan, gishobora kuba cyarazanywe nyuma. 

=== Urufatiro ===
Umugani w'Abagereki wanditswe bwa mbere na Pindar mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya gatanu mbere ya Yesu uvuga ko imana Apollo yakunze umuhigi Cyrene ikamuzana muri Libiya, ari naho yabyariye umuhungu Aristaeus.Imigenzo y’amateka y’Abagereki, yavuzwe mu ''mateka'' ya Herodote no mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yesu yabonetse I Cyrene, ivuga ko itsinda ry’Abagereki ba Cretan, birukanwe muri Sparta maze batura ku kirwa cya Thera, bashinze Cyrene mu mwaka wa 631 mbere ya Yesu, bayobowe na Battus wa mbere, babisabwe na Oracle ya Delphi. Imigenzo imwe n'imwe ivuga ko abimukira bavuye IThera kubera inzara, abandi kubera intambara y'abenegihugu. benshi bavuga ko abakoloni babanje gutura ku kirwa cya Aziris (iburasirazuba bwa Derna) mbere yo kwimukira I Cyrene.Amateka y'izi nkuru ntashidikanywaho,  cyane igitekerezo cy'uko Thera yari &quot;umujyi wa nyina wa Cyrene&quot; wenyine. Umubano n'indi mijyi, nka Sparta na Samos,uvugwa mu nkuru zifatizo, nturamenyekana. 

Ibimenyetso by'ubucukuzi bwakuwe muri icyo kibanza, cyane cyane ibisigazwa by’ubutaka, byemeza ko gutura mu Bugereki byatangiye hagati mu kinyejana cya karindwi mbere ya Yesu. Ububumbyi bwa mbere bukomoka kuri Thera, Sparta, na Samos, ariko na Rhodes. Agace ka mbere ko guturamo kari umusozi urambuye iburasirazuba kuva Acropolis kugera Agora, ariko umujyi wagutse vuba mu burasirazuba. Ubuturo bwera bwa Apollo mu majyaruguru ya Acropolis, I Demeter mu majyepfo, na Zewusi mu burasirazuba byose bisubira mu cya karindwi cyangwa icya gatandatu mbere ya Yesu. Ubucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bwerekana ko ahandi hantu henshi muri Cyrenaica, nka Apolloniya, Euesperides, na Taucheira  byatuwe icyarimwe na Cyrene.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

# https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/21-World-Heritage-Sites-you-have-probably-never-heard-of/</text>
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    <title>Ikibaya cya Mambilla</title>
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      <text bytes="5623" sha1="4oo2c1b18g35omt6skbnlrzxrnr8t1r" xml:space="preserve">'''Ikibaya cya Mambilla''' ni ikibaya muri giherereye muri Leta ya Taraba ya [[Nijeriya]]. Ikibaya cya Mambilla gifite impuzandengo ya {{Convert|1600|m|ft|0}} hejuru y'inyanja, ikagira ikibaya kinini muri Nijeriya.  imwe mu midugudu yacyo iherereye ku misozi ifite byibura {{Convert|1828|m|ft|0}} hejuru yinyanja.  Imisozi imwe yo mubibaya no hafi yayo ni {{Convert|2000|m|ft|0}} nimuremure, nka Gang cyangwa Chappal Waddi ifite uburebure bwa {{Convert|2419|m|ft|0}} hejuru y'inyanja. N'umusozi muremure muri Nijeriya  no muri Afrika y'uburengerazuba. Ikibaya cya Mambilla gipima hafi {{Convert|96|km|mi|abbr=on}} ku burebure bwacyo bugoramye; ni {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} ubugari kandi bugarukira kuri escarpment igera kuri {{Convert|900|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} hejuru ahantu hamwe. Ikibaya gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero  {{Convert|9389|km2|mi2|0}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mac Leva |first=Fidelis |date=20 May 2007 |title=Nigeria: Myths and Wonders of Mambilla Plateau |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200705210853.html |website=www.allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubumenyi bw'isi ==
Ikibaya cya Mambilla giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Leta ya Taraba muri Nijeriya munsi y’ubutegetsi bw’ibanze bwa Sardauna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MAMBILLA PLATEAU – Nigeria Online Tourism Magazine |url=http://www.goodlife.com.ng/gltourism.php?gltourism=read&amp;id=100 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |website=www.goodlife.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibaya cya Mambilla ni kamwe mu turere twinshi two muri leta ya Taraba. Hano hari imijyi myinshi kuri plateau, nini ya Gembu. Ikibaya gifite ibice byacyo byo mu majyepfo no mu burasirazuba bihagaze ku mupaka wa [[Kameruni]], mu gihe ibisigaye byo mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bwabyo biri muri Nijeriya. Ikibaya cya Mambilla gifite imisozi miremire cyane, ni ikibaya gifite inzira nyabagendwa Ikibaya gitwikirijwe n'imisozi n'ubutaka hamwe na granite rimwe na rimwe. Ikibaya cyatandukanijwe ninzuzi nyinshi, cyane cyane uruzi rwa Donga n’umugezi wa Taraba, byombi bifite amasoko kuri / kuva mu  Mambilla.

== Imiterere ya Mambilla ==
Ibimera byo mu kibaya bigizwe n’ibyatsi bito kandi ibiti bidahari bigaragara ko usibye amashyamba byatewe n'abantu aho ryatewe n’abakoloni b’Abadage mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abadage bayoboye Kameruni (nko mu 1906-1915) hamwe na gahunda za leta zo muri Nigeriya zo gutera ibiti. harimo ibimera ni cyatsi gito, cya mahmal gisa nicyatsi kizwi hano nka nyakatsi &quot;gwur&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143400/http://www.goodlife.com.ng/gltourism.php?gltourism=read&amp;id=58&lt;/ref&gt;Ni ikirango gikomeye cy'imihango y'idini gakondo. Ikibaya nicyo karere cyonyine cya Nijeriya gikura [[Icyayi|igihingwa cyicyayi]] ku rugero runini kandi hari imirima myinshi yicyayi, nubwo umurenge wo murako gace utaratera imbere. Ikaba kandi ibamo parike y’igihugu ya Gashaka Gumti, ikaba ari parike nini, n’akarere karinzwe muri Nijeriya yose, ndetse n’ishyamba rya Majang rizwi ku izina rya Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, ryombi rikaba rifite ibimera bidasanzwe kandi byangirika by’ibimera byo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba / Hagati ndetse n’ubwoko bw’inyamaswa byanduye muri ako karere.

Igiti cya eucalyptus nicyo giti cy'iganje kitiriwe eucalyptus uyu mugabo wakoze amashyamba biturutse ku guhuza byoroshye n’igiti cya eucalyptus ku burebure hamwe n’imiterere ikonje y’ikirere no mu kibaya. Ubwinshi bw'ibyatsi bitoshye ku kibaya byakwegereye byakuruye [[inka]] nyinshi ziza kuharishiriza, kuva mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bw'Ubwongereza bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku bimera byo mu kibaya. Ibi byaviriyemo kurisha cyane no gutwarwa n’isuri ku kibaya kandi byateje ibibazo hagati y’abashumba b’inka, bitwa Fulanis n’abasangwabutaka, Mambila.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/200705210853.html&lt;/ref&gt;

ikibaya cya Mambilla gifite umwimerere, kandi kitiriwe abaturage bo murako gace. abaturage ba Mambilla. Agacegafite ubuso bwa 60.000 km2 ka Mambilla gahana imbibi n’umupaka hano byagaragaye ko karimo ibisigisigi bya &quot;Bantu bagumye mu rugo&quot; kuko igice kinini cy’abavuga Bantu bimukiye mu karere (reba kwaguka kwa Bantu).&lt;ref&gt;https://jeetbuzz.win/en/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kuva Abongereza bahigarurira na nyuma yaho, habaye abimukira mu yandi matsinda arimo Yamba, Fulani n'imiryango y'ubucuruzi ya Igbo, Wimbum (Kambu), Hausa na Banso. Muri bo, Yamba yonyine niyo yashinze imidugudu igera kuri 4 imaze kwimuka. Abandi baturage bashya binjiye ntibasaba ubutaka bwa basekuruza, ahubwo ni abimukira cyangwa abimukira mu kazi badafite imidugudu ya kera cyangwa abakurambere babo. Imidugudu yose ya Banso na Kambu (Wimbum) igomba kuboneka muri Repubulika ya Kameruni gusa, igiye iri kure cyane y'umupaka wa Nigeriya. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/mambilla-hydropower-project-nigeria/&lt;/ref&gt;Umubare munini wabaturage ba Mambilla Plateau bavuga Mambilla nkururimi rwabo rwa kavukire arirwo rwa mbere. Icyongereza ni ururimi rwemewe muri iki gihe, mu gihe Fulfulde (ururimi rwa Fulani, rwatangijwe mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]]) yakoreshejwe nk'ururimi rw'ubucuruzi mu bihe bya none.

Ubukirisitu n'Ubuyisilamu ni amadini akomeye muri iki gihe, amaze kwimika buhoro buhoro Iyobokamana gakondo rya Mambilla ryari rishingiye kuri [[Sùu system|gahunda ya Suu]], iryo rikaba ariryo dini ryiganje mbere yuko haza abamisiyonari b'Abakristo (guhera mu myaka ya za 1920) hamwe na Hausa na Wawa. Aya madini mashya yagaragaye cyane nyuma y'imyaka ya za 1960.&lt;ref&gt;https://zainabokino.blogspot.com/2010/09/mambilla-plateau-tarabas-unexploited.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Abantu ba Mambila
* Ishyamba rya Ngel Nyaki
* Kwagura Bantu

== Reba ==</text>
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    <title>Pariki y'igihugu ya Chambi</title>
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      <id>141980</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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Pariki y'igihugu ya Djebel Chambi muri guverineri ya Kasserine muri [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]]. iyi parike iherereye mu burengerazuba hagati mu gihugu, parike yegereye umupaka na [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]]. irinda ibimera n’ibinyabuzima bikikije umusozi wa Chambi (''Djebel Chambi''), umusozi muremure (1.544m hejuru y’inyanja) muri Tuniziya.&lt;ref&gt;https://archiqoo.com/categories/nature_reserves_sub_lists.php?subsite=chambi_national_park&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://film-fixers.com/filming-in-chambi-national-park-tunisia/&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyi parike iri mu mashyamba ya Mont de Tebessa azenguruka ako gace kuva Kasserine kugera ku mupaka wa Alijeriya. Parike ntizifite imigezi ihoraho, ariko ni imwe muza gaze ya Cuvier iri mu kaga ndetse n’inzu y’intama za Barbary zitishoboye. Iyi pariki kandi niho hari ubuzima bw’ibimera &lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=gen&amp;code=TUN+02 Djebel Chambi Biosphere Reserve Information] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403170747/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=gen&amp;code=TUN+02 Archived], UNESCO MAP Biosphere Reserves Directory&lt;/ref&gt; (holm oak na Cotoneaster [[Egyptian vulture|nummularia]], pinusi ya Aleppo, na Stipa tenacissima)&lt;ref&gt;https://tripomatic.com/en/poi/mount-chambi-national-park-poi:8860&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1970, hashyizweho hegitare 300 (740 acre) izitiriwe uruzitiro rwo kurinda gazel ya Cuvier.Mu 1977, parike n’akarere kayikikije byagizwe ikigega cy’ibinyabuzima cya UNESCO. Parike {{Convert|6723|ha|acre|adj=on}} yashinzwe nka parike yo mu gihugu&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153230/http://www.tunitrip.com/en/item/le-parc-national-chaambi/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Remera, Kigali</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3971" sha1="m0u4glli9gd0rw7nmudcqkl5tzbd4ar" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement}}'''Remera''' ni umwe mu [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Mirenge]] 15 yo mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] mu murwa mukuru wa [[Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]].

== Ubumenyi bw'isi ==
Remera ifite ubuso bwa 7.3 km² kandi iherereye ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,450 &lt;ref name=&quot;citypopulation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ruanda: Gliederung in Sektoren |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/de/rwanda/sector/admin/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=citypopulation.de |language=de}}
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;geonames&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Remera |url=https://www.geonames.org/11186561/remera.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=[[GeoNames]] |language=en}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Umurenge wa Remera ugabanijwemo selile enye: [[Rukiri I]], [[Rukiri II]], [[Nyabisindu (Remera)|Nyabisindu]] na [[Kigali|Nyarutarama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gasabo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Menya Gasabo |url=https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=gasabo.gov.rw |language=rw}}
&lt;/ref&gt;  Imirenge ituranye ni Kinyinya mu majyaruguru, [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Kimironko]] mu burasirazuba, [[Umurenge wa Niboye|Niboye]] mu majyepfo, [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]] mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, [[Kimihurura]] mu burengerazuba na [[Umurenge wa Kacyiru|Kacyiru]] mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-umuturage-yageneye-umurenge-wa-remera-imodoka&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mapcarta.com/W177860304&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;citypopulation&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-20 |title=Remera-Kisimenti booming : un nouveau centre d’affaires hyperactif à Kigali |url=https://fr.igihe.com/remera-kisimenti-booming-un-nouveau-centre-d.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-10-08 |title=Gasabo : De fortes mesures de sécurité ont été prises dans le secteur de Remera |url=https://fr.igihe.com/gasabo-de-fortes-mesures-de-securite-ont-ete.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demokarasi ==
Ibarura ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2022, abaturage bari 38.648. Imyaka icumi mbere yaho, yari 43.279, ibyo bikaba bingana no kugabanuka kw'abaturage buri mwaka 1,1% hagati ya 2012 na 2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;citypopulation&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nisr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=RPHC5 - District Profile - Gasabo |url=https://statistics.gov.rw/publication/rphc5-district-profile-gasabo |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |language=en}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umuco ==
Igice cya Rukiri II cy'umurenge, kirimo [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] na [[Kigali BK Arena|BK Arena]], kibamo ibikoresho binini by'imikino i Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abaturiye-stade-amahoro-bahawe-igihe-ntarengwa-cyo-kuvugurura-inyubako-zabo&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;geonames&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Le Gouvernement lance un nouveau projet de relogement à Nyabisindu |url=https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621230655/https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Le Gouvernement lance un nouveau projet de relogement à Nyabisindu |url=https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621230655/https://fr.igihe.com/Le-Gouvernement-lance-un-nouveau-projet-de-relogement-a-Nyabisindu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KASSIM YUSSUF |date=27 OCT 2022 |title=Le Rwanda se dote d’un stade ultra moderne d’ici 2024 |url=https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Le-Rwanda-se-dote-dun-stade-ultra-moderne-dici-2024 |website=RBA |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dominique Habimana</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1828" sha1="devded7jspk9txpekk2pyj1o7fs2arb" xml:space="preserve">* '''Habimana Dominique''' Yagizwe mininsitiri w'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu kuwa 24 Nyakanga 2025 Asimbuye muri izo Nshingano  Dr Mugenzi Patrce  
* Dominoque wagizwe minisiriti ni umwe mu bayobozi  bafite ibigwi bikomeye mu miyoborere no mu nzengo mpuzamahanga zita ku iterambere 
* Amashuri yize  [https://www.minaloc.gov.rw/news-detail/dominique-habimana-assumes-office-as-new-minister-of-local-government-from-dr-mugenzi]

== Amashuri yize ==
Bachelors  mu Mibereho y'abaturage (Social Science) yakuye muri ULK Kigali

Masters Degree mu iterambere  (Development Studie) yakuye muri ULK Kigali

Masters Degree  mu gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage. Yakuye muri Geneva Graduate Institute 

== Ahandi yakoze ==
GIZ Rwanda

Icyiko cy'abasuwisi gishinzwe iterambere SDC 

Yayoboye RALGA [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/17431/news/rwanda/who-is-dominique-habimana-the-new-ralga-secretary-general]

== Ibindi ==
Umuhanzi mu Ndirimbo zo kuramya no guhimabaza imana

n'Umu Kiristu w'itorero rya AEBR  ise ni Pasteri muri iryo torero

Yayoboye chorale Seraphim Melodies ari  n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo [https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/ni-umuramyi-nimpuguke-mu-miyoborere-ibyihariye-kuri-dominique-habimana-wagizwe-minisitiri-wubutegetsi-bwigihugu-1753428212479]

== References ==
https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/ni-umuramyi-nimpuguke-mu-miyoborere-ibyihariye-kuri-dominique-habimana-wagizwe-minisitiri-wubutegetsi-bwigihugu-1753428212479

https://www.google.com/search?q=ralga+habimana+dominique&amp;oq=ralga+habimana+dominique&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRhAMgcIAhAAGO8FMgcIAxAAGO8FMgcIBBAAGO8FMgoIBRAAGIAEGKIEMgcIBhAAGO8F0gEIODM3M2owajSoAgCwAgE&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8

https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/ni-umuramyi-nimpuguke-mu-miyoborere-ibyihariye-kuri-dominique-habimana-wagizwe-minisitiri-wubutegetsi-bwigihugu-1753428212479</text>
      <sha1>devded7jspk9txpekk2pyj1o7fs2arb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kwandika bushya ingingo (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en/fr.wikipedia): amateka, inzira, gahunda, abatsinze; gukuraho inyandikorugero za fr zitakora; guhuza n'ingingo 2 zisa nayo</comment>
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      <text bytes="6037" sha1="9iqc8x7nbe6f9z7jdar9cjcnoq6h745" xml:space="preserve">[[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|thumb|Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025 i Kigali]]
'''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]].

Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore.

== Amateka ==
Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour.

Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inzira ==
Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gahunda ==
Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato)
* 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'')
* 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5)

== Abatsinze ==
[[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]]
Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Isiganwa !! Zahabu !! Ifeza !! Umuringa
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagabo bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || Tadej Pogačar ([[Siloveniya]]) || Remco Evenepoel ([[Ububiligi]]) || Ben Healy ([[Irilande]])
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || Remco Evenepoel ([[Ububiligi]]) || Jay Vine ([[Ositaraliya]]) || Ilan Van Wilder ([[Ububiligi]])
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagore bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || Magdeleine Vallières ([[Kanada]]) || Niamh Fisher-Black ([[Nuveli Zelande]]) || Mavi García ([[Esipanye]])
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || Marlen Reusser ([[Ubusuwisi]]) || Anna van der Breggen ([[Ubuholandi]]) || Demi Vollering ([[Ubuholandi]])
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Amakipe avanze
|-
| ''Relais mixte'' || [[Ositaraliya]] || [[Ubufaransa]] || [[Ubusuwisi]]
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[FERWACY]]
* [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox, amabendera, imidari, amashusho ya Commons, Commonscat; guhuza n'ingingo [[2025 UCI Road World Championships]] (abanditsi: NDNT, Andre Engels, Score Beethoven)</comment>
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      <text bytes="9360" sha1="mpf9wz3yivq621wd7yoybgg8603vxnu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025
| abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''2025 UCI Road World Championships''
| subheaderstyle = background:#FAD201; font-weight:bold
| image = [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Abasiganwa ku magare i Kigali]]
| caption = Abasiganwa mu mihanda ya Kigali
| headerstyle = background:#20603D; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Inshuro
| data2 = Ya 98
| label3 = Itariki
| data3 = 21–28 Nzeri 2025
| label4 = Aho yabereye
| data4 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label5 = Uwayiteguye
| data5 = Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI)
| label6 = Amarushanwa
| data6 = 13
| label7 = Uruziga
| data7 = Ibilometero 15,1
| label8 = Isiganwa ry'abagabo
| data8 = Ibilometero 267,5
| header10 = Abatsinze (umuhanda)
| label11 = Abagabo
| data11 = [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar
| label12 = Abagore
| data12 = [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières
| header13 = Abatsinze (gusiganwa n'igihe)
| label14 = Abagabo
| data14 = [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel
| label15 = Abagore
| data15 = [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser
| label16 = Amakipe avanze
| data16 = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]]
| header17 = Shampiyona y'isi
| label18 = Ibanjirije
| data18 = 2024 – Zurich ([[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]])
| label19 = Ikurikira
| data19 = 2026 – Montréal ([[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]])
}}
'''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]].

Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore.

== Amateka ==
Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour.

Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inzira ==
[[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|Ikarita y'inzira: uruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 (umutuku) n'agace kongerewe ku isiganwa ry'abagabo (ubururu)]]
Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gahunda ==
[[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Abasiganwa bo muri Siloveniya mu mihanda ya Kigali]]
Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato)
* 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'')
* 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5)
Amasaha yose ni ay'i Kigali (UTC+02:00).

== Abatsinze ==
[[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]]
Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;
|+ Imidari
! Isiganwa !! style=&quot;background:#F9D84A&quot; | [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Zahabu !! style=&quot;background:#D8D8D8&quot; | [[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Ifeza !! style=&quot;background:#E3B98A&quot; | [[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Umuringa
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagabo bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Irilande|Irilande]] Ben Healy
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] Jay Vine || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Ilan Van Wilder
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagore bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x15px|border|link=Nuveli Zelande|Nuveli Zelande]] Niamh Fisher-Black || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22x15px|border|link=Esipanye|Esipanye]] Mavi García
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Anna van der Breggen || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Demi Vollering
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Amakipe avanze
|-
| ''Relais mixte'' || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubufaransa|Ubufaransa]] [[Ubufaransa]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] [[Ubusuwisi]]
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[FERWACY]]
* [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}
* {{Commonscat|2025 UCI Road World Championships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T16:34:58Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amashusho ateguye mu buryo bwa zigzag (ibumoso/iburyo)</comment>
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| above = Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025
| abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''2025 UCI Road World Championships''
| subheaderstyle = background:#FAD201; font-weight:bold
| image = [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Abasiganwa ku magare i Kigali]]
| caption = Abasiganwa mu mihanda ya Kigali
| headerstyle = background:#20603D; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Inshuro
| data2 = Ya 98
| label3 = Itariki
| data3 = 21–28 Nzeri 2025
| label4 = Aho yabereye
| data4 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label5 = Uwayiteguye
| data5 = Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI)
| label6 = Amarushanwa
| data6 = 13
| label7 = Uruziga
| data7 = Ibilometero 15,1
| label8 = Isiganwa ry'abagabo
| data8 = Ibilometero 267,5
| header10 = Abatsinze (umuhanda)
| label11 = Abagabo
| data11 = [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar
| label12 = Abagore
| data12 = [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières
| header13 = Abatsinze (gusiganwa n'igihe)
| label14 = Abagabo
| data14 = [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel
| label15 = Abagore
| data15 = [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser
| label16 = Amakipe avanze
| data16 = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]]
| header17 = Shampiyona y'isi
| label18 = Ibanjirije
| data18 = 2024 – Zurich ([[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]])
| label19 = Ikurikira
| data19 = 2026 – Montréal ([[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]])
}}
'''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]].

Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore.

== Amateka ==
Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour.

Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inzira ==
[[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|left|Ikarita y'inzira: uruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 (umutuku) n'agace kongerewe ku isiganwa ry'abagabo (ubururu)]]
Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gahunda ==
[[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Abasiganwa bo muri Siloveniya mu mihanda ya Kigali]]
Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato)
* 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'')
* 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5)
Amasaha yose ni ay'i Kigali (UTC+02:00).

== Abatsinze ==
[[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]]
Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Imidari
! Isiganwa !! style=&quot;background:#F9D84A&quot; | [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Zahabu !! style=&quot;background:#D8D8D8&quot; | [[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Ifeza !! style=&quot;background:#E3B98A&quot; | [[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Umuringa
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagabo bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Irilande|Irilande]] Ben Healy
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] Jay Vine || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Ilan Van Wilder
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagore bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x15px|border|link=Nuveli Zelande|Nuveli Zelande]] Niamh Fisher-Black || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22x15px|border|link=Esipanye|Esipanye]] Mavi García
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Anna van der Breggen || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Demi Vollering
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Amakipe avanze
|-
| ''Relais mixte'' || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubufaransa|Ubufaransa]] [[Ubufaransa]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] [[Ubusuwisi]]
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[FERWACY]]
* [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}
* {{Commonscat|2025 UCI Road World Championships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9499" sha1="m7isq88cyvfxe5qa9zl867kukab7aeh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;2025 UCI Road World Championships&lt;/div&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025
| abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''2025 UCI Road World Championships''
| subheaderstyle = background:#FAD201; font-weight:bold
| image = [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Abasiganwa ku magare i Kigali]]
| caption = Abasiganwa mu mihanda ya Kigali
| headerstyle = background:#20603D; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Inshuro
| data2 = Ya 98
| label3 = Itariki
| data3 = 21–28 Nzeri 2025
| label4 = Aho yabereye
| data4 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label5 = Uwayiteguye
| data5 = Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI)
| label6 = Amarushanwa
| data6 = 13
| label7 = Uruziga
| data7 = Ibilometero 15,1
| label8 = Isiganwa ry'abagabo
| data8 = Ibilometero 267,5
| header10 = Abatsinze (umuhanda)
| label11 = Abagabo
| data11 = [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar
| label12 = Abagore
| data12 = [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières
| header13 = Abatsinze (gusiganwa n'igihe)
| label14 = Abagabo
| data14 = [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel
| label15 = Abagore
| data15 = [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser
| label16 = Amakipe avanze
| data16 = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]]
| header17 = Shampiyona y'isi
| label18 = Ibanjirije
| data18 = 2024 – Zurich ([[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]])
| label19 = Ikurikira
| data19 = 2026 – Montréal ([[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]])
}}
'''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]].

Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore.

== Amateka ==
Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour.

Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inzira ==
[[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|left|Ikarita y'inzira: uruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 (umutuku) n'agace kongerewe ku isiganwa ry'abagabo (ubururu)]]
Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gahunda ==
[[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Abasiganwa bo muri Siloveniya mu mihanda ya Kigali]]
Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato)
* 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'')
* 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5)
Amasaha yose ni ay'i Kigali (UTC+02:00).

== Abatsinze ==
[[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]]
Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ Imidari
! Isiganwa !! style=&quot;background:#F9D84A&quot; | [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Zahabu !! style=&quot;background:#D8D8D8&quot; | [[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Ifeza !! style=&quot;background:#E3B98A&quot; | [[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Umuringa
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagabo bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Irilande|Irilande]] Ben Healy
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] Jay Vine || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Ilan Van Wilder
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Abagore bakuru
|-
| Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x15px|border|link=Nuveli Zelande|Nuveli Zelande]] Niamh Fisher-Black || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22x15px|border|link=Esipanye|Esipanye]] Mavi García
|-
| Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Anna van der Breggen || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Demi Vollering
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Amakipe avanze
|-
| ''Relais mixte'' || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubufaransa|Ubufaransa]] [[Ubufaransa]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] [[Ubusuwisi]]
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[FERWACY]]
* [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}
* {{Commonscat|2025 UCI Road World Championships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="2812" sha1="jhb23hom0y26dnivimw341n51hfaqki" xml:space="preserve">'''''I'm Not Lying But I'm Beautifying''''' izwi kandi nka The '''''Made Up Truth''''' (yandikwa mu cyarabu cyo muri Egiputa ngo: أنا لا أكذب ولكني أتجمل [[Ikidage|mu kidage]] : ''Die geschminkte wahrheit'' translit : ''Ana La Aktheb Wlakenani Atajaml''), ni filime yo muri Egypt yo mu mwaka wa 1981 yanditswe na Ihsan Abdel Quddq iyoborwa na Ibrahim El- Shaqanqeeri. Ni filme irimo Abakinnyo nka Salah Zulfikar, Ahmed Zaki na Athar El-Hakim. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Klünder |first=Achim |date=2011-09-15 |title=Lexikon der Fernsehspiele / Encyclopedia of television plays in German speaking Europe. 1978/87. Band I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0snUWYiRfMC&amp;dq=salah+zulfikar&amp;pg=PA219 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-141194-1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I'm not Lying but I'm Beautifying – Cast &amp; Medewerkers op MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/nl/films/i-m-not-lying-but-i-m-beautifying/cast |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=mubi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=al-Muṣawwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RlRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A8+%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84 |publisher=Muʼassasat Dār al-Hilāl |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkuru ya Filme ==
Rafik Hamdy ni umwanditsi uzwi akaba afite umukobwa umwe Khairya.Khairya akaba umunyeshuri wiga muri kaminuza aho yigana na Ibrahim umunyeshuri w'umunyamwete. Ibrahim aramukunda ariko Khairya akaba umukobwa uhindagurika mu rukundo, n'ubwo aho biga hari umunyeshuri w'umukire Hani umwishimira, Ibrahim agerageza guhisha ukuri k'ubuzima abayemo kuko yatinyaga ko Khairya nabimenya azamuvaho, akabeshya ko akomoka mu muryango ukize. Ariko amaherezo Rafik waruzi kwa Ibrahim amuvamo, none Khairya agomba guhitamo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أنا لا أكذب ولكنى أتجمل {{!}} المصري اليوم |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1320716 |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=www.almasryalyoum.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I'm Not Lying But I'm Beautifying (1981) Assista Online Gratis - Dublado / Legendado - HD Filme Completo |url=https://www.filmesgratisassistironline.com/filmes-gratis/ver/im-not-lying-but-im-beautifying-1981/ |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=Assista Filmes Online Grátis |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi b'ingenzi ==

* Salah Zulfikar nka Rafik Hamdy
* Ahmed Zaki nka Ibrahim
* Athar El-Hakim nka Khairia
* Zahret El-Ola nka Nadia
* Nahed Samir nka Mobrouka
* Farouk Youssef nka Hani
* Maha Abu Ouf nka Maisa
* Ahmed El Gezery nka Saleh
* Mohamed Shawky nka Madbouly
* Fatheya Chahine nka nyina wa Hani
* Ahmed Khamis

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== urubuga ==

* I'm Not Lying But I'm Beautifying at IMDb
{{DEFAULTSORT:I Am Not lying but I Am beautifying}}</text>
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    <title>Alijeriya (film ya 1938)</title>
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'''''Algiers''''' ni filime y’ikinamico yo muri Amerika yakinwe mu mwaka wi 1938 iyobowe na John Cromwell, yanditswe na John Howard Lawson ikinwamo na Charles Boyer, Sigrid Gurie na Hedy Lamarr. intego yayo yavugaga kum'umujura &lt;ref name=&quot;tcmart&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=LoBianco |first=Lorraine |title=Algiers |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19052/algiers#articles-reviews |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wihishe muri Algiers ahura na nukerarugendo mwiza womubufaransa. Igicuruzwa cya Walter Wanger (cyatanzwe mbere n’abahanzi bunze ubumwe) cyasubiwemo filime nziza yo mu 1937 y’Abafaransa ''Pépé le Moko'', yakuye umugambi wayo mu gitabo cya Henri La Barthe cyitwa izina rimwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algiers |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/7907 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Algiers'' yabaye sensation kuko aribwo bwa mbere Lamarr ya Hollywood. Iyi filime izwi cyane nk'isoko yo gutera inkunga abanditsi ba firime ya 1942 Warner Bros. ''Casablanca'', yanditse film nyuma akizirikana Lamarr n'umugore we wambere. Boyer yerekana Pepe le Moko iterwa imbaraga Warner Bros muburyo bwa  animasiyo Pepé Le Pew. Mu 1966, iyi filime yasohocyeye  muri Amerika kubera ko abayireze batigeze bongera kwiyandikisha ku burenganzira bwabo mu mwaka wa 28 nyuma yo kujyahanze &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pierce |first=David |date=June 2007 |title=Forgotten Faces: Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain |journal=Film History: An International Journal |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=125–43 |doi=10.2979/FIL.2007.19.2.125 |issn=0892-2160 |jstor=25165419 |oclc=15122313 |s2cid=191633078}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umugambi ==
Pepe le Moko ni umujura uzwi cyane wahunze Ubufaransa akaba atuye i Casbah, cyangwa  mugace ka  Alijeriya imyaka ibiri. Komiseri Janvier, umupolisi w’Ubufaransa, yiyemeje gufata Pepe. Umunsi umwe nijoro, Janvier ayobora  igitero kuri Casbah, aho Regis, umujura ugirira ishyari Pepe, ayobora abapolisi kuri Grandpere. Regis yagiye kwa Ines, nyirabuja wa Pepe, kugira ngo amuburire ko abapolisi bahageze. Ines ageze kwa Grandpere kuburira Pepe, ubwo yakekaga  ko Regis yabibwiye  abapolisi. Abapolisi bahageze, Pepe yihisha munsi muriyo nyubako  kugeza igihe amasasu arangiriye. Pepe aratoroka nubwoyari  yakomeretse.

Mu gihe cyo kurasa, umugenzuzi Slimane, ushinzwe iperereza muri Alijeriya, azana Gaby, umukerarugendo womubufaransa, warutuye aho Pepe nawe ageze aho ku gihe Slimane ashimira  Pepe, abwira Gaby ko yanditse itariki Pepe yafatiwe kurukuta rwe. Bukeye, Regis abonana n’umugenzuzi mukuru Louvain maze ategura umugambi wo gufata inshuti ya Pepe Pierrot, yizeye gufata Pepe. Regis ashyikiriza Pierrot ibaruwa, bivugwa ko yanditswe na nyina, avuga ko arwaye. Hanyuma, Gaby yagiye atekereza kuri Pepe, nubwo yasezeranye n'umukunzi we Giraux. Mugihe arimo kurya, Slimane abwira Gaby ibijyanye nogushimira Pepe imitako, amaze iminsi  ategura ko azongera kubona Pepe.

Hanyuma  muriryojoro, Pepe amenyeshwa ko Pierrot yavuye muri Alijeriya. Pepe ageze i Casbah, abaza Regis kubyerekeye ibura ya Pierrot. Hanyuma Regis abira ibyuya Pepe yongeye guhura na Gaby i Casbah, aho bahuriraga mugihe cyabo bari  mubufaransa. Nuko  Gaby basezerana kuzabonana bukeye  Pierrot yakomeretse arahagera, ashaka kwica Regis. Pierrot yikubita hasi agerageza kurasa Regis, hanyuma yicwa na Carlos, umwe mu nshuti za Pepe.

Bukeye, umuhango wo gushyingura Pierrot ubera hanze ya Casbah, birakaza Pepe bimutera agahinda  Pepe yashakaga kwujya gushyingura  Pepe ashaka kujyayo ariko  Ines aramubuza kuberako Gaby yari amutegereje iwe. Pepe yagiye ahwatuye,  nubwo yabeshye, ashimira Ines kuba yaramubujije kwugwa mumutego. Gaby arahagera bacyirikumwe, Pepe agaragaza akababaro  kuko atashoboraga  narimwe guhunga Casbah. Mbereyuko Gaby agenda, bemeranya  guhurira muri hoteri ye bukeye. Hanyuma  Slimane abwira Giraux ko Gaby yirigeze kubona Pepe. Iyo ibyo binaniwe, Slimane abeshya Gaby, avuga ko Pepe yishwe.

Mbereyuko Pepe ajya kureba Gaby muri hoteri ye yabanje kwigira kumugabo witwa L'Arbi ko Gaby na Giraux  bahunga bakava muri Alijeriya bakoresheje ubwato kumugoroba nyuma ya saa sita yirengagiza ibyo  Ines yariyamubwiye, Pepe ava i Casbah agura itike yo kugenda. Pepe ari mu bwato abona  Gaby, afatwa na Slimane n'abashinzwe iperereza. Pepe yihutira kwerekeza ku bwato ahamagara Gaby, ariko ntiyamubona. Umwe mu bagabo ba Slimane yarashe Pepe maze Slimane atwika umubiri we, asaba imbabazi kuva uyu mugabo yizeraga ko Pepe yashakaga gutoroka. Pepe aramusubiza ati: &quot;Nanjye rero mfite, nshuti yanjye.&quot;

== Abakinnyi ==
[[Dosiye:Algiers_1938_(3).jpg|right|thumb|255x255px|Sigrid Gurie, Charles Boyer, na Hedy Lamarr]]

* Charles Boyer nka Pepe le Moko
* Sigrid Gurie nka Ines
* Hedy Lamarr nka Gaby
* Joseph Calleia nka Inspecteur Slimane
* Alan Hale nka Grandpere
* Gene Lockhart nka Regis
* Walter Kingsford nk'umugenzuzi mukuru Louvain
* Paul Harvey nka Komiseri Janvier
* Stanley Fields nka Carlos
* Johnny Hasi nka Pierrot
* Charles D. Brown nka Max
* Robert Greig nka Giraux
* Leonid Kinskey nka L'Arbi
* Joan Woodbury nka Aicha
* Nina Koshetz nka Tania
* Claudia Dell nka Marie
* Ben Hall nka Gil
* Bert Roach nka Bertier

== Umusaruro ==
Walter Wanger, yatunganyije iyi filime, yaguze uburenganzira kuri filime y’Abafaransa ''Pepe le Moko'', yakinanye na Jean Gabin, mu rwego rwo kuyisubiramo, maze agura ibyapa byose bya filime kugira ngo birinde guhatana na filime ye muri Amerika Wanger yakoresheje imiziki myinshi yo muri filime y’Abafaransa muri remake ndetse no mu bihe byakurikiranye. &lt;ref name=&quot;tcmart&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=LoBianco |first=Lorraine |title=Algiers |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19052/algiers#articles-reviews |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLoBianco&quot;&gt;LoBianco, Lorraine. [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19052/algiers#articles-reviews &quot;Algiers&quot;]. ''[[Turner Classic Movies]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;afi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Algiers |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/7907 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/7907 &quot;Algiers&quot;]. ''[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]''. [[American Film Institute]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Dosiye:Algiers_(1938).webm|right|thumbtime=5|thumb| ''MAAlijeriya'']]</text>
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    <title>Tanga Kayisari</title>
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'''''Render to Caesar''''' ni filime yo muri Nigeriya yo yasohotse mu 2014 yanditswe kandi yakorwa na Desmond Ovbiagele, iyobowe na Desmond Ovbiagele na Onyekachi Ejim. Irimo Wale Ojo, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Omoni Oboli na Bimbo Manuel ikababa ifite uburyo igaragara bidasanzwe irimo abakinnyi nka Kehinde Bankole na Femi Jacobs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odulaja, Adedayo |date=February 2013 |title=Omoni Oboli, others break barrier with Render to Caesar |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/omoni-oboli-others-break-barrier-with-render-to-caesar/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005144458/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/02/omoni-oboli-others-break-barrier-with-render-to-caesar/ |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Daily Independent |publisher=Daily Independent NG}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cole, Mistah |date=18 February 2014 |title=New Poster and Trailer for RENDER TO CAESAR Starring Gbenga Akinnagbe &amp; Omoni Oboli |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/02/new-poster-and-trailer-for-render-to-caesar/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=360 Nobs |publisher=360Nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filime yabanje gutegurwa ko izasohoka mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trailer: Render to Caesar |url=http://www.goldenicons.com/trailer-render-to-caesar/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Golden Icons |publisher=Golden Icons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko yasubijwe inyuma kubera gutinda kw’iposita; ariko yasohotse ku ya 28 &lt;ref name=&quot;Nollywood by Mindspace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2014 |title=Crime Thriller, 'Render to Caesar', Premieres in Lagos |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2014/03/30/crime-thriller-render-to-caesar-premieres-in-lagos/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Nollywood Mindspace |publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sodas&amp;Pops&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2 April 2014 |title=Sodas &amp; Popcorn – Movie Review: Render To Caesar |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-render-to-caesar/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Bella Naija |publisher=BellaNaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dikko, James; Bada, Gbenga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dikko, James |last2=Bada, Gbenga |title=PHOTOS: Omoni Oboli, OC Ukeje storm Render to Caesar's premiere |url=http://momo.com.ng/premieres/photos-omoni-oboli-oc-ukeje-storm-render-to-caesars-premiere/ |access-date=24 April 2014 |website=Movie Moments |publisher=Movie Moments |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412092607/http://momo.com.ng/premieres/photos-omoni-oboli-oc-ukeje-storm-render-to-caesars-premiere/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo iyi filime yakiriwe neza, yatsindiye ibihembo bya &quot;Screenplay nziza y'umwimerere&quot; na &quot;Umukinnyi  mwiza wagaragaye afasha abandi&quot; mu bihembo bya Nollywood Movies 2014 . Yabonye kandi ibihembo bya Filimi yarebwe na &quot;Ijwi Ryiza Ryiza&quot; muri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2014 |title=2014 Nollywood Movie Awards: Full List of Winners and Review (Part 1) |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/10/2014-nollywood-movie-awards-full-list-of-winners-and-review-part-1/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya Nollywood Awards 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2014 |title=Best of Nollywood Awards 2014 Reverberates from Port Harcourt, Rivers |url=http://encomium.ng/best-of-nollywood-awards-2014-revebrates-from-port-harcourt-rivers/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* Wale Ojo nka Pade
* Gbenga Akinnagbe nka Dipo
* Omoni Oboli nka Alero
* Lucy Ejim nka Sezari
* Bimbo Manuel
* Femi Jacobs
* Onyekachi Ejim
* [[Dede Mabiaku]]
* Kalu Ikeagwu
* Chris Iheuwa
* Kehinde Bankole
* KC Ejelonu
* Steve Onu
* MC Abbey
* Yvonne Ekwere

== Yasohowe ==
Ku ya 28 Werurwe 2014, ''i Caesar'' yerekanwe bwa mbere muri Silverbird Galleria, ku kirwa cya Victoria, i Lagos &lt;ref name=&quot;Nollywood by Mindspace&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dikko, James; Bada, Gbenga&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2015 |title=FESPACO 2015: the complete list of the movies in competition |url=http://www.africatopsuccess.com/en/2015/01/16/fespaco-2015-the-complete-list-of-the-movies-in-competition |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=Africa Top Success |archive-date=17 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117021516/http://www.africatopsuccess.com/en/2015/01/16/fespaco-2015-the-complete-list-of-the-movies-in-competition/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabaye kandi gutoranywa kumugaragaro mu iserukiramuco rya sinema ryabirabura rya San Diego 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Films &amp; Descriptions |url=http://www.sdbff.com/sunday-ticket-sales |publisher=San Diego Black Film Festival Official Website |access-date=2025-09-15 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095648/http://www.sdbff.com/sunday-ticket-sales |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse no mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Pan African 2014 (PAFF). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Render to Caesar |url=http://www.paff.org/filmfest/2014-films/render-to-caesar |publisher=PAFF official website |access-date=2025-09-15 |archive-date=2015-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630171608/http://www.paff.org/filmfest/2014-films/render-to-caesar |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwakira ==
''Render to Caesar'' yaje guhurirwaho n'ibisobanuro byinshi bivanze. ''Sodas &amp; Popcorn'' yayihaye amanota 3 kuri 5 kuri 5, yavuze ko iyi filime ifite inzira, avuga ko tekiniki zifite inenge ahanini biturutse ku &quot;kazi k'ubunebwe&quot;. Yashoje igira iti: &quot;Ku bwoko butigeze bugenzurwa cyane mu mafilime yo muri Nijeriya, bugerageza kuba umwihariko mu kuzana ibiganiro by’ubwenge hamwe n’urwego rwiza rwo gukomeza, kugeza igihe ibice bya puzzle nini (byitwa ko byongeweho) binaniwe kubikora. ''Guha Sezari'' ni igeragezwa, ndetse n’inenge nyinshi, amaherezo ni intambwe nini igana imbere.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sodas&amp;Pops&quot;/&gt;​''​'' Yagaragaje ko nubwo filime ifite ubusobanuro bwiza, ariko ifite ibihe bikunze kwangizwa n’ibintu bidasanzwe byabaye, guhanura byoroshye cyangwa ibishushanyo bisekeje. Yongeyeho ati: &quot;Ingaruka zidasanzwe ntizitangaje nkuko byari bisanzwe, gukina ntabwo ari byiza nkuko byakagombye ndetse no kwerekana amashusho, hamwe n'ibigoretse byayo ntabwo bishimishije nkuko ubishaka&quot;. Yashoje avuga ko iyi filime isa nkaho ari &quot;igeragezwa&quot; kuruta &quot;umusaruro wizeye&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;YNaija&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=1 June 2014 |title=Movie review: Render to Caesar makes a credible, spirited effort |url=http://www.ynaija.com/movie-review-render-to-caesar-makes-a-credible-spirited-effort/ |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=Ynaija Magazine |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilfred Okiche yashimye iyi filime kubera kwerekana neza abapolisi ba Nigeriya. Yavuze ko Ejim ari cyo gikorwa cy’indashyikirwa muri iyi filime, ariko anavuga ko nta ruvangitirane ruri ihagati ya Omoni na Gbenga kuri ecran kandi ko amashusho yabo y’urukundo ahinduka imwe mu mpande zombi zerekana amashusho. &lt;ref name=&quot;YNaija&quot;/&gt;

=== Accolades ===
''Render to Caesar'' yahawe kandidatire icyenda kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bibiri bitandukanye muri ururuganda rwa filimi yo muri Nollywood Movies Awards 2014 . Yakiriye kandi nomination eshatu kandi yatsindiye ibihembo bibiri muri Best of Nollywood Awards 2014 .
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|+Urutonde rwuzuye rwibihembo
! Igihembo
! Icyiciro
! Abagenerwabikorwa hamwe nabatoranijwe
! Igisubizo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ibyiza bya Nollywood Awards&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ( 2014 Ibyiza bya Nollywood Awards ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2014 |title=Best of Nollywood Awards 2014 Reverberates from Port Harcourt, Rivers |url=http://encomium.ng/best-of-nollywood-awards-2014-revebrates-from-port-harcourt-rivers/ |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=Encomium Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Amashusho meza
| Desmond Ovbiagele| {{won}}
|-
| Umukinnyi mwiza mu nshingano ziyoboye
| Gbenga Akinnagbe| {{nom}}
|-
| Igishushanyo Cyiza Cyiza
| Michael Ogunlade| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | Ibihembo bya Nollywood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ( 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2014 |title=2014 Nollywood Movie Awards: Full List of Winners and Review (Part 1) |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/10/2014-nollywood-movie-awards-full-list-of-winners-and-review-part-1/ |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Umuyobozi mwiza
| Desmond Ovbiagele| {{nom}}
|-
| Ibyiza byumwimerere
| Desmond Ovbiagele| {{won}}
|-
| Umukinnyi mwiza mu nshingano ziyoboye
| Gbenga Akinnagbe| {{nom}}
|-
| Sinema nziza
| Johnny Askwith| {{nom}}
|-
| Umukinnyi mwiza mu nshingano zunganira
| Amahirwe Ejim| {{won}}
|-
| Guhindura neza
| Steve Sodiya| {{nom}}
|-
| Igishushanyo Cyiza Cyiza
| Michael Ogunlade| {{nom}}
|-
| Amajwi meza yumuziki
| Michael Ogunlade na Seun Owoaje| {{nom}}
|-
| Inyenyeri Nziza Nziza (Umugabo)
| Amahirwe Ejim| {{nom}}
|}

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bala Bala Sese</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="9000" sha1="38m7abocqpyxfwqbia80fz7zxwv7tfo" xml:space="preserve">'''''Bala Bala Sese''''' ni filime yomuri Uganda yayobowe na Lukyamuzi Bashir ishingiye kumashusho yakozwe na Usama Mukwaya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |date=2012-04-12 |title=The Observer - Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&amp;catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&amp;Itemid=74 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&amp;catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&amp;Itemid=74 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=Observer.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Run time:&amp;nbsp;not applicable |title=Bala Bala Sese &amp;#124; Ugscreen - Ugandan Movies, Actors, Movie News |url=http://ugscreen.net/ugandan-movie/bala-bala-sese |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129131902/http://www.ugscreen.net/ugandan-movie/bala-bala-sese |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=Ugscreen}}&lt;/ref&gt; yakinwe na Michael Kasaija, Natasha Sinayobye, Raymond Rushabiro, Ismael Ssesanga, Fiona Birungi, Ashraf Ssemwogerere na Ddungu Jabal. Ni firime yambere, umuyobozi, abanditsi naba producer. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |date=2013-01-03 |title=The Observer - Kasaija, Natasha take romance to screen |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen&amp;catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&amp;Itemid=74 |access-date=2014-05-28 |publisher=Observer.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umugambi ==
Filime ivuga urugamba rwumukunzi kurukundo binyuze mukwihangana. Mu nkengero zikirwa cya Sese, John (Michael Kasaija) yasaze akunda Maggie (Natasha Sinayobye), bombi bafite ubushake bwo gutera imbere urukundo rwabo. Guhura n’ihohoterwa nogutotezwa na se wa Maggie mubi Kasirivu (Raymond Rushabiro), John, afashijwe na murumuna we Alex (Ssesanga Ismael), yiyemeje kugumana urukundo rwubuzima bwe, cyane cyane iyo amenye ko afite umukunzi mudugudu (Jabal Dungu) nawe uriku murongo wa Maggie.

== Abakinnyi ==
 

== Umusaruro ==

=== Gufata amashusho ===
Amafoto yibanze yomuri ''Bala Bala Sese'' yatangiye mumpera zumwaka wa 2012 ararangira muri 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=23 April 2015 |title=A Pass' Wuuyo video is snippet of upcoming Bala Bala Sese movie |url=http://matookerepublic.com/2015/04/23/a-pass-wuuyo-video-is-snippet-of-upcoming-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher= |archive-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023095845/http://matookerepublic.com/2015/04/23/a-pass-wuuyo-video-is-snippet-of-upcoming-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi filime yafatiwe amashusho ku birwa bya Ssese muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], arinaho yakuye izina. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Kurekura ==
Iyi filime yasohotse kuya 3 Nyakanga 2015 muri theatre Labonita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaggwa |first=Andrew |title=Natasha, Michael set to relive romance on screen |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/38552-natasha-michael-set-to-relive-romance-on-screen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705230133/http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/38552-natasha-michael-set-to-relive-romance-on-screen |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz and Glamour At The Premiere Of Bala Bala Sese Movie |url=http://chano8.com/glitz-and-glamour-at-the-premiere-of-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225537/http://chano8.com/glitz-and-glamour-at-the-premiere-of-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Bala Bala Sese''  ni umushinga wambere wa Uganda wakiriye uburyo bwo kwamamaza bwumwuga. Wariumwe mubikorwa byambere byaho byakozwe muriwo mwaka numwaka ukurikira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ugandan cinema slowly getting deserved attention |url=http://news24africa.com/ugandan-cinema-slowly-getting-deserved-attention/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501194739/http://news24africa.com/ugandan-cinema-slowly-getting-deserved-attention/ |archive-date=1 May 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bala Bala Ssese movie premieres |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Bala-Bala-Ssese-movie-premieres/-/812796/2776022/-/144lm1p/-/index.html/ |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yatoranyijwe mu bihembo bya 12 bya Afurika Movie Academy Academy ya Filime nziza mu rurimi rwa Afurika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy announces full list of 2016 Nominations |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/news/nigeria/africa-movie-academy-announces-full-list-2016-nominations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531064020/http://www.filmcontact.com/news/nigeria/africa-movie-academy-announces-full-list-2016-nominations |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakoze imurikagurisha ryayo nyafurika mwiserukiramuco rya Filime rya Luxor nyafurika ryabereye mu [[Misiri]]  irushanwa mu cyiciro kirekire cyo Kuvuga inkuru muzindi filime 13 zomuri Afurika.  [[Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime Amakula|&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]] ''['' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAFF - Long Narrative |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/Festival/Film/Long%20Narrative/Bala%20Bala%20Sese/ |access-date=2018-09-10 |website=www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaggwa |first=Andrew |title=Ugandan films for international festivals |url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/42547-ugandan-films-for-international-festivals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529220016/http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/42547-ugandan-films-for-international-festivals/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bala Bala Sese - Uganda - Amakula |url=http://amakula.org/film/bala-bala-sese-uganda/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305221020/http://amakula.org/film/bala-bala-sese-uganda/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAKULA International Film Festival Returns - Proggie - Events in and around Kampala! |url=http://proggie.ug/amakula-international-film-festival-returns/#.VtWM5qbARMg.facebook/ |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umuziki n'amajwi ===
amajwi yakoreshwjwemo yali alubum yahibwe na Nessim (producer wumuziki), hamwe nindirimbo yinsanganyamatsiko yemewe &quot; Wuuyo &quot; yanditswe na A Pass na Nessim nanone ya Badi Musik. Iyi yabaye umuririmbyi watsinze cyane kugeza ubu. Amashusho yindirimbo yerekanwe bwa mbere ku ya 20 Werurwe 2015 muriClub Guvnor kandi agaragaramo amashusho ya firime. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A pass' Wuuyo Soundtrack For The Bala Bala Sese Movie - Chano8 |url=http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164935/http://chano8.com/a-pass-wuuyo-soundtrack-for-the-bala-bala-sese-movie/ |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=A-Pass' Wuyo to be used as soundtrack in a local movie. |url=http://bigeye.ug/a-pass-wuyo-to-be-used-as-soundtrack-in-a-local-movie/ |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=celebcartel.com |url=http://www.celebcartel.com/a-pass-wuyo-to-be-used-as-soundtrack-in-a-local-movie/ |access-date=30 August 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==

=== Yatowe ===

* 2016: Ibirori birebire, Iserukiramuco rya Filime Nyafurika
* 2016: Igihembo cya Zahabu Impala, [[Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime Amakula]]
* 2016: Filime nziza mu rurimi nyafurika, ibihembo bya 12 bya Afrika Movie Academy Awards
* 2016: Igihembo cya Filime Nyafurika ya [[Helsinki]] Igihembo cy’abacamanza kubera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibitekerezo by’imibereho 
* 2016: Filime nziza cyane, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime muri Afrika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Final Selection |url=http://afriff.com/2016-home/afriff-2016-final-selection/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120045729/http://afriff.com/2016-home/afriff-2016-final-selection/ |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=2018-09-12 |work=AFRIFF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iyifilime kandi yiswe imwe muri filime nziza zomuri 2015 na 2016 nabayinenga batandukanye.

* Icya 4&amp;nbsp;- Anicee Gohar, ''Ingoma ya Scoop''
* Icya 4&amp;nbsp;- Elizabeth Mcsheffrey, ''British Airways, Highlife''
* Icya 1&amp;nbsp;- Douglas Sebamala, ''Ukurikirana Uganda''

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Official website
* Bala Bala Sese at IMDb</text>
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    <title>Umukoresha:Pazzo 21/Pat tech 21</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Isuku: gukuraho imvugo yamamaza, inyandiko zitari zo n'imirongo yisubiramo; gusaba ko isibwa ({{Delete}}): nta soko yigenga yizewe</comment>
      <origin>141594</origin>
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      <text bytes="1100" sha1="6wp6x97g5l5sjub4hkjde1hni1k3hlf" xml:space="preserve">{{Delete|Umuyoboro wa YouTube utagaragaza ko ari ingenzi: nta soko yigenga yizewe ivuga kuri wo; inyandiko yamamaza (kwiyamamaza)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Ingingo nta soko yizewe (inyandiko) ifite}}
'''Pat Tech 21''' ni umuyoboro wa YouTube w'Umunyarwanda Aime Patrick, utangaza videwo zijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga.

Videwo zawo zisobanura uko bakoresha telefoni na porogaramu, zigasuzuma ibikoresho bishya by'ikoranabuhanga kandi zigatanga amakuru agezweho muri urwo rwego.

== Ibikubiyemo ==
Pat Tech 21 itangaza ahanini ubwoko bune bwa videwo:
* Inyigisho (''tutorials''): uko bakoresha porogaramu, uko bahindura igenamiterere (''settings'') rya telefoni n'uko bakemura ibibazo bisanzwe bya tekinoloji.
* Isuzuma ry'ibikoresho (''reviews''): telefoni, tablets n'ibindi bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
* Inama z'umutekano: urugero, uko barinda konti za WhatsApp.
* Amakuru y'ikoranabuhanga: ibikoresho bishya bisohoka, imikino ya videwo n'ibindi.

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/@iaptech250 Pat Tech 21] kuri YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pat Tech 21}}
[[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]]</text>
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      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Pat tech 21]] to [[Umukoresha:Pazzo 21/Pat tech 21]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira mu mushinga w'umwanditsi: nta bimenyetso by'ubwamamare (no proof of notability)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1100" sha1="6wp6x97g5l5sjub4hkjde1hni1k3hlf" xml:space="preserve">{{Delete|Umuyoboro wa YouTube utagaragaza ko ari ingenzi: nta soko yigenga yizewe ivuga kuri wo; inyandiko yamamaza (kwiyamamaza)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Ingingo nta soko yizewe (inyandiko) ifite}}
'''Pat Tech 21''' ni umuyoboro wa YouTube w'Umunyarwanda Aime Patrick, utangaza videwo zijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga.

Videwo zawo zisobanura uko bakoresha telefoni na porogaramu, zigasuzuma ibikoresho bishya by'ikoranabuhanga kandi zigatanga amakuru agezweho muri urwo rwego.

== Ibikubiyemo ==
Pat Tech 21 itangaza ahanini ubwoko bune bwa videwo:
* Inyigisho (''tutorials''): uko bakoresha porogaramu, uko bahindura igenamiterere (''settings'') rya telefoni n'uko bakemura ibibazo bisanzwe bya tekinoloji.
* Isuzuma ry'ibikoresho (''reviews''): telefoni, tablets n'ibindi bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
* Inama z'umutekano: urugero, uko barinda konti za WhatsApp.
* Amakuru y'ikoranabuhanga: ibikoresho bishya bisohoka, imikino ya videwo n'ibindi.

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/@iaptech250 Pat Tech 21] kuri YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pat Tech 21}}
[[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Gusubizaho inyandiko y'umwanditsi y'umwimerere (restore author's original version)</comment>
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= Pat Tech 21: Uburyo bwo Guhanga no Kwigisha Ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt; =
'''Pat Tech 21''' ni channel ya YouTube iyobowe na '''Aime Patrick''', umunyarwanda w’umuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga. Uyu musore yamenyekanye cyane mu Rwanda kubera ubuhanga bwe mu gukora ibikoresho bya tekinoloji, gutunganya porogaramu, no gusobanura uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Channel ye igamije gutanga ubumenyi bworoshye, bwimbitse kandi bufatika ku banyarwanda n’abandi bantu bose bakunda tekinoloji.&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ya Pat Tech 21 ==
Channel ya Pat Tech 21 yashinzwe n’umuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga, '''Aime Patrick''', ushishikajwe no gufasha abantu kumenya no gukoresha tekinoloji mu buryo bworoshye. Kuva yatangira, Pat Tech 21 yibanze ku gutanga tutorials, gukora reviews z’ibikoresho bya tekinoloji, no gusobanura uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo bya telefoni n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu gihe gito, channel yaje kumenyekana kubera uburyo bwihariye bwo gusobanura ibintu, ku buryo byoroshye kubyumva n’abatari inzobere mu ikoranabuhanga. Abantu benshi batangiye gukurikirana videwo ze, cyane cyane abifuza kumenya uburyo bwo gukoresha telefoni zabo neza, kurinda konti za WhatsApp, no gukora ibikoresho byoroheje bya tekinoloji (DIY electronics).&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa bya Pat Tech 21 ==
Pat Tech 21 itanga videwo nyinshi z’ubwoko butandukanye:&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

# '''Tutorials z’ikoranabuhanga''': Aha, Aime Patrick asobanura uburyo bwo gukoresha porogaramu, guhindura settings za telefoni, no gukemura ibibazo by’ikoranabuhanga ku buryo bworoshye.
# '''Reviews z’ibikoresho''': Channel isuzuma ibikoresho bishya byo mu rwego rwa tekinoloji, harimo telefoni, tablets, gadgets, na vaping gear. Videwo zikorwa mu buryo bunoze kandi busobanutse, zigafasha abakunzi ba tekinoloji gufata ibyemezo byiza byo kugura ibikoresho.
# '''Amayeri n’uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo''': Aha, Pat Tech 21 yigisha abantu uburyo bwo kurinda konti zabo za WhatsApp, gukemura ibibazo bya software, ndetse no gukora ibintu by’ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bworoshye kandi butekanye.
# '''Amakuru agezweho mu ikoranabuhanga''': Channel ikurikirana ibigezweho ku isi mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, nka release z’ibikoresho bishya, trailers z’imikino, n’ibindi bikorwa by’ingenzi.

== Agaciro ka Pat Tech 21 ku Rwanda ==
Channel ya Pat Tech 21 ifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda:&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Uburezi n’ubumenyi''': Pat Tech 21 itanga amahirwe ku rubyiruko n’abakunda tekinoloji yo kumenya ibikoresho no gukoresha porogaramu zitandukanye.
* '''Guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga''': Channel yerekana ko mu Rwanda bishoboka gukora tutorials, reviews, no guhanga ibikoresho bya tekinoloji bifite ireme.
* '''Guhuza abantu n’ikoranabuhanga''': Uko abantu bakurikirana videwo za Pat Tech 21, bamenya uburyo bwo gukoresha tekinoloji mu buzima bwa buri munsi, bituma ikoranabuhanga riba igice cy’ubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.

== Umurongo w’ejo hazaza ==
Aime Patrick arashaka gukomeza guteza imbere channel ya Pat Tech 21, agafasha abantu benshi kurushaho kumenya tekinoloji, ndetse no guhanga udushya tw’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Ibi birimo gutanga amasomo y’imyuga, gukora videwo za tutorials zijyanye n’ubwenge bw’ubukorikori bwa tekinoloji, ndetse no guhanga ibikoresho bifatika bikoreshwa n’abanyarwanda ku giti cyabo.&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;
----'''Links z’ingenzi:''' '''Subscribe'''

[[youtube.com/@iaptech250?si=EBBRNVDuYbjGQK4O?sub_confirmation]]&lt;ref&gt;pat tech 21&lt;/ref&gt;

[[vm.tiktok.com/ZMSoAYew1]]</text>
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    <title>The Amazing Grace Film</title>
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'''''Amazing Grace''''' ni filime y’amakinamico y’amateka yo mu Bwongereza yo mu 2006 yanditswe na Jeta Amata na Nick Moran, Iyoborwa nabahanga nka Jeta Amata kandi yakozwe na Jeta Amata &amp; Alicia Arce. Muri iyi filime hagaragaramo Joke Silva, Nick Moran, Scott Cleverdon, Mbong Odungide, Fred Amata na Zack Amata. Iyi filime yahawe ibihembo 11 kandi yegukana igihembo cya Achievement in Cinematography muri Africa Movie Academy Awards mu 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2007 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012165834/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2007 |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ajonye |first=Akatu |date=9 January 2007 |title=The Movies That Changed The Colour of 2006 |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/10109110629.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174808/http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/10109110629.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011 |work=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]] |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 April 2007 |title=Golden Handcuffs of motion picture bondage: slavery in cinema |url=http://www.nypress.com/article-15981-golden-handcuffs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714224202/http://www.nypress.com/article-15981-golden-handcuffs.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011 |work=[[New York Press]] |location=New York, USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ham |first=Anthony |year=2009 |title=West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HapewBo3c0C&amp;q=%22The+Amazing+Grace%22+Jeta+Amata&amp;pg=PA621 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet Publications]] |isbn=978-1-74104-821-6 |page=621}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |year=2008 |title=Dictionary of African filmmakers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&amp;q=%22The+Amazing+Grace%22+Jeta+Amata&amp;pg=PA228 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-35116-6 |page=228}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Haydn |year=2008 |title=TCM international film guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUMNAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22The+Amazing+Grace%22+Jeta+Amata |publisher=Wallflower Press |isbn=978-1-905674-61-9 |edition=44 |page=235}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Grace (2006) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212116/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-amazing-grace |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2011 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikibanza ==
Iyi filime rimwe na rimwe ivugwa na Joke Silva, ivuga amateka yo kuvugurura ubukoroni bw’abongereza John Newton (Nick Moran), afata ubwato yerekeza [[Nijeriya|muri Nijeriya]] kugira ngo ajye gushakayo umukoroni. Nyuma, amaze gutungurwa n'ubugome bw'ubucakara, areka umucakara maze aba umupadiri w'Abangilikani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jury |first=Louise |date=9 May 2007 |title=Film gives Nigeria's side of the slave trade |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/film/article-23395641-film-gives-nigerias-side-of-the-slave-trade.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016203723/http://www.standard.co.uk/arts/film/film-gives-nigerias-side-of-the-slave-trade-6581194.html |archive-date=2012-10-16 |access-date=22 February 2011 |work=[[Evening Standard]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 Jul 2007 |title=The Fabulous Picture Show: Half Nelson |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/fps/2007/05/200852517275170339.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081049/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/fps/2007/05/200852517275170339.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |location=Doha - Qatar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma Newton yanditse indirimbo yo gucungura Amazing Grace ahinduka aboliste.

== Abakinnyi ==

* Nick Moran nka John Newton
* Urwenya Silva nka Maria Davies
* Scott Cleverdon nka Oliver
* Mbong Odungide nka Ansa
* Fred Amata nka Etim
* Zack Amata nkumupadiri wumudugudu
* Itam Efa Williamson nka Orok
* James Hicks nka Simmons
* Ita Bassey nk'umuyobozi
* Nick Goff nka Rupert

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rwa firime zo muri Nigeriya zo mu 2006

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubumuga bugira ingaruka mu bushobozi bw'ubwenge</title>
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Hriho ubumuga bugiye butandukanye bugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw'imitekerereze no kumenya kwa muntu.Iki ni igitekerezo cyagutse gikubiyemo defisit zitandukanye [[Handicap mental|zubwenge]] cyangwa ubwenge, harimo [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwubwenge]] (bwahoze bwitwa ''retardation mental''), deficits yoroheje cyane kuburyo itujuje ibisabwa nkubumuga bw' ubwenge, ibintu bitandukanye byihariye (nkubumuga bwihariye bwo kwiga), nibibazo byakuwe mubuzima nyuma yo gukomeretsa ubwonko cyangwa indwara zifata ubwonko nka démée .</text>
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    <title>Ubumuga &amp; Sosiyete</title>
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      <text bytes="2329" sha1="kfo0vlb1k7vxqgx1g58ohhxm28wnsyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox journal|title=Disability &amp; Society|image=&lt;!-- or |cover= --&gt;|image_size=|alt=|caption=|former_name=Disability, Handicap &amp; Society|abbreviation=Disabil. Soc.|bluebook=&lt;!-- For law journals only --&gt;|mathscinet=&lt;!-- For the MathSciNet abbreviation IF different from ISO 4 abbreviation--&gt;|nlm=&lt;!-- For the NLM abbreviation IF different from ISO 4 abbreviation--&gt;|discipline=[[Disability studies]]|peer-reviewed=|language=English|editor=Michele Moore|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|country=|history=1986–present|frequency=10/year|openaccess=|license=|impact=1.212|impact-year=2017|ISSNlabel=|ISSN=0968-7599|eISSN=|CODEN=DSCIET|JSTOR=|LCCN=2007233711|OCLC=808984972|website=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cdso20/current|link1=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cdso20/current?nav=tocList|link1-name=Online access|link2=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdso20|link2-name=Online archive|boxwidth=}}'''''Ubumuga &amp; Sosiyete''''' ni ikinyamakuru cy’ubushakashatsi gisuzumwa n’inzobere mu rwego rw’ubumenyi [[Inyigisho z’abafite ubumuga|mubyerekeranye n'ubumuga]]. Cyatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1986 cyitwa '''''Ubumuga, Uburema &amp; Sosiyete''''', hanyuma gihindura izina cyitwa '''Ubumuga''' ''&amp; '''Sosiyete''''' mu mwaka wa '''1994'''. Gisohorwa na Taylor &amp;amp;amp; Francis naho umwanditsi mukuru ni Michele Moore (Kaminuza ya Essex). Nk’uko ''ikinyamakuru Citation Reports kibitangaza'' ngo iki kinyamakuru gifite ingaruka z’umwaka wa 2017 zingana na 1.212, kiza ku mwanya wa 42 mu binyamakuru 98 biri mu cyiciro “Ubumenyi bw’imibereho buvanga ibyiciro bitandukanye” &lt;ref name=&quot;WoS&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2018 |title=2017 Journal Citation Reports |title-link=Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |edition=Social Science |series=[[Web of Science]] |chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse ku mwanya wa '''40''' mu binyamakuru '''69''' byo mu cyiciro cya ''“Gusubizaho ubushobozi bw’umuntu”.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;WoS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2018 |title=2017 Journal Citation Reports |title-link=Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]] |chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Rehabilitation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Official website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Disability and Society}}</text>
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    <title>Logitech Harmony</title>
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[[Dosiye:Logitech_Harmony_1000_Remote.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Logitech Harmony 1000]]
'''Logitech Harmony''' ni urukurikirane rw'ibikoresho byo kugenzura kure(remote controls) n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rugo (home automation) byakozwe mbere na Logitech. Umurongo urimo ibicuruzwa byitaruye bigenewe kugenzura ibice bigize sisitemu yimikino yo murugo (harimo tereviziyo, udusanduku twashyizwe hejuru, DVD na Blu-ray, imashini yimikino ya videwo) hamwe nibindi bikoresho bishobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe infragre, hamwe nibicuruzwa bishya byo mu rugo bya hub bishobora gukoreshwa mugucunga byongeweho interineti ishigikiwe nibintu (IoT) nibicuruzwa byo murugo bigenzura ibikoresho. Logitech yahagaritse gukora Harmony Remote mu 2021 kandi ihagarika inkunga ya moderi ishaje muri &lt;ref name=&quot;logi.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Announcement: Harmony Remote Manufacturing, Service and Support Update |url=https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506203727/https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |access-date=2021-05-04 |publisher=logi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Ben |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Logitech is dropping support for its oldest Harmony remotes |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250525161239/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=2025-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Harmony remote control yatangiye gukorwa mu mwaka wa 2001 n'ikigo cyo muri Canada cyitwa Easy Zapper, kandi yagurishijwe bwa mbere mu Ugushyingo 2001. Nyuma yaho, icyo kigo cyaje guhindura izina cyitwa Intrigue Technologies kandi cyari giherereye mu mujyi wa Mississauga, muri Ontario, Canada.

Uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya mudasobwa rwitwa Logitech rwaguze icyo kigo mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 2004 ku mafaranga agera kuri $29 miliyoni z'amadolari ya Amerika, bituma Harmony remotes ziba izikunzwe kw'isi yose. 

Muri Mata 2021, Logitech yatangaje icyemezo cyo guhagarika gukora kure ya Harmony. &lt;ref name=&quot;logi.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Announcement: Harmony Remote Manufacturing, Service and Support Update |url=https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506203727/https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |access-date=2021-05-04 |publisher=logi.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506203727/https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 &quot;Announcement: Harmony Remote Manufacturing, Service and Support Update&quot;]. logi.com. 2021-04-09. Archived from [https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/1500000658341 the original] on 2021-05-06&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;support.myharmony.com&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Logitech Harmony Support |url=https://support.myharmony.com/ |access-date=December 13, 2022 |website=Logitech}}
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PCWorld2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Ben |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Logitech is dropping support for its oldest Harmony remotes |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250525161239/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=2025-04-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPatterson2025&quot;&gt;Patterson, Ben (March 27, 2025). [https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html &quot;Logitech is dropping support for its oldest Harmony remotes&quot;]. [https://archive.today/20250525161239/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2651033/logitech-is-dropping-support-for-its-oldest-harmony-remotes.html Archived] from the original on 25 May 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-04-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2025 batangaje ko gushyigikira moderi zishaje zishingiye kuri software ya Harmony Remote bizarangira ku ya 28 Gicurasi, moderi ijyanye na porogaramu nshya ya MyHarmony iracyashyigikiwe.

== Ibiranga ==
Byose bya Harmony byashyizwe kumurongo ukoresheje software iboneza hanze. Kuri moderi zose ibi birashobora gukorwa ukoresheje mudasobwa ikoresha Microsoft Windows cyangwa MacOS bakeneye guhuzwa hakoreshejwe USB; moderi ya Elite na Ultimate irashobora kandi gushyirwaho bidasubirwaho ukoresheje porogaramu ya terefone ya Android cyangwa iOS.

Buri kure ifite infragre (IR) ubushobozi bwo kwiga (moderi zimwe na zimwe zirimo inkunga ya RF), kandi irashobora kohereza amakuru kubyerekeranye na kure kure yububiko bwibikoresho byo kumurongo. As of 2012  5000+ ibirango byibikoresho byari bishyigikiwe.

Harmony zose za kure zishyigikira ibikorwa-byo gukoraho-bishingiye kubikorwa, byemerera kugenzura ibikoresho byinshi icyarimwe. Kurugero, inzu yimikino yo murugo ishobora kuba irimo TV, sisitemu yo hejuru yububiko hamwe na sisitemu yamajwi yo murugo. Kanda kuri bouton yibikorwa ya 'Reba TV' kuri kure bizafungura TV, ufungure sisitemu yo hejuru ya sisitemu, ufungure sisitemu yijwi, uhindure iyinjizwa rya TV kuri sisitemu yashyizweho hejuru hanyuma uhindure ibyinjijwe muri sisitemu yijwi hejuru yisanduku yo hejuru. Mubyongeyeho, ingano yama buto yashushanyirizwa kuri sisitemu yijwi, utubuto twumuyoboro twashizwe kumurongo wa sisitemu ya top top box, hamwe nubundi bugenzuzi kubintu bikwiye bya sisitemu kubikorwa. Ikirangantego cyakwibuka ibikoresho byakoreshwaga kuri cyangwa kuzimya hamwe nibikoresho byinjiza byari byarahinduwe mbere, bikemerera kwimura ibikoresho kuva mubikorwa bikajya mubindi bitohereje amategeko arenze cyangwa atari yo.

Modeli ya kera ya Harmony ya kure yakoreshejwe software ya Harmony Remote, yemerera abakoresha kuvugurura iboneza rya kure, kwiga amategeko ya IR, no kuzamura porogaramu igenzura kure. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Harmony remote software |url=http://myremotesetup.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801200124/http://myremotesetup.com/ |archive-date=2015-08-01 |access-date=2010-06-04 |publisher=Myremotesetup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Umukoresha</title>
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'''UserWay''' ni sosiyete igera kuri digitale ifite icyicaro i Wilmington, Delaware. Isosiyete ikoresha AI na automatisation mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’amategeko ku masosiyete kugira ngo imbuga zabo zigerweho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=לוי |first=אביב |date=2022-01-24 |title=החברות ששינו את התוכניות בעקבות גל הירידות |url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001399580 |access-date=2023-01-06 |work=Globes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
UserWay yashinzwe mu 2016 na Allon Mason. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shein |first=Esther |date=2020-07-30 |title=AI-powered tool aims to help reduce bias and racially charged language on websites |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ai-powered-tool-aims-to-help-reduce-bias-and-racially-charged-language-on-websites/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=TechRepublic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2021, Susan Bennett, umuntu watanze ijwi rya Siri, umufasha w'ikoranabuhanga wa Apple, yabaye umuvugizi w'iyi sosiyete kandi akaba umurwanashyaka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Siri reveals herself to promote web accessibility for Userway |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/09/30/siri-reveals-herself-promote-web-accessibility-userway |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Drum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al-Heeti |first=Abrar |title=Siri's original voice now advocates for a more accessible web |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/the-original-voice-of-siri-is-now-advocating-for-a-more-accessible-web/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'uburenganzira bw'abantu bafite ubumuga mu gikorwa cyo kwamamaza cya UserWay, cyanagaragayemo Dr. Orna Guralnik. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=2022-05-19 |title=Siri visits Couples Therapy star Dr. Orna Guralnik in sketch for web accessibility company |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/05/19/siri-visits-couples-therapy-star/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Kuboza 2021, isosiyete yatanze umushinga wa mbere  w'inyandiko y'amasoko (prospectus) ya IPO ku Isoko ry’imigabane rya Tel Aviv. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=בלי שלב ציבורי: החברה להנגשת אתרים סגרה הנפקה לפי שווי של 120 מיליון שקל {{!}} כלכליסט |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/market/article/syfen200ny |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=calcalist |language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexiou |first=Gus |title=Retailers To Lose $828 Million Of Sales Over Christmas Due To Inaccessible Websites |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gusalexiou/2021/12/19/retailers-to-lose-828-million-of-sales-over-christmas-due-to-inaccessible-websites/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan Bennett, Siri voice, partners with accessibility startup UserWay |url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-706734 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Mutarama 2022, isosiyete yasohoye IPO yayo ku isoko ry'imigabane rya Tel Aviv ku gaciro ka miliyoni 120 NIS. Yakomeje gukusanya hafi miliyoni 30 NIS kubakiriya b'ibigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=זומר |first=נווית |date=2022-01-30 |title=החברה שמנייתה זינקה ב-38% בשבוע: &quot;השוק לא ער לגמרי לנושא הנגישות&quot; |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/b1sgzl7rt |access-date=2023-01-06 |work=Ynet |language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=בלי שלב ציבורי: החברה להנגשת אתרים סגרה הנפקה לפי שווי של 120 מיליון שקל {{!}} כלכליסט |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/market/article/syfen200ny |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=calcalist |language=he}}&lt;/ref&gt; UserWay yatangiye gucuruza ku isoko ryimigabane rya Tel Aviv ku izina rya UWAY. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UWAY: Userway Ltd Stock Price Quote - Tel Aviv - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/UWAY:IT |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Widget ya UserWay iraboneka kumurongo wingenzi wa CMS kimwe nimbuga za HTML / CSS / JS. Ikoranabuhanga rya UserWay ryujuje amategeko yubahiriza ashingiye kuri WCAG 2.1 AA kandi nkuko bisabwa na ADA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=InclusionHub |title=UserWay |url=https://www.inclusionhub.com/digital-accessibility/userway |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.inclusionhub.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127211632/https://www.inclusionhub.com/digital-accessibility/userway |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=UserWay Launches Version 4.0 of Its Accessibility Platform |url=https://www.speechtechmag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=152625 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Speech Technology Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Kuboza 2023, UserWay yatangaje ko izagurwa n’ikigo cy’Abanyamerika Level Access ku giciro cya miliyoni 98.7 z’amadolari($) yo guhuza amafaranga n’impaka zikomeje kuvugwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overlay Fact Sheet |url=https://overlayfactsheet.com/en/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=overlayfactsheet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=31 December 2023 |title=Israel digital accessibility startup to be bought by US firm in deal valued at $99m |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-digital-accessibility-startup-to-be-bought-by-us-firm-in-deal-valued-at-99m/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Times of Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=#UserWay Will Get You Sued |url=https://adrianroselli.com/2021/09/userway-will-get-you-sued.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Adrian Roselli |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubucuruzi bwarangiye muri Werurwe 2024, guhindura isosiyete akaba iy'abigenga bonyine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Level Access Completes Acquisition of UserWay, Signaling the Next Evolution of Digital Accessibility |url=https://www.morningstar.com/news/business-wire/20240319489734/level-access-completes-acquisition-of-userway-signaling-the-next-evolution-of-digital-accessibility |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Morningstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2024, ikirego cy’icyiciro cy’ikirego cyaregewe UserWay, kivuga ko ibirego byinshi byakabije, ko widgets zayo zitubahiriza kubahiriza amategeko, ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigatuma imbuga za interineti zigora gukoresha ababana n'ubumuga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Louise |first=Nickie |date=2024-12-24 |title=Userway faces class action lawsuit over alleged false accessibility and ADA compliance claims |url=https://techstartups.com/2024/12/23/userway-faces-class-action-lawsuit-over-alleged-false-accessibility-and-ada-compliance-claims/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=TechStartups |publisher=Tech Startup}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ikinyamakuru Financial Times cyatangaje ko imbuga za interineti zikoresha UserWay hamwe n’andi masosiyete ya widget agera kuri interineti akiri kure yo kubahiriza amabwiriza yo kugerwaho, amwe muri yo akaba afite amakosa y’ibanze  mu bijyanye no kugeza ku bikorwa by'ikoranabuhanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kao |first=Joanna S |date=2024-04-07 |title=Blind internet users struggle with error-prone AI aids |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c877c55-b698-43da-a222-8ae183f53078 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Financial Times |publisher=Financial Times |location=}} &lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiyo 1RPH</title>
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'''Radiyo 1RPH''' 1125 kHz Canberra (89.5FM Wagga Wagga, 99.5FM Junee) ni radiyo itanga amakuru kuri radiyo AM band kuri radiyo yo mu murwa mukuru wa Ositaraliya ikorera ACT yose hamwe n’ibice bikikije NSW birimo Queanbeyan, Yass na Michelago, hamwe nabakunda kugaragara cyane FM kuri Wagga na Junee,  hamwe n’itangazamakuru ryandika kuri interineti. &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=1RPH History |url=http://www.radio1rph.org.au/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719022224/http://radio1rph.org.au/history.htm |archive-date=19 July 2008 |access-date=4 August 2008 |website=radio1rph.org.au |publisher=1RPH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Radio 1RPH ni umunyamuryango wa Radio Icapiro ry'abafite ubumuga. Amagambo yacyo ni, '''amakuru yawe''' hamwe no '''Guhindura icapiro mumajwi''', kandi igamije gukorera abantu bose, kubwimpamvu iyo ari yo yose, bafite ubumuga bwo gusoma ibikoresho byacapwe bizwi nkibinyamakuru bigendanwa muntoki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Value our Voices |url=http://www.cbonline.org.au/%5Cmedia%5CElection_07%5CRPH_Summary1.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725125308/http://www.cbonline.org.au/media/Election_07/RPH_Summary1.1.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=4 August 2008 |publisher=[[Community Broadcasting Association of Australia|CBAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibinyamakuru, ibitabo, nibindi bikoresho byacapwe bizwi kwizina rya news letter bisomwa kumurongo. 1RPH yahoze ifite frequency hanze ya AM band kuri 1620&amp;nbsp;kHz, &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Chris |date=24 December 1994 |title=Station News Australia |url=http://www.chowdanet.com/markc/idxd/1994/IDX23DEC.A94 |url-status=dead |journal=International DX Digest |publisher=National Radio Club |volume=62 |issue=14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119042246/http://www.chowdanet.com/markc/idxd/1994/IDX23DEC.A94 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=7 December 2011 |quote=scheduled to move on 17 October}}&lt;/ref&gt; nuko agira ikibazo cyo kwivanga gake, kandi yumvikanye kure nka Amerika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burnell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burnell |first=Jean |date=6 August 1997 |title=MW DXpedition in Grayland WA |url=http://www.qsl.net/n7ecj/Logs/burnell%208-6-97.txt |access-date=7 December 2011 |publisher=Hardcore |location=St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikoresho ==
[[Dosiye:Radio_1RPH_studio_and_transmitter.jpg|thumb|L - R: Inyubako ya transmitter, masta abiri, parikingi na carport, inyubako ya sitidiyo.]]

=== Studiyo ===

==== Ku kirere no ku musaruro ====

* Sitidiyo ebyiri, imwe ifite umuyoboro wa 16 Ogenic ivangavanga:
** Inkomoko y'amajwi:
*** mudasobwa
*** Abakinnyi ba CD
*** imiyoboro ya satelite
*** Ibyuma bifata amajwi
*** impinduka
*** umurongo wo gutangaza
*** telefone-radiyo

==== Umusaruro ====

* sitidiyo nyuma yububiko
* studio-ijwi gusa
* CD-R hamwe nububiko bwibitabo
* isomero ry'umuziki ryafashwe amajwi

=== Imashanyarazi na antenne ===

* 2000 watt ikomeye-imiterere ya transmitter ya AM hamwe na standby
* {{Convert|65|m|ft|adj=on}} antenna ya masta itanga icyerekezo
* amashanyarazi yihutirwa

== Ingaruka za NDIS ==
Muri Gashyantare 2016, ubuyobozi bwa sitasiyo bwatangaje ko bwagiriwe inama ko amadolari 38.000 atazaboneka muri ACT ya Leta ya ACT [[Disability ACT|y’ubumuga]] guhera muri Nyakanga 2016, ubwo aya mafaranga azaba mu rwego rw’amafaranga rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’abafite ubumuga (NDIS) ayobowe na guverinoma ya Commonwealth. Aya mafaranga yagereranyaga hafi kimwe cya kane cyingengo yimikorere ya sitasiyo. Minisitiri w’abafite ubumuga Chris Bourke yanze gusezeranya inkunga y’umutungo wa ACT, ariko avuga ko azakora iperereza kuri Minisitiri y'abafite ubumuga butandukanye. nko Kuyobora bashizemo imbaraga zo kumenyekanisha ibura ry'inkunga ni: Perezida, Lorraine Litster; Visi Perezida, n'abafite ubumuga Perezida wa ACT, Robert Altamore; n’abakorerabushake batanga amakuru hamwe n’inteko ishinga amategeko umutwe wa ACT, Umudepite wa Vicki Dunne. Litster yerekanye ko, muri gahunda ya miliyari 22 z'amadolari ya Amerika / umwaka, miliyoni 132 z'amadolari yonyine niyo yagenewe serivisi zirimo umuyoboro wa radiyo wandika ubumuga. Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubwishingizi bw'abafite ubumuga (NDIA) cyatangaje ko kizasuzuma iki kibazo. &lt;ref name=&quot;2016-02-10_ABC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fettes |first=James |last2=Francis |first2=Adrienne |date=11 February 2016 |title=Disability station Radio 1RPH 'left in the lurch' amid NDIS funding changes |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-11/disability-radio-station-may-cut-services-after-funding-decision/7157868 |access-date=23 April 2019 |work=[[ABC News Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;2016-02-10_SMH&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=Katie |date=10 February 2016 |title=Radio station for print-handicapped to lose out under NDIS: president |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/radio-station-for-printhandicapped-to-lose-out-under-ndis-president-20160210-gmq49q.html |access-date=23 April 2019 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rwa radio muri Ositaraliya
* Radiyo Yandika Abamugaye</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cartilage conduction</title>
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      <text bytes="3408" sha1="6kc5lnz6reidbbts0teg1dsxp9d07ie" xml:space="preserve">'''Imiyoboro ya Cartilage''' ninzira yerekana ibimenyetso byijwi byumvikana mumatwi yimbere. Mu 2004, Hiroshi Hosoi (Nara Medical University) yavumbuye iyi nzira ayita igikucangwa”. Kumva ukoresheje imiyoboro y'igikucangwa itandukanye ninzira zisanzwe zitwara amajwi, nk'umwuka cyangwa amagufwa, kuko bigerwaho no gukora umuyoboro ku igikucangwa no kumva  kandi ntabwo birimo kunyeganyega kw'amagufwa ya gihanga. Kubwibyo, imiyoboro ya karitsiye yitwa &quot;inzira ya gatatu yo kumva&quot;.

Kuva mu myaka igera hafi kuri 450 ishize, inzira ebyiri zemerewe kohereza amajwi mu gutwi imbere: gutwara umwuka no gutwara amagufwa. Mu 2004, Hiroshi Hosoi, icyo gihe wari umwarimu muri kaminuza y’ubuvuzi ya Nara (ubu akaba na perezida wacyo), yavumbuye ikintu cyo kumva akoresheje urusaku rw’amatwi y’inyuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;foo01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hosoi |first=Hiroshi |last2=Nishimura |first2=Tadashi |last3=Shimokura |first3=Ryota |last4=Kitahara |first4=Tadashi |date=April 2019 |title=Cartilage conduction as the third pathway for sound transmission |journal=Auris Nasus Larynx |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1016/j.anl.2019.01.005 |pmid=30718109 |s2cid=73442569 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;foo02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 September 2014 |title=Cartilage and Ultrasound conduction hearings: The new sound transmissions broaden the availability |publisher=NHK Science ZERO |issue=478}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muguhuza  vibura no kumva, wasangaga ijwi ryanduzwa mumatwi yimbere. Yasabye igitekerezo cy'igitabo kivuga ko karitsiye ifite umutungo wihariye utuma ishobora kohereza amajwi. &lt;ref name=&quot;foo03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 May 2016 |title=The Leading Edge: A New Sound Transmission Pathway |publisher=NHK Science View}}&lt;/ref&gt; yiswe imiyoboro ya karitsiye. Kuva mu Kuboza 2022, impapuro 32 z’amasomo zasohotse kuri iyi ngingo mu binyamakuru mpuzamahanga bya siyansi. Byongeye kandi, [[Akuma gafasha umuntu kumva|ibyuma bifata amajwi]] ya karitsiye, &lt;ref name=&quot;foo04&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hosoi |first=Hiroshi |last2=Nishimura |first2=Tadashi |last3=Shimokura |first3=Ryota |date=2020 |title=From the time of bone-conduction to cartilage-conduction―The basics and application of cartilage-conduction and cartilage-conduction hearing aids― |journal=Audiology Japan |volume=63 |pages=217–225 |doi=10.4295/audiology.63.217 |s2cid=225180717 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na terefone ngendanwa &lt;ref name=&quot;foo05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shimokura |first=Ryota |last2=Hosoi |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Tadashi |first3=Nishimura |title=Mechanism of cartilage conduction hearing and the applications: The ears say more than the mouth |journal=J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. |volume=74 |pages=649–654}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe nogukusanya amajwi  biri ku isoko kuva 2017, 2022 na 2023.

Urwego rwo kwumva rugizwe n'ugutwi, hagati, n'imbere (cochlea). Ugutwi kwinyuma kugizwe na pinna kwumva hanze. Pinna ikozwe na karitsiye. Igice cyimbere ninyuma cyumuyoboro wunva winyuma ukorwa na karitsiye hamwe namagufwa.  cya karitsiye hamwe nigice cyamagufwa bishobora gutandukanywa nigitutu cyoroheje nintoki. Iyo imiyoboro ishyizwe mugice cya karitsiye, ijwi rishobora kumvikana hifashishijwe imiyoboro ya karitsiye. Umwanya ukwiye wo guhuza neza ibyo bice kugirango ukorwe neza ni karitsiye ikikije ubwinjiriro bwumuyoboro wumva wo hanze, mugihe ibice biri kure yubwinjiriro (urugero, crus helicis) ntibishobora kugira uruhare runini mugutwara karitsiye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Switch access scanning</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>141717</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:19:24Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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Switch access scanning  ni tekinike cyangwa uburyo guhitamo butaziguye bukoresha buto bwihariye, bwifashishwa n'abakoresha ikoranabuhanga ribafasha kuvuga cyangwa kuganira. (AAC), kugirango bahitemo ibintu bivuye mu rwego rwo guhitamo.  &lt;ref name=&quot;vinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vinson, Betsy Partin |year=2001 |title=Essentials for speech-language pathologists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLtbvuJDVpcC&amp;pg=PA150 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-7693-0071-9 |pages=150–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Igipimo cyo gusikana kinyura mu bintu werekana buri kintu kuri ecran (ni ukuvuga, scanning visual), cyangwa mugutangaza buri kintu ukoresheje amajwi asohoka (nukuvuga, gusikana amajwi), hanyuma uyikoresha agakora switch kugirango ahitemo ikintu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;hedman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hedman, Glenn |year=1990 |title=Rehabilitation Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkTSCQRTwSsC&amp;pg=PA100 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56024-033-4 |pages=100–01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuvuduko nuburyo bwo gusikana, kimwe nuburyo ibintu byatoranijwe, byashyizwe mubushobozi bwumubiri, amashusho nubwenge bwumukoresha.  Mugihe hashobora kubaho impamvu zitandukanye zo gukoresha scanne, ibisanzwe ni ubumuga bwumubiri bigatuma igabanuka rya moteri kugirango uhitemo neza. &lt;ref name=&quot;b97&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;radom&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Radomski, Mary Vining |year=2007 |title=Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hczaxaAXCDsC&amp;pg=PA519 |last2=Trombly Latham, Catherine A. |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6312-7 |pages=524–25 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itumanaho mugihe cyo gusikana riratinda kandi ridakorwa neza kuruta guhitamo no gusikana bisaba ubuhanga bwo kumenya (urugero, kwitondera). &lt;ref name=&quot;asha&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hedman&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku buryo bwa &quot;scanning&quot; bifasha umuntu kugira ubwigenge mu gukoresha ibikoresho bimufasha, cyane cyane ku bafite gusa igice kimwe gishobora kugenda ku bushake. &lt;ref name=&quot;asha&quot; /&gt;

== Uburyo bwo Gusikana ==
[[Dosiye:AnimatedTyping_by_ScanningExamplebyline.gif|right|thumb|300x300px|Urugero rwo gusikana umurongo]]
[[Dosiye:AnimatedTyping_by_ScanningExample.gif|right|thumb|300x300px|Umurongo / Inkingi yo gusikana urugero]]
A scanning pattern yerekana uburyo ibintu biri mu itsinda rihitwamo bishyirwaho imbere y'umukoresha. Bituma guhitamo ibintu byoroha kuko uburyo bwo gusaka bukorwa mu buryo butunganye kandi bworoshye gusobanukirwa.  Uburyo butatu bwo gusikana burahari ni:

* Mu ''gusikana kuzenguruka'', ibintu byihariye bitondekanye muruziga (nkumubare uri kumasaha yisaha) kandi icyerekezo cyo gusikana kigenda muruziga kugirango gisikane ikintu kimwe icyarimwe. Nubwo gusikana kuzenguruka bisaba ibintu bigaragara, nuburyo bworoshye bwo gusikana kuko byoroshye kumenya neza. &lt;ref name=&quot;vinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vinson, Betsy Partin |year=2001 |title=Essentials for speech-language pathologists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLtbvuJDVpcC&amp;pg=PA150 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-7693-0071-9 |pages=150–51}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVinson,_Betsy_Partin2001&quot;&gt;Vinson, Betsy Partin (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DLtbvuJDVpcC&amp;pg=PA150 ''Essentials for speech-language pathologists'']. Cengage Learning. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;150–&lt;/span&gt;51. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7693-0071-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7693-0071-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Mugusikana kumurongo'', ibintu mubisanzwe bitondekanijwe muri gride kandi icyerekezo cyo gusikana kinyura muri buri kintu muri buri murongo kuri gahunda. &lt;ref name=&quot;vinson&quot; /&gt; Nubwo gusikana kumurongo bisaba ubwenge cyane kuruta gusikana uruziga, biroroshye kandi byoroshye kwiga. 
* Mu ''matsinda-ibintu byo gusikana'', ibintu bishyizwe hamwe (urugero, kumurongo, inkingi, cyangwa ibindi byiciro bifite ireme) kandi ibipimo byo kubisikana bizabanza gusikana mumatsinda. Iyo scaneri imaze guhitamo itsinda ikintu yifuza ni icya, icyerekezo cyo gusikana kizasikana buri kintu mumatsinda yatoranijwe. Muburyo butandukanye bwitsinda-ibintu byo gusikana, ibisanzwe ni ''umurongo-inkingi gusikana'' aho ibintu byashyizwe kumurongo. &lt;ref name=&quot;vinson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;b98&quot; /&gt;

== Ubuhanga bwo kugenzura ==
[[Dosiye:Access_device.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Guhindura intoki]]
Igenzura rya scan hamwe nibintu byatoranijwe bibaho binyuze muri enterineti muburyo butatu:

* Mu ''cyerekezo (cyangwa inverse) gusikana'', icyerekezo kizasikana gusa muburyo bwateganijwe mugihe umukoresha afite icyerekezo. Guhitamo bikorwa iyo switch irekuwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;vinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vinson, Betsy Partin |year=2001 |title=Essentials for speech-language pathologists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLtbvuJDVpcC&amp;pg=PA150 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-7693-0071-9 |pages=150–51}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVinson,_Betsy_Partin2001&quot;&gt;Vinson, Betsy Partin (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DLtbvuJDVpcC&amp;pg=PA150 ''Essentials for speech-language pathologists'']. Cengage Learning. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;150–&lt;/span&gt;51. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7693-0071-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7693-0071-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Mu ''gusikana mu buryo bwikora (busanzwe cyangwa bwahagaritswe)'', icyerekezo gisikana muburyo bwateganijwe kandi ibintu byatoranijwe bibaho mugihe scaneri ikubise. &lt;ref name=&quot;hedman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hedman, Glenn |year=1990 |title=Rehabilitation Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkTSCQRTwSsC&amp;pg=PA100 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56024-033-4 |pages=100–01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHedman,_Glenn1990&quot;&gt;Hedman, Glenn (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XkTSCQRTwSsC&amp;pg=PA100 ''Rehabilitation Technology'']. Routledge. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;100–&lt;/span&gt;01. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-56024-033-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-56024-033-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;radom&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Radomski, Mary Vining |year=2007 |title=Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hczaxaAXCDsC&amp;pg=PA519 |last2=Trombly Latham, Catherine A. |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-6312-7 |pages=524–25 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRadomski,_Mary_ViningTrombly_Latham,_Catherine_A.2007&quot;&gt;Radomski, Mary Vining &amp; Trombly Latham, Catherine A. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hczaxaAXCDsC&amp;pg=PA519 ''Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction'']. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;524–&lt;/span&gt;25. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6312-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7817-6312-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Muntambwe yo gusikana'', uyikoresha agenzura buri rugendo (cyangwa intambwe) yerekana icyerekezo cyo gusikana binyuze muburyo bwateganijwe mukubita switch. Guhitamo ikintu, umukoresha wa AAC akubita icyerekezo cya kabiri iyo icyerekezo kigeze kubintu yifuza. Kubera guhora uhinduranya ibikorwa, ubu buryo bushobora kuba bunaniza cyane kuri scaneri zimwe, harimo nabafite Amyotrophique latal sclerose, ariko biroroshye kubimenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;hedman&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;radom&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Standing Wheelchair</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="8944" sha1="e01itp5596bh7wmmaxi0es0kxpb3th3" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Standing_Wheelchair_By-_Redman_Power_Chair.jpg|thumb|Intebe y’ibimuga ihagaze ni igikoresho cyikora gifasha uyikoresha kuva mu cyicaro, ku mwanya uhagaze kandi akenshi asubira mu igorofa niba intebe ifite ubushobozi bwo kubikora. Intebe zimuga zihagaze zirasanzwe mubantu bafite: dystrofi yimitsi, sclerose nyinshi, nizindi ndwara zibangamira imikorere yimikorere.]]
'''Standing Wheelchair ni'''  igare kandi rikaba rizwi nkintebe kuko ifasha abafite ubumuga mukuba bajya ahantu hatandukanye inafite abamni tekinoroji ifasha, isa [[Standing frame|n'ikadiri ihagaze]], ituma umukoresha [[Wheelchair|w’ibimuga]] azamura intebe kuva yicaye kugeza aho ihagaze. Intebe yimuga ihagaze ishyigikira umuntu mumwanya uhagaze kandi igafasha imikoranire nabantu nibintu kurwego rwamaso.

== imiterere ni mikoreshereze ya Standing Wheelchair ==
Mugihe bose bafite imikorere yibanze, hari byinshi bitandukanye kuriyi ntebe cyanga igare ryitwa Standing Wheelchair. Nibikoresho bifasha, intebe zihagaze zakozwe mbere na mbere ukurikije ibyo abakoresha baryo bakeneye. Uburyo bwo guterura bwinjizwamo bushobora gukoreshwa nintoki cyangwa gukoreshwa nibikoresho bya hydraulic bigereranya imbaraga. Ibiziga birashobora kandi gukoreshwa nimbaraga cyangwa intoki. Amavuta akoreshwa mubyuma bikoreshwa mubikorwa kugirango habeho kuringaniza kuramba, imbaraga, guhinduka no kumurika, icyakora hariho ibyuma biremereye kandi byoroshye birahari. Moderi yihariye yubatswe kugirango ikoreshwe buri gihe mugihe izindi zifasha gusa mubikorwa byihariye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merai |first=Sushant |last2=Shah |first2=Denish |last3=Trivedi |first3=Bhavinkumar |last4=Joshi |first4=Poojan |last5=Kushwah |first5=Sagarsingh |date=2022 |title=A study and design of standing wheelchair |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.485 |journal=Materials Today: Proceedings |volume=65 |pages=3787–3792 |doi=10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.485 |issn=2214-7853 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; z’ibimuga zihagaze zishobora no kwirukanwa aho zihagaze, icyakora hari impungenge z’ubuvuzi zerekana ko ibyago byinshi byo kuvunika amagufwa mugihe utwaye imodoka kubera amaguru ari umutwaro uremereye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arva |first=Julianna |last2=Paleg |first2=Ginny |last3=Lange |first3=Michelle |last4=Lieberman |first4=Jenny |last5=Schmeler |first5=Mark |last6=Dicianno |first6=Brad |last7=Babinec |first7=Mike |last8=Rosen |first8=Lauren |date=2009-09-18 |title=RESNA Position on the Application of Wheelchair Standing Devices |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400430903175622 |journal=Assistive Technology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1080/10400430903175622 |issn=1040-0435 |pmid=19908680 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gusuzuma no kubakoresha ==
Intebe z’abafite ubumuga zigaragara zikoreshwa n’abantu bafite [[ubumuga]] bworoheje kandi bukabije harimo: gukomeretsa uruti rwumugongo, gukomeretsa ubwonko bwubwonko, ubumuga bwubwonko, spina bifida, dystrofi yimitsi, sclerose nyinshi, stroke, syndrome ya rett, syndrome ya polio nibindi byinshi.

Intebe zabafite ubumuga ziri mubyiciro bitandukanye muburyo zihagaze zikoreshwa nabantu bafite [[paraplegia]] na quadriplegia, kubera ko uburyo butandukanye bwo guhagarara burahari kugirango bakire ubumuga bworoheje bukabije.

== Inyungu zubuzima ==
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ibimenyetso byintebe zintebe zihagaze zitanga inyungu zubuzima kurenza bagenzi babo badafite imashini. Zimwe muri izo nyungu zirimo kuzenguruka neza, ubwinshi bwamagufwa, hamwe ningaruka nke zo kwikuramo no guhindura skelete. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arva |first=Julianna |last2=Paleg |first2=Ginny |last3=Lange |first3=Michelle |last4=Lieberman |first4=Jenny |last5=Schmeler |first5=Mark |last6=Dicianno |first6=Brad |last7=Babinec |first7=Mike |last8=Rosen |first8=Lauren |date=2009-09-18 |title=RESNA Position on the Application of Wheelchair Standing Devices |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400430903175622 |journal=Assistive Technology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1080/10400430903175622 |issn=1040-0435 |pmid=19908680 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArvaPalegLangeLieberman2009&quot;&gt;Arva, Julianna; Paleg, Ginny; Lange, Michelle; Lieberman, Jenny; Schmeler, Mark; Dicianno, Brad; Babinec, Mike; Rosen, Lauren (18 September 2009). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400430903175622 &quot;RESNA Position on the Application of Wheelchair Standing Devices&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Assistive Technology''. '''21''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;161–&lt;/span&gt;168. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/10400430903175622|10.1080/10400430903175622]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-0435 1040-0435]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19908680 19908680].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Abashakashatsi benshi n’abakoresha bavuga ko inyungu atari umubiri gusa - uburyo bwinshi bwo kugenda butangwa n’ibimuga by’ibimuga bihagaze bituma abakoresha babaho ubuzima bwigenga, bigatuma ubuzima bwo mu mutwe butera imbere ndetse n’ubuzima bwiza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meade |first=Paul Amadeus Lane, Jim |date=2022-09-12 |title=Medicare needs to update its wheelchair coverage for the 21st century |url=https://www.statnews.com/2022/09/12/medicare-needs-to-update-its-wheelchair-coverage-for-the-21st-century/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gohlke |first=Jacob Handberg |last2=Kenyon |first2=Lisa K. |date=2022-09-12 |title=Exploring powered wheelchair standing device use in children and adults: a longitudinal case series |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=699–711 |doi=10.1080/17483107.2022.2120101 |issn=1748-3107 |pmid=36094325 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intebe z'ababana n'ubumuga zihagaze bazishyize kubiciro abantu benshi batekerezagako bitageraho kuko kurubu kuzikoresha bihagaza, hamwe na verisiyo zikoreshwa kuva $ 10,000- $ 15,000. Uku kutagerwaho kwatumye ibigo byubwishingizi byinjiza ikoranabuhanga muri gahunda zabo zisanzwe. Mu 2020, [https://itemcoalition.org/ Ubwigenge Binyuze mu Kongera Ubuvuzi na Medicaid] (ITEM) bwiyambaje Ikigo gishinzwe ubuvuzi na Medicaid (CMS), busaba intebe z’ibimuga zihagaze hamwe n’ibimuga by’ibimuga bifite intebe zashyizwe hejuru zifite imbaraga zishyirwa mu nyungu z’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi biramba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Kerry Dooley |date=2023-06-05 |title=For many who use power wheelchairs, CMS decision just made seat elevation much less expensive |url=https://www.statnews.com/2023/06/05/cms-power-wheelchairs-seat-elevation-coverage/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyo cyifuzo cyatanzwe igice muri Gicurasi 2023, kubera ko CMS yashyizemo intebe y’ibimuga ifite intebe zashyizwe hejuru n’inyungu kandi bakavuga ko mu gihe kiri imbere hazasuzumwa intebe z’ibimuga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article – Power Mobility Devices – Policy Article (A52498) |url=https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/article.aspx?articleid=52498&amp;ver=35&amp; |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=cms.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza ubu, ubwishingizi bushobora gufasha mu gutera inkunga igice cyintebe, mugihe inkunga ya Medicaid itandukanye bitewe na leta zitandukanye muri Amerika Amasosiyete menshi yubwishingizi, imiryango ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe imyuga, hamwe n’abashinzwe ibibazo by’ubuvuzi bagenda batera inkunga intebe z’ibimuga zihagaze kubera ubuzima bw’igihe kirekire n’ubuzima bwiza buturuka ku guhagarara neza.

=== Inyandiko nziza ===
Inkunga inkunga ya leta itanga mu bwishingizi kubikoresho bihagaze birashoboka, ariko mubisanzwe bisaba gutsindishirizwa mubuvuzi hamwe nibaruwa ikenera ubuvuzi (ibisobanuro birambuye) byanditswe numuvuzi wumubiri cyangwa inzobere mubuvuzi.

=== Inkomoko y'inkunga ===
Muri Amerika hari uburyo butandukanye bafashamo inkunga aribwo bwo gutera inkunga kugura ibikoresho byubuvuzi biramba (DME) nkintebe zintebe zihagarara:

* Ubwishingizi rusange / inkunga ya leta (ni ukuvuga Medicaid, Waivers, nibindi)
* Ibigo byubwishingizi bwigenga (ni ukuvuga Cross Cross, imiryango ishinzwe ubuzima (HMOs), PPOs, nibindi)
* Indishyi z'abakozi
* Ubwishingizi bw'abafite ubumuga
* Ubwishingizi bw'inshingano (ni ukuvuga imodoka, urugo, n'ibindi)
* Hanze y'umufuka (amafaranga cyangwa ikarita y'inguzanyo)
* Gahunda yo kwishyura ishoboka binyuze kubitanga
* Kugura ishuri ryumwana kugirango akoreshwe kwishuri (nukuvuga guhagarara biri muri gahunda yuburezi bwihariye bwumwana (IEP))
* Kugura kumurimo kugirango ukoreshe mugihe uri kukazi
* Kugura ukoresheje ibitaro bya VA
* Imfashanyo ituruka mumatsinda yaho (ni ukuvuga Rotary clubs, Intare, nibindi)
* Imfashanyo ituruka mumatsinda yubumuga (ni ukuvuga MDA, MS Society, nibindi)

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ATutor</title>
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'''ATutor''' ni sisitemu yo ku rubuga rwa interineti ishingiye ku bumenyi bwo kwiga (LMS) ifunguye ku bantu bose (open source).

== Koresha ==
ATutor ikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, harimo gucunga amasomo ku murongo, gukomeza iterambere ry'umwuga ku barimu, guteza imbere umwuga, n'ubushakashatsi bw'amasomo. Porogaramu ivugwa ko idasanzwe kubera uburyo bwo kuyigeraho, (ingirakamaro ku bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona); hamwe n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gukoresha uburezi ukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma sofutiweya(software) byashyizweho na Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe Amahugurwa n'Iterambere (ASTD). &lt;ref name=&quot;ASTD000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Astd - Astd - Astd |url=http://www.astd.org/astd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926024728/http://www.astd.org/ASTD |archive-date=2008-09-26 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners |url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; ATutor ikoreshwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kandi yahinduwe cyangwa yashyizwe mu ndimi zirenga cumi n'eshanu, ifite kandi inkunga y'izindi ndimi zirenga mirongo ine ziri mu bikorwa byo gutezwa imbere muri iki gihe.  &lt;ref name=&quot;InternationalList000&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Czech: PREPARATION OF ON-LINE ASSESSMENTS (masters thesis) |url=https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/bicikj1_2006dipl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170824/https://dip.felk.cvut.cz/browse/pdfcache/bicikj1_2006dipl.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2007-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuboneka ==
ATutor niyo LCMS yambere yubahirije byimazeyo ibisobanuro bya W3C WCAG 1.0 kurwego rwa AA +, yemerera kugera kubintu byose bikubiye muri sisitemu murwego rwose rwabakoresha-uburenganzira, harimo na konti zabayobozi.  Kuba ATutor yujuje ibisabwa na  XHTML 1.0 bigamije kwemeza ko igaragarira neza kandi igakora kimwe ku ikoranabuhanga ryose ryemewe.

Abashinzwe iterambere rya ATutor bemeza ko ari yo yonyine igera kuri porogaramu ya LCMS ku isoko, harimo amafaranga yishyurwa kandi ifunze isoko. Iyi ngingo ya ATutor yemejwe byibuze muri kaminuza imwe yatangajwe na software. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners |url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |access-date=2007-08-06}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171400/http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/198/280 &quot;Technical Evaluation Report 37. Assistive Software for Disabled Learners&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ATutor avugwa kandi mubisobanuro byinshi bya tekiniki hamwe nubumenyi; nibindi byinshi byiyongera mugice cya gatatu byateguwe kandi bikwirakwizwa kugirango bikoreshe hamwe na software. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Looi000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Looi |first=Chee-Kit |year=2005 |title=Artificial Intelligence in Education Supporting Learning Through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586035303 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=1-58603-530-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Roy |year=2003 |title=2nd European Conference on E-Learning Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, 6–7 November 2003 |publisher=Academic Conferences Limited |isbn=0-9544577-4-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;St.Amant000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=St.Amant |first=Kirk |year=2007 |title=Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives |publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI) |isbn=978-1-59140-999-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Li000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Qing |year=2004 |title=New Horizon In Web-based Learning |url=https://archive.org/details/newhorizoninwebb0000icwl |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=981-256-029-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AcademicList000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Academic research |url=http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&amp;toc=comp/proceedings/la-web/2006/2693/00/2693toc.xml&amp;DOI=10.1109/LA-WEB.2006.31 |doi=10.1109/LA-WEB.2006.31 |s2cid=14673078 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2007-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
ATutor yarekuwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2002.Byaje bisubiza ubushakashatsi bubiri bwakozwe na rwiyemezamirimo mu myaka yashize bwarebaga uburyo bwo kwiga kuri interineti ku bafite ubumuga. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekanaga ko nta na kimwe muri gahunda yo Kwiga yo Kwiga ikunzwe muri kiriya gihe ndetse yatanze ibisobanuro bike hamwe n'amabwiriza yo kugerwaho. Icyo gihe impumyi urugero, ntishobora kwitabira byimazeyo amasomo yo kumurongo. 

=== Ibiranga ibintu ===
Babiri, muri benshi, ibiboneka muri sisitemu ni inyandiko isimburana kubintu byose biboneka, hamwe na clavier igera kubintu byose bya porogaramu. Hamwe nibi bintu, umuntu wimpumyi arashobora kumva ibice byose bya sisitemu abifashijwemo numusomyi wa ecran, kandi arashobora kugera kuri sisitemu adakeneye imbeba. Ibi biranga kandi byemerera ATutor guhuza tekinoloji zitandukanye zirimo terefone ngendanwa, abafasha mu makuru yihariye (PDAs), hamwe n’urubuga rushingiye ku nyandiko, kuvuga amazina make. 

ATutor ikubiyemo ibikoresho byandika bikubiyemo abategura gukora ibikoresho byo kwiga byoroshye. Ibisobanuro nkibi bishishikariza abanditsi kongeramo inyandiko iyindi niba bibagiwe gushyiramo imwe mugihe wongeyeho ishusho, kurugero. Igikoresho cyo kwandika kirimo na serivisi y'urubuga rusuzuma uburyo ibintu byemewe byemewe n’ibipimo mpuzamahanga bitandukanye. Usibye gukora ibintu byoroshye, igikoresho ubwacyo kiragerwaho, cyemerera umukoresha wimpumyi gukora ibirimo ubwabo.

=== Ibiranga imiterere ===
ATutor nayo yashizweho kugirango ihuze na kimwe mubintu byinshi byo kwigisha no kwiga. Hariho ibice bine byingenzi byerekana iri hame ryishusho: insanganyamatsiko, uburenganzira, ibikoresho byifashishwa, hamwe nitsinda. 

Sisitemu y'insanganyamatsiko ya ATutor yemerera abayobozi guhitamo byoroshye isura n'imiterere ya sisitemu kubyo bakeneye byihariye.  Insanganyamatsiko zikoreshwa muguha ATutor isura nshya, gutanga ibyiciro byamasomo uko basa, cyangwa gutanga verisiyo nyinshi za ATutor kuri sisitemu imwe, aho abakoresha bashobora guhitamo imwe nkigice cyo guhitamo.

Sisitemu yuburenganzira (privelage system) yemera abigisha guha abanyeshuri b'itsinda ry'ishuri uburenganzira bwo gucunga ibikoresho by'ishuri. Abigisha barashobora gukora abafasha cyangwa abarimu bigisha bari bafite ubushobozi buke kuri kimwe mubikoresho byandika cyangwa ubuyobozi. 

== E-kwiga impaka za patenti ==
ATutor ni bumwe mu buryo butatu bwo gucunga imyigishirize y’amasoko yitiriwe ikibazo cy’ingutu ku buryo bwa e-kwiga bwatanzwe na Blackboard Inc. muri Nyakanga 2006. Ikigo cyita ku bwisanzure bwa software cyatanze icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ibizamini mu izina rya ATutor, hamwe n’abandi bakiriya babiri mu mpera za 2006. Mu ntangiriro za 2007 icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ikizamini cyatanzwe n’ibiro by’Amerika bishinzwe ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi (USPTO). Niba bigenze neza, icyifuzo kizageraho gihagarike ibirego 44 byose byasabwe na patenti. 

Mu rwego rwo gushyigikira imbogamizi kuri patenti ya Blackboard, abakorerabushake kurubuga rwa interineti basanze ingero za porogaramu zishaje zakoresheje ibitekerezo byavuzwe na patenti. Aba bakorerabushake bafatanije gukora inyandiko ya Wikipedia ku mateka y’ibidukikije byigamo, itanga ingero nyinshi zubuhanzi bwambere. 

Byongeye kandi, Greg Gay, umuyobozi w’umushinga wa ATutor yashimangiye ko ashyigikiye icyifuzo cyo kongera gukora ibizamini: &quot;Patenti ku gitekerezo cy’uburezi - ni isano iri hagati y’abanyeshuri, abigisha, n’abayobozi - ntabwo byumvikana. Ibitekerezo nkibi ni ibya rubanda kandi byakorwaga mu binyejana byinshi; ntabwo ari ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere.&quot;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Canine Companions for Independence</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="13248" sha1="q913h6ck53f19tubf3pdi2dt51p1lu5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Canine_Companions.jpg|thumb|Canine Companions]]
'''Canine Companions for Indepandence''' ni umuryango ukorera muri Amerika 501 (c) (3) udaharanira inyungu uhugura kandi utanga imbwa zifasha. Kuva &lt;ref name=&quot;friend&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Derr, M. |year=2004 |title=Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226142807 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr/page/309 309]–311}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yashyize imbwa zirenga 6.000 zifasha abayihawe nta kiguzi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dote |first=Alyx |title=Local woman receives free service dog |url=http://www.kvoa.com/story/35164884/local-woman-receives-free-service-dog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002922/http://www.kvoa.com/story/35164884/local-woman-receives-free-service-dog |archive-date=2017-04-19 |access-date=2017-04-18 |work=KVOA |language=en |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urufatiro ==
Canine Companions for Independence yashinzwe ubwigenge yashinzwe i Santa Rosa, muri Californiya, muri Nyakanga 1975 na Bonnie Bergin nka gahunda ya mbere nk'iyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bozzo |first=L. |year=2010 |title=Service Dog Heroes |url=https://archive.org/details/servicedogheroes0000bozz |publisher=Enslow Publishers |isbn=9780766031999}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihe yigishaga muri Aziya, yari yarabonye abamugaye bakoresha [[Indogoba|burros]] maze atekereza ko imbwa zishobora gukora imirimo nk'iyi muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1989-04-16 |title=Dogs and the Disabled: New Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/16/nyregion/dogs-and-the-disabled-new-role.html |access-date=2015-06-28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva icyo gihe, yakuze iba umuryango wigihugu. Kugeza mu 2024, ifite ibigo birindwi by'imyitozo hamwe n'ibiro by'akazi mu murwa mukuru wa Washington, California, Texas, Ohio, New York, na Floride. Hari kandi amashami menshi, buri rimwe ryunganira abafasha mu kurera imbwa ntoya (volunteer  puppy raisers) ndetse no gutegura ibikorwa byo gukusanya inkunga (fundraising).

Uwo muryango uhuza ababana n'ubumuga n'imbwa zitojwe cyane zifasha,kandi ugatanga ubufasha buhoraho ku buntu ku muntu uzibonera.&lt;ref name=&quot;friend&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Derr, M. |year=2004 |title=Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226142807 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dogsbestfriendan0000derr/page/309 309]–311}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDerr,_M.2004&quot;&gt;Derr, M. (2004). ''Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship''. University of Chicago Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;309–&lt;/span&gt;311. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780226142807|&lt;bdi&gt;9780226142807&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; akoreshwa mu bworozi, korora, no guhugura imbwa aterwa inkunga n’impano bwite zitangwa n’amasosiyete, abantu ku giti cyabo, n’indi mishinga, ndetse n’imishinga yo gukusanya inkunga. Bigereranijwe ko buri mbwa ifasha hamwe nubuzima bwose bwo gukurikirana imbwa igura $ 50.000. Umushinga w'Intare Club ku basangirangendo ba Canine ku bwigenge (LPCCI), washinzwe mu 1983 nk'umuntu utanga inkunga ikomeye mu bijyanye n'amafaranga n'ubwitange ku basangirangendo ba Canine, watanze miliyoni 3 z'amadorali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Nonprofit report on Lions Project for Canine Companions for Independence |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/lions-project-for-canine-companions-for-independence |website=Lions Project for Canine Companions for Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2015, Abasangirangendo ba Canine bafatanije n’ubuzima bw’amatungo ya Henry Schein, utanga ibikomoka ku buzima bw’amatungo ku baveterineri, utanga aborozi b’ibibwana ibicuruzwa byita ku buzima ku buntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 April 2015 |title=Canine Companions for Independence, Henry Schein Animal Health Form Partnership to Support Volunteer Puppy Raisers and Their Veterinarians |url=http://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docTag=201504160800PR_NEWS_USPRX____NY81916&amp;feedID=600&amp;press_symbol=149722 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Porogaramu idasanzwe, &quot;The Veterans Initiative&quot;, itanga imbwa za serivise zahuguwe ku bamugaye n’abakomeretse. &lt;ref name=&quot;para&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tim W. |title=Organization Offers Free Service Dogs for Veterans in Wounded Veterans Initiative |url=http://www.pva.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ajIRK9NJLcJ2E&amp;b=6350111&amp;ct=13226903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630214613/http://www.pva.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ajIRK9NJLcJ2E&amp;b=6350111&amp;ct=13226903 |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |website=Paralyzed Veterans of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Beder |first=Joan |date=2012 |title=Advances in Social Work Practice with the Military |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w--pVak8p94C&amp;pg=PT165 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136789182 |page=165 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Porogaramu yakiriye inkunga kubufatanye bwa PetSmart na Canine Basangirangendo. Mu &lt;ref name=&quot;petsmart&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=New Partnership Between PetSmart and Canine Companions for Independence Helps Wounded Military Veterans |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-partnership-between-petsmart-and-canine-companions-for-independence-helps-wounded-military-veterans-2014-02-14 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |website=MarketWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uyu muryango winjiye mu ishami rishinzwe ibibazo by’abasirikare muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba imbwa za serivisi zitezimbere imibereho y’abasirikare bafite ibibazo by’ihungabana nyuma y’ihungabana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 31, 2015 |title=Study examines impact of service dogs on veterans with PTSD |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/study-examines-impact-of-service-dogs-on-veterans-with-ptsd-1.327058 |access-date=2015-09-11 |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka 2017, uwo muryango wakoranye n'ikirango Chrysler ku gikorwa gishya cyo kuri interineti kigamije kongera kumenyekanisha no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'umuryango Canine Companions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canine Companions for Independence - Meet PacifiPuppy Foley |url=http://www.cci.org/news-media/2017-news/meet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412063032/http://www.cci.org/news-media/2017-news/meet.html |archive-date=2017-04-12 |access-date=2017-04-11 |website=www.cci.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikorwa cyiswe &quot;Give a Dog a Job&quot; cyemerera abantu gukurikirana imyitozo y'imbwa yitwa Foley,no kugirana ubufatanye na we hamwe n'abamutoza ku rubuga [[Facebook]], Instagram na Twitter.

== Imbwa ==
Abasangirangendo ba Canine bahugura ubwoko butandukanye bwimbwa zikora: imbwa za serivise (urugero, imbwa zifasha kugendagenda, imbwa za serivise kubarokotse bafite ikibazo cy’ihungabana nyuma y’ihungabana), abasangirangendo babahanga batojwe gukorana n’umuntu mukuru cyangwa umwana ufite ubumuga bayobowe n’umuhugura, kumva imbwa [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|z’abatumva n’abatumva]], n’imbwa z '“amatsinda y’ibigo.” Amatsinda yibikoresho agizwe nimbwa numufatanyabikorwa wumuntu, ubusanzwe ni inzobere mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, umurezi, cyangwa inzobere mu buvuzi. Izi mbwa zitwara ubuhanga bwimbwa za serivise kimwe nubuhanga bwihariye kuberako serivisi zimbwa zizashyirwa muri gahunda na serivisi.

== Ubworozi no kurera ==
Abasangirangendo ba Canine bakoresha gahunda yo korora kugirango batange imbwa zabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breeding |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/breeding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221042816/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/breeding.html |archive-date=2007-02-21 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakoresha Retrievers na Labrador Retrievers, hamwe numusaraba wubwoko bubiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breeding Program |url=http://www.cci.org/site/c.cdKGIRNqEmG/b.4011113/k.A434/Breeding_Program.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703085349/http://www.cci.org/site/c.cdKGIRNqEmG/b.4011113/k.A434/Breeding_Program.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-06-28 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibibwana byororerwa nabakorerabushake biyemeje kubika imbwa amezi 16 kugeza 18, &lt;ref name=&quot;pup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Patricia |date=November 7, 1996 |title=A pup with a purpose |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/11/07/a-pup-with-a-purpose/c646c12d-4860-465a-bc5a-8c44b645b7e6/ |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;indy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 2000 |title=Canine Companions for Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOoCAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=Canine+Companions+for+Independence&amp;pg=RA1-PA107 |access-date=2014-08-23 |work=[[Indianapolis Monthly]] |pages=107–108 |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; kugeza igihe cyo kwinjira muri gahunda y'amahugurwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puppy-Raising |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/puppy_raising.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118084149/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/puppy_raising.html |archive-date=2007-01-18 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri aya mezi 16 kugeza 18, abakorerabushake b'imbwa bitangiye imirimo yo kwigisha ikibwana amategeko yacyo 30 yambere. Amenshi muri aya mabwiriza azakoreshwa mugihe cy'amahugurwa yo hejuru. Kurugero, ikibwana &lt;big&gt;cyize&lt;/big&gt; kizashyira amaguru yacyo imbere kubintu bitandukanye, harimo inkuta n'inzitiro. Mugihe cyamahugurwa yambere, abahugura babigize umwuga barashobora kubaka iryo tegeko hamwe nimyitwarire ijyanye nubuhanga nko kuzimya urumuri no kuzimya. Ibibwana bikunze guherekeza ibyana byimbwa zabo ahantu hose burimunsi nkishuri cyangwa akazi kubategurira ubuzima nkimbwa ya serivisi.

== Amahugurwa ==
Amahugurwa y’amezi ane kugeza ku icyenda atangira iyo imbwa isubijwe n’abakorerabushake b’imbwa ku bushake muri kimwe mu bigo birindwi by’amahugurwa bya Canine Companions muri Amerika. &lt;ref name=&quot;children&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Zauzmer |first=Julie |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Service dog comforts children who have been abused |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/service-dog-comforts-children-who-have-been-abused/2014/03/14/efef5c52-aa05-11e3-9e82-8064fcd31b5b_story.html |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amezi atatu yambere yimyitozo asubiramo ibyo imbwa zize. &lt;ref name=&quot;animals&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aron |first=Wendy |date=November 26, 2006 |title=ANIMALS; Canine Companions Help People Deal With Disabilities |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/nyregion/animals-canine-companions-help-people-deal-with-disabilities.html |access-date=June 28, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amahugurwa yumwuga arimo gusuzuma ubuzima bwimbitse nubushakashatsi, kandi buri mbwa yiga amategeko arenga 40 yo kongera ubwigenge harimo gukurura intebe y’ibimuga, kugarura ibintu byataye, no gufungura imiryango. Imbwa zirashobora gutozwa nkimbwa zumva zimenyesha abatumva batumva amajwi yibidukikije kandi bikayobora uwabitwaye kumasoko yijwi. Muri 2018, abasangirangendo ba Canine batangiye gahunda yicyitegererezo yo guhugura imbwa za serivise zo gufasha abahoze mu rugerero bafite ikibazo cy’ihungabana nyuma yo guhahamuka batanga buffer yoroheje mu bantu, bazimya amatara kandi bahagarika inzozi n’imyitwarire yo guhangayika.

Abantu batumiwe guhuzwa nimbwa bagenda mukigo cyamahugurwa gikorera leta yabo mumasomo y'ibyumweru bibiri yigisha abahawe uburyo bwo gukorana nabagenzi babo bashya. Ibi bikubiyemo kwiga ibijyanye na psychologiya yimbwa, gutunganya imbwa no kwitaho, hamwe namategeko imbwa izi. Guhuza imbwa numuntu bikorwa neza kugirango barebe ko ibikorwa byabo bihuye. Mugusoza, abantu banyura mubizamini hanyuma bakitabira umuhango wo gutanga impamyabumenyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Training |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/training.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307094351/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/training.html |archive-date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amakipe ya Canine Basangirangendo bagaruka kubikurikirana bisanzwe mugihe cyo gushyira. Abakoresha imbwa Canine Basangirangendo nabo barashobora kugaruka mugihe cyo guhura cyangwa imyitozo yinyongera yo gukurikirana igihe icyo aricyo cyose. Igihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About follow-up training |url=http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/follow_up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308041510/http://www.caninecompanions.org/national/follow_up.html |archive-date=2007-03-08 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=CCI}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu murimo ni imyaka umunani kugeza ku icumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2006-11-13 |title=Aspirations Beyond Guard Duty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/us/13breed.html?_r=0 |access-date=2015-09-11 |work=[[The New York Times]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Cybathlon</title>
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'''CYBATHLON,''' umushinga wa ETH Zurich, ikora nk'urubuga rutera imbogamizi amakipe aturutse impande zose z'isi guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga  rikoreshwa buri munsi nabafite ubumuga. Imbaraga zitera CYBATHLON ni amarushanwa mpuzamahanga nibirori, aho amakipe agizwe nabateza imbere ikoranabuhanga baturutse muri za kaminuza, amasosiyete cyangwa imiryango itegamiye kuri leta zose, hamwe numuntu ufite ubumuga (umuderevu) aho bakemura imirimo ya buri munsi nikoranabuhanga rigezweho kugirango ribafashe mubijyanye no kwiteza imbere. Usibye amarushanwa nyirizina, CYBATHLON itanga urubuga ngenderwaho rwo guteza imbere ubushakashatsi kuri sisitemu zifasha mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’ubuzima bwa buri munsi ndetse nizindi mbogamizi zarizo zose bahura nazo, no guteza imbere ibiganiro n’abaturage hagamijwe kwinjiza ababana n’ubumuga muri sosiyete. Uruhare rwumuderevu rufatwa nkibyingenzi haba mumarushanwa ndetse no mubikorwa byiterambere, kugirango harebwe niba ibyifuzo byabakoresha ba nyuma bisuzumwa kandi bikemurwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jaeger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jaeger |first=Lukas |display-authors=etal |date=3 May 2023 |title=How the CYBATHLON Competition Has Advanced Assistive Technologies |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-control-071822-095355 |journal=Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems |volume=6 |pages=447–476 |doi=10.1146/annurev-control-071822-095355 |hdl=20.500.11850/613524 |access-date=4 May 2023 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CYBATHLON ya mbere yateguwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’Ubusuwisi mumujyi wa i Zurich (ETH Zurich) yabereye mu kibuga cy’Ubusuwisi i Kloten mu majyaruguru ya mumujyi wa Zurich mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]] ku italiki ya 8 Ukwakira 2016 kandi ni ryo rushanwa mpuzamahanga rya mbere ryabayeho ry’ubu bwoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cybathlon |url=http://www.cybathlon.ethz.ch/ |access-date=20 October 2014 |publisher=Cybathlon.ethz.ch |archive-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626135329/http://www.cybathlon.ethz.ch/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jeffries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeffries |first=Adrianne |date=26 March 2014 |title=Switzerland to host the first Cybathlon, an Olympics for bionic athletes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/26/5551180/switzerland-to-host-the-first-cybathlon-an-olympics-for-bionic |access-date=28 March 2014 |website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abapilote(abadederevu) 66 baturutse mu bihugu 25 barushanwe imbere yabarebaga 4600. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gassert |first=Roger |last2=Lambercy |first2=Olivier |date=16 March 2018 |title=Insights from the first CYBATHLON |url=https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-medicine/2018/03/16/insights-from-the-first-cybathlon/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=On Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CYBATHLON 2020 &quot;Global Edition&quot; yabaye ku italiki ya 13 kugeza14 Ugushyingo 2020. Nyuma yo gusubikwa bwa mbere kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 &lt;ref name=&quot;DI&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 March 2020 |title=Cybathlon 2020 postponed due to coronavirus |url=https://disabilityinsider.com/2020/03/11/events/cybathlon-2020-postponed-due-to-coronavirus/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=Disability Insider |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504201317/https://disabilityinsider.com/2020/03/11/events/cybathlon-2020-postponed-due-to-coronavirus/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; cyari cyateye isi yose muri rusange  yongeye gushyirwaho kugira ngo ikorwe kure, amakipe ashyiraho ibikorwa remezo by'amarushanwa ku birindiro byabo ndetse n'amasiganwa, akurikiranwa n'abayobozi ba Cybathlon, abera kuri videwo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICL&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020 |title=Cybathlon 2020 Global Edition |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/engineering/news-and-events/cybathlon/cybathlon-2020-global-edition/ |work=Imperial College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Harris&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Aaliyah |date=18 November 2020 |title=Cybathlon tournament showcases life-changing tech for people with disabilities |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/18/world/cybathlon-2020-tech-disabilities-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CYBATHLON 2024 yabaye kuva ku italiki ya  ya 25 kugeza ku ya 27 Ukwakira 2024. Amakipe mpuzamahanga 67 yaturutse ku isi yose harimo  za kaminuza ninganda yarushanwe mumarushanwa adasanzwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bleich&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bleich |first=Vanessa |date=2 November 2021 |title=Cybathlon 2024 to include the visually impaired and robot aides |url=https://www.myscience.org/news/wire/cybathlon_2024_to_include_the_visually_impaired_and_robot_aides-2021-ethz |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=myScience |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe nabaderevu nubuhanga bwa tekiniki kuva mu mwaka wa 2020 bwerekana ko kuba abaderevu barashyizwe mu bikorwa byubushakashatsi hari byinshi  byagezweho mugushyiramo abaderevu mubikorwa byubushakashatsi. Imibereho ya buri munsi ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji nshya ifasha ntiyari kenshi. Byombi imikoreshereze yubuzima bwa buri munsi hamwe nigihe kinini cyabakoresha babisanze bifitanye isano nimikorere yubwoko mumarushanwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Jan T. |last2=Weber |first2=Selina |last3=Jäger |first3=Lukas |last4=Sigrist |first4=Roland |last5=Gassert |first5=Roger |last6=Lambercy |first6=Olivier |date=2 April 2022 |title=A survey on the influence of CYBATHLON on the development and acceptance of advanced assistive technologies |journal=Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=38 |doi=10.1186/s12984-022-01015-5 |hdl=20.500.11850/542343 |issn=1743-0003 |pmc=8976279 |pmid=35366930 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Personal sound amplification product</title>
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      <text bytes="4924" sha1="9607tpfmu0igse7uvvb8lmekf8vwssc" xml:space="preserve">Personal Sound Amplification Products, izwi kandi ku izina rya &quot;Ibikoresho by’amajwi bwite,&quot; cyangwa mu magambo ahinnye ya '''PSAP''', bisobanurwa n’ubuyobozi bw’ibiribwa n’imiti muri Amerika nk’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byambarwa bigamije kongera amajwi ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga cyangwa batumva. Ntabwo ari [[Akuma gafasha umuntu kumva|ibikoresho byo kumva]], FDA isobanura ko bigamije gusimbura cyangwa gukosora igihombo cyo kutumva neza.  Ku bwa Dr. Mann wo muri FDA, guhitamo PSAP nk'igisimbuza imfashanyo yo kumva bishobora kugutera kwangirika kwumva. 

== Itandukaniro ==
Byombi PSAP hamwe nibikoresho bifasha kumva nibikoresho bito bya elegitoronike bihuye mumatwi kandi byongera amajwi. PSAPs ahanini ni ibyuma byongera amajwi bisanzwe bigenewe abantu bumva neza, ariko bakeneye kongererwa imbaraga nkeya mu bihe bimwe na bimwe (nko guhiga no kureba inyoni). Imfashanyigisho zumva zirimo urwego rwisumbuyeho rw'ikoranabuhanga rwashyizweho kugirango ruvure ikibazo cyo kutumva neza.  PSAP ntabwo igengwa n’amategeko agenga ibiryo, ibiyobyabwenge n’amavuta yo kwisiga kuko atagenewe kuvura, gusuzuma cyangwa gukiza ubumuga bwo kutumva kandi ntabwo ahindura imiterere cyangwa imikorere y'umubiri. Nk'igisubizo, nta tegeko ngenderwaho, kode y'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibisobanuro kuri ibyo bicuruzwa. Nyamara, FDA igenga PSAP hashingiwe ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe z’amategeko agenga imirasire y’ubuzima n’umutekano yo mu 1968, akubiyemo ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike nkibikoresho byongera amajwi asohora vibrasiya ya sonic. 

== PSAP ==
Kuberako badakenera kwandikirwa kwa muganga no guhuza umwuga, PSAP zasobanurwa nk'ubwoko bwa amaso gusoma mu bijyanye n'amajwi.  Nkibyo, PSAP irasabwa gukoreshwa nabahiga bumva umuhigo, [[Kwitegereza inyoni|kureba inyoni]], ubufasha kumva ibiganiro bya kure cyangwa ibitaramo no kongera amajwi ya tereviziyo mucyumba gituje, urugero.  Icyitonderwa, ndetse ibirahuri byo gusoma bigengwa na FDA. &lt;ref name=&quot;reading glasses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Reading Glasses — Types, Styles, and Much More! |url=http://www.eyehealthweb.com/reading-glasses/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208234206/https://www.eyehealthweb.com/reading-glasses/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moderi zitandukanye za PSAP ziva mubakora inganda zitandukanye ziratandukanye kubiciro, imikorere, uburemere, uburambe bwabakoresha hamwe na software ya algorithms yo kuzamura no kudoda kumva. Mugihe moderi zimwe zongerera amajwi gusa, izindi nigishushanyo mbonera, gitanga mikoro yicyerekezo hamwe noguhuza kuringaniza ibimenyetso byamajwi kugirango bikureho urusaku rudasanzwe cyangwa rudasanzwe. 

PSAP yagiye ikundwa cyane n'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva neza, cyane cyane kubera ko zihendutse ugereranyije n'udupfapfa twabugenewe dukorwa ku giti cy'umuntu, nubwo kutitabira ubutumwa, kutagira umumaro no kugena gahunda yo kubonana nabashinzwe amajwi nabyo byavuzwe nkimpamvu zituma abafasha kumva batumva neza.  Kubera ko badakenera kwisuzumisha kwa muganga kandi bikwiye, PSAPs iri hagati y’amadolari 50 kugeza ku magana menshi y’igiciro, mu gihe ibikoresho byo kwumva byatwaye amadorari 1400 ku kigereranyo  kandi ntabwo bikubiye muri Medicare na gahunda nyinshi z’ubwishingizi. 

Nk’uko ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubumuga bwo kutumva n'izindi ndwara zitumanaho kibitangaza, muri miliyoni 36 z'Abanyamerika bashobora kungukirwa n'imfashanyo yo kumva, abagera kuri 20 ku ijana ni bo bonyine bakoresha imwe.  Icyakora, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 bwerekana ko munsi ya 18 ku ijana bya PSAP byakoreshejwe mu gusimbuza ibyuma bifata amajwi kandi bikanzura ko benshi mu bakoresha PSAP baba barabaye bafite ikibazo cyo kutumva kubera igiciro kinini cy’ibikoresho byumva. 

PSAP nyinshi zigurishwa kubaguzi binyuze mububiko bwa interineti, muri farumasi no mumaduka menshi yimiti no kugurisha.

== Amashanyarazi ya PSAP ==
Ubushobozi bwa PSAP mu busanzwe n'ibikoresho bito byoroshye. Bongera amajwi kandi batanga ibisubizo kumatwi (s) y'umukoresha. Ibice nyamukuru ni mikoro, amplifier, disikuru, umugenzuzi w'ijwi n'inkomoko y'imbaraga.

Mikoro ifata amajwi (igitutu) imiraba ikayihindura ikimenyetso cyamashanyarazi. Amplifier (umuzunguruko wa elegitoronike) yongerera amplitude yikimenyetso cyamashanyarazi ukoresheje isoko yingufu (bateri). Umuvugizi ahindura ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi byongerewe imbaraga mumajwi. Ijwi (inyungu) igenzura rikoreshwa muguhindura ingano ya amplification ikoreshwa ku kimenyetso cyamashanyarazi bityo, mu buryo butaziguye, igenzura amajwi.

Ibikoresho biratandukanye mubunini uhereye kumasanduku mato (hamwe numutwi wometseho) wambarwa mwijosi cyangwa umanikwa kumukandara - hasi kugeza - igikoresho gito gifunze gihuye numuyoboro w ugutwi. Ibi bikoresho bito bisa nkibikoresho byumva ariko biroroshye cyane kandi ntibikosora kunanirwa kwumva.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Auditory Display</title>
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'''Kwerekana amajwi''' ni ugukoresha amajwi kugirango utangaze amakuru kuva avar muri mudasobwa bityo bikaba ari uburyo bwiza ngo kumenyekanisha kubafite ubumuga butandukanye. Ihuriro ryibanze ryo gucukumbura  ni Umuryango mpuzamahanga wo kwerekana amajwi (ICAD), washinzwe na Gregory Kramer mu 1992 nk'ihuriro ry’ubushakashatsi muri urwo rwego.

== Ubwoko bwo kwumva ==

* Ubugenzuzi : tekinike yo gutega amatwi umwanya munini ukurikirana ushushanya indangagaciro zingana kurwego rwijwi
* Sonification : gukoresha amajwi atavuga kugirango utange amakuru cyangwa ushishoze amakuru
* Amatwi / amashusho yunvikana: amajwi magufi, atandukanye akoreshwa muguhagararira ibyabaye cyangwa gutanga andi makuru
* Ubutumwa bw'ijwi : gukoresha mu buryo bwikora bwo gukoresha imvugo cyangwa ingero zerekana imvugo kugirango utange ibisobanuro nyabyo

== Inyungu n'imbibi ==
Auditory display ni uburyo byerekana ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amajwi asohoka muri mudasobwa  kubakoresha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona (ukoresheje umusomyi wa ecran) kimwe nabakoresha kureba bakoresha amaso yabo kubindi bikorwa. Kumenya byihuse ibimenyetso bya acoustic hamwe nibintu byose biranga imyumvire yo kumva birashobora kugira uruhare mubikorwa byo kwerekana amajwi nubwo iyerekwa rihari. Kurundi ruhande, amajwi asohoka arashobora kubangamira ibindi bimenyetso bya acoustic, nko gutumanaho kuvuga. Ibi bigora gukoresha ikoreshwa ryerekana amajwi kuri porogaramu zimwe. Byongeye kandi, umusaruro wa acoustic urashobora kutubabaza cyangwa kurangaza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=1994 |title=Auditory Display: Sonification, Audification, and Auditory Interfaces |url=https://archive.org/details/auditorydisplays00greg |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-62603-9 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Gregory |series=Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity |volume=Proceedings Volume XVIII |location=Reading, MA |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Amaryllo</title>
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'''Amaryllo Inc.''' ni isosiyete mpuzamahanga yashinzwe i Amsterdam, mu [[Ubuholandi|Buholandi]]. Ikora nka platform ishingiye  ku bicu (cloud service platform) itanga ububiko bw'ibicu (cloud storage) ndetse na serivisi zo gutunganya amakuru mu bicu (cloud computing services) ku masosiyete n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi. Amaryllo yatangiye ubucuruzi hamwe na Skype IP kamera yiterambere mugutezimbere tekinoroji ya robotique ya biometrike, umuyoboro wa P2P uhishe, hamwe no kubika ibicu.

Amaryllo yashinzwe n’umunyamuryango wa Band of Angels, Marcus Yang kugira ngo ateze imbere patenti y’ubwoko bushya bwa kamera za robo zitwa &quot;kuvuga, kumva, guhumurirwa, kumenya isura y’abantu, no gukurikirana abinjira&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Steve |date=December 29, 2014 |title=CES 2015: WebRTC &amp; Robotics Combine in Amaryllo iCamPRO FHD Home Security Solution |url=http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/395744-ces-2015-webrtc-robotics-combine-amaryllo-icampro-fhd.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905181032/http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/395744-ces-2015-webrtc-robotics-combine-amaryllo-icampro-fhd.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |website=WebRTC Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ivuga kandi ko yakoze robot ya mbere y’umutekano ku isi ishingiye kuri protocole ya WebRTC, Icam PRO FHD, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Steve |date=October 13, 2014 |title=Amaryllo Announces New Camera Line with WebRTC Functionality |url=http://www.webrtcworld.com/topics/webrtc-world/articles/391226-amaryllo-announces-new-camera-line-with-webrtc-functionality.htm |access-date=September 13, 2015 |website=WebRTC World}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi yegukana igihembo cya CES Best of Innovation Award 2015 mu cyiciro cya Embedded Technology. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohney |first=Doug |date=September 24, 2014 |title=WebRTC Camera Holds Promise |url=http://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/topics/realtimecommunicationsworld/articles/389668-webrtc-camera-holds-promise.htm |website=Real time Communications |access-date=October 27, 2025 |archive-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185657/http://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/topics/realtimecommunicationsworld/articles/389668-webrtc-camera-holds-promise.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CEA Announces 2015 CES Best of Innovation Honorees |url=https://www.cesweb.org/News/Press-Releases/CES-Press-Release.aspx?NodeID=0a3de20d-decc-4aff-b809-5a10f0798d71 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914223015/http://www.cesweb.org/News/Press-Releases/CES-Press-Release.aspx?NodeID=0a3de20d-decc-4aff-b809-5a10f0798d71 |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |website=CES}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 4, 2015 |title=AMARYLLO DEBUTS WORLD'S FIRST WEBRTC HOME SECURITY ROBOT |url=http://webrtcdigest.com/2015/01/04/amaryllo-debuts-worlds-first-webrtc-home-security-robot/ |publisher=WebRTC Digest |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104103557/http://webrtcdigest.com/2015/01/04/amaryllo-debuts-worlds-first-webrtc-home-security-robot/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibicuruzwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sime |first=Arin |date=December 16, 2015 |title=WebRTC is not just video – it's Data too! |url=https://webrtc.ventures/2015/12/webrtc-and-iot-sensors/ |website=WebRTC.Ventures}}&lt;/ref&gt; bigurishwa mu bihugu birenga 100 byo ku migabane 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.amaryllo.us/about-us |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Amaryllo {{!}} Platform as a Service Company {{!}} Affordable Life-time Cloud Backup Service {{!}} Biometric Home Security Solution |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517034034/https://www.amaryllo.us/about-us |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Amaryllo yerekanye ibicuruzwa byayo bya mbere by'ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rugo byo gucunga umutekano muri Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA) 2013 hamwe na kamera ya IP ya Skype yitwa iCam HD. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amaryllo |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Amaryllo Debuts iCam HD, World's First HD Skype Wireless IP Camera |url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/512524}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo yatangaje ibicuruzwa byayo bya kabiri byemewe na Skype, iBabi HD, muri CES 2014 . Isosiyete yatowe nka &quot;Cool Vendor &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hendrik Bartel |date=May 8, 2014 |title=Cool Vendors in Connected Homes, 2014 |url=https://www.gartner.com/doc/2733317/cool-vendors-connected-homes- |website=Gartner}}&lt;/ref&gt; muri Connected Home 2014. Imashini za kamera za kamera, ATOM AR3 na ATOM AR3S, zatangijwe mu mpera za 2016. Yibanze ku ikoranabuhanga ry’insinga kandi ridafite umugozi rishingiye kuri serivisi za AI.

== Igicu cya Serivisi ==
Amaryllo itanga mbere yo kwishyura ibicu mububiko bwa digitale no mumakarita yimpano yatanzwe na InComm Payments. Itanga serivise nziza yo kubara ibicu binyuze mubufatanye bwa Rescale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=amaryllo-and-rescale-forge-groundbreakingpartnership-to-empower-cloud-based-solutions |url=https://www.amaryllogroup.com/post/amaryllo-and-rescale-forge-groundbreakingpartnership-to-empower-cloud-based-solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo atanga kamera z'ubuntu ku bantu basinye ububiko bw'ibicu bw'umwaka wose (annual cloud storage subscription) ku rubuga rwayo.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>August Home</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="9873" sha1="qij39rtr70tuvlnn0rs9udz8vena51w" xml:space="preserve">'''August, Inc.''' ni sosiyete yo San Francisco, ikora mu bijyanye no gucunga ibikorwa bw'amazu (home automation),yibanda ku byuma bifunga imiryango bihuzwa na WI-FI. Isosiyete yashinzwe mu Gushyingo 2012 na Yves Béhar na Jason Johnson.

Ku ya 19 Ukwakira 2017, uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa rwo muri Suwede Assa Abloy rwatangaje kugura urugo rwa Kanama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Anita |last2=Haselton |first2=Todd |date=19 October 2017 |title=August Home, a hot Silicon Valley smart home start-up, acquired by the company that makes Yale locks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/19/assa-abloy-buys-august-home.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031000949/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/19/assa-abloy-buys-august-home.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amasezerano yarangiye mu Kuboza 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=5 December 2017 |title=How Assa Abloy's August acquisition could unlock in-home deliveries globally |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/05/how-assa-abloys-august-acquisition-could-unlock-in-home-deliveries-globally/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207154216/https://venturebeat.com/2017/12/05/how-assa-abloys-august-acquisition-could-unlock-in-home-deliveries-globally/ |archive-date=7 December 2017 |access-date=5 December 2017 |work=[[VentureBeat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza muri Nyakanga 2018, August Home yari imaze kugurisha miliyoni imwe zifunga ubwenge na kamera. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Potuck |first=Michael |date=18 July 2018 |title=August touts 1 million smart lock and door bell camera customers since 2013 |url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/07/18/august-1-million-customers-smart-locks/ |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=9to5Mac}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibicuruzwa ==
Muri Gicurasi 2013, Kanama yasohoye ubwenge bwabo bwa mbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Terrence |date=29 May 2013 |title=August: the beautiful, Yves Behar-designed $199 smart lock |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/05/29/august-smart-lock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005948/https://www.engadget.com/2013/05/29/august-smart-lock/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017 |work=[[Engadget]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; bifite ikariso yicyuma kandi yagenzurwaga hakoreshejwe Bluetooth 4.0 hamwe na porogaramu ya terefone.  ku zindi nzugi zifunga urugi rwo muri Kanama, igikoresho gifata kuri deadbolt ihari ku gice cyimbere cyumuryango, iracyemerera gukoresha urufunguzo gakondo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wasserman |first=Todd |date=30 May 2013 |title=Use Your Phone to Open Your Door with the August Smart Lock |url=http://mashable.com/2013/05/30/august-smart-lock/#jVEkT2iA_aqW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135830/http://mashable.com/2013/05/30/august-smart-lock/#jVEkT2iA_aqW |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017 |work=[[Mashable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yaho, hagiye hanze igikoresho cya Wi-Fi bridge cyemerera gufungura umuryango hifashishijwe kure (remote access) no gukoresha mufasha wa Virtual (Virtual assistant) (nka Amazon Alexa). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Terrence |date=1 July 2015 |title=August Connect adds internet connectivity to its smart lock |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/01/07/august-connect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/01/07/august-connect/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017 |work=Engadget}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Kwakira 2015, isosiyete yatangije urutonde rwibicuruzwa bishya birimo igisekuru cya kabiri gifunga ubwenge, inzogera yo mu muryango, hamwe na kanda ya kode kubakoresha badafite terefone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Clover |first=Juli |date=14 October 2015 |title=August Announces New Smart Lock With HomeKit Integration |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2015/10/14/august-smart-lock-homekit-integration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135952/https://www.macrumors.com/2015/10/14/august-smart-lock-homekit-integration/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=MacRumors}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isosiyete yatangaje kandi Kanama Access, urubuga rwo kureka abatwara ubutumwa ba Postmates, Handy, nizindi serivisi babasha kugera kumugozi binyuze kode imwe. Serivisi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Olanoff |first=Drew |date=14 October 2015 |title=August Debuts Three Products And Its Partner Platform 'August Access' |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/14/august-debuts-three-new-products-and-its-partner-platform-august-access/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919093553/https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/14/august-debuts-three-new-products-and-its-partner-platform-august-access/ |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=[[TechCrunch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kugirango ishyire Walmart ku masoko yatoranijwe yo muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Newman |first=Peter |date=25 September 2017 |title=Walmart and August are teaming up to leverage smart locks for deliveries |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/walmart-august-smart-locks-deliveries-2017-9?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074613/http://www.businessinsider.com/walmart-august-smart-locks-deliveries-2017-9?op=1 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; HomeKit verisiyo ijyanye no gufunga nayo yasohotse umwaka ukurikira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Delaney |first=John R. |date=14 June 2016 |title=August Smart Lock HomeKit Enabled |url=https://www.pcmag.com/review/345177/august-smart-lock-homekit-enabled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816202719/https://www.pcmag.com/review/345177/august-smart-lock-homekit-enabled |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=[[PC Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Verisiyo ihendutse yo gufunga ubwenge yasohotse muri 2017, hamwe na Z-Wave ihuza igenewe kwishyiriraho umwuga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |date=19 September 2017 |title=August Debuts Cheaper Smart Locks for the Masses |url=http://fortune.com/2017/09/19/august-smart-locks-cheaper/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024174141/http://fortune.com/2017/09/19/august-smart-locks-cheaper/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifunga rishya kandi ryongeyeho ibyuma byerekana ibyuma kugirango umenye niba umuryango ufunguye cyangwa ufunze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Heather |date=19 September 2017 |title=New August smart locks know who's coming and going |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/19/technology/gadgets/august-locks/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074448/https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/19/technology/gadgets/august-locks/index.html |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=[[CNNMoney]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Porogaramu yo muri Kanama yagutse igera ku gufunga Yale na Emtek muri Mutarama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Price |first=Molly |date=9 January 2018 |title=August Access expands home delivery service with Deliv |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/august-access-expands-home-delivery-service/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109163020/https://www.cnet.com/news/august-access-expands-home-delivery-service/ |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |work=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibibazo by'umutekano ==
Muri Kanama 2016, hacker yingofero yerekana intege nke hamwe na kode yo muri Kanama inshuro imwe yemerera umuntu kuyikoresha igihe kirangiye muri DEF CON. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Chris |date=11 August 2016 |title=Researchers find 'smart' door locks are easy to hack, surprising no one |url=http://bgr.com/2016/08/11/researchers-find-smart-door-locks-are-easy-to-hack-surprising-no-one/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005953/http://bgr.com/2016/08/11/researchers-find-smart-door-locks-are-easy-to-hack-surprising-no-one/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=[[Boy Genius Report|BGF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isosiyete yakemuye ikibazo nyuma yuku kwezi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wollerton |first=Megan |date=25 August 2016 |title=Here's what happened when someone hacked the August Smart Lock |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/august-smart-lock-hacked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005945/https://www.cnet.com/news/august-smart-lock-hacked/ |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |work=CNET}}&lt;/ref&gt; MIT yakoze ubundi bushakashatsi ku ntege nke zishobora kubaho mu mutekano wigikoresho. Bagerageje kugera ku gikoresho bakoresheje uburyo bwinshi, nta na kimwe cyatsinze. Uburyo bagerageje ni ubu bukurikira: igitero cyibanga, &quot;Ntabwo ndimo ndumva&quot; ibitero, guhindura itariki nigihe cyagenwe, gutondekanya paki ya Bluetooth, gusenya porogaramu, guhumura udupaki twa TCP, ibitero byabantu hagati, no kugarura uruhushya rwa nyirubwite urufunguzo rwa interineti. Muri ibyo bigeragezo byose, kimwe gusa cyari gifite ishingiro. Mugukata paki ya Bluetooth, abantu bafite umugambi mubisha barashobora kugerageza uburyo bwa &quot; brute force &quot; bakeka ciphertext ikenewe kugirango bakingure umuryango. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, amahirwe yo gukeka ko aya matsinda ari imwe muri miliyoni zirenga 18.4, kandi igihe giteganijwe byose (all sequence) cyitezweho kurenga imyaka ine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Megan |last2=Jenkins |first2=Madeline |last3=Tjølsen |first3=Katrine |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Security Analysis of the August Smart Lock |url=https://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.857/2017/project/3.pdf |journal=Massachusetts Institute of Technology — 6.857 |pages=1–17 |access-date=23 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecobee</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="10597" sha1="qrqipm3it813cxlb3l26ec5e3kyvy7p" xml:space="preserve">'''ecobee''' ni sosiyete ikorera iToronto, muri Canada, ikora ibijyanye no gucunga ibikorwa by'amazu (home automation),ikora  thermostats z'ikoranabuhanga (smart thermostats),sensor z'ubushyuhe n'izigaragaza ko hari umuntu mu cyumba (temperature and occupancy sensors), switch z'amatara z'ikoranabuhanga(smart light switches),kamera z'ikoranabuhanga (smart camera) ndetse na sensor z'ubwitonzi cyangwa aho ibintu bihurira (contact sensor) . &lt;ref name=&quot;ecobee Products&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Products |url=https://www.ecobee.com/en-ca/all-products/ |access-date=May 19, 2020 |publisher=ecobee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baguzwe na sosiyete y'Abanyamerika Generac Holdings mu 2021.

Thermostats igenzurwa no gukoresha ibyuma byubaka, ibyuma byurubuga, cyangwa porogaramu iboneka kuri iOS, Android, na Apple Watch. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dow |first=Georgia |date=June 4, 2015 |title=Using the Ecobee3 Wi-Fi thermostat with your Apple Watch |url=http://www.imore.com/how-use-ecobee3-smart-thermostat-your-apple-watch |publisher=iMore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibindi bikoresho bigenzurwa gusa binyuze muri porogaramu cyangwa urubuga.

Thermostat cyangwa kamera ikora nkurugo rwubwenge rwibikoresho byabo. Guhindura urumuri ntibisaba thermostat cyangwa kamera ariko ntibitanga imikorere ya hub (hub functionalty)

ecobee itanga urutonde rwa serivisi zo kwiyandikisha.

== Amateka ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Overview of ecobee, Inc. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=49582645 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119181106/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=49582645 |archive-date=January 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mandel |first=Charles |date=2023-10-23 |title=Stuart Lombard, Ecobee founding CEO and president, announces retirement |url=https://betakit.com/stuart-lombard-ecobee-founding-ceo-and-president-announces-retirement/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ecobee yshinzwe na Stuart Lombard mu 2007, kandi Thermostat yayo ya mbere yasohotse mo 2008. Yagiye ihabwa ibihembo bitandukanye, birimo Deloitte Tecnology Green 15 Award ihabwa amasosiyete y'ikoranabuhanga ryita ku bidukikije byo muri Canada, ndetse na AHR Expo Innovation Award 2011 mu cyiciro cy building automation.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ecobee Receives Coveted 'Technology Green 15(TM)' Award at the 2011 Deloitte Technology Fast 50(TM) for a Third Year in a Row! |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/861493/ecobee-receives-coveted-technology-green-15-tm-award-at-the-2011-deloitte-technology-fast-50-tm-for-a-third-year-in-a-row |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312224157/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/861493/ecobee-receives-coveted-technology-green-15-tm-award-at-the-2011-deloitte-technology-fast-50-tm-for-a-third-year-in-a-row |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2012-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;​ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2011 AHR Expo Innovation Award Winners |url=http://www.ahrexpo.com/forvisitors/images/innovation_awards_list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124153857/http://www.ahrexpo.com/forvisitors/images/innovation_awards_list.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-24 |access-date=2012-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Werurwe 2018, ecobee yakusanyije CA miliyoni 80 z'amadorari y'uruhererekane C inkunga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=7 March 2018 |title=Amazon is backing Ecobee, a smart thermostat company, just days after buying Ring |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/06/amazon-alexa-fund-and-energy-impact-partners-invested-in-ecobee.html |access-date=11 March 2018 |work=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Gushyingo 2021, ecobee yatangaje ko izagurwa na Generac Holdings kuri miliyoni 770 z'amadolari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim Lyons |date=1 November 2021 |title=Ecobee acquired by generator company Generac for $770 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/1/22758128/ecobee-acquired-generator-company-generac-smart-home-thermostat |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Verge |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igurisha ryarangiye ukwezi gukurikira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arthur Thomas |date=1 December 2021 |title=Generac closes on ecobee acquisition |url=https://biztimes.com/generac-closes-on-ecobee-acquisition/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=BizTimes - Milwaukee Business News |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibicuruzwa ==

=== Amashanyarazi meza ===
ecobee yaremye ubwenge bwayo bwa thermostat, ecobee Smart, muri 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Melanson |first=Donald |date=October 15, 2008 |title=Ecobee debuts energy-saving, WiFi-connected Smart Thermostat |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008-10-15-ecobee-debuts-energy-saving-wifi-connected-smart-thermostat.html |publisher=Engadget}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Icyitegererezo
! Ubwenge
! Smart Si
! ecobee3 (igisekuru cya 1)
! ecobee3 (igisekuru cya 2)
! ecobee3 lite
! ecobee4
! ecobee SmartThermostat hamwe na VoiceControl
! ecobee Smart Thermostat Yongerewe imbaraga
! ecobee Smart Thermostat Premium
|-
! Gutangiza igiciro
| $ 385 (USD)
| $ 179 (USD)
| $ 249 (USD)
| $ 249 (USD)
| $ 169 (USD)
| $ 249 (USD)
| $ 249 (USD)
| $ 189 (USD)
| $ 249 (USD)
|-
! Ibyuma byerekana ibyumba
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wired (bisaba module ya sensor ya kure yongewe kubikoresho bya module module) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Does ecobee3 support wired remote sensors? {{!}} Smart WiFi Thermostats by ecobee |url=https://www.ecobee.com/faq/does-ecobee3-support-wired-remote-sensors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413010340/https://www.ecobee.com/faq/does-ecobee3-support-wired-remote-sensors/ |archive-date=2015-04-13 |access-date=2017-05-01 |website=www.ecobee.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Wi-Fi (2.4GHz &amp; 5GHz) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GadgetComp |date=2025-04-02 |title=What are the Best Smart Thermostats to Buy in 2025? - GadgetComp |url=https://gadgetcomp.com/what-are-the-best-smart-thermostats-to-buy-in-2025/?utm_source=wikipedia |access-date=2025-04-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== eco + ===
ecobee yatangiye gusohora eco + muri 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=Ecobee rolls out Eco+, an AI engine in your thermostat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/11/05/ecobee-rolls-out-eco-an-ai-engine-in-your-thermostat/ |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813183804/https://venturebeat.com/2019/11/05/ecobee-rolls-out-eco-an-ai-engine-in-your-thermostat/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kugirango yimenyekanishe thermostat kugiti cye murugo.

=== Guhindura urumuri rwubwenge ===
Ecobee Switch + ni urumuri rwubwenge rwashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 26 Werurwe 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Zac |date=21 November 2017 |title=ecobee launches pilot program for its Alexa-enabled Switch+ light switch ahead of release |url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/11/21/ecobee-launches-pilot-program-for-its-alexa-enabled-switch-light-switch-ahead-of-release/ |access-date=24 January 2018 |work=9to5Mac}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2018 |title=Ecobee's Switch+ Alexa-enabled light switch is now available for pre-order in Canada |url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/03/13/ecobees-switch-alexa-smart-light-switch-canada/ |access-date=March 14, 2018 |work=MobileSyrup |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Switch+ ifite mikoro (microphone) irimo Amazon Alexa, ndetse ikagira sensor zigaragaza ko hari umuntu (occupancy sensors) n'izipima urumuri rw'amatara y'amanywa (daylight sensors) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 May 2017 |title=Ecobee announces smart light switch with built-in Alexa and numerous sensors |url=http://www.aftvnews.com/ecobee-announces-smart-light-switch-with-built-in-alexa-and-numerous-sensors/ |access-date=24 January 2018 |work=AFTVnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SmartCamera ===
Ecobee SmartCamera yasohotse ku Mata 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ecobee expands its smart home lineup with a camera and more sensors |url=https://www.engadget.com/ecobee-smart-home-camera-door-contacts-home-monitoring-platform-130007827.html |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=Engadget |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifite amashusho ya 1080p. ubugari bwa Camera bwa dogere 180 , guhindura icyerekezo no kuzamura (auto pan-tilt), gushyigikirwa na Amazon Alexa, ikiganiro cy'impande zombi (two-way talk) ndetse no kureba nijoro (night vision). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indoor security camera with Alexa Built-in {{!}} ecobee |url=https://www.ecobee.com/en-ca/cameras/smart-camera-with-voice-control/ |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=www.ecobee.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Contact sensor ===
Ibyuma bifata amajwi bya ecobee SmartSensor byasohotse ku ya 15 Mata 2020 hamwe na SmartCamera. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-09 |title=Review: ecobee's SmartSensor covers more than just doors and windows |url=https://www.imore.com/ecobee-smartsensor-review |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=iMore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Smart doorbell ===
Kamera ya ecobee Smart Doorbell yasohotse mu Kwakira 2023. Abakoresha bafite ecroste ya Ecobee barashobora kureba ibiryo bizima bivuye kuri kamera yumuryango wabo kuri thermostat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuohy |first=Jennifer Pattison |date=2023-10-17 |title=How Ecobee is becoming the smart home company Nest should have been |url=https://www.theverge.com/23919520/ecobee-smart-doorbell-camera-smart-home-ecosystem-smart-energy |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibyingenzi bya Smart Thermostat Byashyizwe ahagaragara muri Mutarama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cat Ellis |date=2025-01-07 |title=Ecobee's new smart thermostat could save you money on heating – and it's half the price of the latest Google Nest |url=https://www.techradar.com/home/smart-thermostats/ecobees-new-smart-thermostat-could-save-you-money-on-heating-and-its-half-the-price-of-the-latest-google-nest |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Smart security ===
ecobee Umutekano wubwenge ni abiyandikishije-bishingiye kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura urugo ihuza sensor mu bicuruzwa byayo byose muri sisitemu yumutekano murugo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Chance |date=April 15, 2020 |title=Review: Ecobee debuts Haven security system with HomeKit SmartCamera and contact sensors |url=https://9to5mac.com/2020/04/15/ecobee-homekit-camera-security-platform/ |publisher=9to5Mac}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Air Filters ===
ecobee Air Filters ihita yohereza uyikoresha itanura mugihe iyungurura ryayo rigomba gusimburwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Air Filter Delivery Service Subscription |url=https://www.ecobee.com/en-ca/air-filters/ |publisher=ecobee}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Roborock</title>
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'''Beijing Roborock Technology Co. Ltd''', yiswe '''Roborock''', ni isosiyete yo mu Bushinwa ikora ibkoresho by'abakiriya (consumer goods), izwi cyane ku bikoresho byayo bya robo bisukura (sweeping and mopping robots) ndetse n'amasuka y'amashanyarazi adafite insinga (handheld cordless stick vacuums) &lt;ref name=&quot;wsj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=688169.CN &amp;#124; Beijing Roborock Technology Co. Ltd. A Company Profile &amp; Executives - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/CN/XSHG/688169/company-people |website=www.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Xiaomi yagize uruhare runini mu ishingwa ry’isosiyete. &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kang |first=John |title=Xiaomi Claimed To Be An 'Internet Company'—But It's Making More Gadgets Than Ever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkang/2020/07/07/xiaomi-claimed-to-be-an-internet-company-but-its-making-more-gadgets-than-ever/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amateka ==
Beijing Roborock Technology Co. Ltd yashinzwe mu 2014 i Beijing mu Bushinwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2020 |title=Xiaomi backs Dyson's Chinese challenger Dreame in $15 million round |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/03/dyson-challenger-dreame-raises-15-million/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ryashyigikiwe ahanini na Xiaomi. &lt;ref name=&quot;wsj&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;/&gt; yakusanyije miliyoni 640 z'amadolari muri IPO yayo yo muri Gashyantare 2020, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; kandi isosiyete yinjije buri mwaka hafi miliyari 4.5 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda guhera muri Kanama 2021.

Roborock yagiye ahagaragara ku isoko rya STAR rya Beijing mu 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Xiaomi-backed robotic cleaner maker Roborock eyes $649m STAR Market IPO |url=https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/roborock-star-market-ipo-174529/ |website=DealStreetAsia |publication-date=2020-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibicuruzwa ==

=== Vacuum cleaners ===
Umurongo wa &quot;S&quot; wa robot vacuum, watangijwe muri 2018, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander Maxham |date=June 13, 2024 |title=History Of Roborock Robot Vacuums |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/history-roborock-robot-vacuums |website=Android Headlines}}&lt;/ref&gt; ufite gahunda ihuriweho yo kwirinda inzitizi kugira ngo tumenye ibintu kugeza kuri 5&amp;nbsp;cm ubugari kuri 3&amp;nbsp;cm z'uburebure. &lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roborock S6 MaxV robot vacuum hands-on: AI camera eliminates pet poop disasters Review |url=https://www.zdnet.com/product/roborock-s6-maxv-robot-vacuum/ |website=ZDNet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugihe abasukura bagenda hafi y'umwanya bakora ikarita ishushanya, bagaragaza ibintu bigomba kwirindwa nyuma.

Roborock ivuga ko ibikoresho byabo byoza cyangwa bisukura hasi bitabika amashusho cyangwa ngo bayashyire muri cloud, ndetse ko amashusho yose afatwa ahita asibwa ako kanya nyuma yo kuyatunganya. &lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot;/&gt;

ReactiveAI 2.0 yatangijwe no gusohora Roborock S7 MaxV. Ifite kamera ya RGB hamwe na 3D yubatswe yumucyo  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Roborock S7 MaxV Ultra Review |url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/roborock-s7-maxv-ultra |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=pcmag.com |publisher=PCMag}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usibye kamera zabo zashyizwe imbere, ibikoresho bishya bikoresha LIDAR-hejuru hejuru yicyumba. Ukoresheje porogaramu, abayikoresha barashobora gushiraho imipaka kugirango barebe ko igikoresho kidasukuye aho. Abakoresha barashobora kandi gushiraho &quot;oya-mop&quot; aho igikoresho gishobora gukurura ariko ntigice. &lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot;/&gt;

Roborock Q7 Max, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2022 |title=Roborock Q7 Max Plus Review: An Expensive Value Robot Vacuum |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/roborock-q7-max-plus-review/ |website=Digital Trends}}&lt;/ref&gt; yasohotse mu 2022, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Roborock Q7 Max+: The new midrange vacuum robot comes this spring |url=https://www.nextpit.com/roborock-q7-max-plus-midrange-vacuum-robot-comes-spring |website=NextPit |access-date=28 October 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107201022/https://www.nextpit.com/roborock-q7-max-plus-midrange-vacuum-robot-comes-spring |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; irashobora kugenzurwa na Alexa, Siri, cyangwa Assistant Google. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herter |first=Marc |date=8 June 2022 |title=Roborock Q7 Max robot vacuum cleaner in review: High suction power at a fair price |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Roborock-Q7-Max-robot-vacuum-cleaner-in-review-High-suction-power-at-a-fair-price.625668.0.html |website=Notebookcheck}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2023, Roborock yasohoye S8, S8 Plus, na S8 Pro Ultra. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati yicyitegererezo ni docking station buri wese arimo. S8 ifite ibiciro bisanzwe byo kwishyuza mugihe S8 Plus ikubiyemo icyuma gisiba cyikora. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roborock S8 Series - Forget About Cleaning, Really. |url=https://us.roborock.com/pages/roborock-s8 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=us.Roborock.com |publisher=Roborock}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Roborock S8 Pro Ultra Review |url=https://www.vacuumwars.com/roborock-s8-pro-ultra-review/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=VacuumWars.com |publisher=Vacuum Wars}}&lt;/ref&gt; S8 na S8 Plus zifite brushrol ebyiri ariko ntizamura. Moderi zose zibanziriza S8 zifite brushroll imwe.

Roborock S7 MaxV Ultra ikubiyemo kamera yerekana neza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuohy |first=Jennifer Pattison |date=March 15, 2022 |title=The Roborock S7 MaxV Ultra robot vacuum lives up to its steep price |url=https://www.theverge.com/22960447/roborock-s7-maxv-ultra-review-robot-vacuum-mop-hybrid |website=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karcz |first=Anthony |title=The Roborock S7 MaxV Ultra Is The Greatest Robovac System Ever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykarcz/2022/03/31/the-roborock-s7-maxv-ultra-is-the-greatest-robovac-system-ever/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Skinner |first=Carrie-Ann |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Roborock S7 MaxV Ultra review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/roborock-s7-maxv-ultra |website=TechRadar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roborock S7,  yatangiriye kuri CES &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Josh |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Best of CES 2021: The 25 best new products, gadgets and tech |url=https://www.newsweek.com/best-ces-2021-25-best-new-products-gadgets-tech-1560878 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VIBRARISE - Roborock Technology Co. Trademark Registration |url=https://uspto.report/TM/88945676 |website=USPTO.report}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Brian |title=This robot vacuum uses smarts to scrub floors too |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/this-robot-vacuum-uses-smarts-to-scrub-floors-too/ |website=CNET}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot;/&gt;  Umukungugu wacyo upima 460 mL mubushobozi bwuzuye. Irashobora guhumeka metero  hagati yishyurwa. Moderi ya S4 ntabwo ihindagurika.

Muri 2022, Roborock yasohoye Q5 isimbuza moderi S, kandi isa na S4 Max na S5. Q5 ifite imbaraga zo gukurura  cyane, ariko ikabura imiterere ya mop. &lt;ref name=&quot;q5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roborock Q5 Review |url=https://www.rtings.com/vacuum/reviews/roborock/q5 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=RTINGS.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025, Roborock yerekanye moderi yayo ya Saros 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Ruth |date=April 5, 2025 |title=Roborock Saros 10 review: a game-changer for getting under the sofa |url=https://www.techradar.com/home/robot-vacuums/roborock-saros-10-review |website=[[Tech Radar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imashini imesa ===
Mu 2023, isosiyete yazanye imashini yambere yo kumesa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roborock just announced an App Controlled All-In-One Washer Dryer |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2023/08/roborock-just-announced-an-app-controlled-all-in-one-washer-dryer.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Android Headlines |language=en-US |publication-date=2023-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roborock Zeo One hamwe na firime yumye. Kimwe na Zeo One, moderi ikurikira irashobora kugenzurwa na porogaramu ya terefone ya Roborock. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lizzie Wilmot |title=Roborock’s latest smart gadget cleans clothes instead of floors – and it's smaller than you'd think |url=https://www.t3.com/home-living/smart-home/roborocks-latest-smart-gadget-cleans-clothes-instead-of-floors-and-its-smaller-than-youd-think |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=T3.com |language=en-US |publication-date=2025-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Ubumuga no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe</title>
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      <id>141938</id>
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      <text bytes="1305" sha1="og7dfkcqadmp5mw881ov69xpl0vebwy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox journal|title=Disability and Rehabilitation|cover=Disability &amp; Rehabilitation.gif|discipline=[[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]]|abbreviation=Disabil. Rehabil.|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis Group]]|country=|frequency=Biweekly|history=1978-present|impact=2.054|impact-year=2018|website=http://www.tandfonline.com/idre|link1=http://www.tandfonline.com/idre|link1-name=Online access|link2=http://www.tandfonline.com/idre|link2-name=Online archive|ISSN=0963-8288|eISSN=1464-5165|CODEN=DREHET|OCLC=25415346}}'''''Ubumuga no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe''''' ni ikinyamakuru cy’ubuvuzi gisesengurwa n’abahanga kigaruka ku mpande zose z’[[ubumuga]] n’ubuvuzi bw’iterambere ry’ubumuga, harimo n’imyitozo ndetse n’amategeko n’amabwiriza agenga uburyo bwo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe.  &lt;ref name=&quot;aim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aims and Scope |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/idre |access-date=2010-06-08 |website=Disability and Rehabilitation |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki kinyamakuru cyasohorwa na Taylor na Francis Group kandi umwanditsi mukuru ni Dave Müller  (Suffolk New College). Cyashinzwe mu 1978, kandi cyagize igipimo cy’ingaruka cya 2.054 mu 2018. Iki kinyamakuru gisohoka inshuro 26 mu mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;aim&quot; /&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Official website</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Twilight switch</title>
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[[Dosiye:Interrupteur_crépusculaire.JPG|thumb|Ubushakashatsi bushyizwe hejuru y'urukuta]]
'''Twilight switch''' ni igice cya elegitoronike kigena ko urumuri rwaka  ku buryo bwikora igihe urumuri rusanzwe rw'akazi (nk'urwa joro cyangwa izuba) rugabanutse mu gace runaka. Mu mubare munini w'imikoreshereze, ibisanzwe ni ugushoboza gucana mu mihanda, imihanda, umuhanda munini, imihanda, ubusitani, imbuga, nibindi, mugihe urumuri rwizuba rumanutse munsi y'urwego runaka (urugero: kuva nimugoroba). 

Umuzunguruko wubatswe na twilight switch, mubihe bimwe na bimwe, bisaba ibindi bice, nka relay cyangwa abahuza, mugihe ushaka kugenzura ingufu z'amashanyarazi zisumba izindi (amatara, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, nibindi).

== Ibiranga tekinike ==
Hifashishijwe icyuma gikoresha urumuri (Photoresistor, Photodiode, Phototransistor, nibindi) byerekana ingano yumucyo umurikira ibidukikije, itera uruziga rw'amashanyarazi rufungura cyangwa rugafunga imikoranire yumurongo wa mashini cyangwa ya reta ikomeye. (power transistor, thyristor, triac, nibindi), ikora sisitemu yo kumurika. Mubisanzwe, itara risanzwe rijya k'umurongo wifotozi rikoreshwa, hamwe ningaruka zitara rihita ryaka n imugoroba kandi rihora rizima mu mucyo wa mbere w'umuseke. Turashimira iyi sisitemu, ingero nini zingero zikoreshwa zarakozwe, kuva kumurika haba ahantu rusange cyangwa abikorera ku giti cyabo kugeza kwigana kuboneka, aho twilight switch itanga imikorere yigihe gito cy'umuzunguruko. itara ryo kwigana abantu badahari kumubiri. 

Hariho uburyo bwinshi kandi bushya bwo guhanga udushya butuma urumuri rwizuba rwinshi, hamwe nogushobora guhindura urwego kugirango uhindure umuriro kurwego runaka rwumwijima, bityo ushireho gutinda no kuzimya kubijyanye nurumuri rwibidukikije. Hari ndetse moderi (modules) zidatuma urumuri rw'ubukorano (urumuri rukoresha amashanyarazi) rwaka,kandi zishobora  gutandukanya urumuri rusanzwe (urumuri rw'izuba) n'urwo bukoraho. Ariko, mu bindi bihe, bishobora kuba byiza kubihuza n'uburyo bwo gupanga igihe (time scheduling systeems) kugira ngo bikore neza kurushaho. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dall’O’20132&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Giuliano Dall’O’ |date=8 April 2013 |title=Green Energy Audit of Buildings: A guide for a sustainable energy audit of buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlGAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA377 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-5064-0 |pages=377–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashanyarazi ==
[[Dosiye:Streetlight_control.jpg|thumb|Electromechanical twilight switch]]
Ikoreshwa rya twilight ikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni ubwoko bwa electronique, butandukanye nubwa elegitoronike hifashishijwe ibyuma bya pilote bimaze kwinjizwa mu muzunguruko ubwawo, kandi bigatuma imizigo mito ihuzwa mu buryo butaziguye (urugero, itara rimwe). Twilight switch iraboneka muburyo butandukanye kugirango ihuze ibikenewe byose. Mubyukuri, zirashobora gutandukana uhereye kumiterere yabafite itara kugeza kumasanduku atandukanye (silindrike, kare, nibindi). 

Witondere umubare wamatara akoresha igikoresho nimbaraga zayo muri watts, ukurikize amabwiriza mumfashanyigisho yumukoresha, kugirango wirinde ibintu biremereye bikabije kuri konte ya disiki ya disiki, mubyukuri, niba bikenewe imitwaro myinshi, hagomba gushyirwaho umuhuza. Kumuri kumuhanda, kurugero, icyerekezo cya twilight kugiti cye kirashobora gukoreshwa, cyangwa icyerekezo cyo hagati gikora andi matara ya kure kugirango ucane amatara menshi, kuburyo umutwaro urumuri rwagati rwagati rugomba kwihanganira arirwo rupapuro rwihariye rwa relaire. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schreuder1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=D. A. Schreuder |year=1998 |title=Road Lighting for Safety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9UxoH5ehwYC&amp;dq=twilight+switch&amp;pg=PA231 |publisher=Thomas Telford |isbn=978-0-7277-2616-2 |pages=231–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyiza ==
Inyungu nyamukuru yo gukoresha twilight switch ni imbaraga nyinshi zo kuzigama izana, ihujwe no korohereza gahunda idakenewe, igenga neza izuba.

== Ibibi ==
Ingaruka nyamukuru yo gukora installation ni uko uramutse ushyize urumuri rwububiko hafi yifoto-yerekana ifoto, switch ntishobora gufungura. Muri iki gihe, ugomba kwitondera aho amatara aherereye kubijyanye na fotodetekeri. Kandi, uzirikane ko gutwika gushingiye gusa kumubare wumucyo usanzwe uhari kandi ntabwo ushingiye ku burebure bwizuba, bityo &quot;gutwika udashaka&quot; bishobora kubaho, kurugero imbere yibicu byijimye bifitanye isano no kugabanuka gukabije kumucyo wibidukikije kuri sensor (urugero, mugihe hari umuyaga). Kugirango wirinde ibi, twilight switch irashobora guhuzwa hamwe na sisitemu yo guteganya igihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dall’O’20132&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Giuliano Dall’O’ |date=8 April 2013 |title=Green Energy Audit of Buildings: A guide for a sustainable energy audit of buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlGAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA377 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-5064-0 |pages=377–}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiuliano_Dall’O’2013&quot;&gt;Giuliano Dall’O’ (8 April 2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlGAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA377 ''Green Energy Audit of Buildings: A guide for a sustainable energy audit of buildings'']. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. pp.&amp;nbsp;377–. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5064-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4471-5064-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Stardraw</title>
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Yashinzwe mu 1993 na ex- umuyobozi ushinzwe iterambere rya Microsoft, David Snipp  '''Stardraw''' ni kompanyi ikora porogaramu zihuza kandi zigashushanya sisitemu za amajwi/amashusho (A/V system intergration and design software). 

== Porogaramu ==
Stardraw ifite ibice bibiri bitandukanye ariko bifitanye isano na software haba ku masoko ya Audio-visual (A / V)

=== Igishushanyo cya mudasobwa ===
Igishushanyo mbonera cya Stardraw n'ugukora inyandiko za sisitemu y'amajwi / amashusho. Ibi birimo ibishushanyo bya A / V (bisa nigishushanyo cya mudasobwa ya mudasobwa), Imiterere ya Rack, Igishushanyo cyerekana (Igishushanyo mbonera), Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ibyuma byabugenewe, Igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana, hamwe na raporo zijyanye na byo nka Bills y'ibikoresho, Quotations na Cable Gahunda.

Iyi Porogaramu ikubiyemo ibimenyetso by'ibikoresho byateguwe mbere (present equipment icons) kugira ngo bihute mu gukora igishushanyo cya sisitemu ya A/V.  

Porogaramu zabo z'ubu bwoko zirimo

* Stardraw Audio 2007 (Yahagaritswe)
* Stardraw A / V 2007 (Yahagaritswe)
* Stardraw A / V Lite 2007 (Yahagaritswe)
* Amatara ya Stardraw 2D 2007 (Yahagaritswe)
* Igishushanyo cya Stardraw 7 - Yasohotse muri Kamena 2011

=== Kugenzura software ===
'''Igenzura rya Stardraw''' nigikorwa cyiterambere ryibikorwa byo gukora Touchscreen ya kure igenzura ibikoresho bitandukanye.

Imikoreshereze isanzwe ikubiyemo ibyumba byikora mubyumba byinama, inzu yimyidagaduro, inzu ndangamurage cyangwa inzu yimikino yo murugo, aho abayikoresha bakoresha ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma byerekana ibyuma byerekana amashusho nka porogaramu zerekana amashusho na disikuru, PC, DVD na VCR bakina ibyuma bifata amajwi, kamera, sisitemu ya terefone, ibyuma bifata amajwi / amashusho hamwe nibikoresho bitunganyirizwa, ibyuma byerekana moteri, drape, amatara, na sisitemu zitandukanye. Ibindi bikoreshwa bisanzwe birimo sisitemu yimyidagaduro, ibigo bishinzwe inganda no kugenzura, sisitemu z'umutekano, amahoteri na resitora.

Ikitandukanya software zabo nabahanganye na AMX na Crestron nuko idakenera ibyuma bidasanzwe ahubwo ikorera kumashini iyo ari yo yose ikoresha Microsoft Windows, ikindi kandi abashoferi ninyandiko zayo byanditswe mu rurimi rusange rwa programme C # aho kuba ururimi rwihariye kandi rwashizweho mu bishushanyo mbonera bisa n'ibikoreshwa n'ururimi rwa porogaramu za Microsoft.

Porogaramu irerekana kandi interineti ya interineti ituma ibikoresho bitari Windows bigenzura porogaramu urugero nka mudasobwa ya Tablet nka iPad ya Apple</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sentroller</title>
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      <text bytes="2030" sha1="h8le1rua1fpkqzxg89ha1b3o870qq8u" xml:space="preserve">'''A sentroller''', akoreshwa kuri enterineti y'ibintu ni sensor, umugenzuzi cyangwa actuator cyangwa guhuza ibi bitatu.

== Abagenzuzi mubintu bya enterineti ==
Interineti iriho ubu ni interineti y'abantu, ishingiye ku bantu bavugana n'abantu, bakoresheje terefone zigendanwa, tableti, mu dasobwa zigendanwa na mudasobwa, ariko ibi birahinduka:  ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bihujwe na interineti (urugero: agasanduku gashyizwe hejuru, kamera, imodoka) biratangira guhindura umubare w'icyerekezo uva ku bantu ugana ku bintu. kure y'abantu.  Ubuhanuzi bugera ku kintu cya 100 kugeza kuri 1 cyangwa birenga, bityo interineti yabantu izahinduka kuri enterineti. Kubwibyo, interineti yibintu izahuza kandi ivugane nizindi &quot;bintu&quot;, aho guhura nabantu.

Byinshi mu bintu bishya bihujwe na enterineti bizaba byoherejwe, bivuze ko ari ibikorwa, sensor, kugenzura, cyangwa guhuza ibi bintu bitatu. Urugero rumwe rworoshye ni urugo rwa thermostat. Thermostat ni umugenzuzi kuko yumva ubushyuhe murugo, akareba niba urugo cyangwa icyumba thermostat ikurikirana ubushyuhe buri ku bushyuhe bwifuzwa, kandi niba atari byo, ifungura umushyushya cyangwa icyuma gikonjesha. Kubwibyo, thermostat ni sensor na mugenzuzi - umugenzuzi. Nta mikoranire y'abantu na thermostat cyangwa igicu bizakenerwa kugirango thermostat igumane ubushyuhe murugo kurwego rukwiye.

Mubimenyerezo, abashinzwe umutekano bakurura kandi / cyangwa batanga amakuru make cyane, ariko guhuza na enterineti ni ngombwa kubikorwa byabo. Internet y'ibintu izakira porogaramu zizi gusobanura amakuru yatanzwe n'abashinzwe umutekano n'igikorwa cyafatwa. Ubwenge bw'urugo rwubwenge, ingufu zubwenge, inyubako zubwenge, n'ibindi mu byukuri biba mubicu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2021)&quot;&gt;ushidikanya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x2013; kuganira'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;  Abashinzwe kohereza ni impera zanyuma zizaba umubare munini wubwoko bwa interineti yibintu.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Smart plug</title>
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[[Dosiye:Smart_home_by_Google_at_the_Media_Markt,_Oosterflank,_Rotterdam_(2020)_08.jpg|right|thumb|Display in Rotterdam yerekana uburyo wakoresha Google Assistant hamwe n'icyuma cy'ubwenge kugirango ufungure umuyaga w'amashanyarazi (Dutch)]]
'''A smart plug ni plug''' n'akabati k'amashanyarazi(bizwi kandi nka wall plug,outlet, cyangwa electrical connector) gashobora gushyirwa hagati y'imigozi y'amashanyarazi n'akabati k'amashanyarazi kugirango gakoreshwe nk'icyuma cyo guhindura amshanyarazi kigenzurwa n'aho ari kure (remote-controlled power switch). Nkibyo, amacomeka yubwenge arashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byamashanyarazi &quot;ibiragi&quot; ubwenge, bityo bigafasha ibikoresho nkibi byo gutangiza urugo cyangwa kubaka intego zo gutangiza.  

Smart plugs ashobora, kurugero, kugenzurwa hifashishijwe porogaramu igendanwa, urugo rwubwenge cyangwa umufasha wukuri. [[Wi-Fi|[]]  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Colon |first=Alex |date=2021-06-29 |title=The Best Smart Plugs and Power Strips for 2021 |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/smart-plugs/95119/the-best-smart-plugs-and-power-strips |access-date=2021-08-06 |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;​​​ Amacomeka menshi y'ubwenge afite ammeter yubatswe kugirango ikoreshwa ry'ingufu z'amashanyarazi (zapimwe mu masaha ya kilowatt) y'ibikoresho bihujwe bishobora gukurikiranwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benefits of smart plugs |url=https://homey.app/en-au/blog/the-benefits-of-smart-plugs/ |access-date=2021-08-06 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smart plug akenshi afite umwirondoro woroshye kugirango utabangamira kugera ku masoko aturanye mumasoko y'urukuta cyangwa amashanyarazi.

Smart plugs atanga ibyiza byinshi byongera ingufu z'ingirakamaro kandi byoroshye. Bemerera abakoresha kugenzura ibikoresho kure binyuze muri terefone zigendanwa cyangwa abafasha buhanga, bishobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane mu kuzimya ibikoresho bitanga ingufu nyinshi nka hoteri y’amazi, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha, cyangwa amatara iyo uri kure yurugo. Amacomeka menshi yubwenge nayo ashyigikira gahunda na automatike gahunda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=These 10 Smart Plug Tricks Made My Home Feel Way Smarter |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/these-10-smart-plug-tricks-made-my-home-feel-way-smarter/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=CNET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; - kurugero, gufungura geyser iminota 30 mbere yuko umuntu agera murugo cyangwa guhita azimya nyuma yigihe cyagenwe kugirango abungabunge ingufu. Usibye kuzigama ingufu, ibyuma bimwe byubwenge bigira uruhare mu mutekano mu kugabanya ibyago by'umuriro w'amashanyarazi kubikoresho bititabiriwe.

== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Ababyeyi Bateganijwe Bitaziguye</title>
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Planned Parenthood Direct ni porogaramu ya telephone  igenewe gutanga serivisi z'ubuzima bw'imyororokere ikoresheje icyitegererezo cyangwa uburyo bwa telehealth. Itangazwa n'ishyirahamwe ryita ku buzima ry'izina rimwe.

Planned Parenthood Direct Yatangije serivisi muri 2015, ubwo yatangizaga porogaramu iteganijwe kubyara muri Californiya. Muri kiriya gihe, imikorere ya porogaramu igamije cyane gupima indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina (STD). Ibikoresho byo kwipimisha byoherezwa mu mazu y'abarwayi, hanyuma umurwayi asubiza ibikoresho inyuma, kandi ibisubizo bigezwa k'umurwayi binyuze muri porogaramu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aditi Pai |date=June 23, 2015 |title=Planned Parenthood launches app so Californians can order STD tests |url=https://www.mobihealthnews.com/44621/planned-parenthood-launches-app-so-californians-can-order-std-tests |access-date=14 May 2025 |work= |publisher=MobiHealthNews |location=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza muri 2019, Gahunda iteganijwe kubyara yatangaga serivisi muri leta 27 na Washington DC. Serivisi yibanze ku gutanga ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, no gutanga ubuvuzi bwanduza inkari (UTI). Muri &lt;ref name=&quot;BI2019&quot; /&gt;, mu rwego rwo gusubiza gahunda za leta zo kugabanya inkunga y’ubuzima ku babyeyi bateganijwe, Gahunda yo Kubyara Directeur yashyizeho gahunda yo kwagura kugera muri leta zose uko ari mirongo itanu. &lt;ref name=&quot;BI2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Clarrie Feinstein |date=Sep 4, 2019 |title=Planned Parenthood is expanding its birth control app to all 50 states in the wake of Trump's massive funding cut |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/planned-parenthood-direct-birth-control-delivery-app-trump-funding-cuts-2019-9 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Insider |location=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2024, Planned Parenthood Direct Yaguye serivisi yaguye kugirango ibone imiti ikuramo imiti ku barwayi bo muri leta zimwe na zimwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kristen Schorsch |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Planned Parenthood offers abortion pills via app to expand access in Illinois |url=https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2024-05-21/planned-parenthood-offers-abortion-pills-via-app-to-expand-access-in-illinois |access-date=14 May 2025 |work= |publisher=St. Louis National Public Radio |location=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abarwayi basaba ibinini byo gukuramo inda bitangwa kugeza ibyumweru 10 batwite, kandi bisaba ubuvuzi bwateganijwe kubuvuzi (umuganga cyangwa umuforomo wimenyereza umwuga) kugirango bandike imiti. Niba byemejwe n'ushinzwe ubuvuzi, imiti yoherezwa murugo rw'umurwayi. Iyi serivisi iraboneka gusa kubarwayi baba muri leta aho gukuramo imiti byemewe. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR1&quot; /&gt;

== Serivisi n'ibicuruzwa ==
Ibicuruzwa byibanze byateganijwe kubabyeyi ni porogaramu za porogaramu zikoresha kuri iPhone, terefone ya Android, PC, na mudasobwa ya Mac, Porogaramu zisangiye izina rimwe na sosiyete, gahunda iteganijwe yo kubyara. &lt;ref name=&quot;ppd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Planned Parenthood Direct |url=https://plannedparenthooddirect.org |publisher=Planned Parenthood Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt;[https://www.plannedparenthooddirect.org/ ​]​ &lt;ref name=&quot;ppd&quot; /&gt;

Porogaramu n'urubuga rutanga serivisi z'ubuzima bw'imyororokere hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cya telehealth, cyemerera abakoresha kubona serivisi z'ubuzima ziva mu rugo, batiriwe basura ibiro bya muganga. Serivisi zitangwa ziratandukanye bitewe na leta, bitewe n'amategeko ya leta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jenna Nitkowski |date=March 2023 |title=State-level conditions and telecontraception platform availability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211883722001290 |journal=Health Policy and Technology |volume=12 |doi=10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100722 |issn=2211-8837 |url-access=subscription}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Serivisi ziratandukanye bitewe na leta, ariko zirashobora kubamo uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro byihutirwa, gupima indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, no gukuramo imiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;ppd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Planned Parenthood Direct |url=https://plannedparenthooddirect.org |publisher=Planned Parenthood Direct}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://plannedparenthooddirect.org &quot;Planned Parenthood Direct&quot;]. Planned Parenthood Direct.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Cane gun</title>
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[[Dosiye:Eriegun1.jpg|right|thumb|Imbunda imeze nk'inkoni ikoreshwa na Brian Douglas Wells]]
'''A cane gun''' n'inkoni yo kugendana irimo [[imbunda]] ihishemo. Imbunda za keni rimwe na rimwe zifatwa nk'imbunda zisa na zo zifashishwa nabahigi b'inyamaswa mu buryo bunyuranye n'amategeko.

Ubusanzwe akenshi ni verisiyo zoroshye gutwara kandi zoroshye guhisha z'imbunda zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu mikino yo kurasa, cyane cyane imbunda ifite umuyongo umwe cyangwa ibiri, ishingiye ku buryo bwa Leclercq bwakorewe mu Bubiligi butahenze cyane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Belgian Leclercq folding poacher's gun explained - hlebooks.com |url=https://forums.gunboards.com/showthread.php?394030-The-Belgian-Leclercq-folding-poacher-s-gun-explained-hlebooks-com |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=forums.gunboards.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hamwe nibi bishushanyo bisa, imbunda ndende igufi ishobora gukorwa kugirango isubire inyuma kugeza iryamye munsi y'ububiko, kugirango itwarwe munsi yikoti. Ubundi buryo ni muburyo bwa pistolet ndende cyane yashizwemo itandukanijwe, rimwe na rimwe bita &quot;kumanura&quot;, cyangwa ububiko bwa skeleton, nubwo intwaro iyo ari yo yose ya siporo isaba guterana ifite ibibi bigaragara mu murima.

Mu magambo afatika gusa, itandukaniro ni uko imbunda y’ibiti, ihenze cyane kuyibyaza umusaruro, kandi muri rusange, ingaruka, bigaragara ko yatwawe n'abagabo bifuzaga, igihe cyose, kuba bashobora gufata &quot;intego z'amahirwe&quot;,  bari curio, aho bavugira, cyangwa intwaro yihishe, imwe ishobora guhunga bitamenyekanye keretse iyo usuzumye neza. Usibye inkoni ya nyakubahwa, imbunda nazo zagiye zihishwa mubindi bintu bisanzwe nk'umutaka n'inkoni zo kugenda.

Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, imbunda ya ba rushimusi biragaragara ko ari imbunda, nubwo imwe yahishwa mu buryo bworoshye n’abajya mu cyaro mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, bitwaje imbunda yo guhiga inkono idasanzwe cyangwa kwirwanaho, bitandukanye n’imbunda idashobora kwerekanwa cyane, y’imikino yuzuye, nubwo aba bambuka mu cyiciro cyo kurokoka.

Cne guns ubu ni gake cyane kandi kuyibona biragoye kuyibona, kubera ko amategeko menshi arenga ku mategeko abuza gutwara intwaro zihishe,  n'ingero z'igihe, aho byemewe, muri rusange, ni mu maboko y'abikorera ku giti cyabo n'inzu ndangamurage.

Imbunda ya kijyambere, ubwoko bwa karitsiye isanzwe ishyirwa mu kurasa amakarito manini y’umuvuduko ukabije cyangwa .410 yatwaye ibisasu bigera kuri 12 bipima imbunda, byombi bikwiranye neza nintwaro ifite ingunguru gusa ifite urugereko rwuzuye, gusohora intoki, uburyo bwo kurasa butandukanye, gufata ibyemezo, kandi rimwe na rimwe bikagaragara.

Ubundi bwoko bwimbunda zinkoni zakozwe nkintwaro zo mu kirere, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Collection |url=http://www.beemans.net/collection.htm |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=www.beemans.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; muri rusange hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwikigega cy’ikirere gishobora gutandukana (intwaro yo mu kirere ya pneumatike) mu buryo bwa flask, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=R. S. |date=Apr 23, 2014 |title=Kate Tattersall Adventures |url=http://www.katetattersall.com/cane-guns-victorian-concealed-firearms-of-gentlemen-cads/ |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=Kate Tattersall Adventures}}&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa cyinjijwe mu buryo bw’inkoni igereranijwe cyane, nka shillelagh gakondo. Bimwe muburyo bwiza bwo kurasa, byoroshye cyane kwiyoberanya, kuba bike cyane kuruta umuyoboro. Iyi ntwaro yakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'ubujura bwa banki mu rubanza rwa Pizza Bomber.

Nk’uko byatangajwe na ATF, imbunda z'inkoni, imbunda z'inkota, n'imbunda z'umutaka zashyizwe mu rwego rwa AOW (izindi ntwaro zose). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Firearms - Guides - Importation &amp; Verification of Firearms - National Firearms Act Definitions - Any Other Weapon {{!}} Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives |url=https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-national-firearms-act-definitions-any |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=www.atf.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mu bihimbano ==
Imbunda ya kane ifite umwanya uhoraho mu muco wubutasi; urugero ruzwi rwagaragaye mu gitabo cya Ian Fleming cyo mu 1953 cyitwa ''Casino Royale'', aho James Bond yugarijwe n'umwe mu gihe yarushanwaga ku meza y'imikino na Le Chiffre. Imbunda y'inkoni igaragara no muri tereviziyo yakozwe kuri televiziyo ihuza izina rimwe mu 1954 ndetse no muri filime ya Bond yo mu 1999 ''Isi Ntihagije .'' Kurasa umupira, kurasa-imbere, imbunda yuburyo bwa musketi urashobora kubisanga muri ''Abraham Lincoln: Umuhigi wa Vampire''. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Kathmandu Association of the Deaf</title>
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'''Kathmandu Associatiion of the Deaf''' ('''KAD''') n’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uhagarariye ishyirahamwe ry'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ba Kathmandu, kandi ni ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamuryango b’ishyirahamwe [[National Federation of the Deaf Nepal|ry’igihugu ry’abatumva bo muri Nepal]]. Niryo shyirahamwe ryambere ryashinzwe, kandi mubyukuri ishyirahamwe ryambere ryubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose muri Nepal ryashyizweho nabafite ubumuga ubwabo kandi riyobowe nubuyobozi bwabo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Abasore 13 bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ba Kathmandu (itsinda rya mbere ry’abanyeshuri barangije icyagombaga kuba ishuri rya Naxal ry’abatumva) bashinze  [[Deaf Development Club|iterambere ry’ibipfamatwi]], nyuma yaje kwitwa Ishyirahamwe  [[Deaf Welfare Association|igihe]] iryo tsinda ryasabaga kwiyandikisha muri guverinoma mu 1980.

Imwe mu ntego nyamukuru za KAD kwari ugutanga serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe n’imyidagaduro ku bantu batumva, no guteza imbere imyumvire y’abatumva mu baturage muri rusange.  KAD yagize uruhare runini mubikorwa byambere byo guteza imbere no guteza imbere ururimi rwamarenga. KAD yafashijwe n’amahoro Corps yo gukora inkoranyamagambo ya mbere y’ururimi rw’amarenga rwo muri Nepali,  kandi, ku nkunga ya UNICEF, nayo yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere rya sisitemu yo gutunga intoki imwe ya devanagari. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

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    <title>Keresan Sign Language</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;&quot; |Keresan Sign Language
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Native&amp;nbsp;to
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[United States]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |one of the [[Keres people|Keres]] pueblos
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Native speakers&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |15 deaf&amp;nbsp;(2003)&lt;ref&gt;Kelley, Walter &amp; Tony McGregor (2003) [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/NNL/NNL_11.pdf &quot;Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language&quot;], in Reyhner, Trujillo, Carrasco, &amp; Lockard (eds.), ''Nurturing Native Languages'', pp. 141–148. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Known by many of the 650 inhabitants of the pueblo
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Village sign language|village sign]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color: silver;&quot; |Language codes
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |''None'' (&lt;code&gt;mis&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kere1299 kere1299]&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp; Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language
|}
'''Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Keresan''', ruzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Keresan Pueblo Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahinde''' (KPISL) cyangwa Keresign, ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu mudugudu ruvugwa na benshi mu baturage ba pereblo ya Keresan, aho haboneka abantu benshi bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kuva bavuka (iyo pueblo ntivugwa mu bitabo by'inkomoko, ariko abaturage bavugwa bemeza ko ari Zia pueblo yo muri New Mexico).

Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Keresan rwateye imbere mu karere, kandi ntaho ruhuriye n'ururimi rw'ubucuruzi Ibibaya Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahinde.</text>
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    <title>Kafr Qasem Sign Language</title>
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'''Kafr Qasem Sign Language''' (لغة الإشارة الكفر قاسم (Icyarabu) Lughat il-Ishārah il-Kafr Qasim) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu mudugudu muri Isiraheli. 

Ururimi ruri mu nzira zo kwandikwa, cyane cyane muri kaminuza ya Haifa. Kafr Qasem irangwa n'ijanisha ryinshi ry'abantu babana [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|n'ubumuga bwo kutumva]], kandi uko bigaragara, ururimi rwabo rw'amarenga rwateye imbere mu buryo bwihuse uko imyaka yagiye ihita, kabone niyo rwaba rwaratewe n’ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Isiraheli ndetse n'indimi z'amarenga zo muri ako karere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=המילון המקוונן לשפת סימנים כפר קאסם – Sign Language Research Lab |url=https://signlab.haifa.ac.il/2013/10/15/kqsl-2/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intangiriro y’umuryango w’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Kafr Qasem yatangiye mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya 20, ubwo umuturage yashakanye n’umugore ubana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva ukomoka muri Mazraa. Abashakanye babyaranye abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, na bo barashyingiranwa kandi bafite abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva benshi. Mu 1951, i Kafr Qasem hari abaturage 1800, 12 muri bo bakaba bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Gukenera kuvugana nabo byatumye habaho iterambere ry'ururimi rw'amarenga rusangiwe na benegihugu - bafite ubwo bumuga kandi bumva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=סוד השפה הנעלמת של חרשי כפר קאסם |url=https://www.ha-makom.co.il/article/noga-berger-sign-language-kfar-qasem/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=המקום הכי חם |language=he-IL}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Celine Dion</title>
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Celine Dion{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=chanteuse}}'''Céline Dion''', yavutse  ku wa 30 Werurwe 1968 i Charlemagne (Quebec), ni umuririmbyi [[Kanada|wo muri Kanada]].

Celine Dion,ni umwana w'umuhererezi mu bana cumi na bane, yatangiye kubona ibihembo akiri muto mu ntara ye,mu gihugu kavukire cya '''Québec''' yatangiye gutsindira ibihembo  byihuse ku ndirimbo ye ya mbere Ce n''''était qu'un rêve''' muri alubumu y'indirimbo z'igifaransa yahimbye mu myaka ahagana '''1980. izi ndirimbo''' zatumye arushaho gukundwa no kumenyekana  mu gihe indirimbo yise ''D'amour ou d'alliance'' (1983)yarimbye bwa mbere mu gihugu cy'Ubufaransa yamuheshejekurushaho kumenyekana no kwamamara mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Yakomeje kwamamara akimara gutsinda amarushanwa y'indirimbo za Eurovision mu 1988 aho yari ahagarariye igihugu cy' [[Ubusuwisi]] mu indirimbo ye yise&quot; ''Ne partez pas sans moi'' .&quot;

Nyuma yize [[icyongereza]], ahindura imyambarire maze asinyana amasezerano na Epic Records muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]]. MuriAlubumuye yo mu Cyongereza, ''Unison'', yasohotse mu 1990 maze imugaragaza nk'umuhanzi ukomeye wa pop mu masoko yo [[Amerika ya Ruguru|muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru]] na Anglo-Saxon.

Mu myaka ya za 1990, yamenyekanye cyane ku isi, cyane cyane akora alubumu ebyiri ziza ku rutonde rw'izagurishijwe cyane mu mateka ya muzika :Alubumu  ''Falling into you'' (1996) na ''Let's Talk About Love'' (1997), buri imwe yaycuruje  kopi zirenga miliyoni 30 ku isi yose. Yakomeje kwigarurira imitima y'abatuye isi bose mu ndirimbo ye yise&quot; My Heart Will Go On &quot; no muri Filimi yiswe &quot; Titanic ya Jemes Cameron en 1997.Yakomeje kwamamara muri alubumu nyinshi yagiye akora mu [[Igifaransa|gifaransa]] akomeza kuzicuruza ku masoko y'ubufaransa ibi kandi byamuhesheje amahirwe akomeye yo guhura na Jean-Jacques Goldman wamuyoboye muri Albumu D'eux (1995),Iyi niyo albumu y'indirimbo z'igifaransa yacurujwe cyane mu gihugu cy'Ubufaransa no mu isi yose.&quot;  S'il suffisait d'aimer&quot; (1998).

Mu myaka ya za 2000, yamenyekanye cyane nk'umukinnyi w'umugore wa filimi, cyane cyane mu gitaramo ''Umunsi mushya…'' cyatangiwe i Las Vegas kuva 2003 kugeza 2007, kikaba ari cyo gitaramo cyinjije amafaranga menshi mu mateka  hamwe na ''Taking Chances World Tour'' kuva 2008 kugeza 2009 cyabaye imwe mu ngendo zunguka cyane mu bihe byose.

Mu myaka ya za 2010, yongeye gutura i Las Vegas kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2019 kandi akora ibitaramo byinshi byo mu karere ku isi. Mu mwaka wa 2016, urupfu rw'umugabo we n'umuyobozi, René Angélil, wagize uruhare runini mu byiciro byose yatsindiye, byagaragaje impinduka mu mwuga we.

[[Umuziki]] wa Celine Dion ufasha abakunzi be mu ibintu bitandukanye, kuva R&amp;amp;amp;B kugeza gospel kugeza kera kugeza pop. Yandika cyane cyane mu Gifaransa n'Icyongereza, ariko nanone rimwe na rimwe mu [[Icyesipanyole|akandika muri Espagnol]],Igitaliyani, [[Ikidage]], [[Ikilatini]], [[Ikiyapani]] na Mandarin, azwi cyane kandi azwi nk'umwe mu bantu bafite ijwi rikomeye muri muzika ya pop. Yakiriye ibihembo bitanu bya Grammy, harimo Album y'umwaka n'indirimbo y'umwaka, naho ibihembo bibiri bya Academy by'indirimbo y'umwimerere nziza byahawe indirimbo yakoze mu 2003, ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’inganda za Fonografiya ryamuhesheje icyubahiro kubera kugurisha alubumu zirenga miliyoni 50 mu [[Burayi]]. Mu bihembo bya muzika ku isi 2007, yahawe ''igihembo cya Legend'' mu rwego rwo kumushimira « Gutsinda ku isi yose hamwe no guteza imbere ibikorwa bya muzika » &lt;ref name=&quot;WMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page d’accueil World Music Awards (cf. « Diamond Award » &amp; « Legend Award ») |url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/ |access-date=14 novembre 2010 |website=World Music Award – Site officiel}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Mu buryo nk'ubwo, yahawe ''igihembo cya Billboard Icon Igihembo'' cya Billboard Music Awards mu 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Céline Dion en larmes après avoir reçu le Billboard Icon Award des mains de René-Charles (vidéo) |url=http://www.non-stop-people.com/actu/musique/celine-dion-en-larmes-apres-avoir-recu-le-billboard-icon-award-des-mains-de-rene |access-date=2016-05-23 |website=Non Stop People |archive-date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526093546/http://www.non-stop-people.com/actu/musique/celine-dion-en-larmes-apres-avoir-recu-le-billboard-icon-award-des-mains-de-rene |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; mu rwego rwo gushimira umwuga we wose &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Celine Dion Salutes Late Husband With 'The Show Must Go On' Performance &amp; Teary Speech at 2016 Billboard Music Awards |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/7378386/celine-dion-show-must-go-on-billboard-music-awards-2016 |access-date=2016-05-23 |website=Billboard}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

Umuhanzi rukumbi wamamaye  cyane  mu mateka ya muzika muri Kanada mu mateka. Ni umwe mu bahanzi bagurishije Alubumu nyinshi cyane  hamwe na miliyoni zirenga 200 zagurishijwe kwisi yose &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Conor Gaffey On 7/28/16 at 5:21 AM |date=2016-07-28 |title=Celine Dion just changed the life of one Gabonese teenager |url=https://www.newsweek.com/celine-dion-salutes-her-gabonese-imitator-484860 |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Céline Dion joins Twitter {{!}} The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2013/08/22/cline_dion_joins_twitter.html |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kitchener |first=Shaun |date=2019-07-08 |title=Celine Dion reveals ‘big turnaround’ since death of husband René Angélil: ‘I’m very proud’ |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/music/1150596/Celine-Dion-husband-Rene-Angelil-death-career-music-tours-Hyde-Park-London |access-date=2019-12-19 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

Celine Dion{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=chanteuse}}
== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Faith Ringgold</title>
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'''Faith Ringgold''' ('''Faith''' '''Willi''' '''Jones''' ; Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 1930 - 13 Mata 2024) yari umwirabura  w’umunyamerika akaba umwanditsi, umunyabugeni, umuhanzi ukora ibitaramo, akaba n'umurwanashyaka uhuza abantu, yari azwi nkumuntu uzi kuvuga neza imbwirwaruhame . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gipson |first=Ferren |date=2022 |title=Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art |publisher=Frances Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-6465-6 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith Ringgold's website |url=https://www.faithringgold.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229021109/https://www.faithringgold.com/ |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guggenheim-Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith Ringgold |url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/791 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512044918/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/791 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |access-date=May 1, 2013 |website=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=April 13, 2024 |title=Faith Ringgold Dies at 93; Wove Black Life Into Quilts and Children's Books |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/13/arts/faith-ringgold-dead.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413210925/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/13/arts/faith-ringgold-dead.html |archive-date=April 13, 2024 |access-date=April 14, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ringgold yavukiye i Harlem, mu mujyi wa New York, kandi yabonye impamyabumenyi yicyiciro cyagatatu cya kaminuza yakuye muri City College ya New York . Yari umwarimu wubuhanzi muri sisitemu yishuri rusange rya New York City. Nkumuhanzi wa multimediya, ibihangano bye byasesenguye insanganyamatsiko yumuryango, ubwoko, icyiciro, nuburinganire. Urukurikirane rw&lt;nowiki&gt;''inkuru, byakozwe kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, byafashe ibyabaye ku Banyamerika b'Abirabura maze biba ibihangano bye byasinywe. Mu mwuga we, yazamuye ibikorwa by’abahanzi b'&lt;/nowiki&gt;Abirabura maze arahaguruka arwanya guhezwa kwabo n’ingoro ndangamurage. Yanditse kandi ashushanya [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] birenga icumi byabana. Ubuhanzi bwa Ringgold bwerekanwe ku isi yose kandi buri mu byegeranyo bihoraho bya The Guggenheim, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi ya Metropolitan, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi n’ibishushanyo, inzu ndangamurage ya Philadelphia, n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Schomburg mu muco w’abirabura .

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Faith  Willi Jones yavutse ari umuhererezi mu bana batatu ku ya 8 Ukwakira 1930, mu bitaro bya Harlem, mu mujyi wa New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Holton |first=Curlee Raven |year=2004 |title=A View From the Studio |url=https://archive.org/details/faithringgoldvie0000holt |publisher=Bunker Hill Pub in association with the Allentown Art Museum |isbn=978-1-593-73045-1 |location=Boston |oclc=59132090 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 24 Ababyeyi be, Andrew Louis Jones na Willi Posey Jones, bakomokaga mu miryango y'abakozi bimuwe na Great Migration . Nyina wa Ringgold yari umunyamideli kandi se, ndetse no gukora imirimo itandukanye, yari umwanditsi w'inkuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;theartstory.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith Ringgold Biography, Life &amp; Quotes |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ringgold-faith/life-and-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154951/https://www.theartstory.org/artist/ringgold-faith/life-and-legacy/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=March 9, 2021 |website=The Art Story}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamurereye mubidukikije byamuteye gutangira kwiga  guhanga. Nyuma ya Harlem Renaissance, inzu ya Ringgold akiri umwana i Harlem yakikijwe n’ubuhanzi butera imbere - aho abantu nka Duke Ellington na Langston Hughes babaga hafi aho. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot; /&gt; : 27 Inshuti ye yo mu bwana Sonny Rollins, wabaye umucuranzi ukomeye wa jazz, yakundaga gusura umuryango we kandi akitoza sakasofone mu birori byabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot; /&gt; : 28 

Kubera indwara ya asima yari arwaye, Ringgold yakoze ubushakashatsi ku buhanzi bugaragara nk'imyidagaduro ikomeye abifashijwemo na nyina, akenshi yageragezaga na crayons akiri umukobwa muto. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Holton |first=Curlee Raven |year=2004 |title=A View From the Studio |url=https://archive.org/details/faithringgoldvie0000holt |publisher=Bunker Hill Pub in association with the Allentown Art Museum |isbn=978-1-593-73045-1 |location=Boston |oclc=59132090 |url-access=registration}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHolton2004&quot;&gt;Holton, Curlee Raven (2004). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:faithringgoldvie0000holt|''A View From the Studio'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Boston: Bunker Hill Pub in association with the Allentown Art Museum. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-593-73045-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-593-73045-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59132090 59132090].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 24 Yize kandi kudoda no gukora mu buryo bwa gihanga akoresheje imyenda ya nyina. &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2021 |title=Faith Ringgold |url=https://www.biography.com/artists/faith-ringgold |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224193809/https://www.biography.com/artists/faith-ringgold |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2023 |website=Biography.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;​ &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot; /&gt; : 24 Izi ngaruka zose hamwe, ibihangano bya Ringgold bizaza byatewe inkunga n'abantu cyane, imivugo, numuziki yakundaga kubikora mu bwana, nubwo ivanguramoko, ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, n'amacakubiri byamucaga intege  mubuzima bwe bwa buri munsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot; /&gt; : 9 

Mu 1948,  kubera igitutu cy’umuryango we, Ringgold yiyandikishije mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Umujyi wa New York yiga ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi, ariko ahatirwa kwiga ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi, kubera ko City College yemereraga [[Umugore|abagore]] kwiyandikisha mu byiciro bimwe na bimwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2015 |title=About: Our History |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/about/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326194615/https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/about/history |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2018 |website=The City College of New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CreatingOwnImage-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Farrington |first=Lisa |year=2011 |title=Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-199-76760-1 |location=Oxford |oclc=57005944}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 134 Mu 1950, yashakanye numuntu wakundaga gucuranga piano witwa Robert Earl Wallace babyarana abana babiri, Michele na Barbara Faith Wallace, mu 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ringgold na Wallace batandukanye nyuma yimyaka ine kubera kunywa ibiyobyabwenge bya heroine . &lt;ref name=&quot;WeFlewOverTheBridge-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ringgold |first=Faith |year=1995 |title=We Flew Over the Bridge: The Memoirs of Faith Ringgold |url=https://archive.org/details/weflewoverbridge00ring |publisher=Little Brown &amp; Co. |isbn=978-0-821-22071-9 |location=Boston |oclc=607544394 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 54 Hagati aho, yiganye n'abahanzi Robert Gwathmey na Yasuo Kuniyoshi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith Ringgold |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100421964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181130/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100421964 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yamenyekanye kandi n’umucapyi Robert Blackburn, bazafatanya gukurikiranya ibicapo nyuma yimyaka 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;AViewFromTheStudio-2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Holton |first=Curlee Raven |year=2004 |title=A View From the Studio |url=https://archive.org/details/faithringgoldvie0000holt |publisher=Bunker Hill Pub in association with the Allentown Art Museum |isbn=978-1-593-73045-1 |location=Boston |oclc=59132090 |url-access=registration}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHolton2004&quot;&gt;Holton, Curlee Raven (2004). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:faithringgoldvie0000holt|''A View From the Studio'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Boston: Bunker Hill Pub in association with the Allentown Art Museum. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-593-73045-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-593-73045-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59132090 59132090].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 29 

Mu 1955, Ringgold yakuye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri City College hanyuma bidatinze yigisha muri gahunda y’ishuri rusange rya New York City. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ringgold-Chron-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ringgold |first=Faith |title=Faith Ringgold Chronology |url=http://www.faithringgold.com/ringgold/chron_rev.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222031812/http://www.faithringgold.com/ringgold/chron_rev.pdf |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=Faith Ringgold}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1959, yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse yakuye muri City College yajyanye na nyina n’abakobwa be mu rugendo rwe rwa mbere mu Burayi. Igihe &lt;ref name=&quot;Ringgold-Chron-2015&quot; /&gt; bari mu rugendo mu mahanga i Paris, Florence, na Roma, yasuye ingoro ndangamurage nyinshi, harimo na Louvre . Iyi ngoro ndangamurage yashishikarije urukurikirane rw'ibishushanyo bizwi ku izina ''ry'Igifaransa'' (1991–1997). Uru rugendo rwaciwe mu buryo butunguranye, ariko, kubera urupfu rwa murumuna we mu 1961. Ringgold, nyina n’abakobwa be bose basubiye muri Amerika kumushyingura. &lt;ref name=&quot;WeFlewOverTheBridge-1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ringgold |first=Faith |year=1995 |title=We Flew Over the Bridge: The Memoirs of Faith Ringgold |url=https://archive.org/details/weflewoverbridge00ring |publisher=Little Brown &amp; Co. |isbn=978-0-821-22071-9 |location=Boston |oclc=607544394 |url-access=registration}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRinggold1995&quot;&gt;Ringgold, Faith (1995). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:weflewoverbridge00ring|''We Flew Over the Bridge: The Memoirs of Faith Ringgold'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Boston: Little Brown &amp; Co. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-821-22071-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-821-22071-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607544394 607544394].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 141 Yashakanye na Burdette Ringgold ku ya 19 Gicurasi 1962. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ringgold-Chron-2015&quot; /&gt;

Ringgold yasuye Afurika y'Iburengerazuba inshuro ebyiri: rimwe mu 1976 na none mu 1977. Izi ngendo zagize uruhare runini mu gukora mask, gushushanya ibipupe, n'ibishusho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Farrington |first=Lisa E. |date=2004 |title=Faith Ringgold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB_JT9UT0j0C&amp;pg=PA63 |last2=Ringgold |first2=Faith |publisher=Pomegranate |isbn=978-0-7649-2761-4 |pages=63, 107 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa by'ubugeni ==
Ubuhanzi bwa Ringgold bwari butandukanye cyane. Harimo gushushanya,kubihangano bikozwe mu bisigazwa bya palasitike, amabuye nibindi, gutunganya amashusho n'ibikorwa by'ubuhanzi no gutunganya ibitabo by'abana. Nkumwarimu, yigishije muri sisitemu yishuri rusange rya New York City ndetse no kurwego rwa kaminuza. Mu 1973, yaretse kwigisha ishuri rya Leta kugira ngo yitangire guhanga ibihangano igihe cyose. Mu 1995, yegerejwe na ACA Galleries kugirango abahagararire wenyine kandi yari ahagarariwe nabo ubuzima bwe bwose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=About Faith |url=https://www.faithringgold.com/about-faith/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821204107/https://www.faithringgold.com/about-faith/ |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |website=FaithRinggold.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gushushanya ===</text>
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    <title>Saba (umuririmbyi)</title>
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'''Anna Saba Lykke Oehlenschlæger''' (; wavutse ku ya 11 Kanama 1997), uzwi cyane nka '''Saba''' (yandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru), ni umuririmbyi w’Umunyetiyopiya-Umunyadanishi, akaba anakina amafilime ya muzika ndetse anakora umwuga wo kumurika imideli. Mu mwaka wa 2024, yahagarariye Danemarke mu irushanwa rya Eurovision ahatanishijwe indirimbo ye '''“Umusenyi”''', maze agera mu cyiciro cya nyuma cy’iryo rushanwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Saba from Denmark: &quot;I love being the underdog&quot; |url=https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/saba-from-denmark-i-love-being-the-underdog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515060147/https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/saba-from-denmark-i-love-being-the-underdog |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Eurovisionworld |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
'''Anna Saba''' (amazina y’amavuko ni Saba Lykke Oehlenschlæger) n’uwasanganywe inda imwe '''Andrea''' (wavutse yitwa Sara) bavukiye i Addis Ababa ku ya '''11 Kanama 1997'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;instagram2&quot;&gt;{{cite Instagram|last=Oehlenschlæger|first=Saba|user=saba0o|postid=Cv0XwvIs_ex|title=26|date=11 August 2023|access-date=19 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Egelund |first1=Lars |date=5 December 2023 |title=Stjernestunder med Andrea: Den eventyrlige fortælling om diamanten, der fløj fra Etiopien via Ringkøbing til stjernerne |url=https://dbrs.dk/ringkoebing/stjernestunder-med-andrea-den-eventyrlige-fortaelling-om-diamanten-der-floej-fra-etiopien-via-ringkoebing-til-stjernerne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515070740/https://dbrs.dk/ringkoebing/stjernestunder-med-andrea-den-eventyrlige-fortaelling-om-diamanten-der-floej-fra-etiopien-via-ringkoebing-til-stjernerne |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Dagbladet Ringkøbing-Skjern |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baje gutoranywa bakajyanwa mu miryango ibarera bafite amezi umunani, maze bakurira i Ringkøbing muri Danemarke kuva ku ya '''10 Mata 1998'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;lineup2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Denmark 2024: The 'Melodi Grand Prix' lineup is revealed |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125094742/https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Eurovision.tv |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Petersen |first=Rasmus |date=2024-02-17 |title=Denmark: Saba wins Melodi Grand Prix 2024 |url=https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218000422/https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Eurovisionworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dr2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Bjerge |first=Rikke |date=2020-07-05 |title=Tvillingerne Anna og Andrea er adopterede: 'Det føles, som om vi ikke er blevet født' |url=https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002618/https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Instagram|last=Oehlenschlæger|first=Saba|user=saba0o|postid=C5lj3LEoVn_|title=I dag er det 26 år siden, vi kom til Danmark. Det kan være svært at beskrive over for folk som ikke gennemlever det samme og svært at tale om for mange som gør. Hvis du er transnationalt adopteret: Jeg ser dig og jeg er stolt af dig! We got this|language=da|date=2024-04-10|access-date=2024-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akiri umwana, Oehlenschlæger yakiniye ikipe y’umupira w’amaguru ya DBU Jutland.&lt;ref name=&quot;bt2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Johansson |first=Susanne |date=2023-01-22 |title=Kendt fra DR-serie var indlagt på den lukkede: Nu overtager hun bærende rolle fra sin kendte søster |url=https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218005659/https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
[[Dosiye:Saba_02.jpg|alt=Singer Saba performing in Madrid|left|thumb|Saba aririmbira i [[Madrid]] mugihe cya PrePartyES 2024]]
Nyuma yo kuva mu mashuri yisumbuye, Oehlenschlæger na mushiki we bimukiye i Copenhagen, batangira kuba umunyamideli na rwiyemezamirimo mu bicuruzwa byera amenyo, mu gihe mushiki we yakoraga umwuga wo kuririmba no gucuranga. &lt;ref name=&quot;dr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bjerge |first=Rikke |date=2020-07-05 |title=Tvillingerne Anna og Andrea er adopterede: 'Det føles, som om vi ikke er blevet født' |url=https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002618/https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; '']'' &lt;ref name=&quot;bt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johansson |first=Susanne |date=2023-01-22 |title=Kendt fra DR-serie var indlagt på den lukkede: Nu overtager hun bærende rolle fra sin kendte søster |url=https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218005659/https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Lang|da|[[Østre Gasværk Teater]]|italic=no}}, agitangira bwa mbere nkumukinnyi wa stade udasanzwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Denmark 2024: The 'Melodi Grand Prix' lineup is revealed |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125094742/https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Eurovision.tv |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Rasmus |date=2024-02-17 |title=Denmark: Saba wins Melodi Grand Prix 2024 |url=https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218000422/https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Eurovisionworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bt&quot; /&gt;

Ku ya 25 Mutarama 2024, Saba yatangajwe nk'umwe mu bitabiriye {{Lang|da|[[Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2024]]}}, umukino wanyuma wigihugu cya Danemark kumarushanwa yindirimbo za Eurovision 2024, hamwe nindirimbo &quot;Umusenyi&quot;. Yakomeje gutsinda umukino wa nyuma ku &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Denmark 2024: The 'Melodi Grand Prix' lineup is revealed |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125094742/https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Eurovision.tv |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup &quot;Denmark 2024: The 'Melodi Grand Prix' lineup is revealed&quot;]. ''Eurovision.tv''. [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]]. 25 January 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240125094742/https://eurovision.tv/story/denmark-2024-melodi-grand-prix-lineup Archived] from the original on 25 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 February&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gashyantare 2024, abona uburenganzira bwo guhagararira Danemark mu marushanwa ari imbere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=From Copenhagen to Malmö: Saba will represent Denmark at Eurovision in May |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/copenhagen-malmo-saba-will-represent-denmark-eurovision-may |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217212434/https://eurovision.tv/story/copenhagen-malmo-saba-will-represent-denmark-eurovision-may |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Eurovision.tv |publisher=EBU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 29 Werurwe 2024, abinjira benshi barimo Saba, basohoye itangazo rihuriweho risaba &quot;guhagarika imirwano bidatinze kandi birambye&quot; muri Gaza, ndetse no &quot;gutahuka mu buryo butekanye ingwate zose&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=Eurovision: Olly Alexander and other competitors reject calls to boycott over Israel participation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/mar/29/eurovision-olly-alexander-and-other-competitors-reject-calls-to-boycott-over-israel-participation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515002837/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/mar/29/eurovision-olly-alexander-and-other-competitors-reject-calls-to-boycott-over-israel-participation |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saba yananiwe kwitabira imikino ya kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza ku ya 9 Gicurasi 2024, ashyira uwa 12 kuri 16 n'amanota 36. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=William Lee |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Eurovision 2024: Semi-Final 2 Results and Qualifiers |url=https://wiwibloggs.com/2024/05/09/live-discussion-semi-final-2-of-eurovision-2024/281585/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709153339/https://wiwibloggs.com/2024/05/09/live-discussion-semi-final-2-of-eurovision-2024/281585/ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=wiwibloggs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sturtridge |first=Isaac |title=REVEALED: The Eurovision 2024 semi-final and final jury/televote detailed voting results |url=https://escxtra.com/2024/05/12/revealed-the-eurovision-2024-semi-final-and-final-jury-televote-detailed-voting-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515044029/https://escxtra.com/2024/05/12/revealed-the-eurovision-2024-semi-final-and-final-jury-televote-detailed-voting-results/ |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=ESCXTRA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Muri 2018, Oehlenschlæger bamusanganye indwara ya bipolar I maze ajyanwa mu bitaro inshuro nyinshi kugeza muri 2020, nk'uko yabisobanuye muri filime ya DR DR {{Lang|da|Min sindssyge tvilling}} 2020 (transl. 'Impanga yanjye yasaze'). &lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Rasmus |date=2024-02-17 |title=Denmark: Saba wins Melodi Grand Prix 2024 |url=https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218000422/https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Eurovisionworld.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPetersen2024&quot;&gt;Petersen, Rasmus (17 February 2024). [https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 &quot;Denmark: Saba wins Melodi Grand Prix 2024&quot;]. ''Eurovisionworld.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240218000422/https://eurovisionworld.com/esc/denmark-saba-wins-melodi-grand-prix-2024 Archived] from the original on 18 February 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 February&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bjerge |first=Rikke |date=2020-07-05 |title=Tvillingerne Anna og Andrea er adopterede: 'Det føles, som om vi ikke er blevet født' |url=https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002618/https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBjerge2020&quot;&gt;Bjerge, Rikke (5 July 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt &quot;Tvillingerne Anna og Andrea er adopterede: 'Det føles, som om vi ikke er blevet født'&quot;] (in Danish). [[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002618/https://www.dr.dk/mitliv/tvillingerne-anna-og-andrea-er-adopterede-det-foeles-som-om-vi-ikke-er-blevet-foedt Archived] from the original on 18 February 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 February&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johansson |first=Susanne |date=2023-01-22 |title=Kendt fra DR-serie var indlagt på den lukkede: Nu overtager hun bærende rolle fra sin kendte søster |url=https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218005659/https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJohansson2023&quot;&gt;Johansson, Susanne (22 January 2023). [https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra &quot;Kendt fra DR-serie var indlagt på den lukkede: Nu overtager hun bærende rolle fra sin kendte søster&quot;]. ''[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]]'' (in Danish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240218005659/https://www.bt.dk/navne/kendt-fra-dr-serie-var-indlagt-paa-den-lukkede-nu-overtager-hun-baerende-rolle-fra Archived] from the original on 18 February 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 February&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Yitoje kandi kwigirira nabi mu myaka ye y'ubwangavu. &lt;ref name=&quot;bt&quot; /&gt; Ni ambasaderi w’ishyirahamwe ry’ihungabana rya Danemark. &lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot; /&gt;

Oehlenschlæger yari afitanye umubano na Lærke-Maria Schmidt kuva muri 2020 kugeza muri 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gammelgaard |first=Josefine |date=28 July 2020 |title=Anna og Lærke mødte hinanden på psykiatrisk afdeling og blev kærester |url=https://www.femina.dk/liv/kaerlighed-og-sex/anna-og-laerke-moedte-hinanden-paa-psykiatrisk-afdeling-og-blev-kaerester |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219203136/https://www.femina.dk/liv/kaerlighed-og-sex/anna-og-laerke-moedte-hinanden-paa-psykiatrisk-afdeling-og-blev-kaerester |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=[[Femina (Denmark)|Femina]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fandt hinanden i gruppe for bipolare - nu er de kærester |url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/video/dXJuOnR2MjpjbXM6YnJpZ2h0Y292ZTp2aWRlbzo2MzA5MDQ1MDIyMTEy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219203138/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/video/dXJuOnR2MjpjbXM6YnJpZ2h0Y292ZTp2aWRlbzo2MzA5MDQ1MDIyMTEy |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=[[TV 2 Echo]] |publisher=[[TV 2 (Denmark)|TV 2]] |language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=SE BILLEDET: Saba fejret af kæresten |url=https://www.herognu.dk/kendte/se-billedet-saba-fejret-af-kaeresten/1106159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307233503/https://www.herognu.dk/kendte/se-billedet-saba-fejret-af-kaeresten/1106159 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubucukumbuzi ==

=== Indirimbo ze bwite ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;80px&quot; |Umutwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umwaka
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Imyanya y'imbonerahamwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Album cyangwa EP
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; | DEN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=TRACK TOP-40: Uge 08-2024 |trans-title=TRACK TOP-40: Week 08-2024 |url=https://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?list=t40 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709154146/https://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?list=t40 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=hitlisten.nu |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot; | LTU&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=2024 20-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100) |url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144154/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-3/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]] |language=lt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot; Umusenyi &quot;
| 2024
| 36
| 77| {{non-album single}}
|}

== Reba ==

[[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]]</text>
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    <title>Mereba</title>
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{{Infobox Musical Artist
| name             = Mereba
| background       = solo_singer
| birth_name       = Marian Azeb Mereba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.grimygoods.com/2021/06/03/mereba-finds-exceptional-strength-and-love-on-azeb-ep/ | title=Mereba finds exceptional strength and love on AZEB EP|website=Grimygoods.com | date=June 3, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date       = 
| birth_place      = [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], Alabama, U.S.
| genre            = {{hlist|[[R&amp;B]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]}}
| instrument       = Vocals
| occupation       = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter|record producer}}
| years_active     = 2013–present
| label            = {{hlist|Red Kotton|Jam Solutions|Remote Control Music|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.interscope.com/artists/mereba|title=Mereba|website=Interscope.com|date=June 22, 2020|access-date=February 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Secretly Canadian]]}}
| website          = {{URL|merebamusic.com}}
}}

'''Marian Azeb Mereba''', uzwi nka '''Mereba''', ni umuhanzi w’Umunyamerika uririmba, ucuranga hip-hop, ukandika indirimbo, akaba anakora umuziki nk’umutunganya bwite. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Syreeta |date=July 22, 2016 |title=[BLACK, FRESH &amp; 20-SOMETHING]Singer/Songwriter Marian Mereba |url=https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/black-fresh-20-something-singersongwriter-marian-mereba-576/ |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=Ebony.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwambere nuburere ==
Mereba yavukiye i Montgomery, muri Alabama, akurira muri Pennsylvania. Se akomoka muri [[Etiyopiya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2014 |title=INTERVIEW: Marian Mereba on her musical journey, her tree hugging ways &amp; the Atlanta music scene |url=https://afropunk.com/2014/09/interview-marian-mereba-on-her-musical-journey-her-tree-hugging-ways-the-atlanta-music-scene/ |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=Afropunk.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152903/https://afropunk.com/2014/09/interview-marian-mereba-on-her-musical-journey-her-tree-hugging-ways-the-atlanta-music-scene/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mereba Is a Musician Who Thrives on Discomfort |url=https://www.lofficielusa.com/music/mereba-september-issue-2018 |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=Lofficielusa.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyina ni Umunyamerika kandi yavukiye kandi akurira i Milwaukee, muri Wisconsin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wong Ken |first=Steph |date=February 14, 2020 |title=Mereba and the Never-Ending Story of the Jungle |url=https://sheshreds.com/mereba/ |access-date=2020-11-27 |website=She Shreds Media |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152906/https://sheshreds.com/mereba/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuryango we wimutse kenshi kubera akazi k'ababyeyi be nk'abarimu ba kaminuza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mereba yabanje gukunda umuziki afite imyaka ine. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Yatangiye kwandika indirimbo mu mashuri abanza yiga gucuranga piyano na gitari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Yize amashuri yisumbuye i Greensboro, muri Karoline y'Amajyaruguru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mereba |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/294lNTPZfdqyzt8qnxmFiL |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=Open.spotify.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mereba yize muri [[kaminuza ya Carnegie Mellon]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; mbere yo kwimukira muri Spelman College. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Yarangije muri Spelman mu 2011 afite impamyabumenyi y’[[icyongereza]] n’umwangavu muto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==

=== 2013–2017: ''Icyumba cyo Kubamo'', ''Radio Flyer'', n'umudugudu wa Spillage ===
Nyuma yimyaka itari mike akora ibitaramo muri muzika yindie muri Atlanta, Mereba yishyize ahagaragara umushinga we wa mbere wumuzingo w'indirimbo ngufi ''Icyumba cyo Kubamo'', ku izina rye ryuzuye, ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Room For Living EP, by Marian Mereba |url=https://marianmereba.bandcamp.com/album/room-for-living-ep |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Marianmereba.bandcamp.com |archive-date=2019-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807174232/https://marianmereba.bandcamp.com/album/room-for-living-ep |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2018–2019, 2021: ''Ishyamba ninzira yonyine yo gusohoka'' &amp; &quot;Glock Peaceful&quot; ===
Mu mwaka wa 2018, Mereba yasinyanye na Interscope Records, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kermah |first=Jonathan |title=Mereba, Solange and black women leading the charge in music |url=https://amherstwire.com/27734/entertainment/mereba-solange-and-black-women-leading-the-charge-in-music/ |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Amherstwire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lyle |first=Ashley |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Mereba Captivates Her Audience During &quot;The Jungle Is The Only Way Out&quot; Listening |url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.50453/title.mereba-captivates-her-audience-during-the-jungle-is-the-only-way-out-listening |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=[[HipHopDX]] |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327163031/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.50453/title.mereba-captivates-her-audience-during-the-jungle-is-the-only-way-out-listening |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; ahita asohora indirimbo ''Ikamyo'' ''Yirabura'' &quot; na &quot;Umubumbe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Michelle |date=October 1, 2018 |title=&quot;Planet U&quot; by Mereba (review) |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/planet-u/ |website=Pitchfork.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2019 |title=Mereba Relays Emotionally-Layered Dynamism in 'The Jungle is the Only Way Out' |url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/2/mereba-the-jungle-is-the-only-way-out-album-stream |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=Hypebeast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 songs you need in your life this week |url=https://www.thefader.com/2018/02/13/blocboy-jb-drake-look-alive-mount-kimbie-king-krule-sobrbe |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=Thefader.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2021, Mereba yasohoye &quot;Glock Peaceful&quot;, iteganya igihugu kitarangwamo ihohoterwa rikorerwa imbunda n'ubugome bwa polisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mereba: AZEB EP |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/mereba-azeb-ep/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Pitchfork.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indirimbo yagaragaye kuri saison 5 yikiganiro ''Umutekano muke'' wakozwe na Issa Rae kuri HBO Max. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inman |first=DeMicia |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Issa Rae Shares 'Insecure' Season 5 Soundtrack Tracklist Featuring Saweetie, Mereba, And More |url=https://www.vibe.com/news/movies-tv/issa-rae-insecure-season-5-soundtrack-tracklist-1234638037/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Vibe.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2024-ubungubu: ''Umuyaga watwitse umuriro'' ===
Mu Kwakira 2024, byatangajwe ko Mereba yasinyanye amasezerano n’umunyakanada rwihishwa, asohora indirimbo &quot;Impimbano&quot;, yabaye iyambere muri alubumu ye ya kabiri ''yitwa The Breeze Grew a Fire ,'' yasohotse ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kearse |first=Stephen |date=February 14, 2025 |title=Mereba Announces First Album Since 2019, Shares Video for New Song &quot;Counterfeit&quot; |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/mereba-the-breeze-grew-a-fire/ |access-date=March 21, 2025 |website=Pitchfork.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingaruka ==
Mereba yavuze ko Stevie Wonder nk'umujyanama ndetse n'umuziki ukomeye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=interview {{!}} mereba |url=https://schonmagazine.com/interview-mereba/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Schön! Magazine |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schemmer |first=Cynthia |date=2020-02-14 |title=Mereba and the Never-Ending Story of the Jungle |url=https://sheshreds.com/mereba/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Sheshreds.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152906/https://sheshreds.com/mereba/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2017, yakinnye hamwe na Wonder muri Malibu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Evening with Stevie Wonder &amp; Mereba |url=https://marianmereba.bandcamp.com/album/room-for-living-ep |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Marianmereba.bandcamp.com |archive-date=2019-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807174232/https://marianmereba.bandcamp.com/album/room-for-living-ep |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubucukumbuzi ==

=== Album za studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Urutonde rwa alubumu ya studio, hamwe nibisobanuro byatoranijwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; | Umutwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot; | Ibisobanuro bya Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ishyamba ninzira yonyine yo gusohoka''
|
* Yarekuwe: 27 Gashyantare 2019
* Akarango: Interscope
* Imiterere: CD, LP, gukuramo imibare, gutembera
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Spilligion''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(nk'igice cy'umudugudu wa Spillage )&lt;/small&gt;
|
* Yarekuwe: 25 Nzeri 2020
* Akarango: Dreamville, Interscope, Sincethe80
* Imiterere: CD, LP, Gukuramo Digital, gutembera
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Umuyaga watwitse umuriro''
|
* Yarekuwe: Ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2025
* Akarango: Umunyakanada rwihishwa
* Imiterere: LP, gukuramo imibare, gutambuka
|}

=== Imizingo migufi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Urutonde rwimikino yagutse, hamwe nibisobanuro byatoranijwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:11em;&quot; | Umutwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:22em;&quot; | Ibisobanuro birambuye
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Icyumba cyo Kubaho''
|
* Yarekuwe: Ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2013
* Akarango: Yirekuye
* Imiterere: Gukuramo Digital, gutembera
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Radio Flyer''
|
* Ntabwo arekuwe; mbere giteganijwe muri Nyakanga 2014
* Akarango: Ipamba ritukura
* Imiterere: Gukuramo Digital, gutembera
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Inzu y'ipamba, Vol. 1''
|
* Yarekuwe: Ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2017
* Akarango: Jam Ibisubizo, Umuziki wo kugenzura kure
* Imiterere: Gukuramo Digital, gutembera
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Azeb''
|
* Yarekuwe: Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2021
* Akarango: Interscope
* Imiterere: Gukuramo Digital, gutembera
|}

=== Indirimbo ze bwite ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Urutonde rwubuseribateri, hamwe no kwerekana umwaka wasohotse nizina rya alubumu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umutwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umwaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Nzeri&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2014| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; {{N/a|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Radio Flyer&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Bet&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2016
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ikamyo Yirabura&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Umubumbe U&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Late Bloomer&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Inkubi y'umuyaga&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2019
|}

=== Indirimbo yatumiwemo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; |Umutwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umwaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abandi bakora (s)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;UFOs&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2013
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | EarthGang
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Shallow Imva Kubikinisho''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ultra Rare&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ubujura bukomeye&quot;
| JID
| ''Para Tu''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Itorero&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2014
| Miloh Smith
| ''Impimbano''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ijoro ryiza&quot;
| Cyhi the Prynce
| ''Umushinga wa Hystori''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Amahirwe Buda&quot;
| JID, Amafaranga Makin 'Nique
| ''Amahirwe Buda''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Calypso&quot;
| Khary
| ''Ikipe yo koga''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fryin '&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umudugudu
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Imyenda nkiyi''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Kunda Umwana&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Inzoga Sto '&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | EarthGang
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Kugumana Indwara''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Umukecuru Nectarine&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Amabaruwa&quot;
| JID| {{N/A|Non-album single}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Amara |title=J.I.D Premieres Reflective New Single, &quot;Letter&quot; |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/10/29/jid-pell-6lack-marian-mereba-letter |website=Thefader.com|access-date=May 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Kureka Ubufindo&quot;
| 2018
| EarthGang
| ''Royalty''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;PTSD&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2019
| Inzozi
| ''Kwihorera kurota III''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Myrlie&quot;
| Rapsody
| ''Eva''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Yo Rukundo&quot;
| Vince Staples, 6lack
| ''Umwamikazi &amp;amp;amp; Slim: Amajwi''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Wenyine&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2020
| Brandon Banks
| ''Igihagararo''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ubwato bumwe&quot;
| Kojey Radical| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Nkanjye Ndumva&quot;
| Xavier Omar
| ''Niba Wumva''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Westside&quot;
| Impamvu
| ''Intangiriro nshya''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Iherezo rya Daze&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Umudugudu
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Spilligion''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Hapi&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Pslamsing&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Zahabu Pt. 2&quot;
| Berhana| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Aho Nkomoka.&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022
| Ravyn Lenae
| ''Hypnos''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Pele&quot;
| Luedji Luna
| ''Bom Mesmo É Estar Debaixo D'Água Deluxe''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mana we&quot;
| 2024
| Arima Ederra|''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Bya Ubururu&quot;
| 2025
| JID
| ''Imana Irakunda Ibibi''
|}

== Reba ==

[[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Central cee</title>
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      <text bytes="586" sha1="51ttdqaxw96dpeub2d5ovtnjx7bcu5e" xml:space="preserve">Real names of central cee are Oakley Neil Caesar-Su and he was born on 4 june 1998(currently 27 years) . He was born and raised in shepherds bush. Central cee is an atypical London drill rapper best known for hits such as &quot;commitment issues&quot; and &quot;loading&quot;. As for now central cee is an unsigned singer/independent&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.imdb.com&lt;/ref&gt;

He currently has 4 awards including 2021 winner MOBO award (Best drill act),2021 winner MOBO award (Best newcomer),2022 winner MOBO award(video of the year),2022 winner MOBO award (Best male act)and 12 nominations&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>BBC y'amatigers</title>
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      <text bytes="5197" sha1="orhlp3qvwru3y651m35j6kbp1dhnkai" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox basketball club|city=[[Kigali]], Rwanda|color1=white|color2=#004809|color3=#f4bc41|league=[[Rwanda Basketball League]]|founded=2019|history='''Tigers BBC'''&lt;br&gt;(2019–present)|chairman=Francis Shyaka|owner=Francis Shyaka|coach=Henry Mwinuka|website={{URL|tigers.rw}}|colors=Green and Yellow&lt;Br&gt;{{Color box|#004809}} {{Color box|#f4bc41}}|logo=Tigers BBC logo.png|image_size=150px}}'''Tigers Basketball Club''' ni ikipe ikina umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda. Ifite icyicaro i [[Kigali]]. Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2019, yinjira muri shampiyona y’umukino wa Basketball y’u Rwanda (RBL) muri 2029.

Tigers Basketball Club yashinzwe na Francis Shyaka, uyu akaba na rwiyemezamirimo, kandi yahoze ari umukinnyi wa basketball. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2024-03-18 |title=Sport and business: Meet the entrepreneurs shaping Rwanda's basketball scene |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/15320/sports/basketball/sport-and-business-meet-the-entrepreneurs-shaping-rwandas-basketball-scene |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umusaruro mwiza iyi kipe yagize ni umwanya wa 4 muri shampiyona ya 2021-2022 initabira imikino ya 1/2 muri iyi shampiyona. Mu Ukuboza 2024, iyi kipe yasinyishije umutoza watsinze inshura eshanu witwa Henry Mwinuka, nk'umutoza mukuru wayo mushya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2024-12-26 |title=Henry Mwinuka: Former Patriots coach crosses to Tigers |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22865/sports/basketball/henry-mwinuka-former-patriots-coach-crosses-to-tigers |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikipe ya Tigers yatwaye igikombe cyayo cya mbere mu  mwaka wa 2025 ubwo yatwaraga igikombe Basketball cy'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2025-10-04 |title=Hoops: Tigers win Rwanda Cup tournament |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/30216/sports/basketball/hoops-tigers-win-rwanda-cup-tournament |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikibuga cy'imikino ==
Kuva yashingwa, Tigers yakiniye mu bibuga byinshi byatanzwe na Rwanda Basketball League (RBL), ariko, ikipe ifite gahunda yo kubaka ikibuga cyayo mu gihe kizaza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tigers Basketball Club |url=https://tigers.rw/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917061341/https://tigers.rw/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwJg&quot;&gt;Igikombe cya Basketball cy'u Rwanda&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
** '''Abatsinze (1):''' 2025

== Igihembwe ku gihembwe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color:#96CDCD;&quot; |Ahantu ho gukinira imikino ya nyuma y'imikino
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Igihembwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Icyiciro
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shampiyona
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Igihembwe gisanzwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nyuma y'igihembwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amarushanwa y'igikombe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umutoza mukuru
|-
! Kurangiza
! Yakinwe
! Intsinzi
! Ibihombo
! Intsinzi %
|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#004809; color:white; border:2px solid #f4bc41&quot; | '''BBC y'amatigers'''
|-
! style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 2020–21
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | NBL
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Icya 13 [ a ]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | .357
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ntabwo yujuje ibisabwa
|
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Robert Mugabe
|-
! 2022
| 1
| RBL
| style=&quot;background-color:#96CDCD;&quot; | Iya kane
| 24
| 15
| 9
| .625
| Imikino ya ½ cy'irangiza yatsinzwe ( Patriots ) 0–2
|
|-
! style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | RBL
| Iya 7
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 22
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | .500
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Ntabwo yujuje ibisabwa
|
|-
! style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | RBL
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Iya 7
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | .444
| Uwageze muri kimwe cya kane ( RC )
|-
! 2025
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | RBL
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | Iya 5
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 6
| .625
| '''Uwatsinze ( RC )'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | Agahigo gasanzwe k'umwaka w'imikino
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 94
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 49
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 45
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | .521
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | '''0 batwaye igikombe cy'umwaka usanzwe'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | Agahigo k'imikino ya Playoffs
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 0
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | .000
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#eee;&quot; | '''Shampiyona 0'''
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwizera Arnold</title>
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      <text bytes="2478" sha1="6rr7l8pz4546j3zbxxqojb1og76ppr7" xml:space="preserve">'''Kwizera Arnold''' (yavutse ku ya 24 Nzeri 1993) ni umunyamakuru [[Rwanda|w’umunyarwanda]], akaba n’umukozi kuri  radiyo na televiziyo. Arnold ni umuyobozi mukuru wa '''Patriots Basketball Club''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugenga |first=Dylan |date=2024-11-16 |title=Patriots appoint Arnold Kwizera as new CEO |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/21876/sports/basketball/patriots-appoint-arnold-kwizera-as-new-ceo |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse n'urubuga rw’itangazamakuru ry’imari, aho ari umuyobozi wa Pivot and Profit. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KFinancial |url=https://www.thekfinancial.com/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.thekfinancial.com |archive-date=2025-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808035133/https://www.thekfinancial.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umwe kandi mu bashinze akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa ArCa Ventures Fund na Studio, akora ikiganiro cya saa sita kuri radiyo kuri Royal FM, akaba n’uwahoze ari umunyamakuru wa siporo, ikiganiro cya saa sita kuri Televiziyo y’u Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jackie Lumbasi, Arnold Kwizera Launch Kigali In The Morning, Rwanda’s First English Breakfast Show on ROYAL FM &gt; IGIHE |url=http://en.igihe.com/news/jackie-lumbasi-arnold-kwizera-launch-kigali-in.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |archive-date=2025-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729131809/https://en.igihe.com/news/jackie-lumbasi-arnold-kwizera-launch-kigali-in.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kantengwa |first=Sharon |date=2018-03-10 |title=Meet Jackie Lumbasi: Rwanda’s newest radio presenter |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/149314/Lifestyle/meet-jackie-lumbasi-rwandaas-newest-radio-presenter |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ingoboka |first=Ivan |date=14 October 2014 |title=New RTV breakfast show starts tomorrow |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-14/181919/ |access-date=8 January 2015 |publisher=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima ==
Arnold yavukiye i Westville, [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afurika y'Epfo]] ku ya 24 Nzeri 1993. Ku myaka 2, yimukiye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] kubana na nyina. Se yakoraga akazi ko gucuranga disiki. Mu bwana bwe, Arnold yakundaga kujya mu birori byo kwizihiza isabukuru y'inshuti ze.

== Umwuga ==

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo]]</text>
      <sha1>6rr7l8pz4546j3zbxxqojb1og76ppr7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rwanda Basketball League</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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'''Shampiyona ya Basketball y'u Rwanda''' ('''RBL''') (yahoze yitwa '''shampiyona y'igihugu ya Basketball y'u Rwanda''') niyo shampiyona ikomeye ya Basketball y'umwuga mu [[Rwanda]].  Ubusanzwe shampiyona yayitangira mu Gushyingo kugeza muri Nzeri. Abatsinze shampiyona ya NBL batsindira imikinoyo guhatanira itike ya Basketball Africa League (BAL).

Shampiyona ubigizwe n'amakipe 10, menshi muriyo akaba aturuka mmurwa mukuru w'igihugu wa [[Kigali]]. Shampiyona ya RBL ubu ni [[APR WBBC|APR]], ikaba ariyo kipe ifite ibihembo byinshi muri shampiyona imaze gutwara ibikombe 16. Andi makipe azwi ni REG na [[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]], bahanganye nabo, bamaze imyaka myinshi bakomeye.

Kuva mumwaka w'imikino wa 2021-22, FERWABA inategura [[Rwanda Basketball League Division 2|ishami rya 2 rya RBL]] ahamakipe abiri yanyuma muri RBL ariyo amanuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=Basketball: Ferwaba releases draw for second division league |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/basketball-ferwaba-releases-draw-second-division-league |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Umukino wa Basketball watangijwe mu Rwanda muwi 1930 n'abapadiri Gatolika, bigishaga uyu mukino bwambere mumashuri yisumbuye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]]. Mumyaka yakurikiyeho, umubare w'uyu mukino wariyongereye ukw' igisirikare n'ibigo bimwe na bimwe bya leta byashinze amakipe ya Basketball. Muwi 1974, ishyirahamwe ry'igihugu rya Basketball FERWABA ryashinzwe. Nyuma y'imyaka itatu, muwi 1977, hashinzwe shampiyona yambere y'igihugu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Ferwaba – Rwanda Basketball Federation |url=http://ferwaba.web.geniussports.com/about-ferwaba/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yomuwi 1994 yasubije inyuma siporo, kuko abakinnyi b'Abatutsi, abarebaga n'abayobozi bapfuye ndetse n'ibikorwa remezo by'ingenzi byarasenyutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Mumyaka yaza 2000, [[APR WBBC|APR]] yari ikipe ikomeye mu Rwanda kandi yitabiriye igikombe cya FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup inshuro eshatu. Umusaruro mwiza yakuyemo numudari wa bronze muri 2009.

Kuva muri 2011 kugeza 2015, [[Espoir BBC]] yegukanye ibikombe bine by'igihugu bikurikirana. Kuva icyo gihe, amakipe abiri mashya REG (yafitwe na Rwanda Energy Group) na [[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] yinjiye muri shampiyona. Ayo makipe yombi yahanganye kandi yakinnye mumikino ya nyuma mugihe cy'imyaka myinshi.

Mumyaka yaza 2020, shampiyona ya Basketball Africa League (BAL) yatangijwe - imikino ya mbere yakinwe na BK Arena i Kigali. Patriots yarangije kumwanya wakane mumwaka wa mbere washampiyona wa 2021. Shampiyona yahinduye izina yitwa '''Rwanda Basketball League (RBL)''' mu 2023. FERWABA yatangije amarushanwa abiri mashya, igikombe cy'u Rwanda n'igikombe cya Rwanda Super Cup, mumwaka wa 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-12-17 |title=2024 basketball league set for February 9 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/13143/sports/basketball/2024-basketball-league-set-for-february-9 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahantu habera ==
Imikino ya shampiyona mugihembwe gisanzwe ikunze kubera mucyumba cyomu nzucya [[Lycée de Kigali]], gishobora kwakira abantu 1.500, nyuma y’uko cyavuguruwe na FERWABA na NBA Africa muri 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-02-09 |title=What revamped Lycee de Kigali gymnasium means for the school, Rwandan basketball |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4890/sports/basketball/what-revamped-lycee-de-kigali-gymnasium-means-for-the-school-rwandan-basketball |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indi mikino ikinirwa mucyumba cyo munzu cya [[Kepler University|Kaminuza ya Kepler]]. Imikino ya Playoffs ikunze kubera muri [[Kigali BK Arena|BK Arena]] ifite imyanya 10.000 (yahoze yitwa Kigali Arena), yafunguwe muri 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=10k-cap. Kigali Arena ready to open in Rwanda |url=https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/08/10k-cap-kigali-arena-opens-rwanda/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indi salle ikoreshwa ni [[Petit Arena]], iherutse kuvugururwa kugira ngo ijyemo abantu 1.500.

== Amakipe ariho ubu ==

=== Amakipe yo mu 2025 ===
Amakipe akurikira azakina muri shampiyona ya BAL ya 2025 :
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ikipe
! Umujyi
! Yashinzwe
! Yinjiye
|-
| [[APR WBBC|APR]]
| [[Kigali]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 1993
|-
| [[Azomco Global Flame|Umuriro w'Isi wa Azomco]]
| [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]]
| 2022
| 2025
|-
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]]
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[Kigali]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2003
|-
| [[Flame Basketball Club|Umuriro]]
|
|
|-
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2014
|-
| Kepler
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2024
|-
| REG
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2016
|-
| Orion BBC
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2023
|-
| [[BBC y'amatigers|Ingwe]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019
|-
| UGB
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 1998
|}
Inkomoko: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwandan Basketball (Men) Teams |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Rwanda/basketball-Teams.aspx |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=AfroBasket}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amakipe yahozeho ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ikipe
! Umujyi
! Yashinzwe
! Igihembwe gishize
|-
| 30 Plus
| [[Kigali]] &lt;small&gt;( [[Umurenge wa Kimisagara|Kimisagara]] )&lt;/small&gt;
| 2006
| 2021
|-
| [[Inspired Generation BBC|Igisekuru cyahumetswe]]
| [[Kigali]]
| 2022
| 2024
|-
| IPRC-Huye
| [[Butare|Huye]]
|
|
|-
| IPRC-Kigali
| [[Kigali]]
|
|
|-
| IPRC-Musanze
| Ruhengeri, Musanze
|
|
|-
| Kigali Titans
| [[Kigali]]
| 2021
| 2024
|-
| Rusizi
| [[Cyangugu|Rusizi]]
|
|
|-
| Rasa Inyenyeri
| [[Kigali]]
|
|
|-
| Kaminuza y'u Rwanda
| [[Butare|Huye]]
|
|
|-
| Kaminuza y'u Rwanda – CHMS
| [[Kigali]]
|
|
|}
[nb 1]

== Abakinnyi batsinze ==
Urutonde rw'abakinnyi bose bakomeye mwikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda banditseho kobazatwara igikombe cya shampiyona y'icyiciro cyambere: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-08-21 |title=Basketball: A look at the teams competing in playoffs |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10071/sports/basketball/basketball-a-look-at-the-teams-competing-in-playoffs |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Imikino ya nyuma (2007–ubu) ==
Urutonde rw'imikino yanyuma ya shampiyona y'imikino yanyuma, cyangwa niba bidahuye n'urutonde rwanyuma rw'imikino y'umwaka wimikino.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;80&quot; |Season
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Champions
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Runners-up
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Finals score
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
|[[Marine FC Rwanda|'''Marines''']]
|CSK
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2007–08
|'''[[APR WBBC|APR]]'''
|[[Marine FC Rwanda|Marines]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2008–09
|'''[[APR WBBC|APR]]'''
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2009–10
|'''[[Kigali Basketball Club]]'''
|[[APR WBBC|APR]]|| {{n/a}} 
|{{Center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=KBC crowned Champions |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/24388#:~:text=81%2D42%20Ferwaba-,Kigali%20Basketball%20Club%20(KBC)%20capped%20their%20stellar%20display%20this%20season,%2C%20ended%20at%2081%2D42. |access-date=22 May 2021 |work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |date=2010-09-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|2010–11
|'''[[Kigali Basketball Club]]'''
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2011–12
|'''[[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (1)'''
|[[Kigali Basketball Club|KBC]]
|{{Center|3–1}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=2013-11-17 |title=Espoir’s Ngangu named MVP |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/100366/Sports/espoiras-ngangu-named-mvp |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012–13
|'''[[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (2)'''
|[[APR WBBC|APR]]
|{{Center|3–0}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2013–14
|'''[[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (3)'''
|[[APR WBBC|APR]]|| {{n/a}} 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2014–15
|'''[[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (4)'''
|[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]]
|{{Center|3–1}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=2015-08-10 |title=Espoir retain Hoops Play-offs title |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/121491/Sports/espoir-retain-hoops-play-offs-title |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015–16
|'''[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] (1)'''
|[[Espoir BBC|Espoir]]|| {{n/a}} 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2016–17
|'''[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] (2)'''
|REG
|{{Center|3–1}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishumba&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=2017-07-30 |title=Patriots beat REG to win hoops playoff finals |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/142805/Sports/patriots-beat-reg-to-win-hoops-playoff-finals |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017–18
|'''[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] (2)'''
|REG
|{{Center|3–2}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2018-05-05 |title=Patriots crowned basketball league champions |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/151859/Sports/patriots-crowned-basketball-league-champions |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018–19
|'''[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] (3)'''
|REG
|{{Center|4–3}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Les Patriots sacrés champions du Rwanda après avoir battu le REG BBC dans un Game 7 palpitant |url=http://www.newsbasket-beafrika.com/2019/09/les-patriots-sacres-champions-du-rwanda-apres-avoir-battu-le-reg-bbc-dans-un-game-7-palpitant.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=NEWS BASKET BEAFRIKA |language=fr |archive-date=2024-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205184008/https://www.newsbasket-beafrika.com/2019/09/les-patriots-sacres-champions-du-rwanda-apres-avoir-battu-le-reg-bbc-dans-un-game-7-palpitant.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019–20
|'''[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] (4)'''
|REG
|{{Center|76–61}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Demba |first=Varore |date=2020-10-25 |title=Basket : Patriots champion du Rwanda |url=https://sportnewsafrica.com/basket-patriots-champion-du-rwanda/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |work=Sport News Africa |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2021-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522122403/https://sportnewsafrica.com/basket-patriots-champion-du-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020–21
|'''REG (1)'''
|[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]]
|{{Center|2–0}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;regbbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2021 |title=Basketball: REG crowned national league champions |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/basketball-reg-crowned-national-league-champions |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021–22
|'''REG (2)'''
|[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]]
|{{Center|3–2}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2022-09-19 |title=REG retain championship after Patriots win |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1132/sports/basketball/reg-retain-championship-after-patriots-win |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2023
|'''[[APR WBBC|APR]] (14)'''
|REG
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-09-09 |title=PHOTOS: Basketball: APR clinch first championship in 14 years |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10626/sports/basketball/photos-basketball-apr-clinch-first-championship-in-14-years |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2024
|'''[[APR WBBC|APR]] (15)'''
|[[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]]
|{{Center|4–2}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2024-09-23 |title=PHOTOS: APR see off Patriots in Game 6, win record 15th championship |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/20333/sports/basketball/photos-apr-see-off-patriots-in-game-6-win-record-15th-championship |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2025
|'''[[APR WBBC|APR]] (16)'''
|REG
|{{Center|4–2}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2025-07-12 |title=APR see off REG in Game 5, win record 16th championship |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/28003/sports/basketball/apr-see-off-reg-in-game-5-win-record-16th-championship |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Igitaramo cyakozwe n'ikipe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ikipe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Intsinzi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aba kabiri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ibihe by'umwaka byatsinzwe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ababaye aba kabiri mu bihembwe by'umwaka
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[APR WBBC|APR]]
|{{Center|16}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2023, 2024, 2025
| 2013, 2014
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] 
|{{Center|5}}
|{{Center|1}}
| 2004, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
| 2016
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]] 
|{{Center|4}}
|{{Center|4}}
| 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020
| 2017, 2021, 2022, 2024
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | REG
|{{Center|3}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| 2017, 2021, 2022
| 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, 2025
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kigali Basketball Club|Ikipe ya Basketball ya Kigali]]
|{{Center|2}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| 2010, 2011
| 2012
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Marine FC Rwanda|Abasirikare ba Marines]]
|{{Center|1}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 2007
| 2008
|-
|}

== Ibihembo by'umuntu ku giti cye ==

=== Umukinnyi w'agaciro kurusha abandi ===
Nyuma yaburi mwaka w'imikino wa RBL, umukinnyi umwe ahabwa umwanya w'umukinnyi w'agaciro kurusha abandi mw' irushanwa. [[Olivier Shyaka]] niwe mukinnyi wenyine watsindiye nibura ibihembo bibiri bya MVP. Kuvamu mwaka w'imikino wa 2023, RBL ifite igihembo cy'umukinnyi witwaye neza mumwaka w'imikino usanzwe, ndetse n'ikindi gitandukanye cy'umukinnyi witwaye neza mumikino yanyuma y'imikino.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abakinnyi b'agaciro cyane batsinze
! Igihembwe
! Umukinnyi
! Ikipe
! Ref.
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Umukinnyi w'icyamamare mu gihembwe cy'imikino
|-
| 2012
| Aristide Mugabe
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]]
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-14 |title=Buzangu named hoops league 2014 MVP |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/111394/Sports/buzangu-named-hoops-league-2014-mvp |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2013
| Bienvenu Ngandu
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (2)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2014
| Mike Buzangu
| [[Cercle Sportif de Kigali]]
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2015
| [[Olivier Shyaka]]
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (3)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2016
| Kubwimana Kazingufu Ali
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]]
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=2016-07-16 |title=Meet Kubwimana, the 2015-16 MVP primed for stardom |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/131816/Sports/meet-kubwimana-the-2015-16-mvp-primed-for-stardom |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2017
| Kami Kabange
| REG
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishumba&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2018
| [[Sedar Sagamba]]
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]] (2)
|
|-
| 2019
| Dieudonné Ndizeye
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]] (3)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2019 |title=PHOTOS: Ndizeye named MVP |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/photos-ndizeye-named-mvp |website=The New Times &amp;#124; Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2021
| [[Olivier Shyaka]] (2)
| REG (2)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;regbbc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2022
| Axel Mpoyo
| REG (3)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2022-09-24 |title=Photos: Basketball: Axel Mpoyo named MVP as league winds up |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/1277/sports/basketball/photos-basketball-axel-mpoyo-named-mvp-as-league-winds-up |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | MVP isanzwe mu gihembwe cy'imikino
|-
| 2023
| [[Olivier Turatsinze]]
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]] (4)
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ferwabaRW/status/1700472177521263036 |url=https://twitter.com/ferwabaRW/status/1700472177521263036 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| [[Chad Jordan|Tchad Yorodaniya]]
| Kepler
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munyeshuri |first=Evode |date=2024-09-23 |title=APR’s Isaiah Jaleel Miller Named 2024 RBL Playoffs MVP. {{!}} Ground Sports Ground Sports {{!}} |url=https://www.ground-sports.com/aprs-isaiah-jaleel-miller-playoffs-mvp/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Umukinnyi w’indashyikirwa mu mikino ya Playoffs ===
Kuva muri 2023, shampiyona itanga igihembo kumukinnyi witwaye neza mumikino yanyuma y’imikino.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abatsinze MVP muri Playoffs
! Igihembwe
! Umukinnyi
! Ikipe
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| Jean Jacques Nshobozwabyosenumukiza
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[APR WBBC|APR]]
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=9 September 2023 |title=Nshobozwa, Trakh lead 2023 basketball league individual awards |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10644/sports/basketball/nshobozwa-trakh-lead-2023-basketball-league-individual-awards |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| Yesaya Miller
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Youssou Ndoye
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;
|}

=== Umukinnyi w'Umwaka mu Myugariro ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abakinnyi b'Umwugarizi begukanye igihembo cy'umukinnyi w'umwaka
! Igihembwe
! Umukinnyi
! Ikipe
! Ref.
|-
| 2023
| Frank Kamdoh
| UGB
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-09-09 |title=Nshobozwa, Trakh lead 2023 basketball league individual awards |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10644/sports/basketball/nshobozwa-trakh-lead-2023-basketball-league-individual-awards |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2024
| Pitchou Kambuy Manga
| REG
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;
|}

=== Umukinnyi wateye imbere cyane ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abakinnyi batsinze cyane mu mikino
! Igihembwe
! Umukinnyi
! Ikipe
! Ref.
|-
| 2024
| Fabrice &quot;Musinza&quot; Muhoza
| [[Espoir BBC|Espoir]]
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;
|}

=== Ikipe y'Umwaka ===
Abakinnyi banditse mu'''nyuguti zitukura''' batorewe kuba umukinnyi w'agaciro kurusha abandi muri uyumwaka w'imikino.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+Amahitamo y'ikipe y'umwaka ya RBL (2014–ubu)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igihembwe
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Abakinnyi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umutoza w'Umwaka
|-
! PG
! SG
! SF
! PF
! C
|-
| 2014–15 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;
| Aristide Mugabe &lt;small&gt;(Espoir)&lt;/small&gt;
| Mike Buzangu &lt;small&gt;(KBC)&lt;/small&gt;
| Lionnel Hakizimana &lt;small&gt;(Espoir)&lt;/small&gt;
| '''[[Olivier Shyaka]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Espoir)&lt;/small&gt;
| Bienvenue Ngandu &lt;small&gt;(Espoir)&lt;/small&gt;
|
|-
| 2016–17
| Aristide Mugabe &lt;small&gt;(Abakunda igihugu)&lt;/small&gt;
| Benjamin Mukengerwa &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Dieudonné Ndizeye &lt;small&gt;( iPRC-Kigali )&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Olivier Shyaka]] (Espoir)
| '''Kami Kabange''' &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
|
|-
| 2019–20 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
| Guibert Nijimbere &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Wilson Nshobora &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| '''Dieudonné Ndizeye''' &lt;small&gt;(Patriots)&lt;/small&gt;
| Bienvenu Niyonsaba &lt;small&gt;(APR)&lt;/small&gt;
| Kasongo muto &lt;small&gt;(Patriots)&lt;/small&gt;
| Henry Mwinuka &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2020–21 &lt;ref name=&quot;regbbc&quot;/&gt;
| [[Adonis Filer|Umukozi wa Adonis]] &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Engelbert Beleck Bell &lt;small&gt;(Abakunda igihugu)&lt;/small&gt;
| Dieudonné Ndizeye &lt;small&gt;(Patriots)&lt;/small&gt;
| '''[[Olivier Shyaka]]''' &lt;small&gt;(UMUYOBOZI W'ISHURI)&lt;/small&gt;
| Tom Wamukota &lt;small&gt;(Patriots)&lt;/small&gt;
| Henry Mwinuka &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2021–22 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
| [[Adonis Filer|Umukozi wa Adonis]] &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Kenny Gasana &lt;small&gt;(Abakunda igihugu)&lt;/small&gt;
| Steven Hagumintwari &lt;small&gt;(Abakunda igihugu)&lt;/small&gt;
| '''Axel Mpoyo''' &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Pitchou Kambuy Manga &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
| Henry Mwinuka &lt;small&gt;(REG)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2023
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Ntibyatangajwe''
| Maz Trakh &lt;small&gt;(APR) &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2024
| Henry Mwinuka &lt;small&gt;(Abakunda igihugu) &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;
| James Mayes ( &lt;small&gt;APR)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Mu marushanwa ya Afurika ==
Buri mwaka, abakinnyi batwaye igikombe cya NBL bashyirwaga mumarushanwa yo guhatanira itike ya FIBA Africa Basketball League, irushanwa ryambere muri Afurika. Kuva muri 2020, iyi shampiyona yasimbuwe na Basketball Africa League (BAL). Urutonde rukurikira rugaragaza amakipe yomu Rwanda yakinnye irushanwa rikomeye:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abanyarwanda bitabiriye shampiyona ya FIBA Africa Basketball / BAL
! Ikipe
! Ubwitabire
! Ibihe by'umwaka
! Ibisubizo byiza cyane
|-
| [[APR WBBC|APR]]
| 4
| 2007, 2008, 2009, 2024
|Umwanya wa 3 ( [[2009 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup|2009]] )
|-
| REG
| 2
| 2022, 2023
| Imikino ya kimwe cya kane ( 2022 )
|-
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]]
| 1
| 2021
| Umwanya wa kane ( 2021 )
|}

=== Muri shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika ===
Kuva mumwaka w'imikino wa 2023, abakinnyi batwaye igikombe cya RBL bemerewe kwinjira muri BAL, kuko irushanwa ryabagennye nk'isoko ryagenwe.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Igihembwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uhagarariye
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Umuhanda ugana BAL
! rowspan=&quot;101&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Irushanwa nyamukuru
|-
! width=&quot;35&quot; | 
! width=&quot;35&quot; | 
! Ibisubizo
! Abafite Impamyabushobozi
! width=&quot;35&quot; | 
! width=&quot;35&quot; | 
! Ibisubizo
|-
|-
| 2021
| [[Patriots Basketball Club|Abakunda igihugu]]
| 9
| 0
| Zahabu|{{ya}}
| 3
| 3
| Umwanya wa kane
|-
| 2022
| REG |colspan=3 {{n/a|Qualified directly}}|{{ya}}
| 4
| 2
| Imikino ya kimwe cya kane
|-
| 2023
| REG |colspan=3 {{n/a|Qualified directly}}|{{ya}}
| 3
| 3
| Imikino ya kimwe cya kane
|-
| 2024
| [[APR WBBC|APR]] |colspan=3 {{n/a|Qualified directly}}|{{ya}}
| 2
| 4
| Urugendo rw'inama
|-
| 2025
| [[APR WBBC|APR]] |colspan=3 {{n/a|Qualified directly}}|{{ya}}
| 6
| 4
| Umuringa
|-
! Igiteranyo
!
! 9
! 0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! 18
! 16
!
|}

== Reba kandi ==

* [[Rwanda Basketball League Division 2|Shampiyona y'umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda Icyiciro cya 2]]
* Igikombe cya Basketball cy'u Rwanda
* Igikombe cy'Intwari (Rwanda)
* FERWABA

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://www.afrobasket.com/Rwanda/basketball.aspx U Rwanda] kuri AfroBasket.com</text>
      <sha1>2iboqdc99gbkoelg4p2gcc5zd8rrnxy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2023 Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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'''Irushanwa rya Kwibuka ry’abagore rya T20 ryo muri 2023''' ryariirushanwa mpuzamahanga rya Twenty20 (T20I) ryabereye mu [[Rwanda]] kuva kwi 10 kugeza kuri 17 Kamena 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;series&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cricket: Kwibuka Women’s T20 tourney due in June |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7705/sports/cricket/cricket-kwibuka-womens-t20-tourney-due-in-june |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ryari irushanwa rya cyenda rya Kwibuka T20 ribera buri mwaka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka Women's Tournament Attracts Five Nations |url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/kwibuka-womens-tournament-attracts-five-nations/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Emerging Cricket}}&lt;/ref&gt; ryakinwe bwambere muri 2014 muri rwego rwo kwibuka abazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] muwi 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musaale tips Rwanda women to break Kwibuka T20 title jinx |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6634/sports/cricket/musaale-tips-rwanda-women-to-break-kwibuka-t20-title-jinx |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanzaniya yari yatwaye irushanwa rya 2022, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka T20: Tanzania brush aside defending champions Kenya to win second title |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/kwibuka-t20-tanzania-brush-aside-defending-champions-kenya-to-win-second-title |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618144508/https://www.womenscriczone.com/kwibuka-t20-tanzania-brush-aside-defending-champions-kenya-to-win-second-title |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=Women's CricZone}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko ntibitabiriye irushanwa ryo muri 2023, ryari ririmo u Rwanda, Botswana, Kenya, Nijeriya na Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Pearls favourites at Kwibuka Tournament |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/06/08/victoria-pearls-favourites-at-kwibuka-tournament/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nijeriya yatangiye neza, itsinda imikino yayo itatu yambere itunguranye, ifata umwanya wambere mw' irushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria defeat Rwanda, Botswana, Kenya, top Kwibuka Women Cricket table |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/nigeria-defeat-rwanda-botswana-kenya-top-kwibuka-women-cricket-table/ |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikipe ya round-robin yari ihanganye cyane, amaherezo ikipe yakiriye imikino na Nijeriya mw' irushanwa ryo kwegukana umwanya wa kabiri kumukino wanyuma inyuma ya Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka T20: Uganda women remain unbeaten, Rwanda avenge Nigeria loss |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8270/sports/cricket/kwibuka-t20-uganda-women-remain-unbeaten-rwanda-avenge-nigeria-loss |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=New Times Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cricket: Nigeria, Rwanda jostle for Kwibuka final spot |url=https://punchng.com/cricket-nigeria-rwanda-jostle-for-kwibuka-final-spot/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Punch}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Pearls reach Kwibuka Final after routine win over Rwanda |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/06/15/victoria-pearls-reach-kwibuka-final-after-routine-win-over-rwanda/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uganda niyo yayoboye urutonde rw'imikino, itsinda imikino irindwi yambere ya round-robin, mbere yo gutsindwa na Nijeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Female Yellow Greens end Victoria Pearls' unbeaten run at Kwibuka |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/06/16/female-yellow-greens-end-victoria-pearls-unbeaten-run-at-kwibuka/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

U Rwanda rwatsinze Uganda kumukino wanyuma muburyo butunguranye kumanota 6. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda deny Victoria Pearls third Kwibuka title |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/06/17/rwanda-deny-victoria-pearls-third-kwibuka-title/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Pearls positive albeit sad ending to Kwibuka Women’s T20 Tournament |url=https://sportsoceanuganda.com/2023/06/17/victoria-pearls-positive-albeit-sad-ending-to-kwibuka-womens-t20-tournament/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Sports Ocean |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205161440/https://sportsoceanuganda.com/2023/06/17/victoria-pearls-positive-albeit-sad-ending-to-kwibuka-womens-t20-tournament/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi niyo ntsinzi yambere u Rwanda rutsinze Uganda, ikaba ari n'inshuro yambere rutsindira irushanwa rya Kwibuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cricket: Rwanda women end nine-year Kwibuka T20 title jinx |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8347/sports/cricket/cricket-rwanda-women-end-nine-year-kwibuka-t20-title-jinx |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nhamburo attributes Kwibuka women’s T20 triumph to hard work |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8354/sports/cricket/nhamburo-attributes-kwibuka-womens-t20-triumph-to-hard-work |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amatsinda ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; margin:auto&quot;
! Botswana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Botswana have named the men and women's squads that leave today for Kenya and Uganda respectively |url=https://www.facebook.com/cricketbotswana/posts/pfbid09oPofSz877sU8tK9VfiXqVJ2zxwbLj95xEAJZqP5zPNuwyp1jmjW37AY44ri485Yl |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=Botswana Cricket Association (via Facebook)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Kenya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ndege injects new blood in national women's cricket team ahead of Kwibuka |url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/ndege-injects-new-blood-in-national-womens-cricket-team-ahead-of-kwibuka/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=KBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Nigeria&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCF announces final squad list for Kwibuka Women's tournament in Rwanda |url=https://nigeriacricket.com.ng/2023/06/08/ncf-announces-final-squad-list-for-kwibuka-womens-tournament-in-rwanda/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Nigeria Cricket Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rwanda
! Uganda&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two debutants on Victoria Pearls squad for Kwibuka |url=https://kawowo.com/2023/05/30/two-debutants-on-victoria-pearls-squad-for-kwibuka/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Kawowo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Laura Mophakedi (c, wk)
* Mercy Dipogiso (wk)
* Onneile Keitsemang
* Oratile Kgeresi
* Pako Mapotsane
* Goabilwe Matome
* Thapelo Modise
* Amantle Mokgotlhe
* Shameelah Mosweu
* Tebogo Motlhabaphuti
* Merapelo Phiase
* Florence Samanyika
* Goitseone Setshwane
* Tuelo Shadrack
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Esther Wachira (c)
* Melvin Khagoitsa (vc)
* Queentor Abel
* Judith Ajiambo
* Lavendah Idambo
* Marion Juma
* Charity Muthoni (wk)
* Mary Mwangi
* Lynz Nabwire
* Monicah Ndhambi
* Flavia Odhiambo
* Kelvia Ogola
* Venasa Ooko
* Ann Wanjira
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Blessing Etim (c)
* Favour Eseigbe (vc)
* Rukayat Abdulrasak
* Adeshola Adekunle
* Peculiar Agboya
* Omonye Asika
* Sarah Etim (wk)
* Abigail Igbobie (wk)
* Agatha Obulor
* Oseyende Omonkhobio
* Lucky Piety
* Rachael Samson
* Esther Sandy
* Salome Sunday
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Marie Bimenyimana (c)
* Sifa Ingabire
* Alice Ikuzwe
* Rosine Irera
* Gisele Ishimwe
* Henriette Ishimwe
* Immaculee Muhawenimana
* Belise Murekatete
* Josiane Nyirankundineza
* Clarisse Uwase
* Geovanis Uwase (wk)
* Merveille Uwase (wk)
* Sarah Uwera (wk)
* Margueritte Vumiliya
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* Concy Aweko (c)
* Prosscovia Alako
* Irene Alumo
* Lorna Anyait
* Evelyn Anyipo
* Malisa Ariokot
* Kevin Awino (wk)
* Mohammed Jimia
* Phiona Kulume
* Patricia Malemikia
* Janet Mbabazi
* Rita Musamali
* Immaculate Nakisuuyi
* Stephani Nampiina
|}

== Robini y'uruziga ==

=== Imbonerahamwe y'amanota ===
 
  Advanced to the [[2023 Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament#Final|final]]
  Advanced to the [[2023 Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament#3rd place play-off|3rd place play-off]]

=== Imikino ===

==== Umunsi wa mbere ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=10 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|RWA}}|team2={{crw|BOT}}|score1=66 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Marie Bimenyimana]] 19 (39)|wickets1=Shameelah Mosweu 2/11 (4 overs)|score2=46 (19.5 overs)|runs2=Florence Samanyika 17 (41)|wickets2=Rosine Irera 3/8 (4 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 20 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380688.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and Veronique Iriho (Rwa)|motm=Belise Murekatete (Rwa)|toss=Rwanda won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=Pako Mapotsane (Bot) made her T20I debut.}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=10 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|UGA}}|team2={{crw|BOT}}|score1=88/6 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Rita Musamali]] 34[[not out|*]] (39)|wickets1=Florence Samanyika 4/16 (4 overs)|score2=60/9 (20 overs)|runs2=Thapelo Modise 18 (37)|wickets2=Irene Alumo 3/9 (4 overs)|result=Uganda won by 28 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380689.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=[[Rita Musamali]] (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=Merapelo Phiase (Bot) and Malisa Ariokot (Uga) both made their T20I debuts.}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=10 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|RWA}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=87/7 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Gisele Ishimwe]] 30 (39)|wickets1=Adeshola Adekunle 2/13 (3 overs)|score2=88/4 (18.2 overs)|runs2=Salome Sunday 47[[not out|*]] (57)|wickets2=Immaculee Muhawenimana 2/20 (4 overs)|result=Nigeria won by 6 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380690.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and John Mayeku (Uga)|motm=Salome Sunday (Nga)|toss=Rwanda won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}

==== Umunsi wa kabiri ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=11 June 2023|time=09:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|KEN}}|team2={{crw|RWA}}|score1=91/7 (20 overs)|runs1=Venasa Ooko 30 (23)|wickets1=Josiane Nyirankundineza 2/12 (4 overs)|score2=95/2 (15.5 overs)|runs2=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] 49[[not out|*]] (36)|wickets2=Lavendah Idambo 1/7 (3 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 8 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380691.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] (Rwa)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=11 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|BOT}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=97/6 (20 overs)|runs1=Shameelah Mosweu 26 (52)|wickets1=Favour Eseigbe 2/14 (3 overs)|score2=98/4 (16.2 overs)|runs2=Blessing Etim 26 (22)|wickets2=Goabilwe Matome 2/13 (3.2 overs)|result=Nigeria won by 6 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380692.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Veronique Iriho (Rwa) and John Mayeku (Uga)|motm=Lucky Piety (Nga)|toss=Nigeria won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=11 June 2023|time=13:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|RWA}}|team2={{crw|UGA}}|score1=80/8 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Gisele Ishimwe]] 33 (41)|wickets1=Evelyn Anyipo 4/1 (4 overs)|score2=84/3 (18.1 overs)|runs2=[[Kevin Awino]] 34 (49)|wickets2=Margueritte Vumiliya 2/16 (4 overs)|result=Uganda won by 7 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380693.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=Evelyn Anyipo (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=Lorna Anyait (Uga) made her T20I debut.}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=11 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|KEN}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=95/4 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Queentor Abel]] 51 (55)|wickets1=Favour Eseigbe 2/16 (4 overs)|score2=98/7 (16.4 overs)|runs2=Lucky Piety 32[[not out|*]] (27)|wickets2=[[Queentor Abel]] 3/11 (4 overs)|result=Nigeria won by 3 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380694.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Veronique Iriho (Rwa) and Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa)|motm=Lucky Piety (Nga)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}{{Single-innings cricket match|date=12 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|NGA}}|team2={{crw|UGA}}|score1=100/5 (20 overs)|runs1=Esther Sandy 52 (39)|wickets1=Evelyn Anyipo 2/14 (4 overs)|score2=101/5 (18.2 overs)|runs2=[[Immaculate Nakisuuyi]] 31 (20)|wickets2=Favour Eseigbe 2/19 (4 overs)|result=Uganda won by 5 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380695.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa)|motm=[[Stephani Nampiina]] (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=12 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|BOT}}|team2={{crw|KEN}}|score1=51 (17.1 overs)|runs1=Laura Mophakedi 11 (36)|wickets1=Esther Wachira 3/3 (2.1 overs)|score2=57/2 (10.5 overs)|runs2=[[Queentor Abel]] 40[[not out|*]] (32)|wickets2=Shameelah Mosweu 2/17 (2.5 overs)|result=Kenya won by 8 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380696.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and John Mayeku (Uga)|motm=Melvin Khagoitsa (Ken)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}

==== Umunsi wa kane ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=13 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|UGA}}|team2={{crw|KEN}}|score1=85 (19 overs)|runs1=[[Stephani Nampiina]] 37 (36)|wickets1=Flavia Odhiambo 4/16 (4 overs)|score2=72 (18.2 overs)|runs2=[[Queentor Abel]] 18 (26)|wickets2=[[Janet Mbabazi]] 2/8 (2.2 overs)|result=Uganda won by 13 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380697.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=[[Stephani Nampiina]] (Uga)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}

==== Umunsi wa gatanu ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=14 June 2023|time=09:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|BOT}}|team2={{crw|UGA}}|score1=81/8 (20 overs)|runs1=Florence Samanyika 31 (42)|wickets1=Malisa Ariokot 3/14 (3 overs)|score2=83/4 (13.4 overs)|runs2=Mohammed Jimia 21 (21)|wickets2=Florence Samanyika 2/17 (4 overs)|result=Uganda won by 6 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380698.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Lydiah Kaparo (Ken) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=Malisa Ariokot (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=14 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|NGA}}|team2={{crw|KEN}}|score1=74/9 (20 overs)|runs1=Esther Sandy 20 (29)|wickets1=Esther Wachira 2/6 (4 overs)|score2=52/5 (20 overs)|runs2=Venasa Ooko 21[[not out|*]] (46)|wickets2=Oseyende Omonkhobio 1/5 (4 overs)|result=Nigeria won by 22 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380699.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa)|motm=Peculiar Agboya (Nga)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=14 June 2023|time=13:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|UGA}}|team2={{crw|KEN}}|score1=116/6 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Stephani Nampiina]] 31 (20)|wickets1=[[Queentor Abel]] 1/11 (4 overs)|score2=79/5 (20 overs)|runs2=Venasa Ooko 17 (32)|wickets2=Evelyn Anyipo 1/6 (4 overs)|result=Uganda won by 37 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380700.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Veronique Iriho (Rwa) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=[[Stephani Nampiina]] (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}{{Single-innings cricket match|date=14 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|NGA}}|team2={{crw|RWA}}|score1=42 (15.2 overs)|runs1=Lucky Piety 18 (20)|wickets1=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] 4/10 (3 overs)|score2=43/1 (9.5 overs)|runs2=[[Gisele Ishimwe]] 24[[not out|*]] (31)|wickets2=Lucky Piety 1/8 (1.5 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 9 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380701.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Scarlett Hale (Eng)|motm=Alice Ikuzwe (Rwa)|toss=Nigeria won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}

==== Umunsi wa gatandatu ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=15 June 2023|time=09:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|RWA}}|team2={{crw|UGA}}|score1=31 (13 overs)|runs1=Alice Ikuzwe 10 (14)|wickets1=[[Concy Aweko]] 3/2 (3 overs)|score2=32/0 (6.2 overs)|runs2=[[Janet Mbabazi]] 20[[not out|*]] (18)|wickets2=|result=Uganda won by 10 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380702.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and Lydiah Kaparo (Ken)|motm=[[Concy Aweko]] (Uga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=15 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|KEN}}|team2={{crw|BOT}}|score1=82/8 (20 overs)|runs1=Mary Mwangi 12 (13)|wickets1=Goabilwe Matome 3/12 (4 overs)|score2=82/7 (13 overs)|runs2=Florence Samanyika 24 (31)|wickets2=Flavia Odhiambo 2/9 (2 overs)|result=Match tied (Kenya won the [[Super Over]])|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380703.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Veronique Iriho (Rwa) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=Flavia Odhiambo (Ken)|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=Super Over: Botswana 9/0, Kenya 10/0}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=15 June 2023|time=13:15|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|KEN}}|team2={{crw|RWA}}|score1=54 (18.2 overs)|runs1=Venasa Ooko 17 (20)|wickets1=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] 4/11 (4 overs)|score2=55/3 (8.3 overs)|runs2=Alice Ikuzwe 20 (13)|wickets2=[[Queentor Abel]] 2/23 (3.3 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 7 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380704.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Integrated Polytechnic Regional College Ground|IPRC Cricket Ground]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Scarlett Hale (Eng)|motm=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] (Rwa)|toss=Rwanda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=Judith Ajiambo (Ken) made her T20I debut.}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=15 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|BOT}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=114/4 (20 overs)|runs1=Goabilwe Matome 45[[not out|*]] (57)|wickets1=Oseyende Omonkhobio 1/16 (4 overs)&lt;br /&gt;Lucky Piety 1/16 (4 overs)|score2=91/8 (20 overs)|runs2=Abigail Igbobie 24 (37)|wickets2=Shameelah Mosweu 4/9 (4 overs)|result=Botswana won by 23 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380705.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa) and Veronique Iriho (Rwa)|motm=Shameelah Mosweu (Bot)|toss=Nigeria won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}

==== Umunsi wa karindwi ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=16 June 2023|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|BOT}}|team2={{crw|RWA}}|score1=68/7 ( overs)|runs1=Florence Samanyika 30[[not out|*]] (48)|wickets1=Alice Ikuzwe 3/15 (4 overs)|score2=72/7 (18.5 overs)|runs2=Merveille Uwase 34[[not out|*]] (49)|wickets2=Tuelo Shadrack 2/8 (3.5 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 3 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380706.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Lydiah Kaparo (Ken)|motm=Alice Ikuzwe (Rwa)|toss=Botswana won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match|date=16 June 2023|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|UGA}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=72/9 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Stephani Nampiina]] 21 (29)|wickets1=Adeshola Adekunle 3/14 (4 overs)|score2=76/7 (18.5 overs)|runs2=Salome Sunday 25[[not out|*]] (37)|wickets2=[[Stephani Nampiina]] 2/18 (4 overs)|result=Nigeria won by 3 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380707.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Lydiah Kaparo (Ken) and Gaston Niyibizi (Rwa)|motm=Rachael Samson (Nga)|toss=Uganda won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}

== Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa 3 ==
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=17 June 2022|time=09:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|KEN}}|team2={{crw|NGA}}|score1=99/3 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Queentor Abel]] 60[[not out|*]] (55)|wickets1=Rukayat Abdulrasak 1/11 (4 overs)|score2=51 (18 overs)|runs2=Lucky Piety 17 (19)|wickets2=Mary Mwangi 4/9 (4 overs)|result=Kenya won by 48 runs|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380708.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Sharon Athuola (Uga) and Veronique Iriho (Rwa)|motm=[[Queentor Abel]] (Ken)|toss=Nigeria won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}

== Umusozo ==
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=17 June 2022|time=13:45|daynight=|team1={{crw-rt|UGA}}|team2={{crw|RWA}}|score1=65 (20 overs)|runs1=[[Stephani Nampiina]] 19 (33)|wickets1=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] 4/6 (4 overs)|score2=66/4 (16.1 overs)|runs2=Merveille Uwase 17 (41)|wickets2=Phiona Kulume 2/11 (4 overs)|result=Rwanda won by 6 wickets|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1380709.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium|Gahanga International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kigali]]|umpires=Scarlett Hale (Eng) and Temitope Onikoyi (Nga)|motm=[[Henriette Ishimwe]] (Rwa)|toss=Rwanda won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=}}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kwibuka-women-s-twenty20-tournament-2023-1380681 Urugendo rw'imikino rwabereye mu rugo kuri ESPNcricinfo]</text>
      <sha1>8d8tbgx20i6pp81n7merg0kfs3q6zbk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2026 African Men's Handball Championship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141642</id>
      <parentid>129277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36511" sha1="cnizpvbhad0b431kmrbocdf91qajds9" xml:space="preserve">'''Shampiyona y'Umupira w'Amaboko w'Abagabo yomu 2026''' yariy'inshuroya 27 y'Irushanwa ry'Umupira w'Amaboko w'Abagabo ry'Abagabo ry'Abagabo, shampiyona mpuzamahanga y'Umupira w'Amaboko w'Abagabo yomur'Afurika ibaburimyakibiri yateguwe na CAHB . Iri rushanwa ryabaye kuvakuya 21 kugeza ku ya 31 Mutarama 2026 i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda.

Nubwa mberemumateka shampiyona itegurwa n'u Rwanda, ndetse nubwambere shampiyona ibera mur'[[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] .

Yabayirushanwa ry'Afurika ryogushaka itikeyo kwitabira shampiyona y'isi y'umukino w'intoki w'abagabo yo mu 2027 mu [[Ubudage|Budage]], ahibihugu bitanu byambere byaje mucyiciro cyambere.

Misiri yatwayigikombe inshureshatu, iherutsegutsinda Alijeriya amanota 29-21 kumukino wa nyumawabereye i Cairo mu 2024. Yarwanye igikombe itsinze Tuniziya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 January 2026 |title=Fourth in a row, as Egypt tie Tunisia as the most decorated team at the African Championship |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/fourth-row-egypt-tie-tunisia-most-decorated-team-african-championship |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=ihf.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amakipe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Team
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Appearance(s)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Previous best performance[a]
|-
!{{Tooltip|Total|Including this edition}}
!First
!Last
!Streak
!2024
|-
| Algeria
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1976
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2024
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2nd
|Champions (1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1996, 2014)
|-
| Angola
| align=&quot;center&quot; |20th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1979
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8th
|Third place (2004, 2014, 2016)
|-
| Benin
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2nd
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |1996
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |N/A
|Ninth place (1996)
|-
| Cameroon
| align=&quot;center&quot; |19th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1974
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2024
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10th
|Runners-up (1974)
|-
| Cape Verde
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2020
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4th
|Runners-up (2022)
|-
| Congo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |22nd
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1979
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13th
|Runners-up (1983)
|-
| Egypt
| align=&quot;center&quot; |25th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1979
| align=&quot;center&quot; |26
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1st
|Champions (1991, 1992, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2016, 2020, 2022, 2024)
|-
| Gabon
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2000
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11th
|Fifth place (2018)
|-
| Guinea
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1981
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5th
|Fifth place (2024)
|-
| Kenya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |15th
|Ninth place (2004)
|-
| Morocco
| align=&quot;center&quot; |21st
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1987
| align=&quot;center&quot; |21
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7th
|Third place (2006, 2022)
|-
| Nigeria
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1979
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9th
|Fourth place (1998)
|-
| Rwanda '''(H)'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2nd
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2024
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |14th
|Fourteenth place (2024)
|-
| Tunisia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |27th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1974
| align=&quot;center&quot; |27
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3rd
|Champions (1974, 1976, 1979, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2018)
|-
| Uganda
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1st
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Debut
|-
| Zambia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4th
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2020
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2024
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16th
|Thirteenth place (2022)
|}

== Ahantu habera ==
Irirushanwa rizabera i [[Kigali]] mubibuga bibiri.

* Ahantuhakuru ni [[Kigali BK Arena|BK Arena]] . Yubatswemu 2019, aha hantu habanje kwakira AfroBasket ya 2021, Shampiyona ya Volleyball ya Afurika y'abagabo n'abagore ya 2021, Afrobasket y'abagore ya 2023 hamwe n'icyiciro cya nyuma cya Basketball Africa League .
* Ikibuga cya kabiri ni Petit Stade. Yubatswe mumyaka ya 1980 arikivugururwa cyanemu 2024, ikikibuga cyakira imikino myinshi yo murugo mumarushanwa yomugihugu.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:auto;&quot;
![[Kigali]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;text-align: center;&quot; |
! [[Kigali]]
|-
| [[Kigali BK Arena|Ikibuga cya BK]]
| Petit Stade
|-
| Ubushobozi: '''10.000'''
| Ubushobozi: '''1,000'''
|-
|}

== Igishushanyo ==
[[Dosiye:Amahoro_stadium_in_Rwanda.jpg|right|thumb|280x280px|[[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Sitade Amahoro]] i [[Kigali]] yakiriye tombola.]]
Tombola yabaye saa 17:30 UTC+02:00 kuya 14 Ugushyingo 2025 kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Sitade Amahoro]], [[Kigali|i Kigali]], mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=27th Men's Senior Africa Cup of Nations, Rwanda 2026: Kigali will host the group stage draw on November 14th |url=https://cahbonline.info/27e-can-seniors-hommes-rwanda-2026-kigali-abrite-le-tirage-au-sort-des-groupes-le-14-novembre-prochain/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=[[African Handball Confederation|CAHB]] |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112114227/https://cahbonline.info/27e-can-seniors-hommes-rwanda-2026-kigali-abrite-le-tirage-au-sort-des-groupes-le-14-novembre-prochain/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=27th Men's Senior CAN, Rwanda 2026: the group compositions are known! |url=https://cahbonline.info/27e-can-seniors-hommes-rwanda-2026-la-composition-des-groupes-connue/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=[[African Handball Confederation|CAHB]] |archive-date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215025343/https://cahbonline.info/27e-can-seniors-hommes-rwanda-2026-la-composition-des-groupes-connue/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tombola yatangiye, ukozikurikirana, amakipe 4, 3, 2 na 1, burikipe igatoranywa hanyumigashyirwa mwitsinda ryambere riboneka hakurikijwe inyuguti z'urutonde.

=== Gutera imbuto ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;650&quot;
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Inkono ya 1
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Inkono ya 2
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Inkono ya 3
! width=&quot;5%&quot; | Inkono ya 4
|-
| Misiri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Alijeriya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Tuniziya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Kapu-Verde
| Gineya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Angola&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Maroke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Nijeriya
| Kameruni&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Gabo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Kongo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U Rwanda
| Bénin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Kenya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Zambiya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Uganda
|}

=== Gushushanya ibisubizo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;display:inline-table;&quot;
|+Itsinda A
! 
! width=&quot;130&quot; | Ikipe
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | A1
| Alijeriya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | A2
| Nijeriya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | A3
| U Rwanda '''(H)'''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | A4
| Zambiya
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;display:inline-table;&quot;
|+Itsinda B
! 
! width=&quot;130&quot; | Ikipe
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | B1
| Misiri
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | B2
| Angola
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | B3
| Gabo
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | B4
| Uganda
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;display:inline-table;&quot;
|+Itsinda C
! 
! width=&quot;130&quot; | Ikipe
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | C1
| Tuniziya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | C2
| Gineya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | C3
| Kameruni
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | C4
| Kenya
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;display:inline-table;&quot;
|+Itsinda D
! 
! width=&quot;130&quot; | Ikipe
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | D1
| Kapu-Verde
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | D2
| Maroke
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | D3
| Kongo
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | D4
| Bénin
|}

=== Gahunda ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gahunda
|-
! Izunguruka
! Umunsi w'umukino
! Itariki
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Icyiciro cya mbere
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 1
| 21 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 2
| 22 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 3
| 24 Mutarama 2026
|- style=&quot;border-top:3px solid black&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Igikombe cya Perezida
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 4
| 25 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 5
| 27 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 6
| 29 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Imikino yo gushyira ku rutonde
| 30 Mutarama 2026
|- style=&quot;border-top:3px solid black&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Icyiciro cy'ingenzi
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 4
| 25 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo ku munsi wa 5
| 27 Mutarama 2026
|- style=&quot;border-top:3px solid black&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Agace ko gushyiramo 5–8
| 5–8 muri kimwe cya kabiri
| 29 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa karindwi
| 30 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatanu
| 31 Mutarama 2026
|- style=&quot;border-top:3px solid black&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Icyiciro cya Knockout
| Igice cya kabiri
| 29 Mutarama 2026
|-
| Umusozo
| 31 Mutarama 2026
|}

== Icyiciro cya mbere ==
''Ibihe byose ni ibyo mu gace utuyemo ( UTC+2 ).''

=== Ibikoresho byo gukata imbunda ===
Mucyiciro cy'amatsinda, amakipakurikirana hakurikijwe amanota (amanota 2 kwintsinzi, inota 1 ku banganyije, amanota 0 ku itsindwa). Nyumayo kurangizicyiciro cy'amatsinda, nibamakipe abiri cyangwa menshi afite amanota angana, urutonde ruzagenwa ku buryo bukurikira:

# Umubare munini w'amanota mu mikino hagati y'amakipe yakinnye mu buryo butaziguye;
# Itandukaniro ry’ibitego ryinshi mu mikino hagati y’amakipe yakinnyemo;
# Umubare munini w'ibitego byatsinzwe mu mikino hagati y'amakipe yakinnye;
# Itandukaniro ry'ibitego ryihariye mu mikino yose y'itsinda;
# Umubare munini w'ibitego byinshi mu mikino yose y'itsinda;

Iyohamenyekanye urutonde rw'imwe muri izi kipe, ibipimo byavuzwe haruguru bikurikizwa uko bikurikirana kugeza igihehamenyekanye urutonde rw'amakipe yose. Iyontarutonde rushobora kumenyekana, icyemezo cyafashwe na CAHB binyuze mu gutombora tombola.

=== Itsinda A ===
 {{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=13:00|team1={{hb-rt|ALG}}|score=23–25|team2={{hb|NGR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/04OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Ayoub Abdi|Abdi]] 7|goals2=[[Hakeem Salami|Salami]] 6|HT=13–16|twomin1=5|yellow1=2|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}}{{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=20:00|team1={{hb-rt|RWA}}|score=30–19|team2={{hb|ZAM}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/08OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yves Kayijamahe|Kayijamahe]] 10|goals2=[[Pritchard Syakwayi|Syakwayi]] 6|HT=17–8|twomin1=1|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=5,000|referee=Kamal, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=17:00|team1={{hb-rt|NGR}}|score=36–18|team2={{hb|ZAM}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/15OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Azeez Sulaimon|Sulaimon]] 8|goals2=[[Felix Kambundu|Kambundu]] 7|HT=17–10|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Moqriich, El Ghass|refnat=MAR}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|ALG}}|score=46–25|team2={{hb|RWA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/16OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Hichem Daoud|Daoud]], [[Adel Guemeida|Guemeida]] 8|goals2=[[Kubwimana Emmanuel|Emmanuel]] 8|HT=23–10|twomin1=1|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=2,000|referee=El-Saied, El-Saied|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=15:00|team1={{hb-rt|ZAM}}|score=21–37|team2={{hb|ALG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/20OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Felix Kambundu|Kambundu]] 7|goals2=[[Ahmed Mahdi|Mahdi]] 6|HT=9–19|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Suamila, Amodu|refnat=NGR}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|NGR}}|score=30–20|team2={{hb|RWA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/23OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Hakeem Salami|Salami]] 8|goals2=[[Yves Kayijamahe|Kayijamahe]] 11|HT=14–10|twomin1=3|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=7|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=4,500|referee=Mitrović, Vešović|refnat=MNE}} {{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=11:00|team1={{hb-rt|ANG}}|score=37–21|team2={{hb|UGA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/01OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Ariel Gabriel|Sousa]] 8|goals2=[[Anthony Lam|Lam]] 9|HT=15–11|twomin1=3|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=5|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Yapo, Koné|refnat=CIV}}{{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=12:30|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=36–25|team2={{hb|GAB}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/03OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Akram Yosri|Yosri]] 9|goals2=[[Yannick Aubyang|Aubyang]] 5|HT=19–14|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Gasmi, Gasmi|refnat=FRA}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=13:00|team1={{hb-rt|GAB}}|score=33–16|team2={{hb|UGA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/11OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Dia Wora|Wora]] 8|goals2=[[Sharifu Lukwago|Lukwago]] 5|HT=17–6|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Amodu, Sumaila|refnat=NGR}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=15:00|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=41–28|team2={{hb|ANG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/12OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yahia Omar|Omar]], [[Ahmed Nafea|Nafea]] 7|goals2=[[José Chicola|Chicola]] 6|HT=18–13|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=6|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Belkhiri, Hamidi|refnat=ALG}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=13:00|team1={{hb-rt|UGA}}|score=13–54|team2={{hb|EGY}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/18OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Nobert Okolimong|Okolimong]] 4|goals2=[[Mohamed Emad|Emad]] 10|HT=5–27|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Yapo, Koné|refnat=CIV}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=17:00|team1={{hb-rt|ANG}}|score=33–21|team2={{hb|GAB}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/22OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Gabriel Sebastião|Sebastião]] 5|goals2=[[Yves Nguema|Nguema]] 5|HT=19–8|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}} {{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=10:30|team1={{hb-rt|GUI}}|score=36–27|team2={{hb|KEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/02OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Natan Paquiom|Paquiom]] 16|goals2=[[Snox Collins|Collins]], [[Julius Chiunda|Chiunda]] 6|HT=15–11|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=6|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Abunakar, Salihu|refnat=NGR}}{{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=15:00|team1={{hb-rt|TUN}}|score=41–22|team2={{hb|CMR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/05OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Ghassen Toumi|Toumi]] 6|goals2=[[Martin Ondoua|Ondoua]] 4|HT=23–7|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=7|yellow2=2|red2=2|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Mitrović, Vešović|refnat=MNE}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=11:00|team1={{hb-rt|CMR}}|score=28–24|team2={{hb|KEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/09OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Hyler Bi Ndjee|Bi Ndjee]], [[Samuel Deen|Deen]] 7|goals2=[[Christopher Mayende|Mayende]] 8|HT=13–12|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=8|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Ben Dahou, Zoghlami|refnat=TUN}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=17:00|team1={{hb-rt|TUN}}|score=35–25|team2={{hb|GUI}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/14OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Islem Jbeli|Jbeli]], [[Mouhib Kallel|Kallel]] 5|goals2=[[Aboubacar Gory|Gory]], [[Natan Paquiom|Paquiom]] 5|HT=17–14|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=7|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=17:00|team1={{hb-rt|KEN}}|score=21–39|team2={{hb|TUN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/21OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Christopher Mayende|Mayende]] 5|goals2=[[Yassine Ben Salem|Ben Salem]] 7|HT=11–20|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=1|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=3,000|referee=Moqriich, El Ghass|refnat=MAR}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|GUI}}|score=24–18|team2={{hb|CMR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/24OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Natan Paquiom|Paquiom]] 5|goals2=[[Nelvis Tohmuloh|Tohmuloh]] 4|HT=12–7|twomin1=6|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Belkhiri, Hamidi|refnat=ALG}}

=== Itsinda D ===
 {{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=14:30|team1={{hb-rt|MAR}}|score=52–28|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/06OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Reida Rezzouki|Rezzouki]] 10|goals2=[[Samsoum Ganiou|Ganiou]] 6|HT=27–10|twomin1=1|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=El-Saied, El-Saied|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=21 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|CPV}}|score=34–28|team2={{hb|CGO}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/07OMR.PDF|goals1=''four players'' 5|goals2=[[Liam Naal|Naal]] 8|HT=21–16|twomin1=1|yellow1=1|red1=1|twomin2=4|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Ben Dahou, Zoghlami|refnat=TUN}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=13:00|team1={{hb-rt|CPV}}|score=33–28|team2={{hb|MAR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/10OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Délcio Pina|Pina]] 13|goals2=[[Mohammed Ezzine|Ezzine]], [[Amjad Saa|Saa]] 6|HT=13–17|twomin1=5|yellow1=1|red1=1|twomin2=1|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Mitrović, Vešović|refnat=MNE}}{{handballbox|date=22 January 2026|time=15:00|team1={{hb-rt|CGO}}|score=26–22|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/13OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Liam Naal|Naal]] 6|goals2=[[Charly Sossou|Sossou]] 5|HT=14–9|twomin1=3|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=1|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Yapo, Koné|refnat=CIV}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=11:00|team1={{hb-rt|BEN}}|score=24–32|team2={{hb|CPV}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/17OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Charly Sossou|Sossou]] 7|goals2=[[Fabio Pereira (handballer)|Pereira]] 8|HT=11–14|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Kamal, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=24 January 2026|time=15:00|team1={{hb-rt|MAR}}|score=39–31|team2={{hb|CGO}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/19OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Amjad Saa|Saa]] 8|goals2=[[Aymeric Lekiby-Elila|Lekiby-Elila]] 8|HT=16–12|twomin1=7|yellow1=|red1=2|twomin2=5|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Ben Dahou, Zoghlami|refnat=TUN}}

== Igikombe cya Perezida ==

=== Itsinda rya I ===
 {{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=11:30|team1={{hb-rt|RWA}}|score=37–27|team2={{hb|UGA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/26OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Samuel Mbesutunguwe|Mbesutunguwe]] 10|goals2=''three players'' 5|HT=16–13|twomin1=6|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Moqriich, El Ghass|refnat=MAR}}{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|GAB}}|score=36–16|team2={{hb|ZAM}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/30OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Chérubin Tabanguet|Tabanguet]] 10|goals2=[[Felix Kambundu|Kambundu]] 8|HT=14–8|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Tuyizere, Imanimbahafi|refnat=RWA}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|RWA}}|score=34–26|team2={{hb|ZAM}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/34OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Samuel Mbesutunguwe|Mbesutunguwe]] 7|goals2=[[Felix Kambundu|Kambundu]] 11|HT=17–17|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=350|referee=Amodu, Sumaila|refnat=NIG}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|GAB}}|score=40–19|team2={{hb|UGA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/38OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Willy Moure|Moure]], [[Chérubin Tabanguet|Tabanguet]] 6|goals2=[[Isa Umar|Umar]] 3|HT=23–10|twomin1=1|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Yapo, Koné|refnat=CIV}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=10:00|team1={{hb-rt|ZAM}}|score=31–30|team2={{hb|UGA}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/42OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Nyanga Audriscal|Audriscal]] 6|goals2=[[Anthony Muzay|Muzay]] 9|HT=15–18|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=300|referee=Tuyizere, Imanimbahafi|refnat=RWA}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|RWA}}|score=28–32|team2={{hb|GAB}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/47OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yves Kayijamahe|Kayijamahe]] 6|goals2=[[Chérubin Tabanguet|Tabanguet]] 10|HT=18–14|twomin1=4|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=1|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Moqriich, El Ghass|refnat=MAR}}

=== Itsinda rya II ===
 {{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|CMR}}|score=34–27|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/28OMR.PDF|goals1=''three players'' 6|goals2=[[Msa Abdou|Abdou]] 6|HT=18–11|twomin1=3|yellow1=2|red1=|twomin2=7|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}}{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|CGO}}|score=37–26|team2={{hb|KEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/32OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Gloire Kouba|Kouba]] 13|goals2=[[Christopher Mayende|Mayende]], [[Morgan Wamalwa|Wamalwa]] 6|HT=20–8|twomin1=6|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Kamal, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=11:30|team1={{hb-rt|CMR}}|score=37–22|team2={{hb|KEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/36OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Samuel Deen|Deen]] 8|goals2=[[Brain Wakhuka|Wakhuka]] 6|HT=15–9|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Tuyizere, Imanimbahafi|refnat=RWA}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|CGO}}|score=27–27|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/40OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Aymeric Lekiby-Elila|Lekiby-Elila]] 5|goals2=[[Isaac Valot|Valot]], [[Yarone Vermont|Vermont]] 5|HT=16–13|twomin1=2|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=2|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Moqriich, El Ghass|refnat=MAR}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=12:00|team1={{hb-rt|KEN}}|score=30–33|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/44OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Snox Collins|Collins]] 7|goals2=[[Renaud Sokegbe|Sokegbe]] 7|HT=17–16|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=5|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Makrem, Rochdi|refnat=TUN}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=16:00|team1={{hb-rt|CMR}}|score=28–27|team2={{hb|CGO}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/45OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Tristan Adjeng|Adjeng]] 8|goals2=[[Aymeric Lekiby-Elila|Lekiby-Elila]] 8|HT=14–14|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=5|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Gasmi, Gasmi|refnat=FRA}}{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=10:00|team1={{hb-rt|UGA}}|score=29–35|team2={{hb|KEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/50OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Sharifu Lukwago|Lukwago]] 5|goals2=[[Christopher Mayende|Mayende]] 9|HT=15–17|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Sumaila, Amodu|refnat=NIG}}{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=12:00|team1={{hb-rt|ZAM}}|score=25–42|team2={{hb|BEN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/52OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Felix Kambundu|Kambundu]] 11|goals2=[[Charly Sossou|Sossou]] 8|HT=11–22|twomin1=3|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=1|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Kamal, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}

=== Umukino wa cumi n'umwe ===
{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=10:00|team1={{hb-rt|RWA}}|score=28–30|team2={{hb|CGO}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/49OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yves Kayijamahe|Kayijamahe]] 7|goals2=[[Christopher Zoko-Ezo|Zoko-Ezo]] 7|HT=16–16|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Yapo, Koné|refnat=CIV}}

=== Umukino w'umwanya wa cyenda ===
{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|GAB}}|score=29–27|team2={{hb|CMR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/53OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Chérubin Tabanguet|Tabanguet]] 8|goals2=[[Hyler Bi Ndjee|Bi Ndjee]] 7|HT=18–13|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Moqriich, El Gahss|refnat=MAR}}

== Icyiciro cy'ingenzi ==
Amanota n'ibitego byabonetse mu itsinda ry'ibanze n'amakipe azazamuka bizimurirwa mu cyiciro cy'ibanze.

=== Itsinda rya I ===
 
{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=11:30|team1={{hb-rt|NGR}}|score=24–27|team2={{hb|ANG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/25OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Faruk Yusuf|Yusuf]] 9|goals2=[[Cláudio Chicola|Chicola]] 9|HT=11–14|twomin1=8|yellow1=1|red1=1|twomin2=3|yellow2=1|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Belkhiri, Hamidi|refnat=ALG}}{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=42–28|team2={{hb|ALG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/29OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yahia Omar|Omar]] 10|goals2=[[Nori Benhalima|Benhalima]] 6|HT=20–10|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=7|yellow2=2|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Mitrović, Vešović|refnat=MNE}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=11:30|team1={{hb-rt|ALG}}|score=27–22|team2={{hb|ANG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/33OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Ayoub Abdi|Abdi]] 8|goals2=[[Adelino Pestana|Pestana]] 7|HT=14–10|twomin1=5|yellow1=3|red1=|twomin2=3|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=48–22|team2={{hb|NGR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/37OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Mohamed Emad|Emad]] 12|goals2=[[Sessugh Iyortyer|Iyortyer]] 5|HT=24–10|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=|red2=2|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=300|referee=Ben Dahou, Zoghlami|refnat=TUN}}

=== Itsinda rya II ===
{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|TUN}}|score=29–29|team2={{hb|MAR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/27OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Bilel Abdelli|Abdelli]] 9|goals2=[[Amjad Saa|Saa]] 8|HT=18–12|twomin1=7|yellow1=|red1=1|twomin2=5|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Gasmi, Gasmi|refnat=FRA}}{{handballbox|date=25 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|CPV}}|score=45–25|team2={{hb|GUI}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/31OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Délcio Pina|Pina]] 10|goals2=[[Josue Charti|Charti]] 5|HT=25–11|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=2|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=El-Saied, El-Saied|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|GUI}}|score=26–38|team2={{hb|MAR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/35OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Natan Paquiom|Paquiom]] 8|goals2=[[Reida Rezzouki|Rezzouki]] 9|HT=15–16|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=Petit Stade, [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Kamal, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=27 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|CPV}}|score=25–37|team2={{hb|TUN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/39OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Délcio Pina|Pina]] 6|goals2=[[Bilel Abdelli|Abdelli]] 10|HT=10–15|twomin1=6|yellow1=|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=2|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=400|referee=Belkhiri, Hamidi|refnat=ALG}}

== Igice cya nyuma ==

=== Udukingirizo ===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=yes|color=yes
&lt;!-- Date-Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!-- semifinals --&gt;
|29 January|{{hb|EGY}}|32|{{hb|CPV}}|26
|29 January|{{hb|ALG}}|24|{{hb|TUN}}|33
&lt;!-- final --&gt;
|31 January|{{hb|EGY}}|37|{{hb|TUN}}|24
&lt;!-- third place --&gt;
|31 January|{{hb|CPV}}|29|{{hb|ALG}}|23
}}'''Agace ka 5–8 k'umwanya'''{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=yes
|RD1=5–8th place semfinals
|RD2=Fifth place
|Consol=Seventh place
&lt;!-- Date-Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!-- semifinals --&gt;
|29 January|{{hb|NGA}}|30|{{hb|GUI}}|28
|29 January|{{hb|ANG}}|27|{{hb|MAR}}|20
&lt;!-- final --&gt;
|30 January|{{hb|NGA}}|20|{{hb|ANG}}|25
&lt;!-- third place --&gt;
|30 January|{{hb|GUI}}|33 (4)|{{hb|MAR}} ([[Penalty shootout#Handball|pen]])|33 (5)
}}

=== Irushanwa rya ½ cy'irangiza ryabaye ku mwanya wa 5–8 ===
{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=11:30|team1={{hb-rt|NGR}}|score=30–28|team2={{hb|GUI}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/41OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Azeez Sulaimon|Sulaimon]], [[John Shagari|Shagari]] 8|goals2=[[Derry Didier Ruffe|Ruffe]] 7|HT=16–14|twomin1=4|yellow1=|red1=1|twomin2=|yellow2=|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=Ahmed, Mohamed|refnat=EGY}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=14:00|team1={{hb-rt|ANG}}|score=27–20|team2={{hb|MAR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/43OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Gabriel Sebastião|Sebastião]] 7|goals2=[[Amjad Saa|Saa]] 4|HT=12–10|twomin1=2|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=4|yellow2=2|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=100|referee=El Saied, El Saied|refnat=EGY}}

=== Igice cya kabiri ===
{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=16:30|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=32–26|team2={{hb|CPV}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/46OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Yahia Omar|Omar]] 10|goals2=[[Bruno Landim|Landim]] 8|HT=16–11|twomin1=3|yellow1=2|red1=1|twomin2=7|yellow2=2|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=250|referee=Faye, Diop|refnat=SEN}}{{handballbox|date=29 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|ALG}}|score=24–33|team2={{hb|TUN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/48OMR.PDF|goals1=''three players'' 4|goals2=[[Bilel Abdelli|Abdelli]] 9|HT=11–19|twomin1=6|yellow1=2|red1=|twomin2=6|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=300|referee=Mitrović, Vešović|refnat=MNE}}

=== Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa karindwi ===
{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=12:00|team1={{hb-rt|GUI}}|score=37–38|team2={{hb|MAR}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/51OMR.PDF|goals1=[[David Eponouh|Eponouh]] 8|goals2=[[Marouane Boukhamsa|Boukhamsa]] 9|HT=16–14|FT=33–33|PEN=4–5|twomin1=2|yellow1=|red1=1|twomin2=|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=500|referee=Ben Dahou, Zoghlami|refnat=TUN}}

=== Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatanu ===
{{handballbox|date=30 January 2026|time=19:00|team1={{hb-rt|NGR}}|score=20–25|team2={{hb|ANG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/54OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Hakeem Salami|Salami]] 5|goals2=[[Ariel Gabriel Sousa|Sousa]] 6|HT=12–9|twomin1=5|yellow1=|red1=1|twomin2=3|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=200|referee=Belkhiri, Hamidi|refnat=ALG}}

=== Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatatu ===
{{handballbox|date=31 January 2026|time=13:30|team1={{hb-rt|CPV}}|score=29–23|team2={{hb|ALG}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/55OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Edmilson García|García]] 6|goals2=[[Ahmed Mahdi|Mahdi]] 6|HT=16–16|twomin1=3|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=8|yellow2=|red2=1|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=600|referee=El Saied, El Saied|refnat=EGY}}

=== Umusozo ===
{{handballbox|date=31 January 2026|time=16:00|team1={{hb-rt|EGY}}|score=37–24|team2={{hb|TUN}}|report=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/1d232f24-5a01-4492-a8bb-d7356ecde2a6/pdf/56OMR.PDF|goals1=[[Mohamed Emad|Emad]], [[Yahia Omar|Omar]] 6|goals2=[[Yassine Ben Salem|Ben Salem]], [[Mohamed Ridha|Ridha]] 4|HT=17–10|twomin1=5|yellow1=1|red1=|twomin2=5|yellow2=1|red2=|stadium=[[BK Arena]], [[Kigali]]|attendance=3,000|referee=Gasmi, Gasmi|refnat=FRA}}

== Urutonde rwa nyuma ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 40px;&quot; |Urwego
! Ikipe
|- style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Misiri
|- style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Tuniziya
|- style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
| Kapu-Verde
|- style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| Alijeriya
|- style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5
| Angola
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6
| Nijeriya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7
| Maroke
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 8
| Gineya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 9
| Gabo
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10
| Kameruni
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 11
| Kongo
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12
| U Rwanda
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 13
| Bénin
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 14
| Zambiya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 15
| Kenya
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 16
| Uganda
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| style=&quot;width:10px; background:#CCFFCC;&quot; |
|Ifite itike yo kwitabira Shampiyona y'Isi ya 2027
|}

== Imibare ==
 

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://www.ihf.info/competitions/men/308/the-27th-men-seniors-africa-nations-cup/256551 Urubuga rwa IHF]</text>
      <sha1>cnizpvbhad0b431kmrbocdf91qajds9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2016 African Nations Championship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141643</id>
      <parentid>130097</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13346" sha1="i3vxl4z8rjylwh82xcbdtm37snvdq1h" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Irushanwa ry’ibihugu bya Afurika ryo muri 2016''', rizwi kandi mu magambo make nka '''CHAN ya 2016''' nomu rwego rwo gutera inkunga nk’irushanwa '''ry’ibihugu bya Afurika rya Orange''', ryarirushanwa rya kane ry’irushanwa [[Umupira w’amaguru|ry’umupira w’amaguru]] rya buri myaka ibiri ryateguwe na [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] ririmo amakipe y’ibihugu agizwe n’abakinnyi bakina mu mashampiyona y’ibihugu byabo. Ryabereye mu [[Rwanda]] kuva kuri 16 Mutarama kugeza kuri 7 Gashyantare 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Komugisha |first=Usher |author-link=Usher Komugisha |date=17 February 2015 |title=CAF sets dates for CHAN 2016 |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/africa/news/150217/Caf_sets_dates_for_Chan_2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408063039/http://www.supersport.com/football/africa/news/150217/Caf_sets_dates_for_Chan_2016 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015 |website=[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikipe ya Libiya yatwaye igikombe cyakabiri ntiyabashije kwegukana iki cyiciro. Nicyo cyiciro cyambere cyagaragayemo imikino ya ½ igizwe n'amakipe 4 yose, naho iyanyuma iterwa inkunga na Orange, ikipe ikomeye muby'ingufu na peteroli mu Bufaransa Total yari igiye gusimbura iyimikino kuva mu cyiciro gikurikiraho . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=Total to sponsor CAF competitions for the next eight years |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/total-to-sponsor-caf-competitions-for-the-next-eight-years/ |access-date=18 April 2018 |website=[[Africanews]] |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200729/http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/total-to-sponsor-caf-competitions-for-the-next-eight-years// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamyabushobozi ==
U Rwanda rwinjiye mucyiciro cyambere muburyo bwikora nk'icyakira imikino, aho imyanya isigaye igenwa n'amajonjora yabaye hagati ya Kamena na Ukwakira 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2015 |title=CAF Full Calendar for 2016 CHAN |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/caf/fullcafcalendar.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214161053/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/caf/fullcafcalendar.aspx |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amakipe yujuje ibisabwa ===

== Ahantu habera ==
CAF yemeje ibibuga 4 byatanzwe n'ishyirahamwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oryada |first=Andrew |date=10 April 2014 |title=CAF approves four stadiums for 2016 CHAN |url=http://africanfootball.com/news/423015/CAF-approves-four-Stadiums-for-2016-CHAN |access-date=7 February 2016 |website=African Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:1em auto;&quot;
! width=&quot;275&quot; |[[Kigali]]
! rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |
! width=&quot;275&quot; | [[Kigali]]
|-
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Sitade Amahoro]]
| [[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Stade Régional Nyamirambo]]
|-
| Ubushobozi: '''30.000'''
| Ubushobozi: '''22.000'''
|-
|[[Dosiye:Amahoro_Stadium_2003_c.png|180x180px]]
|
|-
! [[Butare]]
! [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]]
|-
| [[Stade Huye]]
| [[Sitade Umuganda|Sitade y'Umuganda]]
|-
| Ubushobozi: '''20.000'''
| Ubushobozi: '''5,000'''
|-
|[[Dosiye:Inside_Huye_Stadium,_People_doing_written_exams_for_vacancies_after_COVID-19_Lock-down.jpg|180x180px]]
|
|}

== Amatsinda ==
Amakipe yose yari agizwe n'abakinnyi batarenze 23. &lt;ref name=&quot;Reg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2015 |title=Regulations of the African Nations Championship |url=http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Regulations%20and%20Official%20Documents/Competitions%20Regulation/CHAN%20Regulations_En.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121204403/http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/Regulations%20and%20Official%20Documents/Competitions%20Regulation/CHAN%20Regulations_En.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tombola y'iri rushanwa yabaye kuri 15 Ugushyingo 2015, amasaha 72 mbere y'uko byari biteganyijwe, saa 18:30 CAT ( UTC+2 ), i Kigali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2015 |title=CHAN draw advanced on 15th November |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=wxfJ27Xe54sm7%2f8hstnjVQ%3d%3d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309060810/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=wxfJ27Xe54sm7%2f8hstnjVQ%3d%3d |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=9 March 2016 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2015 |title=Decisions of CAF Executive Committee on 6 August 2015 |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=KXDfhHRQfmo848MmjaimQA%3d%3d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000009/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=KXDfhHRQfmo848MmjaimQA%3d%3d |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]] |quote=The draw for the final tournament of the competition (2016 CHAN) will take place on 18 November 2015 in Kigali, Rwanda.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amakipe 16 yashyizwe mumatsinda ane y'abantu bane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2015 |title=Tricky draw for host Rwanda |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=j0xzmDyQdDwviSAHzbJC7g%3d%3d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910115241/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=j0xzmDyQdDwviSAHzbJC7g%3d%3d |archive-date=10 September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amakipe yatoranyijwe hashingiwe ku bisubizo yakuye mubyiciro 3 byabanje: 2009 (yakubye inshuro 1), 2011 (yakubye inshuro 2) na 2014 (yakubye inshuro 3): &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2015 |title=Procedure for the final tournament draw |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=1U5EqBdCAz3L6/WRd0VpPA%3D%3D |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310124818/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=1U5EqBdCAz3L6/WRd0VpPA%3D%3D |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amanota 7 ku watsinze
* Amanota 5 ku wa kabiri
* Amanota 3 ku bageze muri kimwe cya kabiri
* Amanota 2 ku bageze muri kimwe cya kane
* Inota 1 ku cyiciro cy'amatsinda

Hashingiwe kuburyo bwavuzwe haruguru, inkono enye zatanzwe ku buryo bukurikira:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Inkono ya 1
! width=&quot;25%&quot; | Inkono ya 2
! width=&quot;25%&quot; | Inkono ya 3
! width=&quot;25%&quot; | Inkono ya 4
|-
|
* {{Fb|RWA}} {{Small|(hosts; position A1)}}
*  Kongo yo mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
*  Tuniziya
* {{Fb|ZIM}}
|
* {{Fb|ANG}}
*  Nijeriya
* {{Fb|GAB}}
* {{Fb|MLI}}
|
*  Maroke
* {{Fb|UGA}}
* {{Fb|CMR}}
* {{Fb|NIG}}
|
* {{Fb|ETH}}
* {{Fb|CIV}}
* {{Fb|ZAM}}
* {{Fb|GUI}}
|}

== Icyiciro cy'itsinda ==
Amakipe abiri ya mbere muri buri tsinda yageze kucyiciro cya 16.

; Ibikoresho byogukata imbunda

Amakipe yashyizwe kurutonde hakurikijwe amanota (amanota 3 kuntsinzi, inota 1 kubanganyije, amanota 0 ku itsindwa). Iyo amanota angana, amanota yokunganya yashyirwa kurutonde rukurikira: &lt;ref name=&quot;Reg&quot;/&gt;

# Umubare w'amanota yabonetse mu mikino hagati y'amakipe arebwa n'ikipe;
# Itandukaniro ry'ibitego mumikino hagati y'amakipe bireba;
# Ibitego byatsinzwe mumikino hagati y'amakipe bireba;
# Iyo, nyuma yo gukoresha ibipimo kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 3 ku makipe menshi, amakipe abiragifite urwego rungana, ibipimo kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 3 byongerwa gusa kumikino hagati y’amakipe yombi arebwa kugira ngo hamenyekane urwego rwanyuma. Iyo ububuryo budafashe icyemezo, ibipimo kuva kuri 5 kugeza kuri 7 birakurikizwa;
# Itandukaniro ry'ibitego mumikino yose;
# Ibitego byatsinzwe mumikino yose;
# Gushushanya ubufindo.

Ibihe byose byaribyo mugace; CAT ( UTC+2 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2015 |title=CHAN 2016 – FINAL FIXTURES |url=http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/AAG%20MEN/CHAN%202016-FINAL%20FIXTURES%202016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182949/http://www.cafonline.com/Portals/0/AAG%20MEN/CHAN%202016-FINAL%20FIXTURES%202016.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Itsinda A ===
  
---- 
---- 

=== Itsinda B ===
   
----  
----  

=== Itsinda C ===
   
----   

=== Itsinda D ===
  
----  
----  

== Icyiciro cya Knockout ==
Mucyiciro cyogukuranamo, iyomukino wabaga unganya igihe gisanzwe cyogukina, hakinwaga igihe cy'inyongera (iminota 15 buri kimwe) hanyuma, byaba ngombwa, hagakurikiraho gutera imipira iturutse ku kimenyetso cya penaliti kugira ngohamenyekane uwatsinze, uretse umukino w'uwa gatatu aho nt gihe cy'inyongera cyakinwaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Reg&quot;/&gt;

=== Udukingirizo ===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|style=white-space:nowrap
|3rdplace=yes|bold_winner=high
|widescore=yes
&lt;!--Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2--&gt;
&lt;!--Quarter-finals--&gt;
|30 January – [[Kigali]]|{{fb|RWA}}|1|{{fbl|COD}} {{aet}}|2
|31 January – [[Gisenyi]]|{{fb|ZAM}}|0 (4)|{{fb|GUI}} {{pen}}|0 (5)
|31 January – [[Kigali]]|{{fbl|TUN}}|1|{{fb|MLI}}|2
|30 January – [[Butare]]|{{fb|CMR}}|0|{{fb|CIV}} {{aet}}|3
&lt;!--Semi-finals--&gt;
|3 February – [[Kigali]]|{{fbl|COD}} {{pen}}|1 (5)|{{fb|GUI}}|1 (4)
|4 February – [[Kigali]]|{{fb|MLI}}|1|{{fb|CIV}}|0
&lt;!--Final--&gt;
|7 February – [[Kigali]]|{{fbl|COD}}|3|{{fb|MLI}}|0
&lt;!--3rd Place--&gt;
|7 February – [[Kigali]]|{{fb|GUI}}|1|{{fb|CIV}}|2
}} 
----   

=== Igice cya kabiri ===
 
----  

=== Umusozo ===
&lt;div class=&quot;footballbox&quot; style=&quot;color:inherit&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fleft&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fdate&quot;&gt;&lt;time&gt;7&amp;nbsp;Gashyantare&amp;nbsp;2016&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;( &lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2016-02-07&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ftime&quot;&gt; &lt;time&gt;18:30&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;fevent&quot;
! class=&quot;fhome&quot; | &lt;span&gt;[[DR Congo A' national football team|Kongo yo mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|link=|alt=|border|20x20px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;fscore&quot; |3–0
! class=&quot;faway&quot; | &lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Mali.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Mali national football team|Mali]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 
|- class=&quot;fgoals&quot;
| class=&quot;fhgoal&quot; |
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Abatsinze ibitego ==
Dore urutonde rw'abatsinze ibitego. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2016 |title=Orange CHAN 2016: Scorers chart |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=QbWf55fhm8gCWU8EANezYw%3d%3d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908102509/http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=QbWf55fhm8gCWU8EANezYw%3d%3d |archive-date=8 September 2020 |access-date=8 February 2016 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Ibitego 4 

; Ibitego 3 

; Ibitego 2 

; Igitego 1 

; Igitego 1 cyihariye 

== Ibihembo ==
Dore urutonde rw'ibihembo byatanzwe hepfo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2016 |title=CHAN 2016: Awards and Best XI for the tournament |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/chan-2016-awards-and-best-xi-for-the-tournament |access-date=8 February 2016 |website=Ghana SoccerNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Umukinnyi mwiza''' : [[Meschack Elia|Elia Meschak]] (DR Congo)
* '''Umukinnyi watsinze ibitego byinshi''' : [[Meschack Elia|Elia Meschak]] (DR Congo): yatsinze ibitego 4 na assists ebyiri
* '''Intego yaya marushanwa''' : Serge N'Guessan (Côte d'Ivoire) na Kameruni
* '''Igikombe cy'imikino iboneye''' : DR Congo
* '''Abakinnyi ba mbere ba mbere'''
** Umunyezamu: Ley Matampi (DR Congo)
** Ba myugariro: Abdoul Karim Danté (Mali), Joël Kimwaki (DR Congo), Cheick Ibrahim Comara (Côte d'Ivoire), Mohamed Youla (Gineya)
** Abakinnyi bo hagati: Ibrahima Sory Sankhon (Gineya), Mechack Elia (DR Congo), N'Guessan Serge (Côte d'Ivoire), Hamidou Sinayoko (Mali)
** Imbere: Jonathan Bolingi (DR Congo), Sekou Koïta (Mali)
** Abasimbuye: Badra Ali Sangaré (Côte d'Ivoire), Djigui Diarra (Mali), Lomalisa Mutambala (DR Congo), Heritier Luvumbu (DR Congo), Daouda Camara (Gineya), Aka Essis (Côte d'Ivoire), Ernest Sugira (Rwanda) Chikataba (Nijeriya), Christopher Katongo (Zambiya)

== Urutonde rwa nyuma ==
Hasi ni urutonde rwa nyuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2016 |title=Orange CHAN 2016: Statistics |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/2020/news/orange-chan-2016-statistics |access-date=8 February 2016 |website=[[Confederation of African Football|CAFOnline.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# {{Fb|COD}}
# {{Fb|MLI}}
# {{Fb|CIV}}
# {{Fb|GUI}}
# {{Fb|ZAM}}
# {{Fb|CMR}}
# {{Fb|RWA}}
# {{Fb|TUN}}
# {{Fb|NGA}}
# {{Fb|MAR}}
# {{Fb|ANG}}
# {{Fb|UGA}}
# {{Fb|ZIM}}
# {{Fb|GAB}}
# {{Fb|ETH}}
# {{Fb|NIG}}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Official website (archived) at [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAFOnline.com]]</text>
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    <title>Rwanda at the 2016 Summer Paralympics</title>
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      <text bytes="4593" sha1="p0ccy59xw0kgow1thp3am4xp3srg4qe" xml:space="preserve">[[Rwanda|U Rwanda]] rwitabiriye amarushanwa ya Paralympic yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016 yabereye i [[Rio de Janeiro]] muri Brezili, kuva kuya 7 Nzeri kugeza kuri 18 Nzeri 2016.

== Inkunga n'inkunga ==
[[Rwanda Paralympic Committee|Komite y’Imikino y’Abamugaye mu Rwanda]] yahawe igihembo cya Agitos Grant Award, aho inkunga yagenewe iterambere ry’inzira y’abakinnyi muri Rio na Tokyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Grant Support Programme to fund 28 para-sport projects in 2014 |url=http://en.olympic.cn/news/olympic_news/2014-07-24/2341373.html |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=Chinese Olympic Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=Rwanda aims to send its largest ever team to Rio 2016 Paralympics |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-04-20/187991/ |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=The New Times Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyinkunga yagiriye akamaro abakinnyi 900 hirya nohino mugihugu, mugihe yanagenewe guhugura abatoza, abashyira mubyiciro n’abasifuzi mu Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda2&quot; /&gt;

Intego ya Rwanda NPC ni ukohereza itsinda rinini ry’abamugaye i Rio. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=Rwanda aims to send its largest ever team to Rio 2016 Paralympics |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-04-20/187991/ |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=The New Times Rwanda}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-04-20/187991/ &quot;Rwanda aims to send its largest ever team to Rio 2016 Paralympics&quot;]. The New Times Rwanda. 20 April 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'abafite ubumuga ==
Buriwese witabiriye Paralympic afite ubumuga bwebushyirwa mu byiciro bitanu by'ubumuga ; gucibwamo ibice, indwara ishobora kuvukanwa cyangwa igaterwa n'imvune cyangwa indwara; ubumuga bwo mu bwonko ; abakinnyi [[Wheelchair|b'ibimuga]], akenshi usanga hari ahobihurira n'ibindi byiciro; ubumuga bwo kutabona, harimo n'ubuhumyi ; Les autres, ubumuga ubwaribwo bwose bw'umubiri budashyirwa mucyiciro kimwe gusa, urugero nk'ubudashyikirwa cyangwa indwara nyinshi zo mu bwonko . &lt;ref name=&quot;class1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2008 |title=Paralympics categories explained |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/03/2354016.htm?site=paralympics/2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912225056/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/03/2354016.htm?site=paralympics/2008 |archive-date=September 12, 2008 |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;class2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 October 2000 |title=Making sense of the categories |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/paralympics/959701.stm |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=[[BBC|BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buri siporo ya Paralympic igira ibyiciro byayo, bitewe n'ibyo umubiri ukeneye mw' irushanwa. Ibirori bihabwa kode, igizwe n'imibare n'inyuguti, isobanura ubwoko bw'ibirori n'ibyiciro by'abakinnyi bahatanira. Imikino imwe n'imwe, nk'imikino ngororamubiri, igabanya abakinnyi hakurikijwe icyiciro n'uburemere bw'ubumuga bwabo, indi mikino, urugero nko koga, abarushanwa mumatsinda atandukanye hamwe, itandukaniro ryonyine rishingiye kuburemere bw'ubumuga. &lt;ref name=&quot;class3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 August 2008 |title=A-Z of Paralympic classification |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/7586684.stm |access-date=25 December 2015 |publisher=[[BBC|BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siporo ==
[[Hermas Cliff Muvunyi]] yatoranyijwe guhagararira u Rwanda mumikino Paralempike yo mumpeshyi yo muri 2016 mumarushanwa ya T46 metero 400 na metero 1500. Muyunyi yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo yegukane i Rio mumarushanwa y'isi ya IPC Athletics World Championships yabereye i Doha muri Qatar muri 2015. Mbere y'imikino, yatangaje kazasezera kukazi nirangira imikino ya Rio. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=August 20, 2016 |title=Rwanda: Muvunyi to Retire After 2016 Rio Paralympics |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201608220874.html |access-date=August 24, 2016 |website=AllAfrica |publisher=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agiye muri Rio, Muyunyi yaratuye muri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Sitade y'Igihugu y'Amahoro]] aho yakoreye imyitozo na [[Eric Karasira]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Volleyball yo kwicara ==
  
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== Reba kandi ==

* U Rwanda mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016

== Amareferensi ==
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    <title>Adrien Niyonshuti</title>
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'''Adrien Niyonshuti''' (yavutse ku ya 2 Mutarama 1987) ni Umunyarwanda wahoze asiganwa ku magare wa bigize umwuga, yakinnye mu ikipe ya Team Dimension Data yo muri afurika y'epfo kuva mu 2009 kugeza 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adrien Niyonshuti |url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/adrien-niyonshuti/overview/start |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=procyclingstats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mu 2021, yakoraga nk'umuyobozi wa siporo mu ikipe ya [[Skol Adrien Cycling Academy|UCI Continental Team Skol Adrien Cycling Academy]]..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Skol Adrien Cycling Academy |url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15846/2003481/276 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210226151549/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15846/2003481/276 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=UCI.org |publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Muri 2023, aza ku yobora ikipe y'igihugu yo gusiganwa ku magare muri Bénini yitegura imikino ya Shampiyona y'isi yari kubera mu Rwanda muri 2025.

Adrien yari afite  abavandimwe batandatu gusa bishwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe mu Rwanda]] muri 1994.  Nilyonshuti yatangiye gutwara igare yahawe na nyirarume akiri ingimbi ubwo yamenyaga uwahoze ari umunyegare wabigize umwuga Jacques Boyer muri 2006 mu irushanwa rya mbere rya Wooden Bike Classic. 

== Umwuga ==
Niyonshuti yavukiye i [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Rwamagana, mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]], yatangiye gusiganwa ku magare y'abatarabigize umwuga afite imyaka cumi n'itandatu. Muri 2006, yamenyanye n'uwahoze ari umukinnyi w'amagare w'umwuga, Jacques Boyer, wari [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|umunyamerika]] wa mbere wagiye mu irushanwa rya Tour de France, yakoreraga mu Rwanda mu mushinga wo gutumiza amagare y'imizigo ku bahinzi ba kawa. Boyer yanabaye umutoza w'ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda ishinzwe gusiganwa ku magare, anashaka Niyonshuti ngo ajye mu isiganwa.  Niyonshuti yagize umusaruro mwiza mu masiganwa yo mu gace nka [[Tour du Rwanda|Tour of Rwanda]], aho yarangije mu myaka icumi ya mbere yikurikiranya kandi atsinda kuva 2006 na 2008. 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aimable Bayingana</title>
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      <text bytes="12693" sha1="60lr4nwnxh23p8by16naxt4al5nzlw9" xml:space="preserve">'''Aimable Bayingana''' ( yavutse ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1970) yari umuyobozi mukuru w’imikino mu [[Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=2016-11-24 |title=Fans made Tour du Rwanda a success, says Bayingana |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/135643/Sports/fans-made-tour-du-rwanda-a-success-says-bayingana |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-23 |title=Jock Boyer washinze Team Rwanda Initiative agiye gusubira iwabo |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/jock-boyer-washinze-team-rwanda-initiative-agiye-gusubira-iwabo.hmtl |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=UMUSEKE |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919074058/https://ar.umuseke.rw/jock-boyer-washinze-team-rwanda-initiative-agiye-gusubira-iwabo.hmtl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayingana yabaye perezida w’ishyirahamwe [[Rwanda Cycling Federation|ry’amagare mu Rwanda]] hagati ya 2007 na 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-12-28 |title=Cycling gets new leadership |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/3857/Lifestyle/cycling-gets-new-leadership |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu Kwakira 2018 kugeza mu Ukuboza 2019, yayoboye nk’umuyobozi w'ishyirahamwe ry’amagare rihuza ibihugu 33 bivuga igifaransa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=2018-10-19 |title=Bayingana named new Francophonie cycling boss |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/159958/Sports/bayingana-named-new-francophonie-cycling-boss |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2018 |title=Rwandan Elected President OIF Cycling Federation |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/rwandan-elected-president-oif-cycling-federation |access-date=September 15, 2023 |work=igihe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima ==
Bayingana yavutse ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1970, i [[Akarere ka Gatsibo|Gatsibo]], [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]], [[Rwanda|mu Rwanda]] . Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by'ubugeni yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Lomé, [[Togo|muri Togo]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Thamimu |first=Hakizimana |date=February 22, 2013 |title=Aho gutorwa kwa Bayingana mu Ishyirahamwe Nyafurika ry'amagare byaturutse |url=https://www.igihe.com/imikino/indi-mikino/Aho-gutorwa-kwa-Bayingana-mu |access-date=September 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Ku ya 5 Ukuboza 2007, mu gikorwa cyabereye kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Sitade Amahoro]], Bayingana yatorewe kuba perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’abahoze ari abasiganwa mu magare mu Rwanda, ubu akaba ari [[Rwanda Cycling Federation|FERWACY]] asimbuye Hon. Kamanda Charles wari umuyobozi kuva muri 2002, yayoboye uyu mwanya kugeza mu Ukuboza 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tity Thierry |first=Kayishema |date=January 8, 2014 |title=FERWACY iratora umuyobozi mushya |url=https://www.igihe.com/imikino/indi-mikino/article/ferwacy-baratora-umuyobozi-mushya |access-date=September 15, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu 2009 kugeza mu Ukuboza 2019, yari Perezida wa Komite Ishinzwe Gutegura [[Tour du Rwanda|Tour Du Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The sky is the limit for Tour of Rwanda – Bayingana |url=http://www.tourdurwanda.rw/news/The-sky-is-the-limit-for-Tour-of-Rwanda-Bayingana |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Tour du Rwanda |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204153945/http://www.tourdurwanda.rw/news/The-sky-is-the-limit-for-Tour-of-Rwanda-Bayingana |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=Un nouveau Président pour l'Union francophone de cyclisme - Actualité |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/70251/un-nouveau-president-pour-l-union-francophone-de-cyclisme |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=DirectVelo |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919074101/https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/70251/un-nouveau-president-pour-l-union-francophone-de-cyclisme |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva mu 2013 kugeza mu 2019, Bayingana yabaye umwe mu bagize komite nshingwabikorwa barindwi b’ishyirahamwe ry’abasiganwa ku magare muri Afurika, muri uyu mwanya yatorewe kuyobora shampiyona y’umugabane w’Afurika y’amagare yabereye i Sharm El Sheikh, mu [[Misiri]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=2013-10-08 |title=Bayingana to supervise Continental Championships |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/98699/Sports/bayingana-to-supervise-continental-championships |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=2017-02-12 |title=Bayingana re-elected to Africa Cycling Confederation Board |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/137881/Sports/bayingana-re-elected-to-africa-cycling-confederation-board |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayingana yari na perezida w'amagre w'abavuga ififaransa  kuva mu Kwakira 2018 kugeza Ukuboza 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=Sport : le Tchad adhère à l'Union Francophone de Cyclisme – |url=https://journaldutchad.com/sport-le-tchad-adhere-a-lunion-francophone-de-cyclisme/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sabiiti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sabiiti |first=Daniel |date=2019-06-02 |title=Rwanda Dominates Kigali UCI Junior Race |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/06/rwanda-dominates-kigali-uci-junior-race/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Muri uyu mwanya yateguye Kigali Union Cycliste Internationale Junior Race muri Gicurasi 2019, irushanwa mpuzamahanga ry’imikino y’amagare ry’urubyiruko ryabereye i [[Kigali]] ryateguwe na Union Francophone de Cyclisme ku bufatanye na [[Rwanda Cycling Federation|FERWACY]] na Association Internationale des maires Francophones . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sabiiti&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2019-06-03 |title=Habimana, Nirere strike gold as Rwanda dominates Francophonie Youth Race |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/167038/Sports/habimana-nirere-strike-gold-as-rwanda-dominates-francophonie-youth-race |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyagezweho ==
Muri 2009, Bayingana yafashije kwandika [[tour du Rwanda]]  mu cyiciro cya 2.2 cy'amasiganwa, yazamuwe igera ku cyiciro cya 2.1 kuva muri 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=2018-08-03 |title=All Set for Final 2.2 Tour du Rwanda Edition |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/08/all-set-for-final-2-2-tour-du-rwanda-edition/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=2017-06-16 |title=All set for a 'bigger and better' Tour du Rwanda |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/141505/Sports/all-set-for-a-bigger-and-better-tour-du-rwanda |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Rwanda targets Africa's first UCI Road World Championships |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/rwanda-targets-africas-first-uci-road-world-championships/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=SportBusiness}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayingana mu gihe cye, u Rwanda rwateguye amarushanwa ya Afurika yo gusiganwa ku magare mu muhanda ku nshuro ya mbere muri 2010, ndetse no ku nshuro ya kabiri mu 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Rwanda to host 2018 African Cycling Road Championships |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/127803 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.newtimes.co.rw}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Rwanda chooses cyclist to be Olympic flag bearer |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/news/rwanda-chooses-cyclist-to-be-olympic-flag-bearer/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=BikeRadar}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rwanda|U Rwanda]] rwanateguye amarushanwa ya Afurika yo gusiganwa ku magare mu misozi ku nshuro ya mbere mu 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-12 |title=Battle Of Mighty Bikers In Rwanda's 1000 Mountains |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2015/05/battle-of-mighty-bikers-in-rwandas-1000-mountains/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919074108/https://www.ktpress.rw/2015/05/battle-of-mighty-bikers-in-rwandas-1000-mountains/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nzeri 2019, [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] rwohereje ubusabe bwemewe bwo kwakira amarushanwa y’isi yo gusiganwa ku magare mu 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-27 |title=UCI invites Africa to host 2025 UCI Road World Champs |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/156497/Sports/uci-invites-africa-to-host-2025-uci-road-world-champs |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=Rwanda submits bid to host World Championships in 2025 {{!}} Cycling Today Official |url=https://cycling.today/rwanda-submits-bid-to-host-world-championships-in-2025/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sabiiti |first=Daniel |date=2020-01-19 |title=UCI Boss Hints 'Backing' Rwanda's Bid for 2025 Cycling Race |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/01/uci-boss-hints-backing-rwandas-bid-for-2025-cycling-race/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919074102/https://www.ktpress.rw/2020/01/uci-boss-hints-backing-rwandas-bid-for-2025-cycling-race/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2018, ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa ku magare na [[Joseph Areruya|Areruya Joseph]] begukanye irushanwa ry'amagare [[La Tropicale Amissa Bongo|rya Tropicale Amissa Bongo]] ( Tour du Gabon ), ryari ku nshuro ya mbere ikipe ya Afurika iba ku rutonde rw'amakipe y'afurika atwara iri rushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sabiiti |first=Daniel |date=2018-01-26 |title=Areruya Joseph Selected for U23 Tour of France |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/01/areruya-joseph-selected-for-u23-tour-of-france/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |date=2018-02-06 |title=Africa's Cyclist of The Year Brings Third Trophy Home |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/02/africas-cyclist-of-the-year-brings-third-trophy-home/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=2018-01-21 |title=Areruya wins La Tropicale Amissa Bongo 2018 race |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/148141/Sports/areruya-wins-la-tropicale-amissa-bongo-2018-race |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe yamaze ku buyobozi, abakinnyi b'amagare b'u Rwanda begukanye [[Tour du Rwanda]] inshuro eshanu, 2014, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel |date=2014-11-24 |title=Tour Du Rwanda 2014, Ndayisenga Valens has won The Tour {{!}} ISURAPE |url=https://isurape.rw/tour-du-rwanda-2014/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=2015-11-22 |title=Rwandan Nsengimana wins Tour du Rwanda 2015 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/124699/Sports/rwandan-nsengimana-wins-tour-du-rwanda-2015 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-11-21 |title=Rwanda's Valens Ndayisenga wins 2016 Tour du Rwanda |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/11/21/rwanda-s-valens-ndayisenga-wins-2016-tour-du-rwanda/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Africanews}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=2017-11-20 |title=Areruya Elated with Tour du Rwanda Victory |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2017/11/areruya-elated-with-tour-du-rwanda-victory/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=KT Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=2018-08-13 |title=Mugisha is Tour du Rwanda champion |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/157232/Sports/mugisha-is-tour-du-rwanda-champion |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo ==
Ku ya 18 Gashyantare 2018, Bayingana yahawe igihembo cy'ishimwe na Dr Mohamed Wagih Azzam perezida w'ishyirahamwe ry'abasiganwa ku magare muri Afurika kubera akazi gakomeye yakoze mu guteza imbere umukino w'amagare mu [[Rwanda]] no [[Afurika|muri Afurika]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-18 |title=Aimable Bayingana yahawe igihembo cy'ishimwe |url=https://panorama.rw/aimable-bayingana-yahawe-igihembo-cyishimwe/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Panorama |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919074100/https://panorama.rw/aimable-bayingana-yahawe-igihembo-cyishimwe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asiimwe |first=Geoffrey |date=2018-08-04 |title=Cycling: UCI to set up Training Centre in Rwanda |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/156811/Sports/cycling-uci-to-set-up-training-centre-in-rwanda |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Janai Cromes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141780</id>
      <parentid>128491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="3407" sha1="5dyxgdj6i27d3o5a9q8f6nhhwmetnp1" xml:space="preserve">'''Janai Croom Robertson''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Kamena 1999) ni umukinnyi ukina umukino wa [[Umupira w’agatebo|Basketball]] akaba ari umunyarwanda ukomoka ariko ukomoka muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Janai Crooms Robertson - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/346582/Janai-Crooms-Robertson |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=FIBA.basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwa mbere ==
Croom yavutse ku ya 23 Kamena 1999 i Cranston, muri Rhode Island, avukana na John Crooms ndetse na Lisa Robertson. Yize mu ishuri rya Mutagatifu Andereya i Barrington, muri Rhode Island, aho yakiniga mu ikipe ya Basketball yaho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Janai Crooms - 2019-20 - Women's Basketball |url=https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/janai-crooms/2037 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Ohio State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wa kaminuza ==
Croom yakiniye Ohio State Buckeyes mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri (2018 kugeza 2020), Michigan State Spartans kuva mu 2020 kugeza 2021 mbere yo kujya muri Providence Friars mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri (2021 kugeza 2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athlete of the Week: Janai Crooms |url=https://www.thecowl.com/2022/12/01/athlete-of-the-week-janai-crooms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103800/https://www.thecowl.com/2022/12/01/athlete-of-the-week-janai-crooms/ |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Cowl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nk'umukinnyi wa kabiri muri Ohio State mu 2019-20, yakinnye imikino 32, yatangiriyeho imikino 10, atsinda amanota 6.8 kuri buri mukino. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-31 |title=Women's Basketball |url=https://msuspartans.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/janai-crooms/10720 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Michigan State University Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2022, ubwo yari mu itsinda rya Providence Friars, yabonye ibihembo ari kumwe na Kylee Sheppard. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Women's Basketball BIG EAST Tournament Notes vs. Georgetown |url=https://friars.com/news/2022/3/3/womens-basketball-big-east-tournament-notes-vs-georgetown.aspx |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Providence College Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga w'ikipe y'igihugu ==
Croom yakiniye u Rwanda mu irushanwa rya AfroBasket ry’abagore rya FIBA ryo muri 2023 aho yatsinze amanota 13.6, agace ka 5.6 atera imipira ndetse n’imipira ivamo ibitego 2.8 kuri buri mukino mu irushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Former Friar Janai Crooms Set To Play For Rwanda In 2023 FIBA Women's AfroBasket |url=https://friars.com/news/2023/7/25/womens-basketball-former-friar-janai-crooms-set-to-play-for-rwanda-in-2023-fiba-womens-afrobasket.aspx |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Providence College Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-10-22 |title=Crooms joins APR ahead of FIBA Africa women’s championship |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/11741/sports/basketball/crooms-joins-apr-ahead-of-fiba-africa-womens-championship |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bahizi |first=Heritier |date=2023-08-08 |title=Meet the women who made Rwanda proud at 2023 Afrobasket |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/9739/sports/basketball/meet-the-women-who-made-rwanda-proud-at-2023-afrobasket |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prince Ibeh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141998</id>
      <parentid>128518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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'''Igikomangoma Chinenye Ibeh'''  (yavutse ku ya 3 Kamena 1994) ni umukinnyi wa [[Umupira w’agatebo|Basketball]] w’umunyamerika ufite inkomoko mu Rwanda, akaba yaranakiniye ikipe ya [[Patriots Basketball Club|Patriots]] yo muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|shampiyona ya basketall yu Rwanda]].

== Umwuga ==
Ibeh yakinnye basketball muri kaminuza muri Texasi kuva mu 2012 kugeza 2016. Ibeh yatsindiye amanota 17, afata ribandi 10 ndetse anatera amashoti atanu mu mukino batsinze  amanota 71-54 ku ya 26 Mutarama 2016. Nku mukinnyi wo mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yinjiye mu mwanya munini kubera imvune ya Cameron Ridley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Brian |date=February 26, 2016 |title=Senior salute: Football standout Prince Ibeh grew into a Texas shot blocker |url=https://www.hookem.com/story/senior-salute-football-standout-prince-ibeh-grew-into-a-texas-shot-blocker/ |access-date=April 16, 2020 |work=[[Austin American-Statesman]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsinze amanota 4.1, ribandi 5.0, na bloki 2.0 kuri buri mukino, atera 57.8%. Yagizwe umukinnyi w'umwaka w'abakinnyi 12 bakomeye mu 2016, atoranywa mu ikipe ya 12 bakomeye mu myitozo. &lt;ref name=&quot;netsdaily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Long Island signs Prince Ibeh, Texas shot blocker |url=https://www.netsdaily.com/2017/2/9/14559546/long-island-signs-prince-ibeh-texas-shot-blocker |access-date=April 12, 2020 |publisher=NetsDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga w'ubunyamwuga ==

=== Inzitiramubu zo mu birwa bya Isilande (2017–2018) ===
Long Island Nets, ishami rya NBA  rya Brooklyn, yasiniye Ibeh muri Gashyantare 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;netsdaily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Long Island signs Prince Ibeh, Texas shot blocker |url=https://www.netsdaily.com/2017/2/9/14559546/long-island-signs-prince-ibeh-texas-shot-blocker |access-date=April 12, 2020 |publisher=NetsDaily}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.netsdaily.com/2017/2/9/14559546/long-island-signs-prince-ibeh-texas-shot-blocker &quot;Long Island signs Prince Ibeh, Texas shot blocker&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mukino we wa kabiri na Nets, Ibeh yatsinze amanota 3 na rebounds 6 mu minota hafi 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2017 |title=Long Island Nets 65 - Raptors 91 |url=https://stats.gleague.nba.com/game/2021700025/ |access-date=April 12, 2020 |publisher=G League Stats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthew Miller</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141947</id>
      <parentid>128576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:32Z</timestamp>
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'''Matthew Miller''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Ukuboza 1982) ni umukinnyi wa Basketball w'Umunyamerika ufite ibyangombwa by'u Rwanda, wakiniye ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda ya Basketball mu irushanwa rya shampiyona nyafurika muri 2007 na 2009.&lt;ref&gt;https://foxsportsradio.iheart.com/featured/the-dan-patrick-show/content/2026-02-26-1119-the-dan-patrick-show-hour-2-demar-derozan-and-the-basketball-hall-of-f/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://gobearcats.com/staff/matt-miller&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amateka ==
Miller wavukiye i Aurora, muri Ilino, ni umunyamerika kavukire wakinnye basketball muri kaminuza ya Belarimine.  Miller ni umwe mu bakinnyi benshi bashinjwa kuba umucanshuro w’ikipe y’igihugu ya Basketball y’u Rwanda kuko gifite umuco muto wa Basketball cyabaye kimwe mu makipe akomeye muri Afurika.  Miller, hamwe na Robert Thomson, bagiranye impaka ku irushanwa rya FIBA Africa Championship ryo muri 2009 ubwo ikipe ya [[Ikipe ya basketball y'abagabo ya Maroc|Maroke]] yahanganye hafi kwanga gukina umukino wo gufungura nyuma yo gushinja aba bombi kuba abacanshuro b’u Rwanda, nubwo bombi bakinnye n’u Rwanda kuva muri 2007.  , Miller yari umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye b’u Rwanda muri iri rushanwa, aho yakuyemo impuzandengo ya 13.2 mu ikipe.&lt;ref&gt;https://wsucougars.com/staff-directory/matt-miller/5975&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Carlos Mugabo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21737</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:23Z</timestamp>
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'''Carlos Monroe''' (yavutse ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1987 i Philadelphia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ariko [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] ruza kumuha ubwenegihugu akina nku mukinnyi wu RWanda kumazin ya '''Carlos Mugabo''' wavutse ku ya 12 Kanama 1986 i Nyarugenge) ni umukinnyi wa Basketball w'Umunyamerika wari mu ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda ya Basketball mu irushanwa rya FIBA afurike  ryo mu 2009.  Yakiniye ikipe ya Basketball y'abagabo ya Folorida Atelantike Owls kuva muri 2005 kugeza muri 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carlos Monroe |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/carlos-monroe-1.html |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=/ Luc Besson / |date=20 October 2009 |title=Le Télégramme - Basket - Ujap Quimper Carlos Monroe, nouveau pivot quimpérois |url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/basket/pro-b-ujap-quimper-carlos-monroe-nouveau-pivot-quimperois-20-10-2009-617709.php?xtor=RSS-52 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=Le Telegramme}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carlos Monroe Bio - Florida Atlantic Owls Official Athletic Site |url=http://www.fausports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/monroe_carlos00.html |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher= |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218015924/http://www.fausports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/monroe_carlos00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mugabo yinjiye mu ikipe y’u Rwanda mu irushanwa rya FIBA rya Afurika ryo muri 2009 nyuma y’uko abakinnyi babiri b’u Rwanda bavuye mu irushanwa ibyumweru bitatu mbere y’uko umukino utangira wari uteganyijwe.   yatsinze amanota 10.6 ya PPG, 5.8 ya RPG, na 2.0 ya SPG kugira ngo afashe Abanyarwanda kurangiza ku mwanya wa 9 ndetse no kwitwara neza kugeza ubu mu irushanwa rya Afurika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA.com: 2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Men Player profile |url=http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/pid/78724/sid/6599/tid/352/profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218022254/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/pid/78724/sid/6599/tid/352/profile.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=FIBA.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ndizeye Dieudonné</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21741</id>
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      <text bytes="1571" sha1="qjuwnt29bt61jfnx54uomd8oqsuakmv" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Dieudonné Ndizeye.jpg|thumb|Ndizeye Dieudonné muri 2023]]
'''Dieudonné Ndayisaba''' Ndizeye (yavutse ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1996) ni umukinnyi wa Basketball w'umunyarwanda, ukinira [[APR BBC]] muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|Shampiyona ya Basketball mu Rwanda]] (RBL) n'ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda. yabaye umukinnyi mwiza muri RBL inshuro eshatu ndetse yatwayee shampiyona inshuro imwe muri 2019. Ndizeye yakinnye ishuro bibiri BAL ari muri REG.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/30452/sports/basketball/basketball-apr-sign-small-forward-ndizeye&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/03/dieudonne-ndizeye-william-perry-excel-as-patriots-humble-apr/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31532/sports/basketball/murenzi-names-final-squad-for-2027-world-cup-qualifiers&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima ==
Ndizeye yatangiye umwuga wa basketball ari muri IPRC-Kigali muri Shampiyona y'igihugu ya Basketball mu 2015. Muri 2017, Ndizeye yinjiye muri Patriot BBC. Yahawe igihembo cya shampiyona y'igihugu MVP muri shampiyona ya 2018–19.Mu Gushyingo 2021, yinjiye mu ikipe ya Cobra Sport yo muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo kugira ngo abakinire mu marushanwa yo gushaka itike ya BAL 2022. Yafashije Cobra kuza BAL kunshuro y'ambere.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/30896/sports/basketball/basketball-national-team-captain-ndizeye-talks-coaching-staff-changes-targets&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31050/sports/basketball/steven-hagumintwari-on-why-he-joined-tigers&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Robeyns</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141848</id>
      <parentid>128615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2774" sha1="lj9aezsa9gtkezqpoifahtg5o9t7l7h" xml:space="preserve">William Robeyns (yavutse ku ya 23 Gashyantare 1996) ni umukinnyi wa basketball ufite ubwenegihugu bw’ababiligi n'u Rwanda, uheruka gukinira ikipe Liège ya Basket muri shampiyona ya BNXT. Ahagarariye kandi ikipe y'igihugu ya basketball yu Rwanda.

Robeyns yakiniye Phoenix Brussels kuva muri 2018 kugeza 2021. Mu mwaka wa shampiyona wa 2020-21, yatsinze amanota 9.0 buri mukino. Ku itariki ya 20 Gicurasi 2021, Robeyns yasinye amasezerano na Liege ya Basket. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=Liege welcomes back Robeyns |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Belgium/news/685045/Liege-welcomes-back-Robeyns |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Eurobasket}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2022 mu kiruhuko, Robeyns yakiniye [[APR BBC|APR bbc]] muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|shampiyona ya Basketball y'u Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munyeshuri |first=Evode |date=2022-07-11 |title=REG BBC Proves Too Much For APR, RBL Weekend Wrap. {{!}} Ground Sports |url=https://ground-sports.com/reg-bbc-proves-too-much/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 4 Gicurasi 2024, Robeyns yakinnye bwa mbere muri shampiyona ya Basketball afurike  (BAL) ari kumwe na APR, atsinda amanota 6 na ribandi 5 mu mukino batsinze US Monastir mu minota y'inyongera. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obadiah inspires resilient APR in overtime win over US Monastir |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/obadiah-inspires-resilient-apr-in-overtime-win-over-us-monastir |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The BAL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga w'ikipe y'igihugu ==
Muri Kanama 2021, Robeyn yongerewe ku rutonde rw'abakinnyi bakina umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Robeyns William mu bakinnyi 12 b'u Rwanda bazakina Afrobasket 2021 |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/basketball/article/robeyns-william-mu-bakinnyi-12-b-u-rwanda-bazakina-afrobasket-2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=IGIHE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 25 Kanama 2021, Robeyn yakinnye umukino we wa mbere ku munsi wa mbere w'irushanwa maze atanga amanota 24 ku ntsinzi ya DR Congo ku manota 81 - 68. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=&quot;Belg&quot; William Robeyns schittert op Afro Basket |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210825_95140184 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=Het Nieuwsblad |language=nl-BE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yatsindiye umudari mu irushanwa rya FIBA afurike ryo mu 2023 ryabereye muri Angola, rikaba ari ryo rya mbere igihugu cyarangije ku mwanya wa mbere mu irushanwa mpuzamahanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda see off DR Congo for historic podium finish |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/afrocan/2023/news/rwanda-see-off-dr-congo-for-historic-podium-finish |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robert Thomson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21745</id>
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      <text bytes="1384" sha1="i1jeb7k6a6mtoctajeokv5oye7hv6td" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert Thomson''' (yavutse ku ya 28 Mutarama 1982) Ni umwe mu bagize ikipe y'igihugu ya Basketball y'abagabo yu [[Rwanda]]. Thomson yavukiye muri Penesilivaniya, yarangije amashuri yisumbuye i Valey, muri Penesilivaniya. Yakinnye basketball muri kaminuza  ya Fairfield.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/83119/Sports/thompson-makes-his-case&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.com/iowa-basketball/robert-morris-iowa-mens-basketball-glance-time-tv-game-info-nov-4-2025/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-02-28 |archive-date=2025-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103184149/https://www.thegazette.com/iowa-basketball/robert-morris-iowa-mens-basketball-glance-time-tv-game-info-nov-4-2025/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Thomson yimukiye mu Rwanda mu 2006 nyuma yo kurangiza muri Fairfield no gukina imyaka ibiri ya basketball y'ababigize umwuga muri [[Hongiriya]] no mu [[Ubutaliyani|Butaliyani]]. Thomson yaje kubona pasiporo yu Rwanda aba umwe mu bagize ikipe y’u Rwanda, yarangirije kumwannya wa cyenda muri Shampiyona y’Afurika ya FIBA ​​2009 ndetse na 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vindy.com/obituaries/2025/12/robert-s-thompson-1923-2025/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/sen-mar-senegal-stun-morocco-with-comeback&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dusabe Telesphore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21748</id>
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'''Telesphore Dusabe''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Gicurasi 1965) ni umukinnyi w’umunyarwanda wiruka intera ndende muri marato. Yitabiriye marato y’abagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yo mu 1988. 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>J. Cole</title>
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      <text bytes="3802" sha1="335g8v2bskd1znuzjo401bzlo0v7n27" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:HOTSPOTATL - 21 Savage &amp; J.Cole Light Birthday Bash ATL 2023 On FIRE (xu6HKf40MX0 - 2m38s) (cropped).jpg|thumb|J. Cole ukora umuzika agakina na basketball muri PAtriots BBC]]
'''Jermaine Lamarr Cole''' (yavutse ku ya 28 Mutarama 1985) ni umuraperi ukomoka muri umunyamerika akaba atunganya amajwi y'indirimbo. Yavukiye mu kigo cya gisirikare mu Budage akurira i Fayetteville, muri Carolina y’Amajyaruguru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=J. Cole |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/j-cole-interview-billboard-cover-story-8476757/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927174311/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8476757/j-cole-interview-billboard-cover-story |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |access-date=May 10, 2018 |website=Biography |publisher=A&amp;E Television Networks |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cole yatangiye kumenyekana nk’umuraperi nyuma yo gusohora indirimbo za mbere, mu ntangiriro za 2007. Agamije gukomeza umwuga we wa muzika, yasinye amasezerano na Roc Nation ya Jay-Z muri 2009 anasohora izindi ndirimbo ebyirii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=J. Cole |url=https://www.rocnation.com/music/j-cole/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805083648/http://rocnation.com/j-cole |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |access-date=April 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wa Basketball ==
Cole yakinnye [[Umupira w’agatebo|basketball]] mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Terri Saniforde muri Carolina y'Amajyaruguru. yagerageje kujya muri Kaminuza ya St. John kandi yari umwe mu bakinnyi 10 bahamagawe mu mwaka we wa kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Scott |title=Rapper J. Cole to play for Rwanda in pro basketball league in Africa |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2021/05/10/rapper-j-cole-to-play-rwanda-basketball-africa-league/5020796001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512130056/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2021/05/10/rapper-j-cole-to-play-rwanda-basketball-africa-league/5020796001/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2012, Cole yakiniye ikipe y'Iburasirazuba mu mukino w'ibyamamare wa NBA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2016 |title=NBA All-Star Celebrity Game Grades: The Good, The Bad And The Ugly |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/14769543/nba-all-star-celebrity-game-grades-good-bad-ugly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416025749/http://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/article/14769543/nba-all-star-celebrity-game-grades-good-bad-ugly |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2013, Cole yabwiye ''Sports Illustrated'' ati: &quot;Siporo nibwo yatangira kuri njye. Ijyanye n'ubuzima bwanjye. Rap ni ikintu gikunda amarushanwa. Niyo mpamvu ntagomba kureka siporo. Ngomba gukomeza. Ni ubuzima bwanjye mu bundi buryo. 

Mu Rwanda yaje gukinira Patriots BBC ubwo yari mu marushanwa ya shampiyona yu Rwanda, ndetse na marushamwa nyafurika ya bale  

Mu 2014, mu kiganiro na Angie Martinez, Cole yashyize Tupac, The Notorious BIG, Nas, na Jay- Z mu baraperi be bane ba mbere mu bihe byose, naho André 3000 na Eminem bazamuka ku mwanya wa gatanu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=December 12, 2014 |title=J. Cole Lists Top 5 Rappers, Recalls &quot;Worshipping&quot; Eminem |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/j-cole-lists-top-5-rappers-recalls-worshipping-eminem-news.13210.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132023/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/j-cole-lists-top-5-rappers-recalls-worshipping-eminem-news.13210.html |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016 |website=hotnewhiphop}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impaka ==

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Will Perry</title>
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    <id>21757</id>
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      <id>141781</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:22:31Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1565" sha1="aqy9dibvj2jsoyxdeyz885o8sibv12j" xml:space="preserve">'''William Kiah Perry''' (yavutse ku ya 11 Ukwakira 1994) ni umukinnyi wa [[Umupira w’agatebo|Basketball]] w'umunyamerika ubarizwa mu babigize umwuga. Areshya na metero 1.83 . Perry akina nk'umuzamu w'inyuma. Yahoze ari umukinnyi muri  kaminuza ya Lenoir, amaze imyaka myinshi akina umukino wa Basketball mu Burayi no muri afurika. Perry yari afite agahigo ko gutsinda amanota menshi mu mukino umwe wa BAL, ni umukinnyi wakinnye mu ikipe ya mbere y'abakinyi beza ba BAL  inshuro imwe ndetse akaba n'umukinnyi wegukanye igihembo cy'umugabo mwiza muri BAL inshuro ebyiri.

== Umwuga ==

==== Kigali Titans (2023) ====
Ku ya 8 Mutarama 2023, Perry yinjiye muri [[Kigali Titans]] yo muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|shampiyona y'umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda]] (RBL) ku masezerano y'ukwezi kumwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-01-08 |title=Basketball: Titans make two major signings ahead of new season |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4093/sports/basketball/basketball-titans-make-two-major-signings-ahead-of-new-season |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2023-01-12 |title=Titans' new signing Perry on his basketball aspirations in Rwanda |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4202/sports/basketball/titans-new-signing-perry-on-his-basketball-aspirations-in-rwanda |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2005 CECAFA Cup</title>
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    <id>21761</id>
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'''Igikombe cya CECAFA cyo muri 2005''' cyaricya 29 cy'irushanwa. Cyabereye mu [[Rwanda]], kandi cyatsinzwe na Ethiopia . Imikino yakinwe hagatiya 26 Ugushyingo kugeza 10 Ukuboza. Imikino yos yakinwe muri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] i [[Kigali]] .

Kenya yasezerewe kuberakunanirwa kwishyura amafarangaya CECAFA .

== Icyiciro cy'itsinda ==

=== Itsinda A ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! width=&quot;165&quot; |Ikipe
! width=&quot;20&quot; | Amanota
! width=&quot;20&quot; | Pld
! width=&quot;20&quot; | W
! width=&quot;20&quot; | D
! width=&quot;20&quot; | L
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GF
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GA
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GD
|- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|ZAN}}
| '''10'''
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 7
| 2
| +5
|- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|RWA}}
| '''9'''
| 4
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 8
| 4
| +4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|TAN}}
| '''7'''
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 5
| 5
| 0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|BDI}}
| '''1'''
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 2
| 6
| –4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|ERI}}
| '''1'''
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 2
| 7
| –5
|}
 
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=== Itsinda B ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! width=&quot;165&quot; |Ikipe
! width=&quot;20&quot; | Amanota
! width=&quot;20&quot; | Pld
! width=&quot;20&quot; | W
! width=&quot;20&quot; | D
! width=&quot;20&quot; | L
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GF
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GA
! width=&quot;20&quot; | GD
|- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|UGA}}
| '''10'''
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 16
| 1
| +15
|- align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccffcc;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|ETH|1996}}
| '''10'''
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 12
| 2
| +10
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|SUD}}
| '''6'''
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 7
| 12
| –5
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|SOM}}
| '''3'''
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 6
| 10
| –4
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Fb|DJI}}
| '''1'''
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 2
| 18
| –16
|}
 
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== Icyiciro cya Knockout ==

=== Igice cya kabiri ===
 
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=== Umukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatatu ===
 

=== Umusozo ===
 

== Amareferensi ==
[https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/eastcentrafr.html Ububiko bwa RSSSF]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2011 African U-17 Championship</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21763</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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'''Shampiyona y'Afurika y'abatarengeje imyaka 17 yomuri 2011''' yarirushanwa ry'umupira w'amaguru ryateguwe n'Ishyirahamwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|ry'Umupira w'Amaguru muri Afurika]] (CAF). Irirushanwa ryabereye mu [[Rwanda]] . Amakipe ane yambere yabashije kwitabira Igikombe cy'Isi cya FIFA cy'Abatarengeje imyaka 17 cyo mu 2011 .

== Impamyabushobozi ==

=== Amakipe yujuje ibisabwa ===

*  Burkina Faso
*  Congo
*  Ivory Coast
*  Egypt
*  Gambia
*  Mali
*  Rwanda  (Host nation)
*  Senegal

== Ahantu habera ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
![[Kigali]]
! [[Kigali]]
! [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]]
|-
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]]
| [[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Stade Régional Nyamirambo]]
| [[Sitade Umuganda|Sitade y'Umuganda]]
|-
| Ubushobozi: 35.000
| Ubushobozi: 22.000
| Ubushobozi: 5,000
|-
|}

== Icyiciro cy'itsinda ==

=== Itsinda A ===
  
---- 
---- 
---- 
----  

=== Itsinda B ===
  
---- 
---- 
---- 
---- 
---- 

== Icyiciro cyo gukubita ==
{{Round4-with third
&lt;!--Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!-- semi-finals --&gt;|18 January – [[Kigali]] ([[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]])|'''{{fbu|17|BUR}}''' ([[Penalty shootout (football)|pen.]])|'''1 (4)'''|{{fbu|17|CGO}}|1 (2)|19 January – [[Kigali]] ([[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]])|{{fbu|17|CIV}}|0|'''{{fbu|17|RWA}}'''|'''1'''
&lt;!-- final --&gt;|22 January – [[Kigali]] ([[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]])|'''{{fbu|17|BUR}}'''|'''2'''|{{fbu|17|RWA}}|1
&lt;!-- third place --&gt;|21 January – [[Kigali]] ([[Stade Régional Nyamirambo]])|'''{{fbu|17|CGO}}'''|'''2'''|{{fbu|17|CIV}}|1}}  

=== Umusozo ===
 

== Abatsinze ==
{{winners-other|2011 CAF Under-17 Championship|BFA|[[Burkina Faso national under-17 football team|Burkina Faso]]|First}}

== Abatsinze ibitego ==

; Ibitego 4 

; Ibitego 3 

; Ibitego 2 

; Igitego 1 

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708114404/http://canrwanda2011.com/ www.canrwanda2011.com]
* [http://www.cafonline.com/?lng=1&amp;opt=27&amp;cmpt=1&amp;titre=Results%20&amp;%20fixtures Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru muri Afurika]</text>
      <sha1>1gg6xfbxv5ktirb1aksjzwxtsow9eea</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aliou Diarra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141948</id>
      <parentid>140342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2354" sha1="99o2ccvdri8i0gi5vex0uzbmvyiz4io" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Aliou Diarra 31 Virtus Pallacanestro Bologna Euroleague 20260925 (2) (cropped).JPG|thumb|Aliou Diarra muri APR BBC]]
'''Aliou Fadiala Diarra''' (yavutse ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2001) ni umukinnyi ukora umukino [[Umupira w’agatebo|basketball]] ukomoka muri [[mali]] wa bigize umwuga, wakinaga mu ikipe ya Virtus Bologna yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cya Lega  (LBA). Diarra yashyizwe mu makipe yo hanze nka Sitade mali kandi ntiyari azwi mu ma kipe ya basketball y’a babigize umwuga kugeza ubwo yamenyekanye mu 2023 kubera uburyo yitwaye muri shampiyona nyafurika ya Basketball  (BAL). Mu mwaka we wa mbere, yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w’umwaka mu bw'ugarizi ukina muri BAL ndetse anashyirwa mu ikipe ya mbere ya bakinnyi beza ba BAL. Yatsindiye igihembo cya kabiri nka nyugariro muri BAL yo muri 2025. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Diarra yakinnye bwa mbere mu ikipe y’igihugu ya Mali muri 2023 maze abageza ku mudari wa feza muri shampiyona ya FIBA y'afurika 2025 .

=== APR (2024–2025) ===
Ku itariki ya 17 Nyakanga 2024, Diarra yasinye amasezerano y'umwaka umwe na [[APR BBC]]  yatwaye igikombe m'u Rwanda muri [[Rwanda Basketball League|shampiyona y'umukino wa Basketball mu Rwanda]] (RBL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2024-07-17 |title=Basketball: APR sign Malian center Aliou Diarra |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/18533/sports/basketball/basketball-apr-sign-malian-center-aliou-diarra |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatwaye ibikombe bibiri bya RBL n'igikombe cy'u Rwanda mu mwaka wa mbere mu ikipe ya Lions. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nuwamanya |first=Amon |date=2024-09-23 |title=Basketball: APR BBC Crowned Champions After Defeating Patriots 4-2 in Playoff Series |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/09/basketball-apr-bbc-crowned-champions-after-defeating-patriots-4-2-in-playoff-series/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=KT PRESS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2024-08-10 |title=APR wins inaugural Rwanda basketball cup tournament |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/19086/sports/football/apr-wins-inaugural-rwanda-basketball-cup-tournament |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:APR BBC]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
      <sha1>99o2ccvdri8i0gi5vex0uzbmvyiz4io</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patrick Sibomana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21785</id>
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      <id>141648</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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'''Patrick Sibomana''' (wavutse kuya 15 Ukwakira 1996) ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] w'u Rwanda wabigize umwuga ukina hagati mw' ikipe ya Al-Wahda Tripoli . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sibomana, Patrick Papy |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/50376/Patrick_Papy_Sibomana.html |access-date=9 January 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sibomana, Patrick Papy |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/50376/Patrick_Papy_Sibomana.html |access-date=9 January 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/50376/Patrick_Papy_Sibomana.html &quot;Sibomana, Patrick Papy&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!Intego
! Itariki
! Aho bizabera
! Umwanzi
! Amanota
! Ibisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 6 Gashyantare 2013
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|UGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–2
| Inshuti
|-
| 2.
| 7 Kamena 2015
| Stade Amahoro, Kigali, u Rwanda
|{{Fb|TAN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| Inshuti
|}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* {{Soccerway|patrick-sibomana/289430}}</text>
      <sha1>h92cmiueebzz5cv7tc98x3b24xvxfnl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Israel Otobo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142051</id>
      <parentid>128674</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:39:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="686" sha1="ih9wettbd0w440oftzvkd7cc671grvs" xml:space="preserve">'''Israel Oyoro Otobo''' (yavutse ku ya 31 Gicurasi 2004) ni umukinnyi ukina Basketball w'abigize umwuga ukomoka muri Nijeriya ubu akinira ikipe ya City Oil. Akinira mu kibuga hagati, anakinira ikipe y'igihugu ya Nijeriya kuva muri 2023.

== Umwuga ==
Mu Gushyingo 2024, yinjiye mu ikipe ya APR BBC avuye mu ikipr yo muri [[Uganda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA Africa Zone 5 Weekly Review: 11/11/2024 {{!}} AfricaBasket |url=https://www.africabasket.net/articles/fiba-africa-zone-5-weekly-review-11-11-2024 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.africabasket.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:APR BBC]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]</text>
      <sha1>ih9wettbd0w440oftzvkd7cc671grvs</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hegman Ngomirakiza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21810</id>
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      <id>141649</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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'''Hegman Ngomirakiza''' (wavutse kuya 25 Werurwe 1992) [[Umupira w’amaguru|numupira wamaguru]] mpuzamahanga wu Rwanda ukinira [[APR FC|APR]] .

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ngomirakiza, Hegman |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/24732/Hegman_Ngomirakiza.html |access-date=29 May 2018 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya
! Itariki
! Aho bizabera
! Umwanzi
! Amanota
! Ibisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 13 Ukuboza 2007
| Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya]]
|{{Fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''7''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 9–0
| Igikombe cya CECAFA cyo mu 2007
|-
| 2.
| 27 Ugushyingo 2015
| Stade Awassa Kenema, Awasa, [[Etiyopiya]]
|{{Fb|SOM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''3''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Igikombe cya CECAFA cya 2015
|-
| 3.
| 24 Mutarama 2016
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
|{{Fb|RWA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 3
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–4
| [[2016 African Nations Championship|Shampiyona y'ibihugu bya Afurika ya 2016]]
|}

== Ibyubahiro ==

; APR

'''Uwatsinze'''

* [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|Shampiyona y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru y'u Rwanda]] (5): 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* {{Soccerway|hegman-ngomirakiza/162213}}</text>
      <sha1>cl4240oekn2sfbt3qu12kt7iuysra4w</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dominique Savio Nshuti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141650</id>
      <parentid>128710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:03Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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'''Dominique Savio Nshuti''' (yavutse 1 Mutarama mwi 1997) [[Umupira w’amaguru|numupira wamaguru]] [[Rwanda|wu Rwanda]] .

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nshuti, Dominique Savio |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/59632/Dominique_Savio_Nshuti.html |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!Oya
! Itariki
! Aho bizabera
! Umwanzi
! Amanota
! Ibisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 29 Werurwe 2016
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
|{{Fb|MRI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5–0
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2017
|-
| 2.
| 15 Nyakanga 2017
| CCM Kirumba Stade, Mwanza, [[Tanzaniya]]
|{{Fb|TAN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo kwegukana igikombe cya Afurika cy'ibihugu 2018
|}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* {{Soccerway|dominique-savio-nshuti/428658}}</text>
      <sha1>13n6kfidip2yfp7v787fcph2wiluehu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Innocent Nshuti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141651</id>
      <parentid>129007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>141651</origin>
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'''Innocent Nshuti''' (wavutse kuwa 31 Mutarama mu 1998).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.transfermarkt.com/innocent-nshuti/profil/spieler/599442&lt;/ref&gt;[[Umupira w’amaguru|numupira wamaguru]] wumupira wamaguru wu [[Rwanda]] ukina nkumukinnyi ukinira ikipe ya ES Zarzis yomuri Tuniziya.

Nyuma yogufasha [[APR FC|APR]] gutwara ibikombe bine [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|bya Shampiyona y'Urwanda]] byikurikiranya, '''Nshuti Innocent''' yerekeje mw' ikipe ya American USL League One One Knoxville muri Mutarama 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Knoxville SC signs Nshuti Innocent |url=https://www.oneknoxsc.com/news/2024/01/15/one-knoxville-signs-nshuti-innocent/ |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=OneKnoxSC.com |publisher=[[One Knoxville SC|One Knoxville]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yasezerewe na Knoxville nyuma y'umwaka wabo womuri 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Knoxville SC - Departing Players following 2024 Campaign |url=https://www.oneknoxsc.com/news/2024/12/03/one-knoxville-departing-players-2024/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibare y'umwuga ==

=== Ikipe ===
{{updated|1 June 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|innocent-nshuti/532027|accessdate=1 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imikinire n'ibitego hakurikijwe ikipe, shampiyona n'amarushanwa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ikipe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igihembwe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Shampiyona
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igikombe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Umugabane
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ibindi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
|-
! Ishami
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
|-
| Stade Tunisien
| 2018–19
| CLP-1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Igiteranyo cy'umwuga
! 3
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 3
! 0
|}

; Inyandiko
{{updated|matches played 18 November 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|68568|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imikinire n'ibitego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka
! Ikipe y'igihugu
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Amavubi|U Rwanda]]
| 2017
| 7
| 2
|-
| 2021
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2023
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2024
| 10
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
! 23
! 6
|}

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota u Rwanda rwatsinze mbere, inkingi y'amanota igaragaza amanota nyuma ya buri gitego cya Nshuti.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Urutonde rw'ibitego mpuzamahanga byatsinzwe na Innocent Nshuti 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Oya.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Itariki
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aho bizabera
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umwanzi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Amanota
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ibisubizo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Irushanwa
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1
| 7 Kanama 2017
| [[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Sitade y'akarere ka Nyamirambo]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|SUD}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–1
| Inshuti
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2
| 9 Ukuboza 2017
| Stade ya Kenyatta, Machakos, Kenya
|{{Fb|TAN}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–1
| Igikombe cya CECAFA cya 2017
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 3
| 21 Ugushyingo 2023
| [[Stade Huye]], [[Butare]], Rwanda
|{{Fb|RSA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–0
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cya 2026
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 4
| 4 Nzeri 2024
| Sitade ya Tripoli, Tripoli, Libiya
|{{Fb|LBY}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 5
| 15 Ukwakira 2024
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], Kigali, u Rwanda
|{{Fb|BEN}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 6
| 18 Ugushyingo 2024
| Godswill Akpabio Stade Mpuzamahanga, Uyo, Nijeriya
|{{Fb|NGA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 2–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025
|}

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean Lomami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141652</id>
      <parentid>128738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5079" sha1="hpqwn0ck41piekuzjajk74ej3ukk6x0" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Jean Lomami''' (wavutse kuya 27 Nyakanga 1982) ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] w'Umunyarwanda. Yakinnye imikino 26 mw' [[Amavubi|ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru y'Urwanda]] kuva muri 2003 kugeza muri 2009.  Yanatoranyijwe mw' ikipe y'u Rwanda yitabiriye irushanwa rya Afurika ryo mu 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=RSSSF}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=27 June 2009 |title=Lomami dropped |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/9125 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=[[The New Times (Rwanda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imikinire n'ibitego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka 
! Ikipe y'igihugu
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Amavubi|U Rwanda]]
| 2003
| 4
| 3
|-
| 2004
| 10
| 6
|-
| 2005
| 7
| 4
|-
| 2006
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2009
| 4
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
! 26
! 14
|}

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragazwa n'umubare w'ibitego by'u Rwanda mbere, inkingi y'amanota igaragaza amanota nyuma yaburi gitego cya Lomani.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+List of international goals scored by Jean Lomami
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |No.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Opponent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Competition
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|12 October 2003
|[[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stadium]], [[Kigali]], Rwanda
|{{Fb|Namibia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-0
|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Namibia |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/229/Rwanda_Namibia.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|15 November 2003
|Independence Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia
|{{Fb|Namibia}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-1
|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs. Rwanda |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/230/Namibia_Rwanda.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
|8 December 2003
|Khartoum Stadium, Khartoum, Sudan
|{{Fb|Kenya}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-1
|2003 CECAFA Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Kenya |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/19216/Rwanda_Kenya.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |11 December 2004
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Addis Ababa Stadium, [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|Zanzibar}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4-2
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004 CECAFA Cup
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Zanzibar |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18648/Rwanda_Zanzibar.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2-1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |19 December 2004
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|Tanzania}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1-0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5-1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004 CECAFA Cup
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Tanzania |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18603/Rwanda_Tanzania.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |8
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-0
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |9
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5-1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |10
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30 November 2005
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Eritrea}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2005 CECAFA Cup]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Eritrea |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/17532/Rwanda_Eritrea.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |11
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 December 2005
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fb|Tanzania}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005 CECAFA Cup
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Tanzania |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/17496/Rwanda_Tanzania.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |13
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |—
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |14
|9 January 2009
|Mandela National Stadium, Kira Town, Uganda
|{{Fb|Zanzibar}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3-0
|2008 CECAFA Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda vs. Zanzibar |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/4807/Rwanda_Zanzibar.html |access-date=21 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Djihad Bizimana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141653</id>
      <parentid>136035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6610" sha1="5m6a82cq044yh1bpbj1w3c8ocepw3zy" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Djihad Bizimana''' (wavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1996)  afite uburebure bwa metero imwe na centimetero mirongwinani (1,80m) Akaba yaravukiye mugihugu cy'u Rwanda  muntara y'uburengerazuba (Gisenyi)ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] mugihugu cy'u Rwanda wabigize umwuga ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati mu ikipe ya CS Constantine yo muri Alijeriya ndetse n'ikipe [[Amavubi|y'igihugu y'u Rwanda]] .

== Umwuga w'ikipe ==
'''Bizimana Djihad''' yakinnye mu ikipe y'urubyiruko ya [[Ikipe ya Etincelles FC|Etincelles]] kuva afite imyaka 15, akaba yaratangiye gukina muri [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon sport Fc]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Djihad Bizimana yatsinze igeragezwa muri Waasland-Beveren |url=https://ruhagoyacu.com/rwanda-1/amakuru-ashyushye/article/exclusive-djihad-bizimana-yatsinze-igeragezwa-muri-waasland-beveren |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 26 Mata 2018, Bizimana yinjiye muri Waasland-Beveren avuye mu ikipe ya [[APR FC|APR]] FC yo mu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Djihad Bizimana yasinye imyaka itatu muri Waasland-Beveren #Rwanda |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/amagare/article/djihad-bizimana-yasinye-imyaka-itatu-muri-waasland-beveren |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bizimana yakinnye bwa mbere mu ikipe ya Waasland-Beveren mu mukino wahuje ikipe ya SV Zulte Waregem yo mu cyiciro cya mbere mu Bubiligi, aho yakinnye na SV Zulte Waregem ibitego 2-2 ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zulte-Waregem vs. Waasland-Beveren - 28 July 2018 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/28/belgium/pro-league/sv-zulte-waregem/kv-red-star-waasland/2794757/ |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 28 Gicurasi 2021, yemeye kujya muri Deinze mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'Ububiligi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=DJIHAD BIZIMANA TWEEDE AANKOOP VOOR SK DEINZE |url=https://kmskdeinze.be/nieuws/2021/05/djihad-bizimana-tweede-aankoop-voor-sk-deinze/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=[[K.M.S.K. Deinze|Deinze]] |language=nl |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016003402/https://kmskdeinze.be/nieuws/2021/05/djihad-bizimana-tweede-aankoop-voor-sk-deinze/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 26 Nyakanga 2023, yinjiye mu ikipe ya FC Kryvbas yo muri Ukraine muri shampiyona y'icyiciro cya mbere ku masezerano y'imyaka ibiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gyimah |first=Edmund Okai |date=2023-07-26 |title=Bizimana joins Ukrainian side Kryvbas |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/9385/sports/football/bizimana-joins-ukrainian-side-kryvbas |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakinnye umukino we wa mbere muri iyi kipe mu mukino wahuje ikipe ya Oleksandriya na Oleksandriya, aza gusimbuza ku munota wa 46. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oleksandria vs. Kryvbas KR - 30 July 2023 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/30/ukraine/premier-league/pfc-olexandria/fc-hirnik-kryvyi-rih/4119616/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813201733/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/30/ukraine/premier-league/pfc-olexandria/fc-hirnik-kryvyi-rih/4119616/ |archive-date=2023-08-13 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=int.soccerway.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2025, '''Bizimana  Djihad''' yasinye amasezerano y'imyaka ibiri na Al Ahli SC ku giciro kitatangajwe hejuru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gyimah |first=Edmund Okai |date=2025-02-07 |title=Transfers: Bizimana joins Al Ahli Tripoli as York moves to Zed FC |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/23880/sports/football/transfers-bizimana-joins-al-ahli-tripoli-as-york-moves-to-zed-fc |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku itariki ya 31 Mutarama 2026, yinjiye mu ikipe ya CS Constantine yo muri Alijeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2026 |title=جهاد بيزيمانا خامس صفقات النادي الرياضي القسنطيني |url=https://footalgeriedz.com/%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b3-%d8%b5%d9%81%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7/ |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=footalgeriedz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Bizimana Djihad yari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w’ingimbi mu ikipe y’u [[Rwanda]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF - Confederation of African |title=CAF - Competitions - 19th Edition of The African U-20 Championship, Senegal 2015 - Match Details |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/19theditionoftheafricanu-20championship,senegal2015/MatchDetails?MatchId=O33zbLoFwRo3JPHN+pFRWha4qN0bhY3LY8vy4hQtVr+VUP/UoAGQTy57OtQBnIQO |website=www.cafonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yabanje mu [[Amavubi|ikipe y’igihugu y’u Rwanda]] mu mukino wa gicuti batsinzwemo na Zambia ibitego 2-0 ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Zambia vs. Rwanda (2:0) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12842/Zambia_Rwanda.html |website=www.national-football-teams.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibare y'umwuga ==

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|id=58941|accessdate=10 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Oya.
! Itariki
! Aho bizabera
! Umwanzi
! Amanota
! Ibisubizo
! Irushanwa
|-
| 1.
| 10 Nzeri 2019
| [[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Stade Régional Nyamirambo]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|SEY}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7–0
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cya 2022
|-
| 2.
| 25 Werurwe 2024
| Sitade ya Mahamasina, [[Antananarivo]], Madagasikari
|{{Fb|MAD}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| Inshuti
|-
| 3.
| 15 Ukwakira 2024
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|BEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''2''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2025
|}

== Ibyubahiro ==

* [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|Shampiyona y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru y'u Rwanda]] (1): [[2015–16 Rwanda National Football League Rwanda 2015–16|2015-16]]

'''U Rwanda'''

* Igikombe cya CECAFA cyabaye icya kabiri: 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda vs Rwanda (1-0) Dec 5, 2015 Lineups and Squads |url=https://www.footballcritic.com/cecafa-cup-uganda-rwanda/lineups/553410}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
 

=== Indanganturo ===
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* {{Soccerway|djihad-bizimana/407237}}
{{CS Constantine squad}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean-Claude Iranzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141654</id>
      <parentid>128746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4157" sha1="df21srfunzyses6okuk1ikr48cliv7b" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Jean-Claude Iranzi''' (wavutse kuya 5 Ukwakira 1990) n[[Umupira w’amaguru|umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru]] w'u Rwanda wabigize umwuga, akaba aherutse gukinira ikipe ya [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'u Rwanda]] . 

== Umwuga w'ikipe ==

=== Kiyovu Sport ===
Iranzi yavukiye i [[Kigali]] . Yatangiye umwuga we muri 2004 muri [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports|SC Kiyovu Sport]], azamurwa mu ntera mw' ikipe [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|ya shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo]] muri 2006. Yakinnye bwa mbere muri Kiyovu Sport muri Kamena 2006.

=== Ikipe ya APR FC ===
Mu Ukuboza 2008, Iranzi yasinye amasezerano na [[APR FC]], ikipe yambere yatwaye [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|igikombe cya shampiyona y'u Rwanda]] . Yakinnye umukino wewa mbere wa APR FC mumukino wagicuti wateguwe n'ikipe [[Police Fc|ya Police FC]] .  Afatanyije na APR, Iranzi yegukanye igikombe cya shampiyona y'u Rwanda cyomu 2009-10, bityo abona umwanya muri CAF Champions League yo mu 2011, aho APR yasezerewe mucyiciro cyambere na Club Africain yomuri Tuniziya ku manota 2-6. APR yongeye kuba igikombe cya shampiyona y'Ubwongereza muri 2010-11, bityo ikina muri CAF Champions League yo mu 2012 .

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Iranzi yakinnye shampiyona y'ingimbi z'abatarengeje imyaka 20 yabereye mu Rwanda.  Yakinnye umukino we wa mbere mw' ikipe ya &quot;Wasps&quot; ku ya 21 Kamena 2008 mu mukino wo gushaka itike yo gukina igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cya 2010 yakinnye n'ikipe y'igihugu ya Maroc .  Igitego cyambere mpuzamahanga cya Iranzi cyabonetse kuya 26 Werurwe 2011 murwego rwo gushaka itike yo gukina igikombe cya Afurika cya 2012. Iki gitego cyatsinzwe ku munota wa 44, cyatumye u Rwanda rutsinda Burundi igitego 1-0. U Rwanda rwatsinze umukino kumanota 3-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda beat Burundi for first win |url=http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=41802 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816234253/http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=41802 |archive-date=16 August 2011 |access-date=13 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imibare y'umwuga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Imikinire n'ibitego by'ikipe y'igihugu n'umwaka
! Ikipe y'igihugu
! Umwaka
! Porogaramu
! Ibitego
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | [[Amavubi|U Rwanda]]
| 2009
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 5
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 8
| 3
|-
| 2012
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 8
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 4
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 11
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 8
| 0
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 3
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igiteranyo
! 64
! 3
|}

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota u Rwanda rwatsinze mbere, inkingi y'amanota igaragaza amanota nyuma yaburi gitego cyaIranzi.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Urutonde rw'ibitego mpuzamahanga byatsinzwe na Jean-Claude Iranzi 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Oya.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Itariki
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aho bizabera
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umwanzi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Amanota
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ibisubizo
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Irushanwa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 26 Werurwe 2011
| [[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Stade Régional Nyamirambo]], [[Kigali]], u Rwanda
|{{Fb|BDI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina Igikombe cya Afurika cya 2012
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| 15 Ugushyingo 2011
| [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]], Kigali, u Rwanda
|{{Fb|ERI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–1
| Amajonjora yo guhatanira itike yo gukina igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cya 2014
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| 8 Ukuboza 2011
| Sitade y'igihugu, Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya
|{{Fb|SUD}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–1
| Igikombe cya CECAFA cya 2011
|}

== Ibyubahiro ==
'''Ikipe ya APR FC'''

* [[Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda|Shampiyona y'Urwanda]] : 2009–10, 2010–11
* [[Rwandan Cup|Igikombe cy'u Rwanda]] : 2010

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [https://futbalnet.sk/member/1375189/?_ga=1.223545374.488919173.1471291784#player Umwirondoro wa Futbalnet]

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>df21srfunzyses6okuk1ikr48cliv7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labama Bokota</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141655</id>
      <parentid>128763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
      <origin>141655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4877" sha1="ax9acjx9u9el5jc1tycbjsn12kgr4yg" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Bokota Kamana Labama''' (wavutse kuya 6 Mata 1985 i [[Kinshasa]] ) numukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|w'umupira w'amaguru]] [[Rwanda|w'umunyarwanda]] ukomoka mugihugu cya [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sport]] .

== Umwuga w'ikipe ==
Bokota yakinnye mbere muri [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sport]] na [[APR FC|Armée Patriotique Rwandaise FC]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;Bikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yatsindiye igihembo cy'umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru w'umwaka wa SMS Media ubwo yatangiraga gukina na Rayon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugabe, Bonnie |year=2007 |title=Bokota scoops SMS Media award |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=1370&amp;article=2759 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |issue=14740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bokota yahawe igihano cy'umwaka umwe [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|n'ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru rya Rwanda]] mu 2009, maze yerekeza muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya congo gukinira amakipe yomuri ako gace FC Les Stars na DC Motema Pembe. Muri Kanama 2011, yasinye amasezerano y'imyaka ibiri muri Rayon Sport, atangira gukinira ikipe yomu Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Arinaitwe, Ostine |date=31 August 2011 |title=Bokota seals Rayon Sports |url=http://in2eastafrica.net/bokota-seals-rayon-sports-move/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330114706/http://in2eastafrica.net/bokota-seals-rayon-sports-move/ |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=14 September 2011 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuya 8 Kanama 2012, rutahizamu waAmavubi Bokota Labama yinjiye muri [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports|Kiyovu Sports]] ku masezerano y'umwaka umwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kamasa |first=Peter |date=8 August 2012 |title=Rwanda: Kiyovu Snap Up Bokota |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208080578.html |access-date=15 May 2018 |work=Rwanda Focus (Kigali)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ==
Bokota ubu n' umwe mubagize [[Amavubi|ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru y'u Rwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugabe |first=Bonnie |date=29 August 2007 |title=Bokota lined up for Amavubi call |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=1338&amp;article=523 |access-date=20 December 2007 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igihugu yavukiyemo ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] .

=== Intego mpuzamahanga ===

: ''Amanota n'ibisubizo bigaragaza amanota y'u Rwanda ku isonga.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=da Bakar, Jamal |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/63613/Djamel_Bakar.html |access-date=5 April 2017 |publisher=National Football Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!No
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|1.
|8 September 2007
|[[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Amahoro Stadium]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
|{{Fb|LBR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|2.
|9 December 2007
|National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]
|{{Fb|ERI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2007 CECAFA Cup
|-
|3.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |13 December 2007
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |9–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007 CECAFA Cup
|-
|4.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''–0
|-
|5.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''8'''–0
|-
|6.
|31 May 2008
|[[Sitade regional i Nyamirambo|Stade Régional Nyamirambo]], Kigali, Rwanda
|{{Fb|MTN|1959}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|7.
|14 June 2008
|Stade Régional Nyamirambo, Kigali, Rwanda
|{{Fb|MAR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|8.
|5 January 2009
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, [[Ubugande|Uganda]]
|{{Fb|SOM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2008 CECAFA Cup
|-
|9.
|9 January 2009
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
|{{Fb|ZAN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2008 CECAFA Cup
|-
|10.
|5 June 2011
|Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium, [[Bujumbura]], [[Uburundi|Burundi]]
|{{Fb|BDI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–3
|2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|11.
|15 November 2011
|Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
|{{Fb|ERI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|12.
|2 December 2011
|National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
|{{Fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5–2
|2011 CECAFA Cup
|-
|13.
|10 June 2012
|Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
|{{Fb|BEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification
|}

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>ax9acjx9u9el5jc1tycbjsn12kgr4yg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Youssou Ndoye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141849</id>
      <parentid>139322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:25:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
      <origin>141849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3209" sha1="b7k5i0w7gvps8mh46yittjedl22x6be" xml:space="preserve">'''Youssou Ndoye''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Nyakanga 1991) ni umukinnyi w'abigize umwuga ukomoka muri [[Senegali|Senegal]]. Yakinnye Basketball muri Kaminuza mu ikipe ya Bonaventure iwabo. Anakinira ikipe y'igihugu ya Senegali ndetse yabaye na Kapiteni wayo.

== mu mashuri yisumbuye ==
Ndoye yakinnye basketball mu m'amashuri yisumbuye muri cademi y'i Lee, mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri. yatsinze mesnhi kuri buri mukino, yashyizwe mu byiciro by'amashuri abanza mu ishuri rye ajya muri kaminuza. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Youssou Ndoye bio |url=http://gobonnies.sbu.edu/sports/m-baskbl/2014-15/bios/ndoye_youssou_louc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515104429/https://gobonnies.sbu.edu/sports/m-baskbl/2014-15/bios/ndoye_youssou_louc |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=26 July 2015 |website=GoBonnies.sbu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==

=== APR (2025–ubu) ===
Ku ya 23 Mata 2025, Ndoye yinjiye mu ikipe ya [[APR BBC]] yo mu shampiyona ya basketbal yu Rwanda  (BAL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2025-04-23 |title=Basketball: APR signs NBA G-League winner, Senegalese centre |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/25890/sports/basketball/basketball-apr-signs-nba-g-league-winner-senegalese-centre |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndoye yafashije APR kurangiza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu mwaka wa 2025, gusa yashyizwe mu ikipe ya kabiri ya nziza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=BAL announces 2025 awards |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/bal-announces-2025-awards |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The BAL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsinze amanota 9 na ribandi 6.8 muri shampiyona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Youssou Ndoye Player Profile, Austin Spurs - RealGM |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Youssou-Ndoye/Summary/30605 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=basketball.realgm.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 18 Kamena. 

Ku ya 12 Nyakanga 2025, Ndoye yegukanye igikombe cya [[Rwanda Basketball League|shampiyona ya Basketball mu Rwanda]] (RBL) ari kumwe na APR, nyuma yo gutsinda [[REG BBC]] mu mukino wa nyuma. Yatsinze amanota 26 menshi, ndetse na ribandi 7 na n'imipira  3 mu mukino wa 5 ukomeye, nyuma yaho barangije batsinze. Ndoye yagizwe umukinnyi w’indashyikirwa mu iryo rushanwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sikubwabo |first=Damas |date=2025-07-12 |title=APR see off REG in Game 5, win record 16th championship |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/28003/sports/basketball/apr-see-off-reg-in-game-5-win-record-16th-championship |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikipe y'igihugu ==
Ndoye akinira ikipe y'igihugu ya Senegal, ndetse no muri shampiyona ya furika  muri 2017 na [[FIBA AfroBasket 2021|2021]], yegukana umudari, ndetse no mu gikombe cy'isi cya Basketball cy o muri 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Youssou Ndoye (Senegal) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/181170-youssou-ndoye |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:APR BBC]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
      <sha1>b7k5i0w7gvps8mh46yittjedl22x6be</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemu Nsengiyumva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141607</id>
      <parentid>128988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T16:37:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, ishusho, imiterere, ibyo yagezeho 2024, itariki y'amavuko ikosowe (3 Gashyantare 1998, nk'uko biri kuri Wikidata na fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3548" sha1="njtwh0rx3sxfck0i0o0kdfbzvxtqr6r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Shemu Nsengiyumva
| birth_date = 3 Gashyantare 1998
| birth_place = [[Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umukinnyi w'[[Igare|amagare]] w'umwuga
| employer = Java-Inovotec Pro Team
| known_for = Gusiganwa n'igihe (''contre-la-montre'')
| awards = Shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa n'igihe (2025)
}}
'''Shemu Nsengiyumva''' (yavutse ku wa 3 Gashyantare 1998) ni umukinnyi w'[[Igare|amagare]] w'umwuga w'[[Rwanda|Umunyarwanda]]. Ni inzobere mu gusiganwa n'igihe (''contre-la-montre''), akaba akinira ikipe yo ku rwego rw'umugabane ya Java-Inovotec Pro Team.

Yigaragaje muri [[Rwandan National Road Race Championships|shampiyona z'igihugu z'u Rwanda]], yegukana umwanya wa mbere mu gusiganwa n'igihe mu 2025 nyuma yo kuba uwa kabiri mu 2023. Yanahagarariye u Rwanda muri [[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025|shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu 2025]] yabereye i [[Kigali]].

== Ubuzima ==
Shemu Nsengiyumva yavutse ku wa 3 Gashyantare 1998 mu [[Rwanda]]. Yatangiriye gusiganwa ku magare mu gihugu cye cy'amavuko, maze yigaragaza vuba mu masiganwa yo mu mihanda ya Afurika, cyane cyane mu gusiganwa n'igihe. Iterambere rye rihoraho ryatumye yinjira mu ikipe yo ku rwego rw'umugabane (''équipe continentale'') ya Java-Inovotec Pro Team, akaba yaritabiriye amasiganwa menshi mpuzamahanga&lt;ref name=&quot;pcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shemu Nsengiyumva |url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/shemu-nsengiyumva |website=ProCyclingStats |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga ==
[[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|Ikarita y'imihanda ya [[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025]] i [[Kigali]]: umurongo w'icyatsi kibisi ugaragaza inzira yo gusiganwa n'igihe.]]
Nsengiyumva ari mu bakinnyi b'imbere mu gusiganwa n'igihe mu Rwanda: yagiye agera ku myanya y'imbere muri [[Rwandan National Road Race Championships|shampiyona z'igihugu]], anahagararira igihugu cye ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu 2025 yegukanye shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa n'igihe, anegukana umudari wa feza muri shampiyona ya Afurika yo gusiganwa n'igihe hagati y'amakipe avanze abagabo n'abagore&lt;ref name=&quot;pcs&quot; /&gt;.

Muri Nzeri 2025, muri [[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025]] yabereye i [[Kigali]], yabaye uwa 25 mu bakinnyi 55 mu isiganwa ryo gusiganwa n'igihe ry'abakuru (''elite'')&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Louvet 'proud' of Rwandans' early show at UCI World Championships |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/29932 |website=The New Times |date=2025-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibyo yagezeho ==
* 2023
** Uwa 2 muri shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa n'igihe
** Uwa 3 muri shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa mu muhanda
* 2024
** Uwa 4 muri shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa n'igihe
** Uwa 5 muri shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa mu muhanda
* 2025
** Yatsinze shampiyona y'u Rwanda yo gusiganwa n'igihe
** Umudari wa feza muri shampiyona ya Afurika yo gusiganwa n'igihe hagati y'amakipe avanze
** Uwa 25 muri [[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025|shampiyona y'isi]] (gusiganwa n'igihe, abakuru)

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025]]
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[Rwandan National Road Race Championships]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Shemu Nsengiyumva |url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/shemu-nsengiyumva |website=ProCyclingStats |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nsengiyumva, Shemu}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>njtwh0rx3sxfck0i0o0kdfbzvxtqr6r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ebun Comets</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141590</id>
      <parentid>129282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T14:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: buri makuru ashingiye ku nyandiko zizewe; inkomoko zapfuye zasimbujwe; amakuru adafite inkomoko yakuweho</comment>
      <origin>141590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3509" sha1="psjpq7v0sqhyp0we6o8lst254awldlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ebun Comets
| label1 = Umukino
| data1 = [[Umupira w’agatebo|Basketball]]
| label2 = Igihugu
| data2 = [[Nijeriya]]
| label3 = Icyicaro
| data3 = Lagos
| label4 = Shampiyona
| data4 = Premier League (kuva mu 2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;dt21&quot;/&gt;
| label5 = Agace
| data5 = Atlantic Conference&lt;ref name=&quot;dt21&quot;/&gt;
| label6 = Umutoza (2005–2006)
| data6 = [[Ayo Bakare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;fiba0506&quot;/&gt;
| label7 = Shampiyona ya Nijeriya
| data7 = 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;fiba07&quot;/&gt;
| label8 = Crown Elite
| data8 = 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;crown21&quot;/&gt;
}}
'''Ebun Comets''' ni ikipe ya [[Umupira w’agatebo|basketball]] yo muri [[Nijeriya]], ifite icyicaro i Lagos. Ni imwe mu makipe afite amateka akomeye muri shampiyona ya Nijeriya.

Yegukanye shampiyona y'igihugu mu myaka ya 2000, harimo iya 2007, ndetse n'irushanwa rya Crown Elite Basketball Championship mu 2021.

== Amateka ==
Ebun Comets ni ikipe ifite amateka akomeye muri shampiyona ya Nijeriya, aho yasangiye ibikombe na Lagos Islanders mu gihe cy'imyaka igera kuri cumi n'itanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;fibapbl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NGR - Vmobile PBL Finals, the big battle begin |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/ngr-vmobile-pbl-finals-the-big-battle-begin |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka w'imikino wa 2005–2006, Ebun Comets yari ifite igikombe cya shampiyona (Premier League), itozwa na [[Ayo Bakare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fiba0506&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikuesan |first=Olusegun |title=NGR - Comets, Customs in VMobile Premier League opener |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/ngr-comets-customs-in-vmobile-premier-league-opener |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2007, yongeye kwegukana Premier League itsinze Union Bank amanota 74–64, ibona itike yo guhagararira Nijeriya mu marushanwa nyafurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;fiba07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Comets Win Premier League, Qualify for African Cup |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/nigeria-comets-win-premier-league-qualify-for-african-cup |website=FIBA.basketball |via=allAfrica |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, yageze ku mukino wa nyuma wa NBBF National Division One idatsinzwe, ihita izamurwa muri Premier League.&lt;ref name=&quot;dt21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngobua |first=David |date=2021-07-12 |title=Nile University battle Comets in NBBF Div One League finals |url=https://dailytrust.com/nile-university-battle-comets-in-nbbf-div-one-league-finals/ |website=Daily Trust |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku wa 14 Nyakanga 2021, yegukanye Crown Elite Basketball Championship itsinze Lagos Legends amanota 58–52.&lt;ref name=&quot;crown21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Crown Elite Basket Ball Championship 13-14 July 2021 |url=https://crownelite.org/portfolio/crown-elite-bball-championship/ |website=Crown Elite |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikombe ==
* Shampiyona ya Nijeriya (Premier League) – iya mbere: 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;fiba07&quot;/&gt;
* NBBF National Division One – yageze ku mukino wa nyuma: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dt21&quot;/&gt;
* Crown Elite Basketball Championship – iya mbere: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;crown21&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umupira w’agatebo]]
* [[Ayo Bakare]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024134925/http://www.africabasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=NGR&amp;Team=1263 Urupapuro rw'ikipe ya Africa-Basket.com] (ububiko)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebun Comets}}
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]
[[Ikiciro:Basketball]]
[[Ikiciro:Nijeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rehema Dudu</title>
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      <id>141795</id>
      <parentid>138014</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="708" sha1="lmnbb5gxtees74tyvjkjpy82fkjs3ob" xml:space="preserve">'''Rehema Dudu''' (yavutse 25 Gicurasi)ni [[umugore]] wa Niyonzima Moses, akaba abarizwa muri Korali y’i Gihogwe, anazwi mu itsinda ry’abafasha umuhanzi Papi Clever uri mu muziki uhimbaza [[Imana]], akaba n’umunyamakuru kuri Life Radio ya [[ADEPR Rwanda|ADEPR]], Umuhango wo gusezerana imbere y’Imana wabaye ku wa 14 Ugushyingo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/kubaho/urukundo/article/niyonzima-moses-wamamaye-mu-gufotora-yasezeranye-mu-mategeko-n-umukunzi-we&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima ==
Rehema Dudu ni umugore akaba ari umukristo mu itorero rya Adepr, akaba afite umugabo ndetse n'abana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]]
[[Ikiciro:Femme]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muyango claudine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22289</id>
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      <id>141815</id>
      <parentid>137526</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1204" sha1="lqc3ijjmtn86zo41za5j6ptiyursxwj" xml:space="preserve">'''Muyango claudine''' (uzwi nka Coco yavutse wa 19 Werurwe 1997) ni [[umugore]] akaba ari [[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] wamenyekanye cyane binyuze mu marushanwa y'ubwiza no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga akaba yarigeze guhatanira mu irishanwa ry'umbwiza missa Rwanda aba umukobwa uzi kwifotoza akaberwa neza.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibintu-by-abagabo-ubinkure-mu-bwonko-miss-muyango-ku-rushako-rwe-na-kimenyi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-muyango-claudine-arakuriwe&lt;/ref&gt;

== ubuzima ==
'''Muyango claudine''' yavukiye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara ya Majyepfo]] y'u [[Rwanda]] ku wa 19 Werurwe 1997, yari mu irushanwa rya Nyampinga w’u Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2019, aho yegukanye ikamba rya '''Miss Photogenike''' (umukobwa uzi kwifotoza akaberwa n'amafoto), Ni umugore w'umunyezamu w'ikipe y'igihugu Kimenyi Yves, bakaba bafitanye umwana w'[[Umugabo|umuhungu]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.isimbi.rw/umurezi-wa-muyango-claudine-yashenguwe-n-ibyavuzwe-ko-yatanze-ruswa-y-igitsina.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://kasukumedia.com/muyango-claudine-yanenze-imvugo-ya-knc-ku-kazi-ko-guhostinga/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]]
[[Ikiciro:Femme]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ihirwe Regine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142023</id>
      <parentid>135380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:35:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="831" sha1="hobtdsmteupw864nm0fjgllatvjcgrd" xml:space="preserve">'''Ihirwe Regine''' (yavutse 2006) ni [[umunyarwandakazi]] akaba ari n'umukinnyi w'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]], ukina kuruhande rw'inyuma ibumoso muri bannyugariro mu ikipe ya [[Rayon Sports Women Football Club|Rayon Sports]] [[Rayon Sports Women Football Club|y'abagore]].&lt;ref&gt;https://en.africatopsports.com/2025/09/05/rayon-sports-wfc-shock-defending-champions-cbe/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuhanga ==
'''Ihirwe Regine''' '''yaje ku'''menyekanye cyane mu mwaka wa 2025/2026 ubwo yavaga muri ikipe ya APR FC y'abagore yerekeza muri Rayon Sports nyuma y'urubanza rurerure.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/29766/sports/football/rayon-sports-women-miss-out-on-champions-league-ticket-after-cecafa-final-loss&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umuco wacu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Femme]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rose Rwabuhihi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22363</id>
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      <id>141877</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:29Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="5350" sha1="et595mt0ir69o0c4969zfltzxoi68a0" xml:space="preserve">== U Rwanda n' Iterambere ry' Uburinganire ==
u rwanda rumaze gutera intambwe ikomeye mu kwimakaza uburinganire n'ubushobozi bw' abagore mu myaka irenga 30 ishize. ibi  byabaye urugendo rutoroshye kuko mumatekaumuco w'igihugu wari ushingiye ku butegesti bw'abagabo bwagiraga abagore abo mu rwego rwo hasi batabona amahirwe angana naya bagabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gmo.gov.rw/news-detail/gmo-with-its-partners-hold-a-two-day-retreat&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Uruhare rwa Rose Rwabuhihi mu iterambere ===
Rose rwabuhihi i umwe mu bagize uruhare rukomeye muri uru rugendo.yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe gukurikirana ihame ry'uburinganire (chief gender monitor). yagize uruhare mu kongera kubaka igihugu nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatusti mu 1994,no gushyiraho amategeko n'amahame arengera abagore&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ubuzima bwa Rose Rwabuhihi ===
Rwabuhihi yavukiye i kigali ariko ajya mubuhungiro mu mwaka 1960 kubera imvururu zari zishingiye ku moko. yize mubihugu bitandukanye, aza kubona buruse imujyana kwiga itangaza makuru n'itumanaho mumahanga nutwo atari yarigeze abyifuza na mbere&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Uburyo itangazamakuru yize ryamuhinduriye ubuzima. ===
Nubwo itangaza makuru atari inzozi ze ryamufashije gufungura amaso kubibazo byugarije &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;

abagore n'abakobwa. yabonye ihohoterwa n'akarengane bakorerwaga, bituma yiyemeza guharanira uburenganzira bwabo no gushaka icyo yakora ngo abateze imbere&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

=== Uburyo yiyemeje kurengera abagore n 'abakobwa ===
Mu myaka 1980, abagore bari ibibazo bikomeye mu bihugu byinshi byo muri africa, Rwabuhihi yabonye ko abagore bafite ubushobozi bwo gukora no gukemura ibibazo bitandukanye, ariko badafite amahirwe cyangwa ijwi. Ibi byatumye yiyemeza kubafasha kubona uburenganzira, ubuvugizi n'amahirwe angana n'ay'abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Uburyo Rose yavuye mwitangazamakuru akajya mu bidukikije. ===
Nyuma y'itangazamakuru, yinjiye mu bikorwa byo kurengera ibidukikije. yabonye ko abagore bagira uruhare runini mu gukoresha umutungo kamere, bityo bagomba no kugira uruhare mu kuyirinda no kuyiteza imbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Gukangurira abaturage binyuze kuri radio ===
Rwabuhihi yakoresheje radiyo nk'uburyo bwo kwigisha abaturage uburenganzira bwabo,cyane cyane mu byaro. yigishaga abagabo n'abahungu kubaha no gushyigikira uburinganire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akazi ke mu muryango w'abibumbye no mu Rwanda. ===
Rose Rwabuhihi yakoranye n'umuryango wabibumbye (UN) imyaka myinshi, aho yunguste ubunararibonye kubwego mpuzamahanga. yagaruste mu Rwanda mu mwaka 1995, akora muri minisiteri y'uburinganire, nyuma aza kuba Chief Gender Monitor mu 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Iterambere ry' uburinganire mu Rwanda. ===
Mu myaka 30 ishize u Rwanda rwageze ku iterambere rikomeye harimo nko kuba abagore  bafite uburenganzira ku mutungo, uburezi, kwitabira politike nibindi.  ibi byari ibintu bidashoboka mbbereya 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uburezi nk'Inkingi y'iterambere ===
U Rwanda rwashyize imbaraga mu guteza imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa. Ubu abakobwa n'abahungu bafite amahirwe angana mu mashuri no mu masomo yose, nubwo hakiri icyuho mu masomo ya siyance nikoranabuhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Imyumvire yabatuturage. ===
Nubwo amategeko ateza imbere uburinganire, haracyari imyumvire ya kera igifata abagore nk'abagomba kuba mu nshingano zimwe gusa. guhindura iyi myumvire ni cyo kibazo gikomeye gisigaye&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

=== intabwe zatewe mu buzima n'imari. ===
Abagore ubu bashobora gufungura konti muri bank, gutunga umutungo no kuyobora ibigo.hari n' abagore bari mu myanya ikomeye nk'ubuyobozi bwa banki nkuru. naho mubuzima impfu zababyeyi bapfa babyara zaragabanuste cne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Imbogamizi zigisigaye ===
Nubwo hari iterambere ariko hari nimbogamizi abagore bagihura nazo, nko kwizerwa mubucuruzi, gushyirwaho igitutu cyo gushyingirwa kare, n'imyumvire ibabuza kwiga amasomo akomeye&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/24741/news/women/from-exile-to-empowerment-how-rose-rwabuhihi-pioneered-rwandas-gender-equality-revolution&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uruhare rwitangazamakuru mu guhindura imyumvire ===
Rwabuhihi asanga itangazamakuru rigomba kugira uruhare rukomeye  muguhindura imyumvire yabanyarwanda nko:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

* kwerekana ibikorwa byiza byabagore aho kwibanda ku bwiza bwabo gusa. 

ibi byafasha guhindura uko sosiyette ibabona&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Icyerekezo cy'ahazaza ===
Rwabuhihi yifuza u rwanda aho umuntu adacirwa urubanza hashingiwe ku gistina cye, ahubwo ashingiye ku bushobozi bwe. ashaka igihugu aho abana bose,abahungu n' abakobwa, bagira amahirwe angana yo gustinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Inkomoko ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beatrice Mukasine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>141949</id>
      <parentid>140619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:41:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1914" sha1="3iodxxq9eil5z4xhe9zj5kqpd8n2rvn" xml:space="preserve">== Amateka ya Beatrice Mukankusi ==
Beatrice Mukankusi yabaye umukozi uhoraho mu Muryango w'Abaholandi ushinzwe iterambere witwa SNV(the netherlands development organization) mu gihe cyimyaka 17 yose, kuva 2001-2019 yakoraga mubyiciro bijyanye nuburinganire, imiyoborere myiza ndeste n'imicungire ihuriweho y'umutungo w'amazi. akaba afite impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Master's) mubyubucuruzi nimiyoborere(Business Administration), kandi ni ninzobere mu bijyanye n'amazi ,nisuku n'isukura &lt;ref&gt;https://eu.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=200185199&amp;language=eng&amp;speakerid=200510681&lt;/ref&gt;

Mukasine  Beatrice yari umwarimu ukiri muto wigishaga mu mashuri yisumbuye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'amajyepfo]] mu rwanda igihe amashuri yafungwaga kubera jenoside yakorewe abatusti. nyuma yabo yatangiye igikorwa cyo kongera guhuza abana batabnye nimiryango yabo, yaba iyabo bwite cyangwa imiryango ibakira.yagize kandi uruhare rukomeye mu gukangurira [[Umugore|abagore]] kumenya uburenganzira bwabo, cyane cyane ku bijyanye no gutanga no kuzungura umutungo.&lt;ref&gt;https://eu.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=200185199&amp;language=eng&amp;speakerid=200510681&lt;/ref&gt;

Yakoze kandi muri Minisiteri y'uburinganire no mu Muryango w'Abibumbye, aho yungutse ubunararibonye mpuzamahanga. Mu 2013, yabaye Perezida w'Inama y'Igihugu y'Abagore.&lt;ref&gt;https://eu.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=200185199&amp;language=eng&amp;speakerid=200510681&lt;/ref&gt;

Kugeza ubu muri Ministeri y'Umukozi Ushinzwe umushinga wa Water for Virungas, ugamije guteza imbere imicungire y'amazi no kugabanya amakimbirane mu gace ka Virung. Afite ubunararibonye mu gukorana n'abaturage no guteza imbere uburinganire n'iterambere rirambye.&lt;ref&gt;https://eu.eventscloud.com/ereg/popups/speakerdetails.php?eventid=200185199&amp;language=eng&amp;speakerid=200510681&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kayirebwa marie paul</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141675</id>
      <parentid>137035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:26:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="1246" sha1="92tcyq4f63fp4on85vyjedcal80d2jx" xml:space="preserve">== Kayirebwa Marie Paul ==
''Miss Kayirebwa Marie Paul'' ni umukobwa w'umunyarwandakazi witabiriye irushanwa rya [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] w'u Rwanda 2021, aho yatwaye ikamba ry'umukobwa wakunzwe n'abaturage Miss Popularity 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/kayirebwa-marie-paul-wabaye-miss-popularity-2021-yatangaje-ko-atazongera-kwifashishwa-mu-m-104259&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indirimbo ==
Miss Marie Paul yagiye yifashishwa mu ndirimbo nyinshi zitandukanye harimo: Solo ya Nel Ngabo, We don't care ya Rj the Dj, [[Meddy]] na Rayvanny, Ikinyafu ya Bruce melodie na Kenny sol,na Niko Yaje ya Chriss Hart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Miss Rwanda ==
Mu mwaka wa 2018 nibwo bwa mbere yitabiriye irushanwa rya Nyampinga w'u rwanda gusa avamo mu majonjora. Yaje kugaruka mu mwaka wa 2021 aho yaje kuba Miss Popularity 2021.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/miss-kayirebwa-marie-paul-yasubije-abakomeje-kuvuga-ko-ikamba-rya-miss&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi ==
Mu mwaka wa 2021 Miss Kayirebwa Marie Paul yabaye Brand Ambassador wa [[MTN Rwanda]] mu gihe kingana n'umwaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/mtn-yahaye-ikaze-miss-kayirebwa-marie-paul-watsindiye-kuba-brand-ambassador-wayo-amafoto-104868&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>KATABARWA MURENZI Gilbert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142041</id>
      <parentid>134690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:38:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="2736" sha1="n2b2g2l0n8mxhcofw1jdd4i9o5vaf5z" xml:space="preserve">KATABARWA MURENZI Gilbert ni umunyarwanda wavukiye mu gihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://247cambiograph.com.ng/2026/03/02/katabarwa-murenzi-gilbert-biography/&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba afite impamyabumenyi yikirenga (Doctorate) akaba na engeniyeri (Engineer) aho yabikuye muri Kaminuza yo mu Bushinwa, Shanghai  bita Tongji University.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katabarwa-Murenzi-Gilbert&lt;/ref&gt; Muri iyi Kaminuza kandi ni umwarimu mu bijyanye na (Ubuhanga  ku bumenyi bw'isi)Ge-informatics na (Kugenzura) Surveying muri iyo Kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=as08lVoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&lt;/ref&gt; Muri ibyo ni byo yize akan=ba yarihuguye no ku mujya uri mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga(Smart City Development).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

==== Ibikorwa yakoze ====

* Ubushakashatsi ku mpinduka mu kirere n'igihe cy'imyuka ihumanya ikirere ishingiye ku kugenzura ku butaka&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; n'amasoko y'imyuka ihumanya mu mijyi 19 yo mu Bushinwa mu mwaka wa 2015 - 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Sisitemu yo kugenzura metro ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya mobile laser scanning mu mwaka wa 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Iterambere ry'ibice by'icyaro n'iterambere rirambye ry'imijyi: Ubushakashatsi bugereranya uturere twa Makoko na Badia-iburasirazuba mu Mujyi wa Lagos mu mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Gushakisha no guhanura ihinduka ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka/ubuso bw'ubutaka hagamijwe gucunga neza ubutaka bwo mu mijyi mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] mu mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Gusuzuma imikoreshereze y'ubutaka/impinduka z'ubuso bw'ubutaka mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]] mu mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kugenzura ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'indangagaciro y'ibimera bifashishije amakuru y'ibikoresho byinshi mu gusubiza ukwiyongera kw'abaturage: Isuzuma ry'Umujyi wa Musanze, mu [[Rwanda]]   mu mwaka wa 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Isesengura ry'igihe n'ahantu ry'ubwiyongere bw'imidugudu mito n'imyuzure mu mijyi yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga mu mwaka wa 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Ubushakashatsi yakoze ====
Katabarwa Murenzi Gilbert yavumbuye ikoranabuhanga rya &quot;Maglev Obsatcle detection&quot; ryerekana mbere inzitizi ziri mu nzira ya Gari ya Moshi zizwi nka &quot;Maglev&quot; bityo bikayirinda gukora impanuka.Mu 2002 u Bushinwa niho bwatangiye gukoresha bwa mbere gari ya moshi izwi nka Maglev (magnetic levitation) zigira umuvuduko mwinshi cyane zikaba ziri mu zihuta cyane ku Isi.Ni gari ya moshi ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi, aho igice cyayo gitwara abagenzi kigenda gikururuka ku nzira ikozwe muri rukuruzi, bikayiha imbaraga zidasanzwe zo kwihuta&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/umunyarwanda-yavumbuye-ikoranabuhanga-rikoreshwa-muri-gari-ya-moshi-zo-mu&lt;/ref&gt;.</text>
      <sha1>n2b2g2l0n8mxhcofw1jdd4i9o5vaf5z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alice niragire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141999</id>
      <parentid>139560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="1535" sha1="7dsuouhd8wprs3lthyvcf0qnvyruucd" xml:space="preserve">== Dr Alice NIRAGIRE ==
Alice Niragire ni umuganga w'umunyarwandakazi w'inzobere mu kubaga(general surgeon),uzwi cyane kuba ariwe mugore wa mbere mu Rwanda muri ako kazi. Yavukiye mu Karere ka Ruhango, [[intara]] y'amajyepfo mu mwaka 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5110/news/women/rwandas-top-5-female-surgeons&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
Amashuri abanza yayize Ecole Primaire de Nyarurama, ayisumbuye ayiga muri Ecole des sciences Byimana ahiga Biology and Chemistry. Mu mwaka 2004 nibwo yagiye kwiga muri Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda, yiga mu ishami ry'ubuvuzi bw'abantu (General medecine and surgery) Imyaka 6. Mu mwaka wa 2015 nibwo yaje gusoza amasomo y'ikirenga(masters) mu kubaga(MMed Surgery). Aba abaye umugore wa mbere wabonye iyo mpamyabumenyi mu Rwanda kuva iyi gahunda yatangira mu mwaka wa 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Dr Niragire yakoze mu bitaro bitandukanye mu Rwanda, aho yatangiriye gukora hari mu bitari bya [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]], aho yakoraga mu bikorwa byo kubaga no kuvura abarwayi, akaba yarahakoze umwaka umwe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Nyuma yaho yaje kwimukira muri Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK), bimwe mu bitaro bikuru byigisha mu Rwanda, aho akorera nka General Surgeon.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chuk.rw/clinical-services/surgery&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamwe mu kazi akorayo nuri munsi harimo:

* Kubaga ibyihutirwa(Emergency Surgery)
* Kubaga ibisanzwe(Elective Surgery)
* Kwigisha abanyeshuri b'ubuvuzi n'abari mu mahugurwa(residents).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==
----
----

*</text>
      <sha1>7dsuouhd8wprs3lthyvcf0qnvyruucd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gisele Bunogerane Juru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141923</id>
      <parentid>136454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="2213" sha1="qv23dgddzwe3i6du6krevxd8a4fvjy1" xml:space="preserve">== Dr Gisele BUNOGERANE JURU ==
''Gisele Bunogerane Juru'' ni umuganga w'umunyarwanda w'inzobere mu kubaga(General Surgery), akaba afite umwihariko mu kubaga abana (Pediatrics Surgery). Juru ni umwe mu bagore ba mbere bize General medecine ndetse akaba ari nawe mugore wa mbere mu Rwanda ubaga abana(pediatrics surgery).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5110/news/women/rwandas-top-5-female-surgeons&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri n'amahugurwa ==
Amashuri ya Kaminuza yayize muri  Kaminuza y'u Rwanda ahiga ubuvuzi  rusange, icyiciro cya mbere n'i cya Kabiri[ (General Medecine), na Post graduate]. Yabaye umunyeshuri w'ungirije mu cyiciro cya gatatu cya Kaminuza(Fellowship trainee) muri COSESCA mu bijyanye no kubaga abana (Pediatrics Surgery). Binyuze kubufatanye hagati ya Kaminuza y'u Rwanda na Kaminuza ya Furorida(University of Florida) yagiye kuri iyo Kaminuza kugira ngo arebe uko abandi bakora mu gihe kingana n'ukwezi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.aasurg.org/reciprocity-reflections-from-an-african-trainee-in-america/?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://www.aasurg.org/reciprocity-reflections-from-an-african-trainee-in-america/]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Dr Juru akorera ku bitaro bikuru bya Kaminuza CHUK. Akaba abaga abana, kuvura indwara z'abana zikwiye kubaga, gukorera mu byumba by'indembe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ubushakashatsi ==
Dr Juru ni umwe mu baganga b'abanyarwanda bagira uruhare mu bashakashatsi mpuzamahanga mu bivuzi. Yanditse kandi akanafatanya n'abandi mu nyandiko z'ubushakashatsi ku:

* Imyigishirize yo kubaga mu bihugu bikennye&lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712686/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Impamvu zongera impfu z'abarwayi bari muri ICU&lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31151680/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kuvura indwara z'abana nka gastroschisis.&lt;ref&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37129615/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uruhare mpuzamahanga ==
Dr Juru yitabiriye amahugurwa n'ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, harimo:

* Gahunda z'amasomo ku buvuzi muri University of Florida
* Imikoranire n'inzobere zo mu mashuri akomeye nka Havard Medical School&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Yagiye mu mahugurwa yo hanze y'igihugu agamije:

* Kongera ubumenyi mu kubaga abana
* gusangira ubunararibonye n'abandi baganga ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==</text>
      <sha1>qv23dgddzwe3i6du6krevxd8a4fvjy1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ngayaboshya samuel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141816</id>
      <parentid>131129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="310" sha1="jwv2e0iphbxqppcurw2hf3l0jf3ubmo" xml:space="preserve">Ngayaboshya samuel ni umunyarwanda, wavukiye mu karere ka nyamagabe umurenge wa gatare
akaba afite impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza yakuye muri unuversity of Rwanda ishami rya huye mubirebana n'ubukungu(international economics)
akaba yaravutse kuwa 28 werurwe 1996, arubatse afite umugore umwe.</text>
      <sha1>jwv2e0iphbxqppcurw2hf3l0jf3ubmo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>22669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141613</id>
      <parentid>140417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T17:39:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] mu Banyarwanda b'intwari</comment>
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      <text bytes="10398" sha1="ictv70q2s36tha06iam9b61riawef33" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
| state      = {{{state|uncollapsed}}}
| title      = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]
| listclass  = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:left; width:3em; white-space:normal;
| below      = [[Bibliografiya na firime]]

| group1 = Ingingo rusange
| list1  =
[[Amateka y'u Rwanda]] • [[Amoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] • [[Bahutu Manifesto]] • [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]] • [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]] • [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] • [[Icyemezo cya Akayesu]] • [[Akazu]] • [[Kangura]] • [[Parmehutu]] • [[MINUAR]] • [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] • [[Garuka i Kigali, ikibazo cyigifaransa]] • [[Igikorwa cya Noroît]] • [[Igikorwa Ifeza Inyuma]] • [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]] • [[Amategeko arwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside]] • [[Gushyira mu byiciro abakekwaho itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Biregwa na ICTR]] • [[Amabwiriza yo kwibuka]] • [[Fred Rwigema]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira]]

| group2 = Ibyabaye n'abagize uruhare
| list2  =
[[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda]] • [[Ibyabaye]] • [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera]] • [[Impamvu za jenoside]] • [[Abakinnyi b'u Rwanda]] • [[Umuryango mpuzamahanga]] • [[Inzego z’amadini]] • [[Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina nk'intwaro ya jenoside]] • [[Ingaruka za jenoside]] • [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)]] • [[Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru]] • [[Guhakana jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] • [[Ikibazo cy'impunzi mu Karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari]] • [[Bisesero]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera]] • [[Mutarama 1998 ubwicanyi bwabereye i Gisenyi]] • [[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]] • [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Jean-Christophe Klotz]]

| group3 = Ahantu n'amashyirahamwe
| list3  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = Amashyirahamwe n'ahandi h'ingenzi
 | list1  =
[[Ibuka]] • [[Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Ihuriro ry'abarenganyijwe bo mu Rwanda]] • [[Hôtel des Mille Collines|Mille Collines]] • [[Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Amateka y'Urugamba rwo guhagarika Genocide|Ingoro ndangamurage yo kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Saint Famille|Itorero ry'umuryango mutagatifu i Kigali]] • [[Aegis Trust]]

 | group2 = Urutonde rw'ibibanza
 | list2  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]
 | list1  =
[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gahanga|Gahanga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Jabana|Jabana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibagabaga|Kibagabaga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Kigali (Gisozi)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro|Kigali (Nyanza-Kicukiro)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinyinya|Kinyinya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero|Rebero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubirizi|Rubirizi]]

 | group2 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]
 | list2  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Musanze|Musanze]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mutete|Mutete]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mvuzo|Mvuzo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rusiga|Rusiga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rutare|Rutare]]

 | group3 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]
 | list3  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyabakamyi|Cyabakamyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyahinda|Cyahinda]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika|Cyanika]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyarwa|Cyarwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabgayi|Kabgayi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabuye|Kabuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha|Kaduha]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamonyi|Kamonyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Karama|Karama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho|Kibeho]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibilizi|Kibilizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibirizi|Kibirizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinazi|Kinazi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe|Mayunzwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugombwa|Mugombwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza|Nyanza]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubona|Rubona]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ruhashya|Ruhashya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa|Songa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa UNR Butare|UNR Butare]]

 | group4 = [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
 | list4  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora|Gashora]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mukarange|Kayonza-Mukarange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibungo - Ngoma|Kibungo-Ngoma]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kiziguro|Kiziguro]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Muyumbu|Muyumbu]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama|Ntarama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamirama|Nyamirama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Remera|Remera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukara|Rukara]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukira|Rukira]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukumberi|Rukumberi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rwamagana|Rwamagana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Zaza|Zaza]]

 | group5 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]]
 | list5  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bazize|Bazize]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe|Bigogwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Birogo|Birogo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashirabwoba|Gashirabwoba]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Giheke|Giheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamembe|Kamembe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibuye|Kibuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murugo Mutagatifu Jean|Murugo Mutagatifu Jean (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugonero|Mugonero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ngororero|Ngororero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamishaba|Nyamishaba (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyange|Nyange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarushishi|Nyarushishi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo|Nyundo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubengera|Rubengera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Shangi|Shangi]]

 | group6 = Hanze y'u Rwanda
 | list6  =
[[Stele i Paris]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ggolo|Ggolo]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kasensero|Kasensero]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Lambu|Lambu]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
}}

| group4 = Abatangabuhamya n'abanditsi
| list4  =
[[Élie Sagatwa]] • [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] • [[Aminadabu Birara]] • [[Christian Quesnot]] • [[Charles Habonimana]] • [[Dafroza Gauthier]] • [[Milgitha Kösser]] • [[Thierry Prungnaud]] • [[Paul Barril]] • [[Vincent Duclert]] • [[Rosalie Gicanda]] • [[Radegonde Nyiramavugo Kankazi]] • [[Padiri Henri Blanchard]] • [[Jean Hatzfeld]] • [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] • [[Scholastique Mukasonga|Scholastica Mukasonga]] • [[Annick Kayitesi-Jozan]] • [[Yolande Mukagasana]] • [[Antoine Mugesera]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] • [[Roméo Dallaire]] • [[Luc Marchal]] • [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] • [[Mbaye Diagne]] • [[Édouard Kayihura]]

| group5 = Abanyarwanda b'intwari
| list5  =
[[Damas Gisimba]] • [[Célestin Hakizimana]] • [[Zura Karuhimbi]] • [[Joseph Niyomugabo]] • [[Cyprien na Daphrose Rugamba]] • [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]

| group6 = Abashinjwa cyangwa abahamijwe ibyaha
| list6  =
[[Jean-Paul Akayesu]] • [[Valerie Bemeriki]] • [[Théoneste Bagosora]] • [[Simon Bikindi]] • [[Pierre Bizimana]] • [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gatete]] • [[Kantano Habimana]] • [[Agathe Habyarimana]] • [[Philippe Hategekimana]] • [[Félicien Kabuga]] • [[Robert Kajuga]] • [[Jean Kambanda]] • [[Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda]] • [[Edouard Karemera]] • [[Clément Kayishema]] • [[Maria Kisito]] • [[Callixte Mbarushimana]] • [[Protais Mpiranya]] • [[León Mugesera|Leon Mugesera]] • [[Claude Muhayimana]] • [[Angeline Mukandutiye]] • [[Bernard Munyagishari]] • [[Sosthène Munyemana]] • [[Beatrice Munyenyezi]] • [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] • [[Alfred Musema]] • [[Ferdinand Nahimana]] • [[Augustin Ngirabatware]] • [[Mathieu Ngirumpatse]] • [[Hassan Ngeze]] • [[Eliezer Niyitegeka]] • [[Ildephonse Nizeyimana]] • [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]] • [[Pauline Nyiramasuhuko]] • [[Tharcisse Renzaho]] • [[Emmanuel Rukundo]] • [[Georges Rutaganda]] • [[Venant Rutunga]] • [[Onesphore Rwabukombe]] • [[Eugene Rwamucyo]] • [[Athanase Seromba]] • [[Pascal Simbikangwa]] • [[Theodore Sindikubwabo]] • [[Charles Twagira]] • [[Protais Zigiranyirazo]] • [[Fulgence Niyonteze]] • [[Samuel Imanishimwe]] • [[Théodore Munyangabe]] • [[Augustin Bizimungu]] • [[Froduald Karamira]] • [[Tito Barahira]] • [[Octavien Ngenzi]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gakwerere]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Andika ibisobanuro munsi y'iyi mirongo, hejuru y'agasanduku &quot;add categories&quot;. --&gt;

== Icyerekezo ==
Iyi ni palette (icyitegererezo cy'urutonde rw'ihuza / navbox) igizwe n'ihuza ry'ingingo zijyanye na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

== Ikoreshwa ==
Iyi palette ishyirwa mu ntangiriro cyangwa mu iherezo ry'ingingo zerekeye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, hakoreshejwe:

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igaragara ifunguye (itagoyeka) ku ntangiriro:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igoyeka (ihishe) mu buryo busanzwe:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=collapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Ingero ==
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenoside Rwanda}}
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Intambara muri Afurika]]
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T21:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhuza amahuza atukura n'ingingo zisanzweho (Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde, Ingaruka za jenocide, Rugamba Cyprien)</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10465" sha1="sekpwd58v2ab495gpdr8hzdbih9jk93" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
| state      = {{{state|uncollapsed}}}
| title      = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]
| listclass  = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:left; width:3em; white-space:normal;
| below      = [[Bibliografiya na firime]]

| group1 = Ingingo rusange
| list1  =
[[Amateka y'u Rwanda]] • [[Amoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] • [[Bahutu Manifesto]] • [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]] • [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]] • [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] • [[Icyemezo cya Akayesu]] • [[Akazu]] • [[Kangura]] • [[Parmehutu]] • [[MINUAR]] • [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] • [[Garuka i Kigali, ikibazo cyigifaransa]] • [[Igikorwa cya Noroît]] • [[Igikorwa Ifeza Inyuma]] • [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]] • [[Amategeko arwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside]] • [[Gushyira mu byiciro abakekwaho itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Biregwa na ICTR]] • [[Amabwiriza yo kwibuka]] • [[Fred Rwigema]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira]]

| group2 = Ibyabaye n'abagize uruhare
| list2  =
[[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda]] • [[Ibyabaye]] • [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera]] • [[Impamvu za jenoside]] • [[Abakinnyi b'u Rwanda]] • [[Umuryango mpuzamahanga]] • [[Inzego z’amadini]] • [[Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina nk'intwaro ya jenoside]] • [[Ingaruka za jenocide|Ingaruka za jenoside]] • [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)]] • [[Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru]] • [[Guhakana jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] • [[Ikibazo cy'impunzi mu Karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari]] • [[Bisesero]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera]] • [[Mutarama 1998 ubwicanyi bwabereye i Gisenyi]] • [[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]] • [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Jean-Christophe Klotz]]

| group3 = Ahantu n'amashyirahamwe
| list3  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = Amashyirahamwe n'ahandi h'ingenzi
 | list1  =
[[Ibuka]] • [[Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Ihuriro ry'abarenganyijwe bo mu Rwanda]] • [[Hôtel des Mille Collines|Mille Collines]] • [[Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Amateka y'Urugamba rwo guhagarika Genocide|Ingoro ndangamurage yo kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Saint Famille|Itorero ry'umuryango mutagatifu i Kigali]] • [[Aegis Trust]]

 | group2 = Urutonde rw'ibibanza
 | list2  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]
 | list1  =
[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gahanga|Gahanga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Jabana|Jabana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibagabaga|Kibagabaga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Kigali (Gisozi)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro|Kigali (Nyanza-Kicukiro)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinyinya|Kinyinya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero|Rebero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubirizi|Rubirizi]]

 | group2 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]
 | list2  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Musanze|Musanze]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mutete|Mutete]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mvuzo|Mvuzo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rusiga|Rusiga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rutare|Rutare]]

 | group3 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]
 | list3  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyabakamyi|Cyabakamyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyahinda|Cyahinda]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika|Cyanika]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyarwa|Cyarwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabgayi|Kabgayi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabuye|Kabuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha|Kaduha]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamonyi|Kamonyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Karama|Karama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho|Kibeho]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibilizi|Kibilizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibirizi|Kibirizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinazi|Kinazi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe|Mayunzwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugombwa|Mugombwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza|Nyanza]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubona|Rubona]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ruhashya|Ruhashya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa|Songa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa UNR Butare|UNR Butare]]

 | group4 = [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
 | list4  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora|Gashora]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mukarange|Kayonza-Mukarange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibungo - Ngoma|Kibungo-Ngoma]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kiziguro|Kiziguro]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Muyumbu|Muyumbu]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama|Ntarama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamirama|Nyamirama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Remera|Remera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukara|Rukara]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukira|Rukira]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukumberi|Rukumberi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rwamagana|Rwamagana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Zaza|Zaza]]

 | group5 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]]
 | list5  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bazize|Bazize]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe|Bigogwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Birogo|Birogo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashirabwoba|Gashirabwoba]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Giheke|Giheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamembe|Kamembe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibuye|Kibuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murugo Mutagatifu Jean|Murugo Mutagatifu Jean (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugonero|Mugonero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ngororero|Ngororero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamishaba|Nyamishaba (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyange|Nyange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarushishi|Nyarushishi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo|Nyundo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubengera|Rubengera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Shangi|Shangi]]

 | group6 = Hanze y'u Rwanda
 | list6  =
[[Stele i Paris]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ggolo|Ggolo]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kasensero|Kasensero]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Lambu|Lambu]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
}}

| group4 = Abatangabuhamya n'abanditsi
| list4  =
[[Élie Sagatwa]] • [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] • [[Aminadabu Birara]] • [[Christian Quesnot]] • [[Charles Habonimana]] • [[Dafroza Gauthier]] • [[Milgitha Kösser]] • [[Thierry Prungnaud]] • [[Paul Barril]] • [[Vincent Duclert]] • [[Rosalie Gicanda]] • [[Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde|Radegonde Nyiramavugo Kankazi]] • [[Padiri Henri Blanchard]] • [[Jean Hatzfeld]] • [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] • [[Scholastique Mukasonga|Scholastica Mukasonga]] • [[Annick Kayitesi-Jozan]] • [[Yolande Mukagasana]] • [[Antoine Mugesera]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] • [[Roméo Dallaire]] • [[Luc Marchal]] • [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] • [[Mbaye Diagne]] • [[Édouard Kayihura]]

| group5 = Abanyarwanda b'intwari
| list5  =
[[Damas Gisimba]] • [[Célestin Hakizimana]] • [[Zura Karuhimbi]] • [[Joseph Niyomugabo]] • [[Rugamba Cyprien|Cyprien na Daphrose Rugamba]] • [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]

| group6 = Abashinjwa cyangwa abahamijwe ibyaha
| list6  =
[[Jean-Paul Akayesu]] • [[Valerie Bemeriki]] • [[Théoneste Bagosora]] • [[Simon Bikindi]] • [[Pierre Bizimana]] • [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gatete]] • [[Kantano Habimana]] • [[Agathe Habyarimana]] • [[Philippe Hategekimana]] • [[Félicien Kabuga]] • [[Robert Kajuga]] • [[Jean Kambanda]] • [[Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda]] • [[Edouard Karemera]] • [[Clément Kayishema]] • [[Maria Kisito]] • [[Callixte Mbarushimana]] • [[Protais Mpiranya]] • [[León Mugesera|Leon Mugesera]] • [[Claude Muhayimana]] • [[Angeline Mukandutiye]] • [[Bernard Munyagishari]] • [[Sosthène Munyemana]] • [[Beatrice Munyenyezi]] • [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] • [[Alfred Musema]] • [[Ferdinand Nahimana]] • [[Augustin Ngirabatware]] • [[Mathieu Ngirumpatse]] • [[Hassan Ngeze]] • [[Eliezer Niyitegeka]] • [[Ildephonse Nizeyimana]] • [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]] • [[Pauline Nyiramasuhuko]] • [[Tharcisse Renzaho]] • [[Emmanuel Rukundo]] • [[Georges Rutaganda]] • [[Venant Rutunga]] • [[Onesphore Rwabukombe]] • [[Eugene Rwamucyo]] • [[Athanase Seromba]] • [[Pascal Simbikangwa]] • [[Theodore Sindikubwabo]] • [[Charles Twagira]] • [[Protais Zigiranyirazo]] • [[Fulgence Niyonteze]] • [[Samuel Imanishimwe]] • [[Théodore Munyangabe]] • [[Augustin Bizimungu]] • [[Froduald Karamira]] • [[Tito Barahira]] • [[Octavien Ngenzi]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gakwerere]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Andika ibisobanuro munsi y'iyi mirongo, hejuru y'agasanduku &quot;add categories&quot;. --&gt;

== Icyerekezo ==
Iyi ni palette (icyitegererezo cy'urutonde rw'ihuza / navbox) igizwe n'ihuza ry'ingingo zijyanye na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

== Ikoreshwa ==
Iyi palette ishyirwa mu ntangiriro cyangwa mu iherezo ry'ingingo zerekeye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, hakoreshejwe:

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igaragara ifunguye (itagoyeka) ku ntangiriro:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igoyeka (ihishe) mu buryo busanzwe:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=collapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Ingero ==
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenoside Rwanda}}
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Intambara muri Afurika]]
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sekpwd58v2ab495gpdr8hzdbih9jk93</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141687</id>
      <parentid>141685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T01:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo ingingo zisanzweho: Interahamwe, FPR-Inkotanyi, Monique Mujawamariya, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana</comment>
      <origin>141687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10592" sha1="11if6gkzl0yl551v8cjwjrzyidlzrak" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
| state      = {{{state|uncollapsed}}}
| title      = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]
| listclass  = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:left; width:3em; white-space:normal;
| below      = [[Bibliografiya na firime]]

| group1 = Ingingo rusange
| list1  =
[[Amateka y'u Rwanda]] • [[Amoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] • [[Bahutu Manifesto]] • [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]] • [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]] • [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] • [[Icyemezo cya Akayesu]] • [[Akazu]] • [[Interahamwe]] • [[Kangura]] • [[Parmehutu]] • [[MINUAR]] • [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] • [[Garuka i Kigali, ikibazo cyigifaransa]] • [[Igikorwa cya Noroît]] • [[Igikorwa Ifeza Inyuma]] • [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]] • [[Amategeko arwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside]] • [[Gushyira mu byiciro abakekwaho itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Biregwa na ICTR]] • [[Amabwiriza yo kwibuka]] • [[Fred Rwigema]] • [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira]]

| group2 = Ibyabaye n'abagize uruhare
| list2  =
[[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda]] • [[Ibyabaye]] • [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera]] • [[Impamvu za jenoside]] • [[Abakinnyi b'u Rwanda]] • [[Umuryango mpuzamahanga]] • [[Inzego z’amadini]] • [[Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina nk'intwaro ya jenoside]] • [[Ingaruka za jenocide|Ingaruka za jenoside]] • [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)]] • [[Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru]] • [[Guhakana jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] • [[Ikibazo cy'impunzi mu Karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari]] • [[Bisesero]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera]] • [[Mutarama 1998 ubwicanyi bwabereye i Gisenyi]] • [[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]] • [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Jean-Christophe Klotz]]

| group3 = Ahantu n'amashyirahamwe
| list3  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = Amashyirahamwe n'ahandi h'ingenzi
 | list1  =
[[Ibuka]] • [[Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Ihuriro ry'abarenganyijwe bo mu Rwanda]] • [[Hôtel des Mille Collines|Mille Collines]] • [[Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Amateka y'Urugamba rwo guhagarika Genocide|Ingoro ndangamurage yo kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Saint Famille|Itorero ry'umuryango mutagatifu i Kigali]] • [[Aegis Trust]]

 | group2 = Urutonde rw'ibibanza
 | list2  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]
 | list1  =
[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gahanga|Gahanga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Jabana|Jabana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibagabaga|Kibagabaga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Kigali (Gisozi)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro|Kigali (Nyanza-Kicukiro)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinyinya|Kinyinya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero|Rebero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubirizi|Rubirizi]]

 | group2 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]
 | list2  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Musanze|Musanze]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mutete|Mutete]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mvuzo|Mvuzo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rusiga|Rusiga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rutare|Rutare]]

 | group3 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]
 | list3  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyabakamyi|Cyabakamyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyahinda|Cyahinda]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika|Cyanika]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyarwa|Cyarwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabgayi|Kabgayi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabuye|Kabuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha|Kaduha]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamonyi|Kamonyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Karama|Karama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho|Kibeho]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibilizi|Kibilizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibirizi|Kibirizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinazi|Kinazi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe|Mayunzwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugombwa|Mugombwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza|Nyanza]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubona|Rubona]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ruhashya|Ruhashya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa|Songa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa UNR Butare|UNR Butare]]

 | group4 = [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
 | list4  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora|Gashora]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mukarange|Kayonza-Mukarange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibungo - Ngoma|Kibungo-Ngoma]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kiziguro|Kiziguro]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Muyumbu|Muyumbu]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama|Ntarama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamirama|Nyamirama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Remera|Remera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukara|Rukara]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukira|Rukira]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukumberi|Rukumberi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rwamagana|Rwamagana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Zaza|Zaza]]

 | group5 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]]
 | list5  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bazize|Bazize]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe|Bigogwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Birogo|Birogo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashirabwoba|Gashirabwoba]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Giheke|Giheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamembe|Kamembe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibuye|Kibuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murugo Mutagatifu Jean|Murugo Mutagatifu Jean (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugonero|Mugonero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ngororero|Ngororero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamishaba|Nyamishaba (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyange|Nyange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarushishi|Nyarushishi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo|Nyundo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubengera|Rubengera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Shangi|Shangi]]

 | group6 = Hanze y'u Rwanda
 | list6  =
[[Stele i Paris]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ggolo|Ggolo]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kasensero|Kasensero]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Lambu|Lambu]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
}}

| group4 = Abatangabuhamya n'abanditsi
| list4  =
[[Élie Sagatwa]] • [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] • [[Aminadabu Birara]] • [[Christian Quesnot]] • [[Charles Habonimana]] • [[Dafroza Gauthier]] • [[Milgitha Kösser]] • [[Thierry Prungnaud]] • [[Paul Barril]] • [[Vincent Duclert]] • [[Rosalie Gicanda]] • [[Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde|Radegonde Nyiramavugo Kankazi]] • [[Padiri Henri Blanchard]] • [[Jean Hatzfeld]] • [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] • [[Scholastique Mukasonga|Scholastica Mukasonga]] • [[Annick Kayitesi-Jozan]] • [[Yolande Mukagasana]] • [[Monique Mujawamariya]] • [[Antoine Mugesera]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] • [[Roméo Dallaire]] • [[Luc Marchal]] • [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] • [[Mbaye Diagne]] • [[Édouard Kayihura]]

| group5 = Abanyarwanda b'intwari
| list5  =
[[Damas Gisimba]] • [[Célestin Hakizimana]] • [[Zura Karuhimbi]] • [[Joseph Niyomugabo]] • [[Rugamba Cyprien|Cyprien na Daphrose Rugamba]] • [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]

| group6 = Abashinjwa cyangwa abahamijwe ibyaha
| list6  =
[[Jean-Paul Akayesu]] • [[Valerie Bemeriki]] • [[Théoneste Bagosora]] • [[Simon Bikindi]] • [[Pierre Bizimana]] • [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gatete]] • [[Kantano Habimana]] • [[Agathe Habyarimana]] • [[Philippe Hategekimana]] • [[Félicien Kabuga]] • [[Robert Kajuga]] • [[Jean Kambanda]] • [[Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda]] • [[Edouard Karemera]] • [[Clément Kayishema]] • [[Maria Kisito]] • [[Callixte Mbarushimana]] • [[Protais Mpiranya]] • [[León Mugesera|Leon Mugesera]] • [[Claude Muhayimana]] • [[Angeline Mukandutiye]] • [[Bernard Munyagishari]] • [[Sosthène Munyemana]] • [[Beatrice Munyenyezi]] • [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] • [[Alfred Musema]] • [[Ferdinand Nahimana]] • [[Augustin Ngirabatware]] • [[Mathieu Ngirumpatse]] • [[Hassan Ngeze]] • [[Eliezer Niyitegeka]] • [[Ildephonse Nizeyimana]] • [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]] • [[Pauline Nyiramasuhuko]] • [[Tharcisse Renzaho]] • [[Emmanuel Rukundo]] • [[Georges Rutaganda]] • [[Venant Rutunga]] • [[Onesphore Rwabukombe]] • [[Eugene Rwamucyo]] • [[Athanase Seromba]] • [[Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]] • [[Pascal Simbikangwa]] • [[Theodore Sindikubwabo]] • [[Charles Twagira]] • [[Protais Zigiranyirazo]] • [[Fulgence Niyonteze]] • [[Samuel Imanishimwe]] • [[Théodore Munyangabe]] • [[Augustin Bizimungu]] • [[Froduald Karamira]] • [[Tito Barahira]] • [[Octavien Ngenzi]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gakwerere]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Andika ibisobanuro munsi y'iyi mirongo, hejuru y'agasanduku &quot;add categories&quot;. --&gt;

== Icyerekezo ==
Iyi ni palette (icyitegererezo cy'urutonde rw'ihuza / navbox) igizwe n'ihuza ry'ingingo zijyanye na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

== Ikoreshwa ==
Iyi palette ishyirwa mu ntangiriro cyangwa mu iherezo ry'ingingo zerekeye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, hakoreshejwe:

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igaragara ifunguye (itagoyeka) ku ntangiriro:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igoyeka (ihishe) mu buryo busanzwe:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=collapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Ingero ==
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenoside Rwanda}}
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Intambara muri Afurika]]
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyama-Nyama-Nyama</title>
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      <text bytes="747" sha1="g16l92q96cm39v9amnms7n2cbio5v82" xml:space="preserve">Nyama-Nyama-Nyama ni umukino umwana umwe aho agatangira kuririrmba  Nyama-Nyama-Nyama” bisobanuye ‘’imyama” mu giswahire. Abandi bagasubiramo ibyo ubayoboye avuze banasimbuka. Uyoboye umukino akavuga amazina y’inyamanswa zitandukanye. Iyo inyamanswa avuze iribwa muri Kenya (cyangwa mu kindi gihugu umukino urimo gukinirwamo) abandi bagasimbuka bavuga ngo “Nyama”. Iyo uyoboye umukino avuze inyanswa itaribwa, abandi baba bagomba kuguma bahagaze. Iyo umwe muribo asimbutse,aba atsinzwe akava mu mukino. Umukino ugakomeza kugeza ubwo hasigara umuntu umwe akaba ariwe utsinze.&lt;ref&gt;https://fairstartfoundation.com/16-3-traditional-childhood-games/?lang=rw&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika yacu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uruzi rwa Munyati</title>
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      <text bytes="2849" sha1="f1ym7743al1fvt1x25e7pvfykui4vdh" xml:space="preserve">'''Uruzi rwa Munyati''' (ruzwi ku izina '''ry'uruzi rwa Umniati)''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Cambridge2011Selous&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Selous |first=Frederick Courtney |author-link=Frederick Selous |date=2011-05-19 |title=Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdWemHZX4BQC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1108031165 |location=New York |page=445 |chapter=XXV}}&lt;/ref&gt; ruri muri [[Zimbabwe]]. Ku butegetsi bwa Rhodesiya, rwitiriwe '''Umniati''', ariko imyandikire yarwo yahinduwe mu maka 1983 kugira ngo rumeze neza n'imvugo nyayo ya shona.

Uruzi ruturuka mu burasirazuba bwa Mashonalande, mu majyaruguru ya chivuhu, kandi rugera kubiro metero 100 mu majyepfo ya [[Harare]]. Utembera hafi mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba kandi igice kinini cy'uburebure bwawo cyabanje kuba umupaka w'amajyepfo y'intara ya Mashonalande. Uruzi ruhuriraho n'uruzi rwa Mupfure (ruzwi kandi nka Umfuli). Munsi y'iyi ngingo, uru ruzi rukunze kwitwa Sanyati. Nyuma y'amazi agera ku ibiro metero 500 uruzi rutemba rujya muri Kariba (igice cya [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|Zambezi]] kiri hagati y'urugomero rwa Kariba n'ikibaya cya Batoka), bigatuma kiba igice [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|cy'umugezi cya Zambezi]].

Uruzi rurahinduka cyane, rugaragaza itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere y'ikirere hagati y'ibihe by'izuba n'iby'imvura. Hagati y'Ukuboza na Gicurasi rutemba cyane kandi rugera kuri metero 3 mu bujyakuzimu ku kibaya,  mu bugari (nubwo ari ndende kuva kuri metero 80 kugeza 100 ayi cy'umwaka, iragabanuka cyane kandi itemba buhoro, akenshi metero 2 gusa ndende, kandi hafi yumuka mu bihe bidasanzwe mu gihe cy'amapfa akomeye; nk'uko byaherukaga mu 1984.

Igitonyanga kinini ku ruzi kiri ku Masumo ya Gandavaroyi. Nk’uko bivugwa mu rurimi rw’igishona, ''ganda'' bivuga &quot; gutera &quot;, naho ''varoyi'' bivuga &quot;abapfumu&quot;, &quot;mu buryo busanzwe bwo gusiga no gukoresha neza, abaturage bo muri ako gace bise cataract bakurikije umuco mwiza bari bafite wo gutera abapfumu bazwiho kuba hejuru y’isumo.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards1974&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Stephen John |year=1974 |title=Zambezi Odyssey: A Record of Adventure on a Great River of Africa |publisher=T. V. Bulpin |isbn=978-0-949956-08-8 |location=[[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] |page=72}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha hantu byakekwaga ko ari hera kandi kugeza n’uyu munsi, abaturage bake ni bo bakunda gusura aha hantu. Nyuma y’iki gitonyanga, umugezi munini ni uruzi rwa Mvumvuze runyura muri Vashe.

== Reba kandi ==

* Munyati
* Afurika y'Amajyepfo
* Inyamaswa zo muri Zimbabwe

== Indangasoko ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/zimbabwe_rel_2002.pdf Ikarita ya Zimbabwe ivuye muri Kaminuza ya Texas igaragaza uruzi] .
[[Ikiciro:Umugezi wo muri Zimbabwe]]
[[Ikiciro:Umugezi]]
[[Ikiciro:Zimbabwe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uruzi rwa Amisa</title>
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      <text bytes="3344" sha1="6pf4jlmagvysrpyuvc80pe6nrm3khb5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Amisa River|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;|image=|image_size=300|image_caption=|map=Rivers of south Ghana OSM.png|map_size=300|map_caption=Rivers of South Ghana, showing the Amisa River|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=300|pushpin_map_caption=|mapframe=yes|mapframe-zoom=6
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;|subdivision_type1=Countries|subdivision_name1=[[Ghana]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;|length=|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=12.8m³ per second.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{Reference page|page=737}}|discharge1_max=&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;|source1=|source1_location=|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|mouth=[[Gulf of Guinea]]|mouth_location=[[Atlantic Ocean]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|5|12|23.4|N|1|00|36|W|display=inline,title}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GeoNames.org |url=https://www.geonames.org/2304772/amisa-river.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.geonames.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{convert|15576|km2|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}Uruzi rwa Amisa (ruzwi kandi ku mazina ya Ochi Amisa, Okyi-Amisa, Eminsa)kye, na Emisa Okye) rutangira kandi rutangirira kandi rugatembera mu karere ka Central muri Ghana. Runyura mu mujyi wa Mankessim, hanyuma rugasuka mu Kiyaga cya Amisa Lagoon), mbere yo kwinjira mu Nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea, mu majyepfo gato y'agace ka Suprudu, hafi y'umujyi wa Saltpond. 

Ikibaya cy'amazi (basin) cy'uruzi rwa Amisa gifite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 15,576 (15,576 km²).Mu mwaka wa 2007, iki kibaya cyari gituwe n'abaturage bake ugereranyije n'ibindi bibaya by'inzui bituranye, aho hari impuzandengo y'abaturage 150 kuri kilometero kare imwe.

Agace k'amazi yegeranywa n'uruzi (drainage area) gafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1,368 (1,368 km²), kandi mu mwaka wa 1998, byagereranijwe ko amazi y'uru ruzi yatemberaga ku gipimo cya metero kibe 12.8 ku isegonda (12.8 m³/s) ku mpuzandengo y'umwaka.

uru ruzi ruzwiho kugira ibishanga binini kandi byinshi (Extensive wetlands) ndetse n'umwana mugari uhurira n'inyanja (wide inlet) aho rusukira mu Nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea.


Uruzi rwa Amisa ni rumwe mumasoko icyenda y'ingenzi atanga amazi meza yo kunywa mu karere ka Central muri Ghana. Sisitemu yo gutunganya no gukwirirakwiza ayo mazi iherereye ahitwa Baifikrom Headworks.

Nanone kandi, uru ruzi rufite uruhare rukomeye mu kuhira imyaka ku buhinzi, kuko amazi yarwo akoreshwa mu bikorwa by'ubuhinzi bitandukanye. kiyaga cyarwo cya Amisa Lagoon, gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 2.1 (2.1  km²), gifite akamaro kanini mu gukora umunyu no mu bworozi bw'amafi n'uburobyi, bikaba bifasha mu mibereho n'ubukungu bw'abaturage bahaturiye.

Uruzi rwa Amisa rugaburira kimwe mu byuzi bibiri binini biri mu ishyamba gakondo ritagatifu rya Nananom Pow, ari cyo cyuzi kizwi ku izina rya Atsendu Pond. Iki cyuzi gifite agaciro gakomeye mu muco n'imigenzo y'abaturahe baho, kuko gifatwa nk'ahantu hera kandi hafite amateka yihariye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igikombe cy'isi 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142036</id>
      <parentid>139936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:37:23Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3799" sha1="69gffug3lc0n1o35nn7fdzu9y16l8nx" xml:space="preserve">== Amateka kw'irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi ==
[[Dosiye:2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png|thumb|IGIKOMBE CY'ISI 2026]]
Mu 1930 nibwo irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi ryatangiye rikaba ryarabereye mu ku mugabane w' America y' amagepfo mu gihugu cya Uruguay, muri iki gihe iki guhugu cyatoranyijwe kuko cyari kimwe mu makipe akomeye ariko bya akarusho iki gihugu kikaba cyarizihizaga imyaka 100 ishize kibonye ubwigenge. Irushanwa ry'igikombe k'isi kunshuro yambere ryitabiriwe nibihugu  cumi nabitatu(13) byo mu migabane itatu gusa. Umugabane w'America  y' Amagepfo wari uhagarariwe n'ibihugu birindwi(7) aribyo Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, ndetse na Bolivia. Umugabane w'Uburayi wari uhagarariwe n'ibihugu bine(4) aribyo France, Belgium, Romania na Yugoslavia, naho America ya Ruguru yar ihagarariwe n' ibihugu bibiri(2) aribyo  Leta zunze ubumwe z' America(USA)  ndetse na Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/fifa-irashaka-ko-umukino-ufungura-igikombe-cy-isi-cy-abatarengeje-imyaka-15-uzahuza-palestine-na-israel&lt;/ref&gt;

Igikombe cy'isi kiri kuba kunshuro yacyo ya 23 kikaba cyimaze kubera mu migabane itanu(5) y'isi ,ibihugu bimaze kucyakira inshuro nyinshi ni&lt;ref&gt;wordcap&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mexico (inshuro ebyiri mu 1970, 1986)
* Italy (inshuro ebyiri  mu 1934, 1990)
* France (inshuro ebyiri mu 1938, 1998)
* Brazil(inshuro ebyiri mu 1950, 2014
* Germany (inshuro ebyiri ,1974 yacyakiriye nka West Germany na 2006 nka Germany)  

== Udushya twabaye mu gikombe cy' isi ==
Kuva iri rushanwa ryatangira gukinwa ibihugu byagitwaye inshuro nyinshi ni Brazil yagitwaye inshuro eshanu(5) , Germany yagitwaye inshuro (4) ahinganya na Italy ,Argentina igifite inshuro eshatu ,France na Uruguay ninshuro ebyiri(2) naho England na Spain bigifite inshuro imwe(1). Muri iri rushanwa igitego kihuse kurusha ibindi cyatsinzwe na HAKAN SUKUR ukomoka muri Turkey yagitsinze nyuma y'amasegonda 11 muri 2002. Umukinnyi JOSE FONTAINE w'Ubufaransa(France) niwe watsinze ibitego byinshi mu gikombe cy'isi kimwe aho yatsinze ibitego 13 mu gikombe cya 1958.

Mu 1954, Austaria yatsinze Switzerland ibitego 7-5.Uyu niwe mukino wabonetsemo ibitego byinshi kurusha indi ibitego 12. Ikarita itukura yihuse kurusha  izindi ni iyahawe JOSE BATISTA aho yahawe ikarita itukura nyuma yamasegonda 56 mu gikombe cya 1986. Edson Arantes Donascimento wataziriwe izina rya Pele niwe mukinnyi rukumbi wegukanye igikombe cy'isi inshuro nyinshi ahpo yacyegukanye inshuro eshatu (1958,1962,1970). Abakinnyi bitabiriye irir rushanwa inshuro nyinshi ni LIONEL MESSI ,CHRISTIANO RONALDO na GUILLERMO OCHOA bose bamaze kukitabira inshuro 6(2006-2026)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ibyo wamenya byihariye kw'irushanwa ry'igikombe cy'isi 2026 ==
Igikombe cy'isi 2026 kiri kwakirwa nibihugu bitatu (3) aribyo USA(Leta zunze ubumwe z'America), Canada ndetse na Mexico. Iri rushanwa riri gukinwa namakipe 48 aho yangerewe avuye kuri 32, imikino 104 aho yiyongereye ivuye kuri 64 ikaba ariyo mikino myinshi igiye kuba kuva iri rushanwa ryatangira gukinwa. Ibihugu bigiye gukina igikombe cy'isi bwa mbere, birimo Uzbekistan, Jordan, Cape Verde,ndetse na Curacao.&lt;ref&gt;https://kigalitoday.com/imikino/basketball/article/fifa-irashaka-ko-umukino-ufungura-igikombe-cy-isi-cy-abatarengeje-imyaka-15-uzahuza-palestine-na-israel&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwa mbere mu mateka hagiye kubaho kimwe cya 32 kirangiza (round 32) aho amakipe 32 azava mu matsinda ajye muri iki kiciro mbere yo kujya m,uri kim,we cya 16 kirangiza. Estadio Azteca igiye kuba stade ya mbere yakiriye imikino y'igikombe cy'isi inshuro 3(1970,1986,2026.kubera ubushyuhe bukabije mu mijyi imwe yo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z' America hashyizweho akaruhuko ko kunywa mazi kubera ikigero cy'ubushyuhe kiri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umutoni Uwase Belinda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141668</id>
      <parentid>136997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:24:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1401" sha1="fgp2iv5x5x4rus5pziqh0z0eaijwq86" xml:space="preserve">Umutoni Uwase Belinda ni umwe mu bakobwa bahataniye ikamba rya [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] w'u Rwanda 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uwase-belinda-wahatanye-muri-miss-rwanda-2017-yibarutse-impanga#:~:text=Umutoni%20Uwase%20Belinda%2C%20umwe%20mu,Kabiri%2C%20tariki%2023%20Mutarama%202018. https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uwase-belinda-wahatanye-muri-miss-rwanda-2017-yibarutse-impanga#:~:text=Umutoni%20Uwase%20Belinda%2C%20umwe%20mu,Kabiri%2C%20tariki%2023%20Mutarama%202018.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ye ==
Umutoni Uwase Belinda wavukiye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]], akaza no kwiyamamaza nka Nyampinga w'u Rwanda, yasezeranye n'umukunzi we Theo Gakire Ntarugero, umuhango wabereye mu mujyi wa Kigali mu busitani bwa SunSet i Kagugu mu gihe gusezerana imbere y'Imana byabaye taliki 7 Ukwakira 2017. Bafitanye abana b'impanga yibarutse mu ijoro ryo kuwa 2 taliki 23 Mutarama 2018, nyuma y'amezi ane bari bamaze barushinze.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uwase-belinda-wahatanye-muri-miss-rwanda-2017-yibarutse-impanga#:~:text=Umutoni%20Uwase%20Belinda%2C%20umwe%20mu,Kabiri%2C%20tariki%2023%20Mutarama%202018. https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uwase-belinda-wahatanye-muri-miss-rwanda-2017-yibarutse-impanga#:~:text=Umutoni%20Uwase%20Belinda%2C%20umwe%20mu,Kabiri%2C%20tariki%2023%20Mutarama%202018.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nshimiyimana Yunusu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141660</id>
      <parentid>136596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="877" sha1="6fjmerrwlaxltjsvw0504rho3hd2h8j" xml:space="preserve">Nshimiyimana Yunusu ni umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru w'Umunyarwanda ufite imyaka 24, ukina ku mwanya wa myugariro mu ikipe ya APR FC. Yavutse kuwa 31 Ukuboza 2001. Kugeza ubu Yunusu Nshimiyimana akinira ikipe ya APR FC.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fotmob.com/players/1649432/yunusu-nshimiyimana&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ye ==
Nshimiyimana Yunusu afite abavandimwe nabo bakina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] aribo Fitina Omborenga, Sibomana Abubah akaba ari umutoza w'ungirije muri [[Gorilla Fc|Gorilla FC]] yabaye myugariro w'ibumuso ukomeye hano mu Rwanda no mu Karere ndetse n'undi muvandimwe wabo witwa Yamini Salumu. Taliki ya 17 Werurwe 2025, nibwo aba bavandimwe bakiriye inkuru y'akababaro y'urupfu rwa se ubwo yari yitanye Imana.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino/football/article/umubyeyi-wa-fitina-omborenga-na-nshimiyimana-yunusu-yitabye-imana&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MUHAWENAYO GAD</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22960</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="786" sha1="lc1rd197z96h0hjh4bz5ufqf9d222tx" xml:space="preserve">Muhawenayo Gad ni umunyarwanda ukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]]. Yavutse taliki 30 Ugushyingo 1995. Yakiniraga ikipe ya [[Gorilla Fc|Gorilla FC]] nyuma aza kwerekeza muri Marine. Mu mwaka ushize 2025/26 ntabwo Muhawenimana Gad yabonye umwanya uhagije wo gukina, dore ko yakinnye imikino 16 yo muri BK Pro League, itandatu muri iyo akaba atari yo yinijijwe igitego. Izamu rye ryinjiyemo ibitego 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/sindi-paul-jesus-na-muhawenayo-gad-berekeje-muri-marine-fc&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amakipe yakiniye ==
[[Musanze Fc|Musanze FC]] yayikiniye nk'umunyezamu w'imena, nyuma yerekeza muri Gorilla FC, yongera gusinya amasezerano muri Marine y'imyaka 2, yanatangajwe nk'umukinnyi mushya wa APR FC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SINDI PAUL JESUS</title>
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    <id>22961</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="673" sha1="369kpw1kw51xlaqfk4nok994p26dq0x" xml:space="preserve">Sindi Paul Jesus ni umunyarwanda uzwi mu [[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w'amaguru]], ufite imyaka 21 wavukiye mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]], mu Karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]]. Ubu akaba abarizwa mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda gukomerezayo akazi, akaba yaramaze gusinyira Marine FC amasezerano y'imyaka ibiri(2).&lt;ref&gt;https://m.isimbi.rw/sindi-paul-jesus-nyuma-yo-gutandukana-na-rayon-yerekeje-muri-marines-fc.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amakipe yakiniye ==
Tsindabatsinde, Rayon Sports, Marine FC.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sindi-paul-jesus-wakiniraga-rayon-sports-yerekeje-muri-marine--1781965167437&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nyamiyaga</title>
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    <id>22981</id>
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      <id>141889</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="1727" sha1="q2k44h2y3ezvwu7kgqhj4nud99t79ud" xml:space="preserve">'''Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nyamiyaga'''&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubukungu/article/gicumbi-imyaka-itatu-irashize-abubatse-ikigo-nderabuzima-cya-nyamiyaga-bishyuza&lt;/ref&gt; ni ikigo cy'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze cya Leta, giherereye mu mudugudu wa Rugali,akagali ka kabeza,[[Umurenge wa Nyamirama|umurenge wa Nyamiyaga]], mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|karere ka Gicumbi]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Iki kigo gishinzwe gutanga serivisi z'ubuzima no kwita ku baturage batuye uyu murenge n'inkengero zaho&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abakozi-bane-b-akarere-ka-gicumbi-batawe-muri-yombi&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Imikorere n'Inshingano'''

[[Ikigo nderabuzima|Ikigo Nderabuzima]] &lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/gicumbi-abakozi-b-akarere-baherutse-gutabwa-muri-yombi-bagejejwe-imbere-y/&lt;/ref&gt;cya Nyamiyaga gikora nk'urwego rw'ibanze runganira Ibitaro Bikuru bya [[Byumba]] (Byumba Level II Teaching Hospital), akaba ari na bwo buyobozi bukuru bwayo mu rwego rw'[[ubuvuzi]] mu Karere.

=== Serivise zihatingirwa : ===
Iki kigo gitanga serivisi zitandukanye zirimo:

* Gupima no kuvura [[Indwara y'Umusonga|indwara]] rusange zibasira abaturage.
* Kwita ku buzima bw'[[Umubyeyi n'umwana|umwana n'umubyeyi]] (gusuzuma abatwite).
* Serivisi zo gukingira n'izo [[Kuboneza Urubyaro|kuboneza urubyaro]].
* Ubujyanama mu mirire myiza n'[[isuku]] rwagati mu baturage.
* Guhereza abaturage imiti y'ibanze no kubohereza ku bitaro bikuru mu gihe bacyeneye ubuvuzi bwisumbuye.

'''Ubuyobozi:'''Iki kigo gicungwa  ku bufatanye bwa Ministeri y'Ubuzima mu Rwanda ([[Minisiteri y’Ubuzima|MINISANTE]]) n'ubuyobozi bw'[[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]. 

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibitaramo bya &quot; MTN Iwacu na Muzika Festival&quot;</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23015</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="1438" sha1="n8s4cf991m3xvtd9w84kjhl174axfid" xml:space="preserve">MTN I wacu na Muzika Festival ni kimwe mu bitaramo bikomeye kandi bimaze igihe kinini mu Rwanda . Bitegurwa na East African Promoters (EAP) kubufatanye na [[MTN Rwanda]] , bikaba byaratangiye muri 2019 hagamijwe kugeza imyidagaduro ku baturage bo hirya no hino mu gihugu no guteza imbere umuziki nyarwanda .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/butera-knowless-yaririmbye-i-muhanga-mu-gitaramo-cya-mtn-iwacu-muzika-festival&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bimwe mu byaranze bino bitaramo mu myaka itandukanye ==
Ibi bitaramo bimaze kwitabirwa n'abahanzi bakomeye mu njyana zitandukanye harimo nka Bluce melodie, [[King James|king james]], Chriss Eazy, Juno Kizigenza , Kivumbi king ndetse n'abandi. Byinshi muri ibi bitaramo byabaye ubuntu ,  igice cya VIP kikishyurwa make kugirango abantu benshi babashe kubyitabira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== MTN Iwacu na Muzika Festival 2026 ==
Muri uyumwaka ibi bitaramo bizenguruka igihugu  bizabera  Huye , Ngoma , Nyagatare, Karongi, Muhanga, Musanze na [[Rubavu]] . Umuhanzi kevin kade yagombaga kwitabira ariko aza kubivamo kubera impamvu z'uburwayi asimburwa n'abahanzi babiri aribo Amalon na Kivumbi king. Muri uyu mwaka ibi bitaramo byashyizwemo agashya aho hiyongereyemo n'abahanzi batwaye irushanwa rya Primus Guma Guma Super Star(PGGSS)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/kevin-kade-ntakitabiriye-ibitaramo-bya-iwacu-muzika-festival&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Cecafa kagame cup 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141970</id>
      <parentid>139489</parentid>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="1938" sha1="1xkpykxr06ojg320gc91z877vj1kovm" xml:space="preserve">== CECAFA Kagame Cup ==
CECAFA KAGAME CUP  ni irushanwa rihuza amakipe akomeye uo muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba no hagati (CECAFA ZONE). Mu 2026 ryabereye i Kigali, Rwanda kuva ku wa 24 Nyakanga kugeza ku wa 7 Kanama 2026 , ikaba ari imikino yakiniwe ku bibuga aribyo Amahoro stadium na Kigali Pele stadium.&lt;ref&gt;https://kigalitoday.com/imikino/football/article/rayon-sports-yongeye-gutwara-cecafa-kagame-cup-nyuma-y-imyaka-28-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

Iri rushanwa ryitabiriwe n'amakipe 12 yaragabanyije mu matsinda atatu(3)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://cecafaonline.com/nshimiyimana-scoops-best-player-award-in-cecafa-kagame-cup/&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Itsinda 1 ====

* APR FC(Rwanda)
* Vipers SC(Uganda)
* Gor Mahia FC(kenya)
* Garde Republicaine(Djibout)

==== Itsinda 2 ====

* Singida Black Stars(Tanzania)
* Simba SC(Tanzania)
* Jamus SC(Sudani y'Epfo)
* Mogadishu city club(Somalia)

==== Itsinda 3 ====

* Al Hilal(Sudan)
* Rayon Sports(Rwanda)
* Tusker FC(Kenya)
* KVZ FC(Zanzibal)

Rayon Sport yaherukaga kugitwara mu 1988, yongeye kugitwara hashize imyaka 28 itsinze Gor Mahia yashakaag icya Kane ibitego 2 kuri 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://citizen.digital/article/rayon-sports-sink-gor-mahia-in-extra-time-to-lift-cecafa-kagame-cup-n387926&lt;/ref&gt;

== Udushya twabaye muri CECAFA KAGAME CUP 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ==
Iri rushanwa ryatangiye ikipe ya APR Fc ikubitwa ibitego 5 na Gor Mahia mu mukino wafunguye irir rushanwa. Jamus Fc ikipe yaje ititezweho byinshi yabaye imwe mu makipe yatangaje abantu cyane kubera ukuntu yitwaye neza bikaza no kuyiha amahirwe yo gukina imikino ya kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bimwe kubyo wamenya ku bakinnyi bahize abandi, Emmanuel Nshimiyimana kapiteni wa Rayon Sport yahawe igihembo cya Best Player of CECAFA Kagame cup 2026 kubera uruhare rukomeye yagize mu gufasha Rayons Sport kwegukan igikombe ndetse ikipe ya Al Hilar yatwaye umwanya wa 3 itsinze Jamus FC&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Traoré</title>
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      <text bytes="40751" sha1="0tcylafc1ubm4kntv8uzstiko80a9z7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Ibrahim Traoré
| image         = Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Ibrahim Traoré mu 2026
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1988|3|14|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Kéra, Bondokuy, [[Burukina Faso]]
| nationality   = Umunyaburukinafaso
| title         = Perezida wa Burkina Faso
| term          = Kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022
| predecessor   = [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]]
| party         = Nta shyaka (yigenga)
| alma_mater    = Kaminuza ya Wagadugu&lt;br /&gt;Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano
| occupation    = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (kuva ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025)
| relatives     = Kassoum Coulibaly (nyirarume)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : La galaxie Traoré |url=https://graphics.rfi.fr/traore-burkina-entourage/ |website=RFI |date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Ibrahim Traoré''' (wavutse ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988 i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, muri [[Burukina Faso]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukinafaso, akaba ari Umukuru w'Igihugu cya Burkina Faso kuva ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022.

Yahiritse ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel [[Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba]] binyuze muri kudeta, afata ubuyobozi bw'Umutwe wo Gukunda Igihugu ugamije Kurinda no Kugarura Ituze (''Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration'', MPSR) ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022. Mu ngabo za Burkina Faso, afite ipeti rya Kapiteni.

Igihe yageraga ku butegetsi afite imyaka 34, ni we wari umukuru w'igihugu ukiri muto kurusha abandi ku isi.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Ibrahim Traoré yavukiye i Kéra, muri komine ya Bondokuy, ku wa 14 Werurwe 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, président de la Transition : parcours d’un artilleur |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/blog/ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-parcours-dun-artilleur/ |website=Sidwaya |access-date=2023-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wakatsera&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Morin |title=Burkina: exit Damiba, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau président du Faso |url=https://www.wakatsera.com/burkina-exit-damiba-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-president-du-faso/ |website=Wakat Séra |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=Portrait du nouveau Président du MPSR, le capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8vtSEppJbc |website=YouTube |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yize amashuri abanza mu ishuri rya Leta rya Bondokuy. Amashuri yisumbuye yayigiye muri ''lycée mixte d'Accart-ville'' i Bobo-Dioulasso, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (''baccalauréat série D'') mu 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, nouvel homme fort du Burkina Faso |work=La Croix |date=2022-10-03 |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Le-capitaine-Ibrahim-Traore-nouvel-homme-fort-Burkina-Faso-2022-10-03-1201236047 |access-date=2022-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2006, yinjiye muri Kaminuza ya Wagadugu (ubu yitwa Kaminuza Joseph Ki-Zerbo), mu ishami ry'ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga, mu gice cy'ubutabire, ibinyabuzima n'ubumenyi bw'isi (géologie)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du président |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/biographie-du-president/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2024-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2010, yarangije afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri (''maîtrise'') mu bumenyi bw'isi, ayibonana amanota meza&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=rw |title=Burkina Faso: Menya Capt Ibrahim Traoré wafashe ubutegetsi i Ouagadougou |url=https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/c6pkpqrnwwro |website=BBC Gahuza |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2023-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Igihe yari mu masomo, yari umurwanashyaka w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Abanyeshuri ba Burkina (ANEB), umuryango w'abanyeshuri ugendera ku bitekerezo bya Marx&lt;ref name=&quot;lemonde-enigmatique&quot;&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |last=Douce |first=Sophie |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le président énigmatique qui défie la France |work=Le Monde Afrique |date=2023-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yari kandi hafi y'amashyirahamwe y'Abayisilamu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bakary Sambe |title=Au Sahel, après le militaro-populisme, l'islamo-nationalisme ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1514798/politique/au-sahel-apres-le-militaro-populisme-lislamo-nationalisme/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;, akaba n'umunyamuryango w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyeshuri b'Abayisilamu.

=== Urugendo mu gisirikare ===
Traoré ntiyanyuze mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya ''Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo'' (PMK), bitandukanye n'uwo yasimbuye, Damiba, ndetse n'abandi basirikare bakuru benshi bo muri Burkina Faso. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza, yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 2010. Yatorejwe mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare Georges Namoano, ishuri rihugura abofisiye riri i Pô, ahasoza ari uwa kabiri mu bo bari bigana&lt;ref name=&quot;bur&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, jeune putschiste à la tête du pays des hommes intègres |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-jeune-putschiste-a-la-tete-du-pays-des-hommes-integres_5400979.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;qui&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, le plus jeune chef d'État au monde ? |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/burkina-ibrahim-traoré-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde/6778263.html |website=VOA Afrique |access-date=2022-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Burkina Faso : qui est le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/ce7y7x2gdn8o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma yaho yazamutse vuba mu mapeti ya gisirikare.

Mu 2012 yabaye Sous-lieutenant, nyuma y'imyaka ibiri ahabwa ipeti rya Lieutenant, maze mu 2020 azamurwa ku ipeti rya Kapiteni. Muri Werurwe 2022, Perezida Paul-Henri Damiba yamugize umukuru w'imbunda nini (artillerie) muri Batayo ya 10 ishinzwe ubuyobozi, ubufasha n'ingoboka (10&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; RCAS) ifite icyicaro i Kaya&lt;ref name=&quot;wakatsera&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |first=Emmanuel |last=Gautier |title=Burkina Faso : Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré annonce un coup d'État à la RTB, fin de règne pour Damiba |url=https://afriksoir.net/burkina-faso-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-coup-detat-rtb-fin-regne-damiba/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=ALERTE - Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, 34 ans, « plutôt timide » et « réglo » |url=https://www.omegamedias.info/blog/2022/10/01/-alerte-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-34-ans-plutot-timide-et-reglo/ |website=Omega Médias |date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2022-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kapiteni Traoré yagize uruhare mu bikorwa byinshi bya gisirikare byo [[Iterabwoba|kurwanya iterabwoba]], cyane cyane i Djibo, aho yari ayobowe na Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, icyo gihe wari umuyobozi w'itsinda ry'ingabo zirwanya iterabwoba mu 2017. Yanagize uruhare mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cyiswe ''Otapuanu'' mu 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Lutte anti-terroriste au Burkina : L'armée lance l'opération « Otapuanu » ou pluie de tonnerre dans les régions du Centre Est et de l'Est |url=https://netafrique.net/lutte-anti-terroriste-le-burkina-annonce-une-operation-denommee-otapuanu-dans-les-regions-du-centre-est-et-de-lest/ |website=NetAfrique.net |access-date=2023-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi yakoreye mu itsinda ry'ingabo ryari i Markoye, mu ntara ya Sahel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré, le nouvel homme fort du Burkina (Portrait) |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/-ibrahim-traoré-le-nouvel-homme-fort-du-burkina-portrait/2699900 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Burkina Faso ==
=== Kudeta zo muri Mutarama na Nzeri 2022 n'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi ===
[[File:2025 Ibrahim Traore (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré mu 2025]]
Ibrahim Traoré yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri kudeta ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, amaze gutangaza ko Damiba akuwe ku butegetsi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : Ibrahim Traoré proclamé président, Damiba destitué |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381642/politique/burkina-ibrahim-traore-proclame-president-damiba-destitue/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des militaires annoncent la dissolution du gouvernement et la fermeture des frontières |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res |website=RFI |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions, annoncent des militaires à la télévision |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-chef-de-la-junte-demis-de-ses-fonctions-annoncent-des-militaires-a-la-television_6143908_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyo yari kudeta ya kabiri igihugu cyari kibonye muri uwo mwaka. Kapiteni Traoré yari umwe mu basirikare bakuru bagize uruhare muri kudeta yahiritse Perezida [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], igashyira ku butegetsi Lieutenant-colonel Damiba, perezida wa MPSR, ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: Ibrahim Traoré, nouveau putschiste et plus jeune chef d'Etat au monde |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/burkina-ibrahim-traore-nouveau-putschiste-et-plus-jeune-chef-d-etat-au-monde_2181424.html |website=L'Express |date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bitewe n'umutekano wari ukomeje kuzamba no kuba ibyemezo byafashwe mu gihe cya kudeta ya mbere bitarubahirijwe, abo basirikare bahisemo gukura ku butegetsi Perezida Damiba ku wa 30 Nzeri 2022, maze Ibrahim Traoré afata ubuyobozi bwa MPSR. Iyi kudeta yakurikiye ibitero byinshi by'iterabwoba byahitanye abantu benshi, cyane cyane icyabereye i Gaskindé, mu majyaruguru ya Burkina Faso, aho imodoka zari zitwaye ibiribwa zaguye mu gico cy'abaterabwoba. Imibare yatangajwe na Leta yavugaga abasirikare 11 bishwe n'abasivili benshi baburiwe irengero, mu gihe andi makuru yavugaga abasivili bagera ku ijana bishwe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=en |first1=Thiam |last1=Ndiaga |first2=Anne |last2=Mimault |title=Burkina Faso soldiers announce overthrow of military government |work=Reuters |date=2022-09-30 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |access-date=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;f24-coup&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nouveau coup d'État au Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte démis de ses fonctions |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20220930-%F0%9F%94%B4-burkina-faso-un-officier-annonce-la-destitution-du-chef-de-la-junte-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le colonel Damiba déposé par le capitaine Ibrahima Traoré |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/09/30/burkina-faso-le-colonel-damiba-depose-par-le-capitaine-ibrahima-traore/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |first=Agnès |last=Faivre |title=Au Burkina Faso, une nouvelle attaque meurtrière contre un convoi d'aide humanitaire |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-une-nouvelle-attaque-meurtriere-contre-un-convoi-daide-humanitaire-20220928_GBC2RIXZFNABXAOISK74BLYAGE/ |website=Libération |access-date=2022-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Damiba yaje kwegura ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=DIRECT Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte destitué, le lieutenant-colonel Paul-Henri Damiba, a accepté de démissionner |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso/burkina-faso-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-tires-devant-l-ambassade-de-france-pour-disperser-des-manifestants-favorables-aux-putschistes_5393296.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Imiyoborere ===
Amaze gufata ubutegetsi ku wa 30 Nzeri, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ati: {{Quote|Ntituri hano ku bw'ubutegetsi. Dufite gahunda y'amezi cumi n'abiri, muri yo tuzakemura udukibazo duto tw'ibikoresho twubahiriza indangagaciro za muntu.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-terreur&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |first=Rachid Zaïd |last=Combary |title=« La junte militaire a instauré la terreur partout » - Série (3) |url=https://afriquexxi.info/La-junte-militaire-a-instaure-la-terreur-partout |website=Afrique XXI |date=2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 6 Ukwakira, itegeko shingiro ryagaruye Itegeko Nshinga maze ritangaza ko Traoré ari Umukuru w'Igihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Traoré devient officiellement chef de l'État |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/burkina-faso-traor%C3%A9-devient-officiellement-chef-de-letat/2703866 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2022-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré officiellement désigné président du Burkina Faso |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-officiellement-designe-president-du-burkina-faso-20221005 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2022-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye atyo Umuyisilamu wa mbere ugeze kuri uwo mwanya kuva Saye Zerbo yahirikwa ku butegetsi mu 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, le visage d’un souverainisme &quot;made in Sahel&quot; |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-le-visage-dun-souverainisme-made-in-sahel-GZNPL4T4MRDXHCGY7YCKKRU3ZI/ |website=L'Express |date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Avuga ko ari gukemura gusa ibibazo by'ibanze by'igihugu, Traoré yatangaje ko perezida w'inzibacyuho, yaba umusivili cyangwa umusirikare, azatoranywa n'inama nkuru y'igihugu (''assises'') ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, un président de transition doit être désigné en fin de semaine |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-10 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/10/au-burkina-faso-un-president-de-transition-doit-etre-designe-en-fin-de-semaine_6145137_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré: «Les assises vont désigner un président de la transition» au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20221003-capitaine-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-les-assises-vont-d%C3%A9signer-un-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-transition-au-burkina-faso |website=RFI |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abamushyigikiye bakoze imyigaragambyo basaba ko ari we wahabwa kuyobora igihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : les partisans d'Ibrahim Traoré font monter la tension |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1385101/politique/burkina-les-partisans-dibrahim-traore-font-monter-la-tension/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze ahabwa kuyobora inzibacyuho nk'umuyobozi wa MPSR&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina: le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré président de la transition jusqu'en 2024 |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burkina-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-jusqu-en-2024-474904 |website=TV5Monde |date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015003909/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/burkina-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traore-president-de-la-transition-jusqu-en-2024-474904 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le putschiste Ibrahim Traoré a été investi président de transition |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221021-burkina-faso-le-putschiste-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-a-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-de-transition |website=France 24 |date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : après son putsch, le capitaine Traoré se rêve en nouveau Sankara |work=Le Monde |date=2022-10-21 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/10/21/burkina-faso-apres-son-putsch-le-capitaine-traore-se-reve-en-nouveau-sankara_6146842_3212.html |access-date=2022-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ugushyingo, yanze guhembwa umushahara wa perezida, ahitamo kuguma ahembwa uwa kapiteni&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Gabon, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema « renonce à son traitement de président » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1494965/politique/au-gabon-brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-renonce-a-son-traitement-de-president/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2023-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2023, Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ibitero bikomeye byari bigiye kugabwa ku barwanyi b'intagondwa z'abajihadi, asaba abaturage kumushyigikira&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-ib&quot; /&gt;. Muri Mata 2023, yatangaje ko igihugu cyose kigomba kwitegura urugamba (''mobilisation générale'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, Ibrahim Traoré décrète la mobilisation générale |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1436057/politique/au-burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-decrete-la-mobilisation-generale/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gicurasi, yavuze ku bihugu &quot;by'inshuti&quot; bafatanya cyangwa bongera ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare: [[Uburusiya]], aho abacancuro b'itsinda rya Wagner bashobora kuba bari muri Burkina Faso&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Les mercenaires Wagner présents au Burkina Faso, affirme le président ghanéen |work=Le Monde |date=2022-12-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/16/les-mercenaires-wagner-presents-au-burkina-faso-affirme-le-president-ghaneen_6154693_3212.html |access-date=2023-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Turukiya]] imuha indege zitagira abapilote (drones) zo mu bwoko bwa Bayraktar TB2, ndetse na [[Koreya y’Amajyaruguru]] yatekerezaga ko yamuha intwaro&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-ib&quot; /&gt;. Icyo gihe, guverinoma yahisemo kwifashisha ingabo zayo bwite mu kurwanya abajihadi, kandi ntibyagaragaraga ko yasabye ubufasha bw'Abarusiya ba Wagner&lt;ref name=&quot;lemonde-enigmatique&quot; /&gt;. Mu rwego rwo gukaza [[Iterabwoba|urugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba]], guverinoma ye yateguye igikorwa kidasanzwe cyo kwinjiza abasirikare 3 000, ndetse no kwinjiza abafasha b'ingabo 50 000 bitwa &quot;Abakorerabushake bo kurinda Igihugu&quot; (''Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie'', VDP)&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-ib&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la guerre selon « IB » |url=https://afriquexxi.info/Au-Burkina-Faso-la-guerre-selon-IB |website=Afrique XXI |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kubera ko ingengo y'imari ya Leta, yari yazahajwe n'ibihano by'ubukungu, itabashaga gutera inkunga urugamba rwo kurwanya abajihadi, guverinoma yongereye imisoro&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré : au Burkina, la guerre taxe après taxe |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1466721/politique/ibrahim-traore-au-burkina-la-guerre-taxe-apres-taxe/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bitewe n'imyaka ye, uburambe afite ku rugamba n'imivugire ye, Ibrahim Traoré akundwa n'urubyiruko, rugize abarenga 70 % by'abaturage ariko rukaba rudahagarariwe bihagije mu nzego za politiki. Mu ijambo rye akunze kwifashisha ibitekerezo bya [[Thomas Sankara]], nko guharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu no kwamagana ubukoloni bushya (''impérialisme'')&lt;ref name=&quot;lemonde-enigmatique&quot; /&gt;. Akurikiza politiki irwanya [[Ubufaransa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la France en sursis après le départ de Sabre |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/au-burkina-faso-la-france-en-sursis-apr%C3%A8s-le-d%C3%A9part-de-sabre/6973676.html |website=VOA Afrique |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;, bimuhesha gushyigikirwa n'abaharanira ubumwe bwa Afurika (''panafricanistes'') ndetse n'Abayisilamu b'Abawahabi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : quand Russes, wahhabites et panafricanistes font cause commune autour de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2023-02-16 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/16/burkina-faso-quand-russes-wahhabites-et-panafricanistes-font-cause-commune-autour-de-la-junte_6162118_3212.html |access-date=2023-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyamara, uretse uko gukundwa, sosiyete sivile, abanyamakuru, abacamanza n'abayobozi b'amashyaka bibasirwa n'igitugu cy'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, rimwe na rimwe bakajyanwa ku ngufu mu gisirikare ku rugamba. Abasivili na bo bahuye n'ibyo, ndetse bamwe baburirwa irengero ku gahato&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Capitaine Ibrahim Traore : pourquoi est-il si populaire auprès de la jeunesse africaine ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c2kvykyy9g3o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2023, Ibrahim Traoré, ari kumwe na Colonel [[Assimi Goïta]] na Jenerali [[Abdourahamane Tiani]], bashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (''Alliance des États du Sahel'', AES), amasezerano yo gutabarana hagati ya [[Mali]], [[Nigeri]] na [[Burukina Faso]]. Ku wa 28 Mutarama 2024, yakuye Burkina Faso mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO).

Amaze kurokoka umugambi wa kudeta muri Nzeri 2023, yitabaje abasirikare b'Abarusiya ngo bamurinde&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des militaires russes pour protéger Ibrahim Traoré ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1503219/politique/au-burkina-faso-des-militaires-russes-pour-proteger-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukuboza, Minisitiri w'Intebe mushya, Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla, yatangaje ko [[Uburusiya]] buzafasha mu ivugurura ry'ingabo za Burkina Faso, cyane cyane mu gushyiraho batayo nshya zo gutabara byihuse, mu gihe [[Ubushinwa]] na [[Turukiya]] na byo byari kuzatanga ubufasha&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-terreur&quot; /&gt;. Muri icyo gihe kandi, guverinoma ya Burkina Faso yasinye amasezerano n'Uburusiya yo kubaka uruganda rutanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku ngufu za nikleyeri&lt;ref name=&quot;afxxi-terreur&quot; /&gt;.

Ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2024, nyuma y'indi nama nkuru y'inzibacyuho itaritabiriwe n'amatsinda ya sosiyete sivile n'amashyaka atavuga rumwe na Ibrahim Traoré, inzibacyuho yongerewe imyaka itanu (guhera ku wa 2 Nyakanga 2024) hemejwe itegeko rishya (''charte'') rimuha izina rya Perezida wa Burkina Faso, rikanamwemerera kuzaziyamamaza mu matora azakurikira. Iyi nama yabaye hashize iminsi mike habaye indi isa na yo muri Mali, igihugu bafatanyije, na yo yongereye inzibacyuho imyaka itanu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: la durée de la transition prolongée pour cinq ans |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240525-burkina-faso-la-dur%C3%A9e-de-la-transition-prolong%C3%A9e-pour-cinq-ans |website=RFI |date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2024-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, des assises sous haute surveillance pour prolonger une transition sans paix |work=Le Monde |date=2024-05-24 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/24/au-burkina-faso-des-assises-sous-haute-surveillance-pour-prolonger-une-transition-sans-paix_6235312_3212.html |access-date=2024-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwo munsi nyine, Traoré yashyize umukono kuri iryo tegeko rishya, bituma ritangira gukurikizwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, le capitaine putschiste Ibrahim Traoré se ressert cinq ans de mandat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-burkina-faso-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-reprend-cinq-ans-20240527_P4LWF5QNI5H27INN5Y6ZRSS7X4/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 11 Kamena 2024, abajihadi b'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM) bagabye igitero ku kigo cya gisirikare no muri komine ya Mansila&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des survivants racontent l'attaque de Mansila revendiquée par le JNIM |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-survivants-racontent-l-attaque-de-mansila-revendiqu%C3%A9e-par-le-jnim |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bukeye bwaho, igisasu cyarashwe ku cyicaro cya Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), hafi y'ingoro ya perezida i [[Wagadugu]], abakirashe ntibamenyekana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des questions toujours en suspens après des détonations à la télé publique et une attaque dans le Nord-Est |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240617-burkina-des-questions-toujours-en-suspens-apr%C3%A8s-des-d%C3%A9tonations-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-publique-et-une-attaque-dans-le-nord-est |website=RFI |date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu minsi yakurikiyeho, kuba Ibrahim Traoré atagaragaraga cyane mu ruhame byateje ibibazo mu Banyaburukinafaso. Abasirikare ba Mali n'abacancuro b'Abarusiya ba Wagner bageze i Wagadugu muri iyo minsi, ariko inshingano zabo ntizasobanuwe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des « instructeurs » russes envoyés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1579057/politique/des-instructeurs-russes-envoyes-a-ouagadougou/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des soldats maliens et des mercenaires russes de Wagner sont arrivés à Ouagadougou |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240618-burkina-faso-des-soldats-maliens-et-des-mercenaires-russes-de-wagner-sont-arriv%C3%A9s-%C3%A0-ouagadougou |website=RFI |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Inama y'Abaminisitiri yagombaga kuyobora ku wa 19 Kamena 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: report du Conseil des ministres, Ibrahim Traoré serait «caché» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-burkina-faso-report-du-conseil-des-ministres-ibrahim-traor%C3%A9-serait-cach%C3%A9 |website=RFI |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; yimuriwe bukeye bwaho, maze Traoré yongera kugaragara icyo gihe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: le chef de l'État préside un Conseil des ministres mais soulève toujours des questions |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240620-burkina-faso-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-pr%C3%A9side-un-conseil-des-ministres-mais-soul%C3%A8ve-toujours-des-questions |website=RFI |date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama, igihugu cyagabweho igitero cy'iterabwoba cy'abajihadi cyahitanye abantu benshi kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka yacyo, mu mudugudu wa Barsalogho mu majyaruguru rwagati y'igihugu, aho abaturage bari hagati ya 300 na 400 bishwe n'Itsinda rishyigikira Isilamu n'Abayisilamu (JNIM)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |last=Le Cam |first=Morgane |title=Le Burkina Faso a subi l’attaque terroriste la plus meurtrière de son histoire |work=Le Monde |date=2024-08-28 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/08/28/le-burkina-faso-face-a-l-attaque-terroriste-la-plus-meurtriere-de-son-histoire_6297561_3212.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amashusho n'amafoto by'impimbano byakozwe hifashishijwe ubwenge buhangano (AI), birata Ibrahim Traoré, byuzuye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Muri ayo mashusho, akozwe neza cyangwa nabi, kapiteni agaragazwa nk'umuyobozi w'intwari urinda abaturage be, kandi akwirakwizwa na konti z'impimbano. Ayo mashusho, atagenewe abaturage ba Burkina Faso, rimwe na rimwe arebwa n'abantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni, kandi akenshi akurura ibitekerezo by'abamushima, haba muri Afurika ivuga [[Igifaransa]] aho Ibrahim Traoré asanzwe azwi, haba muri Afurika ivuga [[Icyongereza]], cyane cyane muri [[Gana]], [[Nijeriya]] na [[Kenya]], ndetse no muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] no mu birwa bya Karayibe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |last=Roger |first=Benjamin |title=Burkina Faso : Ibrahim Traoré, superstar de la désinformation |work=Le Monde |date=2025-06-30 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/30/burkina-faso-ibrahim-traore-superstar-de-l-anti-imperialisme-online_6617007_3212.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ayo mashusho amwerekana ari kumwe n'ibyamamare by'isi nka Beyoncé, Rihanna cyangwa Justin Bieber&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |last=Marotte |first=Adrien |title=Beyoncé, Rihanna, Justin Bieber… Comment l’IA crée un mythe autour d’Ibrahim Traoré, chef de la junte du Burkina Faso |work=Le Figaro |date=2025-07-22 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/beyonce-rihanna-justin-bieber-comment-l-ia-cree-un-mythe-autour-d-ibrahim-traore-chef-de-la-junte-du-burkina-faso-20250722}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Andi mashusho menshi y'impimbano agaragaza &quot;ubukungu bwa Burkina Faso butera imbere, bubasha gukora telefoni zigezweho, ibinyabiziga n'imashini z'ubuhinzi&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Pham |first=Quang |title=Le Burkina Faso, champion industriel ? Une campagne de propagande générée par IA |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20250717-burkina-faso-champion-industriel-smartphones-tracteurs-campagne-propagande-ia |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 23 Ukuboza 2025, yasimbuye Assimi Goïta ku mwanya wa Perezida w'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel.

Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2026, nyuma y'inama y'Abaminisitiri, guverinoma ya gisirikare yasheshe amashyaka ya politiki yose&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso-Le gouvernement militaire dissout tous les partis politiques |url=https://www.boursorama.com/actualite-economique/actualites/burkina-faso-le-gouvernement-militaire-dissout-tous-les-partis-politiques-6a43758d03db1480873970789daf2e11 |website=Boursorama |date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 3 Mata 2026, mu kiganiro yagiriye kuri Televiziyo y'igihugu (RTB), Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré yatangaje ko Burkina Faso igomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi, avuga ko muri iki gihe gikoreshwa n'abakoloni bashya (''impérialistes'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, Président du Faso: « La reconquête, la refondation et la Révolution, c’est la seule voie pour se développer » |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-president-du-faso-la-reconquete-la-refondation-et-la-revolution-cest-la-seule-voie-pour-se-developper/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina |title=An I de la proclamation de la RPP : Le Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORE face à la presse |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/Z0xroLNltHk?t=7654 |website=YouTube |format=video}}&lt;/ref&gt;:

{{Quote|Za demokarasi zishe abana, za demokarasi zateye ibisasu, zica abagore, zisenya ibitaro, zica abaturage b'abasivili. Ese iyo ni yo demokarasi? Bakora nk'aho batabibona (abanyabwenge), aho ngaho bahumiriza. Urubyiruko rw'Afurika rugomba kumva ko ibyo ari ibinyoma. Iki gitekerezo cya demokarasi ni ikinyoma, ni inkoni gusa abantu bafata bakayikoresha bahana Abanyafurika n'abandi baturage bamwe. Ni yo mpamvu tugomba kwibagirwa igitekerezo cya demokarasi. Tugomba kugira umutima w'impinduramatwara. Guhindura ubuzima bwacu mu buryo bw'impinduramatwara…}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ibrahim Traoré estime que le Burkina Faso doit « oublier » la démocratie |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c4gvdrl5xyko |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2026-04-03 |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : « La démocratie, c’est pas pour nous », martèle le chef de la junte |work=Le Monde |date=2026-04-03 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/03/burkina-faso-la-democratie-c-est-pas-pour-nous-martele-le-chef-de-la-junte_6676235_3212.html |access-date=2026-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihembo n'ishimwe ==
=== Ibihembo ===
* '''2023''': Igihembo cy'&quot;Umukunzi w'Igihugu w'Indashyikirwa w'umwaka&quot; (''Prix Yoro''), cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya mbere y'ibirori byiswe ''Grande Nuit du patriotisme'', byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Léeré Sarré'' mu Kigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuhanzi, Imyidagaduro n'Itangazamakuru (CENASA) i [[Wagadugu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |first=Abdoul Gani |last=Barry |title=Première édition de la « Grande nuit du patriotisme » : Le Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré reçoit le prix du super patriote de l’année |url=https://burkina24.com/2023/06/24/premiere-edition-de-la-grande-nuit-du-patriotisme-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-recoit-le-prix-du-super-patriote-de-lannee/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': Igihembo cy'icyubahiro cyatanzwe mu birori bya gatatu byo guhemba abantu bavuga rikijyana kurusha abandi mu mwaka, byateguwe n'ishyirahamwe ''Intelligence burkinabè pour le développement'' i Wagadugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Promotion du leadership au Burkina: 10 personnalités dont le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré distinguées |url=https://la-plume.bf/2025/03/28/promotion-du-leadership-au-burkina-10-personnalites-dont-le-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-distinguees/ |website=La Plume |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': Igihembo cyihariye kubera uruhare rwe mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi, udushya n'ibihangano muri Burkina Faso, cyatanzwe mu nshuro ya 15 y'Ihuriro ry'Igihugu ry'Ubushakashatsi n'Udushya mu Ikoranabuhanga (FRSIT) i Wagadugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l'innovation encouragée par le président Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://africa24tv.com/burkina-faso-linnovation-encouragee-par-le-president-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Africa24 TV |date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=15e édition du FRSIT : Boubacar ZONGO sacré lauréat du Bangré d’or |url=https://www.mesrsi.gov.bf/informations/actualites/details?cHash=c5c9c5f9e6c9c986f964bb0e2ce4f8da&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=1427 |website=Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche scientifique et de l'Innovation |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ishimwe ===
* '''2023''': Umudari wa BRICS, wamuhawe na Larisa Zelentsova, perezida w'ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry'imishinga y'ingenzi ya BRICS, i Wagadugu, mu rwego rwo gushimira ibikorwa bye biharanira ubusugire bw'igihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Vers un remodelage des Brics |url=https://www.dw.com/fr/brics-afrique-burkina-cooperation-russie/a-65905812 |website=DW |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Diplomatie : le Président de la Transition décoré de la Médaille des BRICS |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/diplomatie-le-president-de-la-transition-decore-de-la-medaille-des-brics/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2024''': Yagizwe &quot;Umuyobozi Mukuru w'Abafatanyabikorwa b'Ikiragano Gishya&quot; (''ANGe en chef'') wa Burkina Faso n'umuryango wa sosiyete sivile Fasokooz, mu birori byawo byo gutangira umwaka wa 2024-2025 i Wagadugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Le président Traoré fait « ANGe en chef » du Burkina |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-07-06 |url=https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125063619/https://www.aib.media/le-president-traore-fait-ange-en-chef-du-burkina/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': [[File:Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg|50px]] Grand-croix y'Urwego rw'Igihugu (''Ordre national'') rwa Repubulika ya [[Mali]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=2e session du collège des chefs d’État de l’AES |url=https://www.presidencedufaso.bf/2e-session-du-college-des-chefs-detat-de-laes/ |website=Présidence du Faso |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mu muco rusange ==
=== Indirimbo ===
* '''2024''': ''Cet homme m'enjaille'' ya Jah Lee&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Sidwaya |title=Musique: L’artiste burkinabé JAH LEE lance un vibrant hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/musique-lartiste-burkinabe-jah-lee-lance-un-vibrant-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore/ |website=Sidwaya |date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': ''IB Kouma'' ya Elie Kamano&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=IB KOUMA - Single by Elie Kamano |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ib-kouma-single/1818169402 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élie Kamano demande la nationalité burkinabè ! |url=https://mediaguinee.com/2025/06/elie-kamano-demande-la-nationalite-burkinabe/ |website=Mediaguinee.com |date=2025-06-09 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': ''Dî Tiu-Wan-Nï'', alubumu ya Alice Aditoua igizwe n'indirimbo esheshatu, aho yunamira Ibrahim Traoré n'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alice Aditoua, artiste burkinabè : « je vous donne rendez-vous ce 6 décembre, pour la sortie officielle de mon 5e album » |url=https://actuburkina.net/alice-aditoua-artiste-burkinabe-je-vous-donne-rendez-vous-ce-6-decembre-pour-la-sortie-officielle-de-mon-5e-album/ |website=ActuBurkina |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': ''Naaba Nii Toumdé'' ya David Le Combattant&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Naaba Nii Toumdé - Single par David le combattant |url=https://music.apple.com/ci/album/naaba-nii-toumd%C3%A9-single/1860678097 |website=Apple Music |date=2025-12-12 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2026''': ''Yédimpo'', alubumu ya Marie Gayéri, irimo indirimbo yitwa ''Traoré''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Marie Gayéri rend hommage au Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré dans son 5ᵉ album, « Yédimpo » |url=https://faso7.com/2026/02/02/burkina-faso-marie-gayeri-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-dans-son-5%e1%b5%89-album-yedimpo/ |website=Faso7 |date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibitabo ===
* '''2024''': ''Le Capitaine Ibrahim ou le Guerrier révolté'', cyanditswe na Yaya Ouédraogo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Littérature : Yaya Ouédraogo rend hommage au capitaine Ibrahim Traoré, « un guerrier révolté » |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-11-18 |url=https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713195032/https://www.aib.media/litterature-yaya-ouedraogo-rend-hommage-au-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-un-guerrier-revolte/ |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2024''': ''Le capitaine Ibrahim Traoré : l'espoir retrouvé ou la renaissance d'un peuple déboussolé'', cyanditswe n'umwanditsi w'Umunyaburukinafaso Abdoul Moumouni Ouédraogo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Burkina : Un auteur présente la vision du capitaine Traoré dans un livre de 117 pages |work=Agence d'Information du Burkina |date=2024-10-26 |url=https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104075250/https://www.aib.media/burkina-un-auteur-presente-la-vision-du-capitaine-traore-dans-un-livre-de-117-pages/ |archive-date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2026-09-25 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': ''La Vision du Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré'', [[igitabo]] cya Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré, gikusanyirizwamo amagambo Ibrahim Traoré yavuze hagati y'Ukwakira 2022 na Mutarama 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Littérature : « La vision du Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORÉ » écrite par Kiswendsida Jules César Kaboré |url=https://burkina24.com/2025/06/13/litterature-la-vision-du-capitaine-ibrahim-traore-ecrite-par-kiswendsida-jules-cesar-kabore-redacteur-en-chef-adjoint-de-burkina-24/ |website=Burkina24 |date=2025-06-13 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''2025''': ''Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères'', cyanditswe na Pierre K. Rugero&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cet homme ne doit pas mourir : Ibrahim Traoré, le cauchemar des puissances étrangères |url=https://www.cultura.com/p-cet-homme-ne-doit-pas-mourir-ibrahim-traore-le-cauchemar-des-puissances-etrangeres-9782312080482.html |website=Cultura |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reba kandi ==
* [[RAFFINOR-BF]]

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Ibrahim Traore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Traoré, Ibrahim}}
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abaperezida]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Burukina Faso]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romuald Wadagni</title>
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      <text bytes="23649" sha1="6q26mzjqqu7kps70vvmx7d3elibnrs9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Romuald Wadagni
| image         = Romuald Wadagni March 2026 (cropped).jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Romuald Wadagni muri Werurwe 2026
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1976|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Lokossa, [[Bene]]
| nationality   = Umunyabene
| alma_mater    = École supérieure des affaires de Grenoble&lt;br /&gt;Harvard Business School
| occupation    = Umuhanga mu ibaruramari, umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari wa Bene (2016–2026)
| title         = Perezida wa Bene
| term          = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026
| predecessor   = Patrice Talon
| party         = Nta shyaka (yashyigikiwe na UPR na BR)
}}
'''Kossi Mbueke Romuald Wadagni''' (wavutse ku wa 20 Kamena 1976 i Lokossa, muri [[Bene]]) ni umuhanga mu ibaruramari n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyabene, akaba Perezida wa cyenda wa Repubulika ya Bene kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026.

Yamaze imyaka 17 akorera ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'igenzura n'ubujyanama Deloitte mu [[Ubufaransa]], muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] no muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Mu 2016, Perezida Patrice Talon yamugize Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari, umwanya yamazeho imyaka icumi, avugurura cyane ubukungu bw'igihugu no gucunga imyenda ya Leta.

Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Mata 2026, ashyigikiwe na Talon n'amashyaka ari ku butegetsi, yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 94 %.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Romuald Wadagni yavukiye i Lokossa ku wa 20 Kamena 1976, akaba ari [[imfura]] mu bana batanu&lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Romuald Wadagni: Ministre des Finances - Présidentielle 2016 |url=http://presidentielles-2016.com/romuald-wadagni-ministre-des-finances/ |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008164230/http://presidentielles-2016.com/romuald-wadagni-ministre-des-finances/ |archive-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se, Nestor Wadagni, wari impuguke mu ibarurishamibare n'ubukungu wize muri ENSAE, yakoze imirimo ikomeye mu butegetsi bwa Bene, maze amaze kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru yandika igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi (thèse) mu mibare; nyina ni umushoramari&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Romuald Wadagni, le ministre de l'économie du Bénin ? |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/decideurs/2022-06-03/romuald-wadagni-qui-est-l-homme-fort-du-gouvernement-beninois-920024.html |website=afrique.latribune.fr |date=2022-06-03 |access-date=2022-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Donadieu |title=Romuald Wadagni, un technocrate discret à la présidence du Bénin |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/romuald-wadagni-un-technocrate-discret-la-presidence-du-benin-2817549 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akiri muto, yakundaga imirimo y'amaboko, yiga ubwubatsi n'ubukanishi&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;.

Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu bumenyi muri Bene, yakomereje amashuri mu Bufaransa. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1999, yize muri ''École supérieure des affaires'' (ESA) ya Grenoble, ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu by'imari ari uwa mbere mu ishuri rye. Ari i Grenoble, yahuye n'umufatanyabikorwa wa Deloitte wamushyize muri icyo kigo mu 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Romuald Wadagni, la pépite béninoise du groupe Deloitte |url=https://forbesafrique.com/romuald-wadagni-la-pepite-beninoise-du-groupe-deloitte/ |website=forbesafrique.com |date=2016-07-01 |access-date=2022-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;.

== Umwuga muri Deloitte ==
Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ibiro bya Deloitte i Lyon imyaka ine&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2003, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'umuhanga mu ibaruramari wo muri Amerika (''Certified Public Accountant''), ajya i Boston aho yabaye umuyobozi w'igenzura (''Audit Manager'') kugeza mu 2006, akorana n'ibigo binini nka Orange. Mu 2007, yahuguriwe muri ''Harvard Business School'' mu by'ishoramari&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ce qu’il faut savoir du nouveau ministre béninois de l’économie et des finances |url=http://www.financialafrik.com/2016/04/07/ce-quil-faut-savoir-du-nouveau-ministre-beninois-de-leconomie-et-des-finances/#.VwkX1nomGZY |website=Financial Afrik |access-date=2016-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : Romuald Wadagni, ce jeune loup qui veut redresser le pays |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/392946/economie/benin-romuald-wadagni-jeune-loup-veut-redresser-pays/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-01-27 |access-date=2017-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2012, afite imyaka 36, yabaye umufatanyabikorwa (''associé'') wa Deloitte, akaba ari we wari ukiri muto kurusha abandi mu mateka y'icyo kigo&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Romuald Wadagni Ministre de l'Economie et des Finances, Bénin |url=https://www.theafricaceoforum.com/finance-summit/fr/intervenant/romuald-wadagni/ |website=theafricaceoforum.com via Internet Archive |date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2022-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019113601/https://www.theafricaceoforum.com/finance-summit/fr/intervenant/romuald-wadagni/ |archive-date=2021-10-19 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;. Uwo mwaka, yafunguye ibiro bya Deloitte i [[Kinshasa]] n'i Lubumbashi&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deloitte ouvre deux bureaux en RD Congo |url=http://www.agenceecofin.com/consulting/0311-7396-deloitte-ouvre-deux-bureaux-en-rd-congo}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Ugushyingo 2015, yagizwe umuyobozi w'igenzura muri Afurika ivuga Igifaransa&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=https://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=https://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2025-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2016, yari amaze imyaka 17 akorera Deloitte i Paris, Lyon, Boston, New York na Lubumbashi, azwiho ubuhanga mu mahame mpuzamahanga y'ibaruramari (IFRS)&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=http://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |website=Focus RH |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2016-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nominations au sein de l'activité audit chez Deloitte |url=http://www.focusrh.com/strategie-rh/organisation-et-conseil/nominations-au-sein-de-l-activite-audit-chez-deloitte-25915.html |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2016-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari (2016–2026) ==
Ku wa 7 Mata 2016, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubukungu n'Imari muri guverinoma ya mbere ya Patrice Talon&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vincent Duhem |title=Bénin : Patrice Talon nomme un gouvernement sans Premier ministre |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/316256/politique/benin-patrice-talon-nomme-gouvernement-premier-ministre/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2016-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu gihugu cyari kiremerewe n'imyenda, yashyize imbere gutunganya imari ya Leta kugira ngo Bene yizerwe n'abaterankunga, ashyiraho politiki yo gucunga imyenda hakiri kare. Ibyo byatumye igihugu kibasha kuguza igihe kirekire no ku nyungu ziri hasi ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu byo mu karere nka Côte d'Ivoire na Senegali&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Supposée mauvaise gouvernance sous Boni Yayi : le ministre Romuald Wadagni persiste et signe devant les députés – BENIN TO |url=http://www.beninto.info/2016/06/23/supposee-mauvaise-gouvernance-sous-boni-yayi-le-ministre-romuald-wadagni-persiste-et-signe-devant-les-deputes/ |access-date=2016-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Supposée mauvaise gouvernance sous Boni Yayi : le ministre Romuald Wadagni persiste et signe devant les députés – BENIN TO |url=http://www.beninto.info/2016/06/23/supposee-mauvaise-gouvernance-sous-boni-yayi-le-ministre-romuald-wadagni-persiste-et-signe-devant-les-deputes/ |access-date=2016-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Ukwakira 2018, yashakiye Bene inguzanyo ya miliyoni 260 z'amayero ku masoko mpuzamahanga, ubwa mbere mu mateka y'igihugu&lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Finances : le Bénin obtient son premier prêt commercial international – JeuneAfrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/648796/economie/finances-le-benin-obtient-son-premier-pret-commercial-international/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2018-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2019, yayoboye isohorwa rya mbere ry'impapuro mpeshamwenda mpuzamahanga (''eurobond'') za Bene, zifite agaciro ka miliyoni 500 z'amayero&lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The bond beginnings of Benin |url=https://wholesale.banking.societegenerale.com/en/news-insights/all-news-insights/news-details/news/the-bond-beginnings-benin-1/ |website=Société Générale |access-date=2025-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 12 Mutarama 2021, Bene yasohoye ''eurobonds'' ebyiri, harimo imwe y'imyaka 31, bituma iba mu bihugu bike bikizamuka bifite impapuro nk'izo zirengeje imyaka 30&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin, un nouveau modèle économique ouest-africain ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1292600/economie/le-benin-un-nouveau-modele-economique-ouest-africain/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2022-02-22 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nyakanga 2021, Bene yabaye igihugu cya mbere cya Afurika gisohoye ''eurobond'' igenewe gutera inkunga imishinga y'Intego z'Iterambere Rirambye z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 500 z'amayero&lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin réussit sa première émission d’un Eurobond ODD |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/07/15/le-benin-reussit-sa-premiere-emission-dun-eurobond-odd/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2021-07-15 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 29 Ugushyingo 2021, Bene yishyuye mbere y'igihe igice cy'umwenda wayo, bituma izigama miliyoni 55 z'amayero z'inyungu&lt;ref name=&quot;F24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : comment Romuald Wadagni a fait économiser 55 millions d’euros à Cotonou |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1275095/economie/benin-comment-romuald-wadagni-a-fait-economiser-55-millions-deuros-a-cotonou/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19, ubukungu bwa Bene bwakomeje guhagarara neza: mu 2021 bwazamutseho 7,2 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot; /&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2021, ikigo Moody's cyazamuye amanota y'igihugu kuva kuri B2 kugera kuri B1&lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin lève 500 millions € pour la réalisation de ses ODD grâce à un nouvel eurobond sursouscrit près de 3 fois |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finances-publiques/1707-90193-le-benin-leve-500-millions-pour-la-realisation-de-ses-odd-grace-a-un-nouvel-eurobond-sursouscrit-pres-de-3-fois |website=agenceecofin.com |date=2021-07-17 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2020, nk'uko UNCTAD ibivuga, Bene yabaye igihugu cya mbere ku isi aho gushinga ikigo byoroshye kandi byihuta kurusha ahandi&lt;ref name=&quot;F25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Conférence des Nations unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED) : Le Bénin devient N° 1 mondial dans la création d’entreprises |url=https://www.gouv.bj/actualite/1034/conference-nations-unis-commerce-developpement--cnuced-benin-devient-1-mondial-dans-creation-entreprises/ |website=gouv.bj via Internet Archive |date=2020-12-03 |access-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510215622/https://www.gouv.bj/actualite/1034/conference-nations-unis-commerce-developpement--cnuced-benin-devient-1-mondial-dans-creation-entreprises/ |archive-date=2023-05-10 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva mu 2018 kugeza mu 2020, yayoboye Inama y'Abaminisitiri ya UEMOA, ayobora amavugurura arimo n'irya ''franc CFA'', [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere]] yise &quot;ay'amateka&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président béninois Patrice Talon prend la tête de l’Uemoa « dans un esprit de réforme » |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220327-le-pr%C3%A9sident-b%C3%A9ninois-patrice-talon-prend-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-uemoa-dans-un-esprit-de-r%C3%A9forme |website=rfi.fr |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président béninois Patrice Talon prend la tête de l'Uemoa &quot;dans un esprit de réforme&quot; |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220327-le-pr%C3%A9sident-b%C3%A9ninois-patrice-talon-prend-la-t%C3%AAte-de-l-uemoa-dans-un-esprit-de-r%C3%A9forme |website=rfi.fr |date=2022-03-27 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gicurasi 2021, Talon yamugumishije ku mwanya we. Mu 2022, mu gihe cy'ingaruka za COVID-19 n'intambara yo muri Ukraine, guverinoma yashoye miliyari 41 z'amafaranga CFA mu kugabanya ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa by'ibanze&lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cherté de la vie au Bénin : Romuald Wadagni entre pédagogie et mesures fortes |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/07/cherte-de-la-vie-au-benin-romuald-wadagni-entre-pedagogie-et-mesures-fortes/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mata 2022, yayoboye intumwa za Bene i Washington, bagirana na FMI amasezerano y'inkunga ya miliyoni 700 z'amadolari&lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bénin : conclusion  d’un nouvel accord de 700 millions de dollars avec le FMI |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/23/benin-conclusion-dun-nouvel-accord-de-700-millions-de-dollars-avec-le-fmi/ |website=financialafrik.com |access-date=2022-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Albert Savana |title=Bénin : conclusion d'un nouvel accord de 700 millions de dollars avec le FMI |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2022/04/23/benin-conclusion-dun-nouvel-accord-de-700-millions-de-dollars-avec-le-fmi/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2022-04-23 |access-date=2025-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, Talon yamwongereye inshingano z'ubufatanye mpuzamahanga n'iz'umutekano, cyane cyane kurinda amajyaruguru y'igihugu no kugura ibikoresho bya gisirikare&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Maxime Paszkowiak |title=BÉNIN : Le ministre de l'économie Romuald Wadagni étend son influence aux affaires militaires - 26/05/2023 |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest/2023/05/26/le-ministre-de-l-economie-romuald-wadagni-etend-son-influence-aux-affaires-militaires,109977520-eve |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2024, Bene yasohoye impapuro mpeshamwenda za mbere mu madolari y'Amerika, ibona miliyoni 750 z'amadolari&lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Baudelaire Mieu et Moses Mozart Dzawu |title=Benin’s Debut Dollar Bond Oversubscribed More Than Six Times |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-06/benin-s-debut-dollar-bonds-oversubscribed-by-more-than-six-times?embedded-checkout=true |website=bloomberg.com |date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anne Cheyvialle |title=«C’est un succès historique» : le vertueux Bénin s’illustre sur les marchés internationaux |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/c-est-un-succes-historique-le-vertueux-benin-s-illustre-sur-les-marches-internationaux-20240207 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mata 2024, ikigo Standard &amp; Poor's cyazamuye amanota y'inguzanyo ya Bene kuva kuri &quot;B+&quot; kugera kuri &quot;BB−&quot;, rikaba rimwe mu manota meza muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nyuma ya Botswana, Maurice na Côte d'Ivoire&lt;ref name=&quot;F39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin obtient la notation de crédit « BB- » de l’agence S&amp;P avec perspective « stable » |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/economie/2204-118072-le-benin-obtient-la-notation-de-credit-bb-de-l-agence-s-p-avec-perspective-stable |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2024-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Côte d’Ivoire, 3ème pays d’Afrique subsaharienne le mieux noté par Standard &amp; Poor's |url=https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/erratum-la-cote-divoire-3eme-pays-dafrique-subsaharienne-le-mieux-note-par-standard-poor-s_46365 |website=sikafinance.com |access-date=2024-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gicurasi 2024, ubushakashatsi bwa ''Open Budget Survey'' bwashyize Bene ku mwanya wa mbere mu bihugu bivuga Igifaransa mu bijyanye no gukorera mu mucyo mu ngengo y'imari&lt;ref name=&quot;F44&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Bénin, meilleur élève en matière de transparence budgétaire des pays francophones |url=https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/le-benin-meilleur-eleve-en-matiere-de-transparence-budgetaire-des-pays-francophones_46518 |website=sikafinance.com |access-date=2024-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Ugushyingo 2024, muri COP 29 i Bakou, yatanze gahunda yo gutera inkunga urugamba rwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ibihe&lt;ref name=&quot;F45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nanythe Talani |title=Le Bénin veut mobiliser des financements innovants pour sa transition climatique |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-b%C3%A9nin-veut-mobiliser-des-financements-innovants-pour-sa-transition-climatique/7869665.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2025-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ntangiriro za 2025, abantu benshi bifuzaga ko yiyamamariza kuyobora Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere, ariko ntiyabikora&lt;ref name=&quot;F48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pourquoi Romuald Wadagni renonce à la présidence de la Banque africaine de développement - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1653743/economie-entreprises/pourquoi-romuald-wadagni-renonce-a-la-presidence-de-la-banque-africaine-de-developpement/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Bene ==
=== Amatora yo mu 2026 ===
Ku wa 31 Kanama 2025, amashyaka abiri ashyigikiye Perezida, UPR na BR, yamutoranyije kuba umukandida wayo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2026, nyuma y'inama yabereye kwa Patrice Talon&lt;ref name=&quot;F51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=APA- Cotonou (Bénin) |title=Bénin : Romuald Wadagni, dauphin de Talon pour 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/benin-romuald-wadagni-dauphin-de-talon-pour-2026/ |website=APAnews - Agence de Presse Africaine |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Bénin, le ministre de l’économie, Romuald Wadagni, est le candidat de la majorité pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/09/01/au-benin-le-ministre-de-l-economie-romuald-wadagni-est-candidat-de-la-majorite-pour-la-presidentielle_6638011_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2025-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wadagni ntabarizwa mu ishyaka na rimwe&lt;ref name=&quot;F52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Écrit par Cochimau HOUNGBADJI |title=Bénin : coulisses de la désignation de Romuald Wadagni |url=https://www.afrique-sur7.fr/benin-coulisses-de-la-designation-de-romuald-wadagni |website=www.afrique-sur7.fr |date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Talon ntiyari yemerewe kwiyamamaza manda ya gatatu. Uwo bafatanyije kwiyamamaza ku mwanya wa visi-perezida yari Mariam Chabi Talata, visi-perezida wari usanzweho.

Mu matora yo ku wa 12 Mata 2026, yatsinze ku majwi 94,05 %. Umukandida w'ishyaka ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ''Les Démocrates'' ntiyabashije kwiyamamaza kubera kutabona abamushyigikira (''parrainages'') bahagije&lt;ref name=&quot;F56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fiacre Vidjingninou |title=Au Bénin, la succession très encadrée de Patrice Talon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/12/au-benin-la-succession-tres-encadree-de-patrice-talon_6679528_3212.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=1 |website=Lemonde.fr |date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F57&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Bénin : Romuald Wadagni succède à Patrice Talon |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/vid%C3%A9o/20260415-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-b%C3%A9nin-romuald-wadagni-succ%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-patrice-talon |website=France 24 |date=2026-04-15 |access-date=2026-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abitabiriye amatora bari 58,75 %, kandi CEDEAO yashimye uko amatora yagenze&lt;ref name=&quot;F58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Au Bénin, le candidat de la majorité, Romuald Wadagni, élu président avec plus de 94 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/04/14/au-benin-le-candidat-de-la-majorite-romuald-wadagni-elu-president-avec-plus-de-94-des-voix_6679830_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nk'uko TV5 Monde ibivuga, intsinzi ye yashingiye ku cyizere yari yaragiriwe kubera amavugurura y'ubukungu yakoze ari Minisitiri w'Imari&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ku butegetsi ===
Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Bene mu gihe cy'imyaka irindwi, asimbura Patrice Talon, kandi uwo munsi ashyiraho guverinoma ye&lt;ref name=&quot;F61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kossi LAMBA |title=A peine investi, Romuald Wadagni annonce son équipe : Voici la composition du nouveau gouvernement du Bénin |url=https://lalternative.info/2026/05/24/a-peine-investi-romuald-wadagni-annonce-son-equipe-voici-la-composition-du-nouveau-gouvernement-du-benin/ |website=L'alternative |date=2026-05-24 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Former finance minister Romuald Wadagni sworn is as Benin's new president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/05/24/former-finance-minister-romuald-wadagni-sworn-is-as-benins-new-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-05-24 |access-date=2026-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 1 Kamena 2026, yakoreye urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga ari Perezida muri [[Nijeriya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;E49&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Benin's new president flies to Nigeria on first foreign trip |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/06/02/benins-new-president-flies-to-nigeria-on-first-foreign-trip/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibihembo ==
* 2021: ikinyamakuru ''Financial Afrik'' cyamwise &quot;Minisitiri mwiza w'Ubukungu n'Imari muri Afurika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les 5 meilleurs ministres africains de l’Économie et des Finances |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/12/31/les-5-meilleurs-ministres-africains-de-leconomie-et-des-finances/ |website=financialafrik.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2022-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 2024: ''Financial Afrik'' cyamwise ku nshuro ya kane &quot;Minisitiri w'Imari w'umwaka&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F63&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction |title=Les 100 qui transforment l’Afrique |url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2024/12/16/les-100-qui-transforment-lafrique-2/ |website=Financial Afrik |date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 2025: ikinyamakuru ''The Banker'' cyamwise &quot;Minisitiri w'Imari w'umwaka muri Afurika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F64&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Finance Minister of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.thebanker.com/content/7d95fa84-f5ca-5438-b50d-238f6a4bb112 |website=www.thebanker.com |access-date=2025-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Romuald Wadagni afite abana babiri&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Romuald Wadagni}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Bene]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno</title>
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      <text bytes="24572" sha1="sec65qyt6ww8d683vmh8kbluiyc36l9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno
| image         = Mahamat Déby.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Mahamat Idriss Déby
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}}
| birth_place   = N'Djamena, [[Cade]]
| nationality   = Umunyacade
| alma_mater    = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)&lt;br /&gt;Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade)
| occupation    = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Maréchal wa Cade (kuva 2024)
| title         = Perezida wa Cade
| term          = Kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024)
| predecessor   = Idriss Déby Itno
| party         = Mouvement patriotique du salut (MPS)
}}
'''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wavutse ku wa 4 Mata 1984 i N'Djamena, muri [[Cade]]), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Kaka''', ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyacade, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Cade kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021.

Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rwa se, Perezida Idriss Déby, wiciwe ku rugamba muri Mata 2021, yayoboye Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba umukuru w'igihugu mu buryo bwateje impaka, kuko Itegeko Nshinga ritubahirijwe. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024, kandi mu Ukuboza 2024 ahabwa ipeti rya Maréchal wa Cade.

Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'imyigaragambyo, harimo iryo ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, no kubuza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwisanzura&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad’s election outcome already seems set: 4 things Mahamat Déby has done to stay in power |url=https://theconversation.com/chads-election-outcome-already-seems-set-4-things-mahamat-deby-has-done-to-stay-in-power-228242 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2026-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad: dictatorship continues by other means |url=https://lens.civicus.org/chad-dictatorship-continues-by-other-rmeans/ |website=CIVICUS Lens |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Inkomoko n'amashuri ===
Mahamat Idriss Déby ni umuhungu wa Idriss Déby, icyo gihe wari umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, n'umubyeyi w'Umugorane&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Passé en France, appelé &quot;grand-mère&quot;... Le CV de Mahamat Idriss Déby, nouvel homme fort du Tchad |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/passe-en-france-appele-grand-mere-le-cv-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-nouvel-homme-fort-du-tchad_2149263.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=David Lewis |title=Chad's new President Deby: Son inherits crisis as well as leadership &amp;#124; Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-new-president-deby-son-inherits-crisis-well-leadership-2021-04-23/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarezwe na nyirakuru, nyina wa Idriss Déby, ari na yo mpamvu bamwita &quot;Mahamat Kaka&quot; (''kaka'' bisobanura &quot;nyirakuru&quot; mu Cyarabu cya Cade)&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Armée tchadienne : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, un monsieur très discret |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138336/politique/arm-e-tchadienne-mahamat-idriss-d-by-itno-un-monsieur-tr-s-discret/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2018-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Cade no mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yamaze umwaka n'igice muri lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence. Agarutse, yize mu ishuri ry'abofisiye ry'ingabo za Cade (Gémia), arisohokamo ari sous-lieutenant&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Louis Tremblais |title=Tchad, l'homme clé du Sahel |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/rencontre-avec-le-president-tchadien-mahamat-idriss-deby-l-homme-cle-du-sahel-20211001 |website=Le Figaro Magazine |date=2021-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Urugendo mu gisirikare ===
Se yamushyize mu Buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano w'inzego za Leta (DGSSIE), ingabo zirinda ubutegetsi, ari umuyobozi wungirije w'itsinda ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;. Yarwanye bwa mbere muri Mata 2006, ubwo inyeshyamba zateraga [[umurwa]] mukuru, azamurwa ku ipeti rya komanda&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno |title=De Bédouin à Président |url=https://www.va-editions.fr |website=Va-editions.fr |date=2024 |access-date=2024-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe Jenerali wa burigade, ayobora hamwe n'abandi ingabo za Cade mu ntambara ya Am-Dam, aho inyeshyamba za Timan Erdimi zatsinzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Cade&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |website=P.M. News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ingabo za Cade zoherejwe muri [[Mali]] (FATIM), arwana mu misozi ya Adrar des Ifoghas; nyuma afata ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw'izo ngabo&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali |url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |website=bamada.net |date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |archive-date=2013-10-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2014, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa DGSSIE&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby prend la tête de la DGSSIE |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Le-General-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby-prend-la-tete-de-la-DGSSIE_a12694.html |website=alwihdainfo.com |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2021-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Daniel Eizenga |title=Chad's Ongoing Instability, the Legacy of Idriss Déby |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chads-ongoing-instability-the-legacy-of-idriss-deby/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |date=2021-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagizwe Jenerali w'ingabo (''général de corps d'armée'') mu Ukwakira 2018, Jenerali w'ingabo usumba abandi (''général d'armée'') ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Idriss Déby, un général qui banalise le grade de général dans l’armée |url=https://www.tchadpages.com/tchad-idriss-deby-un-general-qui-banalise-le-grade-de-general-dans-larmee/ |website=tchadpages.com |date=2018-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, le général Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno s'octroie une étoile supplémentaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211203-au-tchad-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-s-octroie-une-%C3%A9toile-suppl%C3%A9mentaire |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2021-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2024 Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho imuha icyubahiro cya Maréchal&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |access-date=2024-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E63&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umukuru w'igihugu ==
=== Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho ===
Ku wa 21 Mata 2021, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Idriss Déby wiciwe mu ntambara n'inyeshyamba za FACT mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba Perezida wa Repubulika&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deby, maître du Tchad et allié stratégique de l’Occident dans la lutte contre les jihadistes |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1259354/deby-maitre-du-tchad-et-allie-strategique-de-loccident-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-jihadistes.html |website=lorientlejour.com |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Itegeko Nshinga, ryavugaga ko Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari we usimbura Perezida mu gihe cy'iminsi 45 kugeza kuri 90 kugeza habaye amatora, ryarahagaritswe; bamwe mu banyapolitiki babyise kudeta&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Constitution du 4 mai 2018, révisée le 14 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.letchadanthropus-tribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Constitution-du-Tchad-revise%CC%81e.pdf |website=letchadanthropus-tribune.com |access-date=2021-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Igisirikare cyasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, gifunga imipaka, gitangaza inzibacyuho y'amezi 18&lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : tout juste réélu, le président Idriss Déby tué au combat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/mort-du-president-tchadien-deby-tout-juste-reelu-20210420_NHY4XKDNL5DNPG5HJY346O3UYE/ |website=liberation.fr |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye iyo nzibacyuho, buvuga ko &quot;ibihe bidasanzwe&quot; byatewe n'inyeshyamba&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=John Irish |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2021-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Perezida Emmanuel Macron yitabiriye umuhango wo gushyingura Idriss Déby, yiyemeza gushyigikira Mahamat Déby&lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Daniel Pelz |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |website=DW.com |date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho abagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho 93&lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby nomme le parlement de transition, le CNT |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210924-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-nomme-le-parlement-de-transition-le-cnt |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2021-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 8 Kanama 2022, i Doha, guverinoma yasinyanye n'imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba amasezerano y'amahoro, ariko FACT n'indi mitwe itavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barayanze&lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Andrew Mills |title=Chad signs peace pact with rebels, but main insurgents stay out |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebels-sign-peace-deal-2022-08-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2023 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b186-eight-priorities-african-union-2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2022, yatangije ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose (DNIS), byitabiriwe n'intumwa 1 400, ariko bimwe mu bice bya sosiyete sivile birabyamagana byita &quot;monologue&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, la laborieuse mise en place du « dialogue national » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/au-tchad-la-laborieuse-mise-en-place-du-dialogue-national_6139365_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Perezida w'inzibacyuho ===
Ku wa 3 Ukwakira 2022, ibiganiro by'igihugu byongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, binemerera abayobozi b'inzibacyuho kuziyamamaza mu matora, bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwasabaga&lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno obtient une périlleuse carte blanche |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381844/politique/tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-obtient-une-perilleuse-carte-blanche/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akanama ka gisirikare kamaze guseswa ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2022, yabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho&lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Malick Mahamat |title=Tchad : le Conseil militaire de transition est officiellement dissous |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-Conseil-militaire-de-transition-est-officiellement-dissous_a117913.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2022-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, itariki yari yarateganyirijwe amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yaharaniraga demokarasi i N'Djamena n'i Moundou, yateguwe na Wakit Tamma n'ishyaka ''Les Transformateurs'' rya Succès Masra. Inzego z'umutekano zayihashye bikomeye: abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 200 barapfuye, abarenga 600 barafungwa; uwo munsi wiswe &quot;Ku wa Kane w'umukara&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |website=International Crisis Group |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Katie Nodjimbadem |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2023, yahaye imbabazi 259 mu bari bakatiwe kubera iyo myigaragambyo, n'inyeshyamba 380 za FACT zari zarakatiwe gufungwa burundu&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation réprimée au Tchad en octobre : 259 condamnés graciés par le président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/03/28/manifestation-reprimee-au-tchad-en-octobre-259-condamnes-gracies-par-le-president_6167262_3212.html |website=LeMonde Afrique |access-date=2023-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Tahingam |title=Tchad : au moins 400 rebelles impliqués dans la mort d'Idriss Deby condamnés à vie |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |website=Journal du Tchad |date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora yo mu 2024 ===
Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2024, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement patriotique du salut'' (MPS) ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno désigné candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1525218/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-designe-candidat-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Opposition condemns designation of Chad's military ruler as presidential candidate |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001489044/opposition-condemns-designation-of-chads-military-ruler-as-presidential-candidate |website=Voice of America |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2024, umukandida ukomeye bari bahanganye, Yaya Dillo Djérou, yishwe n'inzego z'umutekano&lt;ref name=&quot;E55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chadian opposition leader dies in gun exchange, state prosecutor says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/chadian-opposition-leader-dies-in-gun-exchange-state-prosecutor-says |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu matora, yatsinze ku majwi 61 %, imbere ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Succès Masra (18,53 %), wari wavuze ko ari we watsinze&lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby donné vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240509-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-donn%C3%A9-vainqueur-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d%C3%A8s-le-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida watowe ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024, maze agira Allamaye Halina Minisitiri w'Intebe&lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Investiture de Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno : la France envoie un ministre, la Russie aussi |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1570341/politique/investiture-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-la-france-envoie-un-ministre-la-russie-aussi/ |access-date=2024-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Jessica Donati |title=Chad swears in president after disputed election, ending years of military rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-chad-dispute-terrorism-inauguration-8ecde546c90ea4e74a6fc43b8dbfebb6 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Deby sworn in as president as Allamaye Halina named new PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/chads-deby-sworn-in-as-president-as-allamaye-halina-named-new-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2025, yatorewe kuyobora MPS&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby devient président national du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250130-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-devient-pr%C3%A9sident-national-du-parti-au-pouvoir |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Ku wa 5 Kamena 2025, yahagaritse gutanga viza ku Banyamerika, mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku cyemezo cya Perezida [[Donald Trump]] cyo kubuza Abanyacade kwinjira muri Amerika&lt;ref name=&quot;E65&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad announces suspension of visas to US citizens in response to Trump travel ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-visa-ban-trump-travel-d9e57a9a8a150be07cfee866d1a0a900 |website=AP News |date=2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nk'uko ''Le Monde'' ibivuga, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ni zo zimutera inkunga ikomeye, maze na we akemerera intwaro zigenewe umutwe wa ''Forces de soutien rapide'' (RSF) wo muri [[Sudani]] kunyura ku butaka bwa Cade. Muri Nyakanga 2026, Cade yatangaje ko ivuye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (CPI), aho we n'abandi bayobozi bakuru bari bararezwe kuva mu Ukuboza 2025 kubera &quot;ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha mpuzamahanga byakorewe muri Sudani&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Tchad annonce quitter la CPI à la demande des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/27/le-tchad-annonce-quitter-la-cpi-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6734224_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Impaka ==
Muri Mutarama 2024, ubushinjacyaha bw'Ubufaransa bushinzwe ibyaha by'imari (PNF) bwatangije iperereza ku kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, nyuma y'aho ikinyamakuru ''Mediapart'' gitangaje ko hagati ya 2021 na 2023 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe y'amayero ku mudozi uzwi w'i Paris, mu gihugu aho 35 % by'abaturage bari mu bukene bukabije&lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno visé par une enquête de la justice française |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1583908/politique/mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-vise-par-une-enquete-de-la-justice-francaise/ |access-date=2024-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Un million d’euros de costumes : les folles emplettes du président du Tchad à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/151223/un-million-d-euros-de-costumes-les-folles-emplettes-du-president-du-tchad-paris |website=Mediapart |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2026-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Iryo perereza rireba n'imitungo itimukanwa y'umuryango we mu Bufaransa, ifite agaciro nibura ka miliyoni 30 z'amayero&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: la justice française enquête sur le patrimoine immobilier de la famille Déby, révèle Mediapart - rfi.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240823-tchad-la-justice-fran%C3%A7aise-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-le-patrimoine-immobilier-de-la-famille-d%C3%A9by-r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le-mediapart |access-date=2024-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2026, ''Mediapart'' yatangaje ko we n'abamuherekeza bakoresheje hafi 860 000 by'amayero muri hoteli Royal Monceau i Paris, hafi ya yose yishyuwe mu mafaranga y'intoki&lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Les folles dépenses du président du Tchad à Paris : la justice sur la piste du cash du Royal Monceau |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100326/les-folles-depenses-du-president-du-tchad-paris-la-justice-sur-la-piste-du-cash-du-royal-monceau |website=Mediapart |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2025, murumuna we Adam Idriss Déby Itno yamwandikiye ibaruwa amusaba kwegura&lt;ref name=&quot;F33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno et son frère Adam se déchirent en public |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1651205/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-et-son-frere-adam-secharpent-en-public/ |access-date=2025-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Ni Umuyisilamu ukomeye ku idini, akaba afite abana icyenda&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;. Afite [[Umugore|abagore]] batatu; uwa gatatu, umunyamakuru Dahabaya Oumar Souni, afatwa nka Madamu wa Perezida, akaba n'umujyanama mu itumanaho mu biro bya Perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609122800/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mata 2024, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku buzima bwe, ''De bédouin à président''&lt;ref name=&quot;F26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : &quot;De Bédouin à Président&quot;, le livre autobiographique de Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2024-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2026, yahawe Igihembo nyafurika cy'amahoro&lt;ref name=&quot;F41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Déby Itno reçoit le Prix Africain pour la Paix 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/le-president-mahamat-deby-recoit-le-prix-africain-pour-la-paix-2026/ |website=apanews.net |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E67&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad’s Déby wins 2026 African Peace Prize for role in Sudan refugee crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/16/chads-deby-wins-2026-african-peace-prize-for-role-in-sudan-refugee-crisis/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Mahamat Déby}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Cade]]</text>
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    <title>Isaias Afwerki</title>
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      <text bytes="16814" sha1="hc862ury7adj32cgv3kg8m60y5993ux" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Isaias Afwerki
| image         = Isaias Afwerki 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Isaias Afwerki mu 2024
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1946|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Asmara]], [[Eritereya]]
| nationality   = Umunyeritereya
| alma_mater    = Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I (Addis-Abeba)
| occupation    = Umunyapolitiki, uwahoze ari umurwanyi
| known_for     = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (EPLF)
| title         = Perezida wa Eritereya
| term          = Kuva ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993
| predecessor   = Nta wundi (Perezida wa mbere)
| party         = Front populaire pour la démocratie et la justice (PFDJ)
| spouse        = Saba Haile
| children      = 3
}}
'''Isaias Afwerki''' (mu Gitigrinya: ኢሳይያስ ኣፈወርቂ; wavutse ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946 i [[Asmara]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyeritereya, akaba ari we Perezida wa mbere kandi wenyine wa [[Eritereya]] kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1993.

Yarwanye mu ntambara y'ubwigenge bwa Eritereya yo kwigobotora [[Etiyopiya]], aba umuyobozi w'Ingabo za rubanda zo kubohora Eritereya (''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'', EPLF). Kuva igihugu kibonye ubwigenge, ayoboye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), nta matora ya perezida arigera aba. Imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi ifata ubutegetsi bwe nk'ubw'igitugu; bwagereranyijwe n'ubwa Koreya ya Ruguru, bwiswe &quot;Koreya ya Ruguru ya Afurika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer |title=Erythrée |url=https://www.puf.com/content/%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e_un_naufrage_totalitaire |website=PUF |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima ==
Isaias Afwerki yavukiye i Asmara ku wa 2 Gashyantare 1946, ubwo Eritereya yari mu butegetsi bw'Abongereza&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Eritrea's President, His Excellency Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/00/world/afwerki_040700.htm |website=The Washington Post |date=2000-04-07 |access-date=2024-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Martin Plaut |title=Who is Isaias Afwerki, Eritrea's Enigmatic Dictator? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-isaias-afwerki-eritreas-enigmatic-dictator-515761 |website=Newsweek |date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2024-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se, ukomoka mu mudugudu wa Tselot hafi ya Asmara, yari umukozi muto mu kigo cya Leta gishinzwe itabi; nyina yari umugore wo mu rugo. Yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Prince Makonnen i Asmara, aho yatangiye kuganira kuri politiki iharanira ubwigenge bwa Eritereya&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Isaias+Afwerki+born+1946&amp;pg=RA2-PA160 |website=OUP, US |date=2012-02-02 |access-date=2020-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1965, yatangiye kwiga ubwubatsi (''ingénierie'') muri Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie I i Addis-Abeba, ariko ntiyakomeza amasomo&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Érythrée : dix choses à savoir sur le président Issayas Afeworki |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/671044/politique/erythree-dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-president-issayas-afeworki/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot; /&gt;.

== Intambara y'ubwigenge ==
Muri Nzeri 1966, yagiye i Kassala muri [[Sudani]] kwinjira mu mutwe ''Eritrean Liberation Front'' (ELF). Mu 1967, yari mu bantu batanu ba ELF bahawe amahugurwa na Leta y'[[Ubushinwa]] mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Nankin, aho yize amahame ya Mao n'amayeri y'intambara y'inyeshyamba&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Kheir Omer |title=Érythrée. Isaias Afwerki, l’ami précieux de Beijing |url=https://www.afriquexxi.info/Erythree-Isaias-Afwerki-l-ami-precieux-de-Beijing |website=Afriquexxi.info |date=2023-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Isaias+Afwerki+biography&amp;pg=RA2-PA160 |website=Oxford University Press, USA |date=2012 |access-date=2020-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Agarutse, mu 1968 yabaye komiseri wa politiki mu karere ka 5 ka ELF. We n'abandi barwanyi b'Abakirisitu banenze ivangura ryakorerwaga Abakirisitu muri ELF; mu 1970 yabaye umuyobozi w'itsinda ryitandukanyije na ELF, maze mu 1971 ryandika inyandiko ''Nihnan Elamanan'' (&quot;Twe n'intego zacu&quot;) yanditswe na we&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot; /&gt;.

Mu 1973, hashinzwe ''Eritrean People's Liberation Front'' (EPLF), wahanganye na ELF mu ntambara yiswe &quot;intambara y'abenegihugu ebyiri&quot;. Mu 1977, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wungirije wa EPLF, naho mu 1987 aba umunyamabanga mukuru wawo, abona ububasha busesuye kuri uwo mutwe. Muri Mata 1991, EPLF yafashe Asmara, maze nyuma y'ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi bwa Derg muri Etiyopiya muri Gicurasi 1991, Isaias yabonye inkunga ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ku bwigenge bwa Eritereya&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Timothy J. Stapleton |title=Modern African Conflicts: An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Terrorism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdwEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=isaias+afwerki&amp;pg=PA5 |website=ABC-CLIO |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Eritereya ==
=== Ubwigenge ===
Muri Mata 1993, habaye kamarampaka y'ubwigenge igenzurwa n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye; ubwigenge bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Mata 1993, maze ku wa 24 Gicurasi 1993, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imutorera kuba Perezida wa Leta ya Eritereya&lt;ref name=&quot;E73&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 'both charismatic and brutal' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44824682 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1994, EPLF yahinduye izina iba ''People's Front for Democracy and Justice'' (PFDJ), Isaias akomeza kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wayo. Muri Gicurasi 1994, yashyizeho gahunda y'umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato, yagombaga kumara amezi 18&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot; /&gt;.

=== Igitugu ===
Kuva atangira, yashyizeho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, nta matora, n'ubukungu bugenzurwa na Leta, kandi abuza cyane ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru. Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri na Etiyopiya (1998–2000), ubutegetsi bwe bwarushijeho kuba ubw'igitugu&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Amaury Hauchard et Agathe Charnet |title=Erythrée : « Le camp de Sawa, c’est le début de l’enfer » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/24/erythree-le-camp-de-sawa-c-est-le-debut-de-l-enfer_4957311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2016-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu izina ry'&quot;intambara yo kurengera igihugu&quot;, umurimo w'igihugu ku gahato wabaye uw'igihe kitazwi, bituma urubyiruko rwinshi ruhunga igihugu.

Mu 2001, abayobozi 15 ba PFDJ, bitwaga G-15, bandikiye Perezida ibaruwa ifunguye basaba amavugurura n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=MERON ESTEFANOS, A CONVERSATION ON ERITREA WITH THOR HALVORSSEN, 18 min |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQdeQ-9nXow |website=OFFinJOBURG |date=2018-04-11 |access-date=2023-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 18 Nzeri 2001, yafunze ibinyamakuru byose byigenga, abayobozi bakomeye b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa&lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Isaias Afwerki |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaias-Afwerki |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;; 11 mu bagize G-15 barafunzwe, kandi mu 2026 bari bataragera aho barekurwa&lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Teklemariam Bekit |title=Three decades, one leader - how Eritreans had their hopes dashed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2ekjvg17xo |website=BBC News |date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu bafunzwe harimo umunyamakuru Dawit Isaak, umaze imyaka irenga 20 afunzwe nta rubanza&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Dawit Isaak : RSF appelle les procureurs suédois à assumer leurs responsabilités |url=https://rsf.org/fr/actualites/affaire-dawit-isaak-rsf-appelle-les-procureurs-suedois-assumer-leurs-responsabilites |website=RSF |date=2021-09-23 |access-date=2021-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2010, abajijwe igihe amatora azabera, yasubije ati: &quot;Reka dutegereze imyaka mirongo itatu cyangwa ine&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot; /&gt;.

Mu 2013, Amnesty International yavuze ko hari nibura imfungwa za politiki 10 000, kandi ko iyicarubozo rikoreshwa kenshi&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Rampant repression 20 years after independence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/eritrea-rampant-repression-years-after-independence/ |website=Amnesty International |date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2022-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Près de 10 000 prisonniers politiques seraient détenus en Erythrée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/05/09/pres-de-10-000-prisonniers-politiques-seraient-detenus-en-erythree_3173959_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP |date=2013-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kamena 2015, akanama k'Umuryango w'Abibumbye kamushinje kuyobora ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bukabije bukora ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu&lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Nick Cumming-Bruce |title=Torture and Other Rights Abuses Are Widespread in Eritrea, U.N. Panel Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/world/africa/eritrea-human-rights-abuses-afwerki-un-probe-crimes-against-humanity-committed.html |website=The New York Times |date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2019-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx |website=ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;; mu 2016, komisiyo y'iperereza ya Loni yavuze ko habayeho &quot;ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu&quot; kuva mu 1991, ariko Eritereya yanze ibyo birego&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Erythrée: une commission de l'ONU dénonce 25 ans de crimes contre l’humanité |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160608-erythree-rapport-onu-accuse-regime-crimes-contre-humanite |website=rfi.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2022, Freedom House yashyize Eritereya mu bihugu &quot;bitisanzuye&quot;, ibona inota 1 kuri 40 mu burenganzira bwa politiki&lt;ref name=&quot;E36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2022-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ubukungu ===
Mu 1997, yatangaje gahunda yo kwegurira abikorera ibigo 37 bya Leta, kandi Leta itanga impushya zo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro hafi ya Asmara. Mu 2009, yashyigikiye ko igihugu cyishingikiriza ku nzego zacyo bwite n'umutungo gifite, harimo ibikorwa remezo by'ingufu, ubwikorezi n'itumanaho&lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FACTBOX - Key quotes from Eritrean president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLL474000 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-21 |access-date=2018-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=TimesInterview with Eritrea's Isaias Afewerki |url=https://www.ft.com/content/35b8905c-a44b-11de-92d4-00144feabdc0 |website=Financial Times |access-date=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nk'uko Banki y'Isi ibivuga, ubuhinzi n'ubucukuzi ni byo bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu; mu 2018, umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu wazamutseho 12 %&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview |website=World Bank |access-date=2022-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 1998 kugeza mu 2000, Eritereya na Etiyopiya barwanye intambara ku mupaka utavugwaho rumwe wa Badme, ihitana abantu ibihumbi amagana&lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44756371 |website=BBC News |date=2018-07-08 |access-date=2022-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2000, Eritereya yasinye amasezerano ya Alger, ariko ibihugu byombi bikomeza kuba mu bihe &quot;bitari intambara bitari n'amahoro&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3zIY60yiYAC&amp;q=isaias+afwerki+government |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2009 |access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2018, Isaias na Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Etiyopiya Abiy Ahmed batangaje iherezo ry'intambara hagati y'ibihugu byombi; ku wa 11 Nzeri 2018, bafunguye imipaka yari ifunzwe kuva mu 1998, maze ku wa 16 Nzeri basinya amasezerano y'amahoro i Djeddah&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sur fond de réconciliation, l'Éthiopie désigne un ambassadeur en Érythrée |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180719-fond-reconciliation-ethiopie-ambassadeur-ethyree-issaias-afeworki-abiy-ahmed |website=france24.com |date=2018-07-19 |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Érythrée et l'Éthiopie rouvrent deux postes-frontières fermés depuis 20 ans |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20180912-erythree-ethiopie-ahmed-afeworki-reouverture-deux-postes-frontieres-fermes-guerre |website=france24.com |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Éthiopie et l’Érythrée signent en Arabie saoudite un accord consolidant leur réconciliation |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-ethiopie-et-l-erythree-signent-en-arabie-saoudite-un-accord-consolidant-leur-reconciliation_613228 |website=Challenges |date=2018-09-16 |access-date=2018-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu ntambara ya Tigray yatangiye ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2020, ingabo za Eritereya zafatanyije n'iza Etiyopiya kurwanya ''Tigray People's Liberation Front'' (TPLF); zashinjwe gusahura no kwica abaturage, cyane cyane i Axum&lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The massacre in Axum |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/ethiopia-eritrean-troops-massacre-of-hundreds-of-axum-civilians-may-amount-to-crime-against-humanity |website=Amnesty International |date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2021-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2021, nyuma y'igitutu mpuzamahanga, byatangajwe ko ingabo za Eritereya zizava muri Tigray&lt;ref name=&quot;E46&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ethiopian PM: Eritrean troops to leave Tigray |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopian-pm-eritrean-troops-to-leave-tigray/a-57009807 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-03-26 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi ugezweho, ndetse ashimwa na Perezida [[Bill Clinton]]. Yegereye Ubushinwa, bwashoye imari mu mabuye y'agaciro y'igihugu kandi bwubaka ibitaro bya Orotta i Asmara&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot; /&gt;. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yitabiriye inama y'Uburusiya n'Afurika i Saint-Pétersbourg, ahura na [[Vladimir Putin]], ahakana ku mugaragaro ko hari intambara hagati y'Uburusiya na Ukraine&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=TVP World |title=Eritrean, Burkina Faso leaders align with Russia, deny Putin’s terrorist war |url=https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |website=TVP World |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729225316/https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |archive-date=2023-07-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gicurasi 2026, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zateganyaga gukuraho ibihano kuri Eritereya, kubera agaciro k'Inyanja Itukura mu bya politiki&lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Giulia Paravicini |title=US to lift Eritrea sanctions as Red Sea tensions reshape alliances, document says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-lift-eritrea-sanctions-red-sea-tensions-reshape-alliances-document-says-2026-05-05/ |website=www.reuters.com |date=2026-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Umubano na Sudani, wari mubi mu ntangiriro, wongeye gusubukurwa mu Ukuboza 2005, kandi Eritereya yagize uruhare mu gutuma habaho amasezerano y'amahoro hagati ya guverinoma ya Sudani n'ihuriro ''Eastern Front''&lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=David H. Shinn |title=&quot;Ethiopia and Eritrea&quot; |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf |website=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations |url=http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html |website=ArabicNews.com |date=2005-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Isaias Afwerki yashakanye na Saba Haile, bafitanye abana batatu: Abraham, Berhane na Elsa. Ururimi rwe kavukire ni Igitigrinya, ariko avuga neza [[Icyongereza]], kandi azi Icyarabu n'Icyamuhariki.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Isaias Afwerki}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Eritereya]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adama Barrow</title>
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      <text bytes="23963" sha1="mrp49z7y094i4qpu0co99saybgh4dfv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Adama Barrow
| image         = Adama Barrow at the 15th OIC Summit.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Adama Barrow
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|16|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Mankamang Kunda, hafi ya Basse Santa Su, [[Gambiya]]
| nationality   = Umunyagambiya
| occupation    = Umucuruzi w'imitungo itimukanwa, umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Gutsinda Yahya Jammeh mu matora yo mu 2016
| title         = Perezida wa Gambiya
| term          = Kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017
| predecessor   = Yahya Jammeh
| party         = National People's Party (NPP; mbere UDP)
| spouse        = Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow&lt;br /&gt;Sarjo Mballow
}}
'''Adama Barrow''' (wavutse ku wa 16 Gashyantare 1965 i Mankamang Kunda, muri [[Gambiya]]) ni [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagambiya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gambiya kuva ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017.

Ashyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, atsinda Yahya Jammeh wari umaze imyaka 22 ku butegetsi. Jammeh yanze kuva ku butegetsi, bituma Barrow ararahira ari muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar, muri [[Senegali]], mbere y'uko igitero cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO gihatira Jammeh guhunga igihugu. Yongeye gutorwa mu Ukuboza 2021.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Amashuri n'umwuga ===
Adama Barrow yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Mankamang Kunda, mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Basse Santa Su, mu burasirazuba bwa Gambiya. Yize i Koba Kunda no mu [[Banjul]], hanyuma ahabwa buruse yo kwiga mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Abayisilamu&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Adama Barrow, le nouveau président gambien ? |url=http://www.senenews.com/2016/12/02/qui-est-adama-barrow-le-suppose-nouveau-president-gambien_173392.html |website=SeneNews.com |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Arangije amashuri, yakoreye ikigo cy'ingufu Alhagie Musa Njie &amp; Sons, azamuka kugeza abaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Who Is Adama Barrow? |url=http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow |website=Kairo News |date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2016-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204055058/http://www.kaironews.com/who-is-adama-barrow/ |archive-date=2016-12-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, yagiye i Londres, aho yize ibijyanye n'imitungo itimukanwa, akanakora nk'umuzamu kugira ngo yishyure amasomo; yavuze ko ubwo buzima bwamwubatse, ati: &quot;Gukora amasaha 15 ku munsi byubaka umugabo&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Argos guard tackles Gambia strongman |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/argos-guard-tackles-gambia-strongman-wklq7dl2t |website=The Times |date=2016-11-20 |access-date=2016-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Agarutse muri Gambiya, mu 2006 yashinze ikigo cy'imitungo itimukanwa Majum Real Estate, akiyobora kugeza mu 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='No drama Adama' Barrow seeks to end Gambia's erratic Jammeh era |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-election-barrow-idUSKBN13R2HH |website=Reuters |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2017-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Intangiriro muri politiki ===
Yatangiye politiki mu ishyaka ''National Reconciliation Party'' (NRP), hanyuma mu 2007 yinjira mu ishyaka ''United Democratic Party'' (UDP), ariko atsindwa amatora y'abadepite&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=KNOW YOUR CANDIDATE: President Adama Barrow – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/know-your-candidate-president-adama-barrow/ |date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2025-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mbere yo kwiyamamariza kuba Perezida, ntiyari yarigeze atorerwa umwanya uwo ari wo wose, ariko yari umubitsi wa UDP&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia's Yahya Jammeh loses election to Adama Barrow |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/gambia-yahya-jammeh-loses-election-adama-barrow-161202130519550.html |website=Aljazeera |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amatora yo mu 2016 n'ihererekanyabubasha ==
Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2016, ihuriro ry'amashyaka arindwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo, maze ava muri UDP kugira ngo yiyamamaze nk'umukandida wigenga&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Mowat |title=North London Argos worker takes on hardline Islamist in bid to be next president of Gambia |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/734366/Adama-barrow-security-guard-Gambia-president |access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UDP's Adama Barrow Resigns From UDP, Party Accepts His Resignation |url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/breaking-news-udps-adama-barrow-resigns-from-udp-party-accepts-his-resignation/ |website=Freedom Newspaper |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2017-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yasezeranyije gusubiza Gambiya mu Muryango wa Commonwealth no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, kuvugurura inzego z'umutekano, no kuyobora guverinoma y'inzibacyuho akava ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu&lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia's Jammeh loses presidential election to Adama Barrow in shock election result |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38183906 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Leader promises 'a new Gambia' after upset win |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |website=Associated Press |date=2016-12-03 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043100/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2e6e8d43ed25441996e0357f7defb790/ap-interview-election-winner-promises-new-gambia |archive-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2016, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 43,3 %, imbere ya Yahya Jammeh (39,6 %) na Mama Kandeh (17,1 %)&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : le nouveau président Adama Barrow organise la transition |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20161204-gambie-barrow-president-elu-transition-jammeh |website=France 24 |date=2016-12-04 |access-date=2016-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot; /&gt;.

Mu ntangiriro, Jammeh yasaga n'uwemera ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2016 yatangaje ko abyanze &quot;burundu&quot;; Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni, Ubumwe bwa Afurika, CEDEAO n'abandi baramwamaganye&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambian leader Yahya Jammeh's poll rejection condemned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38275511 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-10 |access-date=2016-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Barrow yahungiye muri Senegali kubera umutekano we&lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia crisis: Adama Barrow urges Jammeh to quit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38442817 |website=BBC News |date=2016-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 17 Mutarama 2017, Jammeh yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe, maze bukeye bwaho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongera manda ye amezi atatu&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : à la veille de la fin de son mandat, Jammeh décrète l’état d’urgence - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170117-gambie-veille-fin-mandat-jammeh-decrete-etat-urgence-barrow |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le mandat prolongé du président Jammeh fait perdurer l'impasse politique en Gambie |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1011486/le-mandat-prolonge-du-president-jammeh-fait-perdurer-limpasse-politique-en-gambie |website=Radio-Canada.ca |access-date=2017-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, Barrow yarahiriye kuba Perezida muri ambasade ya Gambiya i Dakar&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Monde Afrique |title=Adama Barrow, le nouveau président de Gambie, a prêté serment au Sénégal |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/19/en-direct-de-l-ambassade-de-gambie-a-dakar-pour-la-prestation-de-serment-d-adama-barrow_5065549_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Callum Patton |title=Adama Barrow inaugurated as President of Gambia amid standoff with predecessor Yahya Jammeh |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/adama-barrow-inaugurated-president-gambia-amid-standoff-predecessor-yahya-jammeh-1602051 |website=International Business Times |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwo munsi, ingabo za Senegali, Nijeriya na Gana zinjiye muri Gambiya mu gikorwa cya gisirikare cya CEDEAO kugira ngo zihatire Jammeh kuva ku butegetsi; ingabo za Gambiya ntizabarwanyije&lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38706426 |website=BBC News |date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Crise en Gambie sur la prise de pouvoir. Intervention des troupes sénégalaises |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/gambie/crise-en-gambie-sur-la-prise-de-pouvoir-intervention-des-troupes-senegalaises-4745749 |website=Ouest-France |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2017-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'ubuhuza bwa Alpha Condé wa Gineya na Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wa Moritaniya, Jammeh yemeye kuva ku butegetsi, ahunga igihugu ku wa 21 Mutarama 2017, ajya muri Gineya hanyuma muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Gambie : le président sortant Yahya Jammeh accepte de quitter le pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/21/gambie-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-annonce-qu-il-accepte-de-quitter-le-pouvoir_5066442_3212.html#PdcRF1kuSAWwlK5m.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Cyril Bensimon |title=Gambie : sous la pression de la Cédéao, le président sortant Yahya Jammeh part en exil |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/22/sous-la-pression-de-la-cedeao-le-president-sortant-yahya-jammeh-part-en-exil_5066827_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-21 |access-date=2017-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Barrow yagarutse muri Gambiya ku wa 26 Mutarama 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow rentre au pays ce 26 janvier - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170125-gambie-adama-barrow-rentre-pays-le-26-janvier |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2017-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Carley Petesch |title=Throngs cheer new president's triumphant return to Gambia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-01-26 |access-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-new-president-adama-barrow-returning-to-nation/2017/01/26/58372f50-e3b6-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |archive-date=2017-01-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2017 yongera kurahira muri Gambiya, muri sitade y'Ubwigenge i Bakau&lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=La Gambie s’offre une double fête |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/La-Gambie-soffre-double-fete-2017-02-18-1200825725 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Adama Barrow sworn in on home soil as president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/adama-barrow-sworn-home-soil-president-170218164133783.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-18 |access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Gambiya ==
=== Manda ya mbere ===
Ku wa 23 Mutarama 2017, yagize Fatoumata Tambajang Visi-perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : une femme comme nouvelle vice-présidente |url=http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |website=Métro |access-date=2017-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032023/http://journalmetro.com/monde/1080154/gambie-une-femme-comme-nouvelle-vice-presidente/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yatangaje ko izina rirambuye ry'igihugu risubira kuba &quot;Repubulika ya Gambiya&quot; aho kuba &quot;Repubulika ya Kisilamu ya Gambiya&quot;, nk'uko Jammeh yari yarabihinduye mu 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-01-28 |access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ijambo rye ryo kurahira, yategetse ko imfungwa zose zafunzwe nta rubanza ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh zirekurwa; imfungwa 171 zo muri gereza ya Mile 2 zararekuwe&lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=President Adama Barrow orders release of 171 prisoners |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/president-adama-barrow-orders-release-171-prisoners-170220063108170.html |website=Al Jazeera |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahagaritse icyemezo cyo kuva mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, maze Minisitiri w'Ubutabera Ba Tambadou atangaza ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y'Ukuri, Ubwiyunge n'Indishyi ku bahohotewe ku butegetsi bwa Jammeh&lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jina Moore |title=Burundi Quits International Criminal Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/world/africa/burundi-international-criminal-court.html |website=The New York Times |date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2018-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Pap Saine |title=Gambia to set up truth and reconciliation commission |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambia-politics-idUSKBN16U2ZD |website=Reuters |date=2017-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Yomi Kazeem |title=Gambia's new president has started fixing the country's decades-long culture of human rights abuse |url=https://qz.com/910308/gambia-will-remain-in-the-international-criminal-court-under-new-president-adama-barrow/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-02-14 |access-date=2017-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahinduye kandi urwego rw'iperereza rw'igihugu (NIA) rwari ruzwiho guhohotera abantu&lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot; /&gt;.

Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2017, yarokotse umugambi wo kumwica ubwo yari mu isengesho mu musigiti wa King Fahd i Banjul&lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Agence congolaise de presse |url=http://acpcongo.com/acp/attentat-manque-contre-president-gambien-adama-barrow-a-banjul/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 6 Mata 2017, ihuriro rye ryatsinze amatora y'abadepite&lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Législatives en Gambie : premières élections post-Jammeh |url=http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |website=La Croix |access-date=2017-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214249/http://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Legislatives-Gambie-premieres-elections-post-Jammeh-2017-04-06-1300837545 |archive-date=2017-04-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2017, yasinye amasezerano mpuzamahanga avanaho igihano cy'urupfu&lt;ref name=&quot;E42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia: President Barrow Signs Abolition of Death Penalty Treaty |url=https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |website=Jollof News |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102173102/https://www.jollofnews.com/2017/09/21/gambia-president-barrow-signs-abolition-of-death-penalty-treaty/ |archive-date=2021-11-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2018, Gambiya yasubiye mu Muryango wa Commonwealth&lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Pujol Mazzini |title=La Gambie rejoint le Commonwealth après quatre ans d’absence |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/528455/politique/la-gambie-rejoint-le-commonwealth-apres-quatre-ans-dabsence/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2018-02-08 |access-date=2018-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth after 2013 exit |url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/08/the-gambia-rejoins-the-commonwealth-after-2013-exit/ |website=Africanews |date=2018-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Imyigaragambyo ya &quot;Three Years Jotna&quot; ===
Nubwo yari yasezeranyije kuva ku butegetsi nyuma y'imyaka itatu, yaje kwisubiraho, avuga ko Itegeko Nshinga rimusaba kurangiza manda y'imyaka itanu&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban |title=Unpacking Gambia's three-year pact: Constitution versus Coalition MoU |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/28/unpacking-gambia-s-three-year-pact-constitution-vs-coalition-mou/ |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title=Outcry over crackdown in the Gambia as president refuses to quit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/outcry-over-crackdown-in-the-gambia-as-president-adama-barrow-refuses-to-quit |website=The Guardian |date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2019 no mu ntangiriro za 2020, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yiswe &quot;Three Years Jotna&quot; (&quot;Imyaka itatu irahagije&quot;), imusaba kuva ku butegetsi; guverinoma yayibujije, abantu amagana barafungwa, abandi batatu barapfa&lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tension politique en Gambie : des manifestants réclament le départ du Président Adama Barrow |url=https://www.afrik.com/tension-politique-en-gambie-des-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-du-president-adama-barrow |website=Afrik.com |date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia Arrests 137 in Protests Urging President to Step Down |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_gambia-arrests-137-protests-urging-president-step-down/6183255.html |website=Voice of America |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Emil Touray |title=3 dead in protest against Gambian head Barrow: hospital |url=https://news.yahoo.com/3-dead-protest-against-gambian-head-barrow-hospital-195826998.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2019, yirukanye Visi-perezida Ousainou Darboe n'abaminisitiri benshi ba UDP, maze nyuma y'amezi icumi ashinga ishyaka rye, ''National People's Party'' (NPP)&lt;ref name=&quot;F26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le vice-président de la Gambie limogé |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-47587516 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2019-03-15 |access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Gambia president launches own party after rift with ruling coalition |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition// |website=Africanews |date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083341/https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/03/gambia-president-launches-own-party-after-rift-with-ruling-coalition/ |archive-date=2023-09-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya, wagabanyaga manda ya perezida ku ebyiri, wanzwe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa 22 Nzeri 2020, maze Barrow ashinjwa kuba ari we wateguye iryo tsindwa&lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement gambien rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200923-parlement-gambien-rejette-projet-nouvelle-constitution |website=RFI |date=2020-09-23 |access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie: l'Assemblée rejette le projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.africaradio.com/news/gambie-l-assemblee-rejette-le-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution-172959 |website=www.africaradio.com |access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya kabiri ===
Muri Nzeri 2021, yagiranye ubufatanye n'ishyaka rya Jammeh, ''Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction'' (APRC), nubwo Jammeh ubwe yabyamaganye&lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=ro |title=Gambian President and Ex-Dictator Form Coalition Ahead of Polls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-05/gambian-president-and-ex-dictator-form-coalition-ahead-of-polls |website=www.bloomberg.com |access-date=2021-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Gambia: Police Detain Top Official of Jammeh's Backed 'No Alliance Movement', Others |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202110260618.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-10-26 |access-date=2021-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukuboza 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 53 %, atangira manda ya kabiri ku wa 19 Mutarama 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;F33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=En Gambie, Adama Barrow remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/12/06/en-gambie-adama-barrow-remporte-la-presidentielle_6104890_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gambie : Adama Barrow a prêté serment pour un deuxième mandat |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/politique/gambie-adama-barrow-a-prete-serment-pour-un-deuxieme-mandat_383235.html |website=sene.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 21 Ukuboza 2022, guverinoma yatangaje ko yaburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, abasirikare benshi barafungwa&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Gambie, le gouvernement dit avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/12/22/en-gambie-le-gouvernement-dit-avoir-dejoue-une-tentative-de-coup-d-etat_6155385_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Adama Barrow ni Umuyisilamu, akaba afite [[Umugore|abagore]] babiri: Fatoumatta Bah, bashakanye mu 1997, akaba Madamu wa Perezida, na Sarjo Mballow&lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Oluwatobi Bolashodun |title=Meet the look-alike wives of new Gambian President Adama Barrow |url=https://gossip.naij.com/1083657-meet-alike-wives-gambian-president-adama-barrow-photos.html |website=Naij.com |date=January 2017 |access-date=2017-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=F. Mbaye |title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady# |website=WhatsOn-Gambia |date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2022-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2017, umuhungu we Habibu w'imyaka umunani yapfuye nyuma yo kurumwa n'imbwa; Barrow ntiyabashije kujya mu muhango wo kumushyingura kuko yari ari muri Senegali&lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décès d'un fils du président élu gambien Adama Barrow |url=http://www.voaafrique.com/a/deces-d-un-fils-du-president-elu-gambien-adama-barrow/3678520.html |website=VOA |access-date=2017-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E64&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia President-elect Adama Barrow's son killed by dog |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38641070 |website=BBC |date=2017-01-17 |access-date=2017-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Avuga ko avanze amoko: Abasarahule, Abamandinka n'Abafula&lt;ref name=&quot;E60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gambia: Adama Barrow Speaks To JollofNews, Reaches Out To Gambians |url=https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |website=JollofNews |date=2016-12-05 |access-date=2016-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075813/https://jollofnews.com/2016/12/05/gambia-adama-barrow-speaks-to-jollofnews-reaches-out-to-gambians/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ashyigikira ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'Abongereza Arsenal&lt;ref name=&quot;E66&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Hugo Williams |title=Gambia elections: President-elect Adama Barrow's life story |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38185428 |website=BBC |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2016-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Adama Barrow}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Gambiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joseph Boakai</title>
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      <text bytes="12848" sha1="p6ptl8oqoakasg1z2b1ag0ps4ku27jn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Joseph Boakai
| image         = President Joseph Boakai 2025.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Joseph Boakai mu 2025
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Worsonga, Lofa, [[Liberiya]]
| nationality   = Umunyaliberiya
| alma_mater    = College of West Africa&lt;br /&gt;Kaminuza ya Liberiya&lt;br /&gt;Kaminuza ya Kansas
| occupation    = Umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Visi-perezida wa Liberiya (2006–2018)
| title         = Perezida wa Liberiya
| term          = Kuva ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024
| predecessor   = George Weah
| party         = Unity Party
| spouse        = Katumu Boakai
| children      = 4
}}
'''Joseph Nyuma Boakai''' (wavutse ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 1944 i Worsonga, mu ntara ya Lofa, muri [[Liberiya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaliberiya, akaba Perezida wa 26 wa Liberiya kuva mu 2024.

Yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, hanyuma aba Visi-perezida wa Liberiya kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2018 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, yatsinzwe na George Weah, ariko mu matora yo mu 2023 aramutsinda.

== Ubuzima ==
Joseph Boakai yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Worsonga uri kure, mu karere ka Foya mu ntara ya Lofa, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu hafi y'umupaka na [[Gineya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Executive Mansion |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&amp;related=20&amp;third=25&amp;pg=sp |website=The Executive Mansion |access-date=2017-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421000312/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&amp;related=20&amp;third=25&amp;pg=sp |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni uwo mu bwoko bw'Abakissi&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Things Fall Apart – Two Boakai's Loyalists in Lofa Senatorial Faceoff |url=https://independentprobe.com/2023/02/21/things-fall-apart-two-boakais-loyalists-in-lofa-senatorial-faceoff/ |website=Independent Probe Newspaper |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120112359/https://independentprobe.com/2023/02/21/things-fall-apart-two-boakais-loyalists-in-lofa-senatorial-faceoff/ |archive-date=2023-11-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akomoka mu muryango w'abahinzi bakennye, ababyeyi be bombi batazi gusoma no kwandika&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia: Joseph Boakai, vieux routier de la politique, revient au pouvoir pour «sauver le pays» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-liberia-joseph-boakai-vieux-routier-de-la-politique-revient-au-pouvoir-pour-sauver-le-pays |website=RFI |date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai contre George Weah, deux hommes que tout oppose – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/505395/politique/liberia-joseph-boakai-contre-george-weah-deux-hommes-que-tout-oppose/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni umwe mu &quot;basangwabutaka&quot;, si uwo mu bakomoka ku bacakara b'Abanyamerika babohowe bayoboye igihugu igihe kirekire&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : qui est Joseph Boakai, l'opposant qui a pris sa revanche sur Weah ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/liberia-qui-est-joseph-boakai-lopposant-qui-pris-sa-revanche-sur-weah-2676254 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye muri [[Siyera Lewone]] no muri Liberiya, hanyuma arangiza muri ''College of West Africa'' i Monrovia&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Who is Liberia's next president, set to replace George Weah |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41837299 |website=BBC News |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Liberia Vice President Boakai |url=http://www.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_apr06/development.htm |website=Frontlines – Inside Development |date=April 2006 |access-date=2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1972, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu bucungamutungo muri Kaminuza ya Liberiya&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot; /&gt;, akomereza muri Kaminuza ya Kansas muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai dribble George Weah et décroche la présidence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/18/liberia-joseph-boakai-dribble-george-weah-et-decroche-la-presidence_6200916_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yashakanye na Katumu Boakai, bafitanye abana bane&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Biography of Vice President Joseph N. Boakai |url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&amp;related=20&amp;third=25&amp;pg=sp |website=eMansion.gov |access-date=2017-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421000312/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=25&amp;related=20&amp;third=25&amp;pg=sp |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;. Ni Umubatisita, akaba umudiyakoni w'itorero Effort Baptist Church i Paynesville&lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia Mineral &amp; Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5zaeeopwIQC&amp;q=Boakai+is+a+religious+Baptist+and+a+Deacon+of+the+Effort+Baptist+Church.&amp;pg=PA27 |website=Int'l Business Publications |date=2007-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=‘Remain Resilient’ |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/remain-resilient |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131011351/https://www.liberianobserver.com/remain-resilient |archive-date=2023-01-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Urugendo muri politiki ==
Yakoreye ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi (LPMC) kuva mu 1973 kugeza mu 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot; /&gt;. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1985, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Samuel Doe, anayobora Ishyirahamwe ry'ibihugu 15 byo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba ry'iterambere ry'umuceri&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot; /&gt;. Mu 1992, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo gitunganya peteroli (LPRC), hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Banki y'Isi i Washington&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot; /&gt;.

Mu 2005, nyuma y'intambara z'abenegihugu zamaze igihe kirekire, yatorewe kuba Visi-perezida, afatanyije na Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, umugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora igihugu cy'Afurika. Nka Visi-perezida, yayoboraga Sena, kandi yagenzuraga inzego zitandukanye, harimo n'akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe kwambura intwaro, gusezerera no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze ari abarwanyi.

Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2017, nk'umukandida wa ''Unity Party'', yageze mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ariko atsindwa n'uwahoze ari icyamamare mu [[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w'amaguru]], George Weah, ku majwi 38,46 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : Joseph Boakai veut reporter le second tour face à George Weah |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2017-12-15/liberia-joseph-boakai-veut-reporter-le-second-tour-face-a-george-weah-761937.html |website=La Tribune |date=2017 |access-date=2018-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NEC Liberia – 2017 Election Results Website |url=http://www.necliberia.org/results2017/ |website=www.necliberia.org |access-date=2018-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Liberiya ==
Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyo ku wa 14 Ugushyingo 2023, yatsinze George Weah ku majwi 50,64 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Liberia, George Weah et Joseph Boakai se préparent à un second tour serré |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/20/au-liberia-george-weah-et-joseph-boakai-se-preparent-a-un-second-tour-serre_6195664_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2023-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Tina S. Mehnpaine |title=Liberia Election: Joseph Boakai Emerges as President-Elect |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-election-joseph-boakai-emerges-president-elect |website=www.liberianobserver.com |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117223018/https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-election-joseph-boakai-emerges-president-elect |archive-date=2023-11-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 22 Mutarama 2024, afite imyaka 79, yarahiriye kuba Perezida, aba Perezida ukuze kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Liberiya&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liberia : le président Joseph Boakai, vainqueur de George Weah, prête serment lundi à Monrovia |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/22/liberia-le-president-joseph-boakai-vainqueur-de-george-weah-prete-serment-lundi-a-monrovia_6212255_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia's new president takes office with a promise to 'rescue' Africa's oldest republic |url=https://apnews.com/article/liberia-president-joseph-boakai-inauguration-weah-d8c1122bf1262054b9fd27c34e620dd1 |website=AP News |date=2024-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu muhango wo kurahira, ntiyabashije kurangiza ijambo rye, maze bamukura ku ruhimbi, bivugwa ko yari yagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Joseph Boakai: Liberia's new president fails to end inauguration speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68054411 |website=BBC |date=2024-01-22 |access-date=2024-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yashyize imbere kurwanya ruswa: yategetse igenzura ry'inzego zikomeye nka Banki Nkuru ya Liberiya, ahagarika abayobozi barenga 450, barimo n'abaminisitiri, kubera kutagaragaza imitungo yabo, kandi agabanya umushahara we ho 40 %&lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=apofeed |title=Liberia: President Boakai mandates General Auditing Commission (GAC) to Audit Central Bank of Liberia (CBL), Executive Protection Service (EPS) and National Security Agency (NSA) |url=https://african.business/2024/02/apo-newsfeed/liberia-president-boakai-mandates-general-auditing-commission-gac-to-audit-central-bank-of-liberia-cbl-executive-protection-service-eps-and-national-security-agency-nsa |website=African Business |date=2024-02-08 |access-date=2025-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberia anti-corruption: President Boakai suspends top officials for non-declaration of assets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3d5jx0vzr4o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberian president slashes salary by 40% |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/07/09/liberian-president-slashes-salary-by-40/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu mwaka we wa mbere, amanota ya Liberiya mu cyegeranyo cya Transparency International ku myumvire ya ruswa yazamutseho amanota abiri&lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Liberians report rising confidence in government's anti-corruption efforts and improved trust in some institutions |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/articles/liberians-report-rising-confidence-in-governments-anti-corruption-efforts-and-improved-trust-in-some-institutions/ |website=www.afrobarometer.org |access-date=2025-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2025, yasabye imbabazi ku mugaragaro abahohotewe mu ntambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri z'abenegihugu muri Liberiya&lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Liberian president issues official apology to civil war victims |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/07/liberian-president-issues-official-apology-to-civil-war-victims/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Politiki ye y'ububanyi n'amahanga yibanda kuri dipolomasi y'ubukungu, ishaka ko Liberiya iva ku kwishingikiriza ku nkunga ikajya ku bufatanye bushingiye ku bucuruzi n'ishoramari&lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Chiraag |title=“Such Good English?” Why Trump's Comment on Liberia's President Got People Talking |url=https://www.joburgetc.com/news/joseph-boakai-white-house-visit-2025/ |website=Joburg ETC |date=2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 2025, yahuriye i Washington na Perezida [[Donald Trump]], amusaba ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zashora imari muri Liberiya&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump meets five West African leaders, hails pivot from aid to trade |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250709-trump-meets-five-west-african-leaders-hails-pivot-from-aid-to-trade |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kamena 2025, Liberiya yatorewe kuba umunyamuryango udahoraho w'Akanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ka Loni mu gihe cya 2026–2027.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Joseph Boakai}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Liberiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah</title>
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      <text bytes="16897" sha1="dx4rnilv16jjkh7eptzbw0ax66axc7a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
| image = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 2025.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah mu 2025
| birth_date = 29 Ukwakira 1952
| birth_place = Onamutai, Afurika y'Amajyepfo-Uburengerazuba (ubu ni [[Namibiya]])
| nationality = Umunyanamibiya
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Keele, Glasgow College of Technology
| occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umudipolomate
| title = Perezida wa [[Namibiya]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025
| predecessor = Nangolo Mbumba
| party = SWAPO
| spouse = Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
| children = 3
}}
'''Ndemupelila Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1952 i Onamutai), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''NNN''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Namibiya]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025. Ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye Perezida wa Namibiya. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya SWAPO kuva afite imyaka 14, yamaze imyaka myinshi mu buhungiro mbere y'ubwigenge, hanyuma aba umudepite kuva mu 1990. Yabaye minisitiri mu nzego zitandukanye, Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga (2012–2024), Visi-Minisitiri w'Intebe (2015–2024), na Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika (2024–2025). Mu 2017, yabaye umugore wa mbere watorewe kuba visi-perezida wa SWAPO, kandi ni we mugore wa mbere iryo shyaka ryatanze nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa perezida.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri ==
Netumbo Nandi yavutse ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1952 &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Ministère des relations internationales et de la coopération |title=Biographies de Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/opencms/grnnet/MFAv2/The_Ministry/Minister/ |date=2016 |access-date=2016-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; i Onamutai, muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo-Uburengerazuba (ubu ni Namibiya), hafi y'urubibe rw'intara za Ohangwena na Oshana. Ababyeyi be ni Justina Nekoto Shaduka-Nandi na Petrus Nandi &lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth/ |website=The Namibian |date=2022-04-14 |access-date=2024-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se yari umupasiteri w'Itorero ry'Abangilikani &lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Tileni Mongudhi |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah’s moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |website=The Namibian |date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2025-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni uwa cyenda mu bana 13 &lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Tileni Mongudhi |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah's moment of truth |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/nandi-ndaitwahs-moment-of-truth-3/ |website=The Namibian |date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2024-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yize mu ishuri ry'Abangilikani rya St. Mary's Mission i Odibo &lt;ref name=&quot;E8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Klaus Dierks |title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, N |url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_N.htm |website=klausdierks.com |access-date=2022-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yatangiye ibikorwa bya politiki akiri ingimbi, yinjira muri SWAPO mu 1966, afite imyaka 14 &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot; /&gt;. Bidatinze, yabaye umuyobozi w'urugaga rw'urubyiruko rwa SWAPO, rwarwanyaga ubukoloni bwa [[Afurika y’Epfo]]; ibyo byatumye ahigwa, bimuhatira kwihisha &lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Wedaeli Chibelushi |title=Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah: From freedom fighter to Namibia's first female president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr23pp3nv9o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 1973, yagiye mu buhungiro muri [[Zambiya]], aho yakoze ku cyicaro gikuru cya SWAPO i Lusaka kugeza mu 1975. Kuva mu 1975 kugeza mu 1976, yize mu ishuri rikuru ry'urubyiruko rw'Abakomunisiti (Komsomol) mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Top 10 des femmes qui ont marqué l'année 2025 en Afrique |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c4gee4jggp2o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-12-16 |access-date=2025-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1987, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu buyobozi n'imicungire ya leta muri Glasgow College of Technology, mu Bwongereza; mu 1988, abona indi mu mibanire mpuzamahanga muri Kaminuza ya Keele, hanyuma mu 1989 abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bumenyi bwa dipolomasi muri iyo kaminuza &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Graham Hopwood |title=Who's Who, entry for Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |url=http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128 |website=Namibia Institute for Democracy |access-date=2014-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot; /&gt;.

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
=== Mbere y'ubwigenge ===
Kuva mu 1976 kugeza mu 1978, yari intumwa yungirije ya SWAPO muri Zambiya, hanyuma intumwa nkuru yayo muri icyo gihugu kugeza mu 1980. Kuva mu 1980 kugeza mu 1986, yari intumwa nkuru ya SWAPO muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, ifite icyicaro i Dar es Salaam, muri [[Tanzaniya]]. Yabaye umwe mu bagize komite nkuru ya SWAPO kuva mu 1976 kugeza mu 1986 &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;.

=== Mu butegetsi bwa Namibiya yigenga ===
Ni umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Namibiya kuva mu 1990. Yabaye Visi-Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1996, na perezida w'urugaga rw'abagore rwa Namibiya (NANAWO) kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1994 &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;. Kuva mu 1996 kugeza mu 2000, ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Sam Nujoma, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w'ishami rishinzwe iby'[[Umugore|abagore]] mu biro bya Perezida, ahuza ibikorwa bya leta n'iby'abikorera mu guteza imbere gahunda zifasha abagore n'abana &lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Minister of Women Affairs and Child Welfare, on gender equality in Namibia |url=https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Int6.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri icyo gihe, Namibiya yashyizeho politiki y'igihugu y'uburinganire (1997) &lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Statement by honourable Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah minister of women affairs and child welfare of the Republic of Namibia |url=https://www.un.org/webcast/csw2005/statements/050302namibia-e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, itegeko ry'uburinganire bw'abashakanye (1996) &lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Married Persons Equality Act - Gender Justice - US Law - LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/gender-justice/resource/married_persons_equality_act |website=www.law.cornell.edu |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'itegeko rirwanya gufata ku ngufu (2000), ryemera ko gufata ku ngufu bishobora no kubaho hagati y'abashakanye &lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NATLEX - Namibia - Combating of Rape Act, 2000 (No. 8 of 2000). |url=https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=82559 |website=natlex.ilo.org |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2000, yagizwe Minisitiri ushinzwe iby'Abagore n'Imibereho myiza y'Abana &lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ |website=Parliament of Namibia |access-date=2022-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri uwo mwanya, yashyigikiye itegeko rirwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo ryo mu 2003 &lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=PolicyVault.Africa - Combating of Domestic Violence Act, 2003 |url=https://www.policyvault.africa/policy/combating-of-domestic-violence-act-2003/ |website=www.policyvault.africa |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2010, yabaye Minisitiri w'Itangazamakuru, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Ibidukikije n'Ubukerarugendo kugeza mu Ukuboza 2012, ubwo yagirwaga Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga &lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Selma Shipanga |title=Transition team picked |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=103168&amp;page_type=archive_story_detail&amp;page=525 |website=The Namibian |date=2012-12-05 |access-date=2013-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; (minisiteri yaje kwitwa iy'Imibanire Mpuzamahanga n'Ubufatanye).

Mu Werurwe 2015, Perezida Hage Geingob yamugize Visi-Minisitiri w'Intebe, akomeza no kuba Minisitiri w'Imibanire Mpuzamahanga n'Ubufatanye &lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Geingob announces Cabinet |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=134889&amp;page=archive-read |website=The Namibian |date=2015-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique - Namibie : une femme nommée Premier ministre |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/afrique-namibie-une-femme-nommee-premier-ministre-20-03-2015-1914528_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2015-03-20 |access-date=2016-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri SWAPO, ari muri komite nkuru no mu biro bya politiki, kandi ni umunyamabanga ushinzwe itangazamakuru n'ubukangurambaga, bigatuma aba umwe mu bavugizi b'ingenzi b'iryo shyaka &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/ |website=Namibian Parliament |access-date=2023-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Visi-Perezida n'amatora ya 2024 ===
Mu Ugushyingo 2022, yongeye gutorerwa kuba visi-perezida wa SWAPO, bigatuma aba umukandida ushoboka cyane w'ishyaka mu matora ya perezida ya 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Namibie, le parti au pouvoir désigne la première femme pour succéder au président Geingob |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/11/29/en-namibie-le-parti-au-pouvoir-designe-la-premiere-femme-pour-succeder-au-president-geingob_6152122_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Werurwe 2023, yatangajwe ku mugaragaro nk'umukandida wa SWAPO &lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=John Ikani |title=Namibia: President Geingob Names Nandi-Ndaitwah Woman Successor |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/ |website=The Heritage Times |date=2023-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=John Ikani |title=Namibia: President Geingob Names Nandi-Ndaitwah Woman Successor |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/ |website=The Heritage Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida Geingob muri Gashyantare 2024, Nangolo Mbumba wamusimbuye yamugize Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika ku ya 4 Gashyantare 2024; ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya &lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nangolo Mbumba Sworn In as Namibia's Interim President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/nangolao-mbumba-is-namibia-s-interim-president/7471038.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nangolo Mbumba sworn in as Namibia's fourth President |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-02-04-nangolo-mbumba-sworn-in-as-namibias-fourth-president/ |website=The Star Kenya |date=2024-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Maureen Kinyanjui |title=Nangolo Mbumba sworn in as Namibia's fourth President |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-02-04-nangolo-mbumba-sworn-in-as-namibias-fourth-president/ |website=the-star.co.ke |date=2024-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 3 Ukuboza 2024, komisiyo y'amatora yamutangaje nk'uwatsinze amatora ya perezida, aba umugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora Namibiya &lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Namibia will have its first female leader after VP wins presidential election for the ruling party |url=https://apnews.com/article/namibia-election-female-leader-president-8ea8783e1aa56ea20d65970e87adc313 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=RFI |title=Namibie: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah élue première femme présidente du pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241203-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-namibie-la-commission-%C3%A9lectorale-annonce-la-victoire-de-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagize amajwi 683 560 (58,7%), atsinda Panduleni Itula na McHenry Venaani &lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2024 Presidential elections |url=https://elections.my.na |website=elections.my.na |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413110932/https://elections.my.na/ |archive-date=2025-04-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Namibiya ==
Yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Namibiya ku ya 21 Werurwe 2025, asimbura Nangolo Mbumba &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Namibia inaugurates its first woman president |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250321-namibia-inaugurates-its-first-woman-president |website=France 24 |date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Namibie: prestation de serment pour Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, la première présidente du pays |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250321-namibie-prestation-de-serment-pour-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-la-premi%C3%A8re-pr%C3%A9sidente-du-pays |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ijambo yavuze arahira, yiyemeje gushyira imbere guhanga imirimo, agamije imirimo mishya 500 000, cyane cyane mu buhinzi, [[uburobyi]], ubuhanzi na siporo &lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Historic Moment: Namibia Swears in Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah as First Woman President |url=https://diplomaticwatch.com/historic-moment-namibia-swears-in-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-as-first-woman-president/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mata 2025, yatangaje ko guhera mu 2026 leta izatanga amashuri makuru na kaminuza ku buntu mu bigo bya leta &lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Namibia’s new president announces free university education starting in 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/namibia-president-education-free-netumbo-nandindaitwah-e2ba928f6deb9f69553a82d6a9150a96 |website=AP News |date=2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 27 Mata 2025, yirukanye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi, Uburobyi, Amazi n'Ivugurura ry'Ubutaka, Mac-Albert Hengari, nyuma y'uko afatwa akekwaho ruswa, ashinjwa kugerageza gucecekesha umugore wavugaga ko yamufashe ku ngufu &lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Tracy Tafirenyika |title=Mac Hengari's fall from power |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/mac-hengaris-fall-from-power/ |website=The Namibian |date=2025-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibitekerezo bye ==
Nandi-Ndaitwah aharanira uburenganzira bw'abagore n'uburinganire bw'ibitsina muri Namibiya. Ariko bamwe mu bamunenga bavuga ko afite ibitekerezo gakondo; mu kiganiro cyo mu 2022, umusesenguzi wa politiki Henning Melber yavuze ko atigeze ashyigikira uburenganzira bw'imyororokere cyangwa kurengera abaryamana bahuje ibitsina &lt;ref name=&quot;E31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Likely To Disappoint Feminists: Analyst – Eagle FM |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-likely-to-disappoint-feminists-analyst/ |website=www.eaglefm.com.na |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Arwanya gukuramo inda, uretse mu bihe bidasanzwe cyane &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yashakanye na Jenerali Liyetona (wavuye mu kazi) Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah, wahoze ari umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo za Namibiya &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot; /&gt;; bafitanye abana batatu &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot; /&gt;. Akunda ibikorwa by'abana mu baturage no gusoma &lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot; /&gt;. Izina rya NNN akunze kwitwa rikoreshwa cyane na bagenzi be bo muri politiki &lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NNN to launch Trust – New Era |url=https://neweralive.na/nnn-to-launch-trust-2/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibihembo ==
Yahawe igihembo cy'Umuyobozi wa Politiki w'Umwaka muri Afurika n'icy'Umuyobozi w'Umugore w'Umwaka muri Afurika n'ikinyamakuru ''African Leadership Magazine'' &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=BREAKING: NETUMBO NANDI-NDAITWAH, MANDISA MAYA, OTHER LEADERS NAMED AFRICAN LEADERSHIP MAGAZINE PERSONS OF THE YEAR 2025 - African Leadership Magazine |url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/breaking-netumbo-nandi-ndaitwah-mandisa-maya-other-leaders-named-african-leadership-magazine-persons-of-the-year-2025/ |date=2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ndetse n'igihembo cy'ubuyobozi bw'ibitekerezo (''thought leadership'') mu bihembo by'iterambere rirambye bya Namibiya &lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Pricilla Mukokobi |title=Namibia: VP Recognised for Environmental Contribution |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202406210399.html |website=New Era |date=2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2024, yahawe igihembo cy'ubuyobozi buhuza ibisekuru mu nama ya Nala Feminist &lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=VP Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah receives inter-generational leadership award |url=https://nbcnews.na/index.php/node/106178 |website=nbcnews.na |access-date=2024-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahawe kandi impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro na Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam, muri Tanzaniya &lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nandi-Ndaitwah awarded honorary doctorate by University of Dar es Salaam |url=https://nbcnews.na/news/nandi-ndaitwah-awarded-honorary-doctorate-university-dar-es-salaam.38635 |website=nbcnews.na |access-date=2024-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagore]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Namibiya]]</text>
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    <title>Emmerson Mnangagwa</title>
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      <text bytes="25929" sha1="8cgs244nhhaq8742pga1rrypri0f2y4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Emmerson Mnangagwa
| image = Emmerson Mnangagwa at US-Africa Business Summit, 2023 (3x4).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Emmerson Mnangagwa mu 2023
| birth_date = 15 Nzeri 1942
| birth_place = Shabani (ubu ni Zvishavane), Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo ([[Zimbabwe]])
| nationality = Umunyazimbabwe
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya
| occupation = Umunyamategeko, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Zimbabwe]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017
| predecessor = Robert Mugabe
| party = ZANU–PF
| spouse = Jayne Matarise (1973–2002), Auxillia Mnangagwa
| children = 18
}}
'''Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, ubu ni Zvishavane) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Zimbabwe]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017. Akunze kwitwa « ''Ngwena'' » cyangwa « ''Garwe'' » (« Ingona » mu Gishona). Yabaye impirimbanyi y'ubwigenge, afungwa imyaka icumi n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni ba Rodeziya. Nyuma y'ubwigenge mu 1980, yabaye umufatanyabikorwa wa hafi wa Robert Mugabe, ahabwa imyanya myinshi ikomeye muri guverinoma, harimo Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu mu gihe cy'ubwicanyi bwa ''Gukurahundi'', bukaba bukimuvugwaho. Yabaye Visi-Perezida wa mbere kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2017, ubwo Mugabe yamwirukanaga; nyuma y'iminsi mike, kudeta y'igisirikare yatumye Mugabe yegura, Mnangagwa amusimbura. Yatsinze amatora yateje impaka yo mu 2018 n'ayo mu 2023, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa na benshi nk'ubw'igitugu.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere ==
Dambudzo Mnangagwa yavutse ku ya 15 Nzeri 1942 i Shabani, umujyi w'ubucukuzi muri Rodeziya y'Amajyepfo, ubukoloni bw'Abongereza. Ababyeyi be, Mafidhi na Mhurai Mnangagwa, bari abahinzi bo mu bwoko bw'Abakalanga, bufitanye isano n'Abashona &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41995876}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sekuru yari mu rukiko rw'umwami w'Abandebele Lobengula, akarwanya Abongereza.

Mu 1952, se yagiranye amakimbirane n'umukozi w'ubukoloni wari wafatiriye amatungo y'abaturage, bituma umuryango wimukira muri Rodeziya y'Amajyaruguru (ubu ni [[Zambiya]]). Mnangagwa yakomereje amashuri i Mumbwa, hanyuma yiga imyuga y'ubwubatsi i Kafue no muri Hodgson Technical College, aho yirukanywe mu 1960 azira ibikorwa bya politiki.

== Urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu ==
Mu 1962, Mnangagwa yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), maze ajya muri Tanganyika (ubu ni [[Tanzaniya]]), hanyuma mu [[Misiri]] guhabwa imyitozo ya gisirikare. Muri Kanama 1963, yinjiye mu ishyaka rishya rya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Yoherejwe mu [[Ubushinwa]] mu ngabo za ZANLA, aho yize ibitekerezo bya Marx muri Kaminuza ya Pekin, ahabwa imyitozo y'urugamba n'iy'ubutasi &lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa, le successeur invisible |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/21/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-le-successeur-invisible_5217975_3212.html#x3Hk2iGkKySEsfDK.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;; umubano yagiranye n'Ubushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Mugabe se cramponne à la présidence |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/17/01003-20171117ARTFIG00267-au-zimbabwe-mugabe-se-cramponne-a-sa-presidence.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1964, agarutse muri Tanganyika, yashinze itsinda ryitwa « Itsinda ry'Ingona » (''Crocodile Group'').

Muri Mutarama 1965, iryo tsinda ryagabye ibitero mu burasirazuba bwa Rodeziya, rinangiza ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi hafi ya Fort Victoria (ubu ni Masvingo). Mnangagwa yarafashwe, yemera icyaha nyuma yo gukorerwa iyicarubozo &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=John Conroy |title=Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM_y3jOKzx8C&amp;pg=PA176 |website=Knopf |date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ahamwa n'icyaha &lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe: Status of the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act and the draft Public Order Act |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad3254.html |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)/UNHCR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abavoka be bavuze ko yari akiri muto, bityo ntiyakatirwa urwo gupfa, ahubwo akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi &lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Vinciane Joly |title=Faute de bourreaux, le Zimbabwe abolit la peine de mort |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/faute-de-bourreaux-le-zimbabwe-abolit-la-peine-de-mort-20250102 |website=La Croix |date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yafungiwe muri gereza zitandukanye, harimo iya Khami, aho yamaze imyaka irenga itandatu ari kumwe n'abandi bayobozi b'ubwigenge, barimo Robert Mugabe, maze baba inshuti magara &lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;. Amaze kurekurwa, yirukanwe muri Zambiya, yiga amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayakora imyaka ibiri, hanyuma ajya muri Mozambike kwifatanya na ZANU, aho yabaye umwungirije akaba n'umurinzi wa Mugabe &lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mnangagwa's 'fake' law degree exposed? |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183128.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |access-date=2020-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga wa politiki nyuma y'ubwigenge ==
Kuva ubwigenge bwa Zimbabwe mu 1980 kugeza mu 1988, Mnangagwa yabaye Minisitiri ushinzwe Umutekano w'Igihugu, ayobora n'urwego rw'ubutasi (CIO). Muri icyo gihe, kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1987, burigade ya gatanu y'ingabo za Zimbabwe, yari yaratojwe na Koreya ya Ruguru, yishe abasivili b'Abandebele bari hagati ya 20 000 na 30 000 mu ntara ya Matabeleland, mu bwicanyi buzwi nka ''Gukurahundi'' &lt;ref name=&quot;E43&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands |url=https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |website=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe) |access-date=2017-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;. Mnangagwa ahakana uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri ubwo bwicanyi &lt;ref name=&quot;E44&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=US cables link Mnangagwa, Mugabe to Gukurahundi |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-125093.html |website=Bulawayo24 News |date=2017-12-31 |access-date=2018-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Gukurahundi ghosts haunt Mnangagwa |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-00-gukurahundi-ghosts-haunt-mnangagwa/ |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |date=2017-11-24 |access-date=2025-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ariko benshi, barimo ibihugu by'amahanga, abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bamushinja kuba yarabugizemo uruhare rukomeye &lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Max Bearak |title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mugabe's successor in Zimbabwe? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/22/who-is-emmerson-the-crocodile-mnangagwa-mugabes-successor-in-zimbabwe/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-11-22 |access-date=2023-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Martin Fletcher |title=The last days of Robert Mugabe |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/01/last-days-robert-mugabe |website=New Statesman |date=2017-01-01 |access-date=2017-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ijambo yavuze muri Werurwe 1983, yagereranyije abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'udukoko (''cockroaches'' na ''bugs'') dukeneye kwicishwa umuti wica udukoko &lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Sabelo Ndlangisa |title=Zim expats remember Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-zim-expats-remember-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres/ |website=TimesLIVE |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri icyo gihe, yashimangiye umubano n'ingabo n'inzego z'ubutasi, zikomeje kumubera inkingi &lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa : sera-t-il différent de Mugabe ? |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-42109729 |website=BBC News Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kuva mu 1988 kugeza mu 2000, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, anaba Minisitiri w'Imari w'agateganyo kuva mu Ugushyingo 1995 kugeza muri Mata 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot; /&gt;. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2005, yabaye Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Imiturire yo mu Byaro kuva mu 2005 kugeza mu 2009, n'uw'Ingabo kuva mu 2009 kugeza mu 2013. Yagize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa by'urugomo byaranze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2008, ubwo yayoboraga ubukangurambaga bwa Mugabe &lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les cinq acteurs majeurs de la crise au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/zimbabwe-les-cinq-acteurs-majeurs-de-la-crise_5215157_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bamushinje kugira uruhare mu rugomo rw'amatora ya 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2007, guverinoma yavuze ko yavumbuye umugambi w'abasirikare wo guhirika Mugabe no gushinga Mnangagwa gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Mnangagwa avuga ko ntacyo yari abiziho &lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe: Alleged coup plotters deny treason charges |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/world/zimbabwe-alleged-coup-plotters-deny-treason-charges-315240.html |website=Irish Examiner |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2017-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Coup 'plot' feeds Zimbabwe political tension |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece |website=timesonline.co.uk via Internet Archive |date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2026-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523141610/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1940402.ece |archive-date=2011-05-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Visi-Perezida no kwirukanwa ===
Mu Ukuboza 2014, Mnangagwa yasimbuye Joice Mujuru ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Zimbabwe &lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe Leader Picks Hard-Liner as Vice President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/world/africa/robert-mugabe-names-emmerson-mnangagwa-vice-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2014-12-10 |access-date=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;, afatwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Mugabe wari ugeze mu zabukuru. Ariko Mugabe yifuzaga ko umugore we, Grace Mugabe, ari we umusimbura. Ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yirukanye Mnangagwa ku mwanya wa visi-perezida amushinja « kutaba indahemuka », ibyo bitashimishije ingabo &lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Grace Mugabe prend l’avantage dans la guerre de succession au Zimbabwe |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/06/grace-mugabe-tente-un-coup-de-force-pour-prendre-la-tete-de-la-succession-au-zimbabwe_5210784_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-06 |access-date=2017-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Robert Mugabe limoge son vice-président pour « manque de loyauté» |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/490207/politique/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-limoge-son-vice-president-pour-manque-de-loyaute/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2017-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Mnangagwa ahungira muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].

== Kudeta ya 2017 ==
Ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2017, Jenerali Sibusiso Moyo yatangarije kuri televiziyo y'igihugu ko ingabo zifashe imihanda kugira ngo « zivane mu nzira abagizi ba nabi bari hafi ya Perezida Mugabe » &lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'armée intervient contre des «criminels» proches de Mugabe |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/15/97001-20171115FILWWW00014-zimbabwe-l-armee-intervientcontre-des-criminels-proches-de-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;; Mugabe n'umugore we bafungiwe iwabo n'ingabo &lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe se réveille dirigé par des militaires |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/15/le-zimbabwe-se-reveille-dirige-par-des-militaires-son-president-mugabe-en-detention_5215103_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2017-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo, komite nkuru ya ZANU–PF yakuye Mugabe ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka, imusimbuza Mnangagwa, inamutanga nk'umukandida wayo mu matora ya 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Robert Mugabe a été exclu de la direction du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/11/19/au-zimbabwe-les-pressions-s-intensifient-sur-mugabe-pour-qu-il-quitte-le-pouvoir_5217172_3212.html#fAI2fTE6pVw3paCj.99 |website=lemonde.fr |date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2017-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Zanu-PF destituera Mugabe s'il ne démissionne pas d'ici lundi |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/zimbabwe-la-zanu-pf-destituera-mugabe-sil-ne-demissionne-pas-dici-lundi-3496775 |website=Europe 1 |access-date=2017-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2017, Mugabe yeguye kugira ngo yirinde kweguzwa n'Inteko &lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le président Mugabe démissionne après 37 ans de pouvoir |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/11/21/01003-20171121ARTFIG00187-zimbabwe-le-parlement-reuni-pour-destituer-le-president-mugabe.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2017-11-21 |access-date=2017-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Zimbabwe ==
=== Manda ya mbere ===
Mnangagwa yagarutse muri Zimbabwe ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2017, maze arahirira kuba Perezida ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=De retour au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa appelle au rassemblement - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171122-retour-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-appelle-rassemblement |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa investi président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2017/11/24/au-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-investi-president_5219987_3212.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bukeye, urukiko rwemeje ko kudeta yari ihuje n'Itegeko Nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro.fr avec AFP |title=Zimbabwe : un ex-ministre mis en examen |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2017/11/25/97001-20171125FILWWW00123-zimbabwe-un-ex-ministre-mis-en-examen.php |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2017, yashyizeho guverinoma igizwe n'abayoboke ba ZANU–PF n'abasirikare babiri, barimo Sibusiso Moyo, wagizwe Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga &lt;ref name=&quot;F25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa nomme deux hauts gradés au gouvernement, l'opposition écartée - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171201-zimbabwe-Emmerson-Mnangagwa-nouveaux-ministres-gouvernement-robert-mugabe |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 27 Ukuboza 2017, yagize Constantino Chiwenga na Kembo Mohadi ba visi-perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : l'auteur du coup de force anti-Mugabe devient vice-président |url=http://information.tv5monde.com/en-continu/zimbabwe-l-auteur-du-coup-de-force-anti-mugabe-devient-vice-president-211568 |website=TV5MONDE |access-date=2017-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahaye amezi atatu abari barahishe amafaranga mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe kuyagarura mu gihugu &lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Zimbabwe donne un délai de trois mois pour rapatrier les capitaux avant de lancer des poursuites - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171128-zimbabwe-delai-trois-mois-rapatrier-capitaux-ultimatum-mnangagwa-mugabe-crise |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi yiyemeza kuvugurura politiki y'ubutaka kugira ngo bamwe mu bahinzi b'Abazungu bambuwe ubutaka bawusubizwe &lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=White farmer gets land back under Zimbabwe's new leader |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/22/white-farmer-gets-land-back-under-zimbabwes-new-leader/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagaragaje ubushake bwo kongera kubana neza n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba no kugaruka muri Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;E139&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's president seeks to build bridges with west |url=https://www.ft.com/content/05ad2492-fc38-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167 |access-date=2018-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Kamena 2018, mu gihe cy'ubukangurambaga bw'amatora i Bulawayo, igisasu cyatewe aho yari ari, ariko arokoka nta kibazo, mu gihe abandi bayobozi, barimo ba visi-perezida be bombi, bakomeretse &lt;ref name=&quot;E155&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe President Mnangagwa says he was 'inches' from Bulawayo explosion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44586218 |website=BBC News |date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2018-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2018, yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku kinyuranyo gito ku cyiciro cya mbere &lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Emmerson Mnangagwa élu président, l'opposition pas d'accord |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-elu-president-l-opposition-pas-d-accord-03-08-2018-2241104_2365.php |website=lepoint.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2026-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311202236/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa-elu-president-l-opposition-pas-d-accord-03-08-2018-2241104_2365.php |archive-date=2019-03-11 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nelson Chamisa, umukandida w'ihuriro MDC, yanze ibyavuye mu matora, maze imyigaragambyo ikurikiraho ihitana abantu batandatu barashwe n'ingabo &lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=ZIMBABWE |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/france-monde/2018/08/03/mnangagwa-officiellement-elu-president-l-opposition-rejette-le-scrutin |website=Le Progrès}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : Mnangagwa confirmé, les opposants chassés |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/08/24/01003-20180824ARTFIG00247-zimbabwe-mnangagwa-confirme-les-opposants-chasses.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 24 Kanama 2018, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ibyavuye mu matora, maze arahira ku ya 26 Kanama &lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe court upholds President Mnangagwa's election win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45299176}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : la Cour constitutionnelle valide l’élection d’Emmerson Mnangagwa - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180824-zimbabwe-cour-constitutionnelle-valide-election-emmerson-mnangagwa |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mutarama 2019, izamuka ry'ibiciro bya lisansi rya 130% ryateje imyigaragambyo mu gihugu hose; inzego z'umutekano zayihoshesheje ku ngufu, abantu 12 barapfa kandi amagana arafatwa &lt;ref name=&quot;E156&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Reality Check: Why has Zimbabwe hiked petrol prices? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46878267 |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2025-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E157&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Death toll from Zimbabwe protests rises to 12, rights body says |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news-fast-news/death-toll-from-zimbabwe-protests-rises-to-12-rights-body-says/ |website=MoneyWeb |date=2019-01-20 |access-date=2019-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2021, Perezida Joe Biden wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yanenze ubutegetsi bwe kubera guhohotera abaturage no kudakora amavugurura ya demokarasi, yongera ibihano Amerika yari yarafatiye Zimbabwe &lt;ref name=&quot;E140&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=A Letter on the Continuation of the National Emergency with Respect to Zimbabwe |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/03/a-letter-on-the-continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-zimbabwe/ |website=The White House |date=2021-03-03 |access-date=2025-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2023, iperereza ry'itangazamakuru ryagaragaje urusobe rw'icuruzwa rya zahabu mu buryo bwa magendu rifitanye isano n'abantu ba hafi ye &lt;ref name=&quot;E159&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=How a 'Gold Mafia' is looting Southern Africa, washing dirty cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/gold-mafia-looting-southern-africa |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E160&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Karim Zidan |title=The IOC’s new leader brings dictatorship experience to the job |url=https://www.sportspolitika.news/p/the-iocs-new-leader-brings-dictatorship |website=www.sportspolitika.news |access-date=2026-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya kabiri ===
Muri Kanama 2023, Mnangagwa yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 52,6%, ariko abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuga ko ayo matora atagenze neza &lt;ref name=&quot;F40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections. Zimbabwe : le président Mnangagwa réélu |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-zimbabwe-le-president-mnangagwa-reelu |website=Courrier international |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-president-mnangagwa-wins-second-term/video-66642155 |website=dw.com |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2023-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E166&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa wins re-election after troubled vote, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-election-emmerson-mnangagwa-4aaeb10b7bf49f54fd10af141d18ced2 |website=AP News |date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 4 Werurwe 2024, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zamufatiye ibihano, we n'umugore we Auxillia, Visi-Perezida Chiwenga n'abandi, kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruswa n'icuruzwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo bwa magendu &lt;ref name=&quot;E167&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=US sanctions Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa over alleged abuses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/5/us-sanctions-zimbabwe-president-emmerson-mnangagwa-over-alleged-abuses |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2025-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2024, yasinye itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu ku byaha byinshi, maze ibihano by'urupfu by'imfungwa zose bihindurwa igifungo &lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot; /&gt;.

Ku ya 2 Nzeri 2024, yatangaje ko atazashaka manda ya gatatu mu 2028 &lt;ref name=&quot;E168&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe's President Plans to Step Down When Tenure Ends in 2028 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-02/zimbabwe-s-president-plans-to-step-down-when-tenure-ends-in-2028?embedded-checkout=true |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ariko mu 2025, abahoze barwana urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu basabye ko yegura, mu gihe ibihuha byavugaga ko ashaka kongera igihe cye ku butegetsi &lt;ref name=&quot;E169&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Emmanuel Matatu: Zimbabwe's President Emmerson Mnangagwa names new army chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0j01jgqk9o |website=BBC |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E170&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Calvin Manika |title=Amid Zimbabwe's political crisis, hope and frustration brew |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/4/16/amid-zimbabwes-political-crisis-hope-and-frustration-brew |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, inama ya ZANU–PF i Mutare yemeje icyifuzo cyo kongera manda ye kugeza mu 2030 binyuze mu ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;E171&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Farai Mutsaka |title=Zimbabwe's ruling party moves to extend President Mnangagwa's term until 2030 |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-president-mnangagwa-term-extension-ab22f485fe2c6e12ba256e459d7be3db |website=AP News |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze muri Kamena 2026 imitwe yombi y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza ivugurura ryongera manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu ikagera ku myaka irindwi &lt;ref name=&quot;F41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zimbabwe : le Sénat adopte la réforme constitutionnelle prolongeant le mandat du président |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260625-zimbabwe-le-s%C3%A9nat-adopte-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-prolongeant-le-mandat-du-pr%C3%A9sident |website=RFI |access-date=2026-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibitekerezo bya politiki ==
Mnangagwa arwanya yivuye inyuma igihano cy'urupfu, acyita « igitutsi ku cyubahiro cya muntu »; ''La Croix'' ihuza uwo murongo n'uko na we ubwe yari yarigeze kugikatirwa akiri muto &lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot; /&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Mnangagwa ni Umukristo w'Umuvanjeliste, akaba umuyoboke w'Itorero rya United Family International Church &lt;ref name=&quot;F42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E175&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Herald |title=President pledges US$2m towards UFIC project |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-pledges-us2m-towards-ufic-project/ |website=heraldonline.co.zw |date=2026-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yashatse kabiri, kandi afite abana cumi n'umunani n'abuzukuru barenga icumi &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E176&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Gift Phiri |title=Mnangagwa family disclosures raise eyebrows |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/03/23/mnangagwa-family-disclosures-raise-eyebrows/ |website=Nehanda Radio |date=2018-03-23 |access-date=2020-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umugore we wa mbere, Jayne Matarise, bashakanye mu 1973, bakabyarana abana batandatu, yapfuye ku ya 31 Mutarama 2002 azize [[kanseri]] &lt;ref name=&quot;E176&quot; /&gt;. Ikinyamakuru ''Time'' cyamushyize mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Evan Mawarire |title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217559/emmerson-mnangagwa/ |website=Time |access-date=2020-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Zimbabwe]]</text>
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| caption       = [[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a pneumonia caused by [[influenza]] and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)
}}

'''Umusonga''' ni indwara yo kubyimba mu bihaha yibasira cyane cyane udusaho duto tw’umwuka tuzwi nka alveoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=McLuckie|editor-first=A.|title=Respiratory disease and its management|url=https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84882-094-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/respiratorydisea0000mclu/page/51 51]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AcuteCare09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Leach, Richard E.|title=Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance|edition=2nd|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-6139-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|df=dmy-all|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u_wu5VCsVQC&amp;pg=PT168|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba birimo inkorora ikura cyangwa yumye, kubabara mu gatuza, umuriro, no kugorwa no guhumeka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ashby|first=Bonnie|last2=Turkington|first2=Carol|title=The encyclopedia of infectious diseases|edition=3rd|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=2007|page=242|isbn=978-0-8160-6397-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|access-date=2011-04-21|df=dmy-all|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180124/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xlyaipv3dIC&amp;pg=PA242|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburemere bw'iyi ndwara burahindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ash2007&quot; /&gt;

Ubusanzwe umusonga uterwa n'ubwandu bwa virusi cyangwa [[bagiteri]], kandi akenshi uterwa n'izindi mikorobe, imiti imwe n'imwe cyangwa indwara zimwe na zimwe nk'indwara ziterwa n'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;RespText09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey C. Pommerville|title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology|edition=9th|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|year=2010|page=323|quote=|isbn=978-0-7637-6258-2|oclc=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|access-date=|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180101/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJNQwQB8IxIC&amp;pg=PA323|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara ya cystic fibrosis, indwara idakira y’ibihaha (COPD), indwara ya sickle cell, asima, diyabete, umutima unanirwa, amateka yo kunywa itabi, ubushobozi buke bwo gukorora (nk'igihe umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu bwonko), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza.   Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso no ku isuzuma ry'umubiri.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133513/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/diagnosis |date=7 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imirasire yo mu gituza, ibizamini by'amaraso, no gupima amatembabuzi y'amata bishobora gufasha kwemeza ko indwara yanduye.  Iyi ndwara ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe aho yavuye, nko kwandurira mu bitaro cyangwa kwakorewe mu muryango cyangwa kwandurira mu bitaro. 

Urukingo rwo kwirinda ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'umusonga rurahari.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Pre&gt;{{cite web|title=How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133901/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/prevention |date=7 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda burimo gukaraba intoki no kutanywa itabi.  Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.  Umusonga w’ibihaha bikekwa ko uterwa na bagiteri uvurwa n’imiti yica udukoko.  Iyo umusonga ukabije, umuntu wafashwe n’indwara muri rusange ajyanwa mu bitaro.&lt;ref name=NIH2011&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Pneumonia?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu|website=NHLBI|access-date=2 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/|archive-date=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143108/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/ |date=29 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura umwuka wa ogisijeni bushobora gukoreshwa iyo urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pneumonia Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=3 March 2016|date=March 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment|archive-date=6 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030735/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pnu/treatment |date=6 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Buri mwaka, umusonga wibasira abantu bagera kuri 450&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi (7% by'abaturage) kandi bigatera impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR|title=Viral pneumonia|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9773|pages=1264–75|date=April 2011|pmid=21435708|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6|pmc=7138033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CochraneTx13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM|title=Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|page=CD004874|date=June 2013|pmid=23733365|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4|pmc=7017636}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 20, ubwo imiti yica udukoko n'inkingo byatangiraga gukoreshwa, ubuzima bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt; Nyamara, mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ndetse no mu bakuze cyane, abakiri bato cyane n'abarwayi badakira, umusonga uracyari intandaro y'impfu nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=George|first=Ronald B.|title=Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2|page=353|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|edition=5th|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502042842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&amp;pg=PA353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umusonga ukunze kugabanya igihe cyo kubabara mu bantu bari hafi gupfa, bityo witwa &quot;inshuti y'uyu musaza&quot;. 

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hydrocephalus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141925</id>
      <parentid>140837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:40:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="6322" sha1="tbkp3b1eeg59iaha17p1agyzwoa11iu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
|name             =Hydrocephalus
|synonym          =Water on the brain&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|image            =Hydrocephalus (cropped).jpg
|image_size       =
|image_thumbtime  =
|alt              =
|caption          =Hydrocephalus as seen on a [[CT scan]] of the brain. The black areas in the middle of the brain (the [[lateral ventricles]]) are [[Ventriculomegaly|abnormally large]] and filled with fluid.
|pronounce        ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪ|d|r|əʊ|ˈ|s|ɛ|f|ə|l|ə|s}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydrocephalus |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hydrocephalus |website=Collins |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427051455/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hydrocephalus |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|field            =[[neurosurgery]]
|symptoms         ='''Babies''': rapid head growth, [[vomiting]], sleepiness, [[seizures]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Older people''': [[Headache]]s, [[double vision]], poor balance, [[urinary incontinence]], personality changes, [[mental impairment]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|complications    =
|onset            =
|duration         =
|types            =
|causes           =[[Neural tube defect|Neural tube defects]], [[meningitis]], [[brain tumors]], [[traumatic brain injury]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|risks            =
|diagnosis        =Based on symptoms and [[medical imaging]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|differential     =
|prevention       =
|treatment        =Surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|medication       =
|prognosis        =Variable, often normal life&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;
|frequency        =1.5 per 1,000 (babies)&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stev2003/&gt;
|deaths           =
|named after      =
}}

'''Hydrocephalus''' ni indwara aho amazi yo mu bwonko (CSF) yiyongera mu [[Ubwonko|bwonko]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm|title=Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet|date=April 5, 2016|website=NINDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727231854/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikunze gutera kwiyongera k'umuvuduko mu gahanga. Abantu bakuze bashobora kugira ikibazo cyo kuribwa umutwe, kutabona neza, kutabasha kwifata mu nkari, impinduka mu miterere y'umubiri, cyangwa [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]]. Ku bana bato, bishobora kugaragara nk'ubwiyongere bwihuse bw'umutwe. Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kuruka, gusinzira, gukubita no kumanuka amaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Hydrocephalus ishobora guterwa n'ubumuga bwo kuvukana cyangwa ikavuka nyuma y'ubuzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ubusembwa bujyanye n'igihe umuntu avukana burimo ubusembwa bw'imiyoboro y'ubwonko n'ibivamo stenosis y'amazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD, Warf BC|title=Hydrocephalus in children|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=387|issue=10020|pages=788–99|date=February 2016|pmid=26256071|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60694-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo meningite, [[Kanseri y’ubwonko|ibibyimba byo mu bwonko]], imvune mu bwonko, kuva amaraso imbere mu mutima, no kuva amaraso munsi y'umugongo. Ubwoko bune bwa hydrocephalus ni itumanaho, kudatumana, ''ibyuka bivamo umwuka'', n'umuvuduko usanzwe. Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe isuzuma ry'umubiri no gukoresha amashusho y'abaganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Hydrocephalus ikunze kuvurwa no kubagwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwitwa ventriculostomy ya gatatu ni amahitamo kuri bamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ingorane ziterwa na shunts zishobora kuba zirimo kuvoma amazi menshi, kuvoma amazi make, kwangirika k'ibikoresho, kwandura indwara, cyangwa kuziba.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora gusaba gusimburwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ibisubizo biratandukanye, ariko abantu benshi bafite shunt babaho ubuzima busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Hatabayeho kuvurwa, urupfu cyangwa ubumuga buhoraho bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Hafi umwe kugeza kuri babiri ku bana 1,000 bavutse bafite indwara ya hydrocephalus.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stev2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David K.|last2=Benitz|first2=William E.|title=Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice|date=2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521806916|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&amp;pg=PA117|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221212406/https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&amp;pg=PA117|archive-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere gishobora kuba kiri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ab2012&quot; /&gt; Igipimo cy’umuvuduko usanzwe wa hydrocephalus gifatwa nk’abantu 5 kuri 100.000, aho igipimo kigenda cyiyongera uko imyaka igenda ishira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323448383|page=621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA621|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221201502/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA621|archive-date=2016-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibisobanuro bya Hippocrates ku ndwara ya hydrocephalus byatangiye mu myaka irenga 2.000 ishize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ab2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Richard G.|last=Ellenbogen|first2=Saleem I.|last2=Abdulrauf|first3=Laligam N.|last3=Sekhar|title=Principles of Neurological Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMtRtuz5mnwC&amp;pg=PA105|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4377-0701-4|pages=105|access-date=2016-09-23|archive-date=2021-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075026/https://books.google.com/books?id=vMtRtuz5mnwC&amp;pg=PA105|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo ''hydrocephalus'' rikomoka ku kigereki [[Template: Lang-grc]], risobanura 'amazi' na [[Template: Lang-grc]], risobanura 'umutwe'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dorland's electronic medical dictionary.|date=2000|publisher=W.B. Saunders Co|isbn=9780721694931|edition=29th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Ihungabana ryo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara</title>
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    <id>23253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141912</id>
      <parentid>141241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:39:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="4881" sha1="9n3d41wfw0lim5hf7go5hki4bkb6119" xml:space="preserve">'''Indwara yo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara''' '''(PPP)''' iterwa no gutangira gutunguranye ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe nyuma gato yo kubyara, akenshi mu byumweru bibiri nyuma yo kubyara ariko mu gihe kitarenze ibyumweru 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Osborne LM|title=Recognizing and Managing Postpartum Psychosis: A Clinical Guide for Obstetric Providers|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|volume=45|issue=3|pages=455–468|date=September 2018|pmid=30092921|pmc=6174883|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rodriguez-Cabezas L, Clark C|title=Psychiatric Emergencies in Pregnancy and Postpartum|journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=61|issue=3|pages=615–627|date=September 2018|pmid=29794819|pmc=6143388|doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000377}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubona cyangwa guhumurirwa ibintu bitariho (ibintu bitagaragara), ibitekerezo bidashoboka ko biba ukuri (ibintu bidafite ishingiro), imitekerereze idasanzwe (mania), kwiheba, guhangayika, cyangwa urujijo.  Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ibitekerezo bitagenda neza, kugorwa no gusinzira, hamwe n'imitekerereze n'ubwenge bihindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange, umuntu ubwe ntasobanukiwe neza uburemere bw'iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Abarenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abanduye nyuma baza gusanganwa indwara ya bipolar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana, nubwo ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'impinduka mu misemburo, ibibazo by'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ndetse n'imiterere y'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gutwita bwa mbere, gusaza, kubura ibitotsi, n'amateka y'umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa mu muryango we arwaye PPP cyangwa indwara ya bipolar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt; Imihangayiko mu buzima isa nkaho ntacyo ikora, ndetse n'ibimenyetso bifatika ku bibazo byo gutwita ntibigaragara.&lt;ref name=Luc2021&gt;{{Cite book |veditors=Hutner LA, Catapano LA, Nagle-Yang SM, Williams KE, Osborne LM |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289371393 |title=Textbook of Women's Reproductive Mental Health |date=2021 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-1-61537-386-4 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1289371393 |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022154/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1289371393 |date=2024-01-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nta bikoresho byo gusuzuma cyangwa gusuzuma bihari; &lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt; bikorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigaragara, bigenzurwa n'ibipimo biri muri DSM-V nyuma yo gukuraho izindi mpamvu zishobora kuba zarabayeho.  Mu gitabo cy’isuzuma n’ibarurishamibare ku ndwara zo mu mutwe, Umubumbe wa V (DSM-V TR) kiri mu gihe gito cy’indwara yo mu mutwe aho &quot;peripartum itangira&quot;, aho kuba ikintu cyihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5TR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR™|date=2022|publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780890425763|page=108|edition=Fifth, text revision}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Luc2021 /&gt;

Bifatwa nk'ikibazo cyo mu mutwe gisaba kujya mu bitaro byihutirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti nka lithium, benzodiazepines, na antipsychotics, ndetse no kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe hakoreshejwe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe umugore yigeze kugira umuti wa lithium, ashobora gutangira gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwirinda ako kanya nyuma yo kubyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso byo mu mutwe, cyane cyane ibyo kwibeshya ko umuntu atamenye neza, bitera impungenge ku mutekano w'umwana na nyina; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ga2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis G, Blake L, Seneviratne G|title=Delusional Misidentification Syndromes in Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review|journal=Psychopathology|pages=285–294|date=September 2022|volume=56|issue=4|pmid=36116435|doi=10.1159/000526129|s2cid=252341410|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo ndwara ikaba yatuma umwana apfa muri 4% by'abanduye ndetse ikaba ishobora no kwiyahura na nyina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Gutandukana Gutandukana bibaho kugeza kuri 20%. 

Ihungabana ryo mu mutwe nyuma yo kubyara ribaho ku mwana 1 kugeza kuri 2 ku bana 1000 bavutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2018&quot; /&gt; Igipimo kigaragara kimwe mu mico itandukanye no mu byiciro bitandukanye by'imibereho.  Kenshi na kenshi, igaragara mu gihe umuntu arwaye indwara ya bipolar izwi cyangwa nshya, izwi nka nyuma yo kuvuka.&lt;ref name=Luc2021 /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe kuva mu 400 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Os2018&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Croup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23261</id>
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      <id>141878</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:27:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="6638" sha1="404flr27ej3uillwr77wyatdtywuc2f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Croup|synonym=Laryngotracheitis, subglottic laryngitis, obstructive laryngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis|image=Croup steeple sign.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The [[steeple sign]] as seen on an AP neck X-ray of a child with croup|pronounce={{IPAc-en|k|r|uː|p}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Croup |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/croup |website=Macmillan |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820114315/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/croup |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|field=[[Pediatrics]]|symptoms=&quot;Barky&quot; cough, [[stridor]], fever, stuffy nose&lt;ref name=Au10/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=Usually 1-2 days but can last up to 7 days&lt;ref name=Croup09/&gt;|types=|causes=Mostly viral&lt;ref name=Au10/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms&lt;ref name=PedN09/&gt;|differential=[[Epiglottitis]], airway [[foreign body]], [[bacterial tracheitis]]&lt;ref name=PedN09/&gt;&lt;ref name=Cherry08/&gt;|prevention=[[influenza vaccine|Influenza]] and [[diphtheria vaccine|diphtheria]] vaccination&lt;ref name=Cherry08/&gt;|treatment=|medication=[[corticosteroids|Steroids]], [[epinephrine]]&lt;ref name=PedN09/&gt;&lt;ref name=Cherry08/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=15% of children at some point&lt;ref name=PedN09/&gt;&lt;ref name=Cherry08/&gt;|deaths=Rare&lt;ref name=Au10/&gt;|named after=}}
'''Croup''', izwi kandi nka '''laryngotracheobronchitis''', ni ubwoko bw'indwara zo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero zikunze guterwa na virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rajapaksa S, Starr M|title=Croup – assessment and management|journal=Aust Fam Physician|volume=39|issue=5|pages=280–2|date=May 2010|pmid=20485713|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwandu butera kubyimba imbere mu muyoboro w'amaraso, ibyo bikaba bibangamira guhumeka neza kandi bigatera ibimenyetso bisanzwe byo &quot; gukorora &quot;, stridor, n'ijwi rituje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt; Umuriro n'izuru riva nabyo bishobora kuba biriho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt; Ibi bimenyetso bishobora kuba byoroheje, biri hagati, cyangwa bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Croup09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson D|title=Croup|journal=BMJ Clin Evid|volume=2009|issue=|pages=|year=2009|pmid=19445760|pmc=2907784|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi bitangira cyangwa bikarushaho kuba bibi nijoro kandi ubusanzwe bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thom2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=M|last2=Vodicka, TA|last3=Blair, PS|last4=Buckley, DI|last5=Heneghan, C|last6=Hay, AD|last7=TARGET Programme, Team|title=Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review.|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=Dec 11, 2013|volume=347|pages=f7027|pmid=24335668|doi=10.1136/bmj.f7027|pmc=3898587}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Croup09&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya Croup ishobora guterwa na virusi nyinshi zirimo parainfluenza na virusi ya grippe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt; Ni gake cyane biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri, buzwi nka tracheitis ya bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherry08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cherry JD|title=Clinical practice. Croup|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-24_358_4/page/384|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=358|issue=4|pages=384–91|year=2008|pmid=18216359|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe indwara ya Croup ipimwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso nyuma y’uko impamvu zishobora kuba zikomeye kurushaho, nka epiglottitis cyangwa umubiri wo mu nzira z’ubuhumekero, zitagaragaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;PedN09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Everard ML|title=Acute bronchiolitis and croup|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-02_56_1/page/119|journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am.|volume=56|issue=1|pages=119–33, x–xi|date=February 2009|pmid=19135584|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi bw'inyongera—nk'ibipimo by'amaraso, X-rays, no gupima—ubusanzwe ntabwo bikenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PedN09&quot; /&gt;

Abantu benshi barwara indwara ya croup bashobora kwirindwa binyuze mu gukingira ibicurane na diphtheria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherry08&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe Croup ivurwa n'umuti umwe wa steroide ukoreshejwe mu kanwa (dexamethasone ku gipimo cya 0.15 kugeza 0.6 mg/kg).&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Are2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aregbesola|first=A|last2=Tam|first2=CM|last3=Kothari|first3=A|last4=Le|first4=ML|last5=Ragheb|first5=M|last6=Klassen|first6=TP|title=Glucocorticoids for croup in children.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=10 January 2023|volume=1|issue=1|pages=CD001955|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub5|pmid=36626194}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye cyane, epinephrine ihumekwa na yo ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bjornson|first=C|last2=Russell|first2=K|last3=Vandermeer|first3=B|last4=Klassen|first4=TP|last5=Johnson|first5=DW|title=Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=10 October 2013|volume=10|issue=10|pages=CD006619|pmid=24114291|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006619.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwinjira mu bitaro ni ngombwa ku muntu umwe kugeza kuri batanu ku ijana by'abarwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bjornson|first=CL|last2=Johnson|first2=DW|title=Croup in children.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=15 October 2013|volume=185|issue=15|pages=1317–23|pmid=23939212|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121645|pmc=3796596}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indwara ya Croup ni indwara ikunze kwibasira abana bagera kuri 15% mu gihe runaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;PedN09&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bibaho hagati y'amezi 6 n'imyaka 5 ariko bishobora kugaragara gake cyane ku bana bafite imyaka cumi n'itanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Croup09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PedN09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2013&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara gato ku bagabo kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2013&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kubaho mu gihe cy'umuhindo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2013&quot; /&gt; Mbere yo gukingirwa, indwara yo mu nda yakundaga guterwa na diphtheria kandi akenshi yahitanaga abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cherry08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Steele|first=Volney|title=Bleed, blister, and purge : a history of medicine on the American frontier|url=https://archive.org/details/bleedblisterpurg0000stee|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Mountain Press|location=Missoula, Mont.|isbn=978-0-87842-505-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/bleedblisterpurg0000stee/page/324 324]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi mpamvu ubu irakunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi bitewe n'uko urukingo rwa diphtheria rwagenze neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Feigin, Ralph D.|title=Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|page=252|isbn=978-0-7216-9329-3|oclc=|doi=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23263</id>
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      <id>141581</id>
      <parentid>140870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T13:47:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="7045" sha1="i97wslw81m5qbd6azw1c0kq5zh2y4u8" xml:space="preserve">'''Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo''' ( '''HRT''' ), buzwi kandi nka '''ubuvuzi bw'imisemburo mu gihe cyo gucura''', ni uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo bukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Gucura k’umugore|ibimenyetso]] bifitanye isano no [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cran2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crandall|first=CJ|last2=Mehta|first2=JM|last3=Manson|first3=JE|title=Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review.|journal=JAMA|date=7 February 2023|volume=329|issue=5|pages=405-420|doi=10.1001/jama.2022.24140|pmid=36749328}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibyuya byo mu ijoro, kuma kw'imyanya ndangagitsina, n'ibibazo byo kwiyumva nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2024About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About hormone replacement therapy (HRT)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/about-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|website=nhs.uk|publisher=NHS|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019213424/https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/about-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange ni uburyo bwo kuvura ibi bimenyetso busabwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Cran2023&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha muri rusange mu kwirinda ibibazo by'ubuzima by'igihe kirekire, nka [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], indwara z'umutima, cyangwa indwara yo gucika kw'amagufwa, ntibyemewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gart2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gartlehner|first=G|last2=Patel|first2=SV|last3=Reddy|first3=S|last4=Rains|first4=C|last5=Coker-Schwimmer|first5=M|last6=Kahwati|first6=L|title=Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|journal=Evidence Synthesis|date=November 2022|pmid=36413605|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586478/|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227161529/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586478/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoresha bigirwa inama y'igihe gito kandi bishobora gukorwa mu nzira zitandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gart2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRT2024Type&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/types-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|website=nhs.uk|publisher=NHS|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en|date=21 July 2023|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117022137/https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/types-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara y'agasabo k'inkari, gucika imitsi, kunanirwa kwihagarika inkari, no kugabanya amaraso; ariko nta gihinduka mu byago byose byo kugira ingaruka mbi cyangwa urupfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gart2022&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'ishingiro bishyigikira inyungu nini kurusha ingaruka mbi ku bari munsi y'imyaka 60.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gart2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Langer|first=RD|last2=Hodis|first2=HN|last3=Lobo|first3=RA|last4=Allison|first4=MA|title=Hormone replacement therapy – where are we now?|journal=Climacteric|date=February 2021|volume=24|issue=1|pages=3–10|doi=10.1080/13697137.2020.1851183|pmid=33403881|s2cid=230783545|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=“The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society” Advisory|first=Panel|title=The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society.|journal=Menopause (New York, N.Y.)|date=1 July 2022|volume=29|issue=7|pages=767-794|doi=10.1097/GME.0000000000002028|pmid=35797481}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gukoresha iyi miti ntibyemewe ku bantu bafite ibibazo by'umwijima cyangwa [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2024About&quot; /&gt; Irimo estrogen na progestogen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ|title=Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=100|issue=11|pages=3975–4011|date=November 2015|pmid=26444994|doi=10.1210/jc.2015-2236|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/113696/1/113696.pdf|doi-access=free|access-date=2024-02-20|archive-date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723124809/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/113696/1/113696.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Progestogen ikoreshwa, keretse iyo nyababyeyi yakuweho, kugira ngo hirindwe ibyago byinshi byo kurwara kanseri y'inkondo y'umura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gart2022&quot; /&gt; Androgens, kimwe na testosterone, rimwe na rimwe na zo zirakoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRT2024Type&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo bukoreshwa kuva mu myaka ya 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stefanick|first=Marcia L.|title=Estrogens and progestins: background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=December 2005|volume=118|issue=12|pages=64–73|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.059}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhera mu 2024, ibiciro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika biratandukanye kuva kuri 10 USD kugeza kuri 500 USD, bitewe n'ubwoko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HRT Cost: Hormone Replacement Therapy Pricing Explained|url=https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/estrogen-replacement/hrt-cost|website=GoodRx|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302161633/https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/estrogen-replacement/hrt-cost|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwinjira kwa estrogen, estradiol, mu rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi ya OMS byamaganywe mu 2023, hamwe n'inama zo gutekereza cyane ku kuyishyiramo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List|url=https://list.essentialmeds.org/medicines/931|website=list.essentialmeds.org|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207130325/https://list.essentialmeds.org/medicines/931|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusimbuza imisemburo isa n’iy’ibinyabuzima byamamaye cyane mu myaka ya za 2000 aho bavugaga ko ari &quot;umwimerere&quot; cyane; icyakora, inyungu n’umutekano ntibirasobanuka neza, kandi kuyikoresha ntibyemewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2005&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cob2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cobin|first=RH|last2=Goodman|first2=NF|last3=AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific|first3=Committee.|title=Position Statement on Menopause – 2017 Update|journal=Endocrine Practice|date=1 July 2017|volume=23|issue=7|pages=869–880|doi=10.4158/EP171828.PS|pmid=28703650|url=https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/ep171828ps.pdf|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140024/https://www.aace.com/files/position-statements/ep171828ps.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pmid=20508582|year=2010|title=Bioidentical hormones|volume=52|issue=1339|pages=43–44|journal=[[The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Kunoza no kugabanya ingingo: gukuraho ibidakenewe, gukosora isoko itari yo, ifoto mu ishusho</comment>
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| title    = Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo
| subheader = ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo''
| image    = [[File:ULPGL GOMA, Campus Moïse vue de devant.jpg|frameless|upright=1.1]]
| caption  = Kampusi Moïse ya ULPGL i [[Goma]], aho kaminuza yavukiye
| label1   = Impine
| data1    = ULPGL-Butembo
| label2   = Yashinzwe
| data2    = 2001 (ishami rya ULPGL y'i Goma)
| label3   = Ubwigenge
| data3    = 2011
| label4   = Ubwoko
| data4    = Kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti
| label5   = Intego
| data5    = ''Foi, Science, Action''
| label7   = Amashami
| data7    = 6
| label8   = Aho iherereye
| data8    = Makomo, [[Butembo]], [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y'Amajyaruguru]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]
| label9   = Urubuga
| data9    = [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac ulpgl-butembo.ac]
}}

'''Kaminuza Yigenga y'Ibihugu by'Ibiyaga Bigari y'i Butembo''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo'', '''ULPGL-Butembo''') ni kaminuza yigenga y'abaporotesitanti iri i [[Butembo]], mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Yatangiye mu 2001 ari ishami rya ULPGL y'i [[Goma]], iza guhabwa ubwigenge mu 2011. Ifite amashami atandatu.

== Amateka ==
ULPGL ikomoka i [[Goma]], aho mu 1985 hashinzwe Ishuri Rikuru rya Tewolojiya y'Abaporotesitanti (ISTP), ryashinzwe n'amatorero atandatu yo mu Itorero rya Kristo muri Kongo (ECC), nyuma riza kuba kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;gpen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt;

Ishami ry'i Butembo ryafunguwe mu 2001, ritangirana na tewolojiya, hakurikiraho andi mashami hagati ya 2002 na 2016. Kuva mu 2007 rikorera mu gace ka Makomo. Ryahawe ubwigenge mu 2011, rikaba ikigo cyigenga cy'amashuri makuru cyemewe na Leta.&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;prism&quot; /&gt;

== Amashami ==
ULPGL-Butembo ifite amashami atandatu:&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sante&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ubuhinzi]] n'[[Ibidukikije|ibidukikije]]
* Ubuzima rusange
* Tewolojiya y'abaporotesitanti
* Ubukungu n'imicungire
* Amategeko, politiki n'ubutegetsi
* [[Imitekerereze]] n'[[Uburezi|uburezi]]

== Inshingano n'ubushakashatsi ==
Inshingano yayo ni gutanga ubumenyi n'ubushakashatsi bufite ireme, ifatanyije n'abaturage bo hafi yayo, hagamijwe iterambere rusange. Intego yayo ni ''Foi, Science, Action'' (Ukwizera, Ubumenyi, Igikorwa).&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2026, ishami ry'ubuhinzi ryagerageje, rifatanyije n'ishyirahamwe SYDIP, ubwoko bushya bw'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]] ku murima w'igerageza wa kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibirayi&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gpen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gpenreformation.net/members/universite-libre-des-pays-des-grands-lacs-de-butembo-ulpgl-butembo/ |title=Universite Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo (ULPGL-Butembo) |website=GPEN |date=2016-03-23 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/apropos/ |title=À propos |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;prism&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://re.minesursi.gouv.cd/etablissement.php?id=1056 |title=Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs de Butembo |website=PRISM-RDC (MINESURSI) |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sante&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/sante-publique/ |title=Santé Publique |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2025-10-28 |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ibirayi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mumbere |first=Michée |title=Agriculture : À l'ULPGL Butembo, la variété de pomme de terre Carolis Rouge s'adapte bien au site Ararat |url=https://ulpgl-butembo.ac/2026/03/14/agriculture-a-lulpgl-butembo-la-variete-de-pomme-de-terre-carolis-rouge-sadapte-bien-au-site-ararat/ |website=ulpgl-butembo.ac |date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kaminuza y'Abadivantisiti ya Lukanga]]
* [[Kaminuza Divina Gloria ya Butembo]]
* [[Université de l'Assomption au Congo]]
* [[Kaminuza ya Leta ya Semuliki]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://ulpgl-butembo.ac Urubuga rwemewe rwa ULPGL-Butembo] (fr)

[[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburezi]]
[[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]</text>
      <sha1>p0q8ud42g2ahf9kcybjmau1xyuf6xfc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vincent Duclert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142150</id>
      <parentid>140916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:12:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]]</comment>
      <origin>142150</origin>
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      <text bytes="4641" sha1="mzuhm14iwsui96hwg8nzjvgluj7mejw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Vincent Duclert
| image         = Vincent Duclert (2021).png
| caption       = Vincent Duclert mu 2021
| birth_date    = 26 Gashyantare 1961
| birth_place   = Neuilly-sur-Seine, [[Ubufaransa]]
| nationality   = Umufaransa
| occupation    = Umuhanga mu mateka, umwarimu wa kaminuza
| known_for     = Kuyobora komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ku ruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (2019–2021)
| notable_works = ''La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994)'' (2021)
}}
'''Vincent Duclert''' (yavutse ku ya 26 Gashyantare 1961 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) ni umuhanga mu mateka w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi. 

Ni inzobere muri jenoside, cyane cyane jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]], ndetse no mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. 

Kuva mu 2019 kugeza mu 2021 yayoboye komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka yashyizweho na Perezida w'Ubufaransa Emmanuel Macron ngo isesengure uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda.

== Ubuzima n'umwuga ==
Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka muri Kaminuza ya Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne mu 2009, ku nyandiko ivuga ku ruhare rw'abahanga mu kibazo cya Dreyfus. Yigishije mu ishuri rikuru ''École des hautes études en sciences sociales'' (EHESS), kandi kuva mu 2017 ayobora ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Cespra. Mu 2013 yagizwe umugenzuzi mukuru w'uburezi bw'igihugu.

Yanditse ibitabo byinshi ku kibazo cya Dreyfus, kuri Jean Jaurès no kuri jenoside yakorewe Abanyarumeniya. Mu 2016 yayoboye ubutumwa bwo kwiga ku bushakashatsi no ku myigishirize ya jenoside mu Bufaransa.

== Komisiyo ku Rwanda ==
Ku ya 5 Mata 2019, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yamushyize ku buyobozi bwa komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka ishinzwe gusesengura, hifashishijwe ububiko bw'inyandiko z'Ubufaransa, uruhare rw'Ubufaransa mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994. Kuba abahanga nka Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau na Hélène Dumas batari muri iyo komisiyo byateje impaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Romain Gras |title=Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda – Vincent Duclert : « L'Élysée ne m'a pas imposé les noms des membres de la commission » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/761434/politique/genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-vincent-duclert-lelysee-ne-ma-pas-impose-les-noms-des-membres-de-la-commission/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=April 2019 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 26 Werurwe 2021, komisiyo yashyikirije Perezida raporo yayo, izwi nka « Raporo Duclert ». Iyo raporo yemeza ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano zikomeye kandi ziremereye » mu byabaye, ariko igahakana ko bwagize ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside. Duclert yavuze ko ubuyobozi bw'Ubufaransa butigeze bwumva neza uko ibintu byari bimeze, bwirengagiza imiburo ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yamaganye igitekerezo cya « jenoside ebyiri ».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vincent Duclert : « Le dossier rwandais a été contaminé par le mensonge, la manipulation et la passion » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/26/vincent-duclert-le-dossier-rwandais-a-ete-contamine-par-le-mensonge-la-manipulation-et-la-passion_6074605_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-26 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jean Varret]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]]
* [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]]
* [[Paul Barril]]
* [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |author=David Servenay |title=Génocide au Rwanda : la bataille des archives entre historiens et militaires français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/05/rwanda-la-bataille-des-archives-entre-historiens-et-militaires-francais_5446155_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-05 |language=fr}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |editor=Vincent Duclert |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2023 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |author=Vincent Duclert |title=La France face au génocide des Tutsi : le grand scandale de la Ve République |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |year=2024 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duclert, Vincent}}
[[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jean Varret</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142146</id>
      <parentid>140914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:11:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]]</comment>
      <origin>142146</origin>
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      <text bytes="3601" sha1="l412hess48pwsmi1bcxqzau6bn8ru6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Jean Varret
| birth_date    = 1935
| birth_place   = [[Paris]], [[Ubufaransa]]
| nationality   = Umufaransa
| occupation    = Umusirikare
| title         = Jenerali (''général de corps d'armée'')
| known_for     = Kurwanya politiki ya François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]
| notable_works = ''Souviens-toi'' (2023)
}}
'''Jean Varret''' (yavutse mu 1935 i [[Paris]]) ni jenerali w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]], wahoze ayobora ishami ry'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare (''Mission militaire de coopération''). 

Yarwanyije politiki ya Perezida François Mitterrand mu [[Rwanda]] mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ava mu gisirikare mu 1993. 

Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo yayobowe na [[Vincent Duclert]] yemeje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro.

== Umwuga ==
Akomoka mu muryango w'abasirikare, yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya La Flèche no muri Saint-Cyr. Mu myaka 40 y'umwuga we mu bakomando b'abaparakomando, yakoreye muri [[Aligeriya]], [[Gabon]], Santrafurika no muri [[Cade]]. Nyuma yayoboye ''Centre des hautes études militaires'', maze Perezida Mitterrand amushyira ku buyobozi bw'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare n'ibihugu by'Afurika.

== U Rwanda ==
Nk'umuyobozi w'ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare, yaburiye ubutegetsi bw'i Paris ku ihezanguni ry'ubutegetsi bwa [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ariko ntiyumvwa. Yavuye ku mirimo ye mu 1993, yanga kwikorera uruhare mu byemezo by'Ibiro bya Perezida ku Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;RFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Génocide au Rwanda : le général Jean Varret a tenté d'alerter le pouvoir mitterrandien, en vain |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20230413-g%C3%A9nocide-au-rwanda-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-jean-varret-a-tent%C3%A9-d-alerter-le-pouvoir-mitterrandien-en-vain |website=RFI |date=2023-04-13 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo ya Duclert yagaragaje ko imiburo ye yari ifite ishingiro; Varret yavuze ko iyo raporo « ituma havaho impaka z'ubusa zamaze imyaka 26 ».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le général Jean Varret : « Le rapport Duclert sur le Rwanda permet de sortir de vingt-six ans de débats stériles » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2021/03/29/le-general-jean-varret-le-rapport-duclert-sur-le-rwanda-permet-de-sortir-de-vingt-six-ans-de-debats-steriles_6074803_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-03-29 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Gicurasi 2021, yaherekeje Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]. Mu 2023 yasohoye, afatanyije n'umunyamakuru Laurent Larcher, igitabo ''Souviens-toi'' cy'ibyo yibuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Souviens-toi – Général Jean Varret, Laurent Larcher |url=https://arenes.fr/livre/souviens-toi/ |website=Les Arènes |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Vincent Duclert]]
* [[Christian Quesnot]]
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]
* [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda : l'indignation du général Varret |url=https://afrikarabia.com/wordpress/genocide-des-tutsi-du-rwanda-lindignation-du-general-varret/ |website=Afrikarabia |language=fr}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author1=Jean Varret |author2=Laurent Larcher |title=Souviens-toi : mémoires à l'usage des générations futures |publisher=Les Arènes |year=2023 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varret, Jean}}
[[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mburugu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141582</id>
      <parentid>141573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T13:47:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .)</comment>
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      <text bytes="12508" sha1="k4hq8pt2ly7t0oiiw75yl5t8vjcpu42" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Syphilis|synonym=|image=Treponema pallidum.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Electron micrograph]] of ''Treponema pallidum''|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Firm, painless, non-itchy [[skin ulcer]]&lt;ref name=Goldman2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' usually spread by sex&lt;ref name=Ferri2022/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[serological testing|Blood tests]], [[dark field microscopy]] of infected fluid&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kent08/&gt;|differential=Many other diseases&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|prevention=[[Condom]]s, [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]]&lt;ref name=CDC2015Fact/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=CDC2015Tx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=45.4 million / 0.6% (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;&lt;!-- incidence table --&gt;|deaths=107,000 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Death/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}
'''Mburugu''' ni [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|indwara yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]] iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ghanem|first=Khalil G.|last2=Hook|first2=Edward W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=[[Goldman-Cecil Medicine]]|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1983–1989|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|language=en|chapter=303. Syphilis|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075942/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1983|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birashoboka ko nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=16 August 2024|language=en|date=21 May 2024|archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817212041/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, biratandukanye bitewe n'icyiciro muri bine kirimo (icy'ibanze, icya kabiri, icyahishe, n'icya gatatu).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot; /&gt; 

Icyiciro cya mbere gikunze kugaragaramo chancre imwe ( igisebe cyo ku ruhu gikomeye, kidatera ububabare, kandi kidatera gushyuha akenshi kiri hagati ya santimetero imwe cyangwa ebyiri (1&amp;nbsp;cm) na 2&amp;nbsp;cm) mu murambararo nubwo hashobora kuba hari ibisebe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis – CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=November 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003059/http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm|archive-date=6 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Mburugu ya kabiri, habaho uduheri twinshi, akenshi dufata ibiganza n'ibirenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kandi kuba hari ibisebe mu kanwa cyangwa mu gitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara ya syphilis igaragara mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, ibimenyetso byayo ni bike cyangwa ntibigaragare na gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Muri Mburugu yo mu cyiciro cya gatatu, hari ishinya (ibibyimba byoroshye bitari kanseri), ibibazo by'imitsi, cyangwa ibimenyetso by'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kent ME, Romanelli F|title=Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=2|pages=226–36|date=February 2008|pmid=18212261|doi=10.1345/aph.1K086|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-02_42_2/page/226}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sirifi izwi nka &quot; umuyigana ukomeye &quot; kuko ishobora gutera ibimenyetso bisa n'ibindi ndwara byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-75571-9|pages=1452=1454|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|language=en|chapter=Syphilis|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145038/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW4yEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1452|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Indwara ya syphilis ikunze gukwirakwira binyuze mu [[Imibonano mpuzabitsina|mibonano mpuzabitsina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kwanduzwa n'umubyeyi ku mwana mu gihe atwite cyangwa avutse, bigatera syphilis kuvukana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Woods CR|title=Congenital syphilis-persisting pestilence|journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.|volume=28|issue=6|pages=536–7|date=June 2009|pmid=19483520|doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ac8a69|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara ziterwa na bagiteri ''ya Treponema'' zirimo yaws (ubwoko ''busanzwe'' ), pinta (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa carateum'' ), na syphilis idakomoka ku gitsina (ubwoko busanzwe ''bwa endemicum'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara eshatu ntabwo akenshi zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pinta|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|website=NORD|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031132/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/pinta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe ibizamini by'amaraso; bagiteri zishobora no kumenyekana hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'umurima w'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (Amerika) gisaba abagore bose batwite kwipimisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zo kwandura syphilis mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe [[agakingirizo]] ka latex cyangwa polyurethane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Mburugu ishobora kuvurwa neza hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Syphilis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|website=CDC|access-date=3 February 2016|date=June 4, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221200405/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibiyotike ikunzwe cyane mu manza nyinshi ni benzathine benzylpenicillin iterwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite allergie ikomeye ya penisiline, doxycycline cyangwa tetracycline bashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite neurosyphilis, benzylpenicillin cyangwa ceftriaxone ni byo byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kuvurwa, abantu bashobora kugira umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, no kubabara imitsi, ibyo bikaba ari ingaruka izwi nka Jarisch-Herxheimer.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Tx&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2022, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 banduye sirupe ku bantu bakuru bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21May2024&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka 20 ishize hagaragaye ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'abandura ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanem2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem KG, Ram S, Rice PA|title=The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=382|issue=9|pages=845–54|date=February 2020|pmid=32101666|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1901593}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2015, hafi 45.4&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye syphilis,&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n’abanduye miliyoni esheshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;New2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=L|last2=Rowley|first2=J|last3=Vander Hoorn|first3=S|last4=Wijesooriya|first4=NS|last5=Unemo|first5=M|last6=Low|first6=N|last7=Stevens|first7=G|last8=Gottlieb|first8=S|last9=Kiarie|first9=J|last10=Temmerman|first10=M|title=Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting.|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143304|pmid=26646541|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143304|pmc=4672879|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043304N}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka wa 2015, byateje impfu zigera ku 107.000, zigabanuka ugereranyije n’izari 202.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Death&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loz2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nyuma yo kugabanuka cyane bitewe n’uko penisiline yabonekaga mu myaka ya 1940, igipimo cy’ubwandu cyariyongereye kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana mu bihugu byinshi, akenshi kikajyana na [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera]] SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kent08&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Music08&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Franzen|first=C|title=Syphilis in composers and musicians--Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2008-12_27_12/page/1151|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases]]|date=December 2008|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1151–7|pmid=18592279|doi=10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’ubusambanyi, uburaya, igabanuka ry’ikoreshwa ry’udukingirizo, n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idahwitse mu bagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coffin2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coffin|first=L. S.|last2=Newberry|first2=A.|last3=Hagan|first3=H.|last4=Cleland|first4=C. M.|last5=Des Jarlais|first5=D. C.|last6=Perlman|first6=D. C.|title=Syphilis in Drug Users in Low and Middle Income Countries|journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy|date=January 2010|volume=21|issue=1|pages=20–7|pmid=19361976|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.008|pmc=2790553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gao2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=L|last2=Zhang, L|last3=Jin, Q|title=Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China|url=https://archive.org/details/sexually-transmitted-infections_2009-09_85_5/page/354|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|date=September 2009|volume=85|issue=5|pages=354–8|pmid=19351623|doi=10.1136/sti.2008.034702}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Karp|first=G|last2=Schlaeffer, F|last3=Jotkowitz, A|last4=Riesenberg, K|title=Syphilis and HIV co-infection|journal=European Journal of Internal Medicine|date=January 2009|volume=20|issue=1|pages=9–13|pmid=19237085|doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2008.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Indwara yo kudakora neza mu mutwe</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) and inside parentheses</comment>
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      <text bytes="29858" sha1="ad2bxxrsjh110g517turnfmrfo7vjtj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder|synonym=Attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)|image=Primary Laos2.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=An image of children|caption=People with ADHD may find it more difficult than others to focus on and complete tasks such as schoolwork.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Difficulty paying [[attention]], excessive activity, [[impulsivity|difficulty controlling behavior]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=|onset=Before age 6–12&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;|duration=&gt;6 months&lt;ref name=CDC/&gt;|types=|causes=Both [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] and [[environmental factors]]&lt;ref name=nimh/&gt;&lt;ref name=Koo2019/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms after other possible causes ruled out&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|differential=Normally active young child, [[conduct disorder]], [[oppositional defiant disorder]], [[learning disorder]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0323076999 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter A  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zubler, MD, FAAP |first1=Jennifer |last2=Weitzman, MD, FAAP |first2=Carol |last3=Sloane, DO |first3=Mark |last4=Singh, MPA |first4=Natasha |last5=Senturias, MD, FAAP |first5=Yasmin N. |last6=Kosofsky, MD, PhD |first6=Barry |last7=Kable, PhD |first7=Julie |last8=Fernandez-Baca, MA |first8=Daniel |last9=Dang, MPH |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Chasnoff, MD, FAAP |first10=Ira |last11=Bertrand PhD |first11=Jacquelyn |last12=Balachova PhD |first12=Tatiana |last13=Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP |first13=Joseph F. |title=Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |year=2016 |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=e20151553 |publisher=American Journal of Pediatrics |doi=10.1542/peds.2015-1553 |pmid=27677572 |pmc=5477054 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320042016/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20151553.full.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[psychotherapy|Counseling]], lifestyle changes, medications&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|medication=[[Stimulant|Stimulants]], [[atomoxetine]], [[guanfacine]], [[clonidine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A |date=November 2017 |title=Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1283–1307 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y |pmc=5656703 |pmid=28429134}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain R, Katic A |s2cid=3807877 |date=August 2016 |title=Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.4088/PCC.16r01979 |pmid=27828696}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=51.1 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kudakora neza kw'ibitekerezo''' ('''ADHD''') ni [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|indwara yo mu mutwe]] yo mu bwoko bw'imikurire y'ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23299717&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Caroline2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|veditors=Caroline SC|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&amp;pg=PA133&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irangwa no kugorwa no kwita ku bintu, gukora ibintu byinshi cyane, no gukora utitaye ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imyaka y’umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bantu bafite ADHD nabo bagaragaza ingorane zo kugenzura amarangamutima cyangwa ibibazo bijyanye n'imikorere y'ubuyobozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Kugira ngo umuntu amenye ibimenyetso, ibimenyetso bigomba kugaragara mbere y'uko ageza ku myaka cumi n'ibiri, bikamara amezi arenga atandatu, kandi bigatera ibibazo nibura ahantu habiri (nk'ishuri, mu rugo, cyangwa mu myidagaduro).&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|chapter-url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|pages=23|plainurl=yes}}|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&amp;pg=PA34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bana, ibibazo byo kwita ku bana bishobora gutuma badatsinda neza mu ishuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Byongeye kandi, hari isano iri hagati y’izindi ndwara zo mu mutwe n’ikoreshwa nabi ry’ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&amp;nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bitera ubumuga, cyane cyane muri sosiyete ya none, abantu benshi bafite ADHD bashobora gukomeza kwita ku mirimo babona ko ishimishije cyangwa ifite akamaro (izwi nka hyperfocus).&lt;ref name=&quot;Koo2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wal2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo ari indwara yo mu mutwe ikunze kwigwaho cyane mu bana n'ingimbi n'abangavu, impamvu nyayo ntabwo izwi mu bihe byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nimh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=NIMH|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Easy-to-Read)|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health|year=2013|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031036/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-easy-to-read/index.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bigize imiterere y’umubiri (genetic factors) bivugwa ko bigize hafi 75% by’ibyago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Demontis|first=Ditte|title=Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7|pmid=30478444|pmc=6481311|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|access-date=27 August 2019|quote=Consensus estimates from more than 30 twin studies indicate that the heritability of ADHD is 70–80% throughout the lifespan and that environmental risks are those not shared by siblings. Twin studies also suggest that diagnosed ADHD represents the extreme tail of one or more heritable quantitative traits.|hdl=10138/309285|year=2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105532/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0269-7.epdf?no_publisher_access=1&amp;r3_referer=nature|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwibasirwa na nikotine mu gihe utwite bishobora guteza akaga ku bidukikije.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tiesler|first=Carla M. T.|last2=Heinrich|first2=Joachim|title=Prenatal nicotine exposure and child behavioural problems|journal=European Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry|date=21 September 2014|volume=23|issue=10|pages=913–929|doi=10.1007/s00787-014-0615-y|pmid=25241028|pmc=4186967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa nkaho bitajyanye n'uburyo bwo kurera cyangwa guhana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Does Bad Parenting Cause ADHD?|url=https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|website=WebMD|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113614/https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/parenting-role-in-adhd#1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igira ingaruka ku bana bagera kuri 5–7% iyo bapimwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bya DSM-IV &lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22976615&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Willcutt EG|title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review|journal=Neurotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=490–9|date=July 2012|pmid=22976615|pmc=3441936|doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 1–2% iyo bapimwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bya ICD-10.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cowen|first=Philip|last2=Harrison|first2=Paul|last3=Burns|first3=Tom|chapter=Drugs and other physical treatments|chapter-url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=507|plainurl=yes}}|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960561-3|pages=[{{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|pages=546|plainurl=yes}} 546]|edition=6th|url={{google books|O3sSd-OAdP0C|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza mu 2015, byagaragaye ko byagize ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri miliyoni 51.1 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo kirasa hagati y’ibihugu kandi ahanini giterwa n’uburyo cyasuzumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P|title=Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470977408|chapter=Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|vauthors=Faraone SV|pages=450|edition=3rd|year=2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&amp;pg=PA450|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222193454/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&amp;pg=PA450|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD ikunze kugaragara ku bahungu inshuro ebyiri kurusha ku bakobwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; nubwo akenshi iyo ndwara ifatwa nk'aho idakunze kwirengagizwa ku bakobwa kuko ibimenyetso byayo bitandukanye n'iby'abahungu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=Nicole|date=February 2003|title=ADHD: a women's issue|journal=Monitor on Psychology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=28|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110923/http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19393378&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H|title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=FR|journal=L'Encephale|volume=35|issue=2|pages=107–14|date=April 2009|pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005|trans-title=Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singh I|s2cid=205504587|title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=9|issue=12|pages=957–64|date=December 2008|pmid=19020513|doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 30–50% basanzwe barwaye indwara mu bwana bakomeza kugira ibimenyetso kugeza bakuze, naho hagati ya 2–5% by'abantu bakuru bakagira iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kooij-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P|title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=|pages=67|date=September 2010|pmid=20815868|pmc=2942810|doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Balint2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I|title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review]|language=Hungarian|journal=Psychiatria Hungarica|volume=23|issue=5|pages=324–35|year=2008|pmid=19129549|trans-title=Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;underdiagnosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP|title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|year=2014|pmid=25317367|pmc=4195639|doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600|quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,&lt;sup&gt;5–8&lt;/sup&gt; compared with 5%–7% of children.&lt;sup&gt;9,10&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.&lt;sup&gt;7,15,16&lt;/sup&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bantu bakuru, umuntu ashobora kubura umutuzo mu mutima aho kugira umuvuduko mwinshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people, and adults|date=2009|publisher=British Psychological Society|others=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain), British Psychological Society., Royal College of Psychiatrists.|isbn=9781854334718|location=Leicester|oclc=244314955|pmid=22420012|page=17|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi bakuramo ubuhanga bwo guhangana n'ibibazo, ibyo bikaba bibafasha mu bibazo bimwe cyangwa byose bafite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Art.218&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management|journal=Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=8|pages=25–30|date=August 2006|pmid=20963192|pmc=2957278|quote=likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugorana kuyitandukanya n'izindi ndwara, ndetse no kuyitandukanya n'ibikorwa byinshi bikiri mu rugero rw'imyitwarire isanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake2011&quot; /&gt;

Inama ku bijyanye no gucunga ADHD ziratandukanye bitewe n'ibihugu kandi akenshi zikubiyemo uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kubagira inama, guhindura imibereho, n'imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Amabwiriza y’Ubwongereza atanga inama gusa ku miti nk’uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura abana bafite ibimenyetso bikomeye, kandi ko imiti igomba kwitabwaho ku bafite ibimenyetso biri hagati banze cyangwa bananirwa kunoza iyo bahawe inama, nubwo ku bantu bakuru imiti ari uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE2009-PharmRec&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amabwiriza ya Kanada na Amerika atanga inama ku bijyanye no gucunga imyitwarire ku bana bari mu kigero cy'incuke mu gihe imiti n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire hamwe nabyo bigirwa inama nyuma y'ibyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CADDRA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC guideline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APP2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|last12=Lehmann|first12=CU|last13=Lessin|first13=HR|last14=Okechukwu|first14=K|last15=Pierce|first15=KL|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti itera imbaraga bigira akamaro nibura ku myaka 14&amp;nbsp;amezi; icyakora, ingaruka z'igihe kirekire ntizisobanutse neza kandi hari ingaruka zishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;StorebøPedersen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICE 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-Term Outcomes Medications&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|s2cid=3449435|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Long-term 36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&amp;nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&amp;nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNS09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|s2cid=11340058|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibitabo by'ubuvuzi byagaragaje ibimenyetso bisa n'ibya ADHD kuva mu kinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange Reichl 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ADHD, uburyo ipimwa, n'uburyo ivurwa byafashwe nk'ibitavugwaho rumwe kuva mu myaka ya 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parrillo 2008 63&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibiganiro byagiye bireba abaganga, abarimu, abashyiraho amategeko, ababyeyi, n'itangazamakuru. Ingingo zirimo impamvu za ADHD n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti itera imbaraga mu kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;May2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|s2cid=18481191|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abatanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi benshi bemera ko ADHD ari indwara nyayo mu bana no mu bantu bakuru, kandi impaka mu muryango w’abahanga zishingiye ahanini ku buryo ipimwa n’uburyo ivurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sim&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Online&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schonwald&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara izwi nka '''ADD''' kuva mu 1980 kugeza mu 1987, mu '''gihe''' mbere yaho izwi nka '''hyperkinetic reaction of childhood'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;We2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&amp;pg=PA237|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|access-date=5 March 2016|agency=Frontline|publisher=PBS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|archive-date=20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda</title>
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Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda (wavutse ku wa 3 Werurwe 1953) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’Amashuri Makuru n’Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu 1994. Yahamijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura abantu nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu gace ka Gikomero mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Ku wa 19 Nzeri 2005, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwemeje igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yari yarakatiwe.

== Amateka ==
Mu ntangiriro za Mata 1994, nyuma gato y’uko Jenoside yo mu Rwanda itangiye, Kamuhanda yatanze ikiganiro i Gikomero aho yagaragaje ko ubwicanyi [[Abatutsi|bw’Abatutsi]] i Gikomero bwari butaratangira kandi ko yari yiteguye gutanga intwaro zari kuba ngombwa kugira ngo ubwicanyi bube bwarakorewe aho. Mu gusoza ijambo rye, yahaye abari aho imbunda, gerenade n'imihoro, kandi yavuze ko azakurikirana abaturage ba Gikomero kugira ngo arebe ko ubwicanyi bwatangiye. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata 1994, Kamuhanda yahaye abapolisi amabwiriza ku mitwe [[Interahamwe|y’Interahamwe]] yo gutangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishuri ry’itorero ry’Abaporotesitanti i Gikomero.

Mu mpera za Nyakanga, Kamuhanda yahungiye mu Bufaransa. Abisabwe n'umushinjacyaha wa TPIR, yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Abafaransa i Bourges ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 1999. Ku itariki ya 7 Werurwe 2000, yoherejwe muri gereza ya TPIR i Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|muri Tanzaniya]].

Mu rubanza rwe, Kamuhanda yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'icyaha cyo gutsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yagizwe umwere ku byaha byo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n'ibyaha by'intambara n'ibindi bikorwa bibi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Igihano cye cyemejwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa TPIR ku ya 19 Nzeri 2005, maze ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2008 yoherezwa muri [[Mali]] kurangiriza igihano cye.

== Amashakiro ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100115211926/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/bccfb4153f78182dc12568390032cf2f?OpenDocument ICTR: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda wahoze ari minisitiri], hirondelle.org, yinjiye muri 2009-03-05
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091105161922/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/jean-de-dieu_kamuhanda_41.html &quot;Ikigeragezo: Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda&quot;], ikigeragezo-ch.org, cyabonetse 2009-03-05

* [http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=25&amp;mnid=4 ICTR: Kamuhanda, Jean de Dieu] : Inyandiko z'imanza za ICTR</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Athanase Seromba</title>
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      <text bytes="5370" sha1="6d9llgdr1br0qz39z6spepnx5zj3686" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Athanase Seromba
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = [[Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]
| known_for = Uruhare mu bwicanyi bwabereye muri kiliziya ya Nyange mu 1994
| criminal_charge = Jenoside; itsembatsemba nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu
| criminal_penalty = Igifungo cya burundu (2008)
}}
'''Athanase Seromba''' (wavutse mu 1963) ni umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] w’Umunyarwanda wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu yakoze mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

Yari padiri mukuru wa Paruwasi ya [[Umurenge wa Nyange|Nyange]], aho Abatutsi bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 biciwe muri kiliziya mu 1994. Nyuma yo kwihisha mu [[Ubutaliyani]] ku izina ry’irihimbano, yishyikirije [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)|Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda]] (ICTR) mu 2002, maze mu 2008 akatirwa igifungo cya burundu.

== Uruhare muri jenoside ==
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Seromba yari padiri mukuru wa Paruwasi Gatolika ya [[Umurenge wa Nyange|Nyange]], mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Kibuye, Rwanda|Kibuye]], mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda (ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Ngororero]]). [[Abatutsi]] bari hagati ya 1.500 na 2.000 bari bahungiye muri kiliziya ye. Urukiko rwemeje ko yemeye ko kiliziya isenywa na buldozeri abari bayihungiyemo bakiri imbere, bigamije atari ukwica abantu benshi gusa, ahubwo no kurimbura Abatutsi nk’ubwoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;ictr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahabuddeen |first=Mohamed |date=2008-03-12 |title=The Prosecutor v. Athanase Seromba |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/ICTR/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66/SEROMBA_ICTR-2001-66-A.pdf |journal=International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |issue=Case No. ICTR-2001-66-A |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Venturini |first=Gabriella |date=2007-02-28 |title=Rwanda's Unanswered Screams: Still seeking justice after the Seromba trial |url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7123 |access-date=2012-11-28 |work=The Hague Justice Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guhungira mu Butaliyani ==
Muri Nyakanga 1994, Seromba yahunze u Rwanda. Abihayimana Gatolika bamufashije kujya mu [[Ubutaliyani]], guhindura izina no gukomeza ubupadiri muri paruwasi ya San Martino a Montughi, hafi y’umujyi wa Florence, yiyita Anastasio Sumba Bura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2014-04-08 |title=The Catholic church must apologise for its role in Rwanda's genocide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/08/catholic-church-apologise-failure-rwanda-genocide-vatican |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Jon |date=1999-11-21 |title=Priest accused in Rwanda bloodbath |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-athanase-seromba/181190901/ |work=The Toronto Star |via=Newspapers.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urubanza ==
Ku gitutu cya Carla Del Ponte, wari umushinjacyaha mukuru wa [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)|ICTR]], Seromba yishyikirije urwo rukiko ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2002. Ku ya 8 Gashyantare 2002, yahakanye ibyaha yaregwaga: jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, n’itsembatsemba nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 20 Nzeri 2004 imbere y’Urugereko rwa Gatatu rw’urwo rukiko. Ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2006, yahamijwe gufasha mu gukora jenoside n’itsembatsemba, akatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2006-12-13 |title=Rwandan priest guilty of genocide |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6175717.stm |work=BBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Icyo cyemezo cyarajuririwe. Ku ya 12 Werurwe 2008, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze uruhare rwe rurenze ubufatanyacyaha, rumuhamya icyaha cyo gukora jenoside n’itsembatsemba, maze rumukatira igifungo cya burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ictr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-03-12 |title=Rwanda genocide priest given life |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7292081.stm |access-date=2008-03-12 |work=BBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igifungo ==
Ku ya 27 Kamena 2009, Seromba yimuriwe muri [[Bene]] kugira ngo arangirize igihano cye muri gereza ya Akpro-Missérété, hafi y’umujyi wa Porto-Novo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-07-01 |title=Nine ICTR Prisoners Transferred to Benin |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020418.html |work=AllAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyange]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]]
* [[Grégoire Ndahimana]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080320115400/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/78c1e1146ea6397ac1256b59005208f6?OpenDocument Fondation Hirondelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050506230346/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/legalprocedures/p212.html TRIAL Watch – Athanase Seromba]
* [http://www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Seromba/ Inyandiko za ICTR kuri uru rubanza]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seromba, Athanase}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
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    <title>Wenceslas Munyeshyaka</title>
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| name = Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
| image = Père Wenceslas curé de Gisors Etrépagny (Eure).jpg
| caption = Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
| birth_date = 30 Nyakanga 1958
| birth_place = [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Wahoze ari umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]
| known_for = Gukatirwa adahari mu Rwanda ku cyaha cya jenoside; urubanza rwe mu Bufaransa rwarangiye adaburanishijwe
}}
'''Wenceslas Munyeshyaka''' (wavutse ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1958 i [[Butare]]) ni Umunyarwanda wahoze ari umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]. Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], yari padiri kuri paruwasi ya [[Saint Famille|Sainte-Famille]] i [[Kigali]], aho Abatutsi benshi bari barahungiye.

Mu 2006, urukiko rwa gisirikare rwo mu [[Rwanda]] rwamukatiye adahari igifungo cya burundu, rumuhamije icyaha cya jenoside. Mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yahungiye kuva mu 1994, inkiko zafashe icyemezo cyo kutamuburanisha (''non-lieu'') kubera ibimenyetso bidahagije, icyo cyemezo kiba ntakuka mu 2019. Mu 2023, yambuwe burundu ubupadiri na Papa Fransisko, nyuma y'uko yemeye ko yabyaye umwana.

== Ubuzima ==
Munyeshyaka yavukiye muri komine Ngoma, muri [[Perefegitura ya Butare]]. Nyina, Félicité Mukarukaka, yari [[Abatutsi|Umututsi]], naho se, Gabriel Ngiruwonsanga, yari [[Abahutu|Umuhutu]].

=== Mu gihe cya Jenoside ===
Mu 1994, Munyeshyaka yari padiri kuri paruwasi ya Sainte-Famille i Kigali, aho impunzi zibarirwa mu bihumbi zari zahungiye. Abarokotse n'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) bamushinja kuba yarafatanyije n'[[Interahamwe]] mu gutoranya no kuzishyikiriza Abatutsi bari bahahungiye, ndetse no gufata abagore ku ngufu.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |website=TRIAL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004904/http://trialinternational.org/latest-post/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |archive-date=2022-08-13 |url-status=dead |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Kamena 1994, abanyamakuru bamusanze yambaye ikoti ririnda amasasu kandi afite imbunda ku mukandara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Frilet |first=Alain |title=Kigali, l'enfer de l'église Sainte-Famille |work=Libération |date=1994-06-17 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma ya Jenoside, yahungiye i [[Goma]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Zayire]], ku ya 2 Kanama 1994 ashyira umukono ku ibaruwa abapadiri b'Abanyarwanda bari bahungiye i Goma bandikiye Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II, ihakana Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

=== Mu Bufaransa ===
Yageze mu Bufaransa muri Nzeri 1994. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2021, yakoreye umurimo w'ubupadiri muri diyosezi ya Évreux, i Gisors, anaba umushumba w'abaskuti.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karuhanga |first=James |title=Govt slams France's dismissal of Munyeshyaka Genocide case |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-10-07/193276/ |work=The New Times |date=2015-10-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Werurwe 2021, diyosezi ya Évreux yamubujije gukomeza umurimo w'ubupadiri no gutanga amasakramentu, nyuma y'uko yemeye ko afite umuhungu wavutse mu 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eure : le père Wenceslas suspendu après avoir reconnu un fils biologique |url=https://france3-regions.franceinfo.fr/normandie/eure/eure-le-pere-wenceslas-suspendu-apres-avoir-reconnu-un-fils-biologique-2364034.html |website=France 3 Normandie |date=2021-03-12 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Genocidaire priest Munyeshyaka excommunicated: How it unfolded |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/genocidaire-priest-munyeshyaka-ex-communicated-it-unfolded |website=The New Times |date=2021-12-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 23 Werurwe 2023, Papa Fransisko yamwambuye burundu ubupadiri, nta bujurire bushoboka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Larcher |first=Laurent |title=Le père Wenceslas Munyeshyaka renvoyé de l'état clérical par le pape François |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Le-pere-Wenceslas-Munyeshyaka-renvoye-letat-clerical-pape-Francois-2023-05-03-1201265949 |work=La Croix |date=2023-05-03 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Eure: un prêtre renvoyé de l'état clérical après avoir reconnu son fils en 2021 |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/normandie/eure-un-pretre-renvoye-de-l-etat-clerical-apres-avoir-reconnu-son-fils-en-2021_AD-202305030542.html |work=BFMTV |date=2023-05-03 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imanza ==
=== Mu Rwanda ===
Mu Ugushyingo 2006, urukiko rwa gisirikare rw'u Rwanda rwamukatiye adahari igifungo cya burundu, rumuhamije jenoside no gufata ku ngufu. Yaburanishijwe hamwe na Jenerali Laurent Munyakazi, na we wakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Urukiko rwemeje ko bafatanyije gushyikiriza abicanyi Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Sainte-Famille.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

=== Imbere ya TPIR ===
Mu 2005, TPIR yamushinje jenoside, gufata ku ngufu, itsembatsemba, ubwicanyi n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Prosecutor v. Wenceslas Munyeshyaka – Indictment (ICTR-2005-87-I) |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/sites/unictr.org/files/case-documents/ictr-05-87/indictments/fr/050720.pdf |website=TPIR |date=2005-07-20 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo kumuta muri yombi za TPIR, yafatiwe i Gisors ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2007, arekurwa n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'i [[Paris]] ku ya 1 Kanama 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=La justice française libère deux Rwandais accusés de génocide |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2007/08/01/la-justice-francaise-libere-deux-rwandais-accuses-de-genocide_941158_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2007-08-01 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yongeye gufatwa ku ya 5 Nzeri 2007, nyuma arekurwa ategekwa kwitaba ubutabera. Ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2007, TPIR yohereje dosiye ye mu butabera bw'u Bufaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt;

=== Mu Bufaransa ===
Ikirego cya mbere cyatanzwe mu Bufaransa muri Nyakanga 1995. Mu 1996, urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'i Nîmes rwemeje ko inkiko z'u Bufaransa zidafite ububasha bwo kumuburanisha, ariko Urukiko rusesa imanza rwasheshe icyo cyemezo ku ya 6 Mutarama 1998. Ku ya 8 Kamena 2004, Urukiko rw'Uburayi rurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu rwahamije u Bufaransa gutinza uru rubanza, rubisabwe na Yvonne Mutimura, umwe mu barega.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affaire Mutimura c. France (requête no 46621/99) |url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-66368 |website=Cour européenne des droits de l'homme |date=2004-06-08 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Kanama 2015, umushinjacyaha wa Paris, François Molins, yasabye ko urubanza ruhagarikwa, avuga ko iperereza ritabashije kugaragaza ibikorwa byihariye bimuhamya uruhare muri jenoside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Paris prosecutors want to drop case against accused Rwandan priest |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2015-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623190953/https://www.yahoo.com/news/paris-prosecutors-want-drop-case-against-accused-rwandan-183450243.html |archive-date=2021-06-23 |url-status=dead |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2015, abacamanza b'iperereza bafashe icyemezo cyo kutamuburanisha. Bemeje ko yagaragazaga ibitekerezo by'urwango kandi yari afitanye umubano mwiza n'abasirikare n'Interahamwe, ariko ko ibyo bidahagije ngo bimuhamye uruhare mu byaha byakozwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;trial&quot; /&gt; Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yanenze icyo cyemezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2015&quot; /&gt;

Icyo cyemezo cyemejwe n'urukiko rw'ubujurire rw'i Paris ku ya 21 Kamena 2018, maze ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2019 Urukiko rusesa imanza rurakemeza, bihagarika burundu ikurikiranwa rye mu Bufaransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Larcher |first=Laurent |title=Rwanda, non-lieu validé pour le père Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Rwanda-non-lieu-valide-pere-Munyeshyaka-2019-11-08-1201059405 |work=La Croix |date=2019-11-08 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Saint Famille]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]]
* [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]]
* [[Maria Kisito]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Wenceslas Munyeshyaka |url=https://www.collectifpartiescivilesrwanda.fr/wenceslas-munyeshyaka/ |website=Collectif des parties civiles pour le Rwanda (CPCR) |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munyeshyaka, Wenceslas}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Indwara ya Marfan</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T07:41:26Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="7130" sha1="r9vcztvjnhptd9opw2uaec6jtubu9h6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Marfan syndrome|synonym=Marfan's syndrome|image=Marfan wrist.tiff|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A positive wrist sign in a person with Marfan syndrome (the thumb and little finger overlap when grasping the wrist of the opposite hand)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Periodontal conditions in patients with Marfan syndrome - a multicenter case control study|journal = BMC Oral Health|date = 2013-01-01|issn = 1472-6831|pmc = 3816571|pmid = 24165013|pages = 59|volume = 13|doi = 10.1186/1472-6831-13-59|first = Ingmar|last = Staufenbiel|first2 = Christian|last2 = Hauschild|first3 = Bärbel|last3 = Kahl-Nieke|first4 = Eva|last4 = Vahle-Hinz|first5 = Yskert|last5 = von Kodolitsch|first6 = Maike|last6 = Berner|first7 = Oskar|last7 = Bauss|first8 = Werner|last8 = Geurtsen|first9 = Alexander|last9 = Rahman}}&lt;/ref&gt;|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Tall, thin build; long arms, legs and fingers; flexible fingers and toes&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|complications=[[Scoliosis]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[aortic aneurysm]]&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|onset=|duration=Long term&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|types=|causes=Genetic ([[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant]])&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Molecular pathology|Molecular testing]], Ghent criteria&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|differential=[[Loeys–Dietz syndrome]], [[Arachnodactyly|Congenital contractural arachnodactyly]],  [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]], [[Homocystinuria]], [[MASS syndrome|MASS phenotype]], [[Stickler syndrome]]&lt;ref name=Zitelli2023/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Beta blockers|Beta blocker]]s, [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[ACE inhibitor]]s&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2010Tx/&gt;|prognosis=Often normal life expectancy&lt;ref name=NIH2010What/&gt;|frequency=1 in 5,000–10,000&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Marfan''' ('''MFS''') ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo (genetic disorder) igira ingaruka ku ngingo zihuza umubiri.  Abafite iyo ndwara bakunze kuba barebare kandi bananutse, bafite amaboko maremare, amaguru, intoki n'amano.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Marfan Syndrome?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar#|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar|archive-date=6 May 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150850/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar |date=6 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi kandi bagira ingingo zoroshye kandi zifite scoliosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zikomeye cyane zirimo [[umutima]] na aorta, hamwe n'ibyago byinshi byo gucika intege kwa valve ya mitral na aneurysm ya aorta.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;  Ibihaha, amaso, amagufwa, n'igipfundikizo cy'umugongo nabyo bikunze kwibasirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Uburemere bw'ibimenyetso biratandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt;

MFS iterwa n'impinduka muri ''FBN1'', imwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo zikora fibrillin, bigatuma habaho ingirabuzimafatizo zidasanzwe.  Ni indwara ifata umubiri cyane (autosomal dominant disorder).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Hafi 75% by'igihe, iyi ndwara iragwa n'umubyeyi ufite iyi ndwara, mu gihe 25% by'igihe ari impinduka nshya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku gupima indwara hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa molekile cyangwa ibipimo bya Ghent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zitelli2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Madan-Khetarpal|first=Georgianne|last2=Arnold|first2=Georgianne|last3=Oritz|first3=Damara|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|pages=19-21|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA19|language=en|chapter=1. Genetic disorders and dysmorphic conditions|access-date=2022-12-19|archive-date=2022-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219142258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nta muti uzwi uvura MFS.  Benshi mu bafite iyi ndwara bagira igihe cyo kubaho gisanzwe iyo bavuwe neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010What&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa beta blockers nka propranolol cyangwa atenolol, cyangwa se iyo itihanganirwa, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa calcium channel blockers cyangwa ACE inhibitors.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2010Tx&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|website=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=16 May 2016|date=October 1, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment|archive-date=11 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003149/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/mar/treatment |date=11 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubagwa bishobora kuba ngombwa kugira ngo usanwe umuyoboro w'amaraso cyangwa usimbuze umuyoboro w'umutima.  Kwirinda gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri isaba imbaraga nyinshi birasabwa.&lt;ref name=NORD2017&gt;{{cite web|date=2017|title=Marfan Syndrome|url=http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|access-date=5 November 2016|website=National Organization for Rare Disorders|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112111640/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/marfan-syndrome/ |date=12 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuntu umwe kuri 5,000 kugeza kuri 1 kuri 10,000 afite MFS.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keane MG, Pyeritz RE|title=Medical management of Marfan syndrome|journal=Circulation|volume=117|issue=21|pages=2802–13|year=2008|pmid=18506019|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693523|quote=estimated prevalence of 1 case per 3000 to 5000 individuals|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bibaho kimwe ku bagabo no ku bagore.&lt;ref name=NORD2017 /&gt; Igipimo cy'iyi ndwara kirasa hagati y'amoko no mu turere dutandukanye tw'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID18506019&quot; /&gt; Yitiriwe abaganga b'indwara z'abana b'Umufaransa Antoine Marfan, wayisobanuye bwa mbere mu 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marfan1896&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marfan, Antoine|year=1896|title=Un cas de déformation congénitale des quartre membres, plus prononcée aux extrémitiés, caractérisée par l'allongement des os avec un certain degré d'amincissement [A case of congenital deformation of the four limbs, more pronounced at the extremities, characterized by elongation of the bones with some degree of thinning]|journal=Bulletins et Memoires de la Société Medicale des Hôspitaux de Paris|issue=3rd series|volume=13|pages=220–226|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>VIH/SIDA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T13:48:01Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="10181" sha1="fzp2zt0i3w69zhz30g40q9fkqujr0ld" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=HIV/AIDS|synonym=HIV disease, HIV infection&lt;ref name=AIDS2010GOV&gt;{{cite web |title=What Are HIV and AIDS? {{!}} HIV.gov
|url              =http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen
|website          =www.unaids.org
|publisher        =UNAIDS Secretariat
|access-date      =September 10, 2017
|language         =en
|date             =2017-05-15
|archive-url      =https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen
|archive-date     =September 10, 2017
|url-status       =live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|df=mdy-all}}

Agakoko gatera SIDA gakwirakwizwa cyane cyane no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kibuno no mu kanwa ), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zo mu bwoko bwa “hypodermic”, no kuva kuri nyina kugeza ku mwana mu gihe atwite, abyara cyangwa yonsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransmissionM2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Rom WN, Markowitz SB|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]]/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|edition=4th|df=mdy-all|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911155744/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&amp;pg=PA745|archive-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amwe mu mazi yo mu mubiri, nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo yanduza virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCtransmission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|access-date=May 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; VIH ni kimwe mu bigize itsinda rya virusi zizwi nka retroviruses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retrovirus Definition|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|website=AIDSinfo|access-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142824/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/634/retrovirus|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kwirinda burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina itekanye, gahunda zo guhererekanya inshinge, kuvura abanduye, kwirinda mbere na nyuma yo guhura n'icyorezo, no [[Gusiramura|gukebwa kw'abagabo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217160830/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|archive-date=February 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ku mwana ishobora kwirindwa binyuze mu guha umubyeyi n'umwana imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Fact&quot; /&gt; Nta muti cyangwa urukingo bihari; icyakora, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara ishobora kugabanya igihe cy'uburwayi kandi igatuma umuntu abaho ubuzima busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21015Bas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About HIV/AIDS|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|website=CDC|access-date=February 11, 2016|date=December 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224101946/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|archive-date=February 24, 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2012Vac&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|last=UNAIDS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|archive-date=May 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuvuzi bugirwa inama yo guhita butangira gupimwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2015Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-150956-5|page=13|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014071803/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=October 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hatabayeho kuvurwa, igihe mpuzandengo cyo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni 11&amp;nbsp;imyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], World Health Organization|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|access-date=March 12, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|archive-date=May 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, abantu bagera kuri 38&amp;nbsp;Abantu miliyoni ku isi babana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi hapfuye abantu 650.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet|website=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|access-date=July 20, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|title=Fact Sheet - World AIDS Day 2019|website=www.unaids.org|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165100/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateye abantu bagera kuri 32&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abapfuye ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|title=Global HIV &amp; AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|publisher=UNAIDS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204021652/https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|archive-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; VIH/SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo —icyorezo kigaragara mu gace kanini kandi kirimo gukwirakwira cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kallings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kallings LO|title=The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2008-03_263_3/page/n7|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43|date=March 2008|pmid=18205765|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)&lt;/ref&gt; Agakoko gatera SIDA kavuye ku zindi nyamaswa z’inkende kagera ku bantu bo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza hagati mu kinyejana cya 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orgin2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharp PM, Hahn BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=1|issue=1|page=a006841|date=September 2011|pmid=22229120|pmc=3234451|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIDA yamenyekanye bwa mbere n’Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi icyayiteye—ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA—yamenyekanye mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=[[Retrovirology (journal)|Retrovirology]]|volume=3|issue=1|page=72|date=October 2006|pmid=17054781|pmc=1629027|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

VIH/SIDA yagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri sosiyete, haba nk'indwara ndetse n'ivangura.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|year=2006|title=2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic|chapter=The impact of AIDS on people and societies|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|isbn=978-92-9173-479-5|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004001821/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNAIDS2006Ch4&quot; /&gt; Hari ibitekerezo byinshi bitari byo kuri VIH/SIDA, nko kwizera ko ishobora kwanduzwa no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina mu buryo busanzwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Myth Busters|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=351|issue=6268|pages=35|url=http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|access-date=February 14, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160217/http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|archive-date=February 22, 2016|bibcode=2016Sci...351...35E|last=Endersby|first=Jim|year=2016|doi=10.1126/science.aad2891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara imaze kuvugwaho impaka nyinshi zijyanye n'amadini, harimo n'uko Kiliziya Gatolika ifata icyemezo cyo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa [[Agakingirizo|ry'agakingirizo]] mu kwirinda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McCullom|first=Rob|title=An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=February 14, 2016|date=February 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308135849/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakuruye ibitekerezo mpuzamahanga by’ubuvuzi na politiki ndetse n’inkunga nini kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-59797-294-0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harden, Victoria Angela|title=AIDS at 30: A History|publisher=Potomac Books Inc|location=|year=2012|page=324|isbn=978-1-59797-294-9|oclc=|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Indwara ya Lyme</title>
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      <text bytes="13239" sha1="3yqk4ugxsi2upkwgct5wot8ogkihwdr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Lyme disease|synonym=Lyme borreliosis|image=Adult deer tick.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An adult [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] (most cases of Lyme are caused by nymphal rather than adult ticks)|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Expanding area of redness at the site of a [[tick]] bite, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[fatigue (medical)|tiredness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|complications=[[Facial nerve paralysis]], [[arthritis]], [[meningitis]]&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|onset=A week after a bite&lt;ref name=CDC2013S/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Borrelia]]'' spread by ticks&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests&lt;ref name=CDC2013Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Lyme Disease Diagnosis and Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013440/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html|archive-date=2 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013440/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/index.html |date=2 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, [[DEET]]), [[doxycycline]]&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;|treatment=|medication=[[Doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]], [[azithromycin]], [[ceftriaxone]], [[cefuroxime]]&lt;ref name=BNF2022/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=365,000 per year&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Berg2014/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Lyme''', izwi kandi nka '''Lyme borreliosis''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''ya Borrelia'' ikwirakwizwa n'udukoko.  Ikimenyetso gikunze kugaragara cy'ubwandu ni ahantu hagaragara ubutuku ku ruhu, hazwi nka erythema migrans, hagaragara aho inkende yarumwe nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe ibaye.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063305/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html|archive-date=16 January 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063305/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html |date=16 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ibibyimba ntibiba bishyushye cyangwa ngo bibabaza.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Hafi 70–80% by'abantu banduye barwara uduheri.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Izindi ndwara zo mu ntangiriro zishobora kuba zirimo umuriro, kuribwa umutwe, umunaniro no kubyimba kw'imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=549|edition=10th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA549|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115034331/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA549|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi birakemuka muri iki cyiciro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo batavuwe, bamwe bashobora kubura ubushobozi bwo kwimura uruhande rumwe cyangwa byombi rw'isura, kubabara ingingo, kuribwa umutwe cyane hamwe no gukomera kw'ijosi, cyangwa gutera umutima mu gifu, n'ibindi.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Nyuma y'amezi cyangwa imyaka, ububabare bw'ingingo no kubyimba bishobora kubaho kenshi.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, abantu bagira ububabare bwo kurasa cyangwa kuribwa mu maboko no ku maguru.&lt;ref name=CDC2013S /&gt; Nubwo bavuwe neza, abantu bagera kuri 10 kugeza kuri 20% bagira ububabare mu ngingo, ibibazo byo kwibuka no kunanirwa byibuze amezi atandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aucott2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aucott JN|title=Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=29|issue=2|pages=309–323|date=June 2015|pmid=25999226|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indwara ya Lyme yandurira mu bantu binyuze mu kurumwa n'udusimba twanduye two mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Johnson RC|chapter=Borrelia|title=Baron's Medical Microbiology|editor-last=Baron S|edition=4th|publisher=Univ of Texas Medical Branch|year=1996|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&amp;rid=mmed.section.1965|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|pmid=21413339|display-editors=etal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207104450/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi|archive-date=7 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, udukoko duhangayikishije akenshi tuba turi mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes scapularis'', kandi tugomba gushyirwaho nibura amasaha 36 mbere yuko bagiteri ikwirakwira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steere|first=AC|last2=Strle|first2=F|last3=Wormser|first3=GP|last4=Hu|first4=LT|last5=Branda|first5=JA|last6=Hovius|first6=JW|last7=Li|first7=X|last8=Mead|first8=PS|title=Lyme borreliosis.|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|date=15 December 2016|volume=2|pages=16090|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.90|pmid=27976670|pmc=5539539}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Burayi, udukoko two mu bwoko bwa ''Ixodes ricinus'' dushobora gukwirakwiza bagiteri vuba cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste2016&quot; /&gt;  Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, bagiteri ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' na ''Borrelia mayonii'' ni byo bitera indwara ya Lyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Shapiro ED|date=May 2014|title=Clinical practice. Lyme disease|url=http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=370|issue=18|pages=1724–1731|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1314325|pmc=4487875|pmid=24785207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071927/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2016|via=|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019142422/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, Neitzel DF, Respicio-Kingry LB, Davis JP, Schiffman E, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Paskewitz SM, Ray JA, Bjork J, Steward CR, Deedon A, Lee X, Kingry LC, Miller TK, Feist MA, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM|date=May 2016|title=Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study|url=|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=5|pages=556–564|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00464-8|pmc=4975683|pmid=26856777}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Burayi no muri Aziya, ''Borrelia afzelii'' na ''Borrelia garinii'' nazo zitera indwara.  Iyi ndwara isa nkaho idakwirakwira hagati y’abantu, izindi nyamaswa, cyangwa binyuze mu biribwa.&lt;ref name=CDC2013T&gt;{{cite web|title=Lyme disease transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2015|date=11 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303002640/http://www.cdc.gov/Lyme/transmission/index.html|archive-date=3 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303002640/http://www.cdc.gov/Lyme/transmission/index.html |date=3 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso bitandukanye, amateka y’uko umuntu yahuye n’udukoko, ndetse no gupima uturemangingo tw’umubiri mu maraso.   Ibizamini by'amaraso akenshi biba ari bibi mu ntangiriro z'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Gupima udukoko ku giti cyatwo ntabwo ari ingirakamaro. 

Kwirinda birimo imbaraga zo gukumira kurumwa n'udukoko nko kwambara imyenda yo gupfuka amaboko n'amaguru, no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ishingiye kuri DEET.  Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko kugira ngo ugabanye umubare w'udukoko nabyo bishobora kugira akamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Udukoko dushobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe udupira two gukururaho udupira.  Iyo agakoko kakuweho kari kuzuye amaraso, doxycycline imwe ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukumira ubwandu, ariko muri rusange ntibyemewe kuko ubwandu bukunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Iyo habayeho ubwandu, imiti myinshi igabanya ubukana irakora neza, harimo doxycycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, na cefuroxime.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=[[British National Formulary|British National Formulary (BNF)]]|date=September 2021 - March 2022|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85711-413-6|edition=82|pages=620-621|chapter=5. Infection: 2.3. Lyme disease}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi busanzwe bumara ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bagira umuriro n'ububabare bw'imitsi n'ingingo nyuma yo kuvurwa, ibyo bikaba bishobora kumara umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bagaragaza ibimenyetso bidashira, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara ya antibiyotike mu gihe kirekire ntiyagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; 

Indwara ya Lyme ni yo ndwara ikunze gukwirakwizwa n'udusimba mu majyaruguru y'isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Regional Disease Vector Ecology Profile: Central Europe|date=April 2001|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781428911437|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpr10wAwoE0C&amp;pg=PA136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpr10wAwoE0C&amp;pg=PA136|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bivugwa ko yibasira abantu 300.000 buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'abantu 65.000 ku mwaka mu Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berg2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Stephen|title=Lyme disease: Global Status 2014 Edition|date=2014|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=9781498803434|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuKCBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuKCBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwandura indwara bikunze kugaragara cyane mu mpeshyi no mu ntangiriro z'impeshyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Lyme yasuzumwe nk'indwara yihariye ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1975 i Old Lyme, muri Connecticut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2007&quot; /&gt; Mbere yitiranyijwe n'indwara ya rubagimpande y'abana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Car2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Carolyn|title=Infectious disease epidemiology : theory and practice|date=2007|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=9780763728793|page=447|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_j-G4zJ4cQC&amp;pg=PA447|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908151350/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_j-G4zJ4cQC&amp;pg=PA447|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagiteri irimo yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1981 na Willy Burgdorfer.  Ibimenyetso bidakira nyuma yo kuvurwa birasobanuwe neza kandi bizwi nka &quot;syndrome y'indwara ya Lyme nyuma yo kuvurwa&quot; (PTLDS).&lt;ref name=CDC2017PT&gt;{{cite web|title=Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=20 June 2018|date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html |date=27 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; PTLDS itandukanye n'indwara ya Lyme idakira; ijambo ritagishyigikiwe n'abahanga mu bya siyansi kandi rikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye n'amatsinda atandukanye.   Bamwe mu batanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi bavuga ko PTLDS iterwa n'ubwandu buhoraho, ariko ibi ntibyizerwa ko ari ukuri kuko nta kimenyetso cy'ubwandu buhoraho gishobora kuboneka nyuma yo kuvurwa bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lantos2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lantos PM|title=Chronic Lyme disease|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=29|issue=2|pages=325–40|date=June 2015|pmid=25999227|pmc=4477530|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.02.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rw'indwara ya Lyme rwagurishijwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hagati ya 1998 na 2002, ariko rwakuwe ku isoko kubera ko rwagurishijwe nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;safe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=|title=When a vaccine is safe|journal=Nature|volume=439|issue=7076|pages=509|date=February 2006|pmid=16452935|doi=10.1038/439509a|bibcode=2006Natur.439Q.509.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aronowitz|first=Robert A|date=June 2016|title=The Rise and Fall of the Lyme Disease Vaccines: A Cautionary Tale for Risk Interventions in American Medicine and Public Health|journal=The Milbank Quarterly|volume=90|issue=2|pages=250–277|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00663.x|issn=0887-378X|pmc=3460208|pmid=22709388}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubushakashatsi burakomeje kugira ngo hakorwe inkingo nshya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2014&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Guhagarika imitsi y'ibihaha</title>
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      <text bytes="10339" sha1="mkmt99zmds205d3fctr7wggb56xm1vz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Pulmonary embolism|synonym=|image=SaddlePE.PNG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Chest spiral [[CT scan]] with [[radiocontrast]] agent showing multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation (&quot;saddle&quot; pulmonary embolism) and in the [[pulmonary artery|pulmonary arteries]]|pronounce=|field=[[Hematology]], [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]]|symptoms=[[dyspnea|Shortness of breath]], [[chest pain]], coughing up blood&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym/&gt;|complications=[[Syncope (medicine)|Passing out]], [[shock (circulatory)|abnormally low blood pressure]], [[cardiac arrest|sudden death]]&lt;ref name=Goldhaber/&gt;|onset=Advanced age&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Cancer]], prolonged [[bed rest]], [[smoking]], [[stroke]], certain [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[hormone replacement therapy|estrogen-based medication]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], after surgery&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[D-dimer]], [[CT pulmonary angiography]], [[lung ventilation/perfusion scan]]&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Anticoagulant]]s ([[heparin]], [[warfarin]], [[DOACs]])&lt;ref name=Chest2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~450,000 per year (USA), 430,000 (Europe)&lt;ref name=NIH2011What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125204/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe|archive-date=12 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312125204/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe |date=12 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ras2014/&gt;|deaths=50,000–200,000 per year (USA)&lt;ref name=Epi2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Kuziba kw'imitsi y'ibihaha''' ('''PE''') ni ukuziba kw'imitsi y'amaraso mu bihaha bitewe n'ikintu cyavuye ahandi mu mubiri kinyuze mu maraso (embolism).  Ibimenyetso bya PE bishobora kuba birimo kubura umwuka, kubabara mu gatuza cyane cyane iyo umuntu ahumeka, no gukorora amaraso.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014739/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs|archive-date=9 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014739/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/signs |date=9 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso by'amaraso yapfutse mu kaguru bishobora no kugaragara, nko kuguru gutukura, gushyuha, kubyimba no kubabara.  Ibimenyetso bya PE birimo urugero rwa ogisijeni mu maraso ruke, guhumeka vuba, umutima utera cyane, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'umuriro muto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies|location=New York|year=2010|pages=432|edition=7|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara zikomeye zishobora gutera gucika intege, umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka cyane, ndetse n'urupfu rutunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldhaber&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Goldhaber SZ|veditors=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th|year=2005|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-07-139140-5|pages=1561–65|chapter=Pulmonary thromboembolism|display-editors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubusanzwe PE iterwa no kuzura kw'amaraso mu kaguru kakajya mu bihaha.  Ibyago byo kuvura amaraso byiyongera bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], kuryama igihe kirekire ku buriri, kunywa itabi, gucika intege mu bwonko, indwara zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, [[Uburyo bwo kuvura imisemburo|imiti ikomoka kuri estrogen]], [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], umubyibuho ukabije, ndetse na nyuma yo kubagwa.  Igice gito cy'ibibazo biterwa no kwiyongera k'umwuka, ibinure, cyangwa amazi yo mu nda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pantaleo G, Luigi N, Federica T, Paola S, Margherita N, Tahir M|title=Amniotic fluid embolism: review|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology|volume=14|issue=14|pages=1163–7|date=2014|pmid=24804726|doi=10.2174/1389201015666140430161404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso bihujwe n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071108/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis|archive-date=7 April 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407071108/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/diagnosis |date=7 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ibyago biri hasi, ikizamini cy'amaraso kizwi nka D-dimer gishobora kugaragaza ko nta kibazo kirimo.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Diag /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, CT pulmonary angiography, isuzuma ry’imitsi mu bihaha, cyangwa ultrasound y’amaguru bishobora kwemeza ko ari byo byagaragaye.  Hamwe na hamwe, thrombosis y'imitsi yo mu bwonko iteye imbere na PE bizwi nka thromboembolism y'imitsi yo mu bwonko (VTE). 

Mu bikorwa byo gukumira indwara ya PE harimo gutangira kwimuka vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kubagwa, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri yo hasi mu gihe cyo kwicara, no gukoresha imiti igabanya amaraso nyuma yo kubagwa ubwoko bumwe na bumwe.  Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya amaraso nka heparin, warfarin cyangwa imwe muri iyo miti igabanya amaraso mu kanwa (DOACs).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chest2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| vauthors = Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, Huisman M, King CS, Morris TA, Sood N, Stevens SM, Vintch JR, Wells P, Woller SC, Moores L | display-authors = 6 | title = Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report | journal = Chest | volume = 149 | issue = 2 | pages = 315–352 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26867832 | doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bigirwa inama yo kubikoresha nibura amezi atatu.  Indwara zikomeye zishobora gusaba ko habaho thrombolysis hakoreshejwe imiti nka tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) itangwa mu mitsi cyangwa binyuze muri catheter, kandi zimwe zishobora gusaba kubagwa (pulmonary thrombectomy).&lt;ref name=NIH2011Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment|archive-date=9 March 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014151/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/treatment |date=9 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Or2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ortel|first=Thomas L.|last2=Neumann|first2=Ignacio|last3=Ageno|first3=Walter|last4=Beyth|first4=Rebecca|last5=Clark|first5=Nathan P.|last6=Cuker|first6=Adam|last7=Hutten|first7=Barbara A.|last8=Jaff|first8=Michael R.|last9=Manja|first9=Veena|last10=Schulman|first10=Sam|last11=Thurston|first11=Caitlin|last12=Vedantham|first12=Suresh|last13=Verhamme|first13=Peter|last14=Witt|first14=Daniel M.|last15=D. Florez|first15=Ivan|title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism|journal=Blood Advances|date=13 October 2020|volume=4|issue=19|pages=4693–4738|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830|access-date=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niba imiti igabanya amaraso idakwiye, ushobora gukoresha akayunguruzo k'agateganyo ka vena cava. 

Indwara yo mu bihaha yibasira abantu bagera ku 430.000 buri mwaka mu Burayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ras2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, Buller H, Gallus A, Hunt BJ, Hylek EM, Kakkar A, Konstantinides SV, McCumber M, Ozaki Y, Wendelboe A, Weitz JI|display-authors=6|title=Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2363–71|date=November 2014|pmid=25304324|doi=10.1161/atvbaha.114.304488|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu bari hagati ya 300.000 na 600.000 bandura buri mwaka,&lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rahimtoola A, Bergin JD|title=Acute pulmonary embolism: an update on diagnosis and management|journal=Current Problems in Cardiology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=61–114|date=February 2005|pmid=15650680|doi=10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.06.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; bigatuma impfu ziri hagati ya 50.000 &lt;ref name=&quot;Epi2005&quot; /&gt; na 200.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins Pathology&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo cy’indwara y’igitsina gabo n’igitsina gore kirangana.&lt;ref name=NIH2011Risk&gt;{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|website=NHLBI|access-date=12 March 2016|date=July 1, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215115545/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk|archive-date=15 February 2016|df=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215115545/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pe/atrisk |date=15 February 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigenda birushaho kuba byinshi uko abantu bagenda bakura. 

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    <title>Elizaphan Ntakirutimana</title>
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      <text bytes="3172" sha1="a135k2290aixjlby7wgrjo1z1ixbq2w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q725663|useImage=En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}}
[[Dosiye:En-us-Elizaphan Ntakirutimana from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|thumb]]
[[Dosiye:GENOCIDE AND THE RULE OF LAW (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-110hhrg38508).pdf|thumb]]
'''Elizaphan Ntakirutimana''' (1924 – 22 Mutarama 2007) yari umushumba [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]] [[Idini ry'Abadivantitsi b'umunsi wa Karindwi|w’Itorero ry’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi]]. Ni we mupadiri wa mbere wahamwe n'icyaha cyo kugira uruhare runini mu buyobozi muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo]] mu 1994.

Muri Gashyantare 2003, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwahamije Ntakirutimana n'umuhungu we Dr. Gérard, umuganga warangije amasomo ye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] mbere yo kugaruka mu Rwanda, icyaha cyo gufasha no gushyigikira jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorewe mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Urukiko rwasanze byaragaragaye nta gushidikanya ko Ntakirutimana, na we wo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu, yari yaratwaye abagabye igitero bitwaje intwaro abajyana mu kigo cya Mugonero, aho bishe amagana y’impunzi [[Abatutsi|z’Abatutsi]]. Ntakirutimana yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 10. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2003-02-19 |title=Pastor who led Tutsi to slaughter is jailed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/20/rorycarroll1 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahamijwe icyaha hashingiwe ku nkuru z’abatangabuhamya babonye. Ingero nyinshi z'ibyaha byahamijwe zateshejwe agaciro mu bujurire ariko igihano cyatanzwe nticyahindutse. Yarekuwe ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2006, nyuma yo kumara imyaka 10 afunzwe cyangwa muri gereza, maze arapfa mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR Press Release |url=http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814033757/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?ID=82 |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2011-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibaruwa yari yandikiwe Ntakirutimana n’abapasiteri b’Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa Karindwi b’Abatutsi, akaba yarayeretse umwanditsi Philip Gourevitch, ni yo yahaye umutwe igitabo cya Gourevitch cyasohotse mu 1998, cyitwa We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Turifuza kukumenyesha ko ejo tuzicwa turi kumwe n’imiryango yacu). Icyo gitabo gishinja Ntakirutimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’impunzi.

== Reba kandi ==
 

* [[Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips]]
* [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]]
* [[Emmanuel Rukundo]]
* [[Athanase Seromba]]

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Dennis Hokama, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209144910/http://atoday.com/magazine/2000/03/former-rwandan-seventh-day-adventist-minister-be-extradited-war-crimes-trial-0 Uwahoze ari Umupasiteri w'Abadivantisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi mu Rwanda azoherezwa mu rukiko rw'ibyaha by'intambara] &quot;. ''Abadivantisiti b'uyu munsi'' 8:2 (Werurwe–Mata 2000)
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura</title>
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      <text bytes="14233" sha1="krugangsqm6kl8394agl7c55cl69lgj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Colorectal_cancer|synonym=Colon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer|image=Blausen 0246 ColorectalCancer.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]]&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ajithkumar |first1=Thankamma |last2=Barrett |first2=Ann |last3=Hatcher |first3=Helen |last4=Jefferies |first4=Sarah Jane |title=Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874544-0 |pages=140-195 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |language=en |chapter=7. Cancers of the gastrointestinal system |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050429/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLklEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA175 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|symptoms=[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding|Blood in the stool]], change in bowel movements, [[weight loss]], feeling tired all the time&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Old age, lifestyle factors, genetic disorders&lt;ref name=NCI2022Pre/&gt;|risks=Diet, [[obesity]], [[smoking]], lack of [[physical activity]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Biopsy|Tissue biopsy]] during a [[sigmoidoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Cancer screening|Screening]] from age of 50 to 69, varies by country&lt;ref name=Ajithkumar2021/&gt;|treatment=Surgery, [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2022PtTx/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]] 14% to 90% depending on extent of disease&lt;ref name=Nagaraju2021/&gt;|frequency=9.4 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=916,000 (2022)&lt;ref name=WHO2022/&gt;|named after=}}'''Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''' ( '''CRC''' ), izwi kandi nka '''kanseri y'amara''', '''kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''', cyangwa '''kanseri y'inkondo y'umura''', ni ukwiyongera [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kw'uturemangingo tudasanzwe]] mu mara cyangwa mu mara manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bowel cancer|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=9 July 2022|language=en|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607142031/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyangwa gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=General Information About Colon Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|website=NCI|access-date=13 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo amaraso mu mwanda, impinduka mu mara, kugabanya ibiro, kumva umunaniro, no kubabara mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (France)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=177-187|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: colorectal adenocarcinoma|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanseri nyinshi zo mu mara ziterwa n'izabukuru n'imibereho, aho umubare muto cyane w'abandura uterwa n'indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=9 July 2022|date=21 April 2022|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021634/https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq#section/all|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera iyi ndwara zirimo imirire, umubyibuho ukabije, kunywa itabi, no kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Ibintu byongera ibyago birimo inyama zitukura, inyama zatunganyijwe, n'inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire mu kibuno, n'indwara zo kubyimba amara Indwara ya Crohn na colitis y'ibisebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara z’uturemangingo dushobora gutera kanseri y’inkondo y’umura zirimo polyposis yo mu muryango na kanseri y’inkondo y’umura idakomoka ku mara; icyakora, izi ni munsi ya 5% by’abanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pre&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe itangira nk'ikibyimba kitarimo indwara, akenshi mu buryo bwa polyp, iyo igenda ihinduka kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Kanseri zo mu mara zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitandukanye n'aho zibera mu mara: uruhande rw'iburyo, uruhande rw'ibumoso n'urw'inyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt;

Kanseri y'amara ishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cy'amara mu gihe cyo gupima sigmoidoscopy cyangwa colonoscopy.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=9 July 2022|date=6 April 2022|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705111552/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/colon/Patient/page1/AllPages|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyuma hagakurikiraho isuzuma ry’abaganga kugira ngo hamenyekane niba indwara yarakwirakwiriye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma ifite akamaro mu gukumira no kugabanya impfu ziterwa na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura.  Gusuzuma, hakoreshejwe bumwe mu buryo butandukanye, birasabwa guhera ku myaka 45 kugeza kuri 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPSTF2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=US Preventive Services Task|first=Force.|last2=Davidson|first2=KW|last3=Barry|first3=MJ|last4=Mangione|first4=CM|last5=Cabana|first5=M|last6=Caughey|first6=AB|last7=Davis|first7=EM|last8=Donahue|first8=KE|last9=Doubeni|first9=CA|last10=Krist|first10=AH|last11=Kubik|first11=M|last12=Li|first12=L|last13=Ogedegbe|first13=G|last14=Owens|first14=DK|last15=Pbert|first15=L|title=Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.|journal=JAMA|date=18 May 2021|volume=325|issue=19|pages=1965-1977|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.6238|pmid=34003218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cyo gupima colonoscopy, polyps nto zishobora gukurwaho iyo zibonetse.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bosman|first=Frank T.|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor-last2=Wild|editor-first2=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=392–402|chapter-url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|chapter=Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo habonetse polyp nini cyangwa ikibyimba, hashobora gukorwa biopsy kugira ngo harebwe niba ari kanseri. Aspirine n'indi miti igabanya ububyimbirwe itari steroide bigabanya ibyago byo kubyimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thorat MA, Cuzick J|s2cid=40187047|title=Role of aspirin in cancer prevention|journal=Current Oncology Reports|volume=15|issue=6|pages=533–540|date=December 2013|pmid=24114189|doi=10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023015/https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/10490|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bimeze gutyo, ikoreshwa ryabyo muri rusange ntiryifuzwa kubera ingaruka mbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement|journal=American Family Physician|volume=76|issue=1|pages=109–113|date=July 2007|pmid=17668849|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192923/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p109.html|url-status=live|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri y'inkondo y'umura bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kubaga, gukoresha imirasire, imiti ivura kanseri ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuvura hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Kanseri zifungiye mu rukuta rw'amara zishobora gukira hakoreshejwe kubagwa, mu gihe kanseri yakwirakwiriye cyane idakunze kuvurwa, aho uburyo bwo kuyivura bugamije kunoza ubuzima n'ibimenyetso by'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022PtTx&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara zo mu gace zigaragara hakiri kare, igipimo cyo kubaho mu myaka itanu ni hafi 90%, ariko iyo kanseri imaze gukwirakwira, igabanuka ikagera kuri 14%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagaraju2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dariya|first=Begum|last2=Chalikonda|first2=Gayatri|last3=Purnachandra|first3=Ganji|editor-last=Nagaraju|editor-first=Ganji Purnachandra|editor-last2=Shukla|editor-first2=Dhananjay|editor-last3=Vishvakarma|editor-first3=Naveen Kumar|title=Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Volume 1|date=2021|publisher=Springer Nature|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-63368-4|pages=1-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer|access-date=2022-07-09|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050430/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvUyEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Colorectal+cancer+bowel+cancer&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igipimo cy'imyaka 5 yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kiri hafi 65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|website=NCI|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624140833/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html|archive-date=June 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amahirwe yo kubaho ku muntu ku giti cye aterwa n’uko kanseri igeze ku rugero, niba kanseri yose ishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe kubagwa ndetse n’ubuzima bw’umuntu muri rusange.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2022Pt&quot; /&gt;

Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura ni yo kanseri ikunze kugaragara cyane mu mara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.6.intro&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board|title=Digestive System Tumours|date=2019|location=Lyon (france)|isbn=978-92-832-4499-8|page=162|edition=5th|url=https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|language=en|chapter=6. Tumours of the colon and rectum: introduction|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044546/https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Digestive-System-Tumours-2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2020, habayeho abarwayi bashya miliyoni 1.93 n'abapfuye 916.000 bazize iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cancer|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|date=3 February 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308143151/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries|journal=Ca|volume=68|issue=6|pages=394–424|date=November 2018|pmid=30207593|doi=10.3322/caac.21492|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|doi-access=free|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigize hafi 10% by'abarwayi bose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Forman|first=David|last2=Ferlay|first2=Jacques|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Bernard W.|editor-last2=Wild|editor-first2=Christopher P|title=World Cancer Report|date=2014|publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-0443-5|pages=16–53|chapter-url=http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|chapter=Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer|access-date=2020-08-05|archive-date=2016-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073553/http://publications.iarc.fr/Non-Series-Publications/World-Cancer-Reports/World-Cancer-Report-2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kanseri ya gatatu ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagabo no ku mwanya wa kabiri mu bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019.177&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo bikunze kugaragara ku bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, aho abarenga 65% by'abanduye baboneka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.5&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Sulfure ivanze n'amazi</title>
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      <text bytes="3598" sha1="emvfchcopvs50ib9kvwby1t6nx8zqww" xml:space="preserve">'''Sulfure''' ikoreshwa nk'umuti uvura ibihumyo n'inda; harimo umutwe, umubiri, n'inda zo mu gitsina.  Izindi ngaruka zirimo [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], rosacea, tinea, ibiheri, na seborrheic dermatitis.   Bishyirwa ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)|year=2023|hdl=10665/371090|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zirimo kuba impumuro mbi ishobora gutera dermatitis.  Gukoresha bisa nkaho ari byiza mu gihe cyo gutwita no konsa, keretse hafi y'ibere.&lt;ref name=Wol2019&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wolverton |first1=Stephen E. |last2=Wu |first2=Jashin J. |title=Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy |date=14 December 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-61212-8 |page=611 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025154/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025154/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA611 |date=16 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kwihanganirwa kurusha peroxide ya benzoyl.&lt;ref name=Wol2019 /&gt; Ikora nk'ikintu gitera keratolytic kandi ikica bagiteri, udukoko, n'ibihumyo.&lt;ref name=Wol2019 /&gt; Mu rwego rwa shimi, ni octasulfur isanzwe (S &lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steudel|first=Ralf|last2=Göbel|first2=Thomas|last3=Holdt|first3=Gabriele|title=The Molecular Composition of Hydrophilic Sulfur Sols Prepared by Acid Decomposition of Thiosulfate [1]|journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B|date=1 February 1988|volume=43|issue=2|pages=203–218|doi=10.1515/znb-1988-0212}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sulfure ifite amateka yo gukoreshwa mu buvuzi kuva nibura mu gihe cya Hippocrates.  Nubwo itaremerwa ku mugaragaro kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buvuzi bwihariye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, irashobora kuboneka ku giciro cya muganga guhera mu 2020.  Yemerewe gukoreshwa muri [[Arabiya Sawudite]].&lt;ref name=UM2020&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yuen |first1=Melissa |title=Precipitated Sulfur: Summary Report |url=https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |access-date=15 December 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025157/https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025157/https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/bitstream/handle/10713/12274/Precipitated%20sulfur_Final_2020_02.pdf?sequence=6 |date=16 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi yatanzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima nk'umusimbura wa benzyl benzoate.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kandi kwiyongeraho [[farumasi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chiu|first=S|last2=Argaez|first2=C|title=Ivermectin for Parasitic Skin Infections of Scabies: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines|journal=CADTH Rapid Response Reports|date=16 May 2019|pmid=31424718}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange ntabwo bihenze.  Mu buvuzi ni bwo bwoko bwa sulfure bukoreshwa cyane. 

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Helicobacter pylori</title>
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      <text bytes="4621" sha1="3em2rswdhzxscahcpvfsw8oiu6gsfhn" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Helicobacter pylori diagram.png|thumb|Helicobacter pylori]]
'''Ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori''''' ni ubwandu, akenshi bwo mu gifu, buterwa na bagiteri ya ''Helicobacter pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=NS|last2=Ahlawat|first2=R|title=Helicobacter Pylori|date=January 2022|pmid=30480966|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi nta bimenyetso bihari; ariko bishobora gutera [[Igifu|indwara ya gastritis]] (kubyimba mu gifu) kuri 25% cyangwa ibisebe byo mu gifu kuri 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Helicobacter pylori - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120095133/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042714/https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no gushya umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Kwandura bifitanye isano kandi na gastritis itera atrophic, kanseri y'igifu, na lymphoma ya MALT (mucosal associated-lymphoid-type).&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bikekwa ko ikwirakwira cyane cyane binyuze mu nzira y'umwanda uva mu kanwa, ndetse wenda no mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo kuba mu gace kasanzwemo iyi ndwara n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; ''Helicobacter pylori'' ni bagiteri ifite imiterere y’agarama gafite imiterere y’umurabyo, ikora nk’inkoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 'urea breath test', 'fecal antigen assay', 'rapid urease test', cyangwa 'tissue biopsy '.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Serology bishobora kugaragaza ubwandu bw'ubu cyangwa ubwandu bwa kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;

Abantu badafite ibimenyetso ntibakenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, hashobora gukoreshwa imvange y'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, metronidazole, na clarithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot; /&gt; Andi mahitamo arimo PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, na tetracycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bumara iminsi 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Urukingo rwa H. pylori rurimo gukorwa kuva mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bivugwa ko 60% by'abatuye isi banduye iyi ndwara mu 2015, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Abana bari munsi y'imyaka 10 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagera kuri 5% barwaye iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ibipimo byagabanutse mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR|title=The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors|journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports|volume=19|issue=8|pages=42|date=August 2017|pmid=28733944|pmc=5621514|doi=10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi bagiteri yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1982 n'abaganga bo muri Ositaraliya Barry Marshall na Robin Warren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rees|first=Alan M.|title=Consumer Health USA|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-068-9|page=194|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|language=en|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223203943/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Warren JR, Marshall B|title=Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1983-06-04_1_8336/page/1273|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8336|pages=1273–5|date=June 1983|pmid=6134060|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8|s2cid=1641856}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Kantano Habimana</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Wikifikasiyo: amahuza, imiterere, inyandiko, ibyiciro, palette</comment>
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'''Kantano Habimana''' (wapfuye ahagana mu 1998-2002), bakunze kwita '''Kantano''', yari umunyamakuru (''animateur'') kuri radiyo yo mu [[Rwanda]] [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|RTLM]], yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

Kimwe n'abandi banyamakuru b'iyi radiyo, Habimana yashishikarije urugomo rw'[[Abatutsi]] n'[[Abahutu]] batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu buryo busanzwe.

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Itariki y’amavuko ya Habimana n’ibindi bisobanuro birambuye ku buzima bwe bwo hambere, mbere yo kwinjira muri RTLM, ntibizwi neza. Icyakora, amakuru ahari agaragaza ko yize itangazamakuru i Leningrad, umujyi ubu witwa Saint Petersburg, mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Masters). Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, yakoze mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda birimo ''Imvaho'' na ''Umurwanashyaka''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gulseth |first=Hege Løvdal |title=The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30834489.pdf |journal=University of Oslo |pages=56–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga kuri RTLM ==
Umukinnyi wa RTLM ukunzwe cyane mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutangaza amakuru, yakunze gukururwa n'uko &quot;yakundaga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga risekeje kandi ritangaje&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe yamaze kuri radiyo, yamenyekanye kubera ubwiza bwe n'urwenya, kandi yamenyekanye kubera kuvuga cyane &quot;nk'aho abantu bari imbere ye&quot;, ibyo bikaba byari byiza mu gukurura ibitekerezo byabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |title=Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=17–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044527/https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Habimana akunze kwitwa ''animateur'' ikunzwe cyane&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=98 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya RTLM ndetse n'''animateur'' ifite umwanya munini wo kureba amashusho, aho ibice bye byagize hafi 33% by'ibiganiro bya radiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2007 |last=Kimani |first=Mary |chapter=RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=116 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu by’ukuri, mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku byerekeye abantu bwakozwe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi babajijwe bavuze ko yari azwiho ubuhanga bwe mu kuvuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Mbere ya jenoside, Habimana yafataga umurongo uciriritse ku bibazo by’ivanguramoko kurusha abayoboke benshi ba [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu|Hutu Power]]. Urugero, mu Ukuboza 1993, Habimana yavuze ibi bikurikira ubwo yari kuri radiyo:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Si Abatutsi bose ari babi; bamwe muri bo ni babi. Si Abahutu bose ari beza, abandi ni babi. Mu moko, hari bamwe ari babi ... Ibi bigaragaza ko kamere muntu ikomeje kuba imwe mu moko yose yo mu Rwanda, mu bagabo bose bo mu Rwanda. Ariko se ni nde muntu wishyize mu mutwe we ko RTLM yanga Abatutsi?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR, The Media Case {{!}} How does law protect in war? – Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ictr-media-case |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Ariko, mu gihe cya jenoside, Habimana yatangazaga aho aherereye neza, amazina na nimero za plaque by’abaregwaga kuba ibyitso bya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Cassandra |year=2007 |title='Where Radio is King:' Rwanda's Hate Radio and the Lessons Learned. |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011053/http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/#_ftn43 |journal=Atlantic International Studies Journal |pages=4–11 |access-date=17 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; yashishikarizaga urugomo rwibasiwe ndetse akenshi n’ubwicanyi ku bantu bavuzwe n’imitwe nka Impuzamugambi n’[[Interahamwe]]. Habimana yahaye abari aho inama ku buryo bwo kumenya Abatutsi, avuga ko uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko agaragara bishobora kugaragaza niba ari Abatutsi. Habimana yategetse abari bamuteze amatwi &quot;[kureba] uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko asa... Reba izuru rye rito hanyuma urimene&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/three-media-leaders-convicted-genocide |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima nyuma ya jenoside n'urupfu rwatangajwe ==
Mu rubanza rwabereye mu rukiko mbere ya jenoside ku ya 15 Werurwe 1994, kubera &quot;gushishikariza abaturage kwiyemerera&quot;, Habimana yavuze ko abatangazamakuru ba RTLM ari &quot;abantu bato&quot; ugereranije n'abayobozi ba RTLM nka [[Ferdinand Nahimana]], bityo bakaba nta ruhare bagize muri jenoside.

Bivugwa ko Habimana yazize [[SIDA]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hagati ya 1998 na 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |year=2004 |title=Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. |url=https://www.academia.edu/362149 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000194683 |s2cid=85504804 |access-date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ig-22hF5Rg&amp;t=1m10s Amajwi ya Kantano Habimana kuri RTLM] (atangira ku munota wa 1:10)
* [http://www.rwandafile.com/rtlm/index.html RwandaFile: Inyandiko mvugo za RTLM, harimo nyinshi za Kantano Habimana]

{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habimana, Kantano}}
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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'''Kantano Habimana''' (wapfuye ahagana mu 1998-2002), bakunze kwita '''Kantano''', yari umunyamakuru (''animateur'') kuri radiyo yo mu [[Rwanda]] [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|RTLM]], yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

Kimwe n'abandi banyamakuru b'iyi radiyo, Habimana yashishikarije urugomo rw'[[Abatutsi]] n'[[Abahutu]] batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi mu buryo busanzwe.

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Itariki y’amavuko ya Habimana n’ibindi bisobanuro birambuye ku buzima bwe bwo hambere, mbere yo kwinjira muri RTLM, ntibizwi neza. Icyakora, amakuru ahari agaragaza ko yize itangazamakuru i Leningrad, umujyi ubu witwa Saint Petersburg, mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (Masters). Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, yakoze mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda birimo ''Imvaho'' na ''Umurwanashyaka''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gulseth |first=Hege Løvdal |title=The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30834489.pdf |journal=University of Oslo |pages=56–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga kuri RTLM ==
Umukinnyi wa RTLM ukunzwe cyane mu bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutangaza amakuru, yakunze gukururwa n'uko &quot;yakundaga gukoresha ikoranabuhanga risekeje kandi ritangaje&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe yamaze kuri radiyo, yamenyekanye kubera ubwiza bwe n'urwenya, kandi yamenyekanye kubera kuvuga cyane &quot;nk'aho abantu bari imbere ye&quot;, ibyo bikaba byari byiza mu gukurura ibitekerezo byabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |title=Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=17–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620044527/https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/sites/anthropology.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/echoes%20of%20violence%20-%20JGR%20final.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-20 |access-date=2021-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Habimana akunze kwitwa ''animateur'' ikunzwe cyane&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2007 |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=98 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya RTLM ndetse n'''animateur'' ifite umwanya munini wo kureba amashusho, aho ibice bye byagize hafi 33% by'ibiganiro bya radiyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2007 |last=Kimani |first=Mary |chapter=RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder |title=The Media and the Rwanda Genocide |url=http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |publisher=Pluto Press, Fountain Publishers, IDRC |isbn=978-0-74532-625-2 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Allan |page=116 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916062855/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/IDRCBookDetails.aspx?PublicationID=131 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu by’ukuri, mu bushakashatsi bumwe bwakozwe ku byerekeye abantu bwakozwe binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda, Abahutu n’Abatutsi babajijwe bavuze ko yari azwiho ubuhanga bwe mu kuvuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Mbere ya jenoside, Habimana yafataga umurongo uciriritse ku bibazo by’ivanguramoko kurusha abayoboke benshi ba [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu|Hutu Power]]. Urugero, mu Ukuboza 1993, Habimana yavuze ibi bikurikira ubwo yari kuri radiyo:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Si Abatutsi bose ari babi; bamwe muri bo ni babi. Si Abahutu bose ari beza, abandi ni babi. Mu moko, hari bamwe ari babi ... Ibi bigaragaza ko kamere muntu ikomeje kuba imwe mu moko yose yo mu Rwanda, mu bagabo bose bo mu Rwanda. Ariko se ni nde muntu wishyize mu mutwe we ko RTLM yanga Abatutsi?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICTR, The Media Case {{!}} How does law protect in war? – Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ictr-media-case |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Ariko, mu gihe cya jenoside, Habimana yatangazaga aho aherereye neza, amazina na nimero za plaque by’abaregwaga kuba ibyitso bya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Cassandra |year=2007 |title='Where Radio is King:' Rwanda's Hate Radio and the Lessons Learned. |url=http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/ |journal=Atlantic International Studies Journal |pages=4–11 |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011053/http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0607-journal-gender-environment-and-human-rights/where-radio-is-king/ |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; yashishikarizaga urugomo rwibasiwe ndetse akenshi n’ubwicanyi ku bantu bavuzwe n’imitwe nka Impuzamugambi n’[[Interahamwe]]. Habimana yahaye abari aho inama ku buryo bwo kumenya Abatutsi, avuga ko uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko agaragara bishobora kugaragaza niba ari Abatutsi. Habimana yategetse abari bamuteze amatwi &quot;[kureba] uburebure bw'umuntu n'uko asa... Reba izuru rye rito hanyuma urimene&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Three Media Leaders convicted for Genocide {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/three-media-leaders-convicted-genocide |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima nyuma ya jenoside n'urupfu rwatangajwe ==
Mu rubanza rwabereye mu rukiko mbere ya jenoside ku ya 15 Werurwe 1994, kubera &quot;gushishikariza abaturage kwiyemerera&quot;, Habimana yavuze ko abatangazamakuru ba RTLM ari &quot;abantu bato&quot; ugereranije n'abayobozi ba RTLM nka [[Ferdinand Nahimana]], bityo bakaba nta ruhare bagize muri jenoside.

Bivugwa ko Habimana yazize [[SIDA]] muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hagati ya 1998 na 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Darryl |year=2004 |title=Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. |url=https://www.academia.edu/362149 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1080/1462352042000194683 |s2cid=85504804 |access-date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ig-22hF5Rg&amp;t=1m10s Amajwi ya Kantano Habimana kuri RTLM] (atangira ku munota wa 1:10)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180715132633/http://www.rwandafile.com/rtlm/index.html RwandaFile: Inyandiko mvugo za RTLM, harimo nyinshi za Kantano Habimana]

{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habimana, Kantano}}
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyamakuru]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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    <title>Imipira y'ubururu</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <text bytes="4584" sha1="cmwadioxrrevl8ira4n8nsg49b2au39" xml:space="preserve">'''Udupira tw'ubururu''' ni ibyiyumvo bibabaza mu gitsina bitewe n'irari ry'imibonano mpuzabitsina rirambye ridafite iherezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clev2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-01-18|title=Is Blue Balls Real?|url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls/|access-date=2023-11-28|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203072406/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/blue-balls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chalett|first=Jonathan M.|last2=Nerenberg|first2=Lewis T.|title=“Blue Balls”: A Diagnostic Consideration in Testiculoscrotal Pain in Young Adults: A Case Report and Discussion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2000-10_106_4/page/843|journal=Pediatrics|date=1 October 2000|volume=106|issue=4|pages=843–843|doi=10.1542/peds.106.4.843|pmid=11015532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ububabare burakabije cyane kandi impande zombi zirababara.&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Broderick|first=Timmy|title=The First In-Depth Study on 'Blue Balls' Reveals a Lot about Sex|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|access-date=2024-01-08|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108165445/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-in-depth-study-on-blue-balls-reveals-a-lot-about-sex/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds2000&quot; /&gt; Ku bagore bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gituba cyangwa ku gitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clev2023&quot; /&gt; Nta gihamya ihari; icyakora, ikintu cyose gihinduka ubururu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clev2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2023&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bw’ibanze bwavuzwe ko bukubiyemo umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso mu maraso, kuzura kw’amazi mu gihe gito; icyakora, ibimenyetso bibyemeza ntibiraboneka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jone2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=JM|last2=Cedermark|first2=K|last3=Barham|first3=D|last4=Gross|first4=MS|title=Does blue balls exist, and why should we care?|journal=The journal of sexual medicine|date=30 January 2024|volume=21|issue=2|pages=88-89|doi=10.1093/jsxmed/qdad161|pmid=38314627}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo byemewe nk'indwara, kandi nta biganiro byinshi bihari mu nyandiko z'ubushakashatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clev2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds2000&quot; /&gt;

Ntabwo ari ikibazo gikomeye kandi gikemuka nta buvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jone2024&quot; /&gt; Akenshi birashira mu masaha make cyangwa mbere yaho iyo habayeho orgasm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Mallika|title=What Is Blue Vulva Syndrome?|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|access-date=2023-11-28|website=WebMD|language=en|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129000339/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-blue-vulva-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhuza igitsina bishobora kubaho binyuze mu [[kwikinisha]] kandi si impamvu yo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina n'uwo mwashakanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clev2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2023&quot; /&gt; Kurangara, kwiyuhagira mu mazi akonje, cyangwa gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri nabyo bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2023&quot; /&gt;

Imipira y'ubururu yavuzwe na 56% by'abagabo na 42% by'abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Levang|first=Samantha|last2=Henkelman|first2=Megan|last3=Neish|first3=Robin|last4=Zukerman|first4=Wendy|last5=Terrell|first5=Blythe|last6=Jackman|first6=Victoria|last7=Coyle|first7=Shannon|last8=Brahmbhatt|first8=Jamin|last9=Pukall|first9=Caroline|title=“Blue balls” and sexual coercion: a survey study of genitopelvic pain after sexual arousal without orgasm and its implications for sexual advances|journal=Sexual Medicine|date=1 March 2023|volume=11|issue=2|doi=10.1093/sexmed/qfad016|access-date=4 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikunze kwibasira abagabo bakiri bato.&lt;ref name=&quot;SA2023&quot; /&gt; Ijambo &quot;imipira y'ubururu&quot; rikekwa ko ryaturutse muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], ahagana mu 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dalzell|first=Tom|title=Sex Slang|last2=Victor|first2=Terry|date=December 2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37180-3|page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=blue balls noun|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|website=OED|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083305/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/blue-balls_n?tl=true|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo bitazwi cyane, igitsina cy’abagore cyitwa &quot;ubururu bw'ubururu&quot; cyangwa &quot;ubururu bw'ibishyimbo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Web2022&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Utunyangingo tw'amaraso</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="4706" sha1="67h8ig2rv0mtr23rllna1g59qd40kp2" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Vasculitis on legs 3.jpg|thumb|Utunyangingo tw'amaraso]]
'''Vasculitis''' ni itsinda ry'indwara ziterwa no kubyimba imiyoboro y'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jatwani|first=S|last2=Goyal|first2=A|title=Vasculitis|date=January 2020|pmid=31424770|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|title=Glossary of dermatopathological terms. DermNet NZ|access-date=2009-01-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232449/http://dermnetnz.org/pathology/pathology-glossary.html|archive-date=2008-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, kugabanya ibiro, umunaniro, kuva amaraso no koroha kw'imitsi y'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|publisher=NHLBI, NIH|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082510/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/vasculitis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'aho umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe n'ubwoko bw'umuyoboro w'amaraso wafashwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo gucika imitsi yo mu bwonko (stroke), [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], gucika kw'imitsi ifungana (aortic dissection), impyiko zinanirwa gukora neza, no gukorora amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Hari ubwoko burenga 30 bwa vasculitis, bushobora kuba buterwa n'imitsi, imitsi, cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2021Pro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Overview of Vasculitis - Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/vasculitis/overview-of-vasculitis|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403172946/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal_and_connective_tissue_disorders/vasculitis/overview_of_vasculitis.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwoko bw'imitsi minini burimo arteritis nini (GCA), indwara ya Takayasu, n'indwara ya Behcet; ubwoko bw'imitsi iciriritse burimo indwara ya Kawasaki na polyarteritis nodosa (PAN); naho ubwoko bw'imitsi mito burimo polyangiitis nto na granulomatosis hamwe na polyangiitis (GPA).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2021Pro&quot; /&gt; Ariko, hashobora kubaho isano hagati y’aya matsinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2021Pro&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu akenshi ntizwi, nubwo hari abashobora guterwa n'ubwandu, imiti cyangwa indi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2021Pro&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago biterwa n'ikibazo kirimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze akenshi ni indwara y'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri aho neutrophils yinjira mu gice cy'imbere cy'imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2021&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rishobora gukeka ko rishingiye ku bipimo by'amaraso, nka ESR cyangwa CRP, amashusho y'abaganga, na biopsy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mer2021Pro&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara, nubwo akenshi ikoreshwa ari yo steroides mbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 100.000 bashya barwara indwara ya vasculitis buri mwaka mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu barengeje imyaka 50, GCA ihitana abantu bagera kuri 24 kuri 100.000 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ubwoko butandukanye bw'indwara bukunze kugaragara mu matsinda y'imyaka runaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2021&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vasculitis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206154109/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/vasculitis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo iyi ndwara yavuzwe kuva nibura mu kinyejana cya 11, ibisobanuro bya mbere birambuye byitirirwa Kussmaul na Maier mu 1866.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hendaoui|first=Lotfi|last2=Stanson|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Bouhaouala|first3=M. Habib|last4=Joffre|first4=Francis|title=Systemic Vasculitis: Imaging Features|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-02484-9|page=8|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&amp;pg=PA8|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710145128/https://books.google.ca/books?id=xmxcvhyDliUC&amp;pg=PA8|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Isukari nke mu maraso</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="7327" sha1="9cel7gk4gwoddsfkd9f0f0y1kk2t6y9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Glucose test.JPG|thumb|Isukari nke mu maraso]]
'''Isukari nke mu maraso''', ni ukugabanuka kw'isukari mu maraso kugera ku rugero ruri munsi y'urusanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hypoglycemia|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=28 June 2015|date=October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701034430/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/hypoglycemia/Pages/index.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bishobora gutera ibimenyetso bitandukanye birimo kunanirwa kuvuga neza, kutavuga nabi, urujijo, guta ubwenge, gucika intege cyangwa urupfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Ukumva ufite inzara, ibyuya, kuzuyaza no gucika intege bishobora no kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso akenshi biza vuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete nka insuline na sulfonylureas.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yanai H, Adachi H, Katsuyama H, Moriyama S, Hamasaki H, Sako A|title=Causative anti-diabetic drugs and the underlying clinical factors for hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–6|date=February 2015|pmid=25685276|pmc=4317315|doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schrier|first=Robert W.|title=The internal medicine casebook real patients, real answers|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6529-9|page=119|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&amp;pg=PA119|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020033/https://books.google.ca/books?id=zbuKcQwh2b0C&amp;pg=PA119|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka ziba nyinshi ku barwayi ba diyabete bariye bike kuruta uko bisanzwe, bagakora imyitozo ngororamubiri cyane kurusha uko bisanzwe cyangwa banyoye inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo kunanirwa kw'impyiko, ibibyimba bimwe na bimwe (nka insulinoma), indwara z'umwijima, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Hypothyroidism|hypothyroidism]], inzara, amakosa y'imikorere y'umubiri, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|indwara zikomeye]], hypoglycemia iterwa no kwiheba hamwe n'ibiyobyabwenge byinshi birimo n'inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot; /&gt; Isukari nke mu maraso ishobora kugaragara ku bana bari bazima kandi bamaze amasaha make batarya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perk2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Perkin|first=Ronald M.|title=Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management|date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-7032-3|page=105|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA105|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701020159/https://books.google.ca/books?id=sV6-ifUGoMYC&amp;pg=PA105|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Igipimo cya glucose gisobanura hypoglycemia kirahinduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, urugero ruri munsi ya 3.9&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (70&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) ni indwara zisuzuma indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bakuru badafite diyabete, ibimenyetso by'isukari nke mu maraso, isukari nke mu maraso, no koroherwa iyo isukari yo mu maraso igarutse ku buryo busanzwe ni byo byemeza ko barwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cry2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER, Service FJ|title=Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.|volume=94|issue=3|pages=709–28|date=March 2009|pmid=19088155|doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1410|url=|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.8 kugeza kuri 3.0&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (50 kugeza 55&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) nyuma yo kutarya cyangwa nyuma yo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Fahad W.|last2=Majeed|first2=Muhammad S.|last3=Kirresh|first3=Omar|title=StatPearls|date=2023|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|access-date=12 November 2023|chapter=Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142128/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bana bavutse, urwego ruri munsi ya 2.2&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (40&amp;nbsp;mg/dL), cyangwa munsi ya 3.3&amp;nbsp;mmol/L (60&amp;nbsp;mg/dL) iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, bigaragaza ko umuntu afite hypoglycemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perk2008&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya impamvu birimo urugero rwa insuline na peptide ya C mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sch2007&quot; /&gt;

Ku bantu barwaye diyabete, kwirinda ni uguhuza ibiryo biribwa n'ingano y'imyitozo ngororamubiri n'imiti ikoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Iyo abantu bumva ko isukari yabo iri hasi mu maraso, ni byiza gupima hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima isukari.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Hari abantu bamwe bagaragaza ibimenyetso bike by’isukari nke mu maraso, kandi gupimwa buri gihe muri iri tsinda ni byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura ni ukurya ibiryo birimo isukari nyinshi cyangwa gufata dextrose.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Iyo umuntu adashobora gufata ibiryo mu kanwa, glukagoni iterwa cyangwa mu mazuru ishobora gufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FDA approves first treatment for severe hypoglycemia that can be administered without an injection|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|website=FDA|access-date=11 November 2019|language=en|date=11 September 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517061659/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-severe-hypoglycemia-can-be-administered-without-injection|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura budafite aho buhuriye na diyabete burimo no kuvura ikibazo cy’ingenzi ndetse n’indyo nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2008&quot; /&gt; Ijambo &quot;hypoglycemia&quot; rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa nabi mu kuvuga idiopathic postprandial syndrome, indwara ivugwaho rumwe ifite ibimenyetso bisa n'ibyo bibaho nyuma yo kurya ariko isukari isanzwe mu maraso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Talreja|first=Roshan S.|title=The internal medicine peripheral brain|date=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7817-2806-5|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&amp;pg=PA176|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803073550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj-d2AgfW48C&amp;pg=PA176|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-0985-4|page=1834|edition=32nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&amp;pg=PA1834|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&amp;pg=PA1834|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Clopidogrel</title>
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'''Clopidogrel''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Plavix''' n'indi,&lt;ref name=&quot;brands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel International brand names|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=1 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni umuti ugabanya platelet ukoreshwa mu kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umutima na stroke ku bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa kandi hamwe na aspirine mu [[Indwara y'umutima|ndwara z'umutima]] no nyuma yo gushyiramo stent yo mu mitsi y'umutima (uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mitsi).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka zitangira mu gihe cy'amasaha abiri kandi zimara iminsi itanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, isesemi, gukomereka byoroshye, kuribwa no gushya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo kuva amaraso no kuvura indwara ya thrombocytopenic purpura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Nubwo nta kimenyetso cy'ingaruka mbi zituruka ku gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], kuyikoresha ntibyigwa neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnanacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clopidogrel iri mu bwoko bwa thienopyridine bw’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ikora mu gukumira bidasubirwaho receptor yitwa P2Y &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwWw&quot;&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; kuri platelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

Clopidogrel yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1982, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;PrescribingInfo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plavix- clopidogrel bisulfate tablet, film coated|website=DailyMed|date=17 May 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b|access-date=26 December 2019|publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222235/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=453|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130738/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|archive-date=2016-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cy'igurishwa ry'ibicuruzwa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.77–31.59 ku kwezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1486&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172350/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1486&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ukwezi kw'ubuvuzi kugura munsi y'amadolari 25 y'Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 40 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ClopidogrelBisulfate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412031159/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/ClopidogrelBisulfate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Ferdinand Nahimana</title>
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'''Ferdinand Nahimana''' (wavutse ku ya 15 Kamena 1950) ni umuhanga mu by'amateka [[Rwanda|w'Umunyarwanda]], wahamwe n'icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside kubera uruhare yagize muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

Nahimana yari umwe mu bashinze radiyo ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), yatangazaga amakuru na poropagande byafashije mu guhuza ubwicanyi no gushishikariza urwango rwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu baciriritse.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yavutse ku ya 15 Nyakanga muri komini Gatonde, muri perefegitura ya Ruhengeri. Yubatse afite abana bane. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=FERDINAND NAHIMANA |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092237/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |archive-date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2018-03-07 |publisher=Trial International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Paris Diderot. Hagati ya 1979 na 2007, yasohoye ibitabo byinshi n'inyandiko ku mateka y'u Rwanda.

== Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi  mu Rwanda ==
Hakurikijwe amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Uburezi bw'Amashuri Makuru ushinzwe Umuco n'Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi. Nahimana yari umwe mu bagize [[Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere|ishyaka rya politiki rya Habyarimana, ishyaka ry’aba-repubulikani riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere]]. 

Hagati ya 1979 na 1994, Nahimana bivugwa ko yanditse akanasohora inyandiko zishishikariza imyigaragambyo yo kurwanya Abatutsi n'Abahutu baciriritse. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Amaze kwirukanwa muri Radiyo y'Igihugu y'u Rwanda mu 1993, yagize uruhare mu ishingwa rya RTLM, kandi nk'uko Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rubivuga, yabaye umuyobozi wayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Kubera ubwo bufatanye, yashinjwe kuba &quot;yarashishikarije mu buryo butaziguye&quot; ubwicanyi. Hagati ya Mata 1993 na 31 Nyakanga 1994, Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gutegura, kuyobora no gushyigikira ibiganiro bya RTLM. Umushinjacyaha wa TPIR yavuze ko “yari azi gahunda n’ingaruka izo gahunda zigira ku baturage”. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Yanashinjwe kandi kuba yarateguye, abifashijwemo na murumuna we, inama hagati ya MRND n'igisirikare [[Interahamwe|cy'Interahamwe]] muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, agamije kuganira ku bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi n'Abahutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; 

Muri Mata 1994, ubwo imvururu zatangiraga mu Rwanda nyuma y'iyicwa rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ambasade [[Ubufaransa|y'Ubufaransa]] yafashe Ferdinand Nahimana. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata, ambasade y'Ubufaransa yarahungishijwe maze Nahimana, hamwe n'umuryango we n'abandi bari barahahungiye, bajyanwa mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]]. Uburundi ntibwari bwiteguye kwakira iri tsinda ry'impunzi, bityo Nahimana yoherezwa mu ndege ku ya 17 Mata i Bukavu. [ 5 ] Nahimana n'izindi mpunzi basubijwe mu Rwanda ku ya 23 Mata. [ 6 ] Nahimana yaje gutabwa muri yombi muri Kameruni ku ya 27 Werurwe 1996. 

== Urubanza n'igihano ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gushishikariza abantu gukora Jenoside, aburanishwa n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), mu rubanza rwari rufitanye isano n’uruhare rw’itangazamakuru muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yaburanye ari kumwe na Hassan Ngeze na Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, na bo bari bafitanye isano na radiyo RTLM. Nahimana yahakanye ibyaha yashinjwaga, anavuga ko atari afite ububasha bwo kugenzura ibiganiro bya RTLM mu gihe cya Jenoside. Yagize ati: “Sinashoboraga kumenya RTLM yo muri icyo gihe n’iyo yariho mbere ya tariki ya 6 Mata. Yari yarigaruriwe n’abahezanguni, ubu bitwa intagondwa, bafite imyumvire n’uburyo bwo gukora ibintu ntari nsangiye na bo.”&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2003 |title=Hate Radio: Rwanda from Radio Netherlands |url=http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208015537/http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |publisher=[[University of Leeds]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Imanza z'urwango mu itangazamakuru &quot; zavuzweho cyane kuko ari bwo bwa mbere kuva imanza za Nuremberg ziburanishwa nk'icyaha cy'intambara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-04 |title=Hateful words a war crime |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110062149/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |archive-date=2006-11-10 |access-date=2007-05-01 |publisher=[[The Washington Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 3 Ukuboza 2003, Ferdinand Nahimana yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu, icyaha cya jenoside, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gushishikariza, mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame, gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Hassan Ngeze nawe yahawe igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu, naho Jean Bosco Barayagwiza akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 35. Nubwo ibihano bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, Ikigo cy'Abanyamakuru Badafite Imipaka cyishimiye ibyavuye mu rubanza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-03 |title=Two sentenced to life imprisonment in hate media trial |url=http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210123/http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo umunyamategeko we w’Umufaransa Jean-Marie Biju-Duval yavuze ko Nahimana, washinze Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), atakigize uruhare na ruto kuri radiyo guhera ku ya 6 Mata 1994, yakatiwe kubera inshingano ze nk’umukozi mukuru muri RTLM.

Uyu muhanga mu by'amateka w'Umunyarwanda yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo ahagarike ibikorwa bibi bya radiyo ya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994, nk'uko urubanza rwabimutegetse, yari afite urwego rushinzwe abakozi ba radiyo.

Ferdinand Nahimana yajuririye icyaha cye, maze urubanza rwaburanishijwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rutangira ku ya 16 Mutarama 2007. Ku itariki ya 28 Ugushyingo 2007, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwamugabanyirije igihano cy'igifungo kigera ku myaka 30. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwatesheje agaciro bimwe mu byaha bye, cyane cyane ibyari byarabayeho mbere ya 1994. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwanatesheje agaciro umwanzuro wa mbere w'uko hari amasezerano hagati ya RTLM, CDR, na Kangura yo gufasha mu gukora jenoside. Bityo, yakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Nahimana hakurikijwe ingingo ya 6 (1) ya Sitati, ariko ishyigikira ibyari bikubiye mu ngingo ya 6 (3)—ni ukuvuga ibyo &quot;gushishikariza mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame gukora jenoside no gutoteza nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu&quot; binyuze mu biganiro bya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Nk’uko JusticeInfo.net ibivuga:
 
Mu Kuboza 2008, yimuriwe muri [[Mali]] ava Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Mu 2016, yararekuwe. 

=== Impaka ku cyaha cyo guhamwa n'icyaha ===
Igitabo cyo mu 2010 cyanditswe n'umunyamakuru akaba n'umuhanga mu by'amateka Hervé Deguine kivuga ko impamvu zakoreshejwe mu rubanza rwa Nahimana zari zishingiye ku bimenyetso bike cyane uretse ko ari we washinze kandi akaba n'umwe mu ba nyiri radiyo, agaragaza ingingo n'ibimenyetso bifatika birwanya icyaha cye. Nubwo Deguine ubwe yagize uruhare mu guhamwa n'icyaha kwa Nahimana, asoza igitabo cye yemeza ko hashingiwe ku bimenyetso by'urukiko, Nahimana agomba kurekurwa. [ 10 ]

== Isesengura ry'ibitabo ==

* 2007: ''U Rwanda: les virages ratés'', Éditions Soko du Nil, Ubufaransa.
* 1995: ''U Rwanda.'' ''L'élite Abahutu bashinja'', Kameruni.
* 1993: ''Le Rwanda: émergence d'un État'', Harmattan, Paris.
* 1988: ''Umutimanama chez nous, kwizerwa en nous.'' ''Umuco wa Notre est la base de notre développement harmonieux'', INR, u Rwanda.
* 1987: ''Le Blanc est arrivé, le Roi est parti.'' ''Une facette de l'histoire du Rwanda mugihe, 1884–1931'', u Rwanda.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ayandi mashakiro ==

* {{Cite book |last=Deguine |first=Hervé |year=2010 |title=Un idéologue dans le génocide rwandais |publisher=Mille et une nuits |edition=1st |location=Paris}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.nahimana.info Urubuga rwemewe rwa Ferdinand Nahimana] Archived ku  
* [http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/caefd9edd48f5826c12564cf004f793d/54b248bce49a1b54c1256721007ae35c?OpenDocument Amakuru aturuka mu rubanza, aturuka muri Fondation Hirondelle] Archived  
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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'''Ferdinand Nahimana''' (wavutse ku ya 15 Kamena 1950) ni umuhanga mu by'amateka [[Rwanda|w'Umunyarwanda]], wahamwe n'icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside kubera uruhare yagize muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

Nahimana yari umwe mu bashinze radiyo ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), yatangazaga amakuru na poropagande byafashije mu guhuza ubwicanyi no gushishikariza urwango rwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu baciriritse.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yavutse ku ya 15 Nyakanga muri komini Gatonde, muri perefegitura ya Ruhengeri. Yubatse afite abana bane. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=FERDINAND NAHIMANA |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092237/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |archive-date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2018-03-07 |publisher=Trial International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Paris Diderot. Hagati ya 1979 na 2007, yasohoye ibitabo byinshi n'inyandiko ku mateka y'u Rwanda.

== Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi  mu Rwanda ==
Hakurikijwe amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Uburezi bw'Amashuri Makuru ushinzwe Umuco n'Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi. Nahimana yari umwe mu bagize [[Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere|ishyaka rya politiki rya Habyarimana, ishyaka ry’aba-repubulikani riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere]]. 

Hagati ya 1979 na 1994, Nahimana bivugwa ko yanditse akanasohora inyandiko zishishikariza imyigaragambyo yo kurwanya Abatutsi n'Abahutu baciriritse. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Amaze kwirukanwa muri Radiyo y'Igihugu y'u Rwanda mu 1993, yagize uruhare mu ishingwa rya RTLM, kandi nk'uko Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rubivuga, yabaye umuyobozi wayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Kubera ubwo bufatanye, yashinjwe kuba &quot;yarashishikarije mu buryo butaziguye&quot; ubwicanyi. Hagati ya Mata 1993 na 31 Nyakanga 1994, Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gutegura, kuyobora no gushyigikira ibiganiro bya RTLM. Umushinjacyaha wa TPIR yavuze ko “yari azi gahunda n’ingaruka izo gahunda zigira ku baturage”. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Yanashinjwe kandi kuba yarateguye, abifashijwemo na murumuna we, inama hagati ya MRND n'igisirikare [[Interahamwe|cy'Interahamwe]] muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, agamije kuganira ku bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi n'Abahutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; 

Muri Mata 1994, ubwo imvururu zatangiraga mu Rwanda nyuma y'iyicwa rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ambasade [[Ubufaransa|y'Ubufaransa]] yafashe Ferdinand Nahimana. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata, ambasade y'Ubufaransa yarahungishijwe maze Nahimana, hamwe n'umuryango we n'abandi bari barahahungiye, bajyanwa mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]]. Uburundi ntibwari bwiteguye kwakira iri tsinda ry'impunzi, bityo Nahimana yoherezwa mu ndege ku ya 17 Mata i Bukavu. [ 5 ] Nahimana n'izindi mpunzi basubijwe mu Rwanda ku ya 23 Mata. [ 6 ] Nahimana yaje gutabwa muri yombi muri Kameruni ku ya 27 Werurwe 1996. 

== Urubanza n'igihano ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gushishikariza abantu gukora Jenoside, aburanishwa n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), mu rubanza rwari rufitanye isano n’uruhare rw’itangazamakuru muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yaburanye ari kumwe na Hassan Ngeze na Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, na bo bari bafitanye isano na radiyo RTLM. Nahimana yahakanye ibyaha yashinjwaga, anavuga ko atari afite ububasha bwo kugenzura ibiganiro bya RTLM mu gihe cya Jenoside. Yagize ati: “Sinashoboraga kumenya RTLM yo muri icyo gihe n’iyo yariho mbere ya tariki ya 6 Mata. Yari yarigaruriwe n’abahezanguni, ubu bitwa intagondwa, bafite imyumvire n’uburyo bwo gukora ibintu ntari nsangiye na bo.”&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2003 |title=Hate Radio: Rwanda from Radio Netherlands |url=http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208015537/http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |publisher=[[University of Leeds]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Imanza z'urwango mu itangazamakuru &quot; zavuzweho cyane kuko ari bwo bwa mbere kuva imanza za Nuremberg ziburanishwa nk'icyaha cy'intambara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-04 |title=Hateful words a war crime |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110062149/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |archive-date=2006-11-10 |access-date=2007-05-01 |publisher=[[The Washington Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 3 Ukuboza 2003, Ferdinand Nahimana yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu, icyaha cya jenoside, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gushishikariza, mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame, gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Hassan Ngeze nawe yahawe igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu, naho Jean Bosco Barayagwiza akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 35. Nubwo ibihano bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, Ikigo cy'Abanyamakuru Badafite Imipaka cyishimiye ibyavuye mu rubanza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-03 |title=Two sentenced to life imprisonment in hate media trial |url=http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210123/http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo umunyamategeko we w’Umufaransa Jean-Marie Biju-Duval yavuze ko Nahimana, washinze Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), atakigize uruhare na ruto kuri radiyo guhera ku ya 6 Mata 1994, yakatiwe kubera inshingano ze nk’umukozi mukuru muri RTLM.

Uyu muhanga mu by'amateka w'Umunyarwanda yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo ahagarike ibikorwa bibi bya radiyo ya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994, nk'uko urubanza rwabimutegetse, yari afite urwego rushinzwe abakozi ba radiyo.

Ferdinand Nahimana yajuririye icyaha cye, maze urubanza rwaburanishijwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rutangira ku ya 16 Mutarama 2007. Ku itariki ya 28 Ugushyingo 2007, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwamugabanyirije igihano cy'igifungo kigera ku myaka 30. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwatesheje agaciro bimwe mu byaha bye, cyane cyane ibyari byarabayeho mbere ya 1994. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwanatesheje agaciro umwanzuro wa mbere w'uko hari amasezerano hagati ya RTLM, CDR, na Kangura yo gufasha mu gukora jenoside. Bityo, yakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Nahimana hakurikijwe ingingo ya 6 (1) ya Sitati, ariko ishyigikira ibyari bikubiye mu ngingo ya 6 (3)—ni ukuvuga ibyo &quot;gushishikariza mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame gukora jenoside no gutoteza nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu&quot; binyuze mu biganiro bya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Nk’uko JusticeInfo.net ibivuga:
 
Mu Kuboza 2008, yimuriwe muri [[Mali]] ava Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Mu 2016, yararekuwe. 

=== Impaka ku cyaha cyo guhamwa n'icyaha ===
Igitabo cyo mu 2010 cyanditswe n'umunyamakuru akaba n'umuhanga mu by'amateka Hervé Deguine kivuga ko impamvu zakoreshejwe mu rubanza rwa Nahimana zari zishingiye ku bimenyetso bike cyane uretse ko ari we washinze kandi akaba n'umwe mu ba nyiri radiyo, agaragaza ingingo n'ibimenyetso bifatika birwanya icyaha cye. Nubwo Deguine ubwe yagize uruhare mu guhamwa n'icyaha kwa Nahimana, asoza igitabo cye yemeza ko hashingiwe ku bimenyetso by'urukiko, Nahimana agomba kurekurwa. [ 10 ]

== Isesengura ry'ibitabo ==

* 2007: ''U Rwanda: les virages ratés'', Éditions Soko du Nil, Ubufaransa.
* 1995: ''U Rwanda.'' ''L'élite Abahutu bashinja'', Kameruni.
* 1993: ''Le Rwanda: émergence d'un État'', Harmattan, Paris.
* 1988: ''Umutimanama chez nous, kwizerwa en nous.'' ''Umuco wa Notre est la base de notre développement harmonieux'', INR, u Rwanda.
* 1987: ''Le Blanc est arrivé, le Roi est parti.'' ''Une facette de l'histoire du Rwanda mugihe, 1884–1931'', u Rwanda.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ayandi mashakiro ==

* {{Cite book |last=Deguine |first=Hervé |year=2010 |title=Un idéologue dans le génocide rwandais |publisher=Mille et une nuits |edition=1st |location=Paris}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.nahimana.info Urubuga rwemewe rwa Ferdinand Nahimana] Archived ku  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005082253/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/caefd9edd48f5826c12564cf004f793d/54b248bce49a1b54c1256721007ae35c?OpenDocument Amakuru aturuka mu rubanza, aturuka muri Fondation Hirondelle] Archived  
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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'''Ferdinand Nahimana''' (wavutse ku ya 15 Kamena 1950) ni umuhanga mu by'amateka [[Rwanda|w'Umunyarwanda]], wahamwe n'icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside kubera uruhare yagize muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

Nahimana yari umwe mu bashinze radiyo ya Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), yatangazaga amakuru na poropagande byafashije mu guhuza ubwicanyi no gushishikariza urwango rwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] n'Abahutu baciriritse.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yavutse ku ya 15 Nyakanga muri komini Gatonde, muri perefegitura ya Ruhengeri. Yubatse afite abana bane. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=FERDINAND NAHIMANA |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092237/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ferdinand-nahimana/ |archive-date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2018-03-07 |publisher=Trial International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mateka yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Paris Diderot. Hagati ya 1979 na 2007, yasohoye ibitabo byinshi n'inyandiko ku mateka y'u Rwanda.

== Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi  mu Rwanda ==
Hakurikijwe amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Uburezi bw'Amashuri Makuru ushinzwe Umuco n'Ubushakashatsi mu bya Siyansi. Nahimana yari umwe mu bagize [[Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere|ishyaka rya politiki rya Habyarimana, ishyaka ry’aba-repubulikani riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere]]. 

Hagati ya 1979 na 1994, Nahimana bivugwa ko yanditse akanasohora inyandiko zishishikariza imyigaragambyo yo kurwanya Abatutsi n'Abahutu baciriritse. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Amaze kwirukanwa muri Radiyo y'Igihugu y'u Rwanda mu 1993, yagize uruhare mu ishingwa rya RTLM, kandi nk'uko Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rubivuga, yabaye umuyobozi wayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Kubera ubwo bufatanye, yashinjwe kuba &quot;yarashishikarije mu buryo butaziguye&quot; ubwicanyi. Hagati ya Mata 1993 na 31 Nyakanga 1994, Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gutegura, kuyobora no gushyigikira ibiganiro bya RTLM. Umushinjacyaha wa TPIR yavuze ko “yari azi gahunda n’ingaruka izo gahunda zigira ku baturage”. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt;

Yanashinjwe kandi kuba yarateguye, abifashijwemo na murumuna we, inama hagati ya MRND n'igisirikare [[Interahamwe|cy'Interahamwe]] muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, agamije kuganira ku bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi n'Abahutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; 

Muri Mata 1994, ubwo imvururu zatangiraga mu Rwanda nyuma y'iyicwa rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], ambasade [[Ubufaransa|y'Ubufaransa]] yafashe Ferdinand Nahimana. Ku itariki ya 12 Mata, ambasade y'Ubufaransa yarahungishijwe maze Nahimana, hamwe n'umuryango we n'abandi bari barahahungiye, bajyanwa mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]]. Uburundi ntibwari bwiteguye kwakira iri tsinda ry'impunzi, bityo Nahimana yoherezwa mu ndege ku ya 17 Mata i Bukavu. [ 5 ] Nahimana n'izindi mpunzi basubijwe mu Rwanda ku ya 23 Mata. [ 6 ] Nahimana yaje gutabwa muri yombi muri Kameruni ku ya 27 Werurwe 1996. 

== Urubanza n'igihano ==
Ferdinand Nahimana yashinjwe gushishikariza abantu gukora Jenoside, aburanishwa n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), mu rubanza rwari rufitanye isano n’uruhare rw’itangazamakuru muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yaburanye ari kumwe na Hassan Ngeze na Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, na bo bari bafitanye isano na radiyo RTLM. Nahimana yahakanye ibyaha yashinjwaga, anavuga ko atari afite ububasha bwo kugenzura ibiganiro bya RTLM mu gihe cya Jenoside. Yagize ati: “Sinashoboraga kumenya RTLM yo muri icyo gihe n’iyo yariho mbere ya tariki ya 6 Mata. Yari yarigaruriwe n’abahezanguni, ubu bitwa intagondwa, bafite imyumvire n’uburyo bwo gukora ibintu ntari nsangiye na bo.”&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2003 |title=Hate Radio: Rwanda from Radio Netherlands |url=http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208015537/http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&amp;folder=141&amp;paper=417 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |publisher=[[University of Leeds]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Imanza z'urwango mu itangazamakuru &quot; zavuzweho cyane kuko ari bwo bwa mbere kuva imanza za Nuremberg ziburanishwa nk'icyaha cy'intambara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-04 |title=Hateful words a war crime |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110062149/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20031203-113817-3449r.htm |archive-date=2006-11-10 |access-date=2007-05-01 |publisher=[[The Washington Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku itariki ya 3 Ukuboza 2003, Ferdinand Nahimana yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu, icyaha cya jenoside, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gushishikariza, mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame, gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Hassan Ngeze nawe yahawe igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu, naho Jean Bosco Barayagwiza akatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka 35. Nubwo ibihano bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, Ikigo cy'Abanyamakuru Badafite Imipaka cyishimiye ibyavuye mu rubanza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-12-03 |title=Two sentenced to life imprisonment in hate media trial |url=http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210123/http://www.rsf.org/print.php3?id_article=8709 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo umunyamategeko we w’Umufaransa Jean-Marie Biju-Duval yavuze ko Nahimana, washinze Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), atakigize uruhare na ruto kuri radiyo guhera ku ya 6 Mata 1994, yakatiwe kubera inshingano ze nk’umukozi mukuru muri RTLM.

Uyu muhanga mu by'amateka w'Umunyarwanda yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo ahagarike ibikorwa bibi bya radiyo ya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994, nk'uko urubanza rwabimutegetse, yari afite urwego rushinzwe abakozi ba radiyo.

Ferdinand Nahimana yajuririye icyaha cye, maze urubanza rwaburanishijwe n'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rutangira ku ya 16 Mutarama 2007. Ku itariki ya 28 Ugushyingo 2007, Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwamugabanyirije igihano cy'igifungo kigera ku myaka 30. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwatesheje agaciro bimwe mu byaha bye, cyane cyane ibyari byarabayeho mbere ya 1994. Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwanatesheje agaciro umwanzuro wa mbere w'uko hari amasezerano hagati ya RTLM, CDR, na Kangura yo gufasha mu gukora jenoside. Bityo, yakuyeho ibirego byaregwaga Nahimana hakurikijwe ingingo ya 6 (1) ya Sitati, ariko ishyigikira ibyari bikubiye mu ngingo ya 6 (3)—ni ukuvuga ibyo &quot;gushishikariza mu buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame gukora jenoside no gutoteza nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu&quot; binyuze mu biganiro bya RTLM nyuma y'itariki ya 6 Mata 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Nk’uko JusticeInfo.net ibivuga:
 
Mu Kuboza 2008, yimuriwe muri [[Mali]] ava Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot; /&gt; Mu 2016, yararekuwe. 

=== Impaka ku cyaha cyo guhamwa n'icyaha ===
Igitabo cyo mu 2010 cyanditswe n'umunyamakuru akaba n'umuhanga mu by'amateka Hervé Deguine kivuga ko impamvu zakoreshejwe mu rubanza rwa Nahimana zari zishingiye ku bimenyetso bike cyane uretse ko ari we washinze kandi akaba n'umwe mu ba nyiri radiyo, agaragaza ingingo n'ibimenyetso bifatika birwanya icyaha cye. Nubwo Deguine ubwe yagize uruhare mu guhamwa n'icyaha kwa Nahimana, asoza igitabo cye yemeza ko hashingiwe ku bimenyetso by'urukiko, Nahimana agomba kurekurwa. [ 10 ]

== Isesengura ry'ibitabo ==

* 2007: ''U Rwanda: les virages ratés'', Éditions Soko du Nil, Ubufaransa.
* 1995: ''U Rwanda.'' ''L'élite Abahutu bashinja'', Kameruni.
* 1993: ''Le Rwanda: émergence d'un État'', Harmattan, Paris.
* 1988: ''Umutimanama chez nous, kwizerwa en nous.'' ''Umuco wa Notre est la base de notre développement harmonieux'', INR, u Rwanda.
* 1987: ''Le Blanc est arrivé, le Roi est parti.'' ''Une facette de l'histoire du Rwanda mugihe, 1884–1931'', u Rwanda.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ayandi mashakiro ==

* {{Cite book |last=Deguine |first=Hervé |year=2010 |title=Un idéologue dans le génocide rwandais |publisher=Mille et une nuits |edition=1st |location=Paris}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* [http://www.nahimana.info Urubuga rwemewe rwa Ferdinand Nahimana] Archived ku  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005082253/http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/caefd9edd48f5826c12564cf004f793d/54b248bce49a1b54c1256721007ae35c?OpenDocument Amakuru aturuka mu rubanza, aturuka muri Fondation Hirondelle] Archived  
{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Leptospirose</title>
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      <text bytes="5432" sha1="2kpds88858gpsjur8xoc5mfqr3t4w2z" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Jaundice of the sclerotic.JPG|thumb|Leptospirose]]
'''Leptospirose''' ni indwara yo mu maraso iterwa na bagiteri ''Leptospira''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alison 2016&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuva kuri buri kimwe kugeza kuri gito (kuribwa umutwe, kubabara imitsi, n'umuriro) kugeza kuri byinshi (kuva amaraso mu bihaha cyangwa meningite).&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R|title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=201|pages=105183|date=January 2020|pmid=31542372|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Weil, ubwoko bukabije bwa leptospirose, ituma umuntu wanduye agira umuhondo (uruhu n'amaso bihinduka umuhondo), impyiko zigacika intege, kandi zigava amaraso.  Kuva amaraso mu bihaha bifitanye isano na leptospirose bizwi nka &quot;syndrome ikomeye yo kuva amaraso mu bihaha&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt;

Ubwoko burenga icumi bwa ''Leptospira'' mu ngirabuzimafatizo butera indwara mu bantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Picardeau2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picardeau M|title=Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?|journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology|Nature Reviews. Microbiology]]|volume=15|issue=5|pages=297–307|date=May 2017|pmid=28260786|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyamaswa zo mu gasozi n'izo mu rugo zishobora gukwirakwiza iyi ndwara, cyane cyane imbeba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alison 2016&quot; /&gt; Bagiteri ikwirakwira mu bantu binyuze mu nkari z'inyamaswa, cyangwa amazi n'ubutaka byandujwe n'inkari z'inyamaswa, bigahura n'amaso, umunwa, amazuru cyangwa uruhu rugacika.  Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bahinzi n'abantu bafite amikoro make batuye mu turere dufite isuku nke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt; Mu bihugu byateye imbere, bibaho mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi ndetse no mu bikorwa byo hanze mu turere dushyuha kandi dutose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt; Gupima indwara akenshi bikorerwa mu gupima abasirikari b’umubiri barinda bagiteri cyangwa mu gusanga ADN ya bagiteri mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt;

Mu bikorwa byo gukumira iyi ndwara harimo ibikoresho byo kwirinda impanuka iyo ukorana n'inyamaswa zishobora kwandura, gukaraba nyuma yo gukora ku mbeba no kugabanya imbeba mu duce abantu batuyemo n'aho bakorera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Karpagam KB, Ganesh B|title=Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases|date=January 2020|pmid=31898795|doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuti uvura indwara witwa doxycycline ugira akamaro mu gukumira ubwandu bwa leptospirose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; Inkingo z'abantu zifite akamaro gake; &lt;ref name=&quot;Teixeira2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Teixeira AF, Fernandes LG, Cavenague MF, Takahashi MB, Santos JC, Passalia FJ, Daroz BB, Kochi LT, Vieira ML, Nascimento AL|display-authors=6|title=Adjuvanted leptospiral vaccines: Challenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines|journal=Vaccine|volume=37|issue=30|pages=3961–3973|date=July 2019|pmid=31186193|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.087}}&lt;/ref&gt; inkingo z'izindi nyamaswa ziraboneka cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ellis WA|title=Animal leptospirosis|journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|volume=387|pages=99–137|date=2015|pmid=25388134|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6|isbn=978-3-662-45058-1&lt;!-- |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (including this removes italics from journal title - unnecessary?---&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo umuntu yanduye, avurwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko nka doxycycline, penisiline, cyangwa ceftriaxone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alison 2016&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka rusange z'urupfu ni 5–10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evangelista2010&quot; /&gt; Ariko, iyo ibihaha bifashwe, ibyago byo gupfa biriyongera bikagera kuri 50–70%. 

Bivugwa ko abantu miliyoni imwe ku isi bandura leptospirose buri mwaka, bigatuma abantu bagera ku 58.900 bapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costa2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI|display-authors=6|title=Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e0003898|year=2015|pmid=26379143|pmc=4574773|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere dushyuha tw’isi ariko ishobora kugaragara ahantu hose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara z'ibyorezo bishobora kuvuka nyuma y'imvura nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere na muganga Adolf Weil mu 1886 mu Budage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=547-548|edition=10th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA547|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115032428/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zari zibuze (Alison 2016, Evangelista2010) zongewemo, ibisobanuro byakosowe</comment>
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      <text bytes="7079" sha1="smlzmlll3lgwy1hk32otkqxvxpy0sxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Leptospirose
| synonyms = Umuriro w'imbeba
| image = Leptospirosis darkfield.jpg
| caption = Bagiteri ''Leptospira'' zikujwe inshuro 200 mu cyuma kireba utuntu duto
| field = Indwara zandura
| symptoms = Nta bimenyetso, kuribwa umutwe, kuribwa imikaya, umuriro
| complications = Kuva amaraso mu bihaha, ''méningite'', kunanirwa kw'impyiko
| onset = Icyumweru kimwe kugeza kuri bibiri
| causes = ''Leptospira'', ikwirakwizwa cyane n'imbeba
| risks = Gukora ku nyamaswa zanduye, inkari zazo, amazi cyangwa ubutaka byanduye
| diagnosis = Gupima amaraso (''anticorps'' cyangwa ADN ya bagiteri)
| prevention = Ibikoresho byo kwirinda, isuku, ''doxycycline''
| treatment = ''Doxycycline'', ''pénicilline'', ''ceftriaxone''
| frequency = Abantu miliyoni imwe ku mwaka
| deaths = 58 900 ku mwaka
}}
'''Leptospirose''' ni indwara iterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''Leptospira'', ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'inkari z'imbeba n'izindi nyamaswa. Ibimenyetso byayo bishobora kuba bike, nko kuribwa umutwe n'umuriro, cyangwa bikomeye, nko kuva amaraso mu bihaha cyangwa ''méningite''.

Ikunze kugaragara mu turere dushyuha, cyane cyane nyuma y'imvura nyinshi. Ivurwa n'imiti yica bagiteri, kandi buri mwaka yandura abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe ku isi.

== Ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:Jaundice of the sclerotic.JPG|thumb|left|Umuhondo mu maso, kimwe mu bimenyetso by'indwara ya Weil]]
Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba bike (kuribwa umutwe, kuribwa imikaya n'umuriro) cyangwa bikomeye (kuva amaraso mu bihaha cyangwa ''méningite'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R|title=Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=201|pages=105183|date=January 2020|pmid=31542372|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Weil, ubwoko bukomeye bwa leptospirose, itera umuhondo (uruhu n'amaso bihinduka umuhondo), kunanirwa kw'[[impyiko]] no kuva amaraso. Kuva amaraso mu bihaha biterwa na leptospirose byitwa «''syndrome'' ikomeye yo kuva amaraso mu bihaha».&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'ikwirakwira ==
Ubwoko burenga icumi bwa ''Leptospira'' butera indwara ku bantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Picardeau2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picardeau M|title=Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=15|issue=5|pages=297–307|date=May 2017|pmid=28260786|doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2017.5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyamaswa zo mu gasozi n'izo mu rugo zishobora gukwirakwiza iyi ndwara, cyane cyane imbeba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alison2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Alison |first1=B Lane |last2=Michael |first2=M Dore |name-list-style=vanc |title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence based diagnosis, treatment and prevention |journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2016-11-25 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagiteri yandurira ku bantu binyuze mu nkari z'inyamaswa, cyangwa mu mazi n'ubutaka byanduzwa n'izo nkari, iyo bigeze ku maso, ku munwa, ku mazuru cyangwa ku ruhu rwakomeretse.

Mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ikunze kwibasira abahinzi n'abakene batuye ahantu hafite isuku nke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt; Mu bihugu bikize, ibaho nyuma y'imvura nyinshi cyangwa mu bikorwa byo hanze mu turere dushyuha kandi dutose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma, kwirinda no kuvura ==
Akenshi isuzumwa hapimwa ''anticorps'' zirwanya bagiteri cyangwa ADN yayo mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoey2020&quot; /&gt;

Kuyirinda bikubiyemo kwambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda igihe ukorana n'inyamaswa zishobora kuba zanduye, gukaraba nyuma yo gukora ku mbeba no kugabanya imbeba aho abantu batuye n'aho bakorera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Karpagam KB, Ganesh B|title=Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases|date=January 2020|pmid=31898795|doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Doxycycline'' ifasha kwirinda kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; Inkingo z'abantu zigira akamaro gake,&lt;ref name=&quot;Teixeira2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Teixeira AF, Fernandes LG, Cavenague MF, Takahashi MB, Santos JC, Passalia FJ, Daroz BB, Kochi LT, Vieira ML, Nascimento AL|display-authors=6|title=Adjuvanted leptospiral vaccines: Challenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines|journal=Vaccine|volume=37|issue=30|pages=3961–3973|date=July 2019|pmid=31186193|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.087}}&lt;/ref&gt; naho iz'amatungo ziraboneka cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ellis WA|title=Animal leptospirosis|journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|volume=387|pages=99–137|date=2015|pmid=25388134|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6|isbn=978-3-662-45058-1&lt;!-- |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (including this removes italics from journal title - unnecessary?---&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwanduye avurwa n'imiti yica bagiteri nka ''doxycycline'', ''pénicilline'' cyangwa ''ceftriaxone''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alison2016&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange, 5–10 % by'abarwayi barapfa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Evangelista2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evangelista KV, Coburn J |title=Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1413–25 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20860485 |pmc=3037011 |doi=10.2217/fmb.10.102}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko iyo ibihaha byafashwe, ibyago byo gupfa bigera kuri 50–70 %.

== Uko ikwirakwiye ==
Bivugwa ko buri mwaka abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe ku isi barwara leptospirose, abagera ku 58 900 bakayihitanwa na yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Costa2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI|display-authors=6|title=Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e0003898|year=2015|pmid=26379143|pmc=4574773|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikunze kugaragara mu turere dushyuha ariko ishobora kuboneka ahantu hose,&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; kandi ibyorezo bishobora kuvuka nyuma y'imvura nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karpagm2020&quot; /&gt; Yasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuganga Adolf Weil mu 1886 mu [[Ubudage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=547-548|edition=10th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA547|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115032428/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Konsa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, ifoto y'u Rwanda, imibare ya OMS 2026, inyandiko zivuguruwe (dead/live), ibisobanuro byakosowe</comment>
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      <text bytes="10725" sha1="1fcs0m203sl5v7tnhz8whoo4eotlkuj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Breastfeeding infant.jpg|thumb|Umubyeyi wonsa umwana]]
'''Konsa''' (mu Gifaransa: ''allaitement maternel''; mu Cyongereza: ''breastfeeding'') ni uguha [[Umwana|abana]] bato amata y'ibere ry'umubyeyi. Abahanga mu by'ubuzima basaba ko umwana atangira konka mu isaha ya mbere avutse, kandi akonka buri gihe abishatse.

Konsa bigirira akamaro umwana n'umubyeyi: birinda umwana indwara nyinshi kandi bihendutse kurusha amata y'ifu. [[WHO|Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima]] usaba konsa gusa mu mezi atandatu ya mbere, hanyuma bigakomeza kugeza ku myaka ibiri cyangwa irenga.

== Uko bikorwa ==
Konsa ni uguha abana bato amata y'ibere ry'umubyeyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Breastfeeding and Breast Milk: Condition Information|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155223/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisabwa ko bitangira mu isaha ya mbere y'ubuzima bw'umwana, kandi bigakorwa kenshi uko umwana abishaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|title=Infant and young child feeding Fact sheet N°342|publisher=WHO|date=February 2014|access-date=8 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145357/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|archive-date=8 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding.|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk|journal=Pediatrics|volume=129|issue=3|pages=e827–41|date=March 2012|pmid=22371471|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805091230/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|url-status=live|archive-date=5 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu byumweru bya mbere, abana bashobora konka buri masaha abiri cyangwa atatu, buri gihe iminota icumi kugeza kuri cumi n'itanu kuri buri bere.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014How&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How do I breastfeed? Skip sharing on social media links|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155211/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abana bakuru bonka gake.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICHDwean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is weaning and how do I do it?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102841/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ababyeyi bashobora gukama amata yabo kugira ngo azakoreshwe nyuma igihe konsa bidashoboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013&quot; /&gt;

== Akamaro ==
Konsa bigirira akamaro kenshi umubyeyi n'umwana, amata y'ifu atabasha gutanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IP2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Trikalinos TA, Lau J|title=A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries|journal=Breastfeeding Medicine|volume=4 Suppl 1|pages=S17–30|date=October 2009|pmid=19827919|doi=10.1089/bfm.2009.0050}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konsa abana benshi byashobora kurinda impfu z'abana bagera ku 820 000 bari munsi y'imyaka itanu buri mwaka ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC|title=Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10017|pages=475–90|date=January 2016|pmid=26869575|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigabanya ibyago by'indwara z'ubuhumekero n'[[Impiswi|impiswi]], haba mu bihugu bikennye cyangwa ibikize.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt; Bigabanya kandi ibyago bya asima, aleriji z'ibiryo na [[Ubwoko 1 bwa diyabete|diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1]],&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt; bishobora kongera imikurire y'ubwonko no kugabanya ibyago byo kubyibuha bikabije umuntu amaze gukura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ababyeyi bashobora kumva bahatirwa konsa, ariko mu bihugu bikize abana bahabwa amata y'ifu muri rusange bakura neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawrence2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|date=1 January 2011|isbn=978-1-4377-0788-5|first=Ruth A.|last=Lawrence|first2=Robert Michael|last2=Lawrence|pages=227–228}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku mubyeyi, konsa bigabanya kuva amaraso nyuma yo kubyara, bifasha umura gusubirana vuba no kugabanya agahinda gakabije gakurikira kubyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt; Bitinza kandi kongera kujya mu mihango no gusama (''aménorrhée lactationnelle'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe kirekire, bigabanya ibyago bya [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]], indwara z'umutima n'imitsi na [[Rumatisime ya rubagimpande|rubagimpande]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot; /&gt; Konsa kandi birahendutse kurusha amata y'ifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;APP1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding|journal=Pediatrics|volume=100|issue=6|pages=1035–9|date=December 1997|pmid=9411381|doi=10.1542/peds.100.6.1035|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023001839/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICHDbenef&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the benefits of breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810214206/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|archive-date=10 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inama ==
Imiryango y'ubuzima, harimo n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima (OMS), isaba konsa gusa mu mezi atandatu ya mbere,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kr2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kramer MS, Kakuma R|title=Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|issue=8|pages=CD003517|date=August 2012|pmid=22895934|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2|pmc=7154583}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ukuvuga nta bindi biribwa cyangwa ibinyobwa, uretse wenda vitamine D.&lt;ref name=&quot;NICHDrec&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the recommendations for breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814050651/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|archive-date=14 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo gutangira guha umwana ibindi biribwa ku mezi atandatu, birasabwa gukomeza konsa kugeza ku mwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri, cyangwa birenga.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt;

Indwara zibuza umubyeyi konsa ni nke cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAP2012&quot; /&gt; Ababyeyi bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bimwe na bimwe ntibagomba konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAPmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|website=AAP.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213426/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NICHDnot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Are there any special conditions or situations in which I should not breastfeed?|website=NICHD|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102847/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunywa itabi, inzoga nke cyangwa [[ikawa]] si impamvu zo kureka konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHSalc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|title=Breastfeeding and alcohol|date=2017-12-21|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110239/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|archive-date=1 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NHSdiet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and diet|date=2018-03-26|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807233307/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|archive-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCtob&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|title=Tobacco Use &amp;#124; Breastfeeding &amp;#124; CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151407/http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|archive-date=9 August 2016|date=2018-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uko bihagaze ku isi ==
[[Dosiye:Exclusive breastfeeding rate, 1986 to 2020, RWA.svg|thumb|left|Igipimo cy'abana bonka gusa mu [[Rwanda]] (1986–2020)]]
Ku isi, hafi 47 % by'abana bari hagati y'amezi 0 na 6 ni bo bonka gusa (2018–2025).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Infant and young child feeding |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding |website=World Health Organization |date=2026-08-04 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] mu 2015, 83 % by'ababyeyi batangiye konsa, ariko ku mezi atandatu 58 % gusa ni bo bari bakonsa, naho 25 % bonsa gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2018Rate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results: Breastfeeding Rates|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|website=CDC|access-date=9 December 2018|language=en-us|date=1 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207150158/https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Ibibyimba</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, ibisobanuro byakosowe (udusimba, ibicurane, inyama), inyandiko za PubMed Health (dead)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4825" sha1="a5e8n4tlskarhzjc2fgj7pdsutr4ql3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Ibibyimba
| synonyms = ''Verrues'' (Igifaransa), ''warts'' (Icyongereza)
| image = Will you marry me warts and all?.jpg
| caption = Ikibyimba mu kiganza, munsi y'urutoki rwa mukubitarukoko
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'uruhu (''dermatologie'')
| symptoms = Utubyimba duto ku ruhu, cyane cyane ku biganza, ku birenge cyangwa ku myanya ndangagitsina
| duration = Amezi kugeza ku myaka
| causes = ''Papillomavirus'' y'umuntu (HPV)
| risks = Ubwogero rusange, ''eczéma'', ubudahangarwa buke
| treatment = ''Acide salicylique'', ''cryothérapie'', kubaga
| frequency = Bikunze kugaragara cyane
}}
'''Ibibyimba''' (mu Gifaransa: ''verrues''; mu Cyongereza: ''warts'') ni utubyimba duto, dukomeye, dufite ibara risa n'iry'uruhu, biterwa na virusi ya ''papillomavirus'' y'umuntu (HPV). Bikunze kuza ku biganza no ku birenge, kandi si [[kanseri]].

Bikunze kugaragara cyane, kandi akenshi bishira ubwabyo mu mezi cyangwa imyaka. Kuvurwa bishobora kwihutisha gukira, hakoreshejwe nka ''acide salicylique'' cyangwa ''cryothérapie''.

== Ibimenyetso n'ubwoko ==
[[Dosiye:Dornwarzen.jpg|thumb|left|Ibibyimba munsi y'ikirenge (''verrues plantaires'')]]
Ibibyimba ni utubyimba duto, dukomeye, dufite ibara risa n'iry'uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Loo|first=SK|last2=Tang|first2=WY|title=Warts (non-genital)|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=12 June 2014|volume=2014|pmid=24921240|pmc=4054795}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Warts: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072770/|date=30 July 2014|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145251/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072770/|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ntibitera ibindi bimenyetso, keretse iyo biri munsi y'ibirenge, aho bishobora kubabaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt; Akenshi biza ku biganza no ku birenge, ariko bishobora no kuza ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kuza kimwe cyangwa byinshi,&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt; kandi si kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt;

Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibibyimba: ibibyimba bisanzwe, ibyo munsi y'ibirenge, ibibyimba birebire kandi binanutse (''filiformes'') n'ibyo ku myanya ndangagitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt; Ibyo ku myanya ndangagitsina akenshi [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|byandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Henry|last=W Buck|title=Warts (genital)|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=13 August 2010|volume=2010|pmid=21418685|pmc=3217761}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamvu ==
Ibibyimba biterwa n'ubwandu bw'ubwoko bumwe bwa ''papillomavirus'' y'umuntu (HPV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Ibyongera ibyago ni ugukoresha ubwogero rusange, gukora ku nyama mbisi (nk'abacuruzi b'inyama), ''eczéma'' n'ubudahangarwa buke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko virusi yinjira mu mubiri inyuze ahantu uruhu rwakomeretse gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura ==
Iyo bitavuwe, ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibibyimba bushira ubwabwo mu mezi cyangwa imyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura bushobora kwihutisha gukira, harimo ''acide salicylique'' isigwa ku ruhu na ''cryothérapie'' (gukonjesha cyane).&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite ubuzima bwiza, ubusanzwe ntibiteza ibibazo bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Ibibyimba byo ku myanya ndangagitsina bivurwa mu buryo butandukanye n'ubundi bwoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2014&quot; /&gt;

== Uko bikwirakwiye ==
Ibibyimba birakunze kugaragara cyane, abantu benshi babirwara igihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PubMed2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2016-11-06|title=Papillomas (Warts) – National Library of Medicine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022704/|website=PubMed Health|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145250/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022704/|archive-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibitari ku myanya ndangagitsina bifata 1–13 % by'abaturage,&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; cyane cyane urubyiruko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loo2014&quot; /&gt; Ibyo ku myanya ndangagitsina bifata hafi 12 % by'abagore bakora imibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hen2010&quot; /&gt; Ibibyimba byasobanuwe nibura kuva mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Yezu na Hippocrate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bo2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bope|first=Edward T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Rick D.|title=Conn's Current Therapy 2012|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733057|page=275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFIi40hGC9oC&amp;pg=PT310|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFIi40hGC9oC&amp;pg=PT310|archive-date=2016-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Herpes]]
* [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>a5e8n4tlskarhzjc2fgj7pdsutr4ql3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norepinephrine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142170</id>
      <parentid>141501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, ibisobanuro byakosowe (£4,40), ihuza ku mpapuro z'abakoresha ryakuweho</comment>
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      <text bytes="3410" sha1="c3wm8ebdvr20t4fwz5851hk595xy0uc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Norepinephrine
| image = Norepinephrine chemical structure.svg
| width = 180
| image2 = Noradrenaline-from-xtal-view-1-3D-bs-17.png
| tradename = Levophed, n'andi
| routes_of_administration = Mu mutsi (''intraveineuse'')
| ATC_prefix = C01
| ATC_suffix = CA03
}}
'''Norepinephrine''', izwi kandi nka ''noradrénaline'', ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura abantu bafite umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi cyane. Itangwa iterwa buhoro buhoro mu mutsi, kandi ni molekile imwe n'umusemburo n'umutumwa w'imyakura (''neurotransmetteur'') witwa norepinephrine.

Yavumbuwe mu 1946, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] mu 1950. Iboneka nk'umuti rusange.

== Ikoreshwa ==
[[Dosiye:Norepinephrine 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Agacupa ka norepinephrine]]
Norepinephrine ikoreshwa mu kuvura umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Norepinephrine Bitartrate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/norepinephrine-bitartrate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=26 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230032/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/norepinephrine-bitartrate.html|archive-date=26 March 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230032/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/norepinephrine-bitartrate.html |date=26 March 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni umuti usanzwe ukoreshwa muri ''sepsis'' iyo umuvuduko w'amaraso utazamutse nyuma yo guterwa amazi mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Surgical&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Latifi|first=Rifat|title=Surgical Decision Making: Beyond the Evidence Based Surgery|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319298245|page=67|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2Z8YDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA67|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165820/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2Z8YDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA67|archive-date=2017-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni molekile imwe n'umusemburo n'umutumwa w'imyakura norepinephrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Ikora ifata kandi igakangura ''récepteurs'' za ''alpha-adrénergiques''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka mbi ==
Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara ni ukuribwa umutwe, umutima utera gahoro no guhangayika. Izindi ni [[Arrhythmia|umutima utera nabi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Iyo umuti usohotse mu mutsi, ushobora gutera ''ischémie'' y'ingingo;&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; icyo gihe gutera ''phentolamine'' ahangiritse bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka n'igiciro ==
Norepinephrine yavumbuwe mu 1946, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences|date=2014|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780123851581|page=224|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA224|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165724/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC&amp;pg=RA1-PA224|archive-date=2017-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iboneka nk'umuti rusange (''générique'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2017&quot; /&gt; Mu [[Ubwongereza]], agacupa kamwe katwara NHS hafi £4,40.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF69&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=145|edition=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Arrhythmia]]

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>c3wm8ebdvr20t4fwz5851hk595xy0uc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indwara z'ibihumyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142167</id>
      <parentid>141562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zari zibuze (WHO2007, Pink2012) zongewemo, ibisobanuro byakosowe</comment>
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      <text bytes="8715" sha1="obzs98e23w0xrww3bgy04t3k866mue3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Indwara z'ibihumyo
| synonyms = ''Oreillons'' (Igifaransa), ''mumps'' (Icyongereza)
| image = Mumps PHIL 130 lores.jpg
| caption = Umwana ufite ibihumyo: kubyimba kw'imvubura za ''parotide''
| field = Indwara zandura
| symptoms = Umuriro, kuribwa imikaya, kuribwa umutwe, kubyimba kw'imvubura za ''parotide''
| complications = ''Méningite'', ''pancréatite'', kutumva burundu, kubyimba kw'amabya
| onset = Iminsi 16–18 nyuma yo kwandura
| duration = Iminsi 7–10
| causes = Virusi y'ibihumyo
| prevention = Urukingo rw'ibihumyo
| medication = [[Paracetamol]]
| deaths = Umuntu 1 ku 10 000 banduye
}}
'''Indwara z'ibihumyo''' (mu Gifaransa: ''oreillons''; mu Cyongereza: ''mumps'') ni indwara iterwa na virusi y'ibihumyo. Irangwa no kubyimba kubabaza kw'imvubura z'amacandwe za ''parotide'', nyuma y'umuriro no kumva utameze neza.

Irandura cyane binyuze mu bitonyanga by'ubuhumekero. Ishobora kwirindwa n'urukingo rufatwa inshuro ebyiri, kandi ntigira umuti wihariye. Mbere y'urukingo yari indwara isanzwe y'abana ku isi hose.

== Ibimenyetso n'ingorane ==
Ibimenyetso bya mbere akenshi ni umuriro, kuribwa imikaya, kuribwa umutwe, kubura ubushake bwo kurya no kumva utameze neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Mumps virus vaccines |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |publisher=World Health Organization |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=51–60 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17304707 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bai5th&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bailey's head and neck surgery—otolaryngology|date=2013|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|editor1-last=Johnson |editor1-first=Jonas T. |editor2-last=Rosen |editor2-first=Clark A.|isbn=9781609136024|edition=5th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=863599053}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikurikirwa no kubyimba kubabaza kw'imvubura imwe cyangwa zombi za ''parotide''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bai5th&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bigaragara nyuma y'iminsi 16 kugeza kuri 18 umuntu yanduye, bigashira nyuma y'iminsi 7 kugeza kuri 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; Bikunze gukomera ku bantu bakuru kurusha ku bana,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; naho hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abanduye bagira ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa ntibagire na kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt;

Ingorane zishobora kuba ''méningite'' (15 %), [[Pancreatite|''pancréatite'']] (4 %), kubyimba k'[[umutima]], kutumva burundu no kubyimba kw'amabya, gake bigatera ubugumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bai5th&quot; /&gt; Abagore bashobora kubyimba udusabo tw'intanga, ariko ibyo ntibyongera ibyago byo kutabyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hviid2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors = Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K |title = Mumps |journal = The Lancet |volume = 371 |issue = 9616 |pages = 932–44 |date = March 2008 |pmid = 18342688 |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5 |url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/132b696aeae7700a51c70bf3dcf9bca42d594846 |access-date = 26 June 2020 |archive-date = 13 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200913053559/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mumps-Hviid-Rubin/132b696aeae7700a51c70bf3dcf9bca42d594846 |url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913053559/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mumps-Hviid-Rubin/132b696aeae7700a51c70bf3dcf9bca42d594846 |date=13 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hafi umuntu umwe ku 10 000 banduye arapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira n'isuzuma ==
[[Dosiye:Mumps virus, negative stained TEM 8758 lores.jpg|thumb|left|Virusi y'ibihumyo irebewe mu cyuma kireba utuntu duto cyane (''microscope électronique'')]]
Indwara irandura cyane kandi ikwirakwira vuba mu bantu babana hafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=RK|last2=Best|first2=J|last3=MacMahon|first3=E|title=Mumps and the UK epidemic 2005.|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=14 May 2005|volume=330|issue=7500|pages=1132–5|pmid=15891229|doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1132|pmc=557899}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Virusi]] yandurira mu bitonyanga by'ubuhumekero cyangwa mu gukoranaho n'uwanduye, kandi abantu ni bo bonyine bayandura bakanayikwirakwiza. Umuntu yanduza kuva ku minsi irindwi mbere y'uko ''parotide'' zibyimba kugeza ku minsi umunani nyuma yaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kutty2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kutty PK, Kyaw MH, Dayan GH, Brady MT, Bocchini JA, Reef SE, Bellini WJ, Seward JF|title=Guidance for isolation precautions for mumps in the United States: a review of the scientific basis for policy change|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2010-06-15_50_12/page/1619|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=15 June 2010|volume=50|issue=12|pages=1619–28|doi=10.1086/652770|pmid=20455692|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo umuntu akize, agira ubudahangarwa ubuzima bwe bwose;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; kongera kwandura birashoboka ariko bikaba byoroheje.

Ubusanzwe indwara ikekwa iyo ''parotide'' zabyimbye, ikemezwa no guhinga virusi ivuye mu muyoboro w'amacandwe wa ''parotide''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |editor1-last=Atkinson |editor1-first=William |editor2-last=Wolfe |editor2-first=Charles |editor3-last=Hamborsky |editor3-first=Jennifer |chapter=Mumps |title=Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases |edition=12th |date=2012 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Foundation |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gupima ''IgM'' mu maraso biroroshye kandi bifasha, ariko bishobora gutanga igisubizo kitari cyo ku bantu bakingiwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pink2012&quot; /&gt;

== Kwirinda no kuvura ==
Indwara z'ibihumyo zirindwa n'urukingo rufatwa inshuro ebyiri. Ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere byarushyize muri gahunda yabyo yo gukingira, akenshi ruvanze n'inkingo z'iseru, ''rubéole'' na ''varicelle''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; Nta muti wihariye uyivura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; Ubuvuzi bugamije kugabanya ibimenyetso hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ububabare nka [[paracetamol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hviid2008&quot; /&gt; ''Immunoglobulines'' ziterwa mu mitsi zishobora gufasha mu ngorane zimwe na zimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hviid2008&quot; /&gt; Kujyanwa mu bitaro bishobora kuba ngombwa iyo havutse ''méningite'' cyangwa ''pancréatite''.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2005&quot; /&gt;

== Uko ikwirakwiye ==
Gukingira byagabanyije umubare w'abarwara ku kigero kirenga 90 %.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Manisha|last2=Gnann|first2=John W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-53266-2|pages=2172-2174|edition=26th|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA2172&amp;dq=monkeypox&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=345. Mumps|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526223013/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA2172&amp;dq=monkeypox&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho gukingira bidakwiriye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jung2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Junghanss|first=Thomas|title=Manson's tropical diseases.|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7020-5306-1|page=261|edition=23rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTjRAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA261|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513194608/https://books.google.com/books?id=GTjRAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA261|archive-date=13 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbere y'urukingo, yari indwara isanzwe y'abana ku isi hose,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; ibyorezo bikaba buri myaka ibiri kugeza kuri itanu,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt; cyane cyane ku bana bafite hagati y'imyaka 5 na 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Di Pietrantonj|first=C|last2=Rivetti|first2=A|last3=Marchione|first3=P|last4=Debalini|first4=MG|last5=Demicheli|first5=V|title=Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=April 2020|volume=4|page=CD004407|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4|pmid=32309885|url=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4/epdf/full|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2022-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211194810/https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4/epdf/full|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bakingiwe, abari mu kigero cy'imyaka 20 ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hviid2008&quot; /&gt; Mu turere dushyuha, iboneka umwaka wose, naho mu turere tw'ubukonje ikunze kuboneka mu gihe cy'ubukonje n'urugaryi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007&quot; /&gt;

Kubyimba kubabaza kw'imvubura za ''parotide'' n'amabya byasobanuwe bwa mbere na Hippocrate mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yezu.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Virusi]]
* [[Pancreatite]]
* [[Herpes]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anencephaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142157</id>
      <parentid>141506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, ibisobanuro byakosowe, inyandiko zivuguruwe (NINDS, CDC)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3143" sha1="1rixmtomx7gn4aqk9ceicb1bok2lqwm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Anencephaly
| image = Anencephaly-web.jpg
| caption = Igishushanyo cy'umwana ufite ''anencéphalie''
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'abana, ''génétique''
| symptoms = Kubura igice kinini cy'ubwonko n'agahanga
| risks = Kubura ''folate''
| prevention = Umubyeyi gufata aside folike (vitamine B&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;)
| prognosis = Urupfu mu masaha cyangwa iminsi mike nyuma yo kuvuka
| frequency = 1 kuri 4 762 bavuka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika
}}
'''Anencephaly''' (mu Gifaransa: ''anencéphalie'') ni ukubura igice kinini cy'[[ubwonko]] n'agahanga, bitewe n'ikibazo cyo mu mikurire y'umwana akiri mu nda. Ni bumwe mu bumuga bw'umuyoboro w'imyakura (''tube neural'').

Ishobora kugaragara mbere yo kuvuka. Kuyirinda bishingiye ku kongera aside folike mu ndyo y'umubyeyi. Abana bavukana na yo benshi bapfa mu masaha cyangwa iminsi mike.

== Ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:Ultrasound Scan ND 066.jpg|thumb|left|Isuzuma rya ''échographie'' ku mwana uri mu nda ufite ''anencéphalie'']]
''Anencéphalie'' ni ukubura igice kinini cy'ubwonko n'agahanga bitewe n'ibibazo mu mikurire y'umwana akiri mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tafuri|first=SM|last2=Lui|first2=F|title=Embryology, Anencephaly|date=January 2020|pmid=31424828|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abana bafite iyi ndwara ntibabona, ntibumva kandi nta bwenge bagira, ntibashobora kumva ububabare. Ariko bashobora kugira ibikorwa by'ikiyoborere (''réflexes''), nko guhumeka cyangwa kwitaba amajwi n'ugukorwaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anencephaly |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/anencephaly |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Bikekwa ko iterwa n'ibintu byinshi, birimo kubura ''folate'', imiti imwe n'imwe ivura igicuri, [[Indwara ya Diyabete|diyabete]], [[Vitamini A|vitamine A]] nyinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ni ubwoko bw'ubumuga bw'umuyoboro w'imyakura, buterwa n'uko impera y'imbere y'uwo muyoboro idafunga neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Mbere yo kuvuka, ishobora gukekwa iyo urugero rwa ''alpha-fœtoprotéine'' mu maraso y'umubyeyi ruri hejuru, ikemezwa na ''échographie''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Kwirinda no kuvura ==
Kuyirinda bishingiye ku kongera aside folike mu ndyo y'umubyeyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Umuti uvura igicuri witwa ''valproate'' ugomba kwirindwa mu gihe cyo gutwita, niba bishoboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Nta muti uyikiza; ubuvuzi butangwa ni ubwo kwita ku mwana gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot; /&gt; Iyo umwana avutse ari muzima, akenshi apfa mu masaha cyangwa iminsi mike nyuma yo kuvuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINDS&quot; /&gt;

== Uko ikwirakwiye ==
Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], umwana umwe kuri 4 762 avukana ''anencéphalie''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anencephaly |url=https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/anencephaly.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>1rixmtomx7gn4aqk9ceicb1bok2lqwm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Herpes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, amafoto (iya mbere yari iya zona), ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, imibare ya OMS 2025, inyandiko zivuguruwe</comment>
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      <text bytes="9338" sha1="710ffiphl5vqzc8c8e32177btg4o02l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Herpes
| synonyms = Herpes simplex
| image = Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores).jpg
| caption = Herpes yo mu kanwa ku munwa wo hasi: uduheri dukoranye (akambi)
| field = Indwara zandura
| symptoms = Uduheri tumeneka tukaba udusebe duto, umuriro, kubyimba kwa ''ganglions''
| duration = Ibyumweru 2–4
| causes = Virusi ya ''herpes simplex'' yandura binyuze mu gukoranaho
| risks = Ubudahangarwa buke, ''stress'', izuba
| diagnosis = Ibimenyetso, PCR, guhinga virusi
| medication = ''Aciclovir'', ''valaciclovir'', [[paracetamol]], ''lidocaïne''
| frequency = 60–95 % (abantu bakuru)
}}
'''Herpes''' (mu Cyongereza: ''herpes simplex'') ni indwara iterwa na virusi ya ''herpes simplex''. Itera uduheri duto dukoranye tumeneka tukaba udusebe, cyane cyane ku munwa (herpes yo mu kanwa) cyangwa ku myanya ndangagitsina (herpes yo mu gitsina). Virusi iguma mu mubiri ubuzima bwose, indwara ikagenda igaruka.

Hari ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi, HSV-1 na HSV-2. Ntirakingirwa kandi ntirakira, ariko imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ifasha kugabanya ibimenyetso. Abantu benshi ku isi baranduye, kandi abenshi ntibabizi.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Indwara zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe igice cy'umubiri cyanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=362-370|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=19. Viral diseases|access-date=2022-05-28|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604031910/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA362&amp;dq=human&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herpes yo mu kanwa ifata isura cyangwa umunwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2020&quot; /&gt; ikaba ishobora gutera uduheri duto dukoranye bita «ibisebe by'umuriro» cyangwa ububabare mu [[umuhogo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramaniam|first=R|last2=Kuperstein|first2=AS|last3=Stoopler|first3=ET|title=Update on oral herpes virus infections.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_dental-clinics-of-north-america_2014-04_58_2/page/n14|journal=Dental Clinics of North America|date=April 2014|volume=58|issue=2|pages=265–80|pmid=24655522|doi=10.1016/j.cden.2013.12.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosby&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mosby|title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323112581|pages=836–37|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906210724/https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&amp;pg=PA836|archive-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herpes yo mu gitsina ishobora kugira ibimenyetso bike cyangwa ikagira uduheri tumeneka tukaba udusebe duto, dukunze gukira mu byumweru bibiri kugeza kuri bine.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genital Herpes – CDC Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=31 December 2014|date=December 8, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122747/http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuribwa cyangwa kumva ibishyushye bishobora kubanziriza udusebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

Indwara igenda isimburana n'ibihe bitagira ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Ubwa mbere bikunze kuba bikomeye, bikajyana n'umuriro, kuribwa imikaya, kubyimba kwa ''ganglions'' no kuribwa umutwe; uko igihe gihita, ibihe by'indwara biragabanuka mu mubare no mu bukana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Virusi ishobora no gufata intoki,&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitlow&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=IB|last2=Schwartz|first2=RA|title=Herpetic whitlow.|journal=Cutis|date=March 2007|volume=79|issue=3|pages=193–06|pmid=17674583}}&lt;/ref&gt; amaso,&lt;ref name=&quot;Keratitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rowe|first=AM|last2=St Leger|first2=AJ|last3=Jeon|first3=S|last4=Dhaliwal|first4=DK|last5=Knickelbein|first5=JE|last6=Hendricks|first6=RL|title=Herpes keratitis.|journal=Progress in Retinal and Eye Research|date=January 2013|volume=32|pages=88–101|pmid=22944008|doi=10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002|pmc=3529813}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ubwonko]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HSVbrain&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=I|last2=Benninger|first2=F|title=Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|date=December 2013|volume=13|issue=12|pages=414|pmid=24142852|doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0414-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa impinja zikivuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;HSVpreg&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stephenson-Famy|first=A|last2=Gardella|first2=C|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection During Pregnancy.|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=41|issue=4|pages=601–14|pmid=25454993|doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2014.08.006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamvu n'ikwirakwira ==
[[Dosiye:Herpes simplex virus TEM B82-0474 lores.jpg|thumb|left|Virusi za ''herpes simplex'' zirebewe mu cyuma kireba utuntu duto cyane (''microscope électronique'')]]
HSV-1 ikunze gutera indwara zo ku munwa, naho HSV-2 igatera iz'imyanya ndangagitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Zandurira mu gukora ku mazi cyangwa ku dusebe tw'umuntu wanduye, kandi zishobora kwandura no mu gihe nta bimenyetso bihari.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Herpes yo mu gitsina iri mu [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina|ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina]], kandi ishobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe cyo kubyara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

Nyuma yo kwandura, virusi zijya mu turemangingo tw'imyakura aho ziguma ubuzima bwose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Indwara ishobora kugaruka bitewe n'ubudahangarwa bugabanutse, ''stress'' cyangwa [[izuba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elad S|title=A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea|journal=Support Care Cancer|volume=18|issue=8|pages=993–1006|date=August 2010|pmid=20544224|doi=10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3|last2=Zadik Y|last3=Hewson I|display-authors=3|last4=Hovan|first4=Allan|last5=Correa|first5=M. Elvira P.|last6=Logan|first6=Richard|last7=Elting|first7=Linda S.|last8=Spijkervet|first8=Fred K. L.|last9=Brennan|first9=Michael T.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Ubusanzwe herpes isuzumwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rishobora kwemezwa no guhinga virusi cyangwa gushakisha ADN yayo (PCR) mu mazi ava mu dusebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Gupima amaraso bishobora kwerekana ko umuntu yigeze kwandura, ariko ntibigaragaza ubwandu bushya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

== Kwirinda no kuvura ==
Uburyo bwizewe bwo kwirinda herpes yo mu gitsina ni ukwirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha [[agakingirizo]] bigabanya ibyago,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; kimwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ifatwa buri munsi n'uwanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt; Nta rukingo ruhari, kandi nta muti uyikiza burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

[[Paracetamol]] na ''lidocaïne'' isigwa ku ruhu bishobora kugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt; Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka ''aciclovir'' cyangwa ''valaciclovir'' igabanya ubukana bw'ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bal2014&quot; /&gt;

== Uko ikwirakwiye ==
Ku isi, abantu bakuru bari hagati ya 60 % na 95 % banduye HSV-1 cyangwa HSV-2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF|title=Herpes simplex|journal=Pediatr Rev|volume=30|issue=4|pages=119–29; quiz 130|date=April 2009|pmid=19339385|doi=10.1542/pir.30-4-119|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|access-date=2020-07-11|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828105541/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Herpes-simplex.-Chayavichitsilp-Buckwalter/c6007147e5b196be342f5881d263149ae404a32f|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; HSV-1 ikunze kwandura mu bwana, kandi umubare w'abanduye wiyongera uko abantu bakura.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt; Abanduye HSV-1 ni 70–80 % mu baturage bakennye, na 40–60 % mu bafite imibereho myiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peds09&quot; /&gt;

Mu 2020, abantu bagera kuri miliyari 3,8 bari munsi y'imyaka 50 (64 %) bari banduye HSV-1, naho abantu miliyoni 520 bafite hagati y'imyaka 15 na 49 (13 %) bari banduye HSV-2.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Herpes simplex virus |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus |website=World Health Organization |date=2025-05-30 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abenshi mu banduye HSV-2 ntibazi ko banduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014F&quot; /&gt;

== Izina ==
Izina ''herpes'' rikomoka ku Kigereki ''herpēs'', risobanura «gukwirakwira», ryerekeza ku buryo udusebe dukwirakwira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beswick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Beswick|first=TSL|title=The Origin and the Use of the Word Herpes|journal=Med Hist|volume=6|date=1962|issue=3|pages=214–232|doi=10.1017/S002572730002737X|pmid=13868599|pmc=1034725}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara zandurira mu mibonanompuzabitsina]]
* [[Agakingirizo]]
* [[Virusi]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>710ffiphl5vqzc8c8e32177btg4o02l</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Loratadine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142148</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:12:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zivuguruwe, ibisobanuro byakosowe, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="4555" sha1="1fwtt5p7zyglxw5wqd0gu2gd9keqw7g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Loratadine
| image = Loratadine.svg
| image2 = Loratadine - 3d, portrait orientation.png
| tradename = Claritin, Clarityn, n'andi
| routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa
| ATC_prefix = R06
| ATC_suffix = AX13
}}
'''Loratadine''', igurishwa ku izina rya ''Claritin'' n'andi, ni umuti urwanya ''histamine'' ukoreshwa mu kuvura aleriji, nk'ibicurane biterwa n'ifu y'ibyatsi (''rhinite allergique'') n'uduheri. Ufatwa mu kanwa.

Yahawe ipatanti mu 1980, igera ku isoko mu 1988. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima kandi iboneka nk'umuti rusange.

== Ikoreshwa ==
[[Dosiye:Fortune NT-Alergi tablet (contains Loratadine 10mg).jpg|thumb|left|Ibinini birimo loratadine (10 mg)]]
Loratadine ikoreshwa mu kuvura aleriji,&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loratadine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/loratadine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221001703/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/loratadine.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; harimo ''rhinite allergique'' (ifu y'ibyatsi) n'uduheri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Iboneka kandi ivanze na ''pseudoéphédrine'', umuti ugabanya kuziba kw'amazuru, ku izina rya loratadine/pseudoéphédrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Iri mu miti irwanya ''histamine'' yo mu gisekuru cya kabiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka mbi ==
Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara ni ugusinzira, kuma mu kanwa no kuribwa umutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Izikomeye ntizikunze kubaho; zirimo aleriji, igicuri n'ibibazo by'[[umwijima]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clarityn Allergy 10mg Tablets (P) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (eMC)|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/29550|date=7 October 2015|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=13 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220173725/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/29550|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] bisa n'aho nta kibazo biteza, ariko ntibirigwa neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;DrugsPreg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loratadine Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/loratadine.html|website=www.drugs.com|access-date=13 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221001209/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/loratadine.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntisabwa ku bana bari munsi y'imyaka ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2015&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka n'igiciro ==
Loratadine yahawe ipatanti mu 1980, igera ku isoko mu 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=549|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA549|access-date=2019-03-03|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043523/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA549|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi iboneka nk'umuti rusange (''générique'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Mu 2015, igiciro cyayo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere cyari hagati ya 0,01 na 0,06 by'amadolari y'Amerika ku kinini.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERC2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Loratadine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=925&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190537/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=925&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] igurwa nta rupapuro rwa muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Mu 2024, wari umuti wa 101 wandikwaga cyane muri icyo gihugu, ufite impapuro z'abaganga hafi miliyoni zirindwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClinCalc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Loratadine - Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Loratadine |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Finasteride</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142142</id>
      <parentid>141544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zivuguruwe, amahuza, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="8202" sha1="2emdki77de59dfxhuopk0k199l0g6wb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Finasteride
| image = Finasteride.svg
| width = 200
| image2 = Finasteride-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
| tradename = Proscar, Propecia, n'andi
| routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa
| ATC_prefix = G04
| ATC_suffix = CB01
}}
'''Finasteride''', igurishwa ku mazina ya ''Proscar'' na ''Propecia'' n'andi, ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura ''prostate'' yabyimbye no gupfuka umusatsi (uruhara) ku bagabo. Ufatwa mu kanwa.

Ni umuti ubuza ''5α-réductase'', bityo ukagabanya ikorwa rya ''dihydrotestostérone'' (DHT). Wemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1992 kandi uboneka nk'umuti rusange udahenze.

== Ikoreshwa ==
[[Dosiye:Finasteride bottle 5mg.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Icupa ry'ibinini bya finasteride (5 mg)]]
Finasteride ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura ''prostate'' yabyimbye no gupfuka umusatsi ku bagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Finasteride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/finasteride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=5 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002456/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/finasteride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kuvura ubwoya bwinshi ku bagore (''hirsutisme'') no mu kuvura hakoreshejwe imisemburo ku bagore bahinduye igitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlumePeytavi2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHrX2-huQCoC&amp;pg=PA369|title=Hair Growth and Disorders|last=Blume-Peytavi|first=Ulrike|last2=Whiting|first2=David A.|last3=Trüeb|first3=Ralph M.|date=26 June 2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-46911-7|pages=369|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111212011/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHrX2-huQCoC&amp;pg=PA369|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Transsexual2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Knezevich EL, Viereck LK, Drincic AT|title=Medical management of adult transsexual persons|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacotherapy_2012-01_32_1/page/54|journal=Pharmacotherapy|volume=32|issue=1|pages=54–66|date=January 2012|pmid=22392828|doi=10.1002/PHAR.1006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ni umuti ubuza ''5α-réductase'', bityo ukaba urwanya ''androgènes''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferri2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323084307|page=580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA580|language=en|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606214629/https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA580|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igabanya cyane ikorwa rya ''dihydrotestostérone'' (DHT), harimo no muri ''prostate'' no ku ruhu rw'umutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka mbi ==
Ingaruka mbi za finasteride ntizikunze kubaho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tacklind J, Fink HA, Macdonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ|title=Finasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=10|pages=CD006015|date=October 2010|pmid=20927745|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006015.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ariko bamwe mu bagabo bagira ibibazo mu [[Imibonano mpuzabitsina|mibonano mpuzabitsina]], [[Indwara y'agahinda|agahinda gakabije]] no [[Gynecomastia|kubyimba amabere]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zax2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zakhem|first=GA|last2=Goldberg|first2=JE|last3=Motosko|first3=CC|last4=Cohen|first4=BE|last5=Ho|first5=RS|title=Sexual dysfunction in men taking systemic dermatologic medication: A systematic review.|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|date=July 2019|volume=81|issue=1|pages=163–172|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.043|pmid=30905792|quote=In studies addressing reversibility, most of these patients have resolution of sexual adverse effects after discontinuation of finasteride, and many have improvement of adverse effects over time with continued finasteride use. However, some studies CAPSULE SUMMARY d Prescription medications are a common cause of sexual dysfunction. Possible sexual adverse effects should be discussed with men using these medications. d We identified evidence for sexual adverse effects in patients taking 11 systemic dermatologic medications. Level 1 evidence evaluating sexual dysfunction as a primary outcome was available for finasteride.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AArev2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Varothai S, Bergfeld WF|title=Androgenetic alopecia: an evidence-based treatment update|journal=American Journal of Clinical Dermatology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=217–30|date=July 2014|pmid=24848508|doi=10.1007/s40257-014-0077-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku bagabo bamwe, ibibazo mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bishobora gukomeza na nyuma yo guhagarika umuti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zax2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Traish|first=AM|title=Post-finasteride syndrome: a surmountable challenge for clinicians.|journal=Fertility and Sterility|date=January 2020|volume=113|issue=1|pages=21–50|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.030|pmid=32033719}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kandi kongera ibyago byo kurwara ubwoko bumwe bwa [[kanseri ya prostate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AArev2014&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka n'igiciro ==
Finasteride yahawe ipatanti mu 1984, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=483|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA483|language=en|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606214626/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA483|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iboneka nk'umuti rusange (''générique'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Sataloff2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert T|last=Sataloff|first2=Anthony P|last2=Sclafani|title=Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head &amp; Neck Surgery: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acswCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA400|date=30 November 2015|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5152-459-5|pages=400–|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112031637/https://books.google.com/books?id=acswCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA400|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi ntihenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=24-25|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2019, ukwezi kw'imiti kwatwaraga NHS yo mu [[Ubwongereza]] hafi £0,90,&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=769|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; naho muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] igiciro cyayo cyari hafi amadolari 2,30.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2024, wari umuti wa 81 wandikwaga cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, ufite impapuro z'abaganga zirenga miliyoni umunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClinCalc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finasteride - Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Finasteride |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kanseri ya prostate]]
* [[Minoxidil]]
* [[Gynecomastia]]

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lithiyumu (umuti)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Wikification: infobox, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zivuguruwe, ibiciro byakosowe, amahuza, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="5377" sha1="r97d9tc5el2sj5t7ymq373t1cm6rbak" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Lithiyumu
| image = Lithium carbonate ER 300 mg.jpg
| caption = ''Carbonate de lithium'': ibinini (300 mg) n'imiterere y'ikinyabutabire
| image2 = Lithium-carbonate2DCSD.svg
| tradename = Lithane, n'andi
| routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = AN01
}}
'''Lithiyumu''' (mu Cyongereza: ''lithium salts'') ni umuti ugizwe n'imyunyu ya lithiyumu, ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura [[indwara zo mu mutwe]], by'umwihariko indwara ya ''bipolaire''. Ufatwa mu kanwa kandi ushyirwa mu miti iringaniza imyumvire.

Ikoreshwa ryayo mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe ryatangijwe mu 1948 n'umuganga wo muri [[Ositaraliya]] John Cade. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.

== Ikoreshwa ==
Lithiyumu ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura indwara ya ''bipolaire'' no mu kuvura agahinda gakabije (''dépression'') kadakira nyuma yo gukoresha indi miti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lithium Salts|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Dec 1, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101020/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html|archive-date=2015-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri izi ndwara, igabanya ibyago byo kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cipriani2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cipriani|first=A|last2=Hawton|first2=K|last3=Stockton|first3=S|last4=Geddes|first4=JR|title=Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=27 June 2013|volume=346|pages=f3646|pmid=23814104|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3646.long|doi=10.1136/bmj.f3646|doi-access=free|access-date=7 May 2018|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221354/https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3646.long|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Imyunyu ya lithiyumu ishyirwa mu miti iringaniza imyumvire (''régulateurs de l'humeur'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo ikora ntiburamenyekana neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka mbi ==
Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara ni ukwihagarika kenshi, guhinda kw'amaboko no kugira inyota nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Izikomeye ni ''hypothyroïdie'', [[Diyabete bita ko yapfubye|diyabete insipidus]] n'uburozi bwa lithiyumu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Birasabwa gupima kenshi urugero rwayo mu maraso kugira ngo hirindwe uburozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo urugero rwayo rubaye rwinshi cyane, hashobora kuza [[impiswi]], [[kuruka]], guhuza imikorere nabi, gusinzira cyane no kuvuza mu matwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Iyo ikoreshejwe mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], ishobora guteza ibibazo ku mwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Bisa n'aho ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo konsa, ariko umwana agakurikiranwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LactMed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lithium use while Breastfeeding|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lithium.html|publisher=LactMed|access-date=1 December 2015|date=2015-03-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208194527/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/lithium.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mu kinyejana cya 19, lithiyumu yakoreshwaga mu kuvura ''goutte'', igicuri na [[kanseri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sne2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug discovery : a history|date=2005|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester|isbn=9780471899792|page=63|edition=Rev. and updated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&amp;pg=PA63|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908170953/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&amp;pg=PA63|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa ryayo mu kuvura [[indwara zo mu mutwe]] ryatangijwe mu 1948 na John Cade wo muri [[Ositaraliya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sne2005&quot; /&gt;

== Igiciro n'ikoreshwa ==
Lithiyumu iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iboneka nk'umuti rusange (''générique'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Mu 2014, igiciro cyayo cyo kugurisha mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere cyari hagati ya 0,12 na 0,20 by'amadolari y'Amerika ku munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lithium Carbonate|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=481&amp;searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072952/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=481&amp;searchYear=2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2024, wari umuti wa 167 wandikwaga cyane muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ufite impapuro z'abaganga zirenga miliyoni eshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClinCalc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lithium - Drug Usage Statistics |website=ClinCalc |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lithium |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]]
* [[Haloperidol]]
* [[Diyabete bita ko yapfubye]]

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ubwivu bw'imitsi yo mu mpande</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4234" sha1="np65j5jcsypwelzbnxi1nqli5okux63" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Patient with Giant Axonal Neuropathy (MRI).webp|thumb|Ubwivu bw'imitsi yo mu mpande]]
'''Indwara ya peripheral neuropathy''', rimwe na rimwe ikaba '''iy’imitsi''', ni ukwangiza imitsi yo mu mpande, bivuze imitsi ihuza [[ubwonko]] n’umugongo n’igice cyose cy’umubiri.  Ibimenyetso biterwa n'ubwoko bw'imitsi igize ikibazo.&lt;ref name=NIH2023&gt;{{cite web |title=Peripheral Neuropathy |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826074630/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826074630/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy |date=26 August 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo intege nke z'imitsi, guhindagura, cyangwa gushyuha; kugira ibinya, ububabare bw'imitsi, cyangwa kuringaniza nabi; cyangwa kugira ikibazo cy'ubushyuhe, ibyuya byinshi, cyangwa ingorane zo kumira.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Gutangira bishobora kuba mu minsi cyangwa imyaka.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Akenshi bitangirira ku maguru yo hasi n'amaboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Castelli|first=G|last2=Desai|first2=KM|last3=Cantone|first3=RE|title=Peripheral Neuropathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis.|journal=American family physician|date=15 December 2020|volume=102|issue=12|pages=732-739|pmid=33320513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubwoko busanzwe burimo indwara ya diyabete, indwara ya alcoholic neuropathy, [[indwara ya Guillain-Barré]], indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome, meralgia paresthetica, na complex regional pain syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo imvune, amaraso adatembera neza, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ibibazo by'impyiko cyangwa umwijima, kubura vitamine B12, [[Vitamini B6|kubura vitamine B6]], indwara za paraneoplastic, imiti imwe n'imwe irimo chimiotherapie, genetics, shingles, [[indwara ya Lyme]], na VIH/SIDA; nubwo impamvu ishobora kuba idasobanutse neza.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'isuzuma.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Gupima amaraso muri rusange bikorwa kugira ngo harebwe diyabete, vitamine, umwijima, tiroyide n'imikorere y'impyiko; mu gihe gupima poroteyine zidasanzwe nabyo bishobora gukorwa.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bizamini bishobora kuba birimo umuvuduko wo kohereza imitsi, electromyography, cyangwa biopsy y'imitsi.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt;

Iyo impamvu nyamukuru ishobora gukemurwa, gukira bishobora kubaho uko igihe kigenda gihita.  Izindi ngamba zishobora gufasha zirimo kureka kunywa itabi, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no kugenzura isukari mu maraso.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Indwara z’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri zishobora koroherwa n’imiti nka prednisone, cyclosporine, cyangwa azathioprine.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Plasmapheresis bishobora no gufasha mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt; Imiti yo kugabanya ububabare ishobora kuba ikubiyemo nortriptyline, duloxetine, cyangwa [[gabapentin]].&lt;ref name=NIH2023 /&gt;

Indwara y'imitsi yo mu bwonko ifata abantu bagera kuri 1 kugeza kuri 7%.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Ibi birimo abantu bagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abarwayi ba diyabete.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Birushaho kugaragara iyo umuntu amaze imyaka 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Ibisobanuro bisobanutse neza by’iyi ndwara byanditswe na Joseph Jules Dejerine kuva mu 1880.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ouvrier|first=Robert A.|last2=Ouvrier|first2=Robert|last3=Mcleod|first3=J. G.|last4=Pollard|first4=J. D.|title=Peripheral Neuropathy in Childhood|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-898683-17-9|chapter=1. Historical perspective: overview of paediatric aspects of the neuropathies|page=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dOeLTJ-_60oC&amp;pg=PA1|access-date=23 September 2023|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020150324/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dOeLTJ-_60oC&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>142099</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Wikification: infobox, ifoto, ibice (sections), RI nta nyandiko, inyandiko zakosowe (Reflist refs), amahuza y'imbere, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="5570" sha1="cjxz2grhayr8rg44ldfh1ccsrj5dwyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Ubwivu bw'imitsi yo mu mpande
| image = Vasculitic neuropathy - plastics - intermed mag.jpg
| caption = Imitsi yo mu mpande yangijwe no kubyimba kw'imitsi y'amaraso (vasculite), irebewe mu cyuma kireba utuntu duto (''microscope'')
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'imitsi n'ubwonko (''neurologie'')
| symptoms = Ibinya, kuribwa, intege nke z'imitsi, kuringaniza nabi
| causes = [[Indwara ya Diyabete|Diyabete]], [[Inzoga|inzoga]], kubura vitamine, indwara z'ubudahangarwa, imiti imwe n'imwe
| diagnosis = Ibimenyetso, isuzuma, gupima [[Amaraso|amaraso]], electromyography
| treatment = Kuvura impamvu nyamukuru, imiti igabanya ububabare
| frequency = 1–7 % by'abantu
}}
'''Ubwivu bw'imitsi yo mu mpande''' (mu Cyongereza: ''peripheral neuropathy'') ni ukwangirika kw'imitsi yo mu mpande, ari yo mitsi ihuza [[ubwonko]] n'urutirigongo n'ibindi bice by'[[Umubiri|umubiri]]. Ibimenyetso biterwa n'ubwoko bw'imitsi yangiritse, kandi akenshi bitangirira ku maguru no ku maboko.

Ikunze guterwa na [[Indwara ya Diyabete|diyabete]] n'[[Inzoga|inzoga]], ariko ifite izindi mpamvu nyinshi. Isuzumwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso no ku bizamini, ikavurwa hakemurwa impamvu yayo no kugabanya ububabare. Ifata abantu bagera kuri 1 kugeza kuri 7 %.

== Ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:TE-Nervous system diagram.svg|thumb|left|upright|Urwungano rw'imitsi: ubwonko n'urutirigongo (hagati) n'imitsi yo mu mpande (ijya mu mubiri wose)]]
Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba intege nke z'imitsi, guhindagurika kw'imitsi cyangwa kuyumva ishyuha; ibinya, ububabare cyangwa kuringaniza nabi; cyangwa kutihanganira ubushyuhe, kubira ibyuya byinshi n'ingorane zo kumira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gutangira mu minsi mike cyangwa mu myaka myinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bitangirira ku maguru yo hasi no ku maboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu ==
Ubwoko busanzwe burimo ubwivu buterwa na [[Indwara ya Diyabete|diyabete]], ubuterwa n'[[Inzoga|inzoga]], [[Indwara ya Guillain-Barré|indwara ya Guillain-Barré]] n'imitsi ifatiwe ku kiganza (''carpal tunnel syndrome'').&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo [[Igikomere|ibikomere]], amaraso adatembera neza, indwara z'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, indwara z'[[Impyiko|impyiko]] cyangwa z'[[Umwijima|umwijima]], kubura [[Vitamini B12|vitamine B12]] cyangwa [[Vitamini B6|B6]], imiti imwe n'imwe irimo iyivura [[Kanseri|kanseri]] (''chimiothérapie''), uruhererekane rw'imiterere (''génétique''), ''zona'', [[indwara ya Lyme]] na [[VIH/SIDA]]. Rimwe na rimwe impamvu ntimenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso no ku isuzuma ry'umurwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt; Gupima [[Amaraso|amaraso]] bikorwa kugira ngo harebwe diyabete, vitamine, imikorere y'umwijima, ya tiroyide n'iy'impyiko; hashobora no gupimwa poroteyine zidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bizamini birimo gupima umuvuduko w'ubutumwa mu mitsi, ''electromyography'' cyangwa gufata agace k'umutsi (''biopsie'').&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt;

== Ubuvuzi ==
Iyo impamvu nyamukuru ishobora gukemurwa, umurwayi ashobora gukira uko igihe gihita. Kureka kunywa [[Itabi|itabi]], gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri no kugenzura [[Isukari|isukari]] mu maraso nabyo bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt; Ubwivu buterwa n'indwara z'ubudahangarwa bushobora kuvurwa n'imiti nka prednisone, cyclosporine cyangwa azathioprine, rimwe na rimwe na ''plasmaphérèse''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt; Imiti igabanya ububabare irimo nortriptyline, duloxetine na [[gabapentin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira n'amateka ==
Ubwivu bw'imitsi yo mu mpande bufata abantu bagera kuri 1 kugeza kuri 7 %, bukaba bwiganje cyane ku barengeje imyaka 50; bufata kandi 25 kugeza kuri 50 % by'abarwayi ba diyabete.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot; /&gt; Ibisobanuro bya mbere bisobanutse by'iyi ndwara byanditswe n'umuganga w'Umufaransa Joseph Jules Dejerine guhera mu 1880.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouvrier1999&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peripheral Neuropathy |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826074630/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/peripheral-neuropathy |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Castelli |first=G. |last2=Desai |first2=K. M. |last3=Cantone |first3=R. E. |title=Peripheral Neuropathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis |journal=American Family Physician |date=2020-12-15 |volume=102 |issue=12 |pages=732–739 |pmid=33320513 |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1215/p732.html |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouvrier1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ouvrier |first=Robert A. |last2=McLeod |first2=J. G. |last3=Pollard |first3=J. D. |title=Peripheral Neuropathy in Childhood |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-898683-17-9 |chapter=1. Historical perspective: overview of paediatric aspects of the neuropathies |page=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dOeLTJ-_60oC&amp;pg=PA1 |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020150324/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dOeLTJ-_60oC&amp;pg=PA1 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara ya Diyabete]]
* [[Indwara ya Guillain-Barré]]
* [[Myasthenia gravis]]
* [[Sciatica]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cjxz2grhayr8rg44ldfh1ccsrj5dwyg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubwoko 1 bwa diyabete</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142127</id>
      <parentid>141572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:39:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikification: infobox, ibice, nta nyandiko mu iriburiro, inyandiko zisubirwamo (url-status), amahuza, ibyiciro</comment>
      <origin>142127</origin>
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      <text bytes="7962" sha1="lzrsb7heh6yypw8mee68loecvlla412" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1
| image = Blue circle for diabetes.svg
| caption = Uruziga rw'ubururu, ikimenyetso mpuzamahanga cya diyabete
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'imisemburo (''endocrinologie'')
| symptoms = Kwihagarika kenshi, inyota nyinshi, inzara nyinshi, kugabanuka ibiro
| complications = ''Ketoacidose'' ya diyabete, isukari nke mu maraso, indwara z'umutima, kwangirika kw'amaso, impyiko n'imitsi
| onset = Ubusanzwe mu bana no mu bakuru bakiri bato
| duration = Ubuzima bwose
| causes = Umubiri udakora insuline ihagije
| risks = Kugira umuntu wo mu muryango uyirwaye
| diagnosis = Gupima isukari mu maraso, HbA1C, ''autoantibodies''
| prevention = Nta buryo buzwi
| treatment = Insuline, indyo, imyitozo ngororamubiri
| frequency = 5–10 % by'abarwayi ba diyabete
}}
'''Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1''' (mu Cyongereza: ''type 1 diabetes'', T1D), yahoze yitwa ''diyabete y'abana'', ni ubwoko bwa [[Indwara ya Diyabete|diyabete]] aho ''pancreas'' ikora insuline nke cyane cyangwa ntiyikore na gato. Insuline ni umusemburo umubiri ukenera kugira ngo ukoreshe [[Glucose|isukari]] iri mu [[amaraso]].

Ubusanzwe itangira mu [[Umwana|bana]] no mu bakuru bakiri bato, ikagaragazwa no kwihagarika kenshi, inyota n'inzara nyinshi no kugabanuka ibiro. Nta buryo buzwi bwo kuyirinda; abayirwaye bakenera kuvurwa na insuline ubuzima bwabo bwose. Igize 5–10 % by'abarwayi bose ba diyabete.

== Ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:Blausen 0308 Diabetes Type1.png|thumb|left|Muri diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1, ''pancreas'' ntikora insuline ihagije]]
Mbere yo kuvurwa, iyi ndwara itera isukari nyinshi mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/causes|website=NIDDK|access-date=31 July 2016|date=August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810063435/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/causes|archive-date=10 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bisanzwe ni ukwihagarika kenshi, inyota nyinshi, inzara nyinshi no kugabanuka ibiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO|access-date=29 May 2017|date=November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba kutabona neza, umunaniro no gukira buhoro kw'ibikomere.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Type&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types|website=NIDDK|access-date=31 July 2016|date=February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162556/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara mu gihe gito.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Impamvu ya diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 ntizwi neza,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; ariko bikekwa ko iterwa n'uruvange rw'imiterere karande n'ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot; /&gt; Kugira umuntu wo mu muryango uyirwaye byongera ibyago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL|title=Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=37|issue=7|pages=2034–54|date=July 2014|pmid=24935775|pmc=5865481|doi=10.2337/dc14-1140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara iterwa no gusenyuka kw'uturemangingo twa beta two muri ''pancreas'' dukora insuline.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Type&quot; /&gt;

Diyabete isuzumwa hapimwa urugero rw'isukari cyangwa hemoglobine ''glyquée'' (HbA1C) mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes|website=NIDDK|access-date=31 July 2016|date=May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185123/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwoko bwa 1 butandukanywa n'ubwoko bwa 2 hapimwa ''autoantibodies''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura n'ingorane ==
Nta buryo buzwi bwo kwirinda diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Kuvurwa na insuline ni ngombwa kugira ngo umurwayi abeho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe insuline iterwa mu nshinge munsi y'uruhu, ariko ishobora no gutangwa hakoreshejwe pompe ya insuline.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDDKdev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alternative Devices for Taking Insulin|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/manage-monitoring-diabetes/alternative-devices-taking-insulin|website=NIDDK|access-date=31 July 2016|date=July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816170132/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/manage-monitoring-diabetes/alternative-devices-taking-insulin|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indyo n'imyitozo ngororamubiri ni ingenzi mu kuyicunga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Type&quot; /&gt;

Iyo idavuwe, diyabete iteza ingorane nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Izihutirwa ni ''ketoacidose'' ya diyabete na ''coma hyperosmolaire''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt; Iz'igihe kirekire ni [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], indwara z'imitsi yo mu [[ubwonko]], kunanirwa kw'[[impyiko]], ibisebe ku birenge no kwangirika kw'amaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; [[Isukari nke mu maraso]] na yo ishobora guterwa no gufata insuline nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt;

== Uko ikwirakwiye ==
Diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1 igize 5–10 % by'abarwayi bose ba diyabete.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet06&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Daneman D|title=Type 1 diabetes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-11-17-2006_367_9513/page/847|journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9513|pages=847–58|date=March 2006|pmid=16530579|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68341-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umubare w'abayirwaye ku [[isi]] ntuzwi, ariko bivugwa ko abana bagera ku 80 000 bayirwara buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], abayirwaye babarirwa hagati ya miliyoni imwe n'eshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ADAfacts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fast Facts Data and Statistics about Diabetes|url=http://professional.diabetes.org/ResourcesForProfessionals.aspx?cid=91777|publisher=American Diabetes Association|access-date=25 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216001425/http://professional.diabetes.org/ResourcesForProfessionals.aspx?cid=91777|archive-date=16 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umubare w'abarwara bashya uratandukanye cyane: umuntu 1 kuri 100 000 buri mwaka muri [[Aziya]] y'Iburasirazuba no muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]], naho abagera kuri 30 kuri 100 000 muri Scandinavie no muri [[Koweti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global report on diabetes|date=2016|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-156525-7|pages=26–27|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007002653/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=7 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skyler&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Skyler|first=Jay|title=Atlas of diabetes|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4614-1028-7|pages=67–68|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-RhyGrrpcC&amp;pg=PA68|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155611/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-RhyGrrpcC&amp;pg=PA68|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe itangirira mu bana no mu bakuru bakiri bato.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara ya Diyabete]]
* [[Diyabete bita ko yapfubye]]
* [[Isukari nke mu maraso]]
* [[Glucose]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Diyabete]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaminuza ya Gikristo y'Indimi Ebyiri ya Kongo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141578</id>
      <parentid>141574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T13:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gukuraho ibidafite inkomoko; gukosora inyandiko; kugabanya ingingo</comment>
      <origin>141578</origin>
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      <text bytes="3123" sha1="62atq4ys6wumwc9qtpuasgzy3rudmga" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = Kaminuza ya Gikristo y'Indimi Ebyiri ya Kongo
| label1 = Izina mu gifaransa
| data1 = Université chrétienne bilingue du Congo (UCBC)
| label2 = Ubwoko
| data2 = Kaminuza yigenga
| label3 = Yashinzwe
| data3 = 2007
| label4 = Aho iherereye
| data4 = [[Beni]], [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]
| label5 = Urubuga
| data5 = [https://ucbc.org/ ucbc.org]
}}
'''Kaminuza ya Gikristo y'Indimi Ebyiri ya Kongo''' (mu [[Igifaransa|gifaransa]]: ''Université chrétienne bilingue du Congo'', '''UCBC''') ni kaminuza yigenga iherereye i [[Beni]] mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]], muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

Yafunguwe mu 2007 n’umuryango Congo Initiative.

== Amateka ==
Kaminuza yashinzwe ku gitekerezo cya David M. Kasali n’umugore we Kaswera Kasali, nyuma y’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu yo mu 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apropos – Université Chrétienne Bilingue du Congo |url=https://ucbc.org/apropos/ |website=UCBC |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Congo Initiative, yashinzwe mu 2005, yayifunguye mu 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;ci-who&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://congoinitiative.org/our-story/ |website=Congo Initiative |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahawe uruhushya rwo gukora mu 2006, yemerwa burundu ku wa 27 Mata 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt; David Kasali yayiyoboye imyaka 12; mu 2019 yasimbuwe na Honoré Bunduki Kwany wari umuyobozi wungirije.&lt;ref name=&quot;ci-season&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Justin Hubbard |title=A new season |url=https://congoinitiative.org/2019/anewseason/ |website=Congo Initiative |date=2019-08-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;apropos&quot; /&gt; Mu 2023, abayobozi bayo bavuze ko umutekano muke watumye abanyeshuri bo mu yindi mijyi bareka kuhaza, kandi ko kaminuza itabona inkunga ya Leta.&lt;ref name=&quot;okapi2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UCBC : une université privée de Beni qui veut amener les étudiants à transformer la société |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2023/02/13/actualite/societe/ucbc-une-universite-privee-de-beni-qui-veut-amener-les-etudiants |website=Radio Okapi |date=2023-02-13 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amasomo ==
UCBC ikoresha gahunda ya LMD kuva yatangira, ikigisha mu mashami arimo itangazamakuru n’itumanaho, tewolojiya, filozofiya n’ubuyobozi, ubukungu, ikoranabuhanga n’ubwubatsi, amategeko, ubumenyi bw’imitekerereze n’uburezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;okapi2023&quot; /&gt; Uburezi bwayo buhuza amasomo, akazi (''Work Program'') n’umurimo ufitiye abaturage akamaro (''Service Learning'').&lt;ref name=&quot;ucbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Université Chrétienne Bilingue du Congo |url=https://ucbc.org/ |website=UCBC |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikigo cyayo cya hegitari 36 gifite imirima y’igerageza, icyuzi, ibiraro by’amatungo na radiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;okapi2023&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Beni]]
* [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]]
* [[Kaminuza ya Leta ya Semuliki]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://ucbc.org/ Urubuga rwa UCBC]

[[Ikiciro:Kaminuza]]
[[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Pazzo 21</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>23446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T15:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pat tech 21 yimuriwe mu mushinga (no proof of notability)</comment>
      <origin>141599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="491" sha1="tk0u5ec2jeofey675qzdb3gqyed3x1l" xml:space="preserve">== Pat tech 21 yimuriwe mu mushinga ==
Muraho Pazzo 21, inkuru yawe '''Pat tech 21''' yimuriwe muri [[Umukoresha:Pazzo 21/Pat tech 21]] nk'umushinga (draft), kubera ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ubwamamare bwayo (notability) — nta soko zigenga kandi zizewe zatanzwe. Ushobora gukomeza kuyinoza, ukongeramo amasoko yizewe, hanyuma ugasaba ko isubizwa ahagaragara. [[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 15:09, 13 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>141601</id>
      <parentid>141599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T15:27:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>141601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="625" sha1="5v4yzgrgos0yn72xhgbhswofg7u5dce" xml:space="preserve">== Pat tech 21 yimuriwe mu mushinga ==
Muraho Pazzo 21,

Ingingo yawe '''Pat tech 21''' nta masoko yigenga kandi yizewe agaragaza ubwamamare bwayo (notability). Ni yo mpamvu nayimuriye kuri [Umukoresha:Pazzo 21/Pat tech 21](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umukoresha:Pazzo_21/Pat_tech_21) nk'umushinga (draft).

Ushobora kuyinoza wongeramo amasoko yigenga kandi yizewe. Ndakwinginze, ntuzongere kuyitangaza utabanje kuyikosora no kuyongeramo ayo masoko.

Murakoze ku bw'umusanzu wawe kuri Wikipedia. [[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 15:09, 13 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umukoresha:Score Beethoven</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Urupapuro rw'umukoresha</comment>
      <origin>141604</origin>
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      <text bytes="481" sha1="b3zk76joxrx6xueetba53izetlmr2nb" xml:space="preserve">{{#babel:fr|en-3|nl-3|af-2|de-2|es-2|rw-1|sw-1}}
'''Muraho, murakaza neza!'''

Ndi '''Score Beethoven''', ntanga umusanzu kuri Wikipedia kuva mu 2013.

== Intego yanjye ==
Intego yanjye ni ukunoza inyandiko ziri kuri Wikipedia:
* kunoza imiterere yazo;
* gukosora amakosa;
* kuzihuza n'izindi nyandiko (''wikification'');
* kongeramo amashusho;
* n'ibindi.

Ufite ikibazo cyangwa igitekerezo? Nyandikira ku [[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|rupapuro rwanjye rw'ibiganiro]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MINUAR</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: MINUAR (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="8738" sha1="9cxhqymp9df0i4hxobnuu9ezsrov59d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = MINUAR
| abovestyle = background:#5B92E5; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda''&lt;br /&gt;''United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda'' (UNAMIR)
| image = [[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|120px|alt=Ikirango cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye]]
| caption = Ikirango cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye
| headerstyle = background:#5B92E5; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Ubwoko
| data2 = Ubutumwa bwo kubungabunga amahoro
| label3 = Yashyizweho
| data3 = 5 Ukwakira 1993 (icyemezo 872)
| label4 = Yarangiye
| data4 = 8 Werurwe 1996
| label5 = Icyicaro
| data5 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label6 = Bushamikiye kuri
| data6 = [[Umuryango w’Abibumye]]
| header7 = Abayobozi
| label8 = Intumwa yihariye
| data8 = Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh (1993–1994)&lt;br /&gt;Shahryar Khan (guhera 1994)
| label9 = Abakuru b'ingabo
| data9 = [[Roméo Dallaire]] (1993–1994)&lt;br /&gt;Guy Tousignant (1994–1995)&lt;br /&gt;Shiva Kumar (1995–1996)
| header10 = Abakozi
| label11 = Abasirikare
| data11 = 2 500 (1993)&lt;br /&gt;270 (Mata 1994)&lt;br /&gt;5 500 byemejwe (MINUAR II)
| label12 = Abapfuye
| data12 = 27
}}
'''MINUAR''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda''; mu Cyongereza: ''United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda'', UNAMIR) yari ubutumwa bw'[[Umuryango w’Abibumye]] (Loni) bwo kubungabunga amahoro mu [[Rwanda]], bwashyizweho ku ya 5 Ukwakira 1993 bukarangira ku ya 8 Werurwe 1996. Bwari bugamije gufasha mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], yashyizweho umukono ku ya 4 Kanama 1993 hagati ya Leta y'u Rwanda na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]].

Ingabo zabwo zari ziyobowe n'Umunyakanada [[Roméo Dallaire]]. MINUAR ntiyashoboye gukumira cyangwa guhagarika [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], kubera manda itarayemereraga gukoresha ingufu n'abasirikare bake yari ifite, nubwo yarokoye ibihumbi by'abantu bari bahungiye mu bigo byayo.

== Ishingwa ==
Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano ku isi kashyizeho MINUAR mu cyemezo nimero 872 cyo ku ya 5 Ukwakira 1993, hashingiwe ku gice cya VI cy'Amasezerano shingiro ya Loni: ntiyari yemerewe gukoresha intwaro uretse mu kwirwanaho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 872 (1993) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/872(1993) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1993-10-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshingano zayo zari izi: gufasha mu mutekano w'umujyi wa [[Kigali]], gukurikirana iyubahirizwa ry'agahenge, gufasha mu gukura mu butaka ibisasu bitaturitse, gukurikirana itahuka ry'impunzi no guhuza ibikorwa by'ubutabazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – UNAMIR: Background |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unamir.htm |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Luc Marchal.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Koloneli Luc Marchal, wayoboraga abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR]]
Intumwa yihariye y'Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Loni yari Umunyakameruni Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh, wasimbuwe muri Nyakanga 1994 na Shahryar Khan wo muri Pakisitani. Roméo Dallaire yayoboye ingabo kugeza muri Kanama 1994, asimburwa n'Umunyakanada Guy Tousignant. Abasirikare bari bateganyijwe bari 2 500, ahanini baturutse mu [[Ububiligi]], muri [[Bangaladeshi]], muri [[Gana]] no muri [[Tunisiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;faits&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – UNAMIR: Facts and figures |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unamirF.htm |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbere ya jenoside ==
Ku ya 11 Mutarama 1994, Dallaire yoherereje icyicaro cya Loni i New York ubutumwa buvuga ko umwe mu batoza b'[[Interahamwe]] yamumenyesheje ko hari intwaro zihishwe, ko hakozwe amalisiti y'Abatutsi, kandi ko hari umugambi wo kwica abasirikare b'Ababiligi. Dallaire yasabye uburenganzira bwo gufata izo ntwaro, ariko Ishami rya Loni rishinzwe ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro rirabyanga, rivuga ko birenze manda ya MINUAR.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rapport de la Commission indépendante d'enquête sur les actions de l'Organisation des Nations unies lors du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/395/48/PDF/N9939548.pdf |website=Nations unies |date=1999-12-15 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mezi yakurikiyeho umutekano wakomeje kuzamba; ku ya 5 Mata 1994, Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kongereye manda ya MINUAR kugeza ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 909 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/909(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-04-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mu gihe cya jenoside ==
[[File:UNAMIR Belgian soldiers memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Urwibutso rw'abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR i Kigali]]
Nyuma y'ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yaratangiye. Bukeye bwaho, Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] yarishwe, kimwe n'[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi]] ba MINUAR bari bashinzwe kumurinda. Ku ya 11 Mata, abasirikare b'Ababiligi bari mu ishuri rya ETO i Kicukiro bararivuyemo, basiga abantu bagera ku 2 000 bari bahahungiye, bahita bicwa; muri bo harimo [[Boniface Ngulinzira]].&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

Ububiligi bwahise buvana abasirikare babwo muri MINUAR, maze ku ya 21 Mata 1994 Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kagabanya umubare w'abasirikare bayo ukagera kuri 270.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 912 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/912(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-04-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo yari ifite ubushobozi buke, MINUAR yarinze ibihumbi by'abantu bari bahungiye kuri [[Stade Amahoro]] no mu bindi bigo bya Loni.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

Ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1994, icyemezo 918 cyaguye manda ya MINUAR (yiswe MINUAR II) kandi cyemeza abasirikare bagera ku 5 500, ariko abasirikare bashya batangiye kugera muri Kamena, abenshi bagera jenoside yararangiye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 918 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/918(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-05-17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyuma ya jenoside ==
[[File:DF-ST-99-05846.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Abasirikare bo muri Etiyopiya boherejwe muri MINUAR II, 1994]]
Nyuma y'uko FPR-Inkotanyi ihagaritse jenoside muri Nyakanga 1994, MINUAR yakomeje gufasha mu kugarura umutekano no gufasha impunzi n'abavanywe mu byabo gutahuka. Manda yayo yongerewe inshuro nyinshi, kugeza ubwo, ku busabe bwa Leta y'u Rwanda, Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kemeje ko irangira burundu ku ya 8 Werurwe 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Security Council ends UNAMIR mandate on 8 March 1996, adjusts objectives, responds to wishes of Rwandan Government |url=https://press.un.org/en/1995/19951212.sc6141.html |website=United Nations |date=1995-12-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu 27 bo muri MINUAR baguye muri ubwo butumwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;faits&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Raporo ya komisiyo yigenga yakoze iperereza ku bikorwa bya Loni mu gihe cya jenoside (1999) yagaragaje ko MINUAR yari ifite abasirikare bake, ibikoresho bishaje na manda itajyanye n'ibihe, kandi ko ibihugu bigize Loni bitagaragaje ubushake bwo kuyiha ubushobozi. Iyo raporo yashimye ariko ubutwari bwa bamwe mu bagize MINUAR, by'umwihariko Jenerali Dallaire n'abasirikare bo muri Gana no muri Tunisiya bagumye mu Rwanda igihe cyose cya jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]
* [[Stade Amahoro]]
* [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Records of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) (1993-1996) |url=https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-assistance-mission-for-rwanda-unamir-1993-1996 |website=United Nations Archives |language=en}}
* {{Commonscat|United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Arrow Books |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Michael |title=Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002 |language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango w’Abibumye]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Gukosora umuyoboro: [[Stade Amahoro]] → [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8788" sha1="qbwnjwudg5iex8t69iv52twnnyspbm8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = MINUAR
| abovestyle = background:#5B92E5; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda''&lt;br /&gt;''United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda'' (UNAMIR)
| image = [[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|120px|alt=Ikirango cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye]]
| caption = Ikirango cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye
| headerstyle = background:#5B92E5; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Ubwoko
| data2 = Ubutumwa bwo kubungabunga amahoro
| label3 = Yashyizweho
| data3 = 5 Ukwakira 1993 (icyemezo 872)
| label4 = Yarangiye
| data4 = 8 Werurwe 1996
| label5 = Icyicaro
| data5 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label6 = Bushamikiye kuri
| data6 = [[Umuryango w’Abibumye]]
| header7 = Abayobozi
| label8 = Intumwa yihariye
| data8 = Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh (1993–1994)&lt;br /&gt;Shahryar Khan (guhera 1994)
| label9 = Abakuru b'ingabo
| data9 = [[Roméo Dallaire]] (1993–1994)&lt;br /&gt;Guy Tousignant (1994–1995)&lt;br /&gt;Shiva Kumar (1995–1996)
| header10 = Abakozi
| label11 = Abasirikare
| data11 = 2 500 (1993)&lt;br /&gt;270 (Mata 1994)&lt;br /&gt;5 500 byemejwe (MINUAR II)
| label12 = Abapfuye
| data12 = 27
}}
'''MINUAR''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Mission des Nations unies pour l'assistance au Rwanda''; mu Cyongereza: ''United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda'', UNAMIR) yari ubutumwa bw'[[Umuryango w’Abibumye]] (Loni) bwo kubungabunga amahoro mu [[Rwanda]], bwashyizweho ku ya 5 Ukwakira 1993 bukarangira ku ya 8 Werurwe 1996. Bwari bugamije gufasha mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], yashyizweho umukono ku ya 4 Kanama 1993 hagati ya Leta y'u Rwanda na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]].

Ingabo zabwo zari ziyobowe n'Umunyakanada [[Roméo Dallaire]]. MINUAR ntiyashoboye gukumira cyangwa guhagarika [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], kubera manda itarayemereraga gukoresha ingufu n'abasirikare bake yari ifite, nubwo yarokoye ibihumbi by'abantu bari bahungiye mu bigo byayo.

== Ishingwa ==
Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano ku isi kashyizeho MINUAR mu cyemezo nimero 872 cyo ku ya 5 Ukwakira 1993, hashingiwe ku gice cya VI cy'Amasezerano shingiro ya Loni: ntiyari yemerewe gukoresha intwaro uretse mu kwirwanaho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 872 (1993) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/872(1993) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1993-10-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshingano zayo zari izi: gufasha mu mutekano w'umujyi wa [[Kigali]], gukurikirana iyubahirizwa ry'agahenge, gufasha mu gukura mu butaka ibisasu bitaturitse, gukurikirana itahuka ry'impunzi no guhuza ibikorwa by'ubutabazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – UNAMIR: Background |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unamir.htm |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Luc Marchal.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Koloneli Luc Marchal, wayoboraga abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR]]
Intumwa yihariye y'Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Loni yari Umunyakameruni Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh, wasimbuwe muri Nyakanga 1994 na Shahryar Khan wo muri Pakisitani. Roméo Dallaire yayoboye ingabo kugeza muri Kanama 1994, asimburwa n'Umunyakanada Guy Tousignant. Abasirikare bari bateganyijwe bari 2 500, ahanini baturutse mu [[Ububiligi]], muri [[Bangaladeshi]], muri [[Gana]] no muri [[Tunisiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;faits&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – UNAMIR: Facts and figures |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unamirF.htm |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbere ya jenoside ==
Ku ya 11 Mutarama 1994, Dallaire yoherereje icyicaro cya Loni i New York ubutumwa buvuga ko umwe mu batoza b'[[Interahamwe]] yamumenyesheje ko hari intwaro zihishwe, ko hakozwe amalisiti y'Abatutsi, kandi ko hari umugambi wo kwica abasirikare b'Ababiligi. Dallaire yasabye uburenganzira bwo gufata izo ntwaro, ariko Ishami rya Loni rishinzwe ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro rirabyanga, rivuga ko birenze manda ya MINUAR.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rapport de la Commission indépendante d'enquête sur les actions de l'Organisation des Nations unies lors du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/395/48/PDF/N9939548.pdf |website=Nations unies |date=1999-12-15 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mezi yakurikiyeho umutekano wakomeje kuzamba; ku ya 5 Mata 1994, Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kongereye manda ya MINUAR kugeza ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 909 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/909(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-04-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mu gihe cya jenoside ==
[[File:UNAMIR Belgian soldiers memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Urwibutso rw'abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR i Kigali]]
Nyuma y'ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yaratangiye. Bukeye bwaho, Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] yarishwe, kimwe n'[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi]] ba MINUAR bari bashinzwe kumurinda. Ku ya 11 Mata, abasirikare b'Ababiligi bari mu ishuri rya ETO i Kicukiro bararivuyemo, basiga abantu bagera ku 2 000 bari bahahungiye, bahita bicwa; muri bo harimo [[Boniface Ngulinzira]].&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

Ububiligi bwahise buvana abasirikare babwo muri MINUAR, maze ku ya 21 Mata 1994 Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kagabanya umubare w'abasirikare bayo ukagera kuri 270.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 912 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/912(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-04-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo yari ifite ubushobozi buke, MINUAR yarinze ibihumbi by'abantu bari bahungiye kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]] no mu bindi bigo bya Loni.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

Ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1994, icyemezo 918 cyaguye manda ya MINUAR (yiswe MINUAR II) kandi cyemeza abasirikare bagera ku 5 500, ariko abasirikare bashya batangiye kugera muri Kamena, abenshi bagera jenoside yararangiye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resolution 918 (1994) |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/918(1994) |website=United Nations Security Council |date=1994-05-17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyuma ya jenoside ==
[[File:DF-ST-99-05846.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Abasirikare bo muri Etiyopiya boherejwe muri MINUAR II, 1994]]
Nyuma y'uko FPR-Inkotanyi ihagaritse jenoside muri Nyakanga 1994, MINUAR yakomeje gufasha mu kugarura umutekano no gufasha impunzi n'abavanywe mu byabo gutahuka. Manda yayo yongerewe inshuro nyinshi, kugeza ubwo, ku busabe bwa Leta y'u Rwanda, Akanama gashinzwe umutekano kemeje ko irangira burundu ku ya 8 Werurwe 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Security Council ends UNAMIR mandate on 8 March 1996, adjusts objectives, responds to wishes of Rwandan Government |url=https://press.un.org/en/1995/19951212.sc6141.html |website=United Nations |date=1995-12-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu 27 bo muri MINUAR baguye muri ubwo butumwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;faits&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Raporo ya komisiyo yigenga yakoze iperereza ku bikorwa bya Loni mu gihe cya jenoside (1999) yagaragaje ko MINUAR yari ifite abasirikare bake, ibikoresho bishaje na manda itajyanye n'ibihe, kandi ko ibihugu bigize Loni bitagaragaje ubushake bwo kuyiha ubushobozi. Iyo raporo yashimye ariko ubutwari bwa bamwe mu bagize MINUAR, by'umwihariko Jenerali Dallaire n'abasirikare bo muri Gana no muri Tunisiya bagumye mu Rwanda igihe cyose cya jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;raporo&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]
* [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro|Stade Amahoro]]
* [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Records of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) (1993-1996) |url=https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-assistance-mission-for-rwanda-unamir-1993-1996 |website=United Nations Archives |language=en}}
* {{Commonscat|United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Arrow Books |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Michael |title=Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002 |language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango w’Abibumye]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stade Amahoro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23449</id>
    <redirect title="Sitade y&#039;Igihugu Amahoro" />
    <revision>
      <id>141615</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T17:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Stade Amahoro]] to [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]: Izina mu Kinyarwanda: Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro</comment>
      <origin>141615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="8hfb6s6kvvoem3iuyuep1gz2s83hsrz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>141616</id>
      <parentid>141615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T17:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ivugurura ry'ingingo: imiterere, infobox, amashusho, amashakiro n'amakuru mashya (2022–2024), bivuye kuri fr/en.wikipedia</comment>
      <origin>141616</origin>
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      <text bytes="12698" sha1="aj51mam5r4msadg58c3th6ttrpvmf4t" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;Amahoro National Stadium&lt;/div&gt;
{{Infobox
| bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90%
| above = Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro
| abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125%
| subheader = ''Stade Amahoro''&lt;br /&gt;''Amahoro National Stadium''
| image = [[File:Amahoro stadium Kigali.jpg|280px|alt=Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]]
| caption = Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye (2026)
| headerstyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff
| header1 = Amakuru rusange
| label2 = Aho iherereye
| data2 = [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]]
| label3 = Aho iri ku ikarita
| data3 = {{Coord|1|57|18.1|S|30|6|51.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| label4 = Nyirayo
| data4 = Leta y'u Rwanda
| header5 = Amateka
| label6 = Kubakwa
| data6 = 1984–1989
| label7 = Gufungurwa
| data7 = 1986
| label8 = Ivugururwa
| data8 = 2011–2016, 2022–2024
| label9 = Uwayubatse
| data9 = China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation ([[Ubushinwa]])
| label10 = Uwayivuguruye
| data10 = SUMMA ([[Turukiya]])
| label11 = Igiciro
| data11 = Miliyoni 21 z'amadolari (kubakwa)&lt;br /&gt;Miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (ivugururwa)
| header12 = Ibiyiranga
| label13 = Imyanya
| data13 = 45 508
| label14 = Ikibuga
| data14 = Ubwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'')
| label15 = Amakipe ayikiniraho
| data15 = [[Amavubi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[APR FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]]
}}
'''Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro''' (izwi cyane nka ''Stade Amahoro'') ni sitade y'imikino itandukanye iherereye i [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]] mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni yo sitade nini kurusha izindi mu gihugu: kuva imirimo yo kuyivugurura yarangira mu 2024, yakira abantu 45 508. Yakira imikino y'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] y'ikipe y'igihugu [[Amavubi]] n'iy'amakipe ya Kigali, imikino ngororamubiri, ibitaramo n'ibirori by'igihugu.

Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994, iyi sitade yari icyicaro cya [[MINUAR]] maze ihinduka ahantu harinzwe n'[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w'Abibumbye]], hahungiye abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari [[Abatutsi]].

== Aho iherereye ==
[[File:AMAHORO STADIUM.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro nijoro, imurikiwe n'amatara y'icyatsi (2026)]]
Sitade iri mu murenge wa [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], hafi ya [[BK Arena]] n'ibindi bikorwaremezo by'imikino, mu birometero bike mu burengerazuba bw'ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali. Ikibuga cyayo gikozwe mu bwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'') kandi kizengurutswe n'inzira yo kwirukiramo; ibyicaro byayo biri ku nzego ebyiri kandi byose birasakaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;stadiumdb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
=== Kubakwa ===
[[File:Main stadium Kigali - Flickr - Dave Proffer.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro igaragara hejuru y'amazu y'i Remera (2007)]]
Sitade yubatswe n'ikigo cyo mu [[Ubushinwa]] ''China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation'', itwaye miliyoni 21 z'amadolari y'Abanyamerika. Imirimo yatangiye muri Werurwe 1984 irangira muri Mutarama 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;ccecc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=卢旺达国家体育场项目|website=China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation|language=zh|url=http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=26&amp;id=122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093554/http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=26&amp;id=122|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbere yo kuvugururwa, yakiraga abantu bagera ku 25 000.&lt;ref name=&quot;africa24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africa24tv.com/rwanda-la-capacite-du-stade-amahoro-passe-de-25000-a-45000-places |title=Rwanda : la capacité du stade Amahoro passe de 25 000 à 45 000 places |website=Africa24 |language=fr |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Icyicaro cya MINUAR ===
[[File:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro mu 2003]]
Mu 1990 hadutse intambara hagati ya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] n'ingabo za Leta ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Yarangiye mu 1993 hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], yahaye FPR imyanya muri guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yaguye (BBTG) no mu ngabo z'igihugu, kandi ateganya ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |title=Ubuhamya bwa Perezida Kagame ku mpamvu FPR yagabye ibitero |website=IGIHE |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075635/https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izo ngabo, zitwaga [[MINUAR]], zari ziyobowe n'umujenerali w'Umunyakanada [[Roméo Dallaire]]. Icyicaro cyazo cya mbere cyari muri [[Hôtel des Mille Collines]], ariko iyo hoteli ntiyishimiraga kwakira abasirikare; nyuma y'iminsi mike yo gushakisha, MINUAR yahisemo Sitade Amahoro, yari nini bihagije ku buryo yakwakira batayo yose. Icyo cyicaro cyafunguwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1993, mu birori byitabiriwe na Dallaire na Perezida Habyarimana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuhungiro mu gihe cya Jenoside ===
Agahenge karangiye ku wa 6 Mata 1994 ubwo indege ya Perezida Habyarimana yahanurwaga akahasiga ubuzima; icyo gikorwa cyabaye imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], yatangiye mu masaha make yakurikiyeho. Guverinoma y'abatabazi n'abambari bayo batangiye kwica Abatutsi n'Abahutu batavugaga rumwe na bo, mu bitero byari byarateguwe mu gihugu hose. Abatutsi benshi bahungiye ku bigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, maze ibihumbi by'impunzi biteranira muri Sitade Amahoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075428/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&amp;L=1&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;news&amp;#93;=4073&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;controller&amp;#93;=News&amp;tx_news_pi1&amp;#91;action&amp;#93;=detail&amp;cHash=5a9bac2174dc2d1a6d23978a1a6f10bb |title=Amakuru |website=CNLG |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sitade yagizwe ahantu harinzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, ihungirwamo n'abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari Abatutsi, babayeho mu buzima bugoye.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/r/rwanda/rwanda944.pdf |title=Genocide in Rwanda: April–May 1994 |website=Human Rights Watch |date=1994 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ivugururwa ===
[[File:Stade National Amahoro, Kigali, Rwanda - des supporteurs congolais laissent éclater leur joie lors de la finale du CHAN qui opposait la RD Congo au Mali ce dimanche 8 février. (24866284806).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Abafana b'Abanyekongo ku mukino wa nyuma wa CHAN 2016]]
Ivugururwa rya mbere ryabaye mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2010 kugira ngo sitade yuzuze ibisabwa n'[[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] mbere y'irushanwa rya CHAN 2016 ryabereye mu Rwanda. Sitade Amahoro yakiriye umukino ufungura n'umukino wa nyuma w'iryo rushanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160117-chan-2016-rwanda-football-stade-amahoro |title=Le Rwanda joue plus que le football au CHAN 2016 |website=RFI |date=2016-01-17 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2020, Minisiteri ya Siporo iyobowe na [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]] yatangaje umushinga wo kuvugurura sitade no kongera ubushobozi bwayo, bukava ku myanya 25 000 bukarenga 45 000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |title=Imirimo yo kuvugurura Sitade Amahoro izatangira mu Kuboza 2020 |website=Imvaho Nshya |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075135/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imirimo yatangiye muri Kanama 2022, ihabwa ikigo cyo muri [[Turukiya]] SUMMA gifatanyije n'ibigo by'Abanyarwanda, ku giciro cya miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (hafi miliyari 160 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda). Umushinga warimo kandi inyubako y'imikino yo mu nzu izwi nka ''Petit Stade''.&lt;ref name=&quot;rha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rha.gov.rw/updates/news-details/rwanda-gets-an-ultra-modern-stadium-by-2024 |title=Rwanda gets an ultra-modern Stadium by 2024 |website=Rwanda Housing Authority |language=en |access-date=2024-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dar.com/news/details/a-story-of-resilience-dar-supports-the-renovation-of-amahoro-stadium |title=A story of resilience: Dar supports the renovation of Amahoro Stadium |website=Dar Group |date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Amahoro stadium in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Imbere muri sitade ivuguruye, nijoro (2024)]]
Hongerewe urwego rwa kabiri rw'ibyicaro, ibyicaro byose birasakarwa, hashyirwa ubwatsi buvanze kandi ibyumba by'imbere biravugururwa, bituma sitade yakira abantu 45 508.&lt;ref name=&quot;africa24&quot; /&gt; Muri Kamena 2024, [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|FERWAFA]], CAF na FIFA byemeje ko yujuje ibisabwa ngo yakire amarushanwa mpuzamahanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/06/15/refurbished-amahoro-stadium-gets-fifa-green-light-to-host-games/ |title=Refurbished Amahoro Stadium gets FIFA green light to host games |website=Africa Top Sports |date=2024-06-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tsa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://talksportsafrica.com/2024/06/14/rwandas-amahoro-stadium-cleared-to-host-international-matches/ |title=Rwanda's Amahoro Stadium cleared to host International matches |website=TalkSportsAfrica |date=2024-06-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umukino wa mbere wabereye muri sitade ivuguruye wahuje [[APR FC]] na [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] ku wa 15 Kamena 2024, mbere y'uko Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] ayitaha ku mugaragaro ku wa 1 Nyakanga 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ats&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
[[File:INTERNAL SETTINGS OF AMAHORO STADIUM IN RWANDA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Umukino wa APR FC na Rayon Sports muri sitade ivuguruye]]
Sitade Amahoro ni yo ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru, [[Amavubi]], ikiniraho imikino yayo yo mu rugo. Amakipe yo muri Kigali nka [[APR FC]], [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] na [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]] na yo ayikiniraho imikino ya shampiyona n'iy'amarushanwa nyafurika. Yakiriye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga nka CHAN 2016, ndetse n'imikino yo gushaka itike y'Igikombe cy'Afurika n'iy'Igikombe cy'Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/stadium/1987/Stade_Amahoro.html |title=Stade Amahoro |website=National-Football-Teams.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Kigali, Rwanda - Démarrage de la 12e édition du marathon international pour la paix de Kigali, le dimanche 22 mai 2016, au stade national Amahoro de Kigal.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Itangira rya ''Kigali International Peace Marathon'' kuri Sitade Amahoro (2016)]]
Uretse umupira w'amaguru, sitade yakira imikino ngororamubiri, ibirori by'igihugu, amateraniro y'amadini n'ibitaramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;stadiumdb&quot; /&gt;


&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Sitade ya Kigali Pelé]]
* [[BK Arena]]
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Amavubi]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cYxIcfLEkc |title=Videwo igaragaza Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye |website=YouTube}}
* {{Commonscat|Amahoro Stadium}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |location=Kampala |publisher=Fountain Publishers |isbn=9789970020898 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amahoro}}
[[Ikiciro:Sitade]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda stadium]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo i Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Imikino]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>141617</id>
      <parentid>141616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-13T18:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ihuza ryerekeza kuri [[Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]] (ibikubiyemo byimuriweyo)</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Kagame Alexis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-13T21:40:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Kagame Alexis]] to [[Alexis Kagame]]: Izina mu buryo busanzwe (izina bwite ribanza, nka fr/en.wikipedia na Wikidata)</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T02:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero nshya: Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141688</origin>
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      <text bytes="730" sha1="2ksuvf42olsshhewz8c6nu23k0arwyg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
| title      = [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM)
| state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass  = hlist

|group1 = Abayobozi
|list1 =
* [[Félicien Kabuga]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza]]
* [[Hassan Ngeze]]

|group2 = Abanyamakuru
|list2 =
* [[Kantano Habimana]]
* [[Georges Ruggiu]]
* [[Valerie Bemeriki|Valérie Bemeriki]]
* [[Noël Hitimana]]
* [[Ananie Nkurunziza]]
* [[Froduald Karamira]]

|group3 = Ibijyanye
|list3 =
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)|Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR)]]
* [[Inkiko Gacaca]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>141694</id>
      <parentid>141688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T02:29:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ibisobanuro by'ikoreshwa (documentation)</comment>
      <origin>141694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1661" sha1="tozlz93ungi6zfhqaswclbsr5kqz92b" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
| title      = [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM)
| state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass  = hlist

|group1 = Abayobozi
|list1 =
* [[Félicien Kabuga]]
* [[Ferdinand Nahimana]]
* [[Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza]]
* [[Hassan Ngeze]]

|group2 = Abanyamakuru
|list2 =
* [[Kantano Habimana]]
* [[Georges Ruggiu]]
* [[Valerie Bemeriki|Valérie Bemeriki]]
* [[Noël Hitimana]]
* [[Ananie Nkurunziza]]
* [[Froduald Karamira]]

|group3 = Ibijyanye
|list3 =
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)|Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR)]]
* [[Inkiko Gacaca]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
{{Documentation subpage}}

== Icyerekezo ==
Iyi ni palette (navbox) igizwe n'ihuza ry'ingingo zijyanye na radiyo [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM): abayobozi bayo, abanyamakuru bayo n'ingingo zijyanye na yo ([[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]], ICTR, Inkiko Gacaca).

== Ikoreshwa ==
Iyi palette ishyirwa mu iherezo ry'ingingo zivugwamo, hejuru ya {{tl|Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} n'ibyiciro, hakoreshejwe:

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igaragara ifunguye:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|state=uncollapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igoyeka (ihishe):
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|state=collapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
* {{tl|Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines}}
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tozlz93ungi6zfhqaswclbsr5kqz92b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Monocots</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141896</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Heliconia rostrata]]</comment>
      <origin>141896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|rank=clade
|link=Monocotyledon|Monocots
|parent=Angiosperms
|always_display=true
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>flk8ar6x1zc65fbnajt35x9jygdjf04</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Commelinids</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141897</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:34:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Heliconia rostrata]]</comment>
      <origin>141897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|rank=clade
|link=Commelinids
|parent=Monocots
|always_display=true
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>el1ibyi11hegg0i5ug25m7yx59nc7cc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Zingiberales</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141898</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Heliconia rostrata]]</comment>
      <origin>141898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="386" sha1="2xtq0v4xrwda9q2z39dxzjc3vzxhnlb" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=ordo
|link=Zingiberales
|parent=Commelinids
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>2xtq0v4xrwda9q2z39dxzjc3vzxhnlb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heliconia rostrata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>141899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:37:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Heliconia rostrata (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2804" sha1="472tiysxar4gezolaoro9vyr8qapjz5" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Heliconia
| species = rostrata
| authority = [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] &amp; [[José Antonio Pavón|Pav.]] (1802)
| image = Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Heliconia rostrata''
}}
'''''Heliconia rostrata''''' ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Heliconiaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati ([[Belize]], [[Gwatemala]], [[Hondurasi]], [[Panama]]) no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Amerika y’Epfo]] ([[Burezile]], [[Boliviya]], [[Kolombiya]], Ekwateri, [[Peru]]). Cyageze no mu tundi turere dushyuha, nko ku kirwa cya Réunion mu Nyanja y'Abahinde.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure, kirangwa n'indabo zimanuka zimanitse n'amababi maremare (santimetero 60 kugeza kuri metero 1,2) asa n'ay'[[Insina|insina]]. Muri [[Boliviya]], ni kimwe mu ndabo z'ikirango cy'igihugu, aho cyitwa ''patujú''.

== Ikirango cya Boliviya ==
Muri [[Boliviya]], ''Heliconia rostrata'' yitwa ''patujú'' kandi ni imwe mu ndabo ebyiri z'ikirango cy'igihugu, hamwe na ''cantuta'' (''Cantua buxifolia'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polémica por el Patujú: el símbolo patrio es la flor, no la bandera |url=https://boliviaverifica.bo/polemica-por-el-patuju-el-simbolo-patrio-es-la-flor-no-la-bandera/ |website=Bolivia Verifica |date=November 2020 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihingwa ==
[[File:Heliconia rostrata à São Tomé.jpg|thumb|left|''Heliconia rostrata'' i São Tomé]]
''Heliconia rostrata'' ikenera ubushyuhe n'ubuhehere bwo mu kirere; ni byiza kuyibika ahantu hari ubushyuhe burenze dogere 18 °C. Ikenera ubutaka bukungahaye ku ifumbire, urugero nk'inombe nziza. Kugira ngo ikure neza, igomba kuvomererwa buri gihe n'amazi meza, igihe cyose ubutaka bwumye hejuru.
{{clear}}

== Andi mazina y'ubumenyi ==
Dukurikije ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'' (WCSP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2012-03-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Heliconia rostrata'' yanitwa:
* ''Bihai rostrata'' Griggs (1904)
* ''Heliconia poeppigiana'' Eichler ex Petersen (1890)
* ''Bihai poeppigiana'' (Eichler ex Petersen) Kuntze (1891)

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Insina]]
* [[Ikimera]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heliconia_rostrata Amafoto ya ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=312768 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri GRIN
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=96511 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri NCBI

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>472tiysxar4gezolaoro9vyr8qapjz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>141983</id>
      <parentid>141899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T03:43:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: imiterere, aho kiboneka, amafoto, inyandiko (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>141983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5683" sha1="kng3gwru6s28j6n9sjch4apf2yr3ceg" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Heliconia
| species = rostrata
| authority = [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] &amp; [[José Antonio Pavón|Pav.]] (1802)
| image = Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Heliconia rostrata''
| synonyms = 
* ''Bihai rostrata'' Griggs
* ''Heliconia poeppigiana'' Eichler ex Petersen
* ''Bihai poeppigiana'' (Eichler ex Petersen) Kuntze
}}
'''''Heliconia rostrata''''' (mu Cyongereza ''hanging lobster claw'' cyangwa ''false bird of paradise'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Heliconiaceae''. Gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Amerika y’Epfo]], kandi cyakwirakwiriye no mu tundi turere dushyuha tw'isi.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure, gifite amababi manini asa n'ay'[[Insina|insina]] n'indabo zitukura n'umuhondo zimanuka zimanitse. Gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] bwo mu turere dushyuha kubera ubwiza bwacyo, kandi muri [[Boliviya]] ni kimwe mu ndabo z'ikirango cy'igihugu, aho cyitwa ''patujú''.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Heliconia rostrata close up.jpg|thumb|Indabo nto zihishe munsi y'ibibabi by'amabara (''bractées'')]]
''Heliconia rostrata'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure. Amababi yacyo, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 60 kugeza kuri metero 1,2, asa n'ay'insina.

Mu gihe ubundi bwoko bwinshi bwa ''Heliconia'' (nka ''Heliconia bihai'') bufite indabo zimeze nk'izamuka, zifite ibibabi bimeze nk'ibikombe bibika amazi y'imvura akoreshwa n'[[Inyoni|inyoni]] n'udukoko, ''Heliconia rostrata'' yo ifite indabo zimanuka zimanitse, ibibabi byazo by'amabara bireba hasi, n'indabo nto zihishe munsi yabyo. Kubera ko ibyo bibabi bitabika amazi y'imvura, indabo zitanga umutobe (''nectar'') utavanze n'amazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ruiz López |first1=Hipólito |last2=Pavón |first2=José Antonio |title=Flora Peruviana, et Chilensis |volume=3 |page=71 |year=1802 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/674785 |language=la}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |editor1-last=Brako |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Zarucchi |editor2-first=J. L. |title=Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru |series=Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=45 |year=1993 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abazihinga bazi ''Heliconia'' nk'indabo zisurwa n'inyoni nyinshi, cyane cyane ''colibri'' (''hummingbirds'').

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Heliconia rostrata'' ikomoka muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati ([[Belize]], [[Gwatemala]], [[Hondurasi]], El Salvador, [[Kosita Rika]], [[Panama]]) no muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]] ([[Kolombiya]], [[Venezuwela]], Ekwateri, [[Peru]], [[Boliviya]], [[Burezile]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heliconia rostrata |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-248570 |website=The Plant List |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iboneka cyane mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura, kuko ikunda ahantu hashyuha kandi hahehereye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heliconia rostrata |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/e4c67d05-a7c8-40eb-87db-8dd4644ea21a/content |website=ScholarSpace, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakwirakwiriye kandi mu tundi turere dushyuha, nka Porto Riko no ku kirwa cya Réunion mu Nyanja y'Abahinde.

== Ikirango cya Boliviya ==
Muri [[Boliviya]], ''Heliconia rostrata'' yitwa ''patujú'' kandi ni imwe mu ndabo ebyiri z'ikirango cy'igihugu, hamwe na ''cantuta'' (''Cantua buxifolia'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polémica por el Patujú: el símbolo patrio es la flor, no la bandera |url=https://boliviaverifica.bo/polemica-por-el-patuju-el-simbolo-patrio-es-la-flor-no-la-bandera/ |website=Bolivia Verifica |date=November 2020 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihingwa ==
[[File:Heliconia rostrata à São Tomé.jpg|thumb|left|''Heliconia rostrata'' i São Tomé]]
''Heliconia rostrata'' ikunze guhingwa mu busitani no mu mbuga zo mu turere dushyuha kandi duhehereye. Ikenera ubushyuhe n'ubuhehere bwo mu kirere; ni byiza kuyibika ahantu hari ubushyuhe burenze dogere 18 °C. Ikenera ubutaka bukungahaye ku ifumbire, urugero nk'inombe nziza, kandi igomba kuvomererwa buri gihe n'amazi meza, igihe cyose ubutaka bwumye hejuru.
{{clear}}

== Andi mazina y'ubumenyi ==
Dukurikije ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'' (WCSP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2012-03-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Heliconia rostrata'' yanitwa:
* ''Bihai rostrata'' Griggs (1904)
* ''Heliconia poeppigiana'' Eichler ex Petersen (1890)
* ''Bihai poeppigiana'' (Eichler ex Petersen) Kuntze (1891)

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Heliconia rostrata (Hanging lobster claw) 01.jpg
Heliconia rostrata 4.jpg
Heliconia rostrata in Malaysia.jpg
Heliconia rostrata close up with ants.jpg|''Heliconia rostrata'' n'ibimonyo
Lobster claws flower.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Insina]]
* [[Ikimera]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heliconia_rostrata Amafoto ya ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Heliconia-rostrata ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri iNaturalist
* [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=312768 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri GRIN
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=96511 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri NCBI

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>kng3gwru6s28j6n9sjch4apf2yr3ceg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142097</id>
      <parentid>141983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kugabanya imyanya irimo ubusa (clear)</comment>
      <origin>142097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5673" sha1="cd2h3tumkeiqhcw85oamfo2mnsf4exh" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Heliconia
| species = rostrata
| authority = [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] &amp; [[José Antonio Pavón|Pav.]] (1802)
| image = Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Heliconia rostrata''
| synonyms = 
* ''Bihai rostrata'' Griggs
* ''Heliconia poeppigiana'' Eichler ex Petersen
* ''Bihai poeppigiana'' (Eichler ex Petersen) Kuntze
}}
'''''Heliconia rostrata''''' (mu Cyongereza ''hanging lobster claw'' cyangwa ''false bird of paradise'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Heliconiaceae''. Gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Amerika y’Epfo]], kandi cyakwirakwiriye no mu tundi turere dushyuha tw'isi.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure, gifite amababi manini asa n'ay'[[Insina|insina]] n'indabo zitukura n'umuhondo zimanuka zimanitse. Gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] bwo mu turere dushyuha kubera ubwiza bwacyo, kandi muri [[Boliviya]] ni kimwe mu ndabo z'ikirango cy'igihugu, aho cyitwa ''patujú''.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Heliconia rostrata close up.jpg|thumb|Indabo nto zihishe munsi y'ibibabi by'amabara (''bractées'')]]
''Heliconia rostrata'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure. Amababi yacyo, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 60 kugeza kuri metero 1,2, asa n'ay'insina.

Mu gihe ubundi bwoko bwinshi bwa ''Heliconia'' (nka ''Heliconia bihai'') bufite indabo zimeze nk'izamuka, zifite ibibabi bimeze nk'ibikombe bibika amazi y'imvura akoreshwa n'[[Inyoni|inyoni]] n'udukoko, ''Heliconia rostrata'' yo ifite indabo zimanuka zimanitse, ibibabi byazo by'amabara bireba hasi, n'indabo nto zihishe munsi yabyo. Kubera ko ibyo bibabi bitabika amazi y'imvura, indabo zitanga umutobe (''nectar'') utavanze n'amazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ruiz López |first1=Hipólito |last2=Pavón |first2=José Antonio |title=Flora Peruviana, et Chilensis |volume=3 |page=71 |year=1802 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/674785 |language=la}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |editor1-last=Brako |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Zarucchi |editor2-first=J. L. |title=Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru |series=Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=45 |year=1993 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abazihinga bazi ''Heliconia'' nk'indabo zisurwa n'inyoni nyinshi, cyane cyane ''colibri'' (''hummingbirds'').

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Heliconia rostrata'' ikomoka muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati ([[Belize]], [[Gwatemala]], [[Hondurasi]], El Salvador, [[Kosita Rika]], [[Panama]]) no muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]] ([[Kolombiya]], [[Venezuwela]], Ekwateri, [[Peru]], [[Boliviya]], [[Burezile]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heliconia rostrata |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-248570 |website=The Plant List |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iboneka cyane mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura, kuko ikunda ahantu hashyuha kandi hahehereye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heliconia rostrata |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/e4c67d05-a7c8-40eb-87db-8dd4644ea21a/content |website=ScholarSpace, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakwirakwiriye kandi mu tundi turere dushyuha, nka Porto Riko no ku kirwa cya Réunion mu Nyanja y'Abahinde.

== Ikirango cya Boliviya ==
Muri [[Boliviya]], ''Heliconia rostrata'' yitwa ''patujú'' kandi ni imwe mu ndabo ebyiri z'ikirango cy'igihugu, hamwe na ''cantuta'' (''Cantua buxifolia'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polémica por el Patujú: el símbolo patrio es la flor, no la bandera |url=https://boliviaverifica.bo/polemica-por-el-patuju-el-simbolo-patrio-es-la-flor-no-la-bandera/ |website=Bolivia Verifica |date=November 2020 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihingwa ==
[[File:Heliconia rostrata à São Tomé.jpg|thumb|left|''Heliconia rostrata'' i São Tomé]]
''Heliconia rostrata'' ikunze guhingwa mu busitani no mu mbuga zo mu turere dushyuha kandi duhehereye. Ikenera ubushyuhe n'ubuhehere bwo mu kirere; ni byiza kuyibika ahantu hari ubushyuhe burenze dogere 18 °C. Ikenera ubutaka bukungahaye ku ifumbire, urugero nk'inombe nziza, kandi igomba kuvomererwa buri gihe n'amazi meza, igihe cyose ubutaka bwumye hejuru.

== Andi mazina y'ubumenyi ==
Dukurikije ''World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'' (WCSP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2012-03-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Heliconia rostrata'' yanitwa:
* ''Bihai rostrata'' Griggs (1904)
* ''Heliconia poeppigiana'' Eichler ex Petersen (1890)
* ''Bihai poeppigiana'' (Eichler ex Petersen) Kuntze (1891)

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Heliconia rostrata (Hanging lobster claw) 01.jpg
Heliconia rostrata 4.jpg
Heliconia rostrata in Malaysia.jpg
Heliconia rostrata close up with ants.jpg|''Heliconia rostrata'' n'ibimonyo
Lobster claws flower.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Insina]]
* [[Ikimera]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heliconia_rostrata Amafoto ya ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Heliconia-rostrata ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri iNaturalist
* [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=312768 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri GRIN
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=96511 ''Heliconia rostrata''] kuri NCBI

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Heliconiaceae</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Heliconia rostrata]]</comment>
      <origin>141962</origin>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Heliconia</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Heliconia rostrata]]</comment>
      <origin>141964</origin>
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  <page>
    <title>Bougainvillea</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Bougainvillea (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4402" sha1="2gl1mloh5268x6mhazzl5mkds4eirnz" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Bougainvillea
| authority = [[Philibert Commerson|Comm.]] ex [[Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] (1789)
| image = Bougainvillea spectabilis Flowers Closeup2 TorreLaMata.jpg
| image_caption = ''Bougainvillea spectabilis''
}}
'''''Bougainvillea''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru bifite amahwa byo mu muryango wa ''Nyctaginaceae''. Bikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu bihingwa hirya no hino ku isi nk'ibimera by'imitako, kugeza no mu turere dufite ubushyuhe buringaniye.

Ibyo abantu benshi bita indabo zabyo z'amabara meza si indabo nyirizina, ahubwo ni ibibabi byihariye (''bractées'') biri ku mitwe y'amashami; indabo nyazo ni nto, z'umweru, kandi zihishe hagati y'ibyo bibabi.

== Amateka y'izina ==
Philibert Commerson n'umufasha we Jeanne Barret ni bo bahanga mu bimera ba mbere basobanuye kandi bita izina iki kimera, cyari cyatoraguwe muri [[Burezile]] mu rugendo rwo kuzenguruka isi rwayobowe n'umushakashatsi w'[[Ubufaransa|Umufaransa]] Louis Antoine de Bougainville.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cap |first=Paul-Antoine |title=Philibert Commerson, naturaliste voyageur : étude biographique |year=1861 |pages=24–25 |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=g9c_p8nVCnIC&amp;pg=PA25 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bougainville |first=Louis-Antoine de |title=Voyage autour du monde par la frégate du roi La Boudeuse et la flûte L'Étoile |year=1771 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7MUAAAAQAAJ |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Commerson yacyise ''Buginvillaea'' mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro Bougainville; iyo nyandiko yaje gukosorwa iba ''Bougainvillea''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine-Laurent de |title=Genera Plantarum |year=1789 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125 |language=la}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeanne Barret, umurimo we wose wari warahawe Commerson, yategereje umwaka wa 2012 kugira ngo izina rye ryibukwe binyuze ku kimera ''Solanum baretiae''.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Starr 030418-0058 Bougainvillea spectabilis.jpg|thumb|Ibibabi by'amabara (''bractées'') n'indabo nto z'umweru za ''Bougainvillea spectabilis'']]
''Bougainvillea'' ni ibihuru bifite amahwa, byurira kandi bifite amabara meza (umutuku, iroza, isine, umuhondo, umweru…). Ibice by'amabara bigaragara cyane si amababi y'indabo, ahubwo ni ibibabi byihariye (''bractées'') biri ku mitwe y'amashami. Indabo nyazo ni nto, z'umweru, kandi ziri hagati y'ibyo bibabi.

Ibi bimera bikomoka mu [[Ishyamba|mashyamba]] ashyuha kandi ahehereye yo muri Amerika y’Epfo, kandi bikoreshwa cyane nk'ibimera by'imitako kugeza no mu turere dufite ubushyuhe buringaniye. Hari amoko menshi yahinzwe (''cultivars'') ameze nk'imigozi.

== Amoko ==
Dukurikije ''The Plant List'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bougainvillea |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Bougainvillea |website=The Plant List |access-date=2012-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, amwe mu moko ya ''Bougainvillea'' ni aya:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Bougainvillea berberidifolia'' Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea buttiana'' Holttum &amp; Standl.
* ''Bougainvillea campanulata'' Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea glabra'' Choisy
* ''Bougainvillea herzogiana'' Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea infesta'' Griseb.
* ''Bougainvillea malmeana'' Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea modesta'' Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea pachyphylla'' Heimerl ex Standl.
* ''Bougainvillea peruviana'' Bonpl.
* ''Bougainvillea pomacea'' Choisy
* ''Bougainvillea praecox'' Griseb.
* ''Bougainvillea spectabilis'' Willd.
* ''Bougainvillea spinosa'' (Cav.) Heimerl
* ''Bougainvillea stipitata'' Griseb.
* ''Bougainvillea trollii'' Heimerl
{{div col end}}

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Bougainvillée région de Lima au Pérou.jpg|Hafi ya Lima muri [[Peru]]
DSCF4904-Bougainvillea-Taormina-Sicilia-Italy-Castielli CC0 HQ.jpg|I Taormina mu Butaliyani
Bougainvillée.jpg|Ku kirwa cya Réunion
Bougainvillée blanc à Tahiti.jpg|''Bougainvillea'' y'umweru i Tahiti
Bougainvillée Rouge.JPG|''Bougainvillea'' itukura
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Heliconia rostrata]]
* [[Ikimera]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bougainvillea Amafoto ya ''Bougainvillea''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Bougainvillea ''Bougainvillea''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Bougainvillea]]</comment>
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      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Bougainvillea]]</comment>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Bougainvillea]]</comment>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Agapanthus praecox]]</comment>
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      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Agapanthus praecox]]</comment>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Agapanthus praecox]]</comment>
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    <title>Agapanthus praecox</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Agapanthus praecox (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142083</origin>
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      <text bytes="3999" sha1="7br8th5e3plxcin0o1x4x50bohcmx4f" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Agapanthus
| species = praecox
| authority = Willd.
| image = Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Agapanthus praecox''
}}
'''''Agapanthus praecox''''' (mu Gifaransa ''agapanthe'', mu Cyongereza ''African lily'' cyangwa ''lily of the Nile'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Amaryllidaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] hirya no hino ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite amababi maremare n'indabo z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru ziteranye ku mutwe w'uruti rurerure. Ibimera byinshi bya ''Agapanthus'' bihingwa ku isi bikomoka kuri ubu bwoko.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Agapanthus praecox MHNT.BOT.2009.7.4.jpg|thumb|Imbuto z'umukara za ''Agapanthus praecox'']]
''Agapanthus praecox'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi gishobora kubaho imyaka igera kuri 75. Amababi yacyo afite ubugari bwa santimetero 2 n'uburebure bugera kuri santimetero 50. Uruti rwacyo rw'indabo rushobora kugera kuri metero 1 z'uburebure, kandi imizi yacyo irakomeye cyane ku buryo ishobora kumena sima.

Indabo zacyo, z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru, ziteranye nk'umutaka (''ombelle''). Zikurikirwa n'udusanduku (''capsules'') twuzuyemo [[Urubuto|imbuto]] nto z'umukara. Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi.

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' ikomoka mu ntara za Eastern Cape na KwaZulu-Natal muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus praecox Willd. |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agapanpraecox.htm |website=PlantZAfrica.com |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwabo, izwi ku mazina nka ''agapant'', ''bloulelie'', ''isicakathi'' na ''ubani''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;/&gt;

Ubu ihingwa cyane mu busitani ku isi yose, cyane cyane mu turere dufite ikirere cyo mu karere ka Mediterane. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe nka [[Ositaraliya]] na [[Nuveli Zelande]], yabaye ikimera cyigabiza kibangamira ibimera kavukire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus - Weeds of Blue Mountains Bushland |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/agapanthus.asp |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amoko mato ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' igabanyijemo amoko mato (''sous-espèces'') atatu:
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''praecox'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape; ifite amababi 10 kugeza kuri 11 akomeye n'indabo z'ubururu.
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''orientalis'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape no mu majyepfo ya KwaZulu-Natal; ifite amababi agera kuri 20 kandi indabo zayo zifite ibara riva ku bururu kugera ku mweru.
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''minimus'' – ni ntoya kurusha izindi.

== Ihingwa ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' ikunda [[Ubutaka|ubutaka]] butareka amazi kandi bukungahaye, ariko yihanganira n'ubutaka bukennye. Ikunda izuba ryinshi, ariko ishobora no gukura ahari igicucu gito. Ntikunda kwimurwa.

Ishobora gutuburwa hakoreshejwe imbuto (ikarabya nyuma y'imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 4) cyangwa kugabanya ibishyitsi. Iyo imaze gufata neza, yihanganira izuba ryinshi n'amapfa, nubwo ari byiza kuyuhira igihe izuba rimaze igihe kirekire.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
African lilies (Agapanthus praecox), Guerra Junqueiro Avenue, Lisbon, Portugal julesvernex2.jpg|I Lisbonne muri Porutugali
20210731 Hortus botanicus Leiden - Agapanthus praecox.jpg|Mu busitani bw'ibimera bwa Leiden
Agapanthus praecox (Indigo flowers).jpg|Indabo z'isine
Agapanthus in Garden at Sintra(14654782894).jpg|Mu busitani i Sintra
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Heliconia rostrata]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Agapanthus_praecox Amafoto ya ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Agapanthus-praecox ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142084</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ifoto y'imbuto ishyizwe ibumoso</comment>
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      <text bytes="4004" sha1="rd33xgtf9lvlalzmhi5f3ll0umwsc04" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Agapanthus
| species = praecox
| authority = Willd.
| image = Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Agapanthus praecox''
}}
'''''Agapanthus praecox''''' (mu Gifaransa ''agapanthe'', mu Cyongereza ''African lily'' cyangwa ''lily of the Nile'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Amaryllidaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] hirya no hino ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite amababi maremare n'indabo z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru ziteranye ku mutwe w'uruti rurerure. Ibimera byinshi bya ''Agapanthus'' bihingwa ku isi bikomoka kuri ubu bwoko.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Agapanthus praecox MHNT.BOT.2009.7.4.jpg|thumb|left|Imbuto z'umukara za ''Agapanthus praecox'']]
''Agapanthus praecox'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi gishobora kubaho imyaka igera kuri 75. Amababi yacyo afite ubugari bwa santimetero 2 n'uburebure bugera kuri santimetero 50. Uruti rwacyo rw'indabo rushobora kugera kuri metero 1 z'uburebure, kandi imizi yacyo irakomeye cyane ku buryo ishobora kumena sima.

Indabo zacyo, z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru, ziteranye nk'umutaka (''ombelle''). Zikurikirwa n'udusanduku (''capsules'') twuzuyemo [[Urubuto|imbuto]] nto z'umukara. Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi.

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' ikomoka mu ntara za Eastern Cape na KwaZulu-Natal muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus praecox Willd. |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agapanpraecox.htm |website=PlantZAfrica.com |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwabo, izwi ku mazina nka ''agapant'', ''bloulelie'', ''isicakathi'' na ''ubani''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;/&gt;

Ubu ihingwa cyane mu busitani ku isi yose, cyane cyane mu turere dufite ikirere cyo mu karere ka Mediterane. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe nka [[Ositaraliya]] na [[Nuveli Zelande]], yabaye ikimera cyigabiza kibangamira ibimera kavukire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus - Weeds of Blue Mountains Bushland |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/agapanthus.asp |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amoko mato ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' igabanyijemo amoko mato (''sous-espèces'') atatu:
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''praecox'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape; ifite amababi 10 kugeza kuri 11 akomeye n'indabo z'ubururu.
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''orientalis'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape no mu majyepfo ya KwaZulu-Natal; ifite amababi agera kuri 20 kandi indabo zayo zifite ibara riva ku bururu kugera ku mweru.
* ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''minimus'' – ni ntoya kurusha izindi.

== Ihingwa ==
''Agapanthus praecox'' ikunda [[Ubutaka|ubutaka]] butareka amazi kandi bukungahaye, ariko yihanganira n'ubutaka bukennye. Ikunda izuba ryinshi, ariko ishobora no gukura ahari igicucu gito. Ntikunda kwimurwa.

Ishobora gutuburwa hakoreshejwe imbuto (ikarabya nyuma y'imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 4) cyangwa kugabanya ibishyitsi. Iyo imaze gufata neza, yihanganira izuba ryinshi n'amapfa, nubwo ari byiza kuyuhira igihe izuba rimaze igihe kirekire.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
African lilies (Agapanthus praecox), Guerra Junqueiro Avenue, Lisbon, Portugal julesvernex2.jpg|I Lisbonne muri Porutugali
20210731 Hortus botanicus Leiden - Agapanthus praecox.jpg|Mu busitani bw'ibimera bwa Leiden
Agapanthus praecox (Indigo flowers).jpg|Indabo z'isine
Agapanthus in Garden at Sintra(14654782894).jpg|Mu busitani i Sintra
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Heliconia rostrata]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Agapanthus_praecox Amafoto ya ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Agapanthus-praecox ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23467</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:25:55Z</timestamp>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto (yahinduwe ivuye kuri sw.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142085</origin>
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      <text bytes="2898" sha1="g00v23wmj1htsa71kjuh030v60j0fns" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto
| birth_date = 6 Werurwe 1939
| birth_place = Porto-Novo, [[Bene]]
| death_date = 29 Nzeri 2026 (afite imyaka 87)
| nationality = Umunyabene
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Strasbourg
| occupation = Umwarimu, umusizi, umunyapolitiki
| known_for = Minisitiri w'Amashuri Abanza n'Ayisumbuye (2006)
}}
'''Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto''' (6 Werurwe 1939 – 29 Nzeri 2026) yari umwarimu, umusizi uharanira uburenganzira bw'abagore n'umunyapolitiki wo muri [[Bene]].

Yabaye Minisitiri w'Amashuri Abanza n'Ayisumbuye muri guverinoma ya mbere ya Perezida Boni Yayi mu mwaka wa 2006.

== Ubuzima n'umwuga ==
[[File:Porto-Novo vue.jpg|thumb|left|Porto-Novo, umujyi yavukiyemo kandi yabereye umuyobozi wungirije.]]
Yavukiye i Porto-Novo, yiga amashuri yisumbuye i Cotonou, hanyuma akomereza amasomo ya kaminuza i Strasbourg mu [[Ubufaransa]], i München mu [[Ubudage]] n'i Aix-en-Provence, mbere yo kuba umwarimu w'[[Ikidage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aflit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bwt&quot; /&gt; Kuva mu 1977 kugeza mu 1981 yayoboye Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Amahugurwa n'Ubushakashatsi mu [[Uburezi]] (INFRE), nyuma akorera [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere]] (1986–1991) na [[UNICEF]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aflit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bwt&quot; /&gt;

Kuva muri Mata kugeza muri Kanama 2006 yari minisitiri w'uburezi, naho kuva mu 2008 kugeza mu 2015 aba umuyobozi wungirije wa mbere w'umujyi wa Porto-Novo.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bwt&quot; /&gt; Igitabo cye cy'[[imivugo]] ''L'Aube sur les cactus'' (1981) kirata urugamba rwo kurwanya ubukoloni kandi kigaharanira uburenganzira bw'abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune&quot; /&gt; Yitabye Imana ku wa 29 Nzeri 2026 afite imyaka 87.&lt;ref name=&quot;bwt&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;aflit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colette Senami Agossou Houeto|url=https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AgossouHouetoEng.html|work=Francophone African Women Writers|publisher=University of Western Australia|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bwt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Benin: Former Minister Colette Houeto dies at 87|url=https://beninwebtv.bj/en/benin-former-minister-colette-houeto-dies-at-87/|author=André Kouagou Assane|work=Benin Web TV|date=2026-10-02|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bénin : décès de Colette Houeto, ancienne ministre sous Boni Yayi, à 87 ans|url=https://lanouvelletribune.info/2026/10/benin-deces-de-colette-houeto-ancienne-ministre-sous-boni-yayi-a-87-ans/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|date=2026-10-02|access-date=2026-10-14|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AgossouHoueto.html Colette Senami Agossou Houeto] – ''Francophone African Women Writers'' (mu Gifaransa)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Houeto, Colette Senami Agossou}}
[[Ikiciro:Bene]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Umwanditsi]]
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    <title>Spathodea campanulata</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Spathodea campanulata (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="5043" sha1="coplcuqiesu3fr8hdm1e57dxhbisgfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Spathodea
| species = campanulata
| authority = [[Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois|P.Beauv.]] (1805)
| image = Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Spathodea campanulata''
| synonyms =
* ''Bignonia tulipifera'' Schum.
* ''Spathodea nilotica'' Seem.
* ''Spathodea tulipifera'' (Thonn.) G.Don
}}
'''''Spathodea campanulata''''' (mu Gifaransa ''tulipier du Gabon'' cyangwa ''tulipier d'Afrique'', mu Cyongereza ''African tulip tree'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri [[Afurika]].

Kirangwa n'indabo nini z'umutuku zimeze nk'itulipe, kandi giterwa cyane mu turere dushyuha tw'isi nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu. Ariko kandi, aho cyajyanywe, cyabaye ikimera cyigabiza gikomeye: kiri ku rutonde rw'amoko 100 y'ibinyabuzima byigabiza bibangamiye isi kurusha ibindi.

== Izina ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' yasobanuwe bwa mbere n'Umufaransa Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois mu gitabo cye ''Flore d'Oware et de Bénin, en Afrique'' (1805).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spathodea campanulata |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3700582 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Palisot de Beauvois |first=Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph |title=Flore d'Oware et de Benin, en Afrique |volume=1 |pages=47–48 |year=1804 |url=https://ia801505.us.archive.org/31/items/FloredquotOwaret1Pali/FloredquotOwaret1Pali.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izina ''Spathodea'' rikomoka mu Kigereki, ryerekeza ku ishusho y'inkota y'igice cyo hasi cy'ururabo (''calice''), naho ''campanulata'' bisobanura mu Kilatini « gisa n'inzogera nto ».

== Imiterere ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ni igiti gishobora kugera kuri metero 10 kugeza kuri 35 z'uburebure, gifite umutwe w'amababi menshi kandi yijimye. Igihimba cyacyo gishobora kugira umurambararo wa santimetero 60. Igishishwa cyacyo kibanza kuba gisa n'ikijuju kandi kinyerera, hanyuma kigasaduka uko gisaza.

Amababi yacyo agizwe n'udutabi 9 kugeza kuri 15, buri kamwe gafite uburebure bwa santimetero 7 kugeza kuri 16. Indabo zacyo ni nini, zifite ibara ry'umutuku ryerurutse inyuma n'umuhondo cyangwa icunga imbere, ziteranye ku mitwe y'amashami. Hari n'ubwoko bufite indabo z'umuhondo. Utubumbe tw'indabo tutarabumbuka tubamo amazi atukura.

[[File:Spathodea campanulata fruits.JPG|thumb|left|Imbuto zimeze nk'udusanduku dushinze]]
Imbuto zacyo ni udusanduku tw'igiti dushinze, dufite uburebure bwa santimetero 15 kugeza kuri 27, twijimye. Iyo dufunguka, dusohora imbuto nyinshi nto, zifite amababa abonerana atuma zitwarwa n'umuyaga.
{{clear}}

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri Afurika, kuva muri [[Gineya]] kugera muri [[Angola]] ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba, ikagera mu majyepfo ya [[Sudani]] no muri [[Ubugande]] mu burasirazuba. Yajyanywe kandi mu turere twinshi dushyuha tw'isi, harimo [[Aziya]], amajyepfo ya Afurika, Amerika na [[Oseyaniya]].

== Ikimera cyigabiza ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' iri ku rutonde rw'amoko 100 y'ibinyabuzima byigabiza bibangamiye isi kurusha ibindi, rwakozwe n'Umuryango mpuzamahanga wo kubungabunga ibidukikije (UICN).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=100 espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde : une sélection de la Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/french_100_worst.pdf |publisher=IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakwirakwiriye cyane mu birwa byo mu nyanja ya Pasifika (Hawayi, [[Fiji]], Nouvelle-Calédonie…), aho yigabiza imirima n'amashyamba. Ikwirakwira binyuze ku mbuto zayo zifite amababa zitwarwa n'umuyaga, ndetse no ku mizi yayo imeraho ibindi bimera, bigatuma kuyirandura bigorana. Ku kirwa cya Réunion, kuva mu 2019 itegeko risaba ko irimburwa.

== Imikoreshereze ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ikunzwe kubera indabo zayo nziza, kandi iterwa cyane ahantu rusange nk'igiti cy'imitako, icyo ku mihanda cyangwa icy'igicucu. Ariko kandi, ibiti byayo byoroshye kuvunika bishobora guteza akaga ku bahisi igihe cy'imiyaga n'inkubi. Imbuto zayo ziribwa mu turere tumwe na tumwe twa Afurika, kandi igishishwa cyayo, amababi n'indabo bikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Spathodea campanulata.JPG|Indabo
Gardenology.org-IMG 7069 qsbg11mar.jpg|Amababi
Seed AfTulip.jpg|Urubuto rufite amababa
Flower of Spathodea campanulata at Muzhappilangad .jpg|Ururabo
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umusave]] (''Markhamia lutea''), ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Agapanthus praecox]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spathodea_campanulata Amafoto ya ''Spathodea campanulata''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Spathodea-campanulata ''Spathodea campanulata''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
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        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kugabanya imyanya irimo ubusa (clear)</comment>
      <origin>142098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5033" sha1="qdvdzd0gicmz6le1waobx9v2rtz74wb" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Spathodea
| species = campanulata
| authority = [[Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois|P.Beauv.]] (1805)
| image = Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Spathodea campanulata''
| synonyms =
* ''Bignonia tulipifera'' Schum.
* ''Spathodea nilotica'' Seem.
* ''Spathodea tulipifera'' (Thonn.) G.Don
}}
'''''Spathodea campanulata''''' (mu Gifaransa ''tulipier du Gabon'' cyangwa ''tulipier d'Afrique'', mu Cyongereza ''African tulip tree'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri [[Afurika]].

Kirangwa n'indabo nini z'umutuku zimeze nk'itulipe, kandi giterwa cyane mu turere dushyuha tw'isi nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu. Ariko kandi, aho cyajyanywe, cyabaye ikimera cyigabiza gikomeye: kiri ku rutonde rw'amoko 100 y'ibinyabuzima byigabiza bibangamiye isi kurusha ibindi.

== Izina ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' yasobanuwe bwa mbere n'Umufaransa Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois mu gitabo cye ''Flore d'Oware et de Bénin, en Afrique'' (1805).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spathodea campanulata |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3700582 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Palisot de Beauvois |first=Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph |title=Flore d'Oware et de Benin, en Afrique |volume=1 |pages=47–48 |year=1804 |url=https://ia801505.us.archive.org/31/items/FloredquotOwaret1Pali/FloredquotOwaret1Pali.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izina ''Spathodea'' rikomoka mu Kigereki, ryerekeza ku ishusho y'inkota y'igice cyo hasi cy'ururabo (''calice''), naho ''campanulata'' bisobanura mu Kilatini « gisa n'inzogera nto ».

== Imiterere ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ni igiti gishobora kugera kuri metero 10 kugeza kuri 35 z'uburebure, gifite umutwe w'amababi menshi kandi yijimye. Igihimba cyacyo gishobora kugira umurambararo wa santimetero 60. Igishishwa cyacyo kibanza kuba gisa n'ikijuju kandi kinyerera, hanyuma kigasaduka uko gisaza.

Amababi yacyo agizwe n'udutabi 9 kugeza kuri 15, buri kamwe gafite uburebure bwa santimetero 7 kugeza kuri 16. Indabo zacyo ni nini, zifite ibara ry'umutuku ryerurutse inyuma n'umuhondo cyangwa icunga imbere, ziteranye ku mitwe y'amashami. Hari n'ubwoko bufite indabo z'umuhondo. Utubumbe tw'indabo tutarabumbuka tubamo amazi atukura.

[[File:Spathodea campanulata fruits.JPG|thumb|left|Imbuto zimeze nk'udusanduku dushinze]]
Imbuto zacyo ni udusanduku tw'igiti dushinze, dufite uburebure bwa santimetero 15 kugeza kuri 27, twijimye. Iyo dufunguka, dusohora imbuto nyinshi nto, zifite amababa abonerana atuma zitwarwa n'umuyaga.

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri Afurika, kuva muri [[Gineya]] kugera muri [[Angola]] ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba, ikagera mu majyepfo ya [[Sudani]] no muri [[Ubugande]] mu burasirazuba. Yajyanywe kandi mu turere twinshi dushyuha tw'isi, harimo [[Aziya]], amajyepfo ya Afurika, Amerika na [[Oseyaniya]].

== Ikimera cyigabiza ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' iri ku rutonde rw'amoko 100 y'ibinyabuzima byigabiza bibangamiye isi kurusha ibindi, rwakozwe n'Umuryango mpuzamahanga wo kubungabunga ibidukikije (UICN).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=100 espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde : une sélection de la Global Invasive Species Database |url=http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/french_100_worst.pdf |publisher=IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakwirakwiriye cyane mu birwa byo mu nyanja ya Pasifika (Hawayi, [[Fiji]], Nouvelle-Calédonie…), aho yigabiza imirima n'amashyamba. Ikwirakwira binyuze ku mbuto zayo zifite amababa zitwarwa n'umuyaga, ndetse no ku mizi yayo imeraho ibindi bimera, bigatuma kuyirandura bigorana. Ku kirwa cya Réunion, kuva mu 2019 itegeko risaba ko irimburwa.

== Imikoreshereze ==
''Spathodea campanulata'' ikunzwe kubera indabo zayo nziza, kandi iterwa cyane ahantu rusange nk'igiti cy'imitako, icyo ku mihanda cyangwa icy'igicucu. Ariko kandi, ibiti byayo byoroshye kuvunika bishobora guteza akaga ku bahisi igihe cy'imiyaga n'inkubi. Imbuto zayo ziribwa mu turere tumwe na tumwe twa Afurika, kandi igishishwa cyayo, amababi n'indabo bikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Spathodea campanulata.JPG|Indabo
Gardenology.org-IMG 7069 qsbg11mar.jpg|Amababi
Seed AfTulip.jpg|Urubuto rufite amababa
Flower of Spathodea campanulata at Muzhappilangad .jpg|Ururabo
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umusave]] (''Markhamia lutea''), ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Agapanthus praecox]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spathodea_campanulata Amafoto ya ''Spathodea campanulata''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Spathodea-campanulata ''Spathodea campanulata''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>qdvdzd0gicmz6le1waobx9v2rtz74wb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Alismatales</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]</comment>
      <origin>142092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="382" sha1="rmgd1dkf0u4nbx7lge20d4wl4425s6n" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=ordo
|link=Alismatales
|parent=Monocots
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>rmgd1dkf0u4nbx7lge20d4wl4425s6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Araceae</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142093</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:35:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]</comment>
      <origin>142093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="pe3o54uh8v8af6k7qsutq2qxdqdlmgj" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=familia
|link=Araceae
|parent=Alismatales
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>pe3o54uh8v8af6k7qsutq2qxdqdlmgj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Zantedeschia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142094</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]</comment>
      <origin>142094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="e78get8uucnzl300ph5eoo2qn7pdaa7" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Zantedeschia
|parent=Araceae
}}</text>
      <sha1>e78get8uucnzl300ph5eoo2qn7pdaa7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zantedeschia aethiopica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142095</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:44:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Zantedeschia aethiopica (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4029" sha1="c15cxahs99uao2y1vk489brrv8gvnrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Zantedeschia
| species = aethiopica
| authority = ([[Carl von Linné|L.]]) Spreng.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''
}}
'''''Zantedeschia aethiopica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''arum blanc'' cyangwa ''calla'', mu Cyongereza ''calla lily'' cyangwa ''arum lily'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Araceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. Gikunze kumera ku nkombe z'imigezi no hafi y'ibidendezi.

Kirangwa n'ururabo runini rw'umweru rumeze nk'ingofero, ruzengurutse agati k'umuhondo, kandi gikoreshwa cyane mu gutaka kiliziya no mu ndabo z'abageni. Ibice byacyo bibisi ni uburozi iyo biriwe.

== Izina ==
Izina ry'ubwoko ''aethiopica'' ryerekeza kuri [[Etiyopiya]] mu buryo bwa kera, bisobanura [[Afurika]] muri rusange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stearn |first=William T. |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0881926279 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo amazina yacyo asanzwe (''calla'', ''arum'') yatuma umuntu atekereza ko ari mu bwoko bwa ''Calla'' cyangwa ''Arum'', si ko biri: ayo ni amazina atari yo nubwo akoreshwa cyane n'abacuruza indabo.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Zantedeschia aethiopica (arum).JPG|thumb|left|Amababi manini n'indabo]]
''Zantedeschia aethiopica'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite igitsinsi (''tubercule''). Amababi yacyo ahora ari mabisi aho imvura n'ubushyuhe bihagije, ariko agahunguka mu turere twumutse. Gifite uburebure bwa metero 0,6 kugeza kuri 1, n'amababi manini y'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 45 z'uburebure.

Indabo zacyo ni nini, zikaboneka mu gihe cy'itumba, icy'izuba n'icy'umuhindo. Buri rurabo rugizwe n'ikibabi kinini cy'umweru (''spathe'') gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 25, kizengurutse agati k'umuhondo (''spadice'') gashobora kugera kuri milimetero 90. Ako gati gatanga impumuro nziza yoroheje.
{{clear}}

== Uburozi ==
''Zantedeschia aethiopica'' irimo ''oxalate de calcium''. Kurya iki kimera kibisi bishobora gutera ububabare bukabije bwo kwokera no kubyimba iminwa, ururimi n'umuhogo, ndetse no kuribwa mu nda no gucibwamo.

== Ihingwa ==
Iki kimera gikenera amazi menshi kugira ngo gikure neza: gikunda ubutaka bw'[[Igishanga|ibishanga]], kandi gishobora no kumera amaguru yacyo ari mu mazi agera kuri santimetero 30, ku buryo rimwe na rimwe gifatwa nk'ikimera cyo mu bidendezi. Mu butaka bwumutse, gikunze guhunguka amababi mu gihe cy'izuba.

Gitubururwa no kugabanya igitsinsi. Gishobora no guterwa hakoreshejwe imbuto, ariko ibimera bito bimara imyaka itatu mbere yo kurabya.

== Imikoreshereze n'ikimenyetso ==
[[File:Bocas de jarro no Mercado dos Lavradores - Apr 2011.jpg|thumb|Indabo zigurishwa ku isoko i Funchal (Madère)]]
Indabo zacyo zikoreshwa cyane nk'indabo zaciwe, mu gutaka kiliziya no mu ndabo z'abageni mu [[Ubukwe|bukwe]].

Muri [[Irilande]], ku izina rya « ururabo rwa [[Pasika]] » (''Easter Lily''), iki kimera gikoreshwa n'abarepubulikani nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwibuka imyigaragambyo ya Pasika yo mu 1916.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Symbols Used in Northern Ireland - Nationalist and Republican Symbols |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/nationrepub.htm |website=CAIN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Zantedeschia aethiopica00.jpg
Zantedeschia aethiopica 003.jpg
Cheverny26.jpg|Mu busitani bwa Cheverny mu [[Ubufaransa]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Agapanthus praecox]]
* [[Spathodea campanulata]]
* [[Igishanga]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zantedeschia_aethiopica Amafoto ya ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164507/1056234 ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] ku rutonde rutukura rwa UICN
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Zantedeschia-aethiopica ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>c15cxahs99uao2y1vk489brrv8gvnrj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142096</id>
      <parentid>142095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T08:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kugabanya imyanya irimo ubusa (clear, ifoto yimuriwe mu mafoto)</comment>
      <origin>142096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3980" sha1="8jmsbtamkn0sk0ny5060nciizwl3c7u" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Zantedeschia
| species = aethiopica
| authority = ([[Carl von Linné|L.]]) Spreng.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''
}}
'''''Zantedeschia aethiopica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''arum blanc'' cyangwa ''calla'', mu Cyongereza ''calla lily'' cyangwa ''arum lily'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Araceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. Gikunze kumera ku nkombe z'imigezi no hafi y'ibidendezi.

Kirangwa n'ururabo runini rw'umweru rumeze nk'ingofero, ruzengurutse agati k'umuhondo, kandi gikoreshwa cyane mu gutaka kiliziya no mu ndabo z'abageni. Ibice byacyo bibisi ni uburozi iyo biriwe.

== Izina ==
Izina ry'ubwoko ''aethiopica'' ryerekeza kuri [[Etiyopiya]] mu buryo bwa kera, bisobanura [[Afurika]] muri rusange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stearn |first=William T. |title=Botanical Latin |publisher=Timber Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0881926279 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo amazina yacyo asanzwe (''calla'', ''arum'') yatuma umuntu atekereza ko ari mu bwoko bwa ''Calla'' cyangwa ''Arum'', si ko biri: ayo ni amazina atari yo nubwo akoreshwa cyane n'abacuruza indabo.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Zantedeschia aethiopica (arum).JPG|thumb|left|Amababi manini n'indabo]]
''Zantedeschia aethiopica'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite igitsinsi (''tubercule''). Amababi yacyo ahora ari mabisi aho imvura n'ubushyuhe bihagije, ariko agahunguka mu turere twumutse. Gifite uburebure bwa metero 0,6 kugeza kuri 1, n'amababi manini y'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 45 z'uburebure.

Indabo zacyo ni nini, zikaboneka mu gihe cy'itumba, icy'izuba n'icy'umuhindo. Buri rurabo rugizwe n'ikibabi kinini cy'umweru (''spathe'') gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 25, kizengurutse agati k'umuhondo (''spadice'') gashobora kugera kuri milimetero 90. Ako gati gatanga impumuro nziza yoroheje.

== Uburozi ==
''Zantedeschia aethiopica'' irimo ''oxalate de calcium''. Kurya iki kimera kibisi bishobora gutera ububabare bukabije bwo kwokera no kubyimba iminwa, ururimi n'umuhogo, ndetse no kuribwa mu nda no gucibwamo.

== Ihingwa ==
Iki kimera gikenera amazi menshi kugira ngo gikure neza: gikunda ubutaka bw'[[Igishanga|ibishanga]], kandi gishobora no kumera amaguru yacyo ari mu mazi agera kuri santimetero 30, ku buryo rimwe na rimwe gifatwa nk'ikimera cyo mu bidendezi. Mu butaka bwumutse, gikunze guhunguka amababi mu gihe cy'izuba.

Gitubururwa no kugabanya igitsinsi. Gishobora no guterwa hakoreshejwe imbuto, ariko ibimera bito bimara imyaka itatu mbere yo kurabya.

== Imikoreshereze n'ikimenyetso ==
Indabo zacyo zikoreshwa cyane nk'indabo zaciwe, mu gutaka kiliziya no mu ndabo z'abageni mu [[Ubukwe|bukwe]].

Muri [[Irilande]], ku izina rya « ururabo rwa [[Pasika]] » (''Easter Lily''), iki kimera gikoreshwa n'abarepubulikani nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwibuka imyigaragambyo ya Pasika yo mu 1916.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Symbols Used in Northern Ireland - Nationalist and Republican Symbols |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/nationrepub.htm |website=CAIN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Zantedeschia aethiopica00.jpg|Mu gasozi
Zantedeschia aethiopica 003.jpg|Ururabo
Cheverny26.jpg|I Cheverny mu [[Ubufaransa]]
Bocas de jarro no Mercado dos Lavradores - Apr 2011.jpg|Ku isoko i Funchal
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Agapanthus praecox]]
* [[Spathodea campanulata]]
* [[Igishanga]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zantedeschia_aethiopica Amafoto ya ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164507/1056234 ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] ku rutonde rutukura rwa UICN
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Zantedeschia-aethiopica ''Zantedeschia aethiopica''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>8jmsbtamkn0sk0ny5060nciizwl3c7u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Markhamia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142100</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:06:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Umusave]]</comment>
      <origin>142100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="208zovzexjep82cn22z2rrwe85655j4" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Markhamia
|parent=Bignoniaceae
}}</text>
      <sha1>208zovzexjep82cn22z2rrwe85655j4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean Fourastié</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142117</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Jean Fourastié (yahinduwe ivuye kuri af.wikipedia na fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4252" sha1="jybuym4botqpy36ll4vi5wl4lw6lfcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Jean Fourastié
| image = Fourastié1.jpg
| caption = Jean Fourastié
| birth_date = 15 Mata 1907
| birth_place = Saint-Benin-d'Azy, Nièvre, [[Ubufaransa]]
| death_date = 25 Nyakanga 1990 (afite imyaka 83)
| death_place = Douelle, Lot, Ubufaransa
| nationality = Umufaransa
| occupation = Umuhanga mu bukungu, umwarimu, umwanditsi
| known_for = ''Les Trente Glorieuses'', igitekerezo cy'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu
}}
'''Jean Fourastié''' (15 Mata 1907 – 25 Nyakanga 1990) yari umuhanga mu bukungu w'Umufaransa. Ni we wahimbye imvugo ''Les Trente Glorieuses'' (&quot;Imyaka mirongo itatu y'icyubahiro&quot;), isobanura igihe cy'iterambere [[Ubufaransa]] n'ibihugu byinshi bifite inganda byagize kuva Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye kugeza ku kibazo cya mbere cya peteroli (1947–1973).

Hamwe na Allan Fisher na Colin Clark, ni umwe mu bashyizeho igitekerezo cy'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu, kivuga ko uko igihugu gitera imbere abakozi bacyo bagenda bava mu [[ubuhinzi]] no mu [[inganda]] bakajya muri serivisi.

== Ubuzima ==
Jean Fourastié yavukiye i Saint-Benin-d'Azy, mu ntara ya Nièvre mu Bufaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt; Yize muri École centrale, hanyuma atsinda ikizamini cyo kuba umugenzuzi w'ibigo by'ubwishingizi wa Leta, yandika n'igitabo cy'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) ku igenzura Leta ikora ku bigo by'ubwishingizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Jean Monnet yamuzanye mu kigo cya Commissariat général du Plan, cyateguraga isubirana ry'ubukungu bw'Ubufaransa, ahayobora komisiyo yita ku bakozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yabaye umwarimu muri Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) i [[Paris]] n'umuyobozi w'amasomo muri École pratique des hautes études, anigisha muri École nationale d'administration no muri Institut d'études politiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yanditse kandi mu kinyamakuru ''Le Figaro''&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot; /&gt;, atorerwa kuba umunyamuryango wa Académie des sciences morales et politiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yapfiriye i Douelle, mu ntara ya Lot, mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt;

== Ibitekerezo ==
Mu gitabo ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle'' (1949), ashingiye ku [[ubushakashatsi]] bwa Colin Clark, yagaragaje ko iterambere ry'ubukungu risaba ko abakozi bimuka hagati y'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ya 1950 yashyigikiye politiki yo kongera umusaruro w'[[umurimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot; /&gt;, avuga ko hazaza « umuco wa serivisi ushingiye ku muntu ».&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;

Mu 1979 yasohoye igitabo ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975''; iyo mvugo yabaye iy'ibisanzwe mu Gifaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt;

== Ibitabo by'ingenzi ==
* ''L'Économie française dans le monde'' (1945)
* ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle'' (1949)
* ''Machinisme et bien-être'' (1951)
* ''La Productivité'' (1952)
* ''Les 40 000 heures'' (1965)
* ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975'' (1979)

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/ |title=Comité Jean Fourastié |website=fourastie-sauvy.org |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/accueil/qui-est-jean-fourastie/biographie-fourastie |title=Biographie de Jean Fourastié |website=Comité Jean Fourastié |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/jean-fourastie/ |title=Fourastié Jean (1907-1990) |author=Jacques Lesourne |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Régis Boulat |title=La productivité, nouvel indicateur d'une économie en expansion (France, années 1950) |journal=Réalités industrielles |date=February 2009 |pages=109–117 |url=https://annales.org/ri/2009/ri-fevrier-2009/boulat.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/ |title=Comité Jean Fourastié |language=fr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fourastié, Jean}}
[[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umwanditsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142131</id>
      <parentid>142117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Version miroir de l'image (le sujet regarde vers le texte)</comment>
      <origin>142131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4261" sha1="13m3epvj7c71cjnc0kf1zjeww2r8mrb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Jean Fourastié
| image = Fourastié1 (miroir).jpg
| caption = Jean Fourastié
| birth_date = 15 Mata 1907
| birth_place = Saint-Benin-d'Azy, Nièvre, [[Ubufaransa]]
| death_date = 25 Nyakanga 1990 (afite imyaka 83)
| death_place = Douelle, Lot, Ubufaransa
| nationality = Umufaransa
| occupation = Umuhanga mu bukungu, umwarimu, umwanditsi
| known_for = ''Les Trente Glorieuses'', igitekerezo cy'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu
}}
'''Jean Fourastié''' (15 Mata 1907 – 25 Nyakanga 1990) yari umuhanga mu bukungu w'Umufaransa. Ni we wahimbye imvugo ''Les Trente Glorieuses'' (&quot;Imyaka mirongo itatu y'icyubahiro&quot;), isobanura igihe cy'iterambere [[Ubufaransa]] n'ibihugu byinshi bifite inganda byagize kuva Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye kugeza ku kibazo cya mbere cya peteroli (1947–1973).

Hamwe na Allan Fisher na Colin Clark, ni umwe mu bashyizeho igitekerezo cy'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu, kivuga ko uko igihugu gitera imbere abakozi bacyo bagenda bava mu [[ubuhinzi]] no mu [[inganda]] bakajya muri serivisi.

== Ubuzima ==
Jean Fourastié yavukiye i Saint-Benin-d'Azy, mu ntara ya Nièvre mu Bufaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt; Yize muri École centrale, hanyuma atsinda ikizamini cyo kuba umugenzuzi w'ibigo by'ubwishingizi wa Leta, yandika n'igitabo cy'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) ku igenzura Leta ikora ku bigo by'ubwishingizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Jean Monnet yamuzanye mu kigo cya Commissariat général du Plan, cyateguraga isubirana ry'ubukungu bw'Ubufaransa, ahayobora komisiyo yita ku bakozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yabaye umwarimu muri Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) i [[Paris]] n'umuyobozi w'amasomo muri École pratique des hautes études, anigisha muri École nationale d'administration no muri Institut d'études politiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yanditse kandi mu kinyamakuru ''Le Figaro''&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot; /&gt;, atorerwa kuba umunyamuryango wa Académie des sciences morales et politiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Yapfiriye i Douelle, mu ntara ya Lot, mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt;

== Ibitekerezo ==
Mu gitabo ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle'' (1949), ashingiye ku [[ubushakashatsi]] bwa Colin Clark, yagaragaje ko iterambere ry'ubukungu risaba ko abakozi bimuka hagati y'ibyiciro bitatu by'ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ya 1950 yashyigikiye politiki yo kongera umusaruro w'[[umurimo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot; /&gt;, avuga ko hazaza « umuco wa serivisi ushingiye ku muntu ».&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot; /&gt;

Mu 1979 yasohoye igitabo ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975''; iyo mvugo yabaye iy'ibisanzwe mu Gifaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot; /&gt;

== Ibitabo by'ingenzi ==
* ''L'Économie française dans le monde'' (1945)
* ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle'' (1949)
* ''Machinisme et bien-être'' (1951)
* ''La Productivité'' (1952)
* ''Les 40 000 heures'' (1965)
* ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975'' (1979)

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;fs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/ |title=Comité Jean Fourastié |website=fourastie-sauvy.org |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;fsbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/accueil/qui-est-jean-fourastie/biographie-fourastie |title=Biographie de Jean Fourastié |website=Comité Jean Fourastié |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/jean-fourastie/ |title=Fourastié Jean (1907-1990) |author=Jacques Lesourne |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;boulat&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Régis Boulat |title=La productivité, nouvel indicateur d'une économie en expansion (France, années 1950) |journal=Réalités industrielles |date=February 2009 |pages=109–117 |url=https://annales.org/ri/2009/ri-fevrier-2009/boulat.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.fourastie-sauvy.org/ |title=Comité Jean Fourastié |language=fr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fourastié, Jean}}
[[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umwanditsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Strelitziaceae</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142129</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Strelitzia reginae]]</comment>
      <origin>142129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="392" sha1="8hjon3ecdhn4np92k3ucirstyfdznkz" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=familia
|link=Strelitziaceae
|parent=Zingiberales
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>8hjon3ecdhn4np92k3ucirstyfdznkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Strelitzia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Strelitzia reginae]]</comment>
      <origin>142130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="97" sha1="blc5w7srgcb8grljbbkafkc0i6luf38" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Strelitzia
|parent=Strelitziaceae
}}</text>
      <sha1>blc5w7srgcb8grljbbkafkc0i6luf38</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Jacaranda</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142134</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T09:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Jacaranda (ku ngingo Jacaranda mimosifolia)</comment>
      <origin>142134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="lt9ft5jdwbvzqal4z0n6nlaue2hp3ap" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Jacaranda
|parent=Bignoniaceae
}}</text>
      <sha1>lt9ft5jdwbvzqal4z0n6nlaue2hp3ap</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jacaranda mimosifolia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142135</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Jacaranda mimosifolia (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3988" sha1="apy9g1ra5mb9q276zf2tdwyymnykc42" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Jacaranda
| species = mimosifolia
| authority = D.Don (1822)
| image = Jacaranda1212.jpg
| image_caption = Igiti cya ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' kirabije
| synonyms =
* ''Jacaranda acutifolia'' auct.
* ''Jacaranda chelonia'' Griseb.
* ''Jacaranda ovalifolia'' R.Br.
}}
'''''Jacaranda mimosifolia''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant bleu'' cyangwa ''jacaranda'', mu Cyongereza ''blue jacaranda'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Boliviya]], [[Arijantine]] na [[Paragwe]], muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo.

Kizwi cyane kubera indabo zacyo z'ibara ry'isine (''violet'') zitwikira igiti cyose, kandi giterwa mu mijyi myinshi yo ku isi nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu ku mihanda.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuhanga mu bimera w'Umwongereza David Don mu 1822, mu gitabo ''Botanical Register''.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt; Mu bitabo bya kera bwitwaga kandi ''Jacaranda acutifolia''.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Flores de jacaranda patrimonial de Abancay 01.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''.]]
''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' ni igiti gikunze kugera kuri metero 8 kugeza kuri 12 z'uburebure, gifite umutwe mugari. Igishishwa cyacyo ni ikigina kandi kiroroshye iyo kikiri gito, nyuma kikagenda kiba igikakaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo ni maremare (santimetero 23 kugeza kuri 45), agizwe n'utubabi duto twinshi cyane, kandi aragwa mu gihe runaka cy'umwaka. Indabo zacyo z'isine, zimeze nk'impanda kandi zihumura gake, ziri mu matsinda manini ya santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 45. Urubuto rwacyo ni igishishwa gikomeye kimeze nk'isahani, gifite santimetero hafi 7.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
[[File:Fruits of Jacaranda mimosifolia in Jos Wildlife Park 01.jpg|thumb|Imbuto za ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''.]]
Igiti gikomoka muri Boliviya no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Arijantine.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha cyangwa bitagira ubukonje bukabije, nko muri Espanye, [[Megizike]], [[Ositaraliya]], Afurika y'Epfo n'ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Muri Afurika y'Epfo, cyahageze mu kinyejana cya 19 kandi kibaye ikimenyetso cy'impeshyi mu mijyi ya Pretoria na Johannesburg; ariko gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza kuko gishobora gukura nta muntu ukitayeho.&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Giterwa cyane ku mihanda, mu busitani no mu mbuga nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu. Ntigikwiriye guterwa hafi ya pisine kuko kigusha amababi n'indabo byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:130936-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3700578 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gilman |first1=Edward F. |last2=Watson |first2=Dennis G. |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia: Jacaranda (ENH476/ST317) |url=https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST317 |publisher=University of Florida, IFAS Extension |date=2019-04-28 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blossoming jacaranda trees brighten up the streets of South African cities |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/10/blossoming-jacaranda-trees-brighten-up-the-streets-of-south-african-cities/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Spathodea campanulata]], ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Umusave]] (''Markhamia lutea'')
* [[Bougainvillea]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacaranda_mimosifolia Amafoto ya ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>apy9g1ra5mb9q276zf2tdwyymnykc42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142137</id>
      <parentid>142135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:10:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Igice gishya: Mu Rwanda no mu buvanganzo (Gaël Faye, Jacaranda)</comment>
      <origin>142137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5147" sha1="4iwo89lruallksyw7cvfbw2s5m2u6f4" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Jacaranda
| species = mimosifolia
| authority = D.Don (1822)
| image = Jacaranda1212.jpg
| image_caption = Igiti cya ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' kirabije
| synonyms =
* ''Jacaranda acutifolia'' auct.
* ''Jacaranda chelonia'' Griseb.
* ''Jacaranda ovalifolia'' R.Br.
}}
'''''Jacaranda mimosifolia''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant bleu'' cyangwa ''jacaranda'', mu Cyongereza ''blue jacaranda'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Boliviya]], [[Arijantine]] na [[Paragwe]], muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo.

Kizwi cyane kubera indabo zacyo z'ibara ry'isine (''violet'') zitwikira igiti cyose, kandi giterwa mu mijyi myinshi yo ku isi nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu ku mihanda.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuhanga mu bimera w'Umwongereza David Don mu 1822, mu gitabo ''Botanical Register''.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt; Mu bitabo bya kera bwitwaga kandi ''Jacaranda acutifolia''.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Flores de jacaranda patrimonial de Abancay 01.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''.]]
''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' ni igiti gikunze kugera kuri metero 8 kugeza kuri 12 z'uburebure, gifite umutwe mugari. Igishishwa cyacyo ni ikigina kandi kiroroshye iyo kikiri gito, nyuma kikagenda kiba igikakaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo ni maremare (santimetero 23 kugeza kuri 45), agizwe n'utubabi duto twinshi cyane, kandi aragwa mu gihe runaka cy'umwaka. Indabo zacyo z'isine, zimeze nk'impanda kandi zihumura gake, ziri mu matsinda manini ya santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 45. Urubuto rwacyo ni igishishwa gikomeye kimeze nk'isahani, gifite santimetero hafi 7.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
[[File:Fruits of Jacaranda mimosifolia in Jos Wildlife Park 01.jpg|thumb|Imbuto za ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''.]]
Igiti gikomoka muri Boliviya no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Arijantine.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha cyangwa bitagira ubukonje bukabije, nko muri Espanye, [[Megizike]], [[Ositaraliya]], Afurika y'Epfo n'ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Muri Afurika y'Epfo, cyahageze mu kinyejana cya 19 kandi kibaye ikimenyetso cy'impeshyi mu mijyi ya Pretoria na Johannesburg; ariko gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza kuko gishobora gukura nta muntu ukitayeho.&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Giterwa cyane ku mihanda, mu busitani no mu mbuga nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu. Ntigikwiriye guterwa hafi ya pisine kuko kigusha amababi n'indabo byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot; /&gt;

== Mu Rwanda no mu buvanganzo ==
Umuhanzi n'umwanditsi [[Gaël Faye]] yise igitabo cye ''Jacaranda'' (Grasset, 2024), kivuga ku kwiyubaka k'u Rwanda nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, cyahawe igihembo cya Renaudot mu 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;justiceinfo&quot; /&gt; Avuga ko icyo giti cyazanywe n'abakoloni kivuye muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo kigaterwa ku mihanda, kandi akagikoresha nk'ikimenyetso cy'« imiterere y'ahantu h'abazima », ahagereranya n'impinduka zihuse z'umujyi wa [[Kigali]] aho ibiti bitemwa kugira ngo hubakwe imihanda n'inyubako nshya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:130936-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3700578 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ifas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Gilman |first1=Edward F. |last2=Watson |first2=Dennis G. |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia: Jacaranda (ENH476/ST317) |url=https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST317 |publisher=University of Florida, IFAS Extension |date=2019-04-28 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blossoming jacaranda trees brighten up the streets of South African cities |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/10/blossoming-jacaranda-trees-brighten-up-the-streets-of-south-african-cities/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;justiceinfo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaël Faye, prix Renaudot, pour son roman &quot;Jacaranda&quot; sur le Rwanda |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr?p=137936 |website=JusticeInfo.net |agency=AFP |date=2024-11-04 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Besnard |first=Jacques |title=Gaël Faye : « Petit pays » m'a permis de ne plus avoir le sentiment d'être un exilé |work=La Libre Belgique |date=2024-08-31 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/InterviewDeGaelFayeLaLibreBelgique31082024.pdf |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Spathodea campanulata]], ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Umusave]] (''Markhamia lutea'')
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Gaël Faye]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jacaranda_mimosifolia Amafoto ya ''Jacaranda mimosifolia''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>4iwo89lruallksyw7cvfbw2s5m2u6f4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strelitzia reginae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142136</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Strelitzia reginae (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4355" sha1="ttisdznit9uoixmtr7y02y11s8kmxw8" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Strelitzia
| species = reginae
| authority = [[Joseph Banks|Banks]] (1788)
| image = Bird of Paradise flower.JPG
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Strelitzia reginae''
}}
'''''Strelitzia reginae''''' (mu Gifaransa ''oiseau de paradis'', mu Cyongereza ''bird of paradise'' cyangwa ''crane flower'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Strelitziaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi gihora gifite amababi, kizwi cyane kubera indabo zacyo z'icunga n'ubururu zimeze nk'umutwe w'inyoni. Gihingwa cyane ku isi yose nk'ikimera cy'imitako mu busitani no mu nzu, kandi indabo zacyo zigurishwa n'abacuruza indabo.

== Izina ==
''Strelitzia reginae'' yasobanuwe n'Umwongereza Joseph Banks mu 1788.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strelitzia reginae |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=267262 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izina ''reginae'' risobanura « cy'umwamikazi » mu Kilatini, rikaba ryibutsa umwamikazi w'[[Ubwongereza]] Charlotte wa Mecklembourg-Strelitz.&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strelitzia reginae |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/strelitzia-reginae |website=PlantZAfrica.com |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwabo, mu ndimi z'Abanguni, cyitwa ''isigude''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pza&quot;/&gt;

Izina ''bird of paradise'' (« inyoni yo mu ijuru ») rituruka ku buryo ururabo rufunguye rusa n'inyoni zitwa ''oiseaux de paradis'', naho ''crane flower'' rigereranya ururabo n'umutwe n'umunwa by'[[Umusambi|umusambi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strelitzia reginae Banks |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798194-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Kew Science |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Strelitzia reginae MHNT.BOT.2009.13.52.jpg|thumb|left|Imbuto n'utubuto twa ''Strelitzia reginae'']]
''Strelitzia reginae'' ishobora kugera kuri metero 2 z'uburebure. Amababi yayo manini kandi akomeye, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 25 kugeza kuri 70 n'ubugari bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 30, ari ku mitsi ishobora kugera kuri metero 1. Ahora ari mabisi kandi ateye nk'umufana.

Indabo ziri hejuru y'amababi, ku mitwe y'imitsi miremire. Zisohoka mu gisanduku gikomeye kimeze nk'umunwa w'inyoni (''spathe''), giteye ku buryo gisa n'umutwe w'inyoni; ni na cyo inyoni nto zinywa umutobe w'indabo (''souimangas'') zihagararaho iyo zije kuzibangurira. Buri rurabo rugizwe n'ibibabi bitatu by'icunga n'ibindi bitatu by'ubururu cyangwa umweru. Iyo inyoni ihagaze ku rurabo inywa umutobe, ururabo rurafunguka maze amaguru yayo agasigwa ibyangurira (''pollen'').

== Ihingwa ==
''Strelitzia reginae'' ni ikimera cy'imitako gikunzwe cyane. Cyageze bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu 1773, gihingwa mu busitani bw'ibimera bwa Kew, maze kikwirakwira ku isi yose, harimo [[Amerika]] na [[Ositaraliya]], ahantu hose hari izuba n'ubushyuhe. Ni ururabo rw'ikimenyetso rw'umujyi wa Los Angeles muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=Chris |title=Ask Chris: When Did the Bird of Paradise Become the Official Flower of L.A.? |url=http://www.lamag.com/askchris/ask-chris-when-did-the-bird-of-paradise-become-the-official-flower-of-l-a/ |website=Los Angeles Magazine |date=2015-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gikunda ubutaka bukungahaye ku ifumbire n'ahantu hari izuba cyangwa igicucu gito. Ntikihanganira ubukonje bukabije: mu turere dukonje gihingwa mu nzu cyangwa mu nzu z'ibirahure.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Strelitzia reginae0.jpg|Ubwoko bw'umuhondo (''citrina'')
StrelitziaReginaePlant.jpg|Igihingwa cyose
Strelitzia reginae - Mandela's gold.jpg|''Mandela's Gold''
2010-03-05 13 16 21 Portugal-Jardim Botânico da Madeira.jpg|Mu busitani bw'ibimera bwa Madère
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Heliconia rostrata]], ikindi kimera cyo mu itsinda rya ''Zingiberales''
* [[Agapanthus praecox]], ikindi kimera gikomoka muri Afurika y’Epfo
* [[Umusambi]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strelitzia_reginae Amafoto ya ''Strelitzia reginae''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Strelitzia-reginae ''Strelitzia reginae''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
      <sha1>ttisdznit9uoixmtr7y02y11s8kmxw8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amoko mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142139</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Amoko mu Rwanda (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia n'inkomoko zindi)</comment>
      <origin>142139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4184" sha1="87ky4ykmecto7fnlvjgptauhmlrosaz" xml:space="preserve">'''Amoko mu Rwanda''' bivuga amatsinda atatu y'abantu yakunze kuvugwa mu Rwanda: [[Abahutu]], [[Abatutsi]] na [[Abatwa]]. Bose bavuga ururimi rumwe, [[Ikinyarwanda]], kandi basangiye umuco n'imyemerere.

Inkomoko n'imiterere y'aya matsinda ni ingingo itavugwaho rumwe n'abahanga mu mateka. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, Ababiligi bayagize ibyiciro bidahinduka byanditswe mu ndangamuntu, ibyo bigira uruhare mu macakubiri yagejeje kuri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].

== Mbere y'ubukoloni ==
[[File:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|thumb|left|Ingoro y'umwami i Nyanza.]]
Abakurambere b'Abahutu n'Abatutsi batuye muri aka karere mu gihe cy'imyaka igera ku bihumbi bibiri, basangira ururimi, imyemerere, umuco n'intwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Abenshi bari abahinzi, naho aborozi b'[[inka]] babanaga na bo. Mbere, ijambo « Umututsi » ryavugaga umuntu ukize ku nka, naho « Umuhutu » rikavuga umugaragu cyangwa umuntu uri munsi y'undi; buhoro buhoro « Abatutsi » ryaje kuvuga abategetsi, « Abahutu » rivuga rubanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Imbibi hagati y'Abahutu n'Abatutsi ntizari zidahinduka, kandi bamwe mu Bahutu bari mu butegetsi. Abatwa, bari hafi 1 % by'abaturage, bari abahigi n'abatoragura mu mashyamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Inkomoko itavugwaho rumwe ==
Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amatsinda atatu yaje mu Rwanda mu bihe bitandukanye: mbere Abatwa, hakurikiraho Abahutu, hanyuma Abatutsi baturutse mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba mu kinyejana cya 14 cyangwa cya 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt; Abandi bemeza ko ayo matsinda yatandukanye buhoro buhoro mu gihugu, bitewe n'imibereho n'ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, Abanyaburayi bakwirakwije « igitekerezo cy'Abahami » (''Hamitic hypothesis''), cyavugaga ko Abatutsi ari ubwoko bwisumbuye bwaturutse mu majyaruguru ya [[Afurika]]. Kuva mu myaka ya 1960, abahanga mu mateka bagaragaje ko iyo nkuru yari ishingiye ku bitekerezo by'Abanyaburayi kurusha amateka nyayo y'u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Ubukoloni n'indangamuntu ==
Ku butegetsi bw'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]], imyanya y'ubutegetsi n'amashuri makuru byahawe ahanini Abatutsi, ibyo byongera urwango hagati y'amatsinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ya 1930, Ababiligi banditse ubwoko bwa buri Munyarwanda mu ndangamuntu: hafi 84 % Abahutu, 15 % Abatutsi na 1 % Abatwa. Iryo yandikwa ryatumye ibyiciro bidahinduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Nyuma ya revolisiyo yo mu 1959–1961, ubutegetsi bwa repubulika bwakomeje gukoresha iyo ndangamuntu mu guheza Abatutsi mu kazi no mu mashuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Nyuma ya jenoside ==
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ubwoko bwavanywe mu ndangamuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot; /&gt; Mu 2013, Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge yatangije gahunda ya « Ndi Umunyarwanda », naho itegeko n° 59/2018 ryo ku wa 22 Kanama 2018 rihana icyaha cy'ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n'ibyaha bifitanye isano na cyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm|work=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda|publisher=Human Rights Watch|author=Alison Des Forges|date=March 1999|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tutsi|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tutsi|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rwanda: Relations between Hutus and Tutsis (2019–July 2021)|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2061347.html|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=2021-08-31|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Abahutu]]
* [[Abatutsi]]
* [[Abatwa]]
* [[Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book|last=Mamdani|first=Mahmood|title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]]</text>
      <sha1>87ky4ykmecto7fnlvjgptauhmlrosaz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142159</id>
      <parentid>142139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Bahutu Manifesto]]</comment>
      <origin>142159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4207" sha1="bq8oplqcyflgpiuqmvrpgd4x72xvp02" xml:space="preserve">'''Amoko mu Rwanda''' bivuga amatsinda atatu y'abantu yakunze kuvugwa mu Rwanda: [[Abahutu]], [[Abatutsi]] na [[Abatwa]]. Bose bavuga ururimi rumwe, [[Ikinyarwanda]], kandi basangiye umuco n'imyemerere.

Inkomoko n'imiterere y'aya matsinda ni ingingo itavugwaho rumwe n'abahanga mu mateka. Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, Ababiligi bayagize ibyiciro bidahinduka byanditswe mu ndangamuntu, ibyo bigira uruhare mu macakubiri yagejeje kuri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].

== Mbere y'ubukoloni ==
[[File:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|thumb|left|Ingoro y'umwami i Nyanza.]]
Abakurambere b'Abahutu n'Abatutsi batuye muri aka karere mu gihe cy'imyaka igera ku bihumbi bibiri, basangira ururimi, imyemerere, umuco n'intwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt; Abenshi bari abahinzi, naho aborozi b'[[inka]] babanaga na bo. Mbere, ijambo « Umututsi » ryavugaga umuntu ukize ku nka, naho « Umuhutu » rikavuga umugaragu cyangwa umuntu uri munsi y'undi; buhoro buhoro « Abatutsi » ryaje kuvuga abategetsi, « Abahutu » rivuga rubanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Imbibi hagati y'Abahutu n'Abatutsi ntizari zidahinduka, kandi bamwe mu Bahutu bari mu butegetsi. Abatwa, bari hafi 1 % by'abaturage, bari abahigi n'abatoragura mu mashyamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Inkomoko itavugwaho rumwe ==
Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amatsinda atatu yaje mu Rwanda mu bihe bitandukanye: mbere Abatwa, hakurikiraho Abahutu, hanyuma Abatutsi baturutse mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba mu kinyejana cya 14 cyangwa cya 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt; Abandi bemeza ko ayo matsinda yatandukanye buhoro buhoro mu gihugu, bitewe n'imibereho n'ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, Abanyaburayi bakwirakwije « igitekerezo cy'Abahami » (''Hamitic hypothesis''), cyavugaga ko Abatutsi ari ubwoko bwisumbuye bwaturutse mu majyaruguru ya [[Afurika]]. Kuva mu myaka ya 1960, abahanga mu mateka bagaragaje ko iyo nkuru yari ishingiye ku bitekerezo by'Abanyaburayi kurusha amateka nyayo y'u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Ubukoloni n'indangamuntu ==
Ku butegetsi bw'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]], imyanya y'ubutegetsi n'amashuri makuru byahawe ahanini Abatutsi, ibyo byongera urwango hagati y'amatsinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ya 1930, Ababiligi banditse ubwoko bwa buri Munyarwanda mu ndangamuntu: hafi 84 % Abahutu, 15 % Abatutsi na 1 % Abatwa. Iryo yandikwa ryatumye ibyiciro bidahinduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

Nyuma ya revolisiyo yo mu 1959–1961, ubutegetsi bwa repubulika bwakomeje gukoresha iyo ndangamuntu mu guheza Abatutsi mu kazi no mu mashuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot; /&gt;

== Nyuma ya jenoside ==
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ubwoko bwavanywe mu ndangamuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot; /&gt; Mu 2013, Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge yatangije gahunda ya « Ndi Umunyarwanda », naho itegeko n° 59/2018 ryo ku wa 22 Kanama 2018 rihana icyaha cy'ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n'ibyaha bifitanye isano na cyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm|work=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda|publisher=Human Rights Watch|author=Alison Des Forges|date=March 1999|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tutsi|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tutsi|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;irb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rwanda: Relations between Hutus and Tutsis (2019–July 2021)|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2061347.html|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=2021-08-31|access-date=2026-10-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Abahutu]]
* [[Abatutsi]]
* [[Abatwa]]
* [[Bahutu Manifesto]]
* [[Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book|last=Mamdani|first=Mahmood|title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|language=en}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]
[[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]]</text>
      <sha1>bq8oplqcyflgpiuqmvrpgd4x72xvp02</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Delonix</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Delonix regia]]</comment>
      <origin>142140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="96" sha1="bf2f9asfbg04853l6yjbvq35tm7qchq" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Delonix
|parent=Caesalpinioideae
}}</text>
      <sha1>bf2f9asfbg04853l6yjbvq35tm7qchq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delonix regia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T10:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Delonix regia (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3536" sha1="bp43ot00cna8rk5d5akfjncie0lrbdn" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Delonix
| species = regia
| authority = (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Royal Poinciana.jpg
| image_caption = Igiti cya ''Delonix regia'' kirabije
}}
'''''Delonix regia''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant'', mu Cyongereza ''flame tree'' cyangwa ''royal poinciana'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango w'ibishyimbo (''Fabaceae''), gikomoka muri [[Madagasikari]].

Kizwi cyane kubera indabo zacyo nyinshi z'umutuku cyangwa icunga n'amababi yacyo ameze nk'aya ''fougère''. Giterwa hose mu turere dushyuha tw'isi nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu ku mihanda no ku bibuga rusange.

== Izina ==
Izina ry'ubwoko ''Delonix'' rikomoka mu Kigereki ''delos'' (« bigaragara ») na ''onux'' (« urwara »), kubera ko amababi y'indabo zacyo afite agati karekare; naho ''regia'' bisobanura « cy'umwami » mu Kilatini, rikaba ryerekana ubwiza bw'indabo zacyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chauvet |first=Michel |title=Etymologia botanica : dictionnaire des noms latins des plantes |publisher=Biotope éditions |year=2024 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Delonix regia flower Navarre St 7th Brigade Park Chermside P1200714.jpg|thumb|left|Ururabo rwa ''Delonix regia'']]
''Delonix regia'' ni igiti gisanzwe gifite uburebure bwa metero 5 kugeza kuri 8, ariko gishobora kurenga metero 15. Igihimba cyacyo kiba kinyerera kandi gisa n'ikijuju iyo kikiri gito. Umutwe wacyo umeze nk'umutaka, ufite amashami manini n'amababi agabanyijemo uduce duto twinshi, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 50.

Indabo zacyo zifite amababi ane y'umutuku agera kuri santimetero 8, n'irya gatanu rinini rihagaze hagati, rifite imirongo y'umweru cyangwa y'umuhondo. Kirabya cyane ku mpera z'igihe cy'izuba. Imbuto zacyo ni imiteja minini ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 40 kugeza kuri 60 n'ubugari bwa santimetero 5, buri wose urimo imbuto nka cumi.

== Aho kiboneka ==
Nubwo cyari kimaze ibinyejana byinshi gihingwa hirya no hino, aho cyakomotse ntihari hazwi neza kugeza mu 1932, ubwo umuhanga J. Leandri yavumburaga ibiti byacyo byimereye mu gasozi ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bwa [[Madagasikari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Everard |first1=Barbara |last2=Morley |first2=Brian |title=Wildflowers of the World |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1970 |page=Plate 113 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubu giterwa mu turere twose dushyuha tw'isi, harimo [[Afurika]], [[Aziya]], [[Amerika]] n'amajyaruguru ya [[Ositaraliya]].

== Imikoreshereze ==
''Delonix regia'' yakoreshejwe nk'igiti gitanga igicucu mu mirima y'icyayi no mu nzuri, ku mihanda no ku bibuga rusange. Indabo zacyo zitanga umutobe ukoreshwa n'[[Uruyuki|inzuki]] mu gukora [[ubuki]]. Igiti cyacyo cyoroshye gikoreshwa mu kubaka ibintu byoroheje nk'ubwato, nubwo cyangizwa n'imiswa; kenshi gikoreshwa nk'inkwi, kimwe n'imiteja yacyo.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Flowering branches of flame tree (Delonix regia).jpg|Amashami arabije
Delonix regia (Gulmohar) leaves closeup.jpg|Amababi
Starr 060721-9591 Delonix regia.jpg|Imiteja
Royal Poinciana Tree Seeds.JPG|Imbuto
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jakaranda]]
* [[Spathodea campanulata]]
* [[Umuko]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Delonix_regia Amafoto ya ''Delonix regia''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Delonix-regia ''Delonix regia''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Canna indica)</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Canna indica)</comment>
      <origin>142144</origin>
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  <page>
    <title>Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda</title>
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      <id>142145</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="5516" sha1="3rc0xc6aj31h2n8xjv593tnmqd709ua" xml:space="preserve">'''Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda''' ni ingingo ivugwaho impaka ku bijyanye n'ibyo [[Ubufaransa]] bwakoze mbere no mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye ubutegetsi bwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] mu bya gisirikare no mu bubanyi n'amahanga mu ntambara bwarwanaga na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]].

Mu 2021, raporo ya komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka iyobowe na [[Vincent Duclert]] yagaragaje « inshingano ziremereye kandi zikomeye » z'abategetsi b'Abafaransa, naho raporo yasabwe na guverinoma y'u Rwanda ivuga ko Ubufaransa bwafashije ko jenoside yashoboraga guteganywa iba. Muri uwo mwaka, Perezida Emmanuel Macron yaje i [[Kigali]] kwemera izo nshingano.

== Mbere ya jenoside ==
[[File:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 01.jpg|thumb|left|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero.]]
Mbere ya jenoside, abategetsi b'Abafaransa bahaye ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana intwaro, bahugura ingabo zabwo kandi barabukingira, nubwo ubwo butegetsi bwatesheshaga agaciro Abatutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot; /&gt; Ubwo bufatanye bwa gisirikare bwanyuze mu bikorwa nka [[Igikorwa cya Noroît]].

== Mu gihe cya jenoside ==
Nk'uko raporo yasabwe na guverinoma y'u Rwanda ibivuga, Ubufaransa « nta cyo bwakoze » ngo buhagarike ubwicanyi muri Mata na Gicurasi 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot; /&gt;

[[File:RPF advance Rwandan genocide with Zone Turquise.png|thumb|Ikarita y'aho FPR-Inkotanyi yari igeze n'akarere k'''Opération Turquoise''.]]
Ku wa 22 Kamena 1994, Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano kemeje icyemezo 929 cyemerera Ubufaransa gukora igikorwa cya gisirikare cyiswe ''Opération Turquoise'', cyayobowe na Jenerali Jean-Claude Lafourcade.&lt;ref name=&quot;fidh&quot; /&gt; Raporo y'u Rwanda ivuga ko icyo gikorwa cyaje gikerewe ngo kirokore Abatutsi benshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot; /&gt;

Nk'uko imiryango FIDH, LDH na Survie ibivuga, mu misozi ya [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]], aho Abatutsi babarirwa mu bihumbi bishwe hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994, ingabo z'Abafaransa zari hafi zamenye amakuru ku wa 27 Kamena, ariko ubwicanyi bukomeza kugeza ku wa 30 Kamena ubwo zageraga ku barokotse. Iyo miryango yaregeye inkiko z'Ubufaransa ku cyaha cyo gufatanya na jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;fidh&quot; /&gt;

== Raporo n'ijambo rya Macron ==
Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2021, [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda|komisiyo y'abahanga mu mateka]] yashyizweho na Perezida Emmanuel Macron, iyobowe na Vincent Duclert, yamushyikirije raporo yayo. Yanzuye ko Ubufaransa bufite « inshingano ziremereye kandi zikomeye » (''responsabilités lourdes et accablantes''), inenga « ubuhumyi » bwa Perezida François Mitterrand n'abari bamukikije, ariko ntiyemeza ko Ubufaransa bwafatanyije n'abakoze jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;lemonde&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt;

Ku wa 19 Mata 2021, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyize ahagaragara raporo y'impapuro 600 yakozwe n'ikigo cy'abanyamategeko cyo muri Amerika, Levy Firestone Muse. Yanzuye ko Ubufaransa bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gufasha ko « jenoside yashoboraga guteganywa » iba, ko nyuma bwahishe uruhare rwabwo kandi bukingira abakoze ibyaha, ariko ko nta kimenyetso cyerekana ko Abafaransa bagize uruhare rutaziguye mu bwicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot; /&gt;

Ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2021, i Kigali, Macron yavuze ati « naje kwemera inshingano zacu » (''je viens reconnaître nos responsabilités''), ariko ntiyasaba imbabazi, kandi yongera kuvuga ko Ubufaransa butafatanyije n'abakoze jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rwanda report said France bears responsibility for enabling the 1994 genocide |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/rwanda-report-said-france-bears-responsibility-for-enabling-the-1994-genocide |work=PBS NewsHour |agency=Associated Press |date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;fidh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affaire Turquoise : Les parties civiles demandent des mises en examen |url=https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/afrique/rwanda/affaire-turquoise-les-parties-civiles-demandent-des-mises-en-examen |publisher=FIDH |date=2015-12-01 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;lemonde&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Broulard |first1=Laure |last2=Lepidi |first2=Pierre |title=France-Rwanda : « Le rapport Duclert représente une avancée vers la vérité » après le génocide des Tutsi |work=Le Monde |date=2021-03-29 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/RapportDuclertUneAvanceeVersLaVeriteLM29032021.pdf |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Macron au Rwanda : « Je viens reconnaître nos responsabilités » dans le génocide de 1994 |url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/afrique/2021/05/27/macron-au-rwanda-pour-solder-le-lourd-passif-lie-au-genocide-de-1994-MKCIVXFJP5GHVEAZDLRZFEMCC4/ |work=La Libre Belgique |agency=AFP |date=2021-05-27 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Vincent Duclert]]
* [[Jean Varret]]
* [[Christian Quesnot]]
* [[Paul Barril]]
* [[Thierry Prungnaud]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author=Commission de recherche sur les archives françaises relatives au Rwanda et au génocide des Tutsi |title=La France, le Rwanda et le génocide des Tutsi (1990-1994) |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2021 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubufaransa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canna indica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142147</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Canna indica (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142147</origin>
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      <text bytes="3223" sha1="bdea5rty9swcjicl2psjgynks173r04" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Canna
| species = indica
| authority = L. (1753)
| image = Canna indica.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Canna indica''
| synonyms =
* ''Canna elegans'' Raf.
* ''Canna ellipticifolia'' Stokes
* ''Canna variabilis'' Willd.
}}
'''''Canna indica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''canna'' cyangwa ''balisier'', mu Cyongereza ''Indian shot'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Cannaceae'', gikomoka mu turere dushyuha two muri Amerika.

Giterwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako kubera indabo zacyo z'umutuku, umuhondo cyangwa iza oranje, kandi ibijumba byacyo biribwa. Muri Afurika y'Epfo gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl von Linné mu gitabo cye ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Canna indica (wild species) flowers.JPG|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Canna indica''.]]
''Canna indica'' ni ikimera kimara imyaka myinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 2,5 z'uburebure, gikura giturutse ku bijumba (''rhizome'').&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot; /&gt; Amababi yacyo ni manini, ameze nk'ay'igitoki, ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 60 z'uburebure na santimetero 20 z'ubugari, rimwe na rimwe akagira ibara ry'umuringa cyangwa ry'isine.&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo z'umutuku, iza oranje cyangwa iz'umuhondo ziri mu matsinda hejuru y'uruti, kandi zirabya umwaka wose. Imbuto zacyo zifite amahwa, zibanza kuba icyatsi zikaza kwirabura; zirimo imbuto z'umukara zikomeye cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu turere dushyuha n'aho hashyushye gato two muri Amerika, kuva muri Megizike kugeza muri Burezili na Peru.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi byo ku isi, birimo ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Kenya, [[Tanzaniya]] na [[Ubugande|Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Muri Afurika y'Epfo gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza, kuko gikwirakwira vuba kigakora ibihuru bitsikamira ibimera kavukire.&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Giterwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako mu busitani. Ibijumba byacyo biribwa kandi bivamo ifu (''amidon''), naho imbuto zacyo zikomeye zikoreshwa mu gukora imitako nk'amasaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot; /&gt; Gikoreshwa kandi mu kugaburira amatungo no mu buvuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canna indica L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319130-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canna indica |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/5800006 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;al&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canna indica – Indian Shot |url=https://www.africanlegacy.org.za/alien-plant/canna-indica-indian-shot |website=African Legacy |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Heliconia rostrata]]
* [[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]
* [[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canna_indica Amafoto ya ''Canna indica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142149</id>
      <parentid>142147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:12:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Canna indica (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142149</origin>
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      <text bytes="3235" sha1="0komyywiaeqa7xp4j86nluz15e3kk6o" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Canna
| species = indica
| authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]]
| image = Canna indica.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Canna indica''
}}
'''''Canna indica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''canna'' cyangwa ''balisier'', mu Cyongereza ''Indian shot'' cyangwa ''edible canna'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Cannaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha.

Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite amababi manini asa n'ay'[[Insina|insina]] n'indabo z'umutuku cyangwa umuhondo. Gihingwa ku isi yose nk'ikimera cy'imitako, kandi muri Amerika y'Epfo gihingirwa ibitsinsi byacyo biribwa, bikungahaye ku binyamafufu.

== Aho kiboneka ==
''Canna indica'' ikomoka muri Amerika ishyuha, cyane cyane mu birwa bya Karayibe, kandi yakwirakwiriye mu turere twose dushyuha tw'isi, aho ikunze kwimerera ubwayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canna indica L. |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAIN19 |website=PLANTS Database |publisher=USDA, NRCS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abacukumbuzi b'amateka basanze yarahingwaga muri [[Peru]] mu myaka 4 500 ishize.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Hoja de Canna indica.JPG|thumb|left|Ikibabi cya ''Canna indica'']]
''Canna indica'' ishobora kugira uburebure bwa metero 0,5 kugeza kuri 2,5 bitewe n'ubwoko. Ifite igitsinsi kigabanyije amashami gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 60 z'uburebure.&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canna edulis |url=http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2228 |website=Ecocrop |publisher=FAO |access-date=2016-02-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amababi yayo manini, y'icyatsi cyangwa y'isine, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 60 n'ubugari bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 25.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Flora of China Editorial Committee |title=Flora of China (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae) |volume=24 |year=2000 |publisher=Science Press &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indabo zayo ni nto ugereranyije n'iz'ubwoko bwahinzwe, zikaba z'umutuku cyangwa umuhondo. Imbuto zayo ni udusanduku turimo utubuto duto tw'umukara, dukomeye kandi tuzengurutse.

== Imikoreshereze ==
Muri Amerika y'Epfo, ''Canna indica'' (yitwa ''achira'') ihingirwa ibitsinsi byayo biribwa, bishobora gutekwa cyangwa kuribwa ari bibisi, kandi bikurwamo amidoni (''amidon'').&lt;ref name=&quot;fao&quot;/&gt; Mu Burayi no mu bindi bihugu ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako mu busitani.

Amababi yayo akoreshwa mu gupfunyika ibiryo, naho utubuto twayo dukomeye dukoreshwa mu gukora amasaro n'ibikoresho by'umuziki nka ''maracas'' cyangwa ''kayamb'' (ku kirwa cya Réunion).

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Canna indica fleurs.jpg|Indabo
Canna indica fruits.jpg|Imbuto
Canna indica (wild species) seeds.JPG|Utubuto
Ganyong (cheche).jpg|Ibitsinsi biribwa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Heliconia rostrata]], ikindi kimera cyo mu itsinda rya ''Zingiberales''
* [[Strelitzia reginae]]
* [[Insina]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canna_indica Amafoto ya ''Canna indica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Canna-indica ''Canna indica''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]</comment>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Malvales</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142152</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]</comment>
      <origin>142152</origin>
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|rank=ordo
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|parent=Malvids
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Malvaceae</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>142153</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]</comment>
      <origin>142153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Hibiscus</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142154</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]</comment>
      <origin>142154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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  <page>
    <title>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142155</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:28:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2809" sha1="oanjkajfc4ee731e6rjb9thuxcsa14u" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Hibiscus
| species = × rosa-sinensis
| authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]]
| image = Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''
}}
'''''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''''' (''Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis''; mu Gifaransa ''hibiscus rose de Chine'' cyangwa ''ketmie'', mu Cyongereza ''Chinese hibiscus'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cy'imitako cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae''.

Gihingwa hirya no hino mu turere dushyuha kubera indabo zacyo nini z'amabara meza (umutuku, iroza, umuhondo, icunga cyangwa umweru). Ni ururabo rw'ikimenyetso cy'igihugu cya [[Malesiya]].

== Inkomoko ==
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' ni ikimera cy'imvange (''hybride'') cyakozwe n'abantu kuva kera, gikomoka ku moko abiri yo mu birwa bya Pasifika y'amajyepfo: ''Hibiscus cooperi'' (wo muri Vanuatu) na ''Hibiscus kaute'' (wo muri Polineziya y'iburasirazuba).&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:560756-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagenzi b'Abanyaburayi bacyise « iroza y'[[Ubushinwa]] » kuko amoko yacyo ya mbere bayakuye mu Bushinwa.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower 2.JPG|thumb|left|Ururabo rufite inkingi ndende y'ibyangurira]]
Ni igihuru cyangwa igiti gito gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 kugeza kuri 6 z'uburebure, ariko gikunze gukonorwa kikagumana metero 1 cyangwa 2 mu busitani. Amababi yacyo ni ay'icyatsi kibisi kirabagirana.

Indabo zacyo ni nini, zifite umurambararo wa santimetero 6 kugeza kuri 10, zishobora kuba zoroheje cyangwa zifite amababi menshi. Zirangwa n'inkingi ndende (santimetero 4 kugeza kuri 8) iriho ibyangurira. Buri rurabo rusanzwe rumara umunsi umwe gusa, nubwo amoko amwe yahinzwe ashobora kumara iminsi ibiri kugeza kuri ine.

== Imikoreshereze ==
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'igihuru cy'imitako mu busitani no ku nzitiro. Amababi y'indabo zayo rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa mu gutegura [[Icyayi|icyayi]] cyangwa gutaka ibiryo, ariko si nka ''Hibiscus sabdariffa'' (bissap) ikoreshwa cyane mu binyobwa.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Red hibiscus.JPG|Ururabo rutukura
Double hibiscus02.jpg|Ururabo rufite amababi menshi
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Cooperi'1.jpg|''Cooperi''
HibiscusGraine.jpg|Imbuto
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Delonix regia]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis Amafoto ya ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142163</id>
      <parentid>142155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3346" sha1="5cyom58nwwbw2t53q4pe6dr49dhuf8j" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Hibiscus
| species = rosa-sinensis
| authority = L. (1753)
| image = Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''
}}
'''''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''''' (mu Gifaransa ''hibiscus'' cyangwa ''rose de Chine'', mu Cyongereza ''Chinese hibiscus'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', giterwa ku isi hose mu turere dushyuha kubera indabo zacyo nini z'amabara menshi.

Ni ururabo rw'igihugu cya Maleziya. Buri rurabo rumara umunsi umwe gusa, ariko igihuru kirabya kenshi.

== Izina n'inkomoko ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt; Inkomoko yacyo nyayo ntiramenyekana neza: ''Plants of the World Online'' ivuga ko ari ikimera cyahinzwe gikomoka ku mvange z'amoko yo mu birwa byo mu majyepfo y'inyanja ya Pasifika, naho izindi nkomoko zivuga ko gikomoka muri Aziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower (red) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ururabo rutukura rwa ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''.]]
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' ni igihuru gishobora kugera kuri metero 1,2 kugeza kuri 3 z'uburebure.&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot; /&gt; Amababi yacyo ni icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, arabagirana kandi ntagwa, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 7 kugeza kuri 15 n'impande zifite amenyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kpu&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zishobora kugira diyametero ya santimetero 5 kugeza kuri 25, zikagira amabara menshi: umweru, umuhondo, oranje, iroza, umutuku cyangwa isine. Buri rurabo rumara umunsi umwe, ariko igihuru gikomeza kurabya igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kpu&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka n'imikoreshereze ==
Giterwa mu turere twinshi dushyuha two ku isi, harimo ibihugu byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Kenya, [[Tanzaniya]] na [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ndetse no muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Giterwa cyane nk'igihuru cy'imitako mu busitani, ku nkengero z'inzu cyangwa nk'uruzitiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot; /&gt; Gikoreshwa kandi mu buvuzi, mu biribwa no mu kugaburira amatungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:560756-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/19600046 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Care of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis |url=https://gardens.si.edu/learn/educational-resources/plant-care-sheets/care-of-hibiscus-rosa-sinensis |publisher=Smithsonian Gardens |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kpu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis |url=https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/PlantPrint/hiro |website=Plant Database |publisher=Kwantlen Polytechnic University |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Canna indica]]
* [[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis Amafoto ya ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Malpighiales</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142160</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:33:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]</comment>
      <origin>142160</origin>
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}}</text>
      <sha1>seiyniwcgolwjhbbblojwuuaq0lza56</sha1>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Euphorbiaceae</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>142161</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:33:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]</comment>
      <origin>142161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|rank=familia
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|parent=Malpighiales
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Euphorbia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142162</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]</comment>
      <origin>142162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|rank=genus
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|parent=Euphorbiaceae
}}</text>
      <sha1>9850u6k9q19ybxywn3xcic7vfuuf3sc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bahutu Manifesto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142164</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Bahutu Manifesto (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2983" sha1="mia8x4u4q6uzykxa24mh9uscylupucj" xml:space="preserve">'''Bahutu Manifesto''' (mu Gifaransa ''Manifeste des Bahutu'') ni inyandiko yanditswe ku wa 24 Werurwe 1957 n'abize b'[[Abahutu]] icyenda, barimo [[Grégoire Kayibanda]], yamagana ubusumbane hagati y'Abahutu n'[[Abatutsi]] ku butegetsi bw'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]].

Iyo nyandiko yagize uruhare runini mu ishingwa ry'imitwe ya politiki y'Abahutu no mu bikorwa byo mu 1959 byakuyeho ingoma ya cyami, kandi yongereye amacakubiri yagejeje kuri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].

== Amateka ==
[[File:Grégoire Kayibanda (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Grégoire Kayibanda, umwe mu banditsi b'iyo nyandiko.]]
Mu 1957, igihe Inama nkuru y'igihugu yasabaga ko ubutegetsi bwahabwa Abanyarwanda vuba, itsinda ry'abayobozi b'Abahutu ryabonaga ko ibyo byari gukomeza ubutegetsi bw'Abatutsi. Ku wa 24 Werurwe 1957, i [[Kabgayi]], Grégoire Kayibanda, Calliope Mulindahabi na Aloys Munyangaju n'abandi bashyize ahagaragara iyo nyandiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;linden&quot; /&gt;

Umutwe wayo wuzuye wari ''Note sur l'aspect social du problème racial indigène au Rwanda'' (« Inyandiko ku bijyanye n'imibereho y'ikibazo cy'amoko kavukire mu Rwanda »), ikaba yari igenewe Guverineri wa Ruanda-Urundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;totten&quot; /&gt;

== Ibikubiyemo ==
Iyo nyandiko yavugaga ko ikibazo nyamukuru cy'u Rwanda ari uko ubutegetsi, ubukungu n'imibereho byari byihariwe n'Abatutsi, kandi yashinjaga ubutegetsi bwa gikoloni bwakoreraga mu bami b'Abatutsi (''indirect rule'').&lt;ref name=&quot;linden&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blackpast&quot; /&gt; Yasabaga ubumwe bw'Abahutu mu bya politiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackpast&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka ==
Mu 1959, abayobozi ba politiki b'Abahutu, bafashijwe n'Ababiligi, bakuyeho ingoma ya cyami y'Abatutsi; Abatutsi ibihumbi bishwe, abagera ku 130.000 bahungira mu bihugu bituranye n'u Rwanda. U Rwanda rwabonye ubwigenge ku wa 1 Nyakanga 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackpast&quot; /&gt; Grégoire Kayibanda yabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika, ayoboye ishyaka [[Parmehutu]].

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;linden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Linden |first=Ian |title=Church and Revolution in Rwanda |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1977 |page=249 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/fgtshow.php?num=214 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;totten&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Bartrop |first2=Paul Robert |last3=Jacobs |first3=Steven L. |chapter=Bahutu Manifesto |title=Dictionary of Genocide: A-L |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |pages=33–34 |isbn=9780313346422 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;blackpast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hurst |first=Ryan G. |title=Bahutu Manifesto (1957) |url=https://new.blackpast.org/global-african-history/bahutu-manifesto-1957 |website=BlackPast.org |date=2009-05-22 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Grégoire Kayibanda]]
* [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]
* [[Abahutu]]
* [[Abatutsi]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahutu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Euphorbia pulcherrima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142165</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Euphorbia pulcherrima (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3556" sha1="ks0ap9pt6hinz5bmxbm34w3hd1hxzho" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Euphorbia
| species = pulcherrima
| authority = Willd. ex Klotzsch (1834)
| image = Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg
| image_caption = ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' ifite ibibabi bitukura
}}
'''''Euphorbia pulcherrima''''' (mu Gifaransa ''poinsettia'' cyangwa ''étoile de Noël'', mu Cyongereza ''poinsettia'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyo mu muryango wa ''Euphorbiaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] no muri Gwatemala.

Kizwi cyane kubera ibibabi byacyo bitukura (cyangwa iroza, umweru) bikikije indabo nto z'umuhondo; ku isi hose kigurishwa nk'ikimera cy'imitako cya Noheli.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1834 mu kinyamakuru ''Allgemeine Gartenzeitung''.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt; Izina ''poinsettia'' rikomoka kuri Joel Roberts Poinsett, ambasaderi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika muri Megizike (1825–1830), wohereje uduti twacyo iwabo muri Karolina y'Amajyepfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Euphorbia pulcherrima by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|left|Indabo nto z'umuhondo (''cyathia'') hagati y'ibibabi bitukura.]]
Mu gasozi, ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' ni igihuru cyangwa igiti gito gishobora kugera kuri metero 3 z'uburebure; iyo giteye mu nkono ntikirenga santimetero 60–90.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt; Amababi yacyo ni icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 8 kugeza kuri 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

Ibice bitukura bikunze kwitwa « indabo » mu by'ukuri ni amababi yahindutse (''bractées''), ashobora kuba umutuku, iroza, umweru cyangwa oranje. Indabo nyazo ni nto, z'umuhondo, ziri hagati yayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot; /&gt;

Iyo gikomeretse, kivamo amashira y'umweru ashobora kubabaza uruhu n'amaso; ariko uburozi bwacyo ni buke.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka n'imikoreshereze ==
Gikomoka mu turere tw'amashyamba yumutse n'imibande yo ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bwa Megizike.&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi, harimo ibyo muri Afurika nka Malawi na Gineya.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Abaziteki (''Aztèques'') bakoreshaga iki kimera mu buvuzi no mu gukora amarangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot; /&gt; Muri iki gihe giterwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako, cyane cyane mu gihe cya Noheli.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30176564-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Euphorbia pulcherrima |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/12800046 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poinsettia – Euphorbia pulcherrima |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-pulcherrima/common-name/poinsettia/ |website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=N.C. Cooperative Extension |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;uconn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) |url=https://homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu/factsheets/poinsettia |publisher=University of Connecticut, Home &amp; Garden Education Center |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
* [[Canna indica]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euphorbia_pulcherrima Amafoto ya ''Euphorbia pulcherrima''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142166</id>
      <parentid>142165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Euphorbia pulcherrima (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2708" sha1="gx420hhyvhmjakyvorgudckr4o6x2w4" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Euphorbia
| species = pulcherrima
| authority = Willd. ex Klotzsch
| image = Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg
| image_caption = ''Euphorbia pulcherrima''
}}
'''''Euphorbia pulcherrima''''' (izwi cyane ku izina rya ''poinsettia''; mu Gifaransa ''étoile de Noël'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyo mu muryango wa ''Euphorbiaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo ya [[Megizike]].

Kizwi cyane kubera ibibabi byacyo by'umutuku werurutse bisa n'indabo, kandi kigurishwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako mu gihe cya [[Noheli]] mu majyaruguru y'isi. Gifite amazi asa n'amata ashobora gutera indwara z'uruhu.

== Izina ==
Izina ryacyo rya kera ''Poinsettia'' rikomoka ku izina rya Joel Roberts Poinsett, ambasaderi wa mbere wa [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] muri Megizike. Mu Gifaransa cyitwa « inyenyeri ya Noheli » (''étoile de Noël''), kuko ibibabi byacyo by'amabara biteye nk'inyenyeri kandi kigurishwa cyane mu gihe cya Noheli.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Poinsettia bush belize.jpg|thumb|left|Igihuru cya ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' muri Belize]]
Aho gikomoka, ''Euphorbia pulcherrima'' ni igihuru gishobora kugera kuri metero 4 kugeza kuri 5 z'uburebure. Amababi yacyo ni ay'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, afite umutsi muremure n'imitsi igaragara.

Ibibabi byo hejuru (''bractées'') bifata ibara ry'umutuku werurutse (cyangwa andi mabara ku moko yahinzwe), bigakora nk'amababi y'indabo. Indabo nyazo ni nto, zitanga umutobe, kandi ziteranye hagati y'ibyo bibabi.

== Uburozi ==
Kimwe n'ibindi bimera byo mu bwoko bwa ''Euphorbia'', iki kimera gifite amazi asa n'amata (''latex'') mu bice byacyo byose. Kizwi n'abahinzi n'abacuruza indabo kubera indwara z'uruhu gishobora gutera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Debelmas |first=Anne-Marie |title=Guide des plantes dangereuses |location=Paris |publisher=Maloine |year=1978 |page=70 |isbn=2-224-00414-1 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bafite ubwivumbure ku ''latex'' bashobora no kugira ubwivumbure kuri iki kimera.

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Poinsettia 2.jpg|Ibibabi by'umutuku
Fleurs et boutons floraux de Euphorbia pulcherrima.jpg|Indabo nto hagati y'ibibabi
Poinsettia varieties.JPG|Amoko yahinzwe
Euphorbia Pulcherrima Floral Magazine 1873.jpg|Igishushanyo cyo mu 1873
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
* [[Noheli]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euphorbia_pulcherrima Amafoto ya ''Euphorbia pulcherrima''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Euphorbia-pulcherrima ''Euphorbia pulcherrima''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Tecoma</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142168</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Tecoma stans)</comment>
      <origin>142168</origin>
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|rank=genus
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  <page>
    <title>Tecoma stans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142169</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Tecoma stans (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3893" sha1="9tjrlxntcbym34y1do9kd1on32qnsbg" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Tecoma
| species = stans
| authority = (L.) Juss. ex Kunth (1819)
| image = Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Tecoma stans''
| synonyms =
* ''Bignonia stans'' L.
}}
'''''Tecoma stans''''' (mu Gifaransa ''bignone jaune'' cyangwa ''trompette jaune'', mu Cyongereza ''yellow bells'' cyangwa ''yellow trumpetbush'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka mu turere dushyuha two muri Amerika.

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda. Giterwa mu bihugu byinshi, birimo n'u Rwanda, nk'igiti cy'imitako, ariko mu bihugu bimwe gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza.

== Izina ==
Carl Linnaeus yabanje kugisobanura mu 1763 ku izina rya ''Bignonia stans''; izina ''Tecoma stans'' ryatangajwe mu 1819 mu gitabo ''Nova Genera et Species Plantarum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Flower of Tecoma stans in Ishigaki, Okinawa.jpg|thumb|left|Ururabo rwa ''Tecoma stans''.]]
''Tecoma stans'' ni igihuru kinini cyangwa igiti gito gifite amashami menshi, akenshi gifite metero 1,5 kugeza kuri 5 z'uburebure, rimwe na rimwe kikagera kuri metero 10. Amababi yacyo agizwe n'utubabi 3 kugeza kuri 7 dufite impande zifite amenyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda ndende (milimetero 30 kugeza kuri 50), ziri mu matsinda, kandi zishobora kurabya umwaka wose. Imbuto zacyo ni ibishishwa birebire (santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 30) birimo imbuto zoroshye zifite amababa, zitwarwa n'umuyaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu majyepfo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, muri [[Megizike]], mu birwa bya Karayibe no muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot; /&gt; Cyatewe mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika, birimo u Rwanda, Kenya, [[Tanzaniya]] na [[Ubugande|Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt;

Muri Kenya gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza mu turere tumwe na tumwe, kandi kiri ku rutonde rw'ibyatsi bibi muri Afurika y'Epfo no muri [[Ositaraliya]], kuko gikora ibihuru byinshi bitsikamira ibimera kavukire.&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Giterwa nk'igiti cy'imitako n'icy'igicucu, cyangwa nk'uruzitiro. Igiti cyacyo gikoreshwa mu kubaka, nk'inkwi no gukora amakara. Mu buvuzi gakondo, amababi yacyo akoreshwa mu kuvura diyabete n'uburibwe bwo mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111284-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3700024 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eafrinet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (Yellow Bells) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Tecoma_stans_(Yellow_Bells).htm |website=Invasive Plants – BioNET-EAFRINET |year=2011 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Orwa |first1=C. |last2=Mutua |first2=A. |last3=Kindt |first3=R. |last4=Jamnadass |first4=R. |last5=Simons |first5=A. |title=Tecoma stans |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Tecoma_stans.PDF |website=Agroforestree Database 4.0 |publisher=World Agroforestry Centre |year=2009 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Spathodea campanulata]] na [[Jacaranda mimosifolia]], ibindi biti byo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae''
* [[Umusave]] (''Markhamia lutea'')

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tecoma_stans Amafoto ya ''Tecoma stans''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Myrtales</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:48:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Callistemon]]</comment>
      <origin>142172</origin>
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|rank=ordo
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|parent=Malvids
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Callistemon]]</comment>
      <origin>142173</origin>
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|rank=familia
|link=Myrtaceae
|parent=Myrtales
|refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}
}}</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Callistemon</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Callistemon]]</comment>
      <origin>142174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|rank=genus
|link=Callistemon
|parent=Myrtaceae
}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Nerium oleander)</comment>
      <origin>142176</origin>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Nerium oleander)</comment>
      <origin>142177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|rank=familia
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Nerium</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Nerium oleander)</comment>
      <origin>142178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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  <page>
    <title>Callistemon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23510</id>
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      <id>142179</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T11:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Callistemon (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2684" sha1="s4wci7loexu9d3s1pfmwqhzuq7jxiol" xml:space="preserve">{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Callistemon
| authority = R.Br. (1814)
| image = Red bottle brush.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Callistemon''
}}
'''''Callistemon''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru byo mu muryango wa ''Myrtaceae'', bikomoka muri [[Ositaraliya]]. Mu Gifaransa byitwa ''rince-bouteille'', mu Cyongereza ''bottlebrush'', kubera ko indabo zabyo zimeze nk'uburoso bwo koza amacupa.

Bihingwa hirya no hino ku isi nk'ibimera by'imitako mu busitani no ku mihanda. Abahanga bamwe ubu babishyira mu bwoko bwa ''Melaleuca''.

== Izina ==
Izina ''Callistemon'' rikomoka mu Kigereki ''kallos'' (« ubwiza ») na ''stemon'' (« igice cy'ururabo gitanga ibyangurira », ''étamine''), kubera ''étamines'' ndende z'amabara zigize indabo zabyo. Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere n'Umwongereza Robert Brown mu 1814.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Robert |title=A Voyage to Terra Australis |volume=2 |page=547 |year=1814 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Bottlebrush (Callistemon) bud.jpg|thumb|left|Utubumbe tw'indabo dutangiye kubumbuka]]
''Callistemon'' ni ibihuru cyangwa ibiti bito. Indabo zabyo ziteranye ku mashami zimeze nk'uburoso burebure, kandi ibara ryazo (akenshi umutuku) riterwa na ''étamines'' ndende. Imbuto zabyo ni udusanduku duto dukomeye tuguma ku mashami imyaka myinshi.

== Aho biboneka ==
Ubwoko bwose bwa ''Callistemon'' bukomoka muri Ositaraliya, ariko buhingwa ahantu henshi ku isi kandi bwimereye ubwabwo ahantu hamwe na hamwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Callistemon |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=31406 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biboneka cyane cyane mu turere dufite ubushyuhe buringaniye bwa Ositaraliya, cyane cyane ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba, kandi amoko amwe aboneka no muri Nouvelle-Calédonie. Amoko amwe yihanganira amapfa.

== Amoko amwe ==
* ''Callistemon citrinus''
* ''Callistemon viminalis''
* ''Callistemon pallidus''
* ''Callistemon salignus''
* ''Callistemon rigidus''

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Bottlebrush (Callistemon).jpg|Ururabo
Red bottlebrush tree in Florida crop.jpg|Igiti kirabije
Bottlebrush seeds.jpg|Imbuto
Blooming bottlebrush (Callistemon) found in Kelantan, Malaysia.JPG|Muri Malesiya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Delonix regia]]
* [[Ubusitani]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Callistemon Amafoto ya ''Callistemon''] kuri Wikimedia Commons
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Callistemon ''Callistemon''] kuri iNaturalist

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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      <comment>Purge sans confirmation (liens action=purge)</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>142182</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3611" sha1="1x449mquigoysflzcsuwa61xi8qcnmy" xml:space="preserve">'''Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda''' (mu Gifaransa ''Mission d'immigration des Banyarwanda'', MIB) yari gahunda y'ubutegetsi bwa gikoloni bw'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]] yimuriye Abanyarwanda benshi muri Kongo Mbiligi, cyane cyane mu karere ka Masisi, muri [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y'Amajyaruguru]] y'ubu.

Iyo gahunda, yatangiye mu 1937, yari igamije kubona abakozi b'amasambu manini n'ibirombe. Ifatwa nk'imwe mu nkomoko z'amakimbirane y'ubutaka n'ay'ubwenegihugu akigaragara mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

== Amateka ==
[[File:Paysage du territoire de Masisi (28130228449).jpg|thumb|left|Imisozi y'akarere ka Masisi, muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru.]]
Nyuma y'uko Umuryango w'Ibihugu (''Société des Nations'') uhaye Ububiligi u Rwanda n'u Burundi mu 1922, abategetsi b'Ababiligi bimuye abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi bavuye muri utwo turere twari dutuwe cyane, babajyana mu masambu yo muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru y'ubu.&lt;ref name=&quot;mrg&quot; /&gt;

Iyo gahunda yatangiye ahagana mu 1937, ijyana Abanyarwanda i Masisi kugira ngo bakore mu masambu y'abakoloni; izina « MIB » ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu cyiciro cyayo cya kabiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;mathys&quot; /&gt; Abanyarwanda barenga 25.000 bimuriwe i Masisi hagati ya 1937 na 1945, abandi bagera ku 60.000 bahagera hagati ya 1949 na 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;turner&quot; /&gt; Umuhanga mu mateka Gillian Mathys agaragaza ko benshi muri bo bari abimukira babishaka, bakoresheje izo politiki za gikoloni mu nyungu zabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;mathys&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka ==
[[File:Masisi Territory.svg|thumb|Aho akarere ka Masisi gaherereye muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru.]]
Abanyarwanda baje kuba hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abaturage ba Kivu y'Amajyaruguru. Ukwimuka kwabo kwongereye ihangana ku butaka: abatware b'Abahunde ntibishimiye ko abimukira bahabwa ubutaka, akenshi bwakoreshwaga mu guhiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;mrg&quot; /&gt;

Ikibazo cy'ubwenegihugu bw'Abanyarwanda bo muri Kongo cyakomeje guhindagurika mu mategeko: kuva ku Itegeko Nshinga rya 1964, amategeko ya 1971–1972, itegeko ryo mu 1981 ryabikomeje, kugeza ku itegeko ryo mu 2004 n'Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 2006. Ibihumbi amagana by'Abanyarwanda bagombye kuba Abanyekongo baracyagorwa no kubyemererwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mrg&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;mrg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Banyarwanda in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/banyarwanda/ |publisher=Minority Rights Group |date=June 2018 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;mathys&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mathys |first=Gillian |chapter=Continuities: Histories of Mobility (ca. 1937–1948) |title=Fractured Pasts in Lake Kivu's Borderlands: Conflicts, Connections and Mobility in Central Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2025 |pages=171–202 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/fractured-pasts-in-lake-kivus-borderlands/continuities/15620BFBF07DC7FDA167C037F3944D3D |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Thomas |title=The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality |edition=2nd |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |year=2007 |pages=112–113 |isbn=978-1-84277-688-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
* [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]]
* [[Goma]]
* [[Amoko mu Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://minorityrights.org/communities/banyarwanda/ Banyarwanda in the Democratic Republic of the Congo] – ''Minority Rights Group'' (mu Cyongereza)

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nerium oleander</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Nerium oleander (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="3076" sha1="3lwobaxqapoq8za6g3m5p6xnillpgux" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Nerium
| species = oleander
| authority = L. (1753)
| image = Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo n'amababi ya ''Nerium oleander''
}}
'''''Nerium oleander''''' (mu Gifaransa ''laurier-rose'', mu Cyongereza ''oleander'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu karere ka Mediterane kugeza muri Aziya.

Giterwa cyane ku isi hose nk'igihuru cy'imitako kubera indabo zacyo z'iroza, umweru cyangwa umutuku. Ibice byacyo byose ni uburozi bukomeye.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Nerium oleander Ouarzazate wild1.jpg|thumb|left|''Nerium oleander'' mu gasozi muri Maroke.]]
''Nerium oleander'' ni igihuru gishobora kugera kuri metero 1,5 kugeza kuri 6 z'uburebure. Amababi yacyo ni maremare kandi mato mu bugari, akomeye, y'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zihumura zifite amababi atanu, zikaba umweru, iroza ryijimye cyangwa andi mabara. Imbuto zacyo ni ibishishwa birebire (santimetero 13 kugeza kuri 18) birimo imbuto nto zifite ubwoya, zitwarwa n'umuyaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

== Uburozi ==
Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi bukomeye kuko birimo ibinyabutabire byitwa ''glycosides cardiaques'' bigira ingaruka ku mutima. Kukirya bishobora gutera iseseme, kuruka, gutera nabi k'umutima ndetse n'urupfu. Umwotsi wacyo iyo gitwitswe nawo ugira ingaruka mbi, kandi gishobora kubabaza uruhu. Ni uburozi kandi ku mbwa, injangwe n'amafarasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka n'imikoreshereze ==
Gikomoka mu karere ka Mediterane, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no muri Aziya kugeza muri Miyanimari.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi, birimo ibyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Kenya na Etiyopiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Giterwa nk'uruzitiro cyangwa igihuru cy'imitako; kihanganira izuba, amapfa n'umunyu wo ku nkombe z'inyanja.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nerium oleander L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:80460-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tropicos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nerium oleander |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1800765 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ncsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nerium oleander (Oleander) |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nerium-oleander/ |website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=N.C. Cooperative Extension |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Tecoma stans]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nerium_oleander Amafoto ya ''Nerium oleander''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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      <comment>Taxonomy (ku ngingo Plumeria rubra)</comment>
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|rank=genus
|link=Plumeria
|parent=Apocynaceae
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