Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6150 142193 140901 2026-10-14T12:12:14Z Score Beethoven 11559 Gutunganya ingingo: infobox, ibice, inyandiko zigenzuwe, ifoto, ibyiciro 142193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean Kambanda | birth_date = 19 Ukwakira 1955 | birth_place = [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | alma_mater = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] | occupation = Umunyabanki, umunyapolitiki | party = MDR | office = Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda | term = 9 Mata – 19 Nyakanga 1994 | predecessor = [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] | successor = Faustin Twagiramungu | criminal_charge = Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu | criminal_penalty = Igifungo cya burundu (1998) }} '''Jean Kambanda''' (yavutse ku wa 19 Ukwakira 1955) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwanda wabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Guverinoma y'agateganyo kuva ku wa 9 Mata kugeza ku wa 19 Nyakanga 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Mu 1998 yemeye ibyaha bya jenoside imbere y'[[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)|Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda]] (ICTR), akatirwa igifungo cya burundu. Ni we mukuru wa guverinoma wa mbere wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n'urukiko mpuzamahanga. == Ubuzima n'umwuga == Kambanda yize ibijyanye n'ubucuruzi n'amabanki, akora igihe kirekire muri Banki y'Abaturage y'u Rwanda (''Union des banques populaires du Rwanda''), aho yageze ku mwanya w'umuyobozi. Muri Mata 1994 yari visi-perezida w'ishyaka MDR mu ntara ya [[Butare]].<ref name="africapress">{{Cite web |title=How Prime Minister Jean Kambanda Poisoned Academicians |url=https://www.africa-press.net/rwanda/?p=14991 |website=Africa-Press |date=2022-04-12 |language=en}}</ref> == Minisitiri w'Intebe == Nyuma y'iyicwa rya Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]], Kambanda yashyizweho na Komite y'ibibazo (''Comité de crise'') nka Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Guverinoma y'agateganyo.<ref name="africapress"/> Ku wa 14 Gicurasi 1994 yavugiye ijambo muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] i Butare, ashishikariza abarimu n'abanyeshuri kwiga gukoresha imbunda no gushyiraho bariyeri ku mihanda yose.<ref name="africapress"/> Ku wa 28 Gicurasi 1994, guverinoma ye yagiranye amasezerano na [[Paul Barril]] yo gutanga intwaro n'amasasu no guhugura abasirikare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La justice enquête sur Paul Barril dans le dossier rwandais |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/06/27/la-justice-enquete-sur-paul-barril-dans-le-dossier-rwandais_3437879_3224.html |website=Le Monde |date=2013-06-27 |language=fr}}</ref> == Urubanza == [[Dosiye:Arusha International Conference Centre in 1995.jpg|thumb|left|Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'inama cya Arusha, cyakoreragamo ICTR (1995)]] Kambanda yafatiwe muri [[Kenya]] muri Nyakanga 1997, ajyanwa gufungirwa i Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Minister Kambanda and Nsabimana indicted |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/former-prime-minister-kambanda-and-nsabimana-indicted |website=ICTR |date=1997-10-17 |language=en}}</ref> Ku wa 1 Gicurasi 1998 yemeye ibyaha byose uko ari bitandatu, birimo jenoside, gucura umugambi wa jenoside, gushishikariza mu ruhame gukora jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Rwandan Prime Minister Jean Kambanda pleads guilty to genocide |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/ex-rwandan-prime-minister-jean-kambanda-pleads-guilty-genocide |website=ICTR |date=1998-05-01 |language=en}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Nzeri 1998 yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu. Muri 2000 yasabye kwisubiraho ku kwemera ibyaha, avuga ko yabihatiwe, ariko ku wa 19 Ukwakira 2000 Urugereko rw'Ubujurire rwa ICTR rwanze ubujurire bwe, rwemeza igihano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN appeals court rejects former Rwandan premier's appeal, confirms sentence |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/15991-en-en-un-appeals-court-rejects-former-rwandan-premiers-appeal-confirms-sentence67576757.html |website=JusticeInfo.net (Hirondelle) |date=2000-10-19 |language=en}}</ref> == Igifungo == Kambanda yafungiwe muri gereza ya Koulikoro muri [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide: Inside the prison holding Africa's most notorious war criminals |url=http://www.itv.com/news/2015-07-21/the-prison-holding-the-architects-of-rwandas-genocide/ |website=ITV News |date=2015-07-21 |language=en}}</ref> Mu Ukwakira 2024, ari muri gereza yo muri [[Senegali]], yatanze ubuhamya hakoreshejwe amashusho mu rubanza rwa Eugène Rwamucyo mu Rukiko rwa Rubanda (''Cour d'assises'') rw'i Paris; yavuze ko atemera igihano yahawe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Was Not A Professional Politician – Jean Kambanda Professes To Court |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/10/i-was-not-a-professional-politician-jean-kambanda-confesses-before-court/ |website=KT Press |date=2024-10-17 |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] * [[Théoneste Bagosora]] * [[Paul Barril]] {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kambanda, Jean}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abaminisitiri]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 2tl473au6ixk1vzqw4e1cqskl3z1od0 0 8450 142219 122344 2026-10-15T06:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Africa on the globe (red).svg|thumb|igishushanyo cya Afurika ku Mubumbe w'isi]] [[Dosiye:Map of Colonial Africa in 1947.svg|thumb|Map of Colonial Africa]] '''''Inyandiko y'umwimerere: [[:en:Economy_of_Africa|Economy]]''''' Ubukungu bw'Afurika '''Ubukungu bwa Afrika''' bugizwe n'ubucuruzi, inganda, ubuhinzi, hamwe n'abakozi . Mu mwaka wa 2019, ibihugu 54 bigize umugabane wa Afurika byari bituwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyari 1,3 <ref>[["2017 World population" (PDF). 2017 World Population Data Sheet - Population Reference Bureau.]]</ref> . Afurika ni umugabane ukungahaye ku mutungo kamere. Iterambere ryo muri iyi myaka ryatewe no kwiyongera mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa, muri serivisi, ndetse n'umusaruro w'inganda. Biteganijwe ko umwaka wa 2050 uzagera Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, Afurika yo hagati na Afurika y'epfo by'umwihariko, bigeze kuri GDP ingana na tiriyari 29 z'amadorari y'Amerika. Muri Werurwe 2013, Afurika yagaragaye nk'umugabane ukennye cyane ku isi: Umusaruro rusange wa Afurika wose hamwe ni kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro rusange w'Amerika; ariko, Banki y'Isi iteganya ko niba umuvuduko w'ubwiyongere ukomeje, mu 2025 ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika bizagera ku "rwego rwo hagati" rudakennye kandi rudakize (nukuvuga nibura amafaranga 1.000 y'amadolari y'Amerika ku muntu ku mwaka). Impamvu zituma ubukungu bwifashe nabi muri Afurika ninyinshi: mu mateka, Afurika yari ifite ingoma nyinshi zikize zicuruza mu bice byinshi byisi; ariko, ubukoloni bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi hamwe n’ibibazo byakurikiyeho byatewe n'ubwigenge n’intambara y'ubutita, byateje ihungabana mu bukungu no mu mibereho y'abaturage. Icyakora, guhera mu mwaka wa 2013 Afurika yabaye umugabane w’iterambere ryihuse ku isi ku kigero cya 5,6% ku mwaka, kandi biteganijwe ko GDP iziyongera ku kigereranyo cya 6% ku mwaka hagati ya 2013 na 2023.<ref>[[Oliver August (2 March 2013). "Africa rising A hopeful continent". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Retrieved 15 December 2013.]]</ref> Muri 2017, Banki y'Afurika itsura amajyambere yatangaje ko Afurika ari iya kabiri ku isi ifite ubukungu bwihuta cyane, inavuga ko ubukungu buziyongera kugera kuri 3,4% muri 2017, mu gihe biteganijwe ko izamuka rizagera kuri 4.3% muri 2018.<ref>[["African Economic Outlook 2017" (PDF). African Development Bank.]]</ref> Iterambere ryagaragaye ku mugabane wa Afurika, aho kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibihugu bya Afurika byagaragaje kwiyongera kw' iterambere ku kigereranyo cya 6% kuzamura, naho 40% byiyongera hagati ya 4% kugeza 6% kumwaka. Indorerezi mpuzamahanga z’ubucuruzi nazo zagereranije Afurika nk’imoteri izamura ubukungu ku isi.<ref>[["Rise of the African opportunity". Boston Analytics. 22 June 2016.]]</ref> == Amateka == [[File:Coudée-turin.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|ibipimo fatizo bya Misiri Ya kera byanakoreshwaga nkifaranga ryabo]] Ubukungu bwa Afurika bwari bugiye butandukanye, ahanini bwari bushingiye ku nzira nini z'ubucuruzi zari zarakozwe hagati y'imijyi niyindi no hagati yubwami nubundi . Inzira zimwe z'ubucuruzi zanyuraga ku butaka, izindi zikanyura mu nzuzi, izindi zo mu bihugu byateye imbere zanyuraga ku byambu bikikije imigi. Ubwami bunini bw'Afurika bwagiye bukira kubera imiyoboro y’ubucuruzi bwari bufite, twavuga nka [[Misiri]] ya kera, Nubiya, [[Mali]], Ashanti, n’ubwami bwa Oyo . [[File:Mogadishan_currency.JPG|left|thumb|359x359px|Soltanate yifaranga rya Mogadishu .]] Bimwe mu bice bya Afurika byari bifitanye umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ubwami bw’abarabu, kandi mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Ottoman, Abanyafurika batangiye kwinjira mu idini rya Isilamu ari benshi. Iri terambere, hamwe no gushakisha inzira yubucuruzi ku nyanja yu Buhinde, byazanye Abanyaportigale muri Afrika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara nkingabo zifite ingufu. Kubw'Inyungu zabakoloni bashizeho inganda nshya zo kugaburira ibyifuzo by’i Burayi ku bicuruzwa nk’amavuta y’amamesa, reberi, ipamba, ibyuma byagaciro, ibirungo, ibihingwa ngengabukungu ibindi bicuruzwa, cyane cyane ku turere two ku nkombe yubukungu ya Atlantike. Nyuma y’ubwigenge bw’ibihugu bya Afurika mu kinyejana cya 20, imidugararo mu bukungu, muri politiki ndetse no mu mibereho yabaturage byahungabanije cyane umugabane. Ariko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ubukungu bwarazamutse bigaragara, mu myaka yashize.  Izamuka ry’ubukungu bw’Afurika ( kuva mu myaka ya za 2000) ryagereranijwe n’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa bwazamutse bigaragara muri [[Aziya]] kuva mu mpera za 70. Muri 2013, Afurika yari ifite ibihugu birindwi kurutonde rwibihugu byihuta cyane mu bukungu ku isi . Mu mwaka w' 2018, [[Nijeriya]] niyo yari ifite ubukungu bukomeye mubijyanye na GDP nominal, igakurikirwa n' [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika yepfo]] ukurikije PPP, Misiri ni iya kabiri mubijyanye na GDP nominal nyuma ya [[Nijeriya]]. [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale|Gineya Ekwatoriya]]<nowiki/>li niyo yari ifite GDP ya mbere muri Afurika nubwo yarangwaga nihohoterwa no kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu bikungahaye kuri peteroli nka [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]], [[Libiya]] na [[Gabon]],n'ibikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro nka Botswana byagaragaye mubihugu bifite ubukungu bwa mbere kuva mu kinyejana cya 21, mu gihe [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], byashobokaga ko byaba mu bihugu bikize ku isi, nyamara bikaba biri mu rutonde rw'ibihugu bikennye cyane ku isi kubera ruswa ikabije, politiki mbi, intambara ndetse n'umusaruro muke w'abakozi. Botswana yesheje imihigo muri Afurika ndetse no ku isi mukugira ubukungu bwihuta mu myaka ya 1966–1999.  == Ibihe byubu == [[File:Factory_of_National_Cement_Share_Company.jpg|right|thumb|Isosiyete y'igihugu isaranganya sima yo muri [[Etiyopiya]] uruganda rushya muri Dire Dawa]] [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] wateganyaga ko ubukungu bw’Afurika buzagera kuri 3.5% muri 2018 na 3,7% muri 2019. Kugeza mu 2007, iterambere muri Afurika ryari imbere yirya Aziya y'Uburasirazuba . Amakuru yerekana ko bimwe mu bice by'uyu mugabane bifite ubukungu buri kwihuta cyane, bitewe n'umutungo kamere wabyo no kongera umutekano wa politiki ndetse no kubungabunga amahoro byashyizwemo ingufu kuva 2007'. Banki y'isi ivuga ko ubukungu bw’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara bwazamutse ku gipimo kingana cyangwa kirenga igipimo cyo kurwego rw’isi. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage rivuga ko iterambere ry' umugabane muri rusange riterwa ahanini n’ubukungu bw' igihugu cya Misiri, [[Nijeriya]] na [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika yepfo]], bitatu mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bukomeye muri Afurika. Ibihugu by’Afurika byihuta mu bukungu byateye imbere cyane ku kigereranyo cy’isi. Ibihugu byambere mu 2007 birimo [[Moritaniya]]<nowiki/>yiyongereyeho 19.8%, [[Angola]] 17,6%, [[Sudani]] 9,6%, [[Mozambike]] kuri 7.9% na [[Malawi]] kuri 7.8%. Ibindi bihugu byateye imbere byihuse harimo [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Mozambike]], [[cade]], [[Nigeri|Nijer]]<nowiki/>i, [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[Etiyopiya]] Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, iterambere ryabaye ribi, riranadindira mu bice byinshi bya Afurika harimo [[Zimbabwe]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]] [[Uburundi|n'Uburundi]] . Inzego mpuzamahanga nyinshi zishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bukungu bwa Afurika bugenda buzamuka, cyane cyane ko Afurika ikomeje kuzamuka mu bukungu nubwo ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi . Igipimo cy’inyungu ku ishoramari muri Afurika kuri ubu nicyo kiri hejuru mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Kugabanya imyenda bikemurwa n’ibigo bimwe na bimwe mpuzamahanga hagamijwe gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika. Mu 1996, Umuryango w'abibumbye wateye inkunga gahunda y'ibihugu bikennye cyane (HIPC), nyuma iyo gahunda ifatwa na [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari|IMF]], Banki y'Isi ndetse [[Banki Nyafurika Itsura Amajyambere|n'Ikigega Nyafurika gishinzwe iterambere]] ( [https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/financial-products/african-development-fund AfDF]) mu buryo bwo gurangiza amadeni menshi (MDRI). Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, iki gikorwa cyakuyeho kimwe cya kabiri cyimyenda ku bihugu 30 bya Afurika. === Ubwiyongere bw'ubucuruzi === Ubucuruzi bwateje imbere cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21. [[Ubushinwa]] [[Ubuhinde|n'Ubuhinde]] nibo bafatanyabikorwa b'ingenzi mu bucuruzi; 12.5% by'ibituruka muri Afurika byoherezwa mu Bushinwa, naho 4% byoherezwa mu Buhinde, ibingana na 5% by'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu Bushinwa naho 8% mu buhinde. Itsinda ry'ibihugu bitanu ( [[Indonesiya|Indoneziya]], [[Malesiya|Maleziya]], [[Arabiya Sawudite]], [[Tayilande]], na [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe|Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abarabu]] ) na ryo ni soko rikomeye cyane ku byo Afurika yohereza mu mahanga. === Ejo hazaza === [[File:Uganda_-_ad_on_van_in_Kampala.jpg|thumb|Amatangazo yamamaza ya terefone igendanwa, ashushanyije ku modoka, Kampala, Uganda .]] Ubukungu bwa Afurika, kwagura ubucuruzi, ubumenyi bw’icyongereza (ururimi rukoreshwa cyane mu bihugu byinshi byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara), guteza imbere gusoma no kwandika, kubona aho abaturage bakura amafaranga, ndetse n’abakozi bahendutse - biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gushyirwamo ingufu mu bihe biri imbere. Ubucuruzi hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa bwageze kuri miliyari 166 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2011. Afurika izagira "inyungu zishingiye ku mubare wabaturage" mu 2035, igihe abakozi bayo bakiri bato bo munzego zitandukanye bazaba bafite abana bake ndetse n’umubare wabari mukiruhuko kizabukuru ari bake ugereranije n' [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]] [[Burayi|n'Uburayi]] . Umubare w'abakozi bize nawo uri kuzamuka, hafi kimwe cya kabiri biteganijwe ko bazaba bafite amashuri yisumbuye mu 2020. Abaguzi nabo bakomeje kwiyongera muri Afurika kandi biteganijwe ko bizakomeza. Afurika ifite abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 90 bafite amafaranga yinjira mu rugo arenga amadorali y'Amerika 5,000 , bivuze ko bashobora gukoresha igice kirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’amafaranga binjiza mu mu kugura ibirenze ibikenewe. Uyu mubare biteganijwe ko ushobora kugera kuri miliyoni 128 muri 2020. Mu ruzinduko Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika [[Barack Obama]] yagiriye muri Afurika muri Nyakanga 2013, yatanze miliyari 7 z'amadolari ya Amerika yo kurushaho guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo no gukorana cyane n'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika. Gahunda nshya yiswe Ubucuruzi bwafurika, igamije kuzamura ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no hagati ya Afurika na Amerika, nayo yatangijwe na Obama. Gahunda nshya y’iterambere ry’ubukungu yatangijwe n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika bagera kuri 27 bagize bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere ku mugabane w’Afurika, izarushaho guteza imbere ubukungu, imibereho myiza y'abaturage na politiki by’umugabane. Agace kigenga k’ubucuruzi nyafurika kazazamura ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi hagati mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'ubumwe bw'Afurika ndetse no ku mugabane wa Afurika . Ibi bizagabanya cyane gutegereza ibyo Afurika itumiza mu mahanga birimo ibikoresho fatizo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://au.int/en/cfta |title=AfCFTA |access-date=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019085136/https://au.int/en/cfta |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikinyuranyo hagati y’ibihugu bikize n’ibikennye biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka icumi iri imbere. <ref>The Economist, The African Century, March 28th 2020.</ref> === Kwihangira imirimo === Kwihangira imirimo ni urufunguzo rw'iterambere. Guverinoma zakagombye kwita kugushyiraho mategeko meza agenga ubucuruzi kugira ngo zishyigikire guteza imbere guhanga udushya. Muri 2019, inkunga yo gutangiza ishoramari yariyongereye igera kuri miliyari 1,3 z'amadolari. <ref>The Economist, "The African century", March 28th 2020.</ref> == Impamvu z'idindira ryubukungu mu myaka yashize == Imiterere ku budakemwa bw'ubukene bwa Afurika bwateje impaka ku mvano zabyo. Intambara n’imyivumbagatanyo, ruswa ikabije, n’ubutegetsi bubi nizo mpamvu z'ingenzi zitera idindira ry'ubukungu bw'Afurika. Ubukoloni bwa Afurika bwateye umutekano muke kubera intambara n'imyivuvagatanyo yaburangaga. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati, Intambara y'ubutita no kwiyongera kwa ruswa no kwiheba kwabaturage nabyo byagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry' ubukungu bwa Afurika.  Nk’uko ikinyamakuru The Economist kibitangaza ngo ibintu by'ingenzi byateye ihungabana ry'ubukungu ni ruswa muri guverinoma, ihungabana rya politiki, ubukungu bw’abasosiyalisiti, na politiki ikumira ubucuruzi. <ref>The Economist, "The African century", March 28th 2020.</ref> === Ibikorwa Remezo === [[File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG|thumb|350x350px|Umuhanda uhuza ibihugu by'Afurika]] Nk’uko abashakashatsi bo mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga babitangaza, kubura ibikorwa remezo mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere n'imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zituma ubukungu budindira ndetse bigakerereza no kugera ku ntego z'ikinyagihumbi (MDGs). Ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo no kubibungabunga birahenze, cyane cyane mu bihugu bidakora ku nyanja, ibyaro ndetse n’ibihugu bituwe cyane muri [[Afurika]] . Byaganiriweho ko ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ryagize uruhare rurenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’iterambere rya Afurika hagati ya 1990 na 2005 kandi ko kongera ishoramari ari ngombwa kugira ngo iterambere ryiyongere kandi rikemure ubukene. Inyungu ku ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ni ingirakamaro cyane, ugereranije 30-40% by'ubukungu byinjirira mu ishoramari ryitumanaho (ICT), hejuru ya 40% mu mamashanyarazi, na 80% kumihanda . Muri Afurika, havugwa ko kugira ngo intego zikinyagihumbi (MDGs) zigerweho bitarenze 2015, ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo ryakenera kugera kuri 15% bya GDP (hafi miliyari 93 z'amadolari y'Amerika ku mwaka). Kugeza ubu, inkomoko yinkunga igenda itandukana cyane bitewe ninzego. Inzego zimwe ziganjemo amafaranga ya leta, izindi ziganjemo inkunga ziva mumahanga (ODA) naho izindi n'abashoramari bigenga. Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, Leta imwe ikoresha hafi miliyari 9.4 z'amadolari muri miliyari 24.9 z'amadorari. Mu kuhira ibihingwa, mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara, amafaranga hafi ya yose akoreshwa ava mu ngengo yimari ya leta; mu bijyanye nubwikorezi namashanyarazi igice kinini cy'ishoramari kiva mumafaranga ya leta ; mu ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, amazi n’isuku, igice kinini cy’ingengo yimari kiva mu bikorera no mu bigo byigenga. Inkunga yo hanze yavuye kuri miliyari 7 z'amadolari (2002) igera kuri miliyari 27 z'amadolari (2009). By'umwihariko, [[Ubushinwa]] bwagaragaye nk'umushoramari w'ingenzi. === Ubukoloni === [[File:Map_of_railways_in_Africa_1899.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ikarita ya gari ya moshi ya Afurika, harimo inzira zateganijwe kandi zirimo kubakwa, ''Igitabo cy’umwaka wa Leta'', 1899.]] Ingaruka ku bukungu zatewe no gukoloniza Afurika zaganiriweho. Muri iki kibazo, ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abashakashatsi, bamwe muri bo batekereza ko Abanyaburayi bagize ingaruka nziza kuri Afurika; abandi bemeza ko iterambere rya Afurika ryadindijwe n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni. Igitekerezo kivuga ko idindira ry'ubukungu bwAfurika muri iki gihe riterwa ahanini n’ibikorwa byakomeje gukorwa n’ibihugu by’abakoloni kugira ngo umugabane ukomeze ukene. <ref>The Economist, "The African century", March 28th 2020.</ref> Intego nyamukuru yubutegetsi bwabakoloni muri Afrika n’ibihugu by’abakoloni by’Uburayi kwari ugukoresha umutungo kamere wumugabane wa Afurika ku giciro gito. Bamwe mu banditsi nka Walter Rodney mu gitabo cye kivuga ngo ''uko Uburayi bwakenesheje Afurika'', bavuga ko politiki ya gikoroni ari yo nyirabayazana w'ibibazo byinshi muri Afurika.  Abatavugarumwe nubukoloni bashinja abakoloni kuba barashyizeho amategeko akandandamiza abanyafurika, akabasuzuguza, akabatesha agaciro kandi agatuma batigirira ikizere. Abandi bahanga bize nyuma y’abakoloni , twavuga nka Frantz Fanon , nabo bashimangiye icyo gitekerezo; bavuze ko ingaruka nyazo z’ubukoloni ari imitekerereze yo hasi kandi ko gutegekwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga bitera imyumvire irambye yo kumva ko uri hasi kandi ko kugandukira ibihugu byuburayi bitera inzitizi mu gutera imbere no guhanga udushya. Gihamya yizo ngingo nuko ubu hari kuvuka igisekuru gishya cy’Abanyafurika kidafite ibyo ibitekerezo abakoloni bari barashyize mubanyafurika ba kera akaba ariyo mpamvu hari kuboneka impinduka mu bukungu muri iyi myaka. <ref>Nick Mead, [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/interactive/2012/may/28/african-economic-outlook-2012 "African Economic Outlook 2012"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 May 2012.</ref> Abahanga mu by'amateka LH Gann na Peter Duignan bavuze icyo Afurika ishobora kuba yarungukiye kubukoloni ari imyumvire y' uburinganire. Ubukoroni nubwo bwari bufite ibibi byinshi ariko bufatwa nkimwe mu moteri zakoreshejwe cyane mu gukwirakwiza umuco mu mateka y'isi". <ref>Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan, ''The Burden of Empire: A Reappraisal of Western Colonialism South of the Sahara''</ref> Ibi bitekerezo ariko, ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi byanzwe na bamwe babona ko nta kiza cy'ubukoloni. Umuhanga mu by'amateka yubukungu David Kenneth Fieldhouse yanze kugira aho abogamira, avuga ko ingaruka z’ubukoloni zari nke kandi ko intege nke nyamukuru zabakoloni zitari mu kudindiza iterambere nkana ahubwo intege nke zabo ziri mubyo bananiwe gukora. <ref>D. K. Fieldhouse, ''The West and the Third World''</ref> Niall Ferguson yemera ingingo ye ya nyuma, avuga ko intege nke z’abakoloni ari ''uko bananiwe kuzuza inshingano zabo''. <ref>[[Niall Ferguson]], Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World and Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire</ref> Isesengura ry’ubukungu bw’ibihugu bya Afurika risanga ibihugu byigengaga nka Liberiya na Etiyopiya bitaragize ubukungu bwiza kurusha bagenzi babo bakoronijwe . By'umwihariko urwego rwubukungu kubahoze bakolonijwe n’abongereza rwari rwiza kuruta ibihugu byigengaga ndetse n’abahoze bakolonijwe n’Abafaransa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/41656700/alexandra_hrituleac_thesis_1_dec.pdf |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2016-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213041905/http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/41656700/Alexandra_Hrituleac_thesis_1_DEC.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Ubukene bwo muri Afurika bwabayeho na mbere y'ubukoloni. Jared Diamond avuga ko Afurika yahoze ikennye kubera ibintu byinshi byagize ingaruka mu mateka yiterambere . Muri ibyo bintu harimo ubwinshi bwabaturage, kubura amatungo n’ibimera, hamwe nimiterere y'afurika,kuko ifite icyerekezo cy’amajyaruguru-Amajyepfo. Icyakora ibitekerezo bya Diamond byanenzwe na bamwe barimo James Morris Blaut . Umuhanga mu by'amateka John K. Thornton avuga ko Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara yari ikize kandi ko yateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga kugeza nibura mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi. <ref>Africa and Africans in the Formation of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1992, second expanded edition, 1998).</ref> Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko muri rusange Afurika yari ikennye kurusha isi yose mu mateka yayo, usibye ibice bimwe na bimwe bya Afurika. Urugero, Acemoglue na Robinson, bavuga ko igice kinini cya Afurika cyahoze gikennye cyane, ariko " Aksum, [[Gana]], Songhay, [[Mali]], na [[Zimbabwe]] .... birashoboka ko byari biteye imbere nk'ibindi bihugu byo muricyo gihe ku isi hose." <ref>Why is Africa Poor? (Economic History of Developing Regions Vol. 25: 2010)</ref> Abantu batari bake barimo Rodney na Joseph E. Inikori bavuze ko ubukene bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro y’abakoloni bwatewe ahanini n’igihombo cy’abaturage kijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara ndetse n’izindi mpinduka z’abaturage. <ref>Rodney, Walter. ''How Europe Underdeveloped Africa''. London: [[Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications]], 1972.</ref> Abandi nka JD Fage na David Eltis banze iki gitekerezo. <ref>David Eltis, ''Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade''</ref> === Indimi zitandukanye === [[File:TamaleGhana2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Abantu bo muri Gana bafite amahirwe 8.1% yo kuba bahuje ururimi kavukire.]] Ibihugu bya Afrika bifite ibibazo byitumanaho biterwa nindimi zitandukanye. Ikigereranyo cya Greenberg kerekana ko amahirwe menshi aruko abantu babiri batoranijwe ku bushake baba bafite indimi kavukire zitandukanye. Ufashe ibihugu 25 bitandukanye ukurikije iki cyigereranyo, 18 (72%) ni Abanyafurika. Nyamara, usanga ururimi rwibanze rwa zaguverinoma, ibiganiro bya politiki, ibiganiro by’amasomo, n’ubuyobozi akenshi bikorwa mu rurimi rw’ibihugu byahoze byakoronije Afurika; [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]], cyangwa [[Igiporutigali|Igiporutugali]] .  === Ubucuruzi bushingiye ku bitekerezo === Igitekerezo remezo cyemeza ko ubutunzi n’iterambere ry’ibihugu bikomeye [[Burayi|by’Uburayi]], [[Amerika ya Ruguru|Amerika y'Amajyaruguru]] na Aziya y'Iburasirazuba babukesha ubukene bw'isi yose, harimo na Afurika. Abahanga mu bukungu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo bemeza ko uturere dukennye tugomba guhagarika umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byateye imbere kugira ngo dutere imbere. <ref>See, for example, Frank, A. G. (1979), ''Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment'', New York: Monthly Review Press.; Köhler, G., and A. Tausch (2001), ''Global Keynesianism: unequal exchange and global exploitation'', Nova Publishers; Amin, S. (1976), ''Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism'', New York: Monthly Review Press.</ref> Ibitekerezo bidahwitse byo gukumira ubukungu mu bihugu byateye imbere bidindiza iterambere rya Afurika. Iyo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byasaruye umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ku giciro gito, muri rusange ntabwo byohereza hanze ku giciro kinini nkuko byari byitezwe. Ibikomoka k'ubuhinzi, ibiciro biri hejuru mu bitumizwa mu bihugu byateye imbere , cyane cyane ibyashyizweho n' [[ubuyapani]], umuryango w' ubumwe bw'uburayi , Politiki rusange y'ubuhinzi, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika; ishami ry'ubuhinzi, ni zimwe mumpamvu zitera ibyo biciro. Imiterere yafurika nayo igira ingaruka kubyoherezwa hanze; amategeko ya leta zibihugu byinshi bya Afrika nayo abangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubushakashatsi mu kubukungu rusange nku bwo Jane Shaw yakoze bwerekana ko gukumira ibicuruzwa bihungabanya iterambere ry’ubukungu. Abahinzi bahura nikumirwa ryibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biba ngombwa ko bakoresha amasoko yaho batuye bakabura amahirwe yo kujya kwisoko rinini kandi mpuzamahanga. ibyo bituma isoko riba rito, abahinzi bagacika intege zo guhanga udushya kandi bagahinga ibiribwa bike ibyo byose bikadindiza ubukungu. === Imiyoborere === Nubwo Afurika na Aziya byari byinjije amafaranga asa mu myaka ya za 1960, Aziya imaze kurenga Afurika, usibye ibihugu bike bikennye cyane kandi byugarijwe n'intambara nka [[Afuganisitani]] na [[Yemeni]] . Ishuri rimwe ry’ubukungu rivuga ko iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Aziya rishingiye ku ishoramari ryaho. Ruswa muri Afurika igizwe ahanini no gukuraho ubukungu buturuka ku bukode no kwimurira imari shingiro mumahanga aho gushora imari murugo; ndetse nimyumvire y'abanyagitugu b'Abanyafurika bafite konti za banki mu Busuwisi. Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Massachusetts Amherst bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 1996, ingengo y'imari yavuye mu bihugu 30 byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe ingana na miliyari 187 z'amadolari, arenga amadeni ibyo bihugu bifitiye amahanga. Abanditsi Leonce Ndikumana na James K. Boyce bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 2008, imari shingiro yavuye mu bihugu 33 byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe yari miliyari 700. Iri tandukaniro mu iterambere rihuye nigitekerezo cyatanzwe n'umuhanga mu bukungu Mancur Olson . Kubera ko leta zari zifite ubutegetsi buhindagurika kandi leta nshya zakunze kwambura imitungo abayobozi bazibanjirije, abayobozi babika umutungo wabo mu mahanga, kugira ngo batazawamburwa . [[Dosiye:Robert Mugabe, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-417 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Robert Mugabe Perezida wa Zimbabwe]] Umunyagitugu wu munyekongo Mobutu Sese Seko yabaye ruharwa muri ruswa, n'icyenewabo, nyuma yo kunyereza hagati ya miliyari 4 na 15 zamadorali y'Amerika ku ngoma ye. Guverinoma z'abasosiyaliste zateye Marxisme, hamwe n'ivugurura ry'ubutaka, nazo zagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry'ubukungu muri Afurika. urugero, ubutegetsi bwa Robert Mugabe muri [[Zimbabwe]], cyane cyane ifatira ry’abahinzi b’abazungu, byatumye ubukungu bw’ubuhinzi bw’igihugu bwangirika, ahahoze ari kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye bya Afurika; Mugabe yari yarashyigikiwe nuburusiya [[Ubushinwa|n'Ubushinwa]] mugihe cy'intambara yo kubohora Zimbabwe . Muri [[Tanzaniya]], Perezida w’abasosiyaliste [[Julius Nyerere]] yeguye mu 1985 nyuma y’uko politiki ye yo guhuriza hamwe ubuhinzi mu 1971 itumye ubukungu bwangirika, inzara ikumirwa gusa n’inkunga nini yatanzwe nikigega mpuzamahanga cy'ubukungu n’ibindi bihugu by’amahanga. <ref>Philip Wayland Porter. Challenging nature: local knowledge, agroscience, and food security in Tanga.</ref> [[Tanzaniya]] yasigaye nka kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane kwisi kandi bishingiye ku mfashanyo, kandi byatwaye imyaka mirongo kugira ngo ikire. Kuva ishyaka ry’abasosiyalisiti ryavaho mu 1992, ikimukira muri demokarasi, Tanzaniya yagize iterambere ryihuse mu bukungu, yiyongeraho 6.5% muri 2017. <ref>http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/download.aspx</ref> === Inkunga z’amahanga === Kohereza ibiryo mugihe habaye ikibazo cyibura ryabyo ntabwo bikunze kugirwaho impaka muri rusange; ariko nkuko Amartya Sen yabigaragaje, inzara nyinshi ziterwa no kubura amafaranga aho kuba kubura ibiryo. Mu bihe nk'ibi, imfashanyo y'ibiribwa - bitandukanye n'inkunga y'amafaranga - igira ingaruka zo kwangiza ubuhinzi bwaho bayohereje kandi abahinzi bo mubihugu byiburengerazuba (uburayi) bakabyungukiramo kuko baba basabwa umusaruro mwinshi . Mu mateka, imfashanyo y'ibiribwa ifitanye isano cyane no gucuruza ibiribwa byinshi mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba kuruta ibikenewe mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere . Igitekerezo cy’imfashanyo cyanenzweho kubangamira ingamba z’ubucuruzi. Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera byerekana ko inkunga z’amahanga zatumye umugabane ukena. Umwe mu banenze cyane uburyo bwo guteza imbere imfashanyo ni umuhanga mu by'ubukungu Dambisa Moyo (impuguke mu by'ubukungu,umunyazambiya uba muri Amerika), yarwanyije igitekerezo cy’imfashanyo, yerekana uburyo inkunga z’amahanga zadindije iterambere ry’Afurika. Muri iki gihe, Afurika ihura n'ikibazo cyo gukurura inkunga z’amahanga mu turere dufite amafaranga menshi ava mubyacurujwe. Ikeneye andi mabwiriza agenga ubukungu no kugira uruhare rugaragara mubukungu bwisi. Kubera ko guhatanira inkunga z’amahanga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bigenda byiyongera, Afurika yagerageje gukomeza urugamba rwayo rwo gukumira inkunga z’amahanga ifata inshingano nyinshi ku rwego rw’akarere ndetse no kurwamahanga. Byongeye kandi, Afurika yashyizeho ' gahunda y'ibikorwa byafurika' mu rwego rwo kugira umubano mushya n’abafatanyabikorwa mu iterambere kugira ngo basangire inshingano zijyanye no kuvumbura uburyo bwo kubona abashoramari b’abanyamahanga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.uneca.org/atpc/Work%20in%20progress/21.pdf |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2011-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124214940/http://www.uneca.org/atpc/Work%20in%20progress/21.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == Guhagarika ubucuruzi ni miryango myinshi == Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika niryo tsinda rinini mu bukungu mpuzamahanga ku mugabane wa Afurika . Intego z’uyu muryango zirimo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, ihuriro rya gasutamo, isoko rimwe, banki nkuru, n’ifaranga rimwe (reba ubumwe bw’imari nyafurika ), bityo hagashyirwaho ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’ifaranga rimwe . Gahunda iriho ni ugushirahourya [[Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika|Umuryango w’ubukungu bw'Afurika]] ufite ifaranga rimwe muri 2023. Banki nyafurika yishoramari igamije gushimangira iterambere. Gahunda y' umuryango w'ubumwe bw'Afurika ikubiyemo kandi ikigega cy’imari nyafurika kiganisha kuri Banki Nkuru y'Afurika . Amashyaka amwe ashyigikiye iterambere ry’Afurika yunze ubumwe . Mu ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’amafaranga n’amabanki harimo: * Banki Nkuru y’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba * Banki y'ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo hagati * Agace rusange k'ifaranga {{African Economic Community}} == Impinduka zubukungu nibibigaragaza == [[File:Africa-GDP.svg|thumb|350x350px|Ikarita ya Afrika ukurikije ibicuruzwa byinjira (GDP nominal) muri miliyari zamadorali y'Amerika (2008). <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#000000; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;200+</div>]] Nyuma yo guhungabana kubukungu bw’isi no kongera gusubira kumurongo mu 2009, mu2011 ubukungu bwa Afurika bwarangiritse kubera imyigaragambyo yo mubihugu by'abarabu nuko gutera imbere kumugabane kuragabanuka buva kuri 5% muri 2010 bugera kuri 3,4% muri 2011. Kubera iterambere ry’ubukungu bwa Afurika y’amajyaruguru hamwe n’iterambere rirambye mu tundi duce tw'Afurika, byari biteganijwe ko iterambere ry’umugabane wa Afurika rizihuta kugera kuri 4.5% muri 2012 na 4.8% muri 2013.  ibibazo by'ubukungu bwisi bw'igihe gito byagumyeho kuko uburayi buhanganye nibibazo byimyenda bufite. Ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa - by'ingenzi muri Afurika - byaraguye bitewe nabaguzi bake ndetse numusaruro mwinshi, kandi bishobora kugabanuka kurushaho. Ariko ibiciro biteganijwe ko bizaguma kurwego rwiza kubohereza ibicuruzwa muri Afrika. === Uturere === Ibikorwa by'ubukungu byongeye kwiyongera muri Afurika. Ariko, umuvuduko wo gukira nturi kurwego rumwe mubaturage bibihugu n'uturere. Ibihugu byohereza peteroli muri rusange birakize cyane kuruta ibihugu bitumiza peteroli. Afurika y'Iburengerazuba na Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nibyo bice bibiri byitwaye neza mu mwaka wa 2010. Ubucuruzi bw’Afurika bwadindijwe na politiki yo gukumirana hagati y'ibihugu n’uturere. N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bigize Isoko rusange ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo (COMESA), akarere gakomeye cyane mu bukungu, bwikubye inshuro esheshatu mu myaka icumi ishize kugeza mu 2012. Urugero, Gana na Kenya byateje imbere amasoko mu karere kubikoresho byubaka, nimashini, bitandukanye cyane n’ibicuruzwa by’amabuye y’ubuhinzi bigize igice kinini cy’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Abaminisitiri b’ubucuruzi bo muri Afurika bemeye mu mwaka wa 2010 gushyiraho akarere k’ubucuruzi ka Pan-Afrika. Ibi bizagabanya imisoro y’ibihugu ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kandi byongere ubucuruzi bw’imbere muri Afurika, kandi ibi bitanga ikizere kubukungu butandukanye muri rusange. [[File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Uturere twisi ukurikije ubutunzi bwose (muri trillioni z'amadorali y'Amerika), 2018]] [[File:Countries_by_total_wealth_(trillions_USD),_Credit_Suisse.png|thumb|250x250px|Ibihugu ukurikije ubutunzi bwuzuye ]] [[File:CountriesByGDPPerCapitaNominal2018.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Ibihugu ukurikije umusaruro rusange kuri buri muntu mu 2018 <ref>Based on the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] data. If no data was available for a country from IMF, data from the [[World Bank]] is used.</ref>]] == Inzego z'ubukungu n'inganda == Kubera ko Afurika yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ikomeje ahanini gushingira ku bikoresho fatizo, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bihura n'ihindagurika ry’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa. Ibi byongerera umugabane kwibasirwa n’ihungabana ryo hanze kuyindi migabane kandi bigashimangira ibikenerwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubucuruzi bwa serivisi, cyane cyane ingendo n’ubukerarugendo, bwakomeje kwiyongera mu mwaka wa 2012, bishimangira imbaraga z’umugabane muri uru rwego. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys"/> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06"/> === Ubuhinzi === [[File:2DU_Kenya_86_(5367322642).jpg|right|thumb|Umuhinzi wo muri [[Kenya]] ku kazi mu karere ko kumusozi waKenya]] Mu gihe ibihugu by'Afurika byohereza ibihingwa mu Burengerazuba, abaturage b'Afurika amamiriyoni bicwa ninzara bitewe n’ibihugu byateye imbere birimo Ubuyapani, [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]] na Amerika. Ibi bihugu birinda urwego rw’ubuhinzi bigakumira amahoro menshi yibitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bigatanga inkunga ku bahinzi babo,<ref>[[Caplan, Gerald (2008). The Betrayal of Africa. Groundwood Books. p. 93. ISBN 9780888998255.]]</ref>bigatuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi cyane w’ibicuruzwa nk’ingano, ipamba n’amata. Ingaruka zibi nuko igiciro cyibicuruzwa nkibi gikomeza kugabanuka kwisi kugeza igihe abanyafurika badashoboye guhangana kwisoko, usibye ibihingwa byera muri Afurika gusa. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys"/> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06"/> Mu myaka yashize ibihugu nka [[Burezile|Berezile]] byabonye umusaruro w’ubuhinzi uri hejuru, byemeye gusangira ikoranabuhanga na Afurika mu kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ku mugabane wa Afurika kugira ngo ube umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi ukomeye. Kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinzi muri Afurika muri rusange bifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubukene muri Afurika. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys"/> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06">Fred Magdoff, [http://monthlyreview.org/2013/11/01/twenty-first-century-land-grabs Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession], ''[[Monthly Review]]'', 2013, Volume 65, Issue 06 (November)</ref> Isoko ryabakeneye kakawo nyafurika ryarazamutse cyane n’ibiciro birazamuka mu 2008. Guverinoma ya Nijeriya, Afurika y'Epfo na Uganda zakuye inyungu ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi byashakishwaga cyane kwisoko kandi bashyira ingufu mu kuzamura urwego rw’ubuhinzi. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika urateganya gushora imari cyane mu buhinzi bwa Afurika kandi ibyo bikurikiranirwa hafi bikanashyigikirwa na Loni. === Ingufu z'amashanyarazi === [[File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG|right|thumb|Sitasiyo ya Athlone i Cape Town, [[Afurika y’Epfo|muri Afrika yepfo]]]] [[File:Sub-Saharan-Africa-Mean-Wind-Speed-Global-Wind-Atlas.png|thumb|Umuvuduko wumuyaga Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. ]] [[File:Sub Saharan Africa GHI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|agace gashyuha muri Afrika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. ]] Afurika ifite umutungo kamere wo kubyara ingufu z'amashanyarazi muburyo butandukanye ( ingomero z'amazi, ibigega bya peteroli na gaze, umusaruro wamakara, umusaruro wa iraniyumu, ingufu zishobora kubaho nkizuba, umuyaga na geothermal). Kubura iterambere ryibikorwa remezo muri iki gihe bivuze ko hakoreshwa bike muri ibyo byavuzwe haruguru. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys"/> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06"/> Abakoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri Afurika ni Afurika y'Epfo, Libiya, Namibiya, Misiri, Tuniziya, na Zimbabwe, buri wese akoresha hagati ya kilowati 1000 na 5000 kuri metero kare ku muntu, bitandukanye na Etiyopiya, [[Eritereya]], na Tanzaniya, aho gukoresha amashanyarazi kuri buri muntu bikiri hasi cyane. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli ubwayo byoherezwa hanze nibihugu 14 bya Afurika. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli byagize 46,6% by’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze n'Afurika mu 2010; icya kabiri Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze karemano, ibingana na 6.3% by’ibyo Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze. === Ibikorwa Remezo === [[File:Lagos_Island.jpg|thumb|Lagos, Nijeriya, umujyi munini muri Afurika]] Kubura ibikorwa remezo ni inzitizi kubucuruzi bwa Afrika. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys">John J. Saul and Colin Leys, [http://monthlyreview.org/1999/07/01/sub-saharan-africa-in-global-capitalism Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism], ''[[Monthly Review]]'', 1999, Volume 51, Issue 03 (July–August)</ref> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06"/> Nubwo Afurika ifite ibyambu byinshi, kubura ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu byongera 30-40% kubiciro, ku byambu bitandukanye bya Aziya. Imishinga ya gari ya moshi yabaye ingenzi mu turere ducukura amabuye y'agaciro guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi watangiye gutekerezwaho mugihe cyabakoloni, ukorwa mugihe cya nyuma yubukoloni. Jedwab na Storeygard bemeje ko kuva muri 1960 kugeza 2015 hari isano rikomeye hagati yishoramari ryubwikorezi niterambere ryubukungu. Politiki ikomeye yari igizwe no kwishyira hamwe kwa mbere yubukoloni, gucamo ibice byamoko, gutura i Burayi, ubwigenge ku umutungo kamere, na demokarasi. <ref>Remi Jedwab & Adam Storeygard, "Economic and Political Factors in Infrastructure Investment: Evidence from Railroads and Roads in Africa 1960–2015" ''Economic History of Developing Regions'' 34#2 (Summer 2019) Pages: 156-208 DOI: 0.1080/20780389.2019.1627190 data covers 43 sub-Saharan countries. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20780389.2019.1627190 abstract]</ref> Ibikorwa remezo byinshi binini birakomeje muri Afrika. Kugeza ubu, imishinga myinshi iri mu gukora no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi. Indi mishinga myinshi iri mugukora imihanda ya kaburimbo, gari ya moshi, ibibuga byindege, nibindi byubaka. Ibikorwa remezo by'itumanaho nabyo biri kwiyongera muri Afrika. Nubwo interineti iri gutera imbere muyindi migabane, iracyari kuri 9% muri Afurika. Mu 2011, byagereranijwe ko telefoni zigendanwa 500.000.000 z'ubwoko bwose zakoreshwaga muri Afurika, harimo terefone 15,000,000 " zigezweho ". === Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na peteroli === Inganda zamabuye y'agaciro muri Afrika nizimwe mu nganda nini ku isi. Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri munini, ufite kilometero kare miliyoni 30 z'ubutaka, bivuzeko ifite umutungo kamere munini. <ref name="Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys"/> <ref name="Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06"/> Mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, ubucukuzi bw'ibinombe n’umusaruro wabyo bigize igice kinini cy’ubukungu bwabyo kandi bikomeza kuba urufunguzo rw’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza. Afurika ikize kumabuye y'agaciro kandi iza ku mwanya wa mbere cyangwa uwa kabiri kwisi kuri bauxite, cobalt, diyama yo mu nganda, urutare rwa fosifate, ibyuma bya platine (PGM), vermiculite, na zirconium . Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu niwo mutungo nyamukuru wa Afurika.  === Inganda === Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ndetse [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|n’Umuryango w’abibumbye]] bagaragaje gahunda yerekana uburyo Afurika ishobora kwifasha mu nganda no guteza imbere inganda zikomeye ku rwego rujyanye n’ubukungu bwa Afurika mu myaka ya za 1960 hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kinyejana cya 21. kwibanda ku kuzamura umusaruro wibintu bitandukanye munganda, ndetse numusaruro w’ubuhinzi, byatanze icyizere ko ikinyejana cya 21 kizaba ikinyejana cy’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga muri Afurika. Ibi byiringiro, hamwe nizamuka ryabayobozi bashya muri Afurika mu bihe biri imbere, byatumye habaho ijambo " ikinyejana cy'Afurika ", bisobanuye ko ikinyejana cya 21 ari ikinyejana imirimo myinshi, imari shingiro, hamwe n’umutungo by'Afurika bishobora kuba aribyo isi izaba ishingiyeho. [[File:Soucreye_Sidi_Bennour.jpg|left|thumb|Uruganda rw'isukari rwa Soucreye muri Sidi Bennour, muri [[Maroke|Maroko]]]] Ibi byiringiro byo mu nganda bifashwa n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n’inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Namibia yakuruye ishoramari mu nganda mu myaka yashize ndetse n'Afurika y'Epfo yatangiye gutanga imisoro yo gukurura imishinga ishora imari itaziguye mu nganda. Ibihugu nka Maurice bifite gahunda yo guteza imbere "ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije" munganda. Iterambere nkiryo rifite amahirwe menshi yo gufungura amasoko mashya mubihugu bya Afrika kuko hateganijwe ko hazakenerwa ikoranabuhanga ryiza ritangiza ibidukikije mu gihe kiri imbere kuko ibigega bya peteroli ku isi biri gukama kandi ikoranabuhanga rishingiye kuri peteroli rikaba rigenda rita agaciro mu bukungu. [[Dosiye:2014 Tinubu Square Lagos Nigeria 14640600637.jpg|thumb|Umugi wa Lagos muri Nigeriya]] Nijeriya mu myaka yashize yateje imbere inganda, Kurubu ifite uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga kavukire, ''Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM)'' rugakora Bisi yihuta, Amakamyo na SUV hamwe nimodoka zindi nshyashya . Ibirango bitandukanye byabo byimodoka biraboneka muri Nigeriya, Gana no mubindi bihugu bya Afrika yuburengerazuba. Nijeriya kandi ifite abakora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka Zinox, mudasobwa ya mbere ifite ikirango cya Nigeriya. Muri 2013, Nijeriya yashyizeho politiki yerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ishishikarize amasosiyete afite inganda muri icyo gihugu. Ni muri urwo rwego, amwe mu masosiyete akora ibinyabiziga byo mu mahanga nka Nissan yamenyesheje gahunda zabo zo kugira inganda zikorera muri Nijeriya. Usibye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibinyabiziga, abaguzi benshi, imiti, ibyo kwisiga, ibikoresho byo kubaka, imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, plastiki n'ibindi nabyo bikorerwa muri icyo gihugu kandi byoherezwa mu bindi bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika na Afurika muri rusange. Muri iki gihe Nijeriya niyo ikora sima nyinshi muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Dangote Cement Factory, Obajana ni rwo ruganda runini rwa sima mu munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ogun niyo ifatwa nk'ihuriro ry’inganda muri Nijeriya (kubera ko inganda nyinshi ziherereye muri Ogun ndetse n’amasosiyete menshi yimukirayo), igakurikirwa na Lagos . Urwego rwinganda ruracyari ruto ariko ruri gukura muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Inganda nyamukuru harimo urwimyenda , urutunganya impu, ubuhinzi, ibikomoka ku miti, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’imodoka. Ibihugu bya Afrika yuburasirazuba nka Uganda nabyo bikora moto zigurishwa kumasoko yimbere mu gihugu. === Ishoramari n'amabanki === [[File:South_Africa-Johannesburg-Skyline02.jpg|thumb|Ibigo byinshi byimari bifite ibiro mumujyi wa Johannesburg, muri Afrika yepfo .]] Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde byagaragaje ubushake mukugira uruhare ku bukungu bwa Afurika mu kinyejana cya 21. Ishoramari ry’ubufatanye hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa ryariyongereye cyane mu myaka yashize mu gihe ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi. Ishoramari ry'ubushinwa ryariyongereye muri Afurika bituma Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nawo ushaka kongera ishoramari. Abanyamuryango ba diyasipora nyafurika mu mahanga, cyane cyane mu bihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika, bongereye imbaraga zo gukoresha ubucuruzi bwabo mu gushora imari muri Afurika no gushishikariza ishoramari nyafurika mu mahanga mu bukungu bw’Uburayi. Kohereza amafaranga muri dyiasipora nyafurika no kongera inyungu mu ishoramari riva mu Burengerazuba bizafasha cyane cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika butaratera imbere kandi bwangiritse cyane nk'Uburundi, Togo na Comoros. Icyakora, abahanga barinubira amafaranga menshi agira mu kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika kubera ko Western Union na MoneyGram bigenzura isoko ryohereza amafaranga muri Afurika, bigatuma Afurika ari isoko ryo kohereza amafaranga ahenze ku isi. Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amafaranga menshi yo gutunganya ajyanye no kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika abangamira iterambere ry’ibihugu bya Afurika. Angola yatangaje ko ishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bihugu by’Uburayi,cyane cyane Porutugali. Afurika y'Epfo yakunze kwitabwaho na Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika mwishoramari ryinganda, ku isoko ry'imari no mu bucuruzi buciriritse, kimwe na Liberiya mu myaka yashize iyobowe n'ubuyobozi bwayo bushya. Hariho ibigo bibiri by'ubumwe bw’ifaranga ry'Afurika: Banki y'Afurika yiburengerazuba hamwe na banki y'Afurika yo hagati. yombi akoresha amafaranga ya CFA (akoreshwa n'ibihugu byakoronijwe n'abafaransa) ku masoko yabo yemewe. Igitekerezo cy’ubumwe bw’ifaranga rimwe muri Afurika cyaremejwe, kandi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo bizagerweho mu 2020, nubwo ibibazo byinshi, nko kuzana igipimo cy’ifaranga ry’umugabane munsi ya 5%, bikomeje kuba inzitizi mu gushyira mubikorwa iyi gahunda. ==== Ivunjisha ==== [[File:Bvmt_headquarters.JPG|right|thumb|Icyicaro gikuru cya Bourse de Tunis i Tunisi, muri [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]]]] Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, Afurika ifite imigabane 23, ikubye kabiri iyo yari ifite imyaka 20 ishize. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ivunjisha ryimigabane nyafurika riracyari munsi ya 1% yibikorwa byimigabane kwisi. Uko Ivunjisha rifashe mubihugu icumi bya mbere muri Afurika n’imari shingiro (amafaranga atangwa muri miliyari y'amadorari y'Amerika): * Afurika y'Epfo (82.88) (2014) * Misiri biliyoni 73.04 (30 Ugushyingo 2014 est. )) * Maroc (5.18) * Nijeriya (5.11) (Mubyukuri ifite agaciro k'isoko rya biliyoni 39.27) * Kenya (1.33) * Tuniziya (0.88) * BRVM (ivunjisha mu karere kagizwe nabanyamuryango barimo Benin, Burkina Faso, Gineya-Bissau, Coryte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegali na Togo: 6.6) * Maurice (0.55) * Botswana (0.43) * Gana (.38) Hagati ya 2009 na 2012, ibigo 72 byose byaratangijwe ,ku isoko ry’imigabane mu bihugu 13 bya Afurika. == Ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi n’imiryango myinshi == Intego z’iri huriro zirimo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, ihuriro rya gasutamo, isoko rimwe, banki nkuru, n’ifaranga rimwe (reba ubumwe bw’imari nyafurika ), bityo hagashyirwaho ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’ifaranga rimwe. Gahunda iriho ni ugushiraho [[Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika|Umuryango w’ubukungu nyafurika]] ufite ifaranga rimwe muri 2023. Banki nyafurika ishora imari igamije gushimangira iterambere. Gahunda ya Afurika yunze ubumwe ikubiyemo kandi ikigega cy’imari nifaranga nyafurika kiganisha kuri Banki Nkuru y'Afurika . Amashyaka amwe ashyigikiye iterambere ry’Afurika yunze ubumwe . Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’amafaranga n’amabanki igizwe na: * Banki Nkuru y’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba * Banki y'ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo hagati * Agace gasanzwe k'ifaranga [[Dosiye:Uganda railways assessment 2010 - Flickr - US Army Africa (6).jpg|thumb|Icyambu muri Uganda ]] {{African Economic Community}} === Amashyirahamwe yubukungu yakarere === Mu myaka ya za 1960, umunyapolitike wo muri [[Gana]] Kwame Nkrumah yazamuye ubumwe bw’ubukungu na politiki by’ibihugu bya Afurika, akaba yari afite intego yo kwigenga. Kuva icyo gihe, intego, nimiryango yigenga, byaragwiriye. Mu myaka mirongo ishize imbaraga zariyongereye mu nzego zitandukanye mu guhuza ubukungu mu karere. Ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bya Afurika bwari bugizwe na 11% gusa by’ubucuruzi rusange bwa Afurika mu 2012, nukuvuga inshuro eshanu ugereranije no muri Aziya. Ibyinshi muri ubu bucuruzi bwo hagati muri Afurika bikomoka muri Afurika yepfo kandi ibyinshi mu bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biva muri Afurika yepfo. Muri iki gihe hari imiryango umunani yo mu karere ifasha mu iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika: {| class="wikitable" !Izina ryumuryango ! Itariki washinzweho ! Ibihugu bigize umuryango ! Igiteranyo rusange (muri miliyoni z'amadolari y'Amerika) |- | Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba | 28 Gicurasi 1975 | [[Bene|Benin]], [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[Kapu Veri|Cape Verde]], [[Gambiya]], [[Gana]], [[Gineya-Biso|Gineya-Bissau]], [[Gineya]], [[Kote Divuwari|Coryte d'Ivoire]], [[Liberiya]], [[Mali]], [[Nigeri|Niger]], [[Nijeriya]], [[Senegali]], [[Siyera Lewone]], [[Togo]] | 657 |- | [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] | 30 Ugushyingo 1999 | [[Uburundi|Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Tanzaniya]] | 232 |- | [[Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati|Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo hagati]] | 18 Ukwakira 1983 | [[Angola]], [[Uburundi]], [[Kameruni]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika|Repubulika ya Centrafrique]], [[Kongo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Gabon]], [[Gineya]], [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Cade|Tchad]] | 289 |- | [[Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo|Umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo]] | 17 Kanama 1992 | [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], [[Lesoto|Lesotho]], [[Madagasikari]], [[Malawi]], [[Morise|Maurice]], [[Mozambike|Mozambique]], [[Namibiya]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Seyishele|Seychelles]], Afurika y'Epfo, [[Tanzaniya]], [[Zambiya]], [[Zimbabwe]] | 909 |- | Inzego za Leta ku iterambere | 25 Ugushyingo 1996 | [[Jibuti|Djibouti]], [[Etiyopiya]], [[Kenya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], [[Somaliya]], [[Sudani]], Sudani y'Amajyepfo | 326 |- | Umuryango w’ibihugu bya Sahel-Sahara | 4 Gashyantare 1998 | [[Bene|Benin]], [[Burukina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika|Repubulika ya Centrafrique]], [[Komore|Comoros]], [[Jibuti|Djibouti]], Misiri, [[Eritereya]], [[Gambiya]], [[Gana]], [[Gineya]], [[Gineya-Biso|Gineya-Bissau]], [[Kote Divuwari|Coryte d'Ivoire]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberiya]], [[Libiya]], [[Mali]], [[Maroke|Maroc]], [[Moritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Nigeri|Niger]], [[Nijeriya]], [[Sawo Tome na Purensipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Senegali]], [[Siyera Lewone]], [[Somaliya]], [[Sudani]], [[Cade|Tchad]], [[Togo]], [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] | 1, 692 |- | Isoko Rusange muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'Amajyepfo | 5 Ugushyingo 1993 | [[Uburundi|Burundi]], [[Komore|Comoros]], [[Jibuti|Djibouti]], Misiri, [[Eritereya]], [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], [[Etiyopiya]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberiya]], [[Madagasikari]], [[Malawi]], [[Morise|Mauritius]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Seyishele|Seychelles]], [[Sudani]], [[Zambiya]], [[Zimbabwe]] | 1.011 |- | Ubumwe bw'Abarabu Maghreb | 17 Gashyantare 1989 | [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]], [[Libiya]], [[Maroke|Maroc]], [[Moritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] | 579 |} == Ibindi wareba == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] * [[Africa–China economic relations]] * [[African Economic Community]] * [[African Economic Outlook]] * [[Demographics of Africa]] * [[Economic history of Africa]] * [[Land grabbing]] * [[Languages of Africa]] {{Col-3}} * [[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]] * [[List of countries by Human Development Index]] * [[Central banks and currencies of Africa]] * [[List of countries by credit rating]] * [[List of countries by future gross government debt]] * [[List of countries by public debt]] * [[List of countries by leading trade partners]] * [[List of countries by industrial production growth rate]] {{Col-3}} * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]] * [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita]] * [[List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP]] * [[List of countries by GDP growth]] {{Col-end}} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|30em}} == Imiyoboro == * Economy of Africa at Curlieonomy of Africa at Curlie * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,484603,00.html Igihe c'Ikiyoka: Ubushinwa bwatsinze Afurika] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235352/https://www.counterpunch.org/2014/07/25/chinas-increasing-african-presence/ Igitabo cya Howard W. Igifaransa "Umugabane wa kabiri w'Ubushinwa" - Ku Bushinwa bugenda bwiyongera muri Afurika] * [http://fpif.org/obama-africa/ Gufungura umuryango] ''w’ibihugu'' [http://fpif.org/obama-africa/ byinshi kugirango ukure umutungo wa Afurika], ''Politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100906203320/http://www.fondad.org/publications/africaworld/contents.htm Afurika mu bukungu bwisi: ibibazo byigihugu, uturere ndetse n’amahanga] by Jan Joost Teunissen na Age Akkerman * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062436/http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup_files/africa_-_living_on_the_fringe_0.pdf Afurika: Kubaho kuruhande], ''Isubiramo rya buri kwezi .'' Samir Amin atanga isesengura rya Marxiste ku kibazo cy’ubukungu cya Afurika gikomeje * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/05/africa_economy/html/poverty.stm BBC: Ubukungu bwa Afurika] * [http://www.oecd.org/dev/publications/africanoutlook OECD ikora ku bukungu bwa Afurika] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040923121852/http://www.africaeconomicanalysis.org/ Isesengura ry'ubukungu muri Afurika] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041110105825/http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Africa+Economic+Summit+2004 Ihuriro ry’ubukungu ku isi - Afurika] * [http://www.afdb.org/ Itsinda rya Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere] * [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2003/02/index.htm IMF Iterambere ry'ubukungu ku isi (WEO) - Nzeri 2003 - Umwenda rusange mu masoko avuka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803140603/http://damnsw.net/~matt/pdf/africa.pdf Ururimi na Afurika] * [http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7089006 Ubukungu bwa Afurika: Urumuri rw'umucyo amaherezo?] - The Economist * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181202194512/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/KFDLP/0,,contentMDK:21002841~menuPK:2792491~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461198,00.html Afurika n'Ubukungu bw'Ubumenyi] - Raporo y'Ikigo cya Banki y'Isi . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509005812/http://www.guinea.aha.ru/ Isesengura ry'ubukungu muri Afurika yo hagati] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081015002050/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/trade_af_eu/index.asp Kuva Mubufasha Kugana na Afrika] Amakuru nisesengura na Inter Press Service * [http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/12/land Iterambere ry’Afurika Ryabujijwe n’inyungu rusange z’Abanyamerika mu mutungo w’umugabane] - raporo ya videwo na ''Demokarasi Noneho!'' * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552501 Afurika: Kujya imbere cyangwa gusubira inyuma?] kuva kuri [https://web.archive.org/web/20120312184049/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/549457 Dean Peter Krogh Ububanyi n’amahanga Ububiko bwa Digital] [[Category:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hjatrnecro4bkevnmuuku4g2p5sqq1e 0 8615 142201 141690 2026-10-14T12:35:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] 142201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Froduald Karamira | image = | birth_date = 14 [[Kanama]] 1947 | birth_place = Mushubati, [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Gitarama]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 24 [[Mata]] 1998 (imyaka 50) | death_place = [[Nyamirambo]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] | death_cause = Igihano cy'urupfu (kurasa) | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umunyapolitiki | party = MDR (''Hutu Power'') | known_for = Uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] }} '''Froduald Karamira''' (14 [[Kanama]] 1947 - 24 [[Mata]] 1998) yari [[Politiki y'u Rwanda|umunyapolitiki]] wo mu [[Rwanda]] wahamwe n'ibyaha byo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994]]. Yakatiwe urwo gupfa n'urukiko rwo mu Rwanda kandi yari umwe mu bantu 24 ba nyuma bishwe n'u Rwanda.<ref>[http://www.handsoffcain.info/news/index.php?iddocumento=10001366 "Rwanda is the first African country in the Great Lakes region to abolish the death penalty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524001733/http://www.handsoffcain.info/news/index.php?iddocumento=10001366 |date=2011-05-24 }}, 2008-01-01, handsoffcain.info, accessed 2008-08-22.</ref> == Ubuzima == Karamira yavukiye i Mushubati, mu Rwanda, avukira mu muryango w'[[Abatutsi|abatutsi]]. Akuze, Karamira yemerewe kuba [[Abahutu|Umuhutu]] akurikiza imigenzo imwe n'imwe yo mu Rwanda yemerera "guhinduka" kuva mu itsinda ujya mu rindi.<ref name="tw" /><ref name="haw">{{Cite news |title=Rwanda's 'Lord Haw-Haw' dies |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/rwanda-s-lord-haw-haw-dies-1.146042 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1998-04-25 |access-date=2026-10-01 |language=en}}</ref> Karamira yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w’ishyaka rya MDR kandi yari umuyobozi mu mutwe w’intagondwa z’ishyaka, uzwi ku izina rya "Hutu Power".<ref name = tw>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234646/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/froduald-karamira/ "Froduald Karamira"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234646/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/froduald-karamira/ |date=2019-10-11 }}, TRIAL International, accessed 5 December 2017.</ref> Ku ya 23 [[Ukwakira]] 1993, Karamira yagejeje ijambo ku mugaragaro aho yahimbye igitekerezo cy'"ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu". Yahamagariye abaturage b'Abahutu "guhaguruka no gufata ingamba zikenewe", kandi "dushakishe muri twe umwanzi uri muri twe."<ref name="tw" /> === Urubanza rwa jenoside no kwicwa nyuma === Su juicio comenzó el 13 de enero de 1997 en Kigali.<ref name="tw" /> Además de sus discursos diarios que incitaron al genocidio, se afirmó que él fue instrumental en la creación y armamento de las milicias de [[Interahamwe]]; También fue acusado de ser personalmente responsable del asesinato de cientos de tutsis, incluidos 13 miembros de su propia familia.<ref name="tw" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trial opens of man said to be ringleader of genocide |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/trial-opens-of-man-said-to-be-ringleader-of-genocide-1.22077 |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Ku ya 14 [[Gashyantare]] 1997, Karamira yahamijwe ibyaha byose akatirwa urwo gupfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karamira |url=https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1032/Karamira/ |website=International Crimes Database (T.M.C. Asser Instituut) |access-date=2026-10-01 |language=en}}</ref> Yajuririye mu rukiko rw'ubujurire rwa Kigali, ariko ubujurire bwaranze kandi igihano cye gishimangirwa ku ya 12 [[Nzeri]] 1997.<ref name="tw" /> Ku ya 24 Mata 1998, mu birori byabereye kuri sitade [[Nyamirambo]] i Kigali, Karamira yiciwe n'itsinda ry'itsinda kwicwa hamwe n'abandi bantu 21 bakatiwe. uruhare muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda.<ref name="haw" /><ref>Jane Standley, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/84120.stm "From butchery to executions in Rwanda"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 1998-04-28.</ref><ref>James C. McKinley Jr., [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DEFDF103FF936A15757C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 "As Crowds Vent Their Rage, Rwanda Publicly Executes 22"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1998-04-25.</ref> Kuri uwo munsi, byibuze abandi bantu babiri na bo biciwe ahandi mu Rwanda. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] {{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karamira, Froduald}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] q2lms527clefstbdctaii5c409afbqq 0 8903 142218 141619 2026-10-15T05:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142218 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;" lang="en">Amahoro National Stadium</div> {{Infobox | bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90% | above = Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro | abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125% | subheader = ''Stade Amahoro''<br />''Amahoro National Stadium'' | image = [[File:Amahoro stadium Kigali.jpg|280px|alt=Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro]] | caption = Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye (2026) | headerstyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff | header1 = Amakuru rusange | label2 = Aho iherereye | data2 = [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]] | label3 = Aho iri ku ikarita | data3 = {{Coord|1|57|18.1|S|30|6|51.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}} | label4 = Nyirayo | data4 = Leta y'u Rwanda | header5 = Amateka | label6 = Kubakwa | data6 = 1984–1989 | label7 = Gufungurwa | data7 = 1986 | label8 = Ivugururwa | data8 = 2011–2016, 2022–2024 | label9 = Uwayubatse | data9 = China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation ([[Ubushinwa]]) | label10 = Uwayivuguruye | data10 = SUMMA ([[Turukiya]]) | label11 = Igiciro | data11 = Miliyoni 21 z'amadolari (kubakwa)<br />Miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (ivugururwa) | header12 = Ibiyiranga | label13 = Imyanya | data13 = 45 508 | label14 = Ikibuga | data14 = Ubwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'') | label15 = Amakipe ayikiniraho | data15 = [[Amavubi]]<br />[[APR FC]]<br />[[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]]<br />[[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]] }} '''Sitade y'Igihugu Amahoro''' (izwi cyane nka ''Stade Amahoro'') ni sitade y'imikino itandukanye iherereye i [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]] mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], umurwa mukuru w'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni yo sitade nini kurusha izindi mu gihugu: kuva imirimo yo kuyivugurura yarangira mu 2024, yakira abantu 45 508. Yakira imikino y'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] y'ikipe y'igihugu [[Amavubi]] n'iy'amakipe ya Kigali, imikino ngororamubiri, ibitaramo n'ibirori by'igihugu. Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994, iyi sitade yari icyicaro cya [[MINUAR]] maze ihinduka ahantu harinzwe n'[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w'Abibumbye]], hahungiye abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari [[Abatutsi]]. == Aho iherereye == [[File:AMAHORO STADIUM.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro nijoro, imurikiwe n'amatara y'icyatsi (2026)]] Sitade iri mu murenge wa [[Remera, Kigali|Remera]], hafi ya [[BK Arena]] n'ibindi bikorwaremezo by'imikino, mu birometero bike mu burengerazuba bw'ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali. Ikibuga cyayo gikozwe mu bwatsi buvanze (''hybrid'') kandi kizengurutswe n'inzira yo kwirukiramo; ibyicaro byayo biri ku nzego ebyiri kandi byose birasakaye.<ref name="stadiumdb">{{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> == Amateka == === Kubakwa === [[File:Main stadium Kigali - Flickr - Dave Proffer.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro igaragara hejuru y'amazu y'i Remera (2007)]] Sitade yubatswe n'ikigo cyo mu [[Ubushinwa]] ''China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation'', itwaye miliyoni 21 z'amadolari y'Abanyamerika. Imirimo yatangiye muri Werurwe 1984 irangira muri Mutarama 1989.<ref name="ccecc">{{cite web|title=卢旺达国家体育场项目|website=China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation|language=zh|url=http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=26&id=122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093554/http://www.ccecc.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=26&id=122|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> Mbere yo kuvugururwa, yakiraga abantu bagera ku 25 000.<ref name="africa24">{{Cite web |url=https://africa24tv.com/rwanda-la-capacite-du-stade-amahoro-passe-de-25000-a-45000-places |title=Rwanda : la capacité du stade Amahoro passe de 25 000 à 45 000 places |website=Africa24 |language=fr |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> === Icyicaro cya MINUAR === [[File:Amahoro Stadium 2003 c.png|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Sitade Amahoro mu 2003]] Mu 1990 hadutse intambara hagati ya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] n'ingabo za Leta ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]. Yarangiye mu 1993 hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], yahaye FPR imyanya muri guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yaguye (BBTG) no mu ngabo z'igihugu, kandi ateganya ingabo z'Umuryango w'Abibumbye zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |title=Ubuhamya bwa Perezida Kagame ku mpamvu FPR yagabye ibitero |website=IGIHE |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075635/https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ubuhamya-bwa-perezida-kagame-ku-mpamvu-fpr-yagabye-ibitero-amasezerano-ya |url-status=dead }}</ref> Izo ngabo, zitwaga [[MINUAR]], zari ziyobowe n'umujenerali w'Umunyakanada [[Roméo Dallaire]]. Icyicaro cyazo cya mbere cyari muri [[Hôtel des Mille Collines]], ariko iyo hoteli ntiyishimiraga kwakira abasirikare; nyuma y'iminsi mike yo gushakisha, MINUAR yahisemo Sitade Amahoro, yari nini bihagije ku buryo yakwakira batayo yose. Icyo cyicaro cyafunguwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1993, mu birori byitabiriwe na Dallaire na Perezida Habyarimana.<ref name="dallaire">{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}}</ref> === Ubuhungiro mu gihe cya Jenoside === Agahenge karangiye ku wa 6 Mata 1994 ubwo indege ya Perezida Habyarimana yahanurwaga akahasiga ubuzima; icyo gikorwa cyabaye imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], yatangiye mu masaha make yakurikiyeho. Guverinoma y'abatabazi n'abambari bayo batangiye kwica Abatutsi n'Abahutu batavugaga rumwe na bo, mu bitero byari byarateguwe mu gihugu hose. Abatutsi benshi bahungiye ku bigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, maze ibihumbi by'impunzi biteranira muri Sitade Amahoro.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&L=1&tx_news_pi1[news]=4073&tx_news_pi1[controller]=News&tx_news_pi1[action]=detail&cHash=5a9bac2174dc2d1a6d23978a1a6f10bb |title=Amakuru |website=CNLG |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075428/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&L=1&tx_news_pi1&#91;news&#93;=4073&tx_news_pi1&#91;controller&#93;=News&tx_news_pi1&#91;action&#93;=detail&cHash=5a9bac2174dc2d1a6d23978a1a6f10bb |archive-date=2021-06-11 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Sitade yagizwe ahantu harinzwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye, ihungirwamo n'abantu bagera ku 12 000, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari Abatutsi, babayeho mu buzima bugoye.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/r/rwanda/rwanda944.pdf |title=Genocide in Rwanda: April–May 1994 |website=Human Rights Watch |date=1994 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> === Ivugururwa === [[File:Stade National Amahoro, Kigali, Rwanda - des supporteurs congolais laissent éclater leur joie lors de la finale du CHAN qui opposait la RD Congo au Mali ce dimanche 8 février. (24866284806).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Abafana b'Abanyekongo ku mukino wa nyuma wa CHAN 2016]] Ivugururwa rya mbere ryabaye mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2010 kugira ngo sitade yuzuze ibisabwa n'[[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|CAF]] mbere y'irushanwa rya CHAN 2016 ryabereye mu Rwanda. Sitade Amahoro yakiriye umukino ufungura n'umukino wa nyuma w'iryo rushanwa.<ref name="rfi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160117-chan-2016-rwanda-football-stade-amahoro |title=Le Rwanda joue plus que le football au CHAN 2016 |website=RFI |date=2016-01-17 |language=fr}}</ref> Mu 2020, Minisiteri ya Siporo iyobowe na [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]] yatangaje umushinga wo kuvugurura sitade no kongera ubushobozi bwayo, bukava ku myanya 25 000 bukarenga 45 000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |title=Imirimo yo kuvugurura Sitade Amahoro izatangira mu Kuboza 2020 |website=Imvaho Nshya |language=rw |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075135/http://imvahonshya.co.rw/imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-sitade-amahoro-izatangira-mu-kuboza-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Imirimo yatangiye muri Kanama 2022, ihabwa ikigo cyo muri [[Turukiya]] SUMMA gifatanyije n'ibigo by'Abanyarwanda, ku giciro cya miliyoni 165 z'amadolari (hafi miliyari 160 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda). Umushinga warimo kandi inyubako y'imikino yo mu nzu izwi nka ''Petit Stade''.<ref name="rha">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rha.gov.rw/updates/news-details/rwanda-gets-an-ultra-modern-stadium-by-2024 |title=Rwanda gets an ultra-modern Stadium by 2024 |website=Rwanda Housing Authority |language=en |access-date=2024-02-16}}</ref><ref name="dar">{{Cite web |url=https://dar.com/news/details/a-story-of-resilience-dar-supports-the-renovation-of-amahoro-stadium |title=A story of resilience: Dar supports the renovation of Amahoro Stadium |website=Dar Group |date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Amahoro stadium in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Imbere muri sitade ivuguruye, nijoro (2024)]] Hongerewe urwego rwa kabiri rw'ibyicaro, ibyicaro byose birasakarwa, hashyirwa ubwatsi buvanze kandi ibyumba by'imbere biravugururwa, bituma sitade yakira abantu 45 508.<ref name="africa24" /> Muri Kamena 2024, [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|FERWAFA]], CAF na FIFA byemeje ko yujuje ibisabwa ngo yakire amarushanwa mpuzamahanga.<ref name="ats">{{Cite web |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2024/06/15/refurbished-amahoro-stadium-gets-fifa-green-light-to-host-games/ |title=Refurbished Amahoro Stadium gets FIFA green light to host games |website=Africa Top Sports |date=2024-06-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tsa">{{Cite web |url=https://talksportsafrica.com/2024/06/14/rwandas-amahoro-stadium-cleared-to-host-international-matches/ |title=Rwanda's Amahoro Stadium cleared to host International matches |website=TalkSportsAfrica |date=2024-06-14 |language=en}}</ref> Umukino wa mbere wabereye muri sitade ivuguruye wahuje [[APR FC]] na [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] ku wa 15 Kamena 2024, mbere y'uko Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] ayitaha ku mugaragaro ku wa 1 Nyakanga 2024.<ref name="ats" /> == Imikoreshereze == [[File:INTERNAL SETTINGS OF AMAHORO STADIUM IN RWANDA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Umukino wa APR FC na Rayon Sports muri sitade ivuguruye]] Sitade Amahoro ni yo ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru, [[Amavubi]], ikiniraho imikino yayo yo mu rugo. Amakipe yo muri Kigali nka [[APR FC]], [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon Sports]] na [[S.C. Kiyovu Sports]] na yo ayikiniraho imikino ya shampiyona n'iy'amarushanwa nyafurika. Yakiriye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga nka CHAN 2016, ndetse n'imikino yo gushaka itike y'Igikombe cy'Afurika n'iy'Igikombe cy'Isi.<ref name="rfi" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/stadium/1987/Stade_Amahoro.html |title=Stade Amahoro |website=National-Football-Teams.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Kigali, Rwanda - Démarrage de la 12e édition du marathon international pour la paix de Kigali, le dimanche 22 mai 2016, au stade national Amahoro de Kigal.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Itangira rya ''Kigali International Peace Marathon'' kuri Sitade Amahoro (2016)]] Uretse umupira w'amaguru, sitade yakira imikino ngororamubiri, ibirori by'igihugu, amateraniro y'amadini n'ibitaramo.<ref name="stadiumdb" /> <div style="clear:both;"></div> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Sitade ya Kigali Pelé]] * [[BK Arena]] * [[MINUAR]] * [[Amavubi]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rwa/amahoro_stadium |title=Stade Amahoro |website=StadiumDB.com |language=en}} * {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cYxIcfLEkc |title=Videwo igaragaza Sitade Amahoro ivuguruye |website=YouTube}} * {{Commonscat|Amahoro Stadium}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=9780099478935 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |location=Kampala |publisher=Fountain Publishers |isbn=9789970020898 |language=en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amahoro}} [[Ikiciro:Sitade]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda stadium]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo i Kigali]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] [[Ikiciro:Kigali]] [[Ikiciro:Imikino]] a48my6vcxl9ah8q4bfmtu3xri1w813c 0 13217 142230 139077 2026-10-15T09:06:30Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 142230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwanda is mobilizing young people to chech for hypertension.jpg|thumb|Umuganga arimo gusuzuma umurwayi indwara zitandura.]] [[Dosiye:Abamugaye.jpg|thumb|254x254px|abamugaye]] [[Dosiye:Star_of_life2.svg|thumb|Health ]] '''Agaciro Kubuzima mu Rwanda''' bwabaye amateka mabi cyane, haba mbere na nyuma ya jenoside yo mu 1994 yakorewe abatutsi.<ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref>Mu 1998, abana barenze umwe kuri batanu bapfuye mbere yimyaka 5.<ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref> akenshi bazize [[malariya]]. Ariko mu myaka yashize u Rwanda rwateye imbere ku bipimo byinshi by’ubuzima. Hagati ya 2005 na 2013, icyizere cyo kubaho cyiyongereye kiva kuri 55.2 kigera kuri 64.0, impfu z’abatarengeje imyaka 5 zagabanutse ziva kuri 106.4 zigera kuri 52.0 ku bana 1.000 bavutse ari bazima, kandi indwara y’igituntu yavuye kuri 101 igera kuri 69 ku bantu 100.000. <ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref> ry’igihugu mu buvuzi ryatangajwe n’ibitangazamakuru mpuzamahanga n’abagiraneza. ''[[:en:The_Atlantic|Atlantike]]'' yahaye ingingo "Ubuzima bw’amateka y’u Rwanda". <ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref> Abafatanyabikorwa mu Buzima basobanuye inyungu z’ubuzima "mu bintu bitangaje isi yabonye mu myaka 50 ishize". <ref>Generated from: Sfn</ref> [[Dosiye:Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg|thumb]] == Ubuzima bw'ababyeyi n'umwana == U Rwanda ruri mu nzira zo gusohoza [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|intego z'ikinyagihumbi]] 4 na 5. Ukurikije umubare w'abana bapfa bapfa bavuka, wagabanutse uva ku bantu 1,400 bapfa ku 100.000 bavutse ari bazima mu 1990 ugera ku 320 bapfa ku 100.000 bavutse ari bazima muri 2013. <ref>MMEIG2014</ref> Ibi byari bifite impuzandengo yumwaka yo kugabanuka kugera kuri 8,6 kuva 2000 kugeza 2013. <ref name="ReferenceA">fulfilling the health agenda for women and children. The 2014 report. Countdown to 2015.Maternal,newborn and child survival</ref> Bitewe n'impamvu zitandukanye nk'ubukene, imihanda mibi kubera ubutayu bw'imisozi mu cyaro, kuyobya imyizerere gakondo ndetse n'ubumenyi budahagije ku bibazo bijyanye no gutwita, 31 ku ijana by'abagore barangiza bakabyarira mu rugo nubwo bafite gahunda y'ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima rusange. Bimwe mu bisubizo byashakishijwe ku mbogamizi zirimo amahugurwa y’abakozi benshi bashinzwe ubuzima bw’abaturage (amatsinda y’ubuzima bwo mu mudugudu) kugira ngo bakangurire abaturage, hejuru yo kubaha telefoni zigendanwa kugira ngo bavugane n’ibigo nderabuzima mu bihe byihutirwa nko kuva amaraso. Umubare wa ambilansi kuri bimwe mu bigo nderabuzima byo mu cyaro nawo wariyongereye. <ref>Glorai A .Iribadiza A Rwanda where no woman dies giving birth. Ministry of Gender and Family promotion 2013</ref> Raporo iheruka gukorwa na OMS benshi mu bagore batwite bapfa bazize kuva amaraso (25%), hypertension (16%), gukuramo inda na sepsis (10% buri umwe) kandi umubare muto bapfa bazize embolisme (2%). <ref>WHO report 2013</ref> [[Dosiye:Disability_symbols.svg|thumb|Disability symbols]] Icyifuzo cyo kuboneza urubyaro cyujujwe kuri 71% muri 2010; umubare w’abagore bagiye gusura mbere yo kubyara inshuro enye cyangwa zirenga wazamutse ugera kuri 35% mu mwaka wa 2010, bikaba bishobora kuba byaratumye ubwiyongere bugaragara bw’umubare w’abagore batwite bashaka umufasha w’inzobere mu kubyara uva kuri 26% mu 1992 ugera kuri 69% muri 2010. <ref name="ReferenceA2">fulfilling the health agenda for women and children. The 2014 report. Countdown to 2015.Maternal,newborn and child survival</ref> Mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera [[SIDA]] ku babyeyi kugeza ku mwana, mu mwaka wa 2010 ijanisha rya virusi itera sida n'abagore batwite bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ryazamutse riva kuri 67% rigera kuri 87% muri 2012. <ref>UNICEF,UNAIDS,WHO 2013</ref> 45 ku ijana by'[[Umugore|abagore]] bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49 koresha uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro. Ugereranyije, abagore bo mu Rwanda, babyara abana 4,6 mu buzima bwabo bwose (RDHS 2010). [[Dosiye:Dispositif_de_test_de_dépistage_rapide_résultat_positif_pour_le_paludisme(malaria)_01.jpg|thumb|Dispositif de test de dépistage rapide résultat positif pour le paludisme(malaria) 01]] {| class="wikitable" !Ibipimo byubuzima mubana !Umubare |- |Umubare w'abana bavuka ku 1.000 bavutse bose (2009) <ref>Global health observatory data repository WHO 2013</ref> <ref>(stillbirth rate originally published in Consens et al Lancet 2011</ref> |23.0 |- |Umubare w'abana bapfa bavuka 1.000 bavutse ari bazima (2012) <ref name="ReferenceB">UNICEF/WHO/THE WORLD BANK/UN Pop. Div. levels and trends in child mortality. Report 2013</ref> |20.9 |- |Umubare w'impfu z'abana bavuka (2012) <ref name="ReferenceB" /> |9.263 |- |Umubare w'abana bapfa bavuka 1.000 bavutse ari bazima (2012) <ref name="ReferenceB" /> |38.8 |- |Umubare w'impfu z'abana (2012) <ref name="ReferenceB" /> |17,154 |} == VIH / SIDA == [[Dosiye:IPSF HIV-AIDS Campaign Logo.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cy'ubukangurambaga bwo kwirinda no gukumira ubwandu bwa sida.|183x183px]] Mu bihe bya nyuma ya jenoside, Ikigega cy’isi gishinzwe kurwanya SIDA, Igituntu na Malariya (Global Fund) hamwe na gahunda yihutirwa ya Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ishinzwe kurwanya SIDA (PEPFAR) byakoreshejwe cyane cyane muri gahunda za virusi itera SIDA mu Rwanda. <ref>Paul E Farmer et al Reduced premature mortality in Rwanda BMJ 2013</ref> Muri Kamena 2012, abantu 113 barwaye virusi itera SIDA mu Rwanda bahawe imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA, bituma u Rwanda (hamwe na Botswana ikize cyane) ruba kimwe mu bihugu bibiri byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara kugira ngo bigere ku ntego z'umuryango w'abibumbye zo kugera kuri bose imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. . <ref>World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme HIV/AIDS, UNICEF. Towards Universal Access. Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector 2010. www.int/HIV/pub/2010 progress report/enindex.html</ref> Icyorezo cya SIDA mu Rwanda cyagumye ku kigero cya 3% mu myaka irindwi ishize. <ref>Rwanda biomedical centre.Country progress report for Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2012.www.UNAIDS.org/en/data analysis/know you response/country progress reports/2012 countries/ce_RW_ Narrative_ Report.pdf</ref> Kubyerekeranye nigishushanyo cya gapminder, igereranya hagati yicyizere cyo kubaho numubare wabantu banduye virusi itera sida (umubare, imyaka yose). Irerekana ko hagati ya 1989 na 1990, umubare w'ababana na virusi itera SIDA wari 181.838 bafite icyizere cyo kubaho imyaka 48. Muri jenoside yo mu 1994, umubare wariyongereye ugera ku 200.000 ufite imyaka 6 yo kubaho. Mugihe cya nyuma ya jenoside, 1995 imibare yari ikiri imwe ariko icyizere cyo kubaho cyariyongereye kugeza ku myaka 40 kuko ubu gahunda ya sida yari yatangiye buhoro buhoro. Muri 2011, imibare yari ikiri imwe ariko icyizere cyo kubaho cyarashwe kugeza ku myaka 63 yerekanaga ko umubare wabantu bahabwa anti-virusi kandi wariyongereye bigatuma abantu benshi babaho igihe kirekire. [[Dosiye:Campaña_prevención_VIH_Sida_en_Parque_O'Higgins.jpg|thumb|VIH Sida ]] [[Dosiye:Vih-sida.jpg|thumb]] == Malariya == [[Dosiye:Trois kits de test de dépistage rapide positif pour le paludisme(malaria) sur table 03.jpg|thumb|Udukoresho twifashishwa mu gupima malariya.|180x180px]] [[Dosiye:Fighting_malaria_(10695084334).jpg|thumb|Fighting malaria ]] baturage bose b'u Rwanda bafite ibyago byo kurwara [[malariya]]. <ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_Malaria_Initiative</ref> [[:en:Transmission_(medicine)|Kwandura]] ni mesoendemic (kugira kwanduza ibihe bisanzwe) mubibaya kandi bikunze kwibasirwa n'ibyorezo mubibaya birebire n'imisozi. <ref name=":0" /> Mu turere tw’icyorezo, kwandura malariya bibaho umwaka wose hamwe n’ibihe byinshi muri Gicurasi - Kamena na Ugushyingo - Ukuboza. <ref name=":0" /> U Rwanda rwateye intambwe ishimishije mu kurwanya malariya kuva mu 2005 kugeza 2012, muri icyo gihe hagabanutseho 86% by’abanduye malariya naho 74% by’impfu za malariya. <ref name=":02">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_Malaria_Initiative</ref> Icyakora, hagati ya 2012 na 2016, u Rwanda rwiyongereyeho inshuro zirenga 8 ubwandu bwa malariya. <ref name=":02" /> Ubwiyongere bwagaragaye mu gihugu cyose ariko bunini mu ntara z’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo. <ref name=":02" /> Nubwo indwara ya malariya yiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, ubwiyongere buke bwonyine bwagaragaye mu bantu bakomeye no mu rupfu, aho byagabanutse cyane ku bipimo by’impfu byerekana imicungire ikomeye ya malariya. <ref name=":02" /> == Igituntu == Kwagura no kuzamura uburyo bwo kuvura butaziguye Amasomo magufi (DOTS) mu ngingo esheshatu zo guhagarika igituntu (TB) zasobanuwe na Laserson na Wells zashyizwe mu bikorwa mu Rwanda na gahunda ihuriweho na minisiteri y’ubuzima gahunda yo kurwanya ibibembe n’igituntu kuva mu 1990. Ibi byatumye ibipimo byo gutsinda bivura biva kuri 58% (2003) bigera kuri 81% mu mpera za 2006. Mu 2005, ijanisha ryo kwandura igituntu ryari 24%, rikaba riri munsi y’intego yo gutahura indwara. <ref>Michael Gasana et al Tuberculosis in Rwanda: Challenges to reaching the targets. Bulletin of the World Health Organization vol.85,number 5, May 2007, p325-420</ref> [[Dosiye:Sida-aids.png|thumb|Sida-aids]] === Referances === <references /> [[Ikiciro:Health]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ubuzima_Mu_Rwanda}} cad0wqc1nhgnezv0qw0oeyn3y7i3am5 0 13522 142231 140828 2026-10-15T10:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = William Ruto | image = President Ruto Potrait 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = William Ruto mu 2022 | birth_date = 21 Ukuboza 1966 | birth_place = Sambut, Sugoi, Uasin Gishu, [[Kenya]] | nationality = Umunyakenya | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Nairobi | occupation = Umunyapolitiki, umucuruzi | title = Perezida wa [[Kenya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = Uhuru Kenyatta | party = United Democratic Alliance (UDA) | spouse = Rachel Ruto (1991) }} '''William Kipchirchir Samoei Arap Ruto''' (yavutse ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1966) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Kenya]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022. Mbere yaho, yabaye Visi-Perezida wa mbere watowe wa Kenya, ku butegetsi bwa Uhuru Kenyatta, kuva mu 2013 kugeza mu 2022. Yabaye umudepite wa Eldoret y'Amajyaruguru kuva mu 1997 kugeza mu 2013, Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu (2002), uw'Ubuhinzi (2008–2010) n'uw'Amashuri Makuru (2010). Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (CPI) rwamukurikiranyeho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bifitanye isano n'urugomo rwakurikiye amatora ya 2007, ariko mu 2016 urubanza rwe ruraseswa. Mu 2022, yatsinze Raila Odinga mu matora ya perezida, itsinzi yemejwe n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Ku butegetsi bwe, Kenya yabaye igihugu cya mbere cyo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara cyagizwe umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika utari muri OTAN, ariko imyigaragambyo yo mu 2024 yamaganaga itegeko ry'imari yahosheshejwe ku ngufu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ruto ni Umukalenjin w'inkomoko ivanze y'Abakipsigis n'Abanandi; se ni Daniel Cheruiyot, naho nyina ni Sarah Cheruiyot <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=William Samoei Arap Ruto |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/3440/William_Ruto |website=Africa Confidential |access-date=2017-07-30}}</ref><ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |title=The President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces |url=https://www.president.go.ke/administration/office-of-the-president/ |website=Office of the President |date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref>. Yavukiye i Sambut, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'umujyi wa Eldoret, mu karere ka Uasin Gishu, mu muryango ukennye w'abahinzi n'aborozi <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Njeri |title=William Ruto: Kenya's deputy president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24017899 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>https://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/3440/William_Ruto</ref>. Akiri muto, yaragiraga intama n'inka, akanafasha ababyeyi be mu mirima; yize amashuri abanza atambaye inkweto<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531152910/https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/ |archive-date=2022-05-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kugira ngo abone amafaranga, yacuruzaga inkoko ku muhanda, inkuru yakunze kuvuga mu bukangurambaga bwe <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Romain Gras |title=Kenya : entre Uhuru Kenyatta et William Ruto, le divorce est consommé |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1281877/politique/kenya-entre-uhuru-kenyatta-et-william-ruto-le-divorce-est-consomme/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="F1" /><ref name="E121">{{cite web |author=Alphonce Shiundu |title=William Ruto: How he rose from roadside Kuku-seller to multi-billionaire |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/city-news/2000224690/william-ruto-how-he-rose-from-roadside-kuku-seller-to-multi-billionaire |website=Standard Entertainment and Lifestyle |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza ya Kamagut na Kerotet, ayisumbuye muri Wareng no muri Kapsabet High School <ref name="E17">{{cite web |language=en |title=William Ruto |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/people/william-ruto-3809570 |website=Nation |date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>. Yize ibijyanye n'ibimera n'inyamaswa muri Kaminuza ya Nairobi, ayirangiza mu 1990 <ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=George Maringa |title=For first time in Kenya, two PhD holders are at helm of military command |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001455838/for-first-time-in-kenya-two-phd-holders-are-at-helm-of-military-command |website=The Standard |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref>, hanyuma ahabona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bidukikije by'ibimera <ref name="E19">{{cite web |language=en |title=Biological and physico-chemical status of two wetlands in the Nairobi National Park, Kenya |url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/14540/Ruto_Biological%20and%20physico-chemical%20status%20of%20two%20wetlands%20in%20the%20Nairobi%20National%20Park.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |website=UoN Digital Repository Home |date=2011-08-18 |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref>, n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2018 <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=I failed Ph.D. exam, admits DP William Ruto |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/why-dp-william-ruto-failed-to-get-phd/ |website=Business Today |date=2016-12-02 |access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref>. Muri kaminuza, yari umuyoboke ukomeye w'ihuriro ry'Abakristo n'umuyobozi wa korari, ari na ho yamenyaniye na Perezida Daniel arap Moi <ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=Joel Muinde |title=A brief profile of DP William Ruto: PHOTOS |url=https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/ |website=K24 |date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531152910/https://www.k24tv.co.ke/news/a-brief-profile-of-dp-william-ruto-photos-3365/ |archive-date=2022-05-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |author=G Fayo |title=How shy Ruto rose from a CU leader to money, power |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/how-shy-ruto-rose-from-a-cu-leader-to-money-power--2029316 |website=The Business Daily |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, yabaye umwarimu w'agateganyo kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1992 <ref name="E23" />. Yatangiye politiki ari umubitsi w'itsinda rya Youth for KANU '92 (YK'92), ryashyigikiraga kongera gutorwa kwa Moi mu matora ya 1992 <ref name="E22" /><ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=C. Bryson Hull |title=Ghost of Moi surfaces in Kenya's violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-crisis-forest-idUSHUL08142020080111 |website=Reuters |date=2008-01-11 |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Iryo tsinda ryavuzweho gutoteza Abakikuyu bashyigikiraga Mwai Kibaki, kandi bivugwa ko Ruto yahakuye umutungo munini <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=en |author=C. Bryson Hull |title=Ghost of Moi surfaces in Kenya's violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-crisis-forest-idUSHUL08142020080111 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=William Ruto: Kenya's deputy president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24017899 |website=BBC News |date=2013-09-09 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 1997, yatsinze umudepite wari uri ku mwanya, Reuben Chesire, wari ushyigikiwe na Moi, aba umudepite wa Eldoret y'Amajyaruguru <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Mzee Moi was 'vicious', interesting fellow – DP Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2020-02-04-mzee-moi-was-vicious-interesting-fellow-dp-ruto/ |website=The Star |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Mu 2002, Moi yamugize Minisitiri wungirije w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, hanyuma Minisitiri wuzuye <ref name="E25" /><ref name="F1" />. Ishyaka KANU ryatsinzwe amatora ya 2002, ariko Ruto agumana umwanya we w'ubudepite, maze mu 2005 aba umunyamabanga mukuru wa KANU <ref name="E28">{{cite web |author=-Beauttah Omanga |title=How Ruto rose to be influential personality in Kenyan politics |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2000071980/how-ruto-rose-to-be-influential-personality-in-kenyan-politics |website=The Standard (Kenya) |access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref>. Mu 2005, yari umwe mu bayobozi b'ihuriro ryiswe Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), ryarwanyije umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga muri kamarampaka <ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Bård Anders Andreassen |title=Of Oranges and Bananas: The 2005 Kenya Referendum on the Constitution |url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/2368-of-oranges-and-bananas |website=CMI Working Paper |date=2006-12-16 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>. Mu matora y'ibanze ya ODM yo mu 2007, yabaye uwa gatatu inyuma ya Raila Odinga na Musalia Mudavadi, hanyuma ashyigikira Odinga <ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Kenya: It's Raila for President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200709010028.html |website=East African Standard |date=2007-09-01}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=Maina Muiruri |title=Kenya: ODM 'Pentagon' Promises to Keep the Team Intact |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200709030718.html |website=East African Standard |date=2007-09-02 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. Ibyavuye mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2007 byateje urugomo rukomeye mu gihugu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Odinga sworn in as Kenya PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/4/17/odinga-sworn-in-as-kenya-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2008-04-17 |access-date=2011-06-11}}</ref>. Muri guverinoma y'ubumwe yashyizweho muri Mata 2008, Ruto yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi <ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Kibaki names Raila PM in new Cabinet |url=http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?pcat=NEWS&cat=TOP&sid=1787}}</ref>, hanyuma mu 2010 Minisitiri w'Amashuri Makuru <ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Kenya's cabinet reshuffled |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/kenyas-cabinet-reshuffled-481375 |website=iol.co.za |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. Mu 2013, Urukiko Rukuru rwamutegetse gusubiza umurima yari yarigaruriye mu gihe cy'urugomo rwa 2007–2008 <ref name="F1" />. == Urubanza muri CPI == Mu Ukuboza 2010, umushinjacyaha w'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (CPI) yasabye ko abantu batandatu, barimo Ruto, bitaba urukiko kubera uruhare rwabo mu rugomo rwakurikiye amatora ya 2007, rwahitanye abantu bagera ku 1 200, abandi bagera ku 600 000 bakava mu byabo <ref name="E87">{{cite web |title=Kenya's post-election violence: ICC Prosecutor presents cases against six individuals for crimes against humanity |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/blob/view/-/1072970/data/221745/-/8cjsjj/-/statement.pdf |website=International Criminal Court |date=2010-12-15 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003142/http://www.nation.co.ke/blob/view/-/1072970/data/221745/-/8cjsjj/-/statement.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/international-criminal-court-william-ruto-kenya-deputy-president-election-violence</ref>. Yashinjwe ibyaha bitatu byibasiye inyokomuntu: ubwicanyi, kwimura abaturage ku ngufu no gutoteza <ref name="E88">{{cite web |title=U.K. Court Orders Animal-Rights Activists to Stand Off |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5700.1273c |website=Science |date=2004-11-19}}</ref>. Ruto yahakanye ibyo birego <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire Ruto et Sang : La Chambre de première instance V(A) de la CPI clôt l’affaire sans préjudice de toutes nouvelles poursuites qui pourraient initiées à l’avenir |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1205&ln=fr |website=www.icc-cpi.int |date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2016, CPI yahagaritse urubanza, ivuga ko gutera ubwoba abatangabuhamya no kwivanga kwa politiki « bitihanganirwa » byatumye rudashobora gukomeza <ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Owen Bowcott |title=International criminal court abandons case against William Ruto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/international-criminal-court-william-ruto-kenya-deputy-president-election-violence |website=The Guardian |date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref><ref name="F7" />. == Visi-Perezida (2013–2022) == Mu matora ya 2013, Ruto yihuje na Uhuru Kenyatta, ihuriro rigamije kubungabunga amahoro hagati y'Abakikuyu n'Abakalenjin bari barahanganye mu matora yabanje <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : alliance entre les deux candidats |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/11/27/97001-20121127FILWWW00513-kenya-alliance-entre-les-deux-candidats.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2012-11-27}}</ref><ref name="F6" />. Batsinze amatora, Ruto aba Visi-Perezida. Kuva ku ya 6 kugeza ku ya 9 Ukwakira 2014, yabaye perezida w'agateganyo mu gihe Kenyatta yari yitabye CPI i La Haye <ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=The day William Ruto was president for 48 hours |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/local-news/2001258073/asante-kwa-kuchunga-kiti-the-day-william-ruto-was-president-for-48-hours?amp=1 |website=The Standard (Kenya) |access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref>. Mu 2017, bongeye gutorwa, nyuma y'uko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesheje agaciro amatora ya mbere <ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Kenya's Supreme Court upholds repeat presidential vote |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/20/kenya-supreme-court-upholds-repeat-presidential-vote.html |website=CNBC |date=2017-11-20 |access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>. Mu manda ya kabiri, umubano we na Kenyatta warazambye, maze Kenyatta ashyigikira Raila Odinga mu matora ya 2022 <ref name="F6" /><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya: Raila Odinga officiellement candidat à l'élection présidentielle pour la cinquième fois |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211211-kenya-raila-odinga-officiellement-candidat-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-pour-la-cinqui%C3%A8me-fois |website=RFI}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Albane Thirouard |title=Kenya: William Ruto se lance dans l'arène de la campagne présidentielle |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220315-kenya-william-ruto-se-lance-dans-l-ar%C3%A8ne-de-la-campagne-pr%C3%A9sidentielle |website=RFI}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2020, Ruto yinjiye mu ishyaka rishya rya United Democratic Alliance (UDA) <ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya: Has Deputy President Ruto joined the new UDA Party? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/58519/kenya-has-deputy-president-ruto-joined-the-new-uda-party/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kenya == === Amatora ya 2022 === Ku ya 15 Kanama 2022, umuyobozi wa komisiyo y'amatora, Wafula Chebukati, yatangaje ko Ruto yatsinze amatora n'amajwi 50,49%, imbere ya Raila Odinga (48,85%) <ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Stephanie Busari |title=Kenya's top court confirms William Ruto's victory in presidential vote |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/05/africa/supreme-court-kenya-elections-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-09-05}}</ref>; ariko bane mu bagize komisiyo barindwi banze ibyo byavuye mu matora <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : William Ruto élu président, le résultat rejeté par une partie de la commission électorale |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220815-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-kenya-des-membres-de-la-commission-%C3%A9lectorale-rejettent-les-r%C3%A9sultats-avant-leur-proclamation |website=France 24 |date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>. Odinga yitabaje Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, rwemeje itsinzi ya Ruto ku ya 5 Nzeri 2022 <ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Damian Zane |title=Kenya election: Raila Odinga challenges William Ruto win in Supreme Court |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62631193 |website=BBC News |date=2022-08-22}}</ref><ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Cana Anna |title=Kenya's Supreme Court upholds Ruto's narrow presidential win |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-presidential-kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-c9f2ccef66f2267fe4aee0afdb8c9acc |website=Associated Press |date=2022-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya: la Cour suprême confirme l'élection de William Ruto à la présidence |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220905-kenya-la-cour-supr%C3%AAme-confirme-l-%C3%A9lection-de-william-ruto |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. Ruto yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku ya 13 Nzeri 2022 <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=William Ruto investi président du Kenya après plusieurs semaines de controverse |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220913-william-ruto-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-du-kenya-apr%C3%A8s-plusieurs-semaines-de-controverse |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Mu Ugushyingo 2022, guverinoma ye yatangije ikigega cyitwa ''Hustler Fund'', gitanga inguzanyo zihuse ku baturage <ref name="E61">{{cite web |title=Kenya's Ruto launches 'hustler fund' small loan scheme |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-economy/kenyas-ruto-launches-hustler-fund-small-loan-scheme-idUKL4N32Q3U5 |website=Reuters |date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref>. Mu 2023, yatangije gahunda yagutse yo kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya leta <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macharia Kamau |title=President Ruto to privatise up to 10 State corporations within one year |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/business/article/2001457888/president-ruto-to-privatise-up-to-10-state-corporations-within-one-year |website=Health}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=en |author=Macharia Kamau |title=President Ruto to privatise up to 10 State corporations within one year |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/business/article/2001457888/president-ruto-to-privatise-up-to-10-state-corporations-within-one-year |website=Health}}</ref><ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agence Ecofin |title=Kenya : le président Ruto annonce la privatisation de 35 entreprises publiques |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/finances-publiques/2311-113970-kenya-le-president-ruto-annonce-la-privatisation-de-35-entreprises-publiques |website=Agence Ecofin |access-date=2023-11-23}}</ref>. Yiyemeje kandi ko Kenya izareka gukoresha ibicanwa bikomoka mu butaka mu gukora amashanyarazi bitarenze 2030 <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanjohi Kabukuru |title=Kenya's new president promises ambitious climate plan |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-presidential-elections-united-nations-inaugurations-4c1580731211bd55e8d2992fed8e9776 |website=AP NEWS |date=2022-09-14 |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref>, kandi atangiza gahunda yo gutera ibiti miliyari 15 bitarenze 2032 <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya Invites CAF Inspection After Criticism Over Infrastructure Readiness for AFCON 2027 - Kenyans.co.ke |url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/120208-kenya-invites-caf-inspection-after-criticism-over-infrastructure-readiness-afcon-2027 |website=www.kenyans.co.ke |date=2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2024, umushinga w'itegeko ry'imari wongeraga imisoro ku bicuruzwa by'ibanze, wasabwaga na FMI kugira ngo leta ibashe kwishyura umwenda, wateje imyigaragambyo itigeze ibaho mu mijyi myinshi <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=franceinfo avec AFP |title=Manifestations au Kenya : on vous explique la situation dans le pays plongé dans le chaos politique, la "violence et l'anarchie" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/kenya/manifestations-au-kenya-on-vous-explique-la-situation-dans-le-pays-plonge-dans-le-chaos-politique-la-violence-et-l-anarchie_6626841.html |website=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref><ref name="E64">{{cite web |author=Stewart Maclean |title=Kenya's president faces tough choices after day of bloodshed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd11023xm15o |website=BBC News |date=2024-06-25 |access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref>. Polisi yishe abigaragambyaga benshi, maze Ruto akuraho uwo mushinga, ndetse ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2024 yirukana abenshi mu bagize guverinoma <ref name="E65">{{cite web |title=Japhet Koome: Kenya's police chief resigns amid deadly anti-tax protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c978l3rlymvo}}</ref>. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yamaganye ubugome bw'inzego z'umutekano, ishimutwa n'iyicwa ry'abantu batavuga rumwe na leta <ref name="F19" /><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Kenya, 120 cadavres à la morgue et autant de questions |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/09/06/au-kenya-120-cadavres-a-la-morgue-et-autant-de-questions_6305736_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2026, yatangaje ko ashaka kubuza abimukira gukora imirimo imwe n'imwe <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Kenya, le président Ruto exige la fermeture des petits commerces tenus par des étrangers |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/09/05/au-kenya-le-president-ruto-exige-la-fermeture-des-petits-commerces-tenus-par-des-etrangers_6766335_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-09-05}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ruto yagaragaje Kenya nk'umufatanyabikorwa w'ingenzi w'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, maze Kenya iba igihugu cya mbere cyo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara cyagizwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika « umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye utari muri OTAN » <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=US names Kenya as major ally in face of growing Russian influence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv22nd9pdwwo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=en |title=Designation of Kenya as a Major Non-NATO Ally |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/12/2024-15482/designation-of-kenya-as-a-major-non-nato-ally |website=Federal Register |date=2024-07-12 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Yayoboye inama ya mbere y'Afurika ku mihindagurikire y'ibihe i Nairobi mu 2023, yasohoyemo itangazo rya Nairobi risaba umusoro mpuzamahanga ku byuka bihumanya n'ivugururwa ry'imiyoborere y'imari ku isi <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=en |author=-Cara Anna |title=African Climate Summit issues unanimous call for world leaders to support global carbon tax on fossil fuels |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/african-climate-summit-issues-unanimous-call-for-world-leaders-to-support-global-carbon-tax-on-fossil-fuels |website=PBS News |date=2023-09-06 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nairobi Declaration makes strong push for accelerated climate action and financing mechanisms |url=https://www.un.org/en/information-center-nairobi/nairobi-declaration-makes-strong-push-accelerated-climate-action-and |website=United Nations |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Yagize uruhare mu buhuza mu karere, harimo ibiganiro bya Nairobi bigamije guhagarika imirwano mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=EAC-LED NAIROBI PROCESS |url=https://www.eac.int/nairobiprocess |website=www.eac.int |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, yasinyanye n'Ubudage amasezerano yemerera abakozi b'Abanyakenya bagera ku 250 000 gukora muri icyo gihugu <ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=Germany opens its doors to Kenyan workers in controlled migration deal |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/14/europe/germany-kenyan-workers-migration-deal-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-09-14}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bwe bwanenzwe ku ruhare rwabwo mu ntambara ya [[Sudani]]: mu 2024 no mu 2025, bwashinjwe korohereza umutwe wa RSF, ndetse muri Gashyantare 2025 Kenya yakira isinywa ry'amasezerano ya RSF n'abafatanyabikorwa bayo yo gushyiraho guverinoma ibangikanye; guverinoma ya Kenya yahakanye kubogama, ivuga ko ari umuhuza utabogamye <ref name="E113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Govt Responds to Claims of Ruto Supplying Weapons to Sudan |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/govt-responds-to-claims-of-ruto-supplying-weapons-to-sudan/ar-AA1GNJH0 |website=msn |date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref name="E114">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sudan RSF, allies, Sign charter in Nairobi to form parallel government |url=https://kenyainsights.com/sudans-rsf-allies-sign-charter-in-nairobi-to-form-parallel-government/ |website=KenyaInsights |date=2025-02-23}}</ref>. == Impaka == Ruto yagiye avugwaho ibirego byinshi, birimo amakimbirane ku butaka n'ikibazo cy'ibigori cyo mu 2009. Mu 2018, ubushakashatsi bwa Ipsos Kenya bwagaragaje ko 33% by'ababajijwe bamufataga nk'umunyapolitiki urya ruswa kurusha abandi, ibyo we yise « ibihuha » <ref name="E101">{{cite web |language=en |title=Kenya: Ruto - IPSOS Graft Survey Simply Cooked, Stage-Managed Finding |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808230023.html |website=allAfrica.com |access-date=2026-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808205714/https://allafrica.com/stories/201808230023.html |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E102">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ipsos poll on corruption is "fake news" - DP Ruto |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnnews/video/2000160302/ipsos-poll-on-corruption-is-fake-news-dp-ruto |website=The Standard |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>. Mu 2024, yashyizwe ku isonga n'abantu barenga 40 000 mu matora y'umuryango OCCRP w'« umuntu w'umwaka » mu bya ruswa, nubwo akanama k'uwo muryango katamuhisemo <ref name="E97">{{cite web |language=en |title=Willliam Ruto withdraws Kenya finance bill after deadly protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gg30gm0x2o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="E98">{{cite web |language=en |title=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) |url=https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/organized-crime-and-corruption-reporting-project-occrp/ |website=InfluenceWatch |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1991, Ruto yashakanye na Rachel Chebet mu Itorero rya Africa Inland Church <ref name="E119">{{cite web |language=en |title=Rachel Ruto hosts Bishop who officiated wedding with Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-09-16-rachel-ruto-hosts-bishop-who-officiated-wedding-with-ruto/ |website=The Star |date=2022-09-16 |access-date=2022-09-29}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |author=Purity Wangui |title=Get to know the incoming first lady Rachael Ruto |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-08-18-get-to-know-the-incoming-first-lady-rachael-ruto/ |website=the-star.co.ke |date=2022-09-05}}</ref>. Ni Umukristo w'Umuvanjeliste <ref name="E120">{{cite web |title=William Ruto, the self-made kingmaker |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/william-ruto-the-self-made-kingmaker-1537800}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=William Ruto, the self-made kingmaker |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/william-ruto-the-self-made-kingmaker-1537800}}</ref>. Ni umwe mu bantu bakize kurusha abandi muri Kenya; afite umurima w'inkoko iwabo i Sugoi, ndetse n'ishoramari mu mahoteli <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=International. Nouveau président du Kenya : plusieurs blessés lors de l'investiture de William Ruto |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/politique/2022/09/13/nouveau-president-du-kenya-plusieurs-blesses-lors-de-l-investiture-de-william-ruto |website=www.leprogres.fr}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=William Ruto: Kenya's newest president – DW – 09/13/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/william-ruto-from-hustler-to-kenyas-newest-president/a-62793261 |website=dw.com |access-date=2023-01-26}}</ref><ref name="E121" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abanyakenya]] [[Category:Abaperezida ba Kenya]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kenya]] dge5hmnc1ginqwdfwq2qulgrf0avm79 0 15212 142229 92949 2026-10-15T09:05:52Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 142229 wikitext text/x-wiki Vincent Enyeama (wavutse 29 Kanama 1982) numunyanijeriya wahoze akina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira wamaguru]] wabigize umwuga wakinnye nkumuzamu. Nubwo afite uburebure buri munsi yikigereranyo kumuzamu, azwi cyane nkumwe mubazamu bakomeye bo muri Afrika mubihe byose ndetse no mubihe bye. Mu buzima bwe bukuru, bumaze hafi imyaka 20, Enyeama yakiniye Ibom Stars, Enyimba, Iwuanyanwu Nationale, Bnei Yehuda, Hapoel [[Tel Aviv]], Lille na Maccabi Tel Aviv. Yabaye kandi umwe mu bagize ikipe y'igihugu ya Nijeriya kuva mu 2002 kugeza mu Kwakira 2015, aba kapiteni wacyo kuva mu 2013 kugeza asezeye mu mupira w'amaguru mpuzamahanga mu 2015. Afite imipira 101, yari umukinnyi wafashwe cyane muri Nijeriya kugeza mu Gushyingo 2021 ubwo yarengwaga na Ahmed Musa.<ref>https://www.skysports.com/football/player/12294/vincent-enyeama</ref><ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/vincent-enyeama-ranked-africas-greatest-goalkeeper/amp/ https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/vincent-enyeama-ranked-africas-greatest-goalkeeper/]</ref><ref>https://www.transfermarkt.com/vincent-enyeama/leistungsdaten/spieler/37760</ref><ref>https://buzznigeria.com/vincent-enyeama-biography-family/</ref><ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/vincent-enyeama/20364/</ref> == Reba == bfbu2zcgfgx0x0y5poxzcg7hhaeclzh 0 16388 142222 141023 2026-10-15T09:00:55Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 142222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Ngandu Kasongo''', (Yavutse Ku ya 6 Ukuboza 1979 i [[Kinshasa]] ( Zayire )), ni umukinnyi [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] ukomoka muri congo. Yakinnye henshi mu mwuga we muri TP Mazembe . == Umwuga wa ikipe == [[Dosiye:TP Mazembe April 2011.jpg|thumb|Abakinnyi ba TP Mazembe]] Kasongo yatangiye umwuga we mu mupira w'amaguru muri 1997 muri ikipe ya kabiri ya SC Cilu . Muri shampiyona yo muri 2001, hamwe niyi kipe, yabaye shampiyo wa LIFBACO kandi yi tabira icyiciro cya nyuma cya shampiyona y'igihugu muri 2002, aho ikipe ya Lukala yarangije ku mwanya wa kane . Muri 2002, yaburaniye TP Mazembe . Mu gihe cye cya mbere hamwe'ibikona“, Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cy'igihugu kandi yari umuyobozi w'irushanwa rya Lubumbashi kugeza rihagaritswe. Muri shampiyona yo muri 2004, Kasongo yabaye visi-kapiteni w’igihugu kandi yitwara neza i Lumbumbashi . Nyuma yaho, Kasongo na Mazembe begukanye igikombe cya shampiyona inshuro enye (2006, 2007, 2009 na 2011) ndetse batwara inshuro ebyiri igikombe cya Shampiyona ny'afurika ( 2009, 2010 ). Yakinnye muri CAF Supercup muri 2010 na 2011. Hagati aho, Kasongo yatsinze igitego mu mukino wa mbere wa Champions League 2010 na Espérance . == Umwuga mpuzamahanga == Kasongo Ngandu yari mu ikipe ya DR Congo kuva 2004. Yari umwe mu bagize ikipe ya Kongo mu gikombe cy’Afurika cyo muri 2006, cyaje kugera muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza, aho yakuwemo na [[Misiri]], yaje gutsinda irushanwa . Muri CHAN yo muri 2011 no mu marushanwa ya gicuti ya Nil Basin, yabereye i Cayiro muri Mutarama 2011. Mu mukino wo guhatanira umwanya wa gatatu mu marushanwa ya Cayiro, Abanyekongo batsinze Abanyakenya ku manota make. Kasongo yabaye umwanditsi w'igitego cy'onyine, bityo afungura amazamu y'ibitego bye kurwego rw'ikipe y'igihugu. == Ubuzima bwite == Arubatse, afite abahungu babiri n'umukobwa. == Intego mpuzamahanga == {| class="wikitable" !Oya. ! Itariki ! Ikibanza ! uwo duhanganye ! intego ! Igisubizo ! Amarushanwa |- | 1 | Ku ya 17 Mutarama 2011 | Sitade y'Abarabu, Kairo, Misiri |Misiri | align="center" | '''1''' –0 | align="center" | 1–0 | Irushanwa rya Nil Basin 2011 |- |} == Ibihembo == * Uwatsinze CAF Champions League muri 2009 na 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe * Uwatsinze Supercup ya CAF muri 2010 hamwe na TP Mazembe * [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] wa DR Congo muri 2006, 2007 na 2009 hamwe na TP Mazembe * LIFKAT muri 2006 na 2007 hamwe na TP Mazembe == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]] pf7b7t197xk4pu5tduj6omw1xqf39jd 0 17390 142213 100018 2026-10-15T03:53:35Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Black smoke emissions from a vehicle’s exhaust are a key contributing factor to air pollution and climate change in Kamonyi District road, Rwanda. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Imodoka zo mubwoko bwa Ritco]] == Ritco LTD<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timbu.com/rwanda/bus/ritco-express-ltd |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825114321/https://timbu.com/rwanda/bus/ritco-express-ltd |archive-date=2023-08-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ritco Lttd ni isosiyete itwara abantu ikorera mu [[Rwanda]] yatangiye ibikorwa byayo mu mwaka wa 2016 nubwo yamuritswe kumugaragaro muri Gashyantare mumwaka wa 2017 i Kigali<ref>https://www.jobinrwanda.com/employer/rwanda-inter-link-transport-company-ritco-ltd</ref> == ingamba n'iterambere<ref>https://timbu.com/rwanda/bus/ritco-express-ltd/online-booking</ref> == Ritco ni isosiyete itwara abantu mu [[Rwanda]] imaze gukemura ikibazo k'ingendo mu [[Umujyi wa Kigali washyizwe mu ya mbere ibungabunga ibishanga ku Isi|mujyi wa Kigali]] no mu turere tuwegereyye [[Dosiye:Buses from one company parking.jpg|thumb|aho Ritco zi parika]] == Inzozi n'ingamba<ref>https://www.greatrwandajobs.com/employers/company-detail/company-Rwanda-Interlink-transport-Company-RITCO-2138/nav-31</ref> == Ritco ivuga ko yaje ije gukemura ikibazo cy'abaturage baba mu bwinguge mu ntara kuko imodoka zigera mu nttara zari ikibazo ndetse no kuborohereza serivice z'ingendo == Amakuru shingiro == ifyo7mjlymqsjcj3o0zycsqd22kb1zn 0 17716 142210 131480 2026-10-15T03:19:08Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ordnungspolizei auf Segway Personal Transporter Fulda Juni 2012.JPG|thumb|personal transport]] [[Dosiye:Paris_without_cars_2015_Unicycles.jpg|thumb| Kuringaniza amagare muri 2015|300x300px]] [[Dosiye:Steh-Elektroroller Nürnberg DSCF2843.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Steh-Elektroroller Nürnberg]] '''personal transporter''' '''(''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Powered transporters |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/powered-transporters/information-sheet-guidance-on-powered-transporters |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=UK Department of Transport}}</ref> ni igikoresho gifite '''imbaraga''' gitwara abantu, gusa ibyo ntibirenga birenga 25 km / h . Harimo ni nka mapine ariki y'amashanyarazi, kuringaniza amagare hamwe na [[Segway|Segways]], hamwe na moteri ikoresha na lisansi ikoreshwa na moteri cyangwa skatebo, ubusanzwe ikoresha moteri z'ibice bibiri bitarenze 49 cc. <ref name="UK-DOT">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Information Sheet - Guidance on Powered Transporters |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/powered-transporters/information-sheet-guidance-on-powered-transporters |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> <ref name="VTPU">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=Managing Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs) on Nonmotorized Facilities |url=http://www.vtpi.org/man_nmt_fac.pdf |website=Victoria Transport Policy Institute}}</ref> Impapuro nyinshi nshyashya zikoresha mu terambere rya vuba muri bateri y'imodoka hamwe na tekinoroji yo kugenzura moteri. Baragenda biyongera mubyamamare, kandi abashingamategeko bari murwego rwo kumenya uburyo ibyo bikoresho bigomba gushyirwa mubikorwa, kugenzurwa no kubakira mugihe cyo guhanga udushya. == Amateka == Dean Kamen yasabye ipatanti ya mbere ku umuntu utwara abantu, Segway PT, muri 1994. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’ibindi byifuzo by’ipatanti mbere y’ibicuruzwa byatangijwe mu mpera za 2001 no kugeza ku ncuro ya mbere abakiriya mu ntangiriro za 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Segway Patent Information |url=http://www.segway.com/patents.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721124219/http://www.segway.com/patents.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-21 |access-date=2017-07-06 |publisher=Segway Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Machrone |first=Bill |date=3 December 2001 |title=Ginger Unveiled-It's a Scooter! |url=http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,97229,00.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424051557/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,97229,00.asp |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=11 March 2009 |publisher=Extremetech.com}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="140px"> Dosiye:Autoped_1919_Ever_Ready_engine.jpg|alt=Engine of an Autoped, made 1915–1922|Moteri yaAutoped, muri 1915–1922 Dosiye:Red_twike_active_in_front_of_tree.JPG|alt=Red Twike Active|Iyu mutuku Dosiye:Motoboard.jpg|alt=MotoBoard combustion engine skateboard, mid 2010s| MotoBoard yaka moteri muri 2010 </gallery> == Amagambo == Ijambo ryibi bikoresho ntabwo rihagaze neza nkuko itangazamakuru n’abashingamategeko baganira ku byiciro by’ibinyabiziga bigenda byihuta kandi bifitanye isano n’amategeko ajyanye n’ibindi bikoresho bitwara abantu, harimo [[Mobility aid|amagare]] y’amashanyarazi n’ibindi bifasha abamugaye zigendanwa nka scooters. <ref name="Verge2017">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=2017 will be an important year for personal electric vehicles of all sizes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/31/14134924/electric-skateboards-boosted-bikes-vehicles-hoverboards |website=The Verge |quote=These are things you can expect to hear touted in 2017 by the companies that make what we at The Verge call electric rideables — an imperfect catch-all term that covers everything from electric skateboards to hoverboards to whatever...}}</ref> <ref name="VTPU"/> Amagambo akoreshwa cyane muri ibi bikoresho bishya arimo: '''Itangazamakuru:''' ''kugendagenda'' '','' ''['' <ref>{{Cite web |title='Rideables' could be the future of urban mobility – if only they were legal |url=https://www.citymetric.com/transport/rideables-could-be-future-urban-mobility-if-only-they-were-legal-3006 |website=City Metric |access-date=2024-01-22 |archive-date=2018-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204647/https://www.citymetric.com/transport/rideables-could-be-future-urban-mobility-if-only-they-were-legal-3006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=A Tiny Personal Transporter That Looks Like a MacBook You Can Ride |url=https://gizmodo.com/a-tiny-personal-transporter-that-looks-like-a-macbook-y-1722720141 |website=Gizmodo images}}</ref> ''igare ry'amashanyarazi'' '','' <ref>{{Cite web |title=All you need to know about owning an electric scooter or unicycle in Singapore |url=https://www.stuff.tv/sg/features/all-you-need-know-about-owning-electric-scooter-or-unicycle-in-singapore |website=stuff.tv |quote=Whether Personal Electric Vehicles are legal, where you can ride them, and more |access-date=2024-01-22 |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721215551/https://www.stuff.tv/sg/features/all-you-need-know-about-owning-electric-scooter-or-unicycle-in-singapore |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=No car, no problem: 17 of the slickest electric rides |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/05/16/17-of-the-slickest-electric-rides/ |website=Engadget |quote=these electric rideables help save time and fossil fuels}}</ref> <ref name="Verge2017"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electrify your commute |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/electric-scooters-are-amazing-last-mile-transportation/ |website=[[CNET]] |quote=Could a portable electric vehicle get you the rest of the way}}</ref> ''ibinyabiziga bigendanwa'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Immotor GO:The Most Portable Personal Vehicle EVER |url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/immotor-go-the-most-portable-personal-vehicle-ever-smart-electric#/ |website=Indegogo}}</ref> '''Amategeko''' : ''igikoresho'' b''igendanwa'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=New Regulations on the Use of Personal Mobility Devices in Singapore |url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=92ed72aa-0a1c-4854-820f-498a4242dac0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Certification for Next Generation Personal e-Mobility |url=http://www.ul.com/hoverboards/ |publisher=Underwriters Laboratory}}</ref> <ref name="VTPU"/> ''_'' ''_ ibinyabiziga'' (Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i [[Burayi]]), <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=EU Safety Standard for 'Segway's' To Come |url=http://www.bike-eu.com/laws-regulations/nieuws/2016/1/eu-safety-standard-for-segways-to-come-10125466 |website=Bike Europe |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819191351/http://www.bike-eu.com/laws-regulations/nieuws/2016/1/eu-safety-standard-for-segways-to-come-10125466 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi bifasha kugendagenda'' ( leta ya Washington muri Amerika), <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=Electronic personal assistive mobility devices -- One-wheeled self-balancing devices |url=http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2015-16/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1884.SL.pdf |access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> ''abatwara amashanyarazi'' (UK). <ref name="UK-DOT"/> '''Izindi ndimi:''' ''Abakozi'' lit. ''Engins de déplacement'' ([[Igifaransa]]), <ref name="BRSI">{{Cite web |title=BIVV : New urban mobility |url=http://www.brsi.be/en/road-safety/publication-details/new-urban-mobility/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trottinette électrique, gyropode, monocycle, etc |url=https://www.quechoisir.org/decryptage-trottinette-electrique-gyropode-monocycle-etc-panorama-des-engins-de-deplacement-personnel-n8827/ |language=French}}</ref> ). == Ubwoko == === Ikinyabiziga gifite moteri === Urugero rwa mbere rwibinyabiziga bifite moteri, cyangwa ikinyabiziga gihagaze gifite moteri yaka imbere, hari muri1915 Autoped, yakozwe muri Amerika kugeza 1919 no mu [[Ubudage|budage]] kugeza 1922.<gallery mode="packed" heights="140px" caption="amako"> Dosiye:Boy_riding_Solowheel.jpg|alt=Boy riding an electric unicycle|Umuhungu ugenda ku igare rya рам Dosiye:Autoped_1919_Ever_Ready_1.jpg|alt=Gasoline-fueled 155 cc (9.5 cu in) four-stroke single Autoped Ever Ready| Benzine yongerewe 155  bitandukanye YikoraYire Dosiye:Female_rider_on_Egret_One_eScooter.jpg|alt=Electric kick scooter in use| Scooter Dosiye:Culoz-FR-01-équilibriste_aventureux.jpg|alt=A self-balancing hoverboard| Kwishyira hamwe </gallery><gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Dosiye:13-03-30-praha-by-RalfR-107.jpg|alt=Tourists on Segways in Prague, March 2013|Ba mukerarugendo kuri kuri Segways i Prague, muri 2013 Dosiye:Klárov,_strážník_na_segwayi.jpg|alt=Prague Municipal Police officer on Segway|Umupolisi wo mu Prague kuri Segway Dosiye:Segway_Trans_Hospital_(03).jpg|alt=Ambulance Segway PT is used by the small private rescue service Trans Hospital from Řevnice, Czech Republic, since 2014. It is intended for use at festivals, concerts and similar events.|Imbagukiragutabara ya Segway PT ntoya,[[Cekiya|muri Repubulika ya Ceki]], muri 2014 </gallery> [[Dosiye:Steh-Elektroroller_Nürnberg_DSCF2843.jpg|thumb| [[Segway|Segways]] mu Budage ifite itara ry'umutuku hamwe n'icyapa cyo kwandikisha imodoka ye]] ==== Ubudage ==== Mu Budage kwishyiriraho ibibayobora ntibyemewe mu mihanda nyabagendwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Straßenzulassung für das self balancing board? (MOT approval for the self balancing board?) |url=http://self-balancing-board.de/strassenzulassung-self-balancing-board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802234843/http://self-balancing-board.de/strassenzulassung-self-balancing-board/ |archive-date=2016-08-02 |access-date=2015-12-04 |website=Self Balancing Board |language=German}}</ref>   == Reba kandi == * Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imodoka * Amategeko yamagare yamashanyarazi * Imodoka yoroheje * Ubwikorezi rusange * Gutambuka byihuse * Imashanyarazi ya Batiri (BEV) == Reba == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="nbcbayarea_363702931">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/New-Hoverboard-Laws-Coming-to-California-on-January-1-363702931.html |title=New Hoverboard Rules Coming to California on January 1 |website=NBC Bay Area|date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="bbc_7360662">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7360662.stm |title=Politics &#124; MPs want Segways allowed on roads |publisher=BBC News |date=22 April 2008 |access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_10630143">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south+yorkshire-10630143 |title=Barnsley Segway scooter commuter in 'legal first' |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_12215326">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-12215326 |title=Segway Motor Scooter Commuter Loses Legal Challenge |date=18 January 2011 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref name="bailli_2032">{{cite web | url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2011/2032.html | title=Coates v Crown Prosecution Service (2011) EWHC 2032 (Admin) | publisher=British and Irish Legal Information Institute | date=29 July 2011 | access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [http://www.din.de/en/getting-involved/standards-committees/nasport/european-committees/wdc-grem:din21:191006031 CEN / TC 354 / WG 4 Imodoka zoroheje z'amashanyarazi n'ibinyabiziga biringaniza] (DIN.de) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241114133841/https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:616722&cs=196AD34039D496159F550E47311C9FC49 CEN / TC 354 - Imodoka idafite moteri yemewe yemewe yo gutwara abantu nibicuruzwa nibikoresho bifitanye isano] * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706080043/https://standards.cen.eu/BP/616722.pdf Gahunda yubucuruzi CEN / TC 354 Ubwoko butemewe bwimodoka ifite moteri yoroheje yo gutwara abantu nibicuruzwa nibikoresho bifitanye isano] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]] q16am9a9wnytu8hs5vxhriznk9si4g1 0 17907 142212 140122 2026-10-15T03:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imashini yo gusoma y'abafite ubumuga''' n'igice cya tekinoroji ifasha ituma abafite ubumuga babona ibikoresho byandika. Isikana inyandiko, ihindura ishusho mu myandiko ikoresheje uburyo bwo kumenya imiterere ya optique kandi ikoresha synthesizer yo kuvuga kugira ngo isome ibyo yabonye. == Iterambere == Porotipi ya mbere y'imashini yo gusoma, yitwa optophone, yakozwe na Dr. Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe wo muri kaminuza ya Birmingham mu mwaka 1913. Fotodetekeri eshanu zahagaritswe zikoreshwa mu gusikana umurongo winyandiko zacapwe. Buri selile yabyaye amajwi atandukanye (G, C, D, E, G8) mu gihe habonetse icapiro ryirabura, ku buryo buri nyuguti yahujwe n'igihe cyihariye gitandukanya amajwi. Hamwe n'imyitozo imwe, abakoresha abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona bashoboye gusobanura aya majwi nk'ubutumwa bufite ireme. Nyamara, umuvuduko wo gusoma wiki gikoresho watinze cyane (hafi ijambo rimwe k'umunota). <ref name="Shankweiler_Seeking">{{Cite journal|pages=78–99}}</ref> <ref name="Cooper_Evolution">{{Cite journal|pages=51–87}}</ref> Kuva mu mwaka 1944 kugeza mu myaka ya za 70, hakozwe prototypes nshya y'imashini yo gusoma muri Laboratoire ya Haskins ku masezerano yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’abasirikare. Umushinga w'ubushakashatsi wakozwe na Caryl Parker Haskins, Franklin S. Cooper na Alvin Liberman. Kugerageza kwabo kwa mbere kunoza optophone byose byarangiye binaniwe cyangwa bitsinzwe, <ref name="Cooper_Evolution"/> kandi abakoresha ntibashoboye gusoma amagambo arenga 5 k'umunota ugereranije, nubwo nyuma y'imyitozo ndende. <ref name="Shankweiler_Seeking"/> Iri genzura ryatumye Liberman atekereza ko imipaka yari iy'ubwenge aho kuba tekiniki, no gushyiraho igitekerezo cye cya moteri yo kumva imvugo. Yatahuye ko ikimenyetso cy'ijambo kitigeze cyumvikana nk "" inyuguti "cyangwa" cipher "acoustic, ariko ahubwo byari" code "yerekana ibimenyetso bigaragaza imvugo, kubera guhuza ibitekerezo. Kubw'ibyo, imashini yo gusoma ntishobora guhindura gusa inyuguti zacapwe muruhererekane rw'amajwi avangitiranye, ahubwo ishobora kumenya inyuguti no gutanga amajwi y'imvugo nk'ibisohoka ukoresheje cyangwa ugaragaje imvugo ikomatanya. Imashini ya mbere yo gusoma y'ubucuruzi bw'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona yakozwe na (Kurzweil Computer Productsnyuma yaguzwe na Xerox Corporation) mu mwaka 1975. Walter Cronkite yakoresheje iyi mashini kugira ngo yumve umukono we, "Kandi uko ni ko bimeze, ku ya 13 Mutarama mu mwaka 1976." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurzweil Computer Products |url=http://www.kurzweiltech.com/kcp.html |website=Kurzweil Tech |access-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501045740/https://www.kurzweiltech.com/kcp.html |archive-date=2024-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu myaka ya za 1960 rwagati, Francis F. Lee yinjiye mu itsinda rya Dr. Samuel Jefferson Mason 'Cognitive Information Processing Group' muri Laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi ya Electronics mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts kugira ngo bakore imashini isoma y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabo, sisitemu ya mbere yari gusikana inyandiko kandi utange imvugo y'ikomezo. <ref>[http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/history/timeline-1960-1%5B%5D RLE Timeline 1960-1979] Retrieved 3 January 2015</ref> Imashini zo gusoma neza zari zishingiye kumeza kandi ari ndende, wasangaga mu bitabo, mu mashuri, no mu bitaro cyangwa ugasanga byari bifite abakire. Mu mwaka 2009, terefone igendanwa ikoresha Kurzweil Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ni sofutiweya ikora nk'imashini yo gusoma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobile Products |url=http://www.knfbreader.com/products-mobile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815094216/http://www.knfbreader.com/products-mobile.php |archive-date=2010-08-15 |access-date=2010-10-19 |website=KNFB Reader}}</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> eomnbo7y9ihwcdrnn5d5je571ct5rje 0 18628 142215 134674 2026-10-15T04:38:50Z St Theresa Polyclinic 19146 142215 wikitext text/x-wiki Saint Theresa ni ivuriro ryigenga riherereye mu karere ka Rwamagana, Umurenge wa Kigabiro. iri vuriro ryatangiye muri Nyakanga 2013, ryatangijwe n,abanyarwanda babiri aribo AHAYO Marie Anita na Dr KAMANZI Jean Pacifique.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/our-history/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523143303/https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iri vuriro rikaba ritanga service zikurikira: # General Medicine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/general-medicine/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523135432/https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/general-medicine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Pediatrics<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/pediatrics/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523135431/https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/pediatrics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Internal medicine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/internal-medicine/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-23 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523135431/https://sainttheresaclinic.rw/internal-medicine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> # General surgery # Gynecology & obstetrics # Dental service # Maternity # Physiotherapy svp9hdta80365kqlw9atrn8i1pnz8y4 0 20362 142216 141609 2026-10-15T04:47:39Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142216 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;" lang="en">2025 UCI Road World Championships</div> {{Infobox | bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90% | above = Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025 | abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125% | subheader = ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'' | subheaderstyle = background:#FAD201; font-weight:bold | image = [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Abasiganwa ku magare i Kigali]] | caption = Abasiganwa mu mihanda ya Kigali | headerstyle = background:#20603D; color:#fff | header1 = Amakuru rusange | label2 = Inshuro | data2 = Ya 98 | label3 = Itariki | data3 = 21–28 Nzeri 2025 | label4 = Aho yabereye | data4 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]] | label5 = Uwayiteguye | data5 = Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI) | label6 = Amarushanwa | data6 = 13 | label7 = Uruziga | data7 = Ibilometero 15,1 | label8 = Isiganwa ry'abagabo | data8 = Ibilometero 267,5 | header10 = Abatsinze (umuhanda) | label11 = Abagabo | data11 = [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar | label12 = Abagore | data12 = [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières | header13 = Abatsinze (gusiganwa n'igihe) | label14 = Abagabo | data14 = [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel | label15 = Abagore | data15 = [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser | label16 = Amakipe avanze | data16 = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] | header17 = Shampiyona y'isi | label18 = Ibanjirije | data18 = 2024 – Zurich ([[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]]) | label19 = Ikurikira | data19 = 2026 – Montréal ([[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]]) }} '''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]]. Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore. == Amateka == Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}</ref> U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour. Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}</ref> == Inzira == [[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|left|Ikarita y'inzira: uruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 (umutuku) n'agace kongerewe ku isiganwa ry'abagabo (ubururu)]] Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010025004/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |archive-date=2024-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Gahunda == [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Abasiganwa bo muri Siloveniya mu mihanda ya Kigali]] Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato) * 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'') * 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5) Amasaha yose ni ay'i Kigali (UTC+02:00). == Abatsinze == [[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]] Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}</ref> Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}</ref> Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Imidari ! Isiganwa !! style="background:#F9D84A" | [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Zahabu !! style="background:#D8D8D8" | [[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Ifeza !! style="background:#E3B98A" | [[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Umuringa |- ! colspan="4" | Abagabo bakuru |- | Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Irilande|Irilande]] Ben Healy |- | Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] Jay Vine || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Ilan Van Wilder |- ! colspan="4" | Abagore bakuru |- | Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x15px|border|link=Nuveli Zelande|Nuveli Zelande]] Niamh Fisher-Black || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22x15px|border|link=Esipanye|Esipanye]] Mavi García |- | Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Anna van der Breggen || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Demi Vollering |- ! colspan="4" | Amakipe avanze |- | ''Relais mixte'' || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubufaransa|Ubufaransa]] [[Ubufaransa]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] [[Ubusuwisi]] |} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Tour du Rwanda]] * [[FERWACY]] * [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}} * {{Commonscat|2025 UCI Road World Championships}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}} [[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amagare]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]] flvq8szsssr445hhcymvfttgjeuyoq6 0 20470 142225 133470 2026-10-15T09:02:58Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 142225 wikitext text/x-wiki Gasigwa Léopold Umwanditsi akaba n’umuyobozi wa Filime mpamo, yamuritse filime yise “Urantokoza” yerekana uburyo [[Umugore|abagore]] n’abana bishwe urubozo muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994.Nk’umuntu wacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, Gasigwa Leopold, muri iyi filime ye imara isaha n’iminota 20, yagerageje gukusanya ibimenyetso simusiga bigaragaza uburyo [[Interahamwe]] zagiye zifata abagore n’abakobwa ku ngufu ndetse zijungunya abana mu byobo babatemye bamwe bagihumeka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/urantokoza-filime-mpamo-igaragaza-uburyo-abana-nabagore-bishwe-urubozo-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-09-17 |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101080334/https://panorama.rw/urantokoza-filime-mpamo-igaragaza-uburyo-abana-nabagore-bishwe-urubozo-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====== Amateka ====== “'''Urantokoza'''” igizwe n’ubuhamya butandukanye bwa bamwe mu barokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi banyuze muri iyo nzira y’umusaraba, bamwe mu bayikoze barimo ahanini abayobozi bo nzego z’ibanze, abaturage basanzwe, na bamwe mu ngabo zabohoye igihugu. Abo bose bafite ubuhamya bufatika cyane ndetse bukora ku mutima w’umuntu uwufite kandi utakwishimira na busa Jenoside aho iva ikanagera. Mu buhamya bw’abo bahoze ari abayobozi bibanze muri Leta y’abicanyi bavuga ko mu gihe barimo bica abantu, bumvaga bari mu murongo mwiza ngo kuko babwirwaga ko mu gihe batarwanyije Inkotanyi zizabica....<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/urantokoza-filime-mpamo-igaragaza-uburyo-abana-nabagore-bishwe-urubozo-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-09-17 |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101080334/https://panorama.rw/urantokoza-filime-mpamo-igaragaza-uburyo-abana-nabagore-bishwe-urubozo-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> “Urantokoza” igamije kugaragaza uburyo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yibasiye cyane abana n’abagore, izamurikwa kumugaragaro bwa mbere ku itariki ya 4 Ugushyingo 2022 mu mujyi wa Kigali. Muri iyi filime abantu batandukanye batangamo ubuhamya, bagaragaza ibihe bikomeye bagiye banyuramo, abandi bakerekana uruhare rukomeye Inkotanyi zagize mu guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.<ref>[https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/ibikubiye-muri-urantokoza-filime-ivuga-ku-nzira-y-inzitane-abatutsi-banyuzemo#:~:text=Muri%20iyi%20filime%20abantu%20batandukanye%20batangamo%20ubuhamya%2C%20bagaragaza%20ibihe%20bikomeye%20bagiye%20banyuramo%2C%20abandi%20bakerekana%20uruhare%20rukomeye%20Inkotanyi%20zagize%20mu%20guhagarika%20Jenoside%20yakorewe%20Abatutsi%20mu%201994. https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/article/ibikubiye-muri-urantokoza-filime-ivuga-ku-nzira-y-inzitane-abatutsi-banyuzemo#:~:text=Muri%20iyi%20filime%20abantu%20batandukanye%20batangamo%20ubuhamya%2C%20bagaragaza%20ibihe%20bikomeye%20bagiye%20banyuramo%2C%20abandi%20bakerekana%20uruhare%20rukomeye%20Inkotanyi%20zagize%20mu%20guhagarika%20Jenoside%20yakorewe%20Abatutsi%20mu%201994.]</ref> 0ht1s2fk3tlmlf2oy9r0piy0u80oorg 0 20796 142220 139520 2026-10-15T07:05:10Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142220 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuva mu mwaka wa 2001, hafi ya 4.2% by’abaturage ba [[Lesoto|Lesotho]] bafite [[ubumuga]], mu rugero rutandukanye, kandi kimwe cya gatatu(1/3) cyabo ni abana bari munsi y’imyaka15. <ref name="Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled">{{Cite web |title=Disability in Lesotho |url=http://www.lnfod.org.ls/disability-in-lesotho.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413152959/http://www.lnfod.org.ls/disability-in-lesotho.html |archive-date=13 April 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ibyiciro == Abantu bafite ubumuga benshi mu gihugu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza, kutumva, kutabasha kugenda neza, ibibazo byo kwibuka, kwifasha mu buzima bwa buri munsi, cyangwa mu itumanaho. <ref name="Shale-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Shale |first=Itumeleng |date=2015 |title=Lesotho |journal=African Disability Rights Yearbook |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |doi=10.17159/2413-7138/2015/v3n1a8 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Amategeko na politiki == Ingingo ya 33 y'Itegeko Nshinga rya Lesotho iteganya ingingo yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, guhugura no gutuza abantu bafite ubumuga. Lesotho yemeje Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bw’umuryango [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|w’abibumbye]] ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2008. Politiki y’Igihugu yerekeye Ubumuga n’Isubiraho mu Buzima (NDRP) yo mu 2011 igamije gufasha guverinoma ya Lesotho mu gutegura gahunda n’ingamba zireba by’umwihariko abafite ubumuga. <ref name="Shale-2015"/> == Ubuvugizi == Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’amashyirahamwe y’abafite ubumuga rya Lesotho (LNFOD) ryashinzwe mu 1989 nkurwego rwo hejuru rw’imiryango y’abafite ubumuga. Abayigize ni; Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri (LNAPD), Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bwa Lesotho (IDAL), Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona (LNLVIP) n’ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Lesotho (NADL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.lnfod.org.ls/about-us.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703162656/http://www.lnfod.org.ls/about-us.html |archive-date=3 July 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akazi == Abamugaye barenga 65% mugihugu batunzwe n'imiryango yabo ndetse n'abaturanyi kugirango babeho buri munsi. <ref name="Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled"/> == Siporo == Lesotho yakoze imikino yayo y'abamugaye début mu mikino Paralempike yo mu 2000 yabereye i Sydney. Yagiye mu marushanwa yose ya Paralympique yo mu mpeshyi kuva icyo gihe, ariko ntabwo yigeze mu mikino Paralympike. Lesotho ntiratsindira umudari mu mikino Paralympique. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesotho at the Paralympics |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=LES&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=Paralympic.org}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * {{Cite web |title=Lesotho National Disability Mainstreaming Plan |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/10/Lesotho_National-Disability-Mainstreaming-Plan.pdf |website=United Nations |format=PDF}} {{Disability by country}} cavw144qhftn2usifely5a90ilj9rto 0 20882 142221 141828 2026-10-15T08:25:52Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142221 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''UserWay''' ni sosiyete igera kuri digitale ifite icyicaro i Wilmington, Delaware. Isosiyete ikoresha AI na automatisation mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’amategeko ku masosiyete kugira ngo imbuga zabo zigerweho. <ref>{{Cite news |last=לוי |first=אביב |date=2022-01-24 |title=החברות ששינו את התוכניות בעקבות גל הירידות |url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001399580 |access-date=2023-01-06 |work=Globes}}</ref> == Amateka == UserWay yashinzwe mu 2016 na Allon Mason. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shein |first=Esther |date=2020-07-30 |title=AI-powered tool aims to help reduce bias and racially charged language on websites |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ai-powered-tool-aims-to-help-reduce-bias-and-racially-charged-language-on-websites/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=TechRepublic |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu 2021, Susan Bennett, umuntu watanze ijwi rya Siri, umufasha w'ikoranabuhanga wa Apple, yabaye umuvugizi w'iyi sosiyete kandi akaba umurwanashyaka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Siri reveals herself to promote web accessibility for Userway |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/09/30/siri-reveals-herself-promote-web-accessibility-userway |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Drum}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Heeti |first=Abrar |title=Siri's original voice now advocates for a more accessible web |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/the-original-voice-of-siri-is-now-advocating-for-a-more-accessible-web/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>'uburenganzira bw'abantu bafite ubumuga mu gikorwa cyo kwamamaza cya UserWay, cyanagaragayemo Dr. Orna Guralnik. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=2022-05-19 |title=Siri visits Couples Therapy star Dr. Orna Guralnik in sketch for web accessibility company |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/05/19/siri-visits-couples-therapy-star/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu Kuboza 2021, isosiyete yatanze umushinga wa mbere w'inyandiko y'amasoko (prospectus) ya IPO ku Isoko ry’imigabane rya Tel Aviv. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=בלי שלב ציבורי: החברה להנגשת אתרים סגרה הנפקה לפי שווי של 120 מיליון שקל {{!}} כלכליסט |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/market/article/syfen200ny |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=calcalist |language=he}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexiou |first=Gus |title=Retailers To Lose $828 Million Of Sales Over Christmas Due To Inaccessible Websites |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gusalexiou/2021/12/19/retailers-to-lose-828-million-of-sales-over-christmas-due-to-inaccessible-websites/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susan Bennett, Siri voice, partners with accessibility startup UserWay |url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-706734 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> Muri Mutarama 2022, isosiyete yasohoye IPO yayo ku isoko ry'imigabane rya Tel Aviv ku gaciro ka miliyoni 120 NIS. Yakomeje gukusanya hafi miliyoni 30 NIS kubakiriya b'ibigo. <ref>{{Cite news |last=זומר |first=נווית |date=2022-01-30 |title=החברה שמנייתה זינקה ב-38% בשבוע: "השוק לא ער לגמרי לנושא הנגישות" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/b1sgzl7rt |access-date=2023-01-06 |work=Ynet |language=he}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=בלי שלב ציבורי: החברה להנגשת אתרים סגרה הנפקה לפי שווי של 120 מיליון שקל {{!}} כלכליסט |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/market/article/syfen200ny |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=calcalist |language=he}}</ref> UserWay yatangiye gucuruza ku isoko ryimigabane rya Tel Aviv ku izina rya UWAY. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UWAY: Userway Ltd Stock Price Quote - Tel Aviv - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/UWAY:IT |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> Widget ya UserWay iraboneka kumurongo wingenzi wa CMS kimwe nimbuga za HTML / CSS / JS. Ikoranabuhanga rya UserWay ryujuje amategeko yubahiriza ashingiye kuri WCAG 2.1 AA kandi nkuko bisabwa na ADA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=InclusionHub |title=UserWay |url=https://www.inclusionhub.com/digital-accessibility/userway |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.inclusionhub.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127211632/https://www.inclusionhub.com/digital-accessibility/userway |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=UserWay Launches Version 4.0 of Its Accessibility Platform |url=https://www.speechtechmag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=152625 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Speech Technology Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu Kuboza 2023, UserWay yatangaje ko izagurwa n’ikigo cy’Abanyamerika Level Access ku giciro cya miliyoni 98.7 z’amadolari($) yo guhuza amafaranga n’impaka zikomeje kuvugwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overlay Fact Sheet |url=https://overlayfactsheet.com/en/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=overlayfactsheet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=31 December 2023 |title=Israel digital accessibility startup to be bought by US firm in deal valued at $99m |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-digital-accessibility-startup-to-be-bought-by-us-firm-in-deal-valued-at-99m/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Times of Israel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=#UserWay Will Get You Sued |url=https://adrianroselli.com/2021/09/userway-will-get-you-sued.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Adrian Roselli |language=en}}</ref> Ubucuruzi bwarangiye muri Werurwe 2024, guhindura isosiyete akaba iy'abigenga bonyine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Level Access Completes Acquisition of UserWay, Signaling the Next Evolution of Digital Accessibility |url=https://www.morningstar.com/news/business-wire/20240319489734/level-access-completes-acquisition-of-userway-signaling-the-next-evolution-of-digital-accessibility |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Morningstar |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320142044/https://www.morningstar.com/news/business-wire/20240319489734/level-access-completes-acquisition-of-userway-signaling-the-next-evolution-of-digital-accessibility |archive-date=2024-03-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2024, ikirego cy’icyiciro cy’ikirego cyaregewe UserWay, kivuga ko ibirego byinshi byakabije, ko widgets zayo zitubahiriza kubahiriza amategeko, ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigatuma imbuga za interineti zigora gukoresha ababana n'ubumuga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Louise |first=Nickie |date=2024-12-24 |title=Userway faces class action lawsuit over alleged false accessibility and ADA compliance claims |url=https://techstartups.com/2024/12/23/userway-faces-class-action-lawsuit-over-alleged-false-accessibility-and-ada-compliance-claims/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=TechStartups |publisher=Tech Startup}}</ref> . Ikinyamakuru Financial Times cyatangaje ko imbuga za interineti zikoresha UserWay hamwe n’andi masosiyete ya widget agera kuri interineti akiri kure yo kubahiriza amabwiriza yo kugerwaho, amwe muri yo akaba afite amakosa y’ibanze mu bijyanye no kugeza ku bikorwa by'ikoranabuhanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kao |first=Joanna S |date=2024-04-07 |title=Blind internet users struggle with error-prone AI aids |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c877c55-b698-43da-a222-8ae183f53078 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Financial Times |publisher=Financial Times |location=}} </ref> 4rg41gv618szsg1zu1kmditduphadg1 0 21050 142223 140316 2026-10-15T09:01:30Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 142223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award|name=Barbellion Prize|presenter=The Barbellion Prize|country=United Kingdom|year=2020|year2=2022|reward=£1,000; glass trophy; copy of ''The Journal of a Disappointed Man''}} [[File:Barbellion_image.webp|right|thumb|Igishushanyo cya Barbellion yakoreshejwe nigihembo]] '''Igihembo cya Barbellion''' ni igihembo cy’ubuvanganzo cyo mu Bwongereza, "cyiyemeje guteza imbere amajwi y’abarwaye n’abantu bafite ubumuga mu mwandiko".<ref name="home">{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=The Barbellion Prize |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075942/https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gitangwa buri mwaka ku mwanditsi wese, mu njyana iyo ari yo yose, ufite indwara ikomeye cyangwa utuye afite ubumuga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2021 |title=A prize bash |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/a-prize-bash/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=TLS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDaid |first=Heather |date=13 December 2021 |title=2021 Barbellion Prize longlist announced |url=https://www.publishingscotland.org/2021/12/2021-barbellion-prize-longlist-announced/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Publishing Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbellion Prize longlist 2020 |url=https://nationalcentreforwriting.org.uk/article/barbellion-prize-longlist-2020/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=National Centre for Writing}}</ref><ref name="bayley">{{Cite news |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=12 February 2022 |title=Buckle wins Barbellion Prize for 'powerful' novel What Willow Says |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/buckle-wins-barbellion-prize-for-powerful-novel-what-willow-says |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=The Bookseller |language=En |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629085527/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/buckle-wins-barbellion-prize-for-powerful-novel-what-willow-says |archive-date=29 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iki gihembo cyashinzwe mu 2020 na Jake Goldsmith, ufite cystic fibrosis, kandi ibitaramo bye byanditswe “Neither Weak nor Obtuse” (2022: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1952386398</nowiki>) na “In Hospital Environments: Essays on Illness and Philosophy” (2024: <nowiki>ISBN 978-1952386930</nowiki>) byasohowe na Sagging Meniscus Press.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neither Weak Nor Obtuse |url=https://www.saggingmeniscus.com/catalog/neither_weak_nor_obtuse/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website= |publisher=Sagging Meniscus Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Hospital Environments |url=https://www.saggingmeniscus.com/catalog/in_hospital_environments/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=www.saggingmeniscus.com |publisher=Sagging Meniscus Press}}</ref><ref name="faqs">{{Cite web |title=FAQs |url=https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/faqs |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=The Barbellion Prize |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529053806/https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iki gihembo cyitwa ku izina rya W. N. P. Barbellion (1889–1919; izina rye nyakuri Bruce Frederick Cummings), umwanditsi w’igitabo “The Journal of a Disappointed Man”, wabaye ufite multiple sclerosis kandi apfuye afite imyaka 30. ''​''Mu mwaka wa 2023, Goldsmith yatangaje ko iki gihembo “kizashyirwa ku kiruhuko kitazwi” kandi ko igihembo cya 2023 kitazatangwa, ariko “dushobora gukomeza mu 2024 mu buryo bwiza kurushaho”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Barbellion Prize |url=https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075942/https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-date=21 October 2023 |website=The Barbellion Prize |language=en}}</ref> Kuva muri Gicurasi 2025, urubuga rw’iki gihembo rwavuze ko “Nyuma y’ikiruhuko cyacu, Igihembo cya Barbellion kizagaruka mu mwaka ushize. Ibindi bizatangazwa muri Nzeri 2025.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Barbellion Prize |url=https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507223115/https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=The Barbellion Prize |language=en}}</ref> Iki gihembo ni mpuzamahanga kandi cyakira [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] bishya byahinduwe mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]], ndetse n’ibyanditswe n’abanditse ubwabo (self-published), ariko ntikireba ibitabo bitarasohotse. Ubusabe bushingiye ku kuba umwanditsi agaragaza ubuzima afite indwara ikomeye cyangwa ubumuga bw’igihe kirekire... bushobora kugena ubuzima bwe ku buryo bugaragara, kandi abanditsi—nk’abari mu mwanya w’abita ku bandi—batagize ubumuga bashobora gusuzumwa niba igihangano cyabo ari cy’igitangaza mu kugaragaza ubuzima n’indwara, ariko bazahabwa umwanya muto mu guhatanira igihembo.<ref name="home"/> Uwatsindiye iki gihembo ahabwa £1,000, igikombe cy’ikirahure (glass trophy), ndetse n’igitabo cya Barbellion cyitwa “The Journal of a Disappointed Man”. <ref name="home" /> == Abatsinze == === 2020 === * ''Umukobwa wa Golem: inyandiko'' yumuhanzi Riva Lehrer, ufite spina bifida <ref name="chandler">{{Cite news |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=10 February 2021 |title=Lehrer's Golem Girl wins inaugural Barbellion Prize |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/lehrers-golem-girl-wins-inaugural-barbellion-prize-1237522 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=The Bookseller |language=En |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218042719/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/lehrers-golem-girl-wins-inaugural-barbellion-prize-1237522 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ( Virago, ) === 2021 === * ''Ibyo Willow avuga'' na Lynn Buckle, utumva: <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=About |url=https://lynnbuckle.wordpress.com/about/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Lynn Buckle |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628223421/https://lynnbuckle.wordpress.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> igitabo kivuga ku mwana w'igipfamatwi na nyirakuru ndetse no gukoresha ururimi rw'amarenga <ref name="bayley"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Willow Says |url=https://www.epoquepress.com/titles-what-willow-says |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=époque press |language=en}}</ref> ( [[Époque Press|Press Époque Press]], ) === 2022 === * ''Igitabo cyamasaha: Almanac kubihe byubugingo'' by [[Letty McHugh]], ufite sclerose nyinshi . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kemp-Habib |first=Alice |date=15 February 2023 |title=McHugh's 'small gem of a book' wins Barbellion Prize |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/mchughs-small-gem-of-a-book-wins-barbellion-prize |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=The Bookseller |language=En |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216095708/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/mchughs-small-gem-of-a-book-wins-barbellion-prize |archive-date=16 February 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Barbellion Prize 2022 |url=https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216094445/https://www.thebarbellionprize.com/ |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |publisher=Barbellion Prize}}</ref> Igitabo cyanditswe ubwacyo kandi kiboneka kumurongo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=http://www.lettymchugh.co.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216095441/http://www.lettymchugh.co.uk/ |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Letty McHugh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Book of Hours by Letty McHugh |url=https://issuu.com/lettymchugh/docs/bookofhourslettymchugh |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=issuu.com |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216095626/https://issuu.com/lettymchugh/docs/bookofhourslettymchugh |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Official website kp7bb08fhjqv1wankypkiopo5hcv34l 0 21665 142228 141059 2026-10-15T09:04:49Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 142228 wikitext text/x-wiki AKAMARO K'UTUREMANGINGO ==== Uturemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres mu ndimi z’amahanga ni ubwoko bw’ibiribwa bibarirwa mu binyamasukari, bikaba ari ingenzi mu mubiri w’umuntu kuko bifasha igogora ry’ibiryo ndetse no kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara indwara zitandukanye zirimo iz’umutima, diyabete, kanseri ndetse n’izindi ndwara zangiza amara. ==== Abahanga mu by’ubuzima bagaragaza ko utu turemangingondodo cyangwa Fibres zigabanijemo ibice bibiri ari byo: Uturemangingondodo tuyenga mu mazi (Fibres Soluble) dufasha mu kugabanya ingano ya Cholesterol igihe yabaye nyinshi mu mubi, n’uturemangingondodo tutayenga ni ukuvuga tutivanga mu mazi tugafasha ibindi biryo guca mu rwungano ngogozi tugasukura amara ndetse tukanayarinda kwangirika kwa hato na hato. Ushobora kwibaza ingano y’utu turemangingondodo ukwiye gufata ku munsi, dore igisubizo:<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780 </ref> Amakuru dukesha ikigo cy’abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi Institute of medicine avuga ko nibura: [[Umugore|Abagore]] bagomba gufata garama g 25 ku munsi, Abagabo bagomba gufata g 38, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 5-11 bagomba gufata g 20, Abana bari hagati y’imyaka 12-16 bagomba g25 naho guhera ku myaka 16 kuzamura bagomba gufata g30. <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780</ref> Ese utu turemangingondodo wadukurahe? Hamwe mu ho abashakashatsi bagaragaje hashobora kuboneka fibre ni: Inkeri, amacunga, [[indimu]], imineke, inanasi, pome, karoti, [[ibijumba]], ibirayi, amashu, amashaza n’ibishyimbo, Soya, ibigori, ubunyobwa, amapera n’imboga. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko uramutse ufashe ibi biribwa neza ntaho ushobora guhurira n’ikibazo cy’impatwe, indwara zifata amara, diabete n’izindi.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780</ref> <ref name=":0">https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/sobanukirwa-akamaro-k-uturemangingondodo-79780#google_vignette</ref><ref name=":0" /> dismcj7wtwa6ky4c07svk6dabz939rv 0 21895 142217 133751 2026-10-15T05:04:00Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:El-Sayed_Nosseir_(1928).jpg|thumb|345x345px|Umunyemisiri El-Sayed Nosseir, watsindiye umudari wa zahabu mu cyiciro cy’abaremereye mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yabereye i Amsterdam mu 1928. Ni we munyafurika wa mbere wegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu mateka y’imikino Olempike . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=IWF120y/3 – 1928: Egypt initiates successful tradition |url=https://iwf.sport/2025/02/13/iwf120y-3-1928-egypt-initiates-successful-tradition/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=International Weightlifting Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoh |first=Anchi |date=2016-08-04 |title=African Trail Blazers in the Past Summer Olympics {{!}} 4 Corners of the World |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2016/08/african-trail-blazers-in-the-past-summer-olympics |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref>]] '''Siporo mur'Afurika''' irateguwe, imikinomyinshi ifite shampiyona z’umwuga. [[Umupira w’amaguru]] (uzwi kandi kwizina rya ruhago) niwomukino ukunzwe cyane mu bihugu hafi ya byose [[Afurika|bya Afurika]] . Ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika, nka [[Kenya]] na [[Etiyopiya]], byiganje cyane mukwiruka intera ndende, mu gihe ibihugu bya Afurika y’Amajyaruguru nka [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]], [[Misiri]], [[Maroke|Maroc]] na [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]] byiganje mu [[Umupira w’intoke|mukino wa handball]] . <ref>{{Cite book |date=2020 |title=Sports in Africa, Past and Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv224tvfw |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-2451-3 |edition=1}}</ref> Rugby na [[Umupira w’agakoni|golf]] bikunzwe cyane mu [[Afurika|bihugu bike bya Afurika]], nubwo rugby ikunzwe cyane mur'Afurika y’Epfo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=South African sport still divided by race &#124; World news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/southafrica-sport-divided-race |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Theguardian.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=History of African Games |url=https://sportscouncil.au.int/index.php/en/history-african-games |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=African Union Sports Council |language=en}}</ref> [[Urutonde rw'imikino gakondo muri Afurika|Siporo gakondo]] yasuzugurwaga cyane mugihe cy'ubukoloni, kandimyinshi irimogupfa cyangwa yarazimye kubera igitutu cyo kuvugurura, ariko nyinshi ziracyakunzwe nubwonta burenganzira cyangwa inkunga bya leta bifite. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Cora |first=Burnett |date=2018 |title=Sport in the African World |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351212755-8/traditional-sports-games-eastern-central-southern-africa-cora-burnett?context=ubx&refId=d1726eed-4b8b-4b16-8b4c-15a204db9be9 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-21275-5 |pages=121–145 |chapter=Traditional sports and games in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa |doi=10.4324/9781351212755-8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Keim |first=Marion |date=2014-03-26 |title=Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ&dq=traditional+sport+in+africa&pg=PA7 |last2=Coning |first2=Christo de |publisher=AFRICAN SUN MeDIA |isbn=978-1-920689-20-9 |language=en}}</ref> : 193–194 Mu 2010, [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] yabaye igihugu cya mbere cya Afurika cyakiriye igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's sport participation and gender equality: African women in the beautiful game |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150624110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214065238/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150624110200.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-09 |title=The History Of Soccer In Africa |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127600200 |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=NPR.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Darby |first=Paul |date=8 October 2013 |title=Africa, Football and FIFA: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance - Paul Darby - Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccxEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135298340 |access-date=2015-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Craig |first=Steve |year=2002 |title=Sports and Games of the Ancients - Steve Craig - Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC&pg=PA3 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313316005 |access-date=2015-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2016 |title=12 things you didn't know about sports in Africa |url=https://www.one.org/us/2016/08/16/12-things-you-didnt-know-about-sports-in-africa/ |access-date=24 August 2016 |website=ONE |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140102/https://www.one.org/us/2016/08/16/12-things-you-didnt-know-about-sports-in-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Popularity and Participation of Sports in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://www.revolutionsports.co.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/SMGI-Middle-East-North-Africa-Report-180911final.pdf |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=Revolutionsports.co.uk}}</ref> == Amateka == Afurika ifiteamateka maremare y’imikino gakondo . Ubukoloni bw’i Burayi kuvamumpera z’ikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda bwazanye imikino yo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi ku mugabane, mu gihe bwagabanyaga imikorere y’imikino yomugace, Abanyaburayi babonaga nk’imikino ishaje kandi irwanya Abakristo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amusa |first=LO |last2=Toriola |first2=AL |date=2013-12-31 |title=The changing phases of Physical education in Africa: Can a uniquely African model emerge? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v16i4.64095 |journal=African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance |volume=16 |issue=4 |doi=10.4314/ajpherd.v16i4.64095 |issn=1117-4315 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Siporo mur'Afurika mbere y’ikinyejana cyamakumyabiri hagati yakinwaga cyane cyane n’Abanyaburayi. Ibi byakoreshejwe mu gukomeza gutandukanya ibyiciro by’imibereho by’amoko yombi. Uburezi rusange bwa siporo bwashyizwe mu bikorwa mumijyi y’uturere tw'Afurika kugira ngo "bube heza" kandi bunoze umusaruro w’abaturage b’Abanyaburayi. Uko urubyaro rw’abahanga b’i Burayi n’abasangwabutaka bakurikiranaga uburezi, bamenyekanye mu mikino yari yaragenewe abimukira b’i Burayi. Aho ngaho, benshi muri bo babaye indashyikirwa maze baba "Inyenyeri za Siporo z’Abanyaburayi" kandi bubahwaga kubera ubwitange bwabo bwiza. Abo bakinnyi bashyizwe mu makipe y’igihugu y’Ubwongereza n’Ubufaransa kuko hari ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ubuhanga bwabo mu mikino. Kuvicyogihe, uturere tw'Afurika twari twarakolonijwe twahagarariwe mu ruhando mpuzamahanga rwa siporo. Abakinnyi b’abahanga muturere twa Afurika tuvuga [[Icyongereza]] n’Igifaransa bitwaga "abasadukayo b’indashyikirwa." Akenshi babaga abana b’abasirikare <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">bo muri Senegali bitwaga tirailleurs</i></nowiki> cyangwa abasirikare. Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, nomugihe cyogusana imipaka y'Uburayi, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byagoranye kugumana koloni zabo, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubwikunde bw'igihugu. Nyuma y'uko Umuryango w'Ibihugu ushingwa, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byiyemeje gukurikiza amahame y'ubutegetsi bwiza, yavugaga ko abaturage bafituburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo ubuyobozi bwabo. Mbere y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye, Afurika yafashe iya mbere kugira ngo yigenge ku burere bwa gikolonize bwashyizweho n'Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa. Gushyira siporo mu mahanga byashingiye cyane ku bikorwa byo kwirukana ubukoloni, hamwe no kwinjizwa mu mikino Olempike. Afurika yakoresheje siporo nk'uburyo bwo kurwanya ivanguramoko no kurandura ivanguramoko rishingiye ku mwanya w'abaturage. Ubwo "abagome b'abanyacyubahiro" bagendaga bakundwa, abanyacyubahiro b'Abanyafurika bakoresheje aya mahirwe yo kurwanya ivanguramoko no guteza imbere siporo zomur'Afurika gusa, ahubwo no gushushanya ishusho ya Afurika nshya yigenga. === Igihe cya none === Mu 1956, umupiraw'amaguru waranzwe n'iterambere muri Afurika ubwo hashingwaga [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru muri Afrika|ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mur'Afurika]] . Ubumwe bw'Afurika bwagaragajwe binyuze mu mikino, ariko bwagenzurwaga n'amashyirahamwe y'imikino yo mu Burengerazuba nka FIFA . Nyamara, mu mikino Olempike ya Roma yomu 1960, abakinnyi b'abirabura b'Abanyafurika bagize icyo bageraho mu nzego zabo, ndetse banatsinda imyanya ikomeye mumpera z'irushanwa. Siporo yatumy'Afurika irushaho gushakubwigenge, kandi muriki gih'Afurika izwicyane mumikino myinshi, cyane cyane mu mupira w'amaguru. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> == Ibikorwaremezo == [[Dosiye:Street_soccer_in_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru wo mu muhanda i Lagos, [[Nijeriya|muri Nijeriya]]]] Kutagira icyo bivuzemur'Afurika mumikino mpuzamahanga biterwa no kutagira ibikorwa remezo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Anita |date=2012-08-12 |title=African Countries: Olympic Medals Seem Elusive |url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/world/2012/08/african_countries_olympic_medals_seem_elusive.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712053057/http://www.theroot.com/articles/world/2012/08/african_countries_olympic_medals_seem_elusive.html |archive-date=2015-07-12 |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Theroot.com}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |date=1987 |title=Sport in Africa: essays in social history |url=https://archive.org/details/sportinafricaess00bake |publisher=Africana Publishing Company |isbn=0841909067 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=William J. |location=New York |oclc=15107411 |editor-last2=Mangan |editor-first2=James A. |url-access=registration}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-14 |title=Olympics: Why Africa fell by the wayside |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/13/opinion/olympics-african-village/ |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Djanie |first=Akua |title=Why Did Africa Come To The London Olympics? |url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/why-did-africa-come-to-the-london-olympics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703090100/http://newafricanmagazine.com/why-did-africa-come-to-the-london-olympics/ |archive-date=2015-07-03 |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Newafricanmagazine.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Piers |date=28 April 2016 |title=Own goal? Africa's shambolic sports management |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36150984 |access-date=2016-07-17 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Sports in Africa: An untapped resource for development &#124; Pambazuka News |url=http://www.pambazuka.org/global-south/sports-africa-untapped-resource-development |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=Pambazuka.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Simon |date=19 June 2015 |title=Why Africa's sports industry needs to step up to the plate |url=http://theconversation.com/why-africas-sports-industry-needs-to-step-up-to-the-plate-43144 |access-date=24 August 2016 |doi=10.64628/AB.us764jcnn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=John Luiz |last2=Riyas Fadal |title=An Economic Analysis of Sports Performance in Africa |url=http://www.econrsa.org/papers/w_papers/wp162.pdf |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=Econrsa.org |archive-date=2016-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826054606/http://www.econrsa.org/papers/w_papers/wp162.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=e.V. |first=Transparency International |title=Press release - Transparency International Global Corruption Report: Sport highlights scale of corruption in Africa |url=http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/transparency_internationals_global_corruption_report_sport_highlights_scale |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002831/https://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/transparency_internationals_global_corruption_report_sport_highlights_scale |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: How can Africa improve its performance for LA 2028? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/c4gdwy72ee5o}}</ref> == Siporo y'ikipe == === Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru === [[Dosiye:Carte_Afrique_CAF.png|right|thumb|Amashyirahamwe y'ibihugu byo mu karere ka Afurika]]       [[Umupira w’amaguru|Umupira w'amaguru w'ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru]] (uzwi kandi ku izina rya football) ni wo mukino ukunzwe cyane muriburigihugu cya Afurika. Amakipe y'amakipe yomur'Afurika yitabira igikombe cya CAF Champions League na CAF Confederation Cup . Amakipe y'ibihugu by'Afurika yitabira igikombe cya Afurika ndetse no mu irushanwa ry'ibihugu bya Afurika kumakipe yomugace. === Umupira wa baseball === Baseball ntabwigaragara cyane mur'Afurika. Ariko, Ishyirahamwe ry’Isi rya Baseball Softball ryatangije Baseball5, ubwoko bwa baseball bwomumuhanda, hamwe n’ibihugu icyenda byashinze, [ a ] mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha uyumukino kumugabane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baseball5 shines bright on the diamond |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/baseball5-shining-bright-on-the-diamond |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of WBSC Africa - wbscafrica.org |url=https://www.wbscafrica.org/en/organisation/history/history-of-wbsc-africa |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.wbscafrica.org}}</ref> === Umupira w'amaguru === [[Dosiye:AG_23_3x3_Basketball_53.jpg|thumb|Basketball ya 3x3 mu mikino ya Afurika ya 2023 muri Ghana]] [[Umupira w’agatebo|Umukino wa Basketball]] nawukunzwe kumugabane wose, ahowagaragaye cyanemuri Nijeriya, Tuniziya, Misiri, Senegali, Ivory Coast, Kameruni na Angola, ndetse no muri Cape Verde na Sudani y'Epfo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=NBA shoots for African basketball stars, courts new fan base - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/24/sport/nba-shoots-for-african-basketball/ |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Shaun |title=Olajuwon: Godfather of basketball in Africa |url=http://www.nba.com/2015/news/features/shaun_powell/07/30/hakeem-olajuwon-godfather-of-basketball-in-africa/ |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Tunde Eludini |date=2016-04-30 |title=INTERVIEW: Africa Basketball League surpassing expectations – CEO - Premium Times Nigeria |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/sports-features/202664-interview-africa-basketball-league-surpassing-expectations-ceo.html |access-date=2016-07-18 |work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-31 |title=NBA Africa Game a symbol of hope |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/nba/story/_/id/13354356/nba-africa-game-symbol-hope |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=Espn.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willens |first=Max |date=2015-08-01 |title=In Africa, NBA Will Broadcast More Than 500 Games On TV, Broadband And Mobile Next Season Through Econet Partnership |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/africa-nba-will-broadcast-more-500-games-tv-broadband-mobile-next-season-through-2357200 |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=Ibtimes.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=NBA helping basketball grow in Africa with grassroots efforts |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2015/07/30/basketball-without-borders-africa-luol-deng-masai-ujiri-chris-paul-exhibition-game/30903465/ |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=Usatoday.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Richman |date=2013-12-18 |title=Mandela Instrumental in Popularizing Basketball in Africa |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mandela-instrumental-popularizing-basketball-africa/1812584.html |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> Umunya-Nigeria Hakeem Olajuwon (watwayigikombe cya NBA inshurebyiri mwikipe ya Houston Rockets ) n'umwe mubakinnyi b'abanyamahanga beza mumateka ya NBA kandafatwa nk'ingenzi mu guteza imbere nogukurura umupira wa Basketball muri Afurika. === Cricket === [[Dosiye:2023_African_Games_01_cricket_46.jpg|thumb|Cricket ya T20 mu mikino ya Afurika ya 2023]] Cricket n'umukino ukunzwe cyanemu Bwongereza kandiwoherejwe mubindibice by'ubwami bwahoze ari Ubwongereza . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagg |first=Stephen |date=14 November 2017 |title=Cricket: A Political History of the Global Game, 1945-2017: 1945 to 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=844-DwAAQBAJ&q=cricket+in+ghana+history&pg=PT60 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317557296 |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref name="Duncan">{{Cite book |last=Duncan |first=Isabelle |year=2013 |title=Skirting the Boundary: A History of Women's Cricket |publisher=Robson Press |isbn=9781849545464 |location=London}}</ref> <ref name="Aglietti">{{Cite news |last=Aglietti |first=Stephanie |date=11 September 2014 |title=Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |access-date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Yahoo Sports |agency=Agence France-Presse |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017171700/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-24 |title=Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Cricket World Cup: How the South African media reacted to the Black Caps' win - Sport - NZ Herald News |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11422614 |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-22 |title=The Nigerians bowled over by cricket - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31944995 |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Cricket ifitinkomoko mumajyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubwongereza. Ikunzwe cyane mu Bwongereza na Pays de Galles, no mu bice by'Ubuholandi, no mu bindi bice by'isi, cyane cyane mumajyepfo [[Afurika|y'Afurika]], [[Ositaraliya]], [[Nuveli Zelande|Nouvelle-Zélande]] no ku mugabane w'Ubuhinde . Ikinwa kugira ngo igerageze urwego rwa Cricket muri Afurika y'Epfo na Zimbabwe, kandi umusaruro ugaragara muri Kenya na Namibiya. === Hoki yo mu kibuga === Umukino wa Hockey wo mu kibuga ukunzwe muturere twahoze arutw’Ubwongereza mur'Afurika, ukaba waragaragaye cyane muri Misiri, Nijeriya, Gana, Kenya, Namibiya, Botswana, Zimbabwe cyane cyane muri Afurika y’Epfo. === Hockey yo mu rubura === Hockey yomurubura n'umukino w’abantu bake mur'Afurika, ahwibihugu bike by'Afurika byitabira. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: the new North African home of ice hockey? |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/tunisia-north-african-home-ice-hockey-045839383--nhl.html |access-date=2016-10-24 |website=[[Yahoo Sports]] |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013232738/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/tunisia-north-african-home-ice-hockey-045839383--nhl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-13 |title=Cool Runnings: Tunisia's first ever ice hockey team hopes to make history |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/cool-runnings-tunisia-s-first-ever-ice-hockey-team-hopes-make-history-sport-olympics-Belgium-563804034 |access-date=2016-10-24 |work=[[Middle East Eye]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Ice hockey gaining ground in Tunisia |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/08/15/ice-hockey-gaining-ground-in-tunisia/ |access-date=2016-10-24 |website=Africanews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-23 |title=Montrealer keen to represent Tunisia in first-ever African Ice Hockey Cup - Montreal - CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montrealer-keen-to-represent-tunisia-in-first-ever-african-ice-hockey-cup-1.3691177 |access-date=2016-10-24 |website=Cbc.ca}}</ref> === Ishyirahamwe ry'abakina rugby === [[Dosiye:13th_African_Games_14.jpg|left|thumb|Uganda vs Madagasikari]] Ishyirahamwe ry’abakina rugby rikunzwe cyane mur'Afurika y'Epfo (inshuro 4 z'abatwaye igikombe cy'isi mu 1995, 2007, 2019 na 2023 ) kandi ibindi bihugu bifite umusaruro ugaragara nka Maroc, Namibiya, Zimbabwe na Ivory Coast . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=South Africa's Struggle To Fix Racism In Sports |url=http://www.vocativ.com/314566/south-africa-struggles-to-fix-racism-in-sports/ |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091132/http://www.vocativ.com/314566/south-africa-struggles-to-fix-racism-in-sports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ryland |date=21 January 2013 |title=South African sport still divided by race |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/southafrica-sport-divided-race |access-date=24 August 2016 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=David Ross Black |year=1998 |title=Rugby and the South African Nation: Sport, Cultures, Politics, and Power in ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHi7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122 |last2=David R. Black |last3=John Nauright |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719049323 |page=122 |access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> Irushanwa rikomeye ku mugabane ni Igikombe cya Afurika kirimo amakipe yokurwego rwambere rwa rugby mur'Afurika, naho Igikombe cy’iterambere rya Afurika kirimo amakipe yokurwego rwa kabiri. Ikipe ya rugby yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ni yo yonyine yitabira irushanwa mpuzamahanga, The Rugby Championship . Inyandiko ya Albert Grundlingh ivuga kungaruka siporo yagizekubwenegihugu, cyanecyane uburyo rugby yahinduye imiterere y’aba-Afrikaner kurugero runaka. Kaminuza ya Stellenbosch yasobanuwe nk'"ikipe ikomeye" ya rugby yo muri Afurika y'Epfo yari irwanya kaminuza zivuga Icyongereza zigaragaza "umuzi wa Afrikandom". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Summon 2.0 |url=https://aucegypt.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?bookMark=eNqNkE1PAjEYhGtEo6xcjD8AT57At9_bo2xQSUi8GK9N231LQNzFbTHRXy-EAx49TubJzGT6pNe0DRJyQ2HMOOj71TjkL9r8LFgwJ6RPDStFCVzq07_ifCfYjjdKK3FBBiktPQjYe4JdkutZM6yXMWKHTR7m5QemK3IW3TrhgPRyt8WCvD1OX6vn0fzlaVY9zEeOCQAYlUrWSgIqI4ORQtU1Fy6KqD16XYOQUaAzFEoZfZQOqObclCXWxocotOEFuT0Eu23Axfcm2-CyW7cL6zkFqaWirCB3B2bTtZ9bTNmib9v3sBvbubWdTirFGaXaHMlVym1n91SyFOz-Kruyx6vYf3p_AXKhZGo}}</ref> === Indi mikino === [[Umupira w’intoke|Umupira w'intoki]] na [[Wasan kwallon raga|volleyball]] birakunzwe cyane cyane mur'Afurika y'Amajyaruguru. Indimikino yo mumakipe nka polo yomumazi, hockey yo mubwoko bwa roller na netball nayikunzwe mubihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burasirazuba n'Amajyepfo byo muri Afurika. == Siporo ku giti cy'umuntu ku giti cye == Siporo kugiti cy’umuntu kugiti cye nayoningenzi cyane. Afurika ifitirushanwa rikomeye ry’imikino myinshi ryitwa All-Africa Games ryatangiye mu 1965 ryabereye i [[Brazzaville]], [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]] . === Siporo === [[Dosiye:Samuel_Tefera_of_Ethiopia_at_the_2018_African_Athletics_Championships.jpg|left|thumb|Shampiyona y'imikino ngororamubiri ya Afurika ya 2018 i Asaba, muri Nijeriya]] Siporo ni rimwe mumarushanwa akomeye mur'Afurika. Irirushanwa ryabaye igice cy’imikino ya Afurika kuvamu 1965. Shampiyona ya Siporo mur'Afurika yabanje kuba kabiri mumwaka kuva mu 1979. Shampiyona ya Afurika yo gusiganwa ku maguru yabanje kuba mu 1985 nyuma yaho kuva mu 2011. Shampiyona ya Afurika yo kwiruka mu misozi yabanje kuba kuva mu 2009. Byongeye kandi, amarushanwa menshi ya IAAF World Cross Country Championships yabereye muri Afurika. Irushanwampuzamahanga rya Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat ryabereyemuri Maroc kuvamu 2008 nk'igice cya IAAF World Challenge na IAAF Diamond League . Mbereyaho, Meeting Grand Prix IAAF de Dakar yarigice cya IAAF Grand Prix na IAAF World Challenge. Marathon ya Cape Town yabayirushanwa rya IAAF Silver Label mu 2014 n'irushanwa rya IAAF Gold Label mu 2017. Kenya na Etiyopiya byagaragaye cyane mumikino ngororamubiri mumikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi kuva mumyaka ya 1960, cyane cyane mu kwiruka intera yo hagati n'iy'intambwe ndende. === Kugendera ku igare === [[Dosiye:Coupe_des_nations_de_cyclisme_à_Douala_06.jpg|thumb|Amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku magare i Douala, [[Kameruni|muri Kameruni]]]] Irushanwa ry’amagare ryomumuhanda rya UCI Africa Tour ryatangiye kuba kuva mu 2005. Ikipe ya Dimension Data, yahoze ari MTN–Qhubeka, niyokipe yambere y’Abanyafurika yinjiye muri Grand Tours mu 2015. Abagize ikipe bazwi barimo Jacques Janse van Rensburg na Youcef Reguigui . Kenya n'u Rwanda biri kwiyongera mu gusiganwa ku magare ku isi. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben East |title=Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team by Tim Lewis – review &#124; Books |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/11/second-chances-rwanda-cycling-lewis-review |access-date=2016-07-19 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Kenya's cycling hero puts next generation on the right track - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/28/world/africa/how-to-cycle-like-a-tour/ |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-13 |title=Cycling in Eritrea: Saddled with problems |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/gametheory/2014/09/cycling-eritrea |access-date=2016-07-19 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-21 |title=Lycra in Africa: A cycling dream come true &#124; SBS News |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/lycra-africa-cycling-dream-come-true |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=Sbs.com.au |archive-date=2018-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403175023/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/lycra-africa-cycling-dream-come-true |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchier |first=Tom |date=2016-07-12 |title=Has African cycling arrived? - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/12/sport/cylcing-africa-dimension-data-qhubeka/ |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dabbs |first=Brian |date=20 June 2012 |title=A Dream on Two Wheels: In Country of Runners, Kenyan Cycling Team Faces Uphill Climb |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/sports/cycling/in-country-of-runners-kenyan-cycling-team-faces-uphill-climb.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabra |first=Esha |title=Cycling Becomes More Inclusive: Tour de France's First Africa Team Stands Tall at the Podium |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/eshachhabra/2015/07/10/cycling-becomes-more-inclusive-tour-de-frances-first-africa-team-stands-tall-at-the-podium/#12b28f152ebc |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=Forbes.com}}</ref> === Golf === Golf numukino ukunzekugaragara mur'Afurika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smart |first=Tony |date=2013-07-23 |title=10 best golf courses in Africa - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-golf-courses-africa/index.html |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> The Sunshine Tour ifite icyicaro mur'Afurika y'Epfo ariko inasura ibindi bihugu by'abaturanyi. Amarushanwa menshi yemejwe n'irushanwa ry'i Burayi, nka South African Open, South African PGA Championship, Alfred Dunhill Championship, Nedbank Golf Challenge, Africa Open, Joburg Open, Tshwane Open , Abakinnyi ba golf bazwi cyane mur'Afurika barimo Bobby Locke, wegukanyigikombe cya British Open inshurenye mu 1949, 1950, 1952 na 1957; Gary Player, wegukanye igikombe cya British Open mu 1959, 1968 na 1974, The Masters mu 1961, 1974 na 1978, PGA Championship mu 1962 na 1972 na US Open mu 1965; Ernie Els, wegukanye igikombe cya US Open mu 1994, 1997 na British Open mu 2002 ; Nick Price, wegukanye igikombe cya PGA Championship mu 1992 na 1994 na British Open mu 1994; Retief Goosen ; Trevor Immelman ; Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel . === Siporo y'imodoka === [[Dosiye:WRC_Safari_Rally_2021_(cropped_3).jpg|thumb|Irushanwa rya Safari muri Kenya]] Siporo y'imodoka ikunzwecyane mur'Afurika y'Epfo. Ikigihugu cyakiriye amasiganwa mpuzamahanga menshi, nka Grand Prix yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( Formula One ), Grand Prix yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( Grand Prix) yo gusiganwa ku magare ya moto, n'ibindi. Grand Prix yo muri Maroc ni yo Grand Prix ya mbere mur'Afurika yakiriye Formula 1 mu 1958 . Safari Rally yarimwemu marushanwa y’isi ya Rally kuvamu 1973 kugezamu 2002, mbereyo kugaruka mu 2021. Mbere Rallye Côte d'Ivoire nayo yaberaga nk'irushanwa rya WRC kuva mu irushanwa ry’isi rya Rally ku bashoferi n'abakora kuva mu 1977 kugeza mu 1992. Isiganwa rya Dakar Rally ryabereye mur'Afurika y'Amajyaruguru kuva mu 1979 kugeza mu 2007, harimo inzira ya Ruguru-Amajyepfo mu 1992 n'inzira ya Iburengerazuba-Iburasirazuba mu 2000 . Jody Scheckter niwemushoferi wenyine w’imodoka ukomoka mur'Afurika wegukanye Formula 1 mu 1979, mu gihe Tony Maggs na John Love batsinze ibitegobyinshi. Giniel de Villiers yegukanye Dakar Rally mu 2009. Muri Motos, Afurika y'Epfo yari ifite/ifite abakinnyi bazwi nka Kork Ballington, Jon Ekerold, ubu akaba na Brad Binder, mu gihe abashoferi bo muri Rhodes barimo Ray Amm na Jim Redman . === Tenisi === [[Tenisi]] numukino w’abantu bake mur'Afurika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreiner |first=Tanja |date=2014-02-14 |title=Dreaming of an African tennis champion |url=http://voicesofafrica.co.za/dreaming-african-tennis-champion/ |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=Voices of Africa |archive-date=2017-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421055520/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/dreaming-african-tennis-champion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gary Morley |date=2011-07-22 |title=What does the future hold for African tennis? - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/07/22/tennis.africa.anderson.huber/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715135537/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/07/22/tennis.africa.anderson.huber/ |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=25 June 2011 |title=African Tennis Players No Longer Among World's Best |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/sports/tennis/african-tennis-players-no-longer-among-worlds-best.html |access-date=2016-07-17 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-01 |title=Tennis programme serves hope in Kenya slum |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/07/tennis-programme-serves-hope-kenya-slum-20147120623549544.html |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of Lagos' ill-fated 1976 Professional Tennis Tournament – Africa is a Country |url=http://africasacountry.com/2015/07/the-story-of-lagos-ill-fated-1976-professional-tennis-tournament/ |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=Africasacountry.com |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030837/https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/07/the-story-of-lagos-ill-fated-1976-professional-tennis-tournament |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abakinnyi bazwibarimo Kevin Anderson, Irene Bowder Peacock, Jaroslav Drobný, Cliff Drysdale, Kevin Curren, Wayne Ferreira, Johan Kriek, Brian Norton, Sandra Reynolds, Eric Sturgess, Ian Vermaak, Amanda Coetzer na Kevin Anderson . Irushanwa rya South African Open ryari mwirushanwa rya Grand Prix kuvamu 1972 kugeza mu 1989 ndetse n'irushanwa rya ATP Tour kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 2011. === Siporo yo mu mazi === [[Dosiye:Rafts_on_Sandvlei_during_the_Kon-Tiki_Scout_Adventure_at_Lakeside_in_Cape_Town.jpg|thumb|Kon-Tiki (Umuskuti) i Cape Town, [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]]]] Siporo zomumazi zikunzwe cyane mubihugu byokunkombe z'inyanja, kunkengero z'ibiyaga bigari n'imigezi. Gutembera mubwato, <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=What is rafting? |url=https://sportsafari.africa/activity/rafting/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |publisher=Nile Sport Safari}}</ref> gukaraba, gukaraba mumazi ni ubwoko burikwiyongera muri Kenya, Afurika y'Epfo, Zambiya, u Rwanda na Uganda. Ishobora kwishimirwa haba nk'umukino ndetse n'uburyo bw'ubukerarugendo bukora, bwagenewe amatsinda y'abitabiriye imikino itandukanye n'urwego rw'imyitozo. == Siporo yo kurwana == Hariho kandamarushanwa akomeye y’imikino yo kurwana n’imikino yo kurwana kumugabane. === Iteramakofe === [[Dosiye:DEGAN_Gabin_(_female_boxing).jpg|thumb|Iteramakofe ry'abagore]] Louis Phal niwewabaye umukinnyi wambere w’umunyafurika watwaye igikombe cy’isi cy’iteramakofe. Hari indi myaka 40 yagombaga gutsindira undimukinnyi watwaye igikombe cy’isi cy’iteramakofe mu ishusho ya Richard Ihetu . Hagati aho, nta buryo bwo kuyobora imikino y’iteramakofe bwabigize umwuga bwari buhari muri Afurika kugeza mu 1973, ubwo abahagarariye ibihugu icyenda bya Afurika bashingaga Ishyirahamwe ry’iteramakofe mur'Afurika . Kuya 30 Ukwakira 1974, Muhammad Ali na George Foreman barwaniye igikombe cy’abaremereye muri Zaire cyaje kwitwa Rumble in the Jungle . Afurika imazegutsindira igikombe cy’isi cya shampiyona nyinshi, Azumah Nelson akaba ariwe uzwi cyane. <ref>{{Cite book |last=John Nauright |date=January 1997 |title=Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhktPqiJ-PAC&pg=PA115 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9780718500726 |page=115 |access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Oates |date=2008-10-07 |title=History of South African Sport: II. Boxing |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/66049-history-of-south-african-sport-ii-boxing |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=Africa has 4 'world' champions - SuperSport - Boxing |url=http://www.supersport.com/boxing/south-africa/news/140113/Africa_has_4_world_champions |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=SuperSport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin Cuddihy |date=2016-06-09 |title=Africa remembers boxing legend Muhammad Ali |url=http://thenewdaily.com.au/sport/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-africa-remembers-boxing-legend/ |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=The New Daily}}</ref> [ <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bona Udeze |date=1967-02-06 |title=Why Africa?: A Continent in a Dilemma of Unanswered Questions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVJYj3RGXjwC&pg=PA574 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781436396844 |page=574 |access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edward Echwalu |date=16 May 2016 |title=Ugandan women turn to boxing to escape the slum &#124; News &#124; Africa &#124; M&G |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-16-ugandan-women-turn-to-boxing-to-escape-the-slum/ |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=Mg.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scarlett Cornelissen |date=13 September 2013 |title=Sport Past and Present in South Africa: (Trans)forming the Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRjcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |last2=Albert Grundlingh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317988595 |page=47 |access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nauright |first=John |date=1931-03-23 |title=Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA109 |last2=Parrish |first2=Charles |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781598843002 |page=109 |access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> === Judo === Afurika ntabwirabona umuntu utsinda muri Judo kwisi. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-01 |title=Judo gains popularity as Kenya targets Africa conquest |url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=275295 |access-date=2016-07-19 |work=[[Shanghai Daily]]}}</ref> Shampiyona ya Judo mur'Afurika niyo marushanwa akomeye ya Judo muri Afurika. === Karate === Karate yatangijwe bwambere mur'Afurika mumyaka ya 1960. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Sports Authority, Ghana |url=http://www.sportsauthority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110638/http://www.sportsauthority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-05 |publisher=Sportsauthority.com.gh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resnekov |first=Liam |date=2014-07-16 |title=Love and Rebellion: How Two Karatekas Fought Apartheid &#124; FIGHTLAND |url=http://fightland.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725233629/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=2015-03-05 |publisher=Fightland.vice.com}}</ref> Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyafurika ry’Ishyirahamwe rya Karate niryo rishinzwe karate muri Afurika. === Ubumenyi bw'imirwano buvanze === Abahanzi bakomeye bomur'Afurika barimo Israel Adesanya, umukinnyi wa UFC muburebure bwo hagati, Kamaru Usman, umukinnyi wa UFC muburebure bwohagati, na Francis Ngannou, umukinnyi wa UFC mu burebure bwo hejuru. Irushanwa rya Extreme Fighting Championship (ryahoze ryitwa EFC Africa) nikigo cy'Afurika y'Epfo cyashinzwe mu 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2017 |title=EFC: The future of MMA resides in Africa |url=https://cagepages.com/2017/07/18/efc-future-mma-resides-africa/ |access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EFC: Extreme Fighting Championship |url=http://www.efcworldwide.com |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> Niryo shyirahamwe ryambere ry’imikino yo kurwana ivanze ku mugabane w'Afurika. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-22 |title=MMA warrior, Demarte Pena, still EFC Africa's featherweight champ |url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-04-22-mma-warrior-demarte-pena-still-efc-africas-featherweight-champ/#.V5YmM9KkoT8 |access-date=2016-07-25 |publisher=Daily Maverick}}</ref> EFC Africa 19, yabereye muri Carnival City i Johannesburg kuya 19 Mata 2013, yayoboyizindi mikino mur'Afurika aho yarebwe abantubarenga miliyoni 1.8, aho 31.3% by'abareba televiziyo muri Afurika y'Epfo ( SABC, e.tv na DStv byose hamwe) byashyizwe hamwe. Aya niyo manota menshi mu mateka ya EFC, arenga agahigo ka EFC Africa 12 kokurebwa abantu miliyoni 1.6 na 25.9% by'abareba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EFC Africa: Latest MMA Ratings Smash Other African Sports |url=http://www.efcafrica.com/news/2013/April/efc_africa_news_article_latest_mma_ratings.php |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630090800/http://www.efcafrica.com/news/2013/April/efc_africa_news_article_latest_mma_ratings.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> EFC 85 yasubitswe kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 . === Taekwondo === Taekwondo irimo gukuruko abantubenshi bitabira imikino Olempike. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=Taekwondo grows dreams in Africa :: Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sports/view?articleId=105461 |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=Korea.net |archive-date=2016-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140619/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sports/view?articleId=105461 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emilie Iob |date=5 July 2016 |title=Ivorian Taekwondo Champions Head to Rio Olympics |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ivory-coast-taekwondo-champions-rio-olympics/3405403.html |access-date=2016-07-17 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang Jingya |title=Faces of Africa 09/20/2015 Legacy of a Taekwondo Master Part 2 |url=http://english.cntv.cn/2015/09/20/VIDE1442744401497543.shtml |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=English.cntv.cn |archive-date=2018-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814132116/http://english.cntv.cn/2015/09/20/VIDE1442744401497543.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afurika irimo kuzamuka nk'ikipe ikomeye muri Taekwondo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa emerges as new taekwondo force but Korea reclaim top spot |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/africa-emerges-as-new-taekwondo-force-but-korea-reclaim-top-spot |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922190500/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/africa-emerges-as-new-taekwondo-force-but-korea-reclaim-top-spot |archive-date=22 September 2016 |access-date=24 August 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=Rio Olympics: Africa shines in taekwondo as Ivorian Cisse wins gold |url=http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/08/rio-olympics-africa-shines-in-taekwondo-as-ivorian-cisse-wins-gold/ |access-date=24 August 2016 |website=The NEWS}}</ref> Taekwondo iyoborwa n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyafurika rya Taekwondo . == Ibirori == [[Dosiye:All-Africa_Games_host_cities.png|thumb|Imijyi yabanje kwakira imikino ya Afurika]] Afurika y'Epfo yakiriye igikombe cy'isi cya Rugby cyo mu 1995, igikombe cy'isi cya Cricket cyo mu 2003 n'igikombe cy'isi cya FIFA cyo mu 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles P. Korr |date=2013-12-05 |title=Nelson Mandela saw sport as way to connect S. Africans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2013/12/05/nelson-mandela-death-soccer-rugby-sports-impact-appreciation/2432659/ |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=Usatoday.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-06 |title=For Nelson Mandela, sports were major weapon against racism |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/05/world/africa/nelson-mandela-sports/ |access-date=2015-03-31 |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref> Afurika yakiriyimikino ya Pan Arab esheshatu n'imikino ya Mediterane esheshatu. Durban, Afurika y'Epfo yatangajwe nk'iyakiriye imikino ya Commonwealth yo mu 2022 mu 2015, arikoyangiwe kwakirimikino muri 2017. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-26 |title=Africa will host Commonwealth Games 'one of these days', says Miriam Moyo |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/62296284 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Amarushanwa akomeye kumugabane w'Afurika nimikino y'Afurika, Igikombe cy'Ibihugu bya Afurika, CAF Champions League, Shampiyona ya Afurika mu mikino ngororamubiri, Shampiyona ya Afurika mu marushanwa ya Rally na Sunshine Tour . === Ibirori bya Afurika yose === * Imikino ya Afurika * Imikino yo ku mucanga muri Afurika * Imikino y'Urubyiruko rwa Afurika * Imikino ya Para y'Abanyafurika * Imikino ya Kaminuza zo muri Afurika yose * Imikino ya gisirikare ya Afurika * Shampiyona y'Afurika * [[Urutonde rw'abatsindiye imidari muri Afurika mu mikino Olempike]] === Ibirori byo mu karere === * Imikino yo mu nyanja ya Mediterane * Imikino yo ku mucanga wa Mediterane * Imikino y'Abarabu na Shampiyona * Shampiyona ya Afurika y'Amajyaruguru - Shampiyona ya Maghreb * Shampiyona y'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba * Shampiyona ya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba * Shampiyona ya Afurika yo Hagati * Shampiyona y'Afurika y'Amajyepfo * Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba * Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba * Imikino yo muri Afurika yo Hagati * Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Epfo * Imikino yo ku kirwa cy'inyanja y'Ubuhinde ==== Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ==== Icyiciro cya mbere cy'imikino y'Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EACoG) (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |title=East African Community |url=https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1153:burundi-ready-to-host-rhe-1st-edition-of-the-eac-games&catid=139:culture-sports-news |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref> # Imikino y'Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EACoG) # Imikino y'Amashuri yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (Imikino ya FEASSSA) # Igikombe cya CECAFA # Imikino n'umuco bya gisirikare bya EAC # Imikino hagati y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya EAC # Imikino y'Amashuri Yisumbye yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Imikino ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba hagati ya Kaminuza n'izindi # Imikino y'abagore muri Kaminuza zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Shampiyona ya Netball yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Igikombe cya Rugby cya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EARC) # Igikombe cya Rugby Super Cup cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Igikombe cya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Shampiyona y'umukino wa Handball muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Igikombe cya Cricket cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Shampiyona ya Volleyball yo ku mucanga muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Siporo yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba # Siporo y'Abafite Ubumuga muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ==== Afurika y'Amajyepfo ==== # Imikino yo muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo (Imikino ya CUCSA) <ref>{{Cite web |last=mathieu |date=2020-09-24 |title=CUCSA looks ahead to brighter future |url=https://www.fisu.net/2020/09/25/cucsa-looks-ahead-to-brighter-future/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=FISU |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Home |url=https://cucsa.net/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Cucsa |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903230515/https://cucsa.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Olempike y'imbeho === Abantu benshi bo mu bihugu by'Afurika bahagarariye ibihugu by'Afurika mu mikino Olempike y'itumba . <ref>{{Cite news |last=Macjob |first=Gbolahan Peter |date=24 February 2018 |title=Africans at the Winter Olympics: Inspirational - or glory-hunters? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43149991 |access-date=8 March 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> == Reba kandi ==   * Imikino ya gisirikare ya Afurika * Ishyirahamwe ry'imikino y'abafite ubumuga muri Afurika * Imikino y'Urubyiruko rwa Afurika * Ishyirahamwe ry'Amashyirahamwe y'Imikino ya Afurika * Ishyirahamwe rya Komite Olempike z'Igihugu za Afurika * Ishyirahamwe ry'Amashyirahamwe ya Siporo ya Kaminuza n'Amashuri Makuru * [[Urutonde rw'abatsindiye imidari muri Afurika mu mikino Olempike]] * Siporo muri Aziya * Siporo mu Burayi * Siporo muri Oseyaniya * Siporo muri Amerika y'Epfo * Siporo muri Amerika ya Ruguru == Isesengura ry'ibitabo == * Bogopa, D. (2001). ”Iterambere rya Siporo: Inzitizi n'ibisubizo muri Afurika y'Epfo”. Mu gitabo cy'impuguke mu by'imibereho y'abantu muri Afurika, vol. 8, No. 1. * Chiweshe, MK (2014). “Ikibazo cy’umupira w’amaguru muri Afurika: Ruswa, n’iterambere (ridahagije) ry’umukino ku mugabane”. Mu gitabo cy’amategeko n’ubucuruzi bya siporo muri Afurika/2014. * Keim, M. na de Coning, C. (umwanditsi) (2014). Politiki ya Siporo n'Iterambere muri Afurika: Ibisubizo by'Ubushakashatsi ku Bibazo byatoranijwe mu Gihugu. Cape Town: Ikigo cy'Ubuhanga mu bya Siporo n'Iterambere (ICESSD), Kaminuza ya Western Cape. * Mwisukha, A. na Mabagala, S. (2011). “Ibibazo by’imiyoborere muri siporo muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba”. Inyandiko itarasohoka yatanzwe mu nama mpuzamahanga y’Ishyirahamwe ry’Imicungire ya Siporo muri Afurika yabaye ku ya 2-4 Ukuboza 2011, i Kampala, muri Uganda. Iboneka kuri https://web.archive.org/web/20191017170520/http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/13541 . * Pannenborg, A. (2010): “Umupira w’amaguru muri Afurika: Ibyagaragaye ku ngaruka za politiki, imari, umuco n’amadini”, NCDO Publication Series Sports & Development. * Steiner, A (2008) “Ingorane zo guteza imbere siporo muri Ghana”, 27 Ukwakira 2008. Iboneka kuri https://www.modernghana.com/news/188252/challenges-of-sports-development-in-ghana.html . == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}}. [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pjoosje8s48dk9en88ryeoxvbf3cx7w 0 22952 142205 138958 2026-10-14T15:05:02Z ~2026-55217-68 19142 142205 wikitext text/x-wiki Diez Dola ni umwe mu bahanzi b<nowiki>'ikiragano gishya mu muziki w'u Rwanda, gusa uzwiho gukora imiziki yihariye mu buryo bwe budasanzwe. Amazina ye nyakuri ni Kayumba Caleb yatangiye kumenyekana cyane mu ndirimbo ye yise ''Sad Generation(Dunhill)''</nowiki>, yagiye hanze 2023.<ref>https://ukwelitimes.com/yatwawe-numuziki-areka-ishuri-byinshi-kuri-diez-dola-wahariye-ubuzima-bwe-umuziki</ref> == Amateka ye == Diez Dola yatangiye gukunda umuziki akiri muto kuburyo byatumye ava mu ishuri ageze mu mwaka wa 4 w'amashuri yisumbuye, ahitamo kujya kuwiga mu gihe cyukwezi kumwe. Diez Dola yavutse 2004, avukira mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo, [[Akarere ka Huye]].<ref>https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=7c3c44d1206346ec&sxsrf=APpeQnvxSJdDjbYDgrpbv-sQFB9W04LdMw%3A1782141368060&q=Diez+Dola+age&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi71rr5kZuVAxVq9QIHHfCOBRcQ1QJ6BAg0EAE&biw=1280&bih=585&dpr=1.5</ref> == Indirimbo ze == Toxic love, what If, Step father, Zangalewa, Ratata.<ref>https://ukwelitimes.com/yatwawe-numuziki-areka-ishuri-byinshi-kuri-diez-dola-wahariye-ubuzima-bwe-umuziki</ref> == Amashakiro; == 435564axiywdpcbr601vkjiao6ar47z 0 23189 142206 141678 2026-10-15T00:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno | image = Mahamat Déby.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mahamat Idriss Déby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|4|df=y}} | birth_place = N'Djamena, [[Cade]] | nationality = Umunyacade | alma_mater = Lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence (Ubufaransa)<br />Ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gémia (Cade) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Maréchal wa Cade (kuva 2024) | title = Perezida wa Cade | term = Kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024) | predecessor = Idriss Déby Itno | party = Mouvement patriotique du salut (MPS) }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (mu Cyarabu: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wavutse ku wa 4 Mata 1984 i N'Djamena, muri [[Cade]]), uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Kaka''', ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyacade, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Cade kuva ku wa 21 Mata 2021. Nyuma y'urupfu rutunguranye rwa se, Perezida Idriss Déby, wiciwe ku rugamba muri Mata 2021, yayoboye Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba umukuru w'igihugu mu buryo bwateje impaka, kuko Itegeko Nshinga ritubahirijwe. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024, kandi mu Ukuboza 2024 ahabwa ipeti rya Maréchal wa Cade. Ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu, burangwa n'ihashywa rikaze ry'imyigaragambyo, harimo iryo ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, no kubuza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kwisanzura<ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Chad’s election outcome already seems set: 4 things Mahamat Déby has done to stay in power |url=https://theconversation.com/chads-election-outcome-already-seems-set-4-things-mahamat-deby-has-done-to-stay-in-power-228242 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Chad: dictatorship continues by other means |url=https://lens.civicus.org/chad-dictatorship-continues-by-other-rmeans/ |website=CIVICUS Lens |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mahamat Idriss Déby ni umuhungu wa Idriss Déby, icyo gihe wari umugaba mukuru w'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, n'umubyeyi w'Umugorane<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Passé en France, appelé "grand-mère"... Le CV de Mahamat Idriss Déby, nouvel homme fort du Tchad |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/passe-en-france-appele-grand-mere-le-cv-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-nouvel-homme-fort-du-tchad_2149263.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=David Lewis |title=Chad's new President Deby: Son inherits crisis as well as leadership &#124; Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-new-president-deby-son-inherits-crisis-well-leadership-2021-04-23/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-23}}</ref>. Yarezwe na nyirakuru, nyina wa Idriss Déby, ari na yo mpamvu bamwita "Mahamat Kaka" (''kaka'' bisobanura "nyirakuru" mu Cyarabu cya Cade)<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Armée tchadienne : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, un monsieur très discret |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/138336/politique/arm-e-tchadienne-mahamat-idriss-d-by-itno-un-monsieur-tr-s-discret/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Cade no mu [[Ubufaransa]], aho yamaze umwaka n'igice muri lycée militaire d'Aix-en-Provence. Agarutse, yize mu ishuri ry'abofisiye ry'ingabo za Cade (Gémia), arisohokamo ari sous-lieutenant<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Louis Tremblais |title=Tchad, l'homme clé du Sahel |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/rencontre-avec-le-president-tchadien-mahamat-idriss-deby-l-homme-cle-du-sahel-20211001 |website=Le Figaro Magazine |date=2021-10-01}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Se yamushyize mu Buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano w'inzego za Leta (DGSSIE), ingabo zirinda ubutegetsi, ari umuyobozi wungirije w'itsinda ry'abasirikare barwanira ku butaka<ref name="F3" />. Yarwanye bwa mbere muri Mata 2006, ubwo inyeshyamba zateraga [[umurwa]] mukuru, azamurwa ku ipeti rya komanda<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno |title=De Bédouin à Président |url=https://www.va-editions.fr |website=Va-editions.fr |date=2024 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><ref name="F4" />. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yagizwe Jenerali wa burigade, ayobora hamwe n'abandi ingabo za Cade mu ntambara ya Am-Dam, aho inyeshyamba za Timan Erdimi zatsinzwe mu burasirazuba bwa Cade<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |website=P.M. News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Mu 2013, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ingabo za Cade zoherejwe muri [[Mali]] (FATIM), arwana mu misozi ya Adrar des Ifoghas; nyuma afata ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw'izo ngabo<ref name="F4" /><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali |url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |website=bamada.net |date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali |archive-date=2013-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2014, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa DGSSIE<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby prend la tête de la DGSSIE |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-Le-General-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby-prend-la-tete-de-la-DGSSIE_a12694.html |website=alwihdainfo.com |date=2014-09-22 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Daniel Eizenga |title=Chad's Ongoing Instability, the Legacy of Idriss Déby |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chads-ongoing-instability-the-legacy-of-idriss-deby/ |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |date=2021-05-03}}</ref>. Yagizwe Jenerali w'ingabo (''général de corps d'armée'') mu Ukwakira 2018, Jenerali w'ingabo usumba abandi (''général d'armée'') ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2021<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Idriss Déby, un général qui banalise le grade de général dans l’armée |url=https://www.tchadpages.com/tchad-idriss-deby-un-general-qui-banalise-le-grade-de-general-dans-larmee/ |website=tchadpages.com |date=2018-10-09 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, le général Mahamat Idriss Deby Itno s'octroie une étoile supplémentaire |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211203-au-tchad-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-s-octroie-une-%C3%A9toile-suppl%C3%A9mentaire |website=rfi.fr |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>, maze ku wa 9 Ukuboza 2024 Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho imuha icyubahiro cya Maréchal<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref><ref name="E63">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno élevé à son tour au grade de maréchal |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1639114/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-eleve-a-son-tour-au-grade-de-marechal/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09}}</ref>. == Umukuru w'igihugu == === Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 21 Mata 2021, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Idriss Déby wiciwe mu ntambara n'inyeshyamba za FACT mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Akanama ka gisirikare k'inzibacyuho, aba Perezida wa Repubulika<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Deby, maître du Tchad et allié stratégique de l’Occident dans la lutte contre les jihadistes |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1259354/deby-maitre-du-tchad-et-allie-strategique-de-loccident-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-jihadistes.html |website=lorientlejour.com |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga, ryavugaga ko Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari we usimbura Perezida mu gihe cy'iminsi 45 kugeza kuri 90 kugeza habaye amatora, ryarahagaritswe; bamwe mu banyapolitiki babyise kudeta<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Constitution du 4 mai 2018, révisée le 14 décembre 2020 |url=https://www.letchadanthropus-tribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Constitution-du-Tchad-revise%CC%81e.pdf |website=letchadanthropus-tribune.com |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |website=BBC News |date=2021-04-21 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref>. Igisirikare cyasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, gifunga imipaka, gitangaza inzibacyuho y'amezi 18<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : tout juste réélu, le président Idriss Déby tué au combat |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/mort-du-president-tchadien-deby-tout-juste-reelu-20210420_NHY4XKDNL5DNPG5HJY346O3UYE/ |website=liberation.fr |date=2021-04-20 |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>. Ubufaransa bwashyigikiye iyo nzibacyuho, buvuga ko "ibihe bidasanzwe" byatewe n'inyeshyamba<ref name="E22">{{cite web |author=John Irish |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>; Perezida Emmanuel Macron yitabiriye umuhango wo gushyingura Idriss Déby, yiyemeza gushyigikira Mahamat Déby<ref name="E39">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pelz |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |website=DW.com |date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 25 Nzeri 2021, yashyizeho abagize Inama y'Igihugu y'Inzibacyuho 93<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby nomme le parlement de transition, le CNT |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210924-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-nomme-le-parlement-de-transition-le-cnt |website=RFI |date=2021-09-24 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 8 Kanama 2022, i Doha, guverinoma yasinyanye n'imitwe myinshi y'inyeshyamba amasezerano y'amahoro, ariko FACT n'indi mitwe itavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barayanze<ref name="E27">{{cite web |author=Andrew Mills |title=Chad signs peace pact with rebels, but main insurgents stay out |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebels-sign-peace-deal-2022-08-08/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2023 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/african-union-regional-bodies/b186-eight-priorities-african-union-2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Kanama 2022, yatangije ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose (DNIS), byitabiriwe n'intumwa 1 400, ariko bimwe mu bice bya sosiyete sivile birabyamagana byita "monologue"<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, la laborieuse mise en place du « dialogue national » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/08/29/au-tchad-la-laborieuse-mise-en-place-du-dialogue-national_6139365_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>. === Perezida w'inzibacyuho === Ku wa 3 Ukwakira 2022, ibiganiro by'igihugu byongereye igihe cy'inzibacyuho, binemerera abayobozi b'inzibacyuho kuziyamamaza mu matora, bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwasabaga<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno obtient une périlleuse carte blanche |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1381844/politique/tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-obtient-une-perilleuse-carte-blanche/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref>. Akanama ka gisirikare kamaze guseswa ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2022, yabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Malick Mahamat |title=Tchad : le Conseil militaire de transition est officiellement dissous |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-le-Conseil-militaire-de-transition-est-officiellement-dissous_a117913.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2022, itariki yari yarateganyirijwe amatora, habaye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yaharaniraga demokarasi i N'Djamena n'i Moundou, yateguwe na Wakit Tamma n'ishyaka ''Les Transformateurs'' rya Succès Masra. Inzego z'umutekano zayihashye bikomeye: abantu bari hagati ya 50 na 200 barapfuye, abarenga 600 barafungwa; uwo munsi wiswe "Ku wa Kane w'umukara"<ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |website=International Crisis Group |date=2022-12-13 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Katie Nodjimbadem |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2023, yahaye imbabazi 259 mu bari bakatiwe kubera iyo myigaragambyo, n'inyeshyamba 380 za FACT zari zarakatiwe gufungwa burundu<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Manifestation réprimée au Tchad en octobre : 259 condamnés graciés par le président |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/03/28/manifestation-reprimee-au-tchad-en-octobre-259-condamnes-gracies-par-le-president_6167262_3212.html |website=LeMonde Afrique |access-date=2023-03-27}}</ref><ref name="E32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Tahingam |title=Tchad : au moins 400 rebelles impliqués dans la mort d'Idriss Deby condamnés à vie |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |website=Journal du Tchad |date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504042231/https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-au-moins-400-rebelles-impliques-dans-la-mort-didriss-deby-condamnes-a-vie/ |archive-date=2023-05-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2024 === Ku wa 13 Mutarama 2024, ishyaka rye ''Mouvement patriotique du salut'' (MPS) ryamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2024<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno désigné candidat à la présidentielle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1525218/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-designe-candidat-a-la-presidentielle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref><ref name="E51">{{cite web |title=Opposition condemns designation of Chad's military ruler as presidential candidate |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001489044/opposition-condemns-designation-of-chads-military-ruler-as-presidential-candidate |website=Voice of America |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2024, umukandida ukomeye bari bahanganye, Yaya Dillo Djérou, yishwe n'inzego z'umutekano<ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chadian opposition leader dies in gun exchange, state prosecutor says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/chadian-opposition-leader-dies-in-gun-exchange-state-prosecutor-says |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-03-03}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatsinze ku majwi 61 %, imbere ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Succès Masra (18,53 %), wari wavuze ko ari we watsinze<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby donné vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle dès le premier tour |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240509-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-donn%C3%A9-vainqueur-de-l-%C3%A9lection-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-d%C3%A8s-le-premier-tour |website=RFI |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's interim leader Déby wins presidential vote, says election body |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240509-chad-interim-leader-d%C3%A9by-wins-presidential-vote-says-election-body |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida watowe ku wa 23 Gicurasi 2024, maze agira Allamaye Halina Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Investiture de Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno : la France envoie un ministre, la Russie aussi |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1570341/politique/investiture-de-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-la-france-envoie-un-ministre-la-russie-aussi/ |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jessica Donati |title=Chad swears in president after disputed election, ending years of military rule |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-chad-dispute-terrorism-inauguration-8ecde546c90ea4e74a6fc43b8dbfebb6 |website=Associated Press |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad's Deby sworn in as president as Allamaye Halina named new PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/24/chads-deby-sworn-in-as-president-as-allamaye-halina-named-new-pm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 29 Mutarama 2025, yatorewe kuyobora MPS<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: Mahamat Idriss Déby devient président national du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250130-tchad-mahamat-idriss-d%C3%A9by-devient-pr%C3%A9sident-national-du-parti-au-pouvoir |website=Radio France internationale}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Ku wa 5 Kamena 2025, yahagaritse gutanga viza ku Banyamerika, mu rwego rwo kwihimura ku cyemezo cya Perezida [[Donald Trump]] cyo kubuza Abanyacade kwinjira muri Amerika<ref name="E65">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad announces suspension of visas to US citizens in response to Trump travel ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/chad-visa-ban-trump-travel-d9e57a9a8a150be07cfee866d1a0a900 |website=AP News |date=2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Le Monde'' ibivuga, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu ni zo zimutera inkunga ikomeye, maze na we akemerera intwaro zigenewe umutwe wa ''Forces de soutien rapide'' (RSF) wo muri [[Sudani]] kunyura ku butaka bwa Cade. Muri Nyakanga 2026, Cade yatangaje ko ivuye mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (CPI), aho we n'abandi bayobozi bakuru bari bararezwe kuva mu Ukuboza 2025 kubera "ubufatanyacyaha mu byaha mpuzamahanga byakorewe muri Sudani"<ref name="F38">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Tchad annonce quitter la CPI à la demande des Etats-Unis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/07/27/le-tchad-annonce-quitter-la-cpi-a-la-demande-des-etats-unis_6734224_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-07-28}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Mutarama 2024, ubushinjacyaha bw'Ubufaransa bushinzwe ibyaha by'imari (PNF) bwatangije iperereza ku kunyereza umutungo wa Leta, nyuma y'aho ikinyamakuru ''Mediapart'' gitangaje ko hagati ya 2021 na 2023 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe y'amayero ku mudozi uzwi w'i Paris, mu gihugu aho 35 % by'abaturage bari mu bukene bukabije<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno visé par une enquête de la justice française |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1583908/politique/mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-vise-par-une-enquete-de-la-justice-francaise/ |access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref><ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Un million d’euros de costumes : les folles emplettes du président du Tchad à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/151223/un-million-d-euros-de-costumes-les-folles-emplettes-du-president-du-tchad-paris |website=Mediapart |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Iryo perereza rireba n'imitungo itimukanwa y'umuryango we mu Bufaransa, ifite agaciro nibura ka miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad: la justice française enquête sur le patrimoine immobilier de la famille Déby, révèle Mediapart - rfi.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240823-tchad-la-justice-fran%C3%A7aise-enqu%C3%AAte-sur-le-patrimoine-immobilier-de-la-famille-d%C3%A9by-r%C3%A9v%C3%A8le-mediapart |access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2026, ''Mediapart'' yatangaje ko we n'abamuherekeza bakoresheje hafi 860 000 by'amayero muri hoteli Royal Monceau i Paris, hafi ya yose yishyuwe mu mafaranga y'intoki<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Fabrice Arfi, Antton Rouget |title=Les folles dépenses du président du Tchad à Paris : la justice sur la piste du cash du Royal Monceau |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/100326/les-folles-depenses-du-president-du-tchad-paris-la-justice-sur-la-piste-du-cash-du-royal-monceau |website=Mediapart |date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 2025, murumuna we Adam Idriss Déby Itno yamwandikiye ibaruwa amusaba kwegura<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Tchad, Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno et son frère Adam se déchirent en public |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1651205/politique/au-tchad-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-et-son-frere-adam-secharpent-en-public/ |access-date=2025-01-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni Umuyisilamu ukomeye ku idini, akaba afite abana icyenda<ref name="F4" />. Afite [[Umugore|abagore]] batatu; uwa gatatu, umunyamakuru Dahabaya Oumar Souni, afatwa nka Madamu wa Perezida, akaba n'umujyanama mu itumanaho mu biro bya Perezida<ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E10">{{cite web |title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |website=CamerounWeb |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609122800/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2024, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku buzima bwe, ''De bédouin à président''<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tchad : "De Bédouin à Président", le livre autobiographique de Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |website=Alwihda |access-date=2024-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407002448/https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Tchad-De-Bedouin-a-President--le-livre-autobiographique-de-Mahamat-Idriss-Deby_a131267.html |archive-date=2024-04-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 15 Mutarama 2026, yahawe Igihembo nyafurika cy'amahoro<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mahamat Déby Itno reçoit le Prix Africain pour la Paix 2026 |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/le-president-mahamat-deby-recoit-le-prix-africain-pour-la-paix-2026/ |website=apanews.net |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref name="E67">{{cite web |language=en |title=Chad’s Déby wins 2026 African Peace Prize for role in Sudan refugee crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/16/chads-deby-wins-2026-african-peace-prize-for-role-in-sudan-refugee-crisis/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mahamat Déby}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Cade]] r6mwnl0f6ro189j02c0k7ozu6s4zmy1 0 23194 142224 141419 2026-10-15T09:02:13Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 142224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | image = 2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Teodoro Obiang mu 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|6|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Acoacán, Mongomo, [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] | nationality = Umunyagineya Ekwatoriyale | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza (Esipanye) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika (2011–2012) | title = Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale | term = Kuva ku wa 3 Kanama 1979 | predecessor = Francisco Macías Nguema | party = Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale (PDGE) | spouse = Constancia Mangue (n'abandi) }} '''Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Kamena 1942 i Acoacán, mu karere ka Mongomo, muri [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'uwahoze ari umusirikare wo muri Gineya Ekwatoriyale, uyoboye icyo gihugu kuva mu 1979, akaba ari Perezida wacyo wa kabiri kuva mu 1982. Amaze kwiga mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, yabaye mu myanya myinshi ku butegetsi bwa nyirarume Francisco Macías Nguema, harimo n'uw'umuyobozi wa gereza ya Playa Negra (''Black Beach''), izwiho guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu 1979, yahiritse Macías binyuze muri kudeta ya gisirikare. Mu 1987, yashinze ishyaka ''Parti démocratique de Guinée équatoriale'' (PDGE), ryabaye ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ryemewe kugeza mu 1992. Ku butegetsi bwe, Gineya Ekwatoriyale yabaye igihugu gikomeye mu gucukura peteroli kuva mu myaka ya 1990. Kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2012, yabaye Perezida w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika. Afatwa nk'umunyagitugu uyoboye ubutegetsi burangwa na ruswa ikabije, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha, ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ikimenyane<ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Clan Obiang: The Eastern European Network of an African Dictator |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/clan-obiang-the-eastern-european-network-of-an-african-dictator |website=OCCRP |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ana Lúcia Sá |title=The politics of autocratic survival in Equatorial Guinea: Co-optation, restrictive institutional rules, repression, and international projection |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa030 |website=African Affairs |date=2021}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Austin S. Matthews |title=Elite strategy in resilient authoritarianism: Equatorial Guinea, 1979–2023 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2024.2343105 |website=Democratization |date=2024 |access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Ni we mukuru w'igihugu utari umwami umaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi ku isi, nyuma ya [[Paul Biya]] wa Kameruni. == Ubuzima == === Umuryango === Teodoro Obiang yavukiye mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abesangui, ku wa 5 Kamena 1942, mu gace kari mu bukoloni bwa Esipanye, ku mupaka n'[[Gabon]] y'ubu<ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzQUDgAAQBAJ |website=Palgrave Macmillan UK |date=2006}}</ref>. Ni umwana wa gatatu mu bana icumi ba Santiago Nguema Eneme Obama na María Mbasogo Ngui, bombi b'Abanyagabon bari barimukiye muri Gineya ya Esipanye kugira ngo birinde umusoro w'umubiri no kungukira mu bukungu bwari bwifashe neza. Nyina amaze gupfa, we n'abavandimwe be barezwe na se n'umugore we mushya, Carmen Mikue Mbira<ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=GUINEA ECUATORIAL |title=La pareja presidencial asiste a la misa de réquiem de Doña Carmen Mikue - Página Oficial del Gobierno de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5825 |website=www.guineaecuatorialpress.com |access-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808092214/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=5825 |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 1968, yashakanye na Constancia Mangue Nsue; umuhungu wabo, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue ("Teodorín"), ni Visi-perezida w'igihugu. Afite abandi bagore, kandi abana be benshi bari mu myanya ikomeye muri guverinoma<ref name="E4" />. === Amashuri === Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu kigo cya Cardenal Cisneros cya Ebibeyin no mu kigo cya La Salle cya Bata. Kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1965, yize mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Zaragoza muri Esipanye, ahavana ipeti rya sous-lieutenant. == Urugendo mu gisirikare ku butegetsi bwa Macías == Mu 1969, nyirarume Perezida Francisco Macías Nguema yamugize lieutenant mu ngabo z'igihugu. Mu 1971, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya kapiteni kubera uruhare rwe mu kuvumbura umugambi wa kudeta, hanyuma aba komanda mu 1975. Mu 1979, yabaye Minisitiri wungirije w'Ingabo afite ipeti rya lieutenant-colonel. Mu myaka myinshi, yayoboye gereza ya Playa Negra n'urwego rwose rw'amagereza mu gihugu, aba na guverineri w'ikirwa cya Bioko n'umuyobozi w'ingabo z'igihugu. == Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale == === Kudeta ya 1979 === Nyuma y'aho Macías ategetse ko abantu benshi bo mu muryango wabo bicwa, barimo na murumuna wa Obiang, Obiang n'abandi bari hafi ya Macías bakeka ko yasaze. Ku wa 3 Kanama 1979, Obiang yamuhiritse muri kudeta yamenekeyemo amaraso, maze amushyikiriza urukiko ku byaha yakoze, harimo jenoside y'Ababubi; Macías yakatiwe urwo gupfa, aricwa arashwe ku wa 29 Nzeri 1979<ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Dan Gardner |title=The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? |url=http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |website=The Ottawa Citizen |date=2005-11-06 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612161320/http://www.dangardner.ca/Featnov605.html |archive-date=2008-06-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013221831/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |archive-date=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Obiang yatangaje ko ubutegetsi bushya buzatangira bundi bushya: yahaye imbabazi imfungwa za politiki, akuraho imirimo y'agahato, kandi yongera kwemera ubukirisitu bwari bwarabujijwe, ariko ntiyavuze ku ruhare rwe mu byaha by'ubutegetsi bwa Macías<ref name="E8" />. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora === Mu 1982, igihugu cyasubiye ku butegetsi bwa gisivili mu izina, gishyiraho Itegeko Nshinga rishya; Obiang yatorewe kuba Perezida nta wundi bahanganye, ararahira ku wa 12 Ukwakira 1982. Yongeye gutorwa mu 1989 ari wenyine. Nyuma y'aho amashyaka menshi yemerewe mu 1992, yongeye gutorwa mu 1996 no mu 2002 ku majwi 98 %, mu matora indorerezi mpuzamahanga zavuze ko arimo uburiganya<ref name="E10">{{cite web |author=Steve Bloomfield |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |website=The Independent |date=2007-05-13 |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113546/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/teodoro-obiang-nguema-a-brutal-bizarre-jailer-448575.html |archive-date=2008-12-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=United States Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA214 |website=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.}}</ref>; mu 2002, mu ntara imwe y'itora, yabonye 103 % by'amajwi<ref name="E24">{{cite web |author=Alexander Smoltczyk |title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434691,00.html |website=Der Spiegel |date=2006-08-28 |access-date=2007-04-01}}</ref>. Mu 2009, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 97 %, nanone havugwa uburiganya n'iterabwoba<ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Tran |title=President Nguema of Equatorial Guinea on course to extend three-decade rule |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/30/president-equatorial-guinea-extends-rule |website=The Guardian |date=2009-11-30 |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2016 no mu 2022. PDGE ifite ububasha hafi bwose, kandi Itegeko Nshinga riha Perezida ububasha bwagutse, harimo n'ubwo kuyobora binyuze mu mateka. Ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru bugarukira cyane: ibinyamakuru hafi ya byose ni ibya Leta cyangwa iby'umuhungu we Teodorín<ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Equatorial Guinea media guide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317177 |website=BBC News |date=2011-05-06 |access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref>. Mu 2004, habaye umugambi wa kudeta wateguwe n'abacancuro b'abanyamahanga, uyobowe n'Umwongereza Simon Mann, waje gukatirwa gufungwa imyaka 34. Muri Nzeri 2022, Obiang yashyize umukono ku itegeko rikuraho igihano cy'urupfu, icyemezo cyashimwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Becomes 25th Africian Country to Abolish Death Penalty |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/equatorial-guinea-becomes-25th-african-country-to-abolish-death-penalty |website=Death Penalty Information Center |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2024-10-03}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Umubano na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] warazambye mu 1993, ambasade y'Amerika ifungwa mu 1996<ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Peter Maass |title=A Touch of Crude |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/01/12_400.html |website=Mother Jones |access-date=2014-12-01}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibitero byo ku wa 11 Nzeri 2001, Amerika yongeye kwita ku bihugu by'Afurika bicukura peteroli; mu ruzinduko rwe rwo mu 2006, Umunyamabanga wa Leta Condoleezza Rice yamwise "inshuti nziza"<ref name="E20">{{cite web |author=Larry Luxner |title=Equatorial Guinea Goes from Rags to Riches With Oil Boom |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/01-08/a2_08_01.html |website=Washington Diplomat |date=August 2001 |access-date=2007-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044756/http://www.washdiplomat.com/01-08/a2_08_01.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Remarks with Equatorial Guinean President Obiang Before Their Meeting |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/64434.htm |date=2006-04-12 |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ambasade nshya y'Amerika yafunguwe mu 2013<ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=United States Dedicates New U.S. Embassy in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218626.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>. Ku wa 26 Nzeri 2024, yasuye Moscou ahura na Perezida [[Vladimir Putin]]<ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's president visits Russia for diplomatic talks |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/09/26/equatorial-guineas-president-visits-russia-for-diplomatic-talks/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-09-26}}</ref>. === Ubukungu n'umurwa mukuru mushya === Mu 1995, sosiyete ExxonMobil yavumbuye peteroli mu gihugu, maze Gineya Ekwatoriyale iba igihugu cya gatatu mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara bicukura peteroli nyinshi, nyuma ya Nijeriya na Angola. Nubwo igihugu gifite umusaruro mbumbe ku muturage uri hejuru muri Afurika, ubukire bwacyo bugabanywa nabi cyane, ahanini buri mu maboko y'umuryango uri ku butegetsi<ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Osmund Agbo |title=Teodoro Obiang Mbasogo: Resource curse and an African despot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/503442-teodoro-obiang-mbasogo-resource-curse-and-african-despot-by-osmund-agbo.html |website=Premium Times |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>. Nk'uko ''Forbes'' ibivuga, Obiang afite umutungo wa miliyoni 600 z'amadolari<ref name="E58">{{cite web |title=Fortunes of Kings, Queens And Dictators |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029180012/https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/cz_forbes_0522_royals_slide_8.html |archive-date=2017-10-29 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Mu 2012, yategetse kubaka umujyi mushya, Ciudad de la Paz (wahoze witwa Oyala), ku mugabane, kugira ngo usimbure [[Malabo]] ku mwanya w'umurwa mukuru<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jacey Fortin |title=A Dazzling Capital City Rises Amid Poverty In Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/poverty-stricken-equatorial-guinea-builds-expensive-capital-city-middle-nowhere-949224 |website=International Business Times |date=2012-12-19 |access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2026, yasinye iteka rigira Ciudad de la Paz [[umurwa]] mukuru ku mugaragaro<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=es |title=Decreto Ley por el que se declara la Ciudad de la Paz, Djibloho, capital de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/decreto_ley_por_el_que_se_declara_la_ciudad_de_la_paz_djibloho_capital_de_la_republica_de_guinea_ecuatorial |website=Guinea Ecuatorial |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == === Uburenganzira bwa muntu === Mu 2006, yasinye iteka ribuza iyicarubozo, ariko imiryango nka Human Rights Watch na Amnesty International ikomeza kugaragaza iyicarubozo, gukubitwa, impfu zidasobanuwe n'ifungwa rinyuranyije n'amategeko mu magereza<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Organizational Reform & Institutional Capacity-Building |url=http://www.mpri.com/esite/index.php/content/services/organizational_reform_amp_institutional_capacity_building/ |website=MPRI |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802044807/http://www.mpri.com/esite/index.php/content/services/organizational_reform_amp_institutional_capacity_building/ |archive-date=2009-08-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E43">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>. Freedom House yamwise umwe mu banyagitugu "biba umutungo w'igihugu kurusha abandi" bakiriho<ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea: Ignorance worth fistfuls of dollars. |url=https://freedomhouse.org/blog/equatorial-guinea-ignorance-worth-fistfuls-dollars |website=Freedom House |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2017-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623093439/https://freedomhouse.org/blog/equatorial-guinea-ignorance-worth-fistfuls-dollars |archive-date=2012-06-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2003, radiyo ya Leta yamwise "Imana y'igihugu" ifite "ububasha bwose ku bantu n'ibintu"<ref name="E49">{{cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea's 'God' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3098007.stm |website=BBC |date=2003-07-26 |access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref>. Mu 2024, ubutegetsi bwe bwahashye imyigaragambyo ku kirwa cya Annobón, buhagarika itumanaho na interineti kuri icyo kirwa. === Ruswa n'imitungo y'inyerezo === Ikinyamakuru ''Los Angeles Times'' cyagaragaje ko amasosiyete akomeye y'Abanyamerika acukura peteroli yishyuraga amafaranga kuri konti igenzurwa na Perezida muri banki ya Riggs i Washington. Mu Bufaransa, mu rubanza ruzwi nka "biens mal acquis", ubucamanza bwafatiriye ibintu mu nzu y'umuryango we iri ku muhanda wa Avenue Foch i Paris, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 100 z'amayero<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biens mal acquis : saisie record chez Teodoro Obiang |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2012/02/24/biens-mal-acquis-saisie-record-chez-teodoro-obiang_798527/}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=en |author=Adam Whitnall |title=The brutal central African dictator whose playboy son faces French corruption trial |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/teodoro-obiang-nguema-mbasogo-equatorial-guinea-french-corruption-trial-a7238501.html |website=The Independent}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2021, umuhungu we Teodorín yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka itatu gisubitse n'ihazabu ya miliyoni 30 z'amayero<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Restitution des biens mal acquis : une première pour des crédits prévus dans le budget français |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/10/restitution-des-biens-mal-acquis-une-premiere-pour-des-credits-prevus-dans-le-budget-francais_6199333_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, ubushinjacyaha bwa Esipanye bushinzwe kurwanya ruswa bwasabye iperereza ku iyezandonke ku makonti ye muri Esipanye<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mia Laporte |title=Angola Press |url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/fr_fr/noticias/africa/parquet-espagnol-pour-une-enquete-sur-les-comptes-president-Obiang,c658bf06-30c7-4f32-a388-aa01cadb69ad.html |website=portalangop.co.ao}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] 97v29rry21c7cg3g7eerd4p4fwqy7b7 0 23199 142226 140782 2026-10-15T09:03:40Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 142226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mamadi Doumbouya | image = Mamadi Doumbouya 2022.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mamadi Doumbouya mu 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|12|5|df=y}} | birth_place = Kankan, [[Gineya]] | nationality = Umunyagineya | alma_mater = École de guerre (Ubufaransa)<br />Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe (GFS) za Gineya (2018–2024) | title = Perezida wa Gineya | term = Kuva ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 (w'inzibacyuho kugeza ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026) | predecessor = Alpha Condé | party = Nta shyaka (yigenga) | spouse = Lauriane Doumbouya }} '''Mamadi Doumbouya''' (wavutse ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 i Kankan, muri [[Gineya]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyagineya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Gineya. Yagizwe umuyobozi w'Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (''Groupement des forces spéciales'') mu 2018, maze ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021 ayobora kudeta yahiritse Perezida Alpha Condé. Yabaye Perezida w'Akanama k'igihugu gashinzwe ubumwe n'iterambere (''Comité national du rassemblement pour le développement'', CNRD) na Perezida w'inzibacyuho. Nubwo yari yarasezeranyije ko abagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batazemererwa kwiyamamaza, Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryo mu 2025 ryamwemereye kwiyamamaza; yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza 2025 ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026. Ubutegetsi bwe burangwa n'ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe na bwo, ishimutwa n'ibura ry'abantu, iseswa ry'amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'amashuri === Mamadi Doumbouya ni umuhungu wa Karifala Doumbouya na Hadja Mandioula Sylla. Akomoka mu karere ka Kankan, umujyi wa kabiri munini muri Gineya, aho yize amashuri abanza<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le colonel Mamady Doumbouya, nouvel homme fort de la Guinée ? |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/qui-est-le-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-guinée-biographie/2356680 |website=aa.com.tr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêt sur image à Kankan : l'état piteux de l’école où Mamadi Doumbouya a fait ses premiers pas |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/arret-sur-image-kankan-l-etat-piteux-de-l-ecole-ou-mamadi-doumbouya-fait-ses/ |website=Africa Guinee |access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref>. Itariki ye y'amavuko yagiye ivugwaho impaka: urubuga rw'ibiro bya Perezida rwabanje kuvuga ko ari ku wa 4 Werurwe 1980, mbere y'uko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwemeza ku wa 5 Ukuboza 1984 mu 2025<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=archive |url=https://presidence.gov.gn/biographie/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624081327/https://presidence.gov.gn/biographie/ |archive-date=2022-06-24 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Yabaye umusirikare mu mutwe w'Abanyamahanga w'ingabo z'Ubufaransa (''Légion étrangère'') i Nîmes, arangiza amasezerano ye mu 2009 afite ipeti rya caporal, hanyuma mu 2012 asubira mu ngabo za Gineya<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya, le putschiste que la France soutient |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/afrique-france/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-le-putschiste-que-la-france-soutient |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-09-18}}</ref>. Yize mu ''École de guerre'' mu Bufaransa, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu by'ingabo muri Kaminuza ya Paris-Panthéon-Assas<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La prise en compte de l’interculturalité dans les actions militaires. Colloque organisé par l’EMSOME, sous la présidence d’honneur du chef d’état-major de l’armée de terre |url=https://www.emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr/images/documents/bibliotheque/actes_colloque/Actes_colloque_interculturalit_2017.pdf |website=emsome.terre.defense.gouv.fr |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Arrêté du 12 février 2019 portant attribution du brevet d'études militaires supérieures |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>. Yahawe kandi amahugurwa ya gisirikare muri Senegali, Gabon na Isiraheli, akorera ubutumwa muri Afuganisitani, Côte d'Ivoire, Jibuti na Repubulika ya Santara Afurika<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : portrait du colonel Mamady Doumbouya, auteur du putsch du 5 septembre 2021 |url=https://africa24tv.com/guinee-portrait-du-colonel-mamady-doumbouya-auteur-du-putsch-du-5-septembre-2021/ |website=africa24tv.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. === Urugendo mu gisirikare === Kuva mu 2018, yayoboye Ingabo zidasanzwe za Gineya (GFS), umutwe w'intore z'ingabo zishinzwe kurwanya iterabwoba<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Alpha Condé arrêté par les putschistes |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1227529/politique/guinee-tentative-de-coup-detat-en-cours-a-conakry/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2019, yitabiriye imyitozo ya gisirikare ya Flintlock yateguwe n'ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika i [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]], kimwe na [[Assimi Goïta]] wa Mali<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Exclusif-Opération Flintlock 2019: sur les pas des Forces Spéciales Guinéennes au Burkina Faso (Reportage) |url=https://guineenews.org/exclusif-operation-flintlock-2019-sur-les-pas-des-forces-speciales-guineennes-au-burkina-faso-reportage/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref><ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mamady Doumbouya, de la légion étrangère au coup d’État en Guinée |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/guinee-mamady-doumbouya-le-lieutenant-colonel-derriere-le-coup-d-etat_2157843.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. Yabaye lieutenant-colonel mu 2019, koloneli mu 2020<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Focus on Lt Col Mamady Doumbouya in Guinea 'coup' |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/focus-on-lt-col-mamady-doumbouya-in-guinea-coup/ |website=independent.co.ug |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2024, yagizwe ''général de corps d'armée'', maze mu Ukuboza 2024 aba ''général d'armée''<ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : colonel Mamadi Doumbouya élevé au grade de Général de corps d’armée… |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/guinee-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-eleve-au-grade-de-general-de-corps-darmee/ |access-date=2024-01-23}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: Mamadi Doumbouya s'autopromeut général d'armée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241103-guin%C3%A9e-mamadi-doumbouya-s-autopromeut-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-d-arm%C3%A9e}}</ref>. == Kudeta ya 2021 n'inzibacyuho == Ku wa 5 Nzeri 2021, yatangaje ifatwa rya Perezida Alpha Condé, iseswa rya guverinoma, ihagarikwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga, isaha ntarengwa yo kugenda (''couvre-feu'') n'ifungwa ry'imipaka<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d’État en Guinée : la prévisible chute du président Alpha Condé |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210906-coup-d-%C3%A9tat-en-guin%C3%A9e-la-pr%C3%A9visible-chute-du-pr%C3%A9sident-alpha-cond%C3%A9 |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Coup d'État à Conakry, Alpha Condé arrêté par des militaires |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/09/05/afrique/politique/guinee-coup-detat-a-conakry-alpha-conde-arrete-par-des-militaires_153649.html |website=koaci.com |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>. Yavuze ko ibyo byakozwe kubera "imiterere ya politiki n'ubukungu by'igihugu, imikorere mibi y'inzego za Repubulika, ikoreshwa nabi ry'ubutabera n'ihonyorwa ry'uburenganzira bw'abaturage"<ref name="F15" />. Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 2021, yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga<ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée-Le colonel Mamadi Doumbouya prête serment vendredi devant la Cour suprême |url=https://guinee114.com/guinee-le-colonel-mamadi-doumbouya-prete-serment-vendredi-devant-la-cour-supreme/ |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Guinea coup leader Mamady Doumbouya sworn in as interim president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/1/guinea-coup-mamady-doumbouya-interim |website=Al Jazeera |date=2021-10-01 |access-date=2023-08-10}}</ref>. Itegeko ry'inzibacyuho ryavugaga ko we n'abandi bagize agatsiko k'abasirikare batemerewe kwiyamamaza mu matora azakurikira<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, la junte dévoile une « charte de la transition » sans en fixer la durée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/09/28/en-guinee-la-junte-devoile-une-charte-de-la-transition-sans-en-fixer-la-duree_6096311_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku wa 6 Ukwakira 2021, yagize Mohamed Béavogui Minisitiri w'Intebe; asimburwa na Bernard Goumou muri Kanama 2022, hanyuma na Bah Oury muri Gashyantare 2024<ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: la junte nomme Mohamed Béavogui, un vétéran du développement, Premier ministre |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211006-guin%C3%A9e-la-junte-nomme-mohamed-b%C3%A9avogui-un-v%C3%A9t%C3%A9ran-du-d%C3%A9veloppement-premier-ministre |website=RFI |date=2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent-Guinée : Dr Bernard Goumou confirmé Premier ministre (décret) |url=https://guineenews.org/urgent-guinee-dr-bernard-goumou-confirme-premier-ministre-decret/ |website=Guinéenews |date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Urgent: Bah Oury nommé Premier, Chef du Gouvernement en remplacement de Dr Bernard Goumou |url=https://cieldeguinee.net/index.php/urgent-bah-oury-nomme-premier-chef-du-gouvernement-en-remplacement-de-dr-bernard-goumou/ |website=CIEL DE GUINEE |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2022, yategetse amasosiyete acukura bauxite, Gineya ifitemo ububiko bunini ku isi, kubaka inganda zitunganya alumine mu gihugu<ref name="F40">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : les compagnies minières sommées de transformer la bauxite sur place |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1337652/economie/guinee-les-compagnies-minieres-sommees-de-transformer-la-bauxite-sur-place/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea: Foreign Mining companies ordered to process bauxite on site |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/04/10/guinea-mining-companies-ordered-to-process-bauxite-on-site/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. CEDEAO yamaganye uburebure bw'inzibacyuho, maze muri Nzeri 2022 ifatira ibihano agatsiko k'abasirikare<ref name="F46">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : la Cedeao prend des « sanctions progressives » contre la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/23/guinee-la-cedeao-prend-des-sanctions-progressives-contre-la-junte_6142800_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2022-09-23 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2022, Gineya na CEDEAO bumvikanye ku nzibacyuho y'imyaka ibiri itangira muri Mutarama 2023<ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2024 |website=Freedom House |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ariko ingengabihe ntiyubahirijwe: muri Nzeri 2024, guverinoma yatangaje ko amatora ya perezida yimuriwe mu 2025<ref name="F72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ejiofor |title=Guinea To Hold All Elections In 2025, Foreign Minister Confirms |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/guinea-to-hold-all-elections-in-2025-foreign-minister-confirms/ |website=West Africa Weekly |date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rishya n'amatora yo mu 2025 === Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2025, habaye kamarampaka ku Itegeko Nshinga rishya, ryemejwe ku majwi 89,4 %<ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=en |author=AfricaNews |title=Guinea to hold elections after controversial referendum |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/09/26/guinea-to-hold-elections-after-controversial-referendum/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guineans approve new constitution by wide margin, pave way for elections |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250924-guineans-approve-new-constitution-by-wide-margin-pave-way-for-elections |website=France 24 |date=2025-09-24 |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref>. Iryo tegeko ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka itanu kugeza ku irindwi, rishyiraho Sena, kandi ryemerera Perezida w'inzibacyuho kwiyamamaza; abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavuze ko habayeho uburiganya bukabije<ref name="F75" /><ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: l’opposition dénonce une «mascarade» après la victoire du «oui» au référendum |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250925-guin%C3%A9e-l-opposition-d%C3%A9nonce-une-mascarade-apr%C3%A8s-la-victoire-du-oui-au-r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum |website=RFI |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2025, yatanze kandidatire ye nk'umukandida wigenga<ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Mamadi Doumbouya candidat à l'élection présidentielle du 28 décembre en Guinée |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cn51ldw6rvvo |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Guinea's junta leader decides to run for president 4 years after leading a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-mamadi-doumbouya-junta-military-ca2e860d57ab049f05a9c6e0e9162574 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 86,7 %, ararahira ku wa 17 Mutarama 2026<ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Présidentielle : la Cour suprême confirme la victoire de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/01/04/presidentielle-la-cour-supreme-confirme-la-victoire-de-mamadi-doumbouya/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée: investiture à la présidence de Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260118-guin%C3%A9e-investiture-mamadi-doumbouya-pr%C3%A9sidence}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Junta leader is declared the winner of Guinea's presidential election |url=https://apnews.com/article/guinea-election-voting-conakry-fbf8a7b0615923740510f0286c64d67e |website=AP News |date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2025-12-31}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=From camouflage to tracksuits - Guinea's junta leader becomes civilian president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpv70mek448o |website=BBC |date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2026, Ubumwe bwa Afurika bwakuyeho ibihano bwari bwarafatiye Gineya nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="E32">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=Guinea: African Union lifts sanctions |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/23/guinea-african-union-lifts-sanctions/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-23 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. == Ububanyi n'amahanga == Ku wa 21 Nzeri 2021, yasuye [[Bamako]], yakirwa na Koloneli Assimi Goïta<ref name="F87">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Mamadi Doumbouya en visite au Mali avant un sommet de la Cedeao |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1379035/politique/guinee-mamadi-doumbouya-en-visite-au-mali-avant-un-sommet-de-la-cedeao/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida wa Siyera Lewone Julius Maada Bio ni we mukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wamusuye nyuma ya kudeta<ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Justin Morel |title=CONAKRY : Maada Bio le président sierra léonais en Guinée |url=https://guineeconakry.online/2021/10/11/conakry-maada-bio-le-president-sierra-leonais-en-guinee/ |website=GuineeConakry.online |date=2021-10-11 |access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref>. Perezida w'u [[Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame]] yamusuye muri Gineya; Doumbouya yavuze ko yifuza kuvugurura no kunga igihugu cye nk'uko Kagame yabigenje mu Rwanda<ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's junta chief says he wants to draw inspiration from Rwandan 'model |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/04/18/guineas-junta-chief-says-he-wants-to-draw-inspiration-from-rwandan-model/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 11 Kanama 2024, yitabiriye irahira rya Paul Kagame kuri manda ya kane, maze baganira ku mubano w'ibihugu byombi mu Urugwiro Village<ref name="F95">{{cite web |language=en |author=Reuters |title=Africa Rwanda's President Kagame sworn in to extend lengthy tenure |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwandas-president-kagame-sworn-into-office-2024-08-11/ |website=reuters.com}}</ref><ref name="F97">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kigali / Rwanda : Général Mamadi Doumbouya et Paul Kagamé passent en revue les grands axes de coopération bilatérale |url=https://www.lerenifleur224.com/2024/08/12/kigali-rwanda-general-mamadi-doumbouya-et-paul-kagame-passent-en-revue-les-grands-axes-de-cooperation-bilaterale/ |website=Lerenifleur224.com |date=2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 1 Gicurasi 2025, yagiriye uruzinduko rwa Leta rwa kabiri mu Rwanda, mbere yo kwitabira irahira rya [[Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema]] muri Gabon<ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Joseph keurtys Mabimba |title=Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema sera investi Président le 3 mai au stade d’Angondjé |url=https://convergenceafrique.net/2025/04/23/brice-clotaire-oligui-nguema-sera-investi-president-le-3-mai-au-stade-dangondje/ |website=Convergence Afrique |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, yitabiriye inama y'ubufatanye hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Afurika (FOCAC) i Beijing, ahura na Xi Jinping, amugezaho gahunda ya "Simandou 2040" yerekeye ikirombe kinini cy'icyuma cya Simandou<ref name="F98">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Renforcement des relations bilatérales entre Pékin et Conakry : Rencontre historique entre le Président Xi Jinping et le Général Mamadi Doumbouya |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/renforcement-des-relations-bilaterales-entre-pekin-et-conakry-rencontre-historique-entre-le-president-xi-jinping-et-le-general-mamadi-doumbouya/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref><ref name="F99">{{cite web |language=fr |title=FOCAC 2024 : Le couple présidentiel arrive à Pékin pour un sommet historique |url=https://guinee3.net/index.php/focac-2024-le-couple-presidentiel-arrive-a-pekin-pour-un-sommet-historique/ |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref>. == Ihashywa ry'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi == Kuva mu 2021, agatsiko k'abasirikare kayobowe na Doumbouya kakajije ingamba zo kubuza ubwisanzure: amashyaka n'ibitangazamakuru byarahagaritswe, imyigaragambyo yabujijwe kuva muri Gicurasi 2022 irahashywa, kandi abayobozi benshi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'aba sosiyete sivile barafashwe, barakatirwa cyangwa bahungira mu mahanga<ref name="F52" />. Nk'uko Human Rights Watch ibivuga, nibura abantu 59 bishwe mu myigaragambyo hagati ya Kamena 2022 n'impera za 2024<ref name="F113">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea: Rights at Risk as Promised Transition Derails - Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/02/guinea-rights-risk-promised-transition-derails |date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Gicurasi 2024, guverinoma yafunze ibitangazamakuru bitandatu byigenga bikomeye mu gihugu<ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Habib Marouane Camara en Guinée : RSF saisit le Groupe de travail de l’ONU sur les disparitions forcées - RSF |url=https://rsf.org/fr/disparition-de-habib-marouane-camara-en-guin%C3%A9e-rsf-saisit-le-groupe-de-travail-de-l-onu-sur-les |website=rsf.org |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Umunyamakuru Habib Marouane Camara yashimuswe ku wa 3 Ukuboza 2024 n'abajandarume i Conakry, kandi kugeza ubu ntaraboneka<ref name="F115" />. Mu Ukwakira 2024, agatsiko k'abasirikare kasheshe amashyaka arenga 50<ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Guinée, le régime militaire lance l’offensive contre les partis politiques |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/29/en-guinee-le-regime-militaire-lance-l-offensive-contre-les-partis-politiques_6365598_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-29 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>, maze muri Werurwe 2026 gasesa andi mashyaka 40, harimo atatu akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi: UFDG, RPG na UFR<ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : 40 partis politiques dissous, « une dictature désormais érigée en mode de gouvernance » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/guinee-40-partis-politiques-dissous-une-dictature-desormais-erigee-en-mode-de-gouvernance-2812663 |website=TV5 Monde |date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-08-30}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=One 'party state': Guinea dissolves main opposition parties |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/8/one-party-state-guinea-dissolves-main-opposition-parties |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-03-08 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, abarwanashyaka Foniké Menguè na Mamadou Billo Bah baburiwe irengero; ku wa 22 Nyakanga 2024, imiryango yabo yareze Doumbouya mu Bufaransa ishinja "ishimuta n'iyicarubozo"<ref name="F120">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le grand invité Afrique - Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah en Guinée: «Nous voulons garder l’espoir de surtout les retrouver en vie» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/le-grand-invit%C3%A9-afrique/20250709-disparition-de-fonik%C3%A9-mengu%C3%A8-et-billo-bah-en-guin%C3%A9e-nous-voulons-garder-l-espoir-de-surtout-les-retrouver-en-vie |website=RFI |date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparitions de deux opposants en Guinée : le chef de la junte visé par une plainte en France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/23/disparitions-de-deux-opposants-en-guinee-le-chef-de-la-junte-vise-par-une-plainte-en-france_6256311_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition de Foniké Menguè et Billo Bah : Doumbouya visé par une plainte à Paris |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1591704/politique/disparition-de-fonike-mengue-et-billo-bah-doumbouya-vise-par-une-plainte-a-paris/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2025, uwahoze ari umukuru w'urugaga rw'abavoka, Mohamed Traoré, yashimuswe arakubitwa<ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sidoine |title=En Guinée, la junte étouffe les voix qui dérangent |url=https://www.afrik.com/en-guinee-la-junte-etouffe-les-voix-qui-derangent |website=Afrik |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Thibaut Petit |title=En Guinée, les voix critiques au général Mamadi Doumbouya sont réduites au silence |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/06/25/en-guinee-les-voix-critiques-au-general-mamadi-doumbouya-sont-reduites-au-silence_6615847_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-10-01}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2025, Doumbouya yahaye imbabazi kubera impamvu z'ubuzima uwahoze ari Perezida Moussa Dadis Camara, wari warakatiwe kubera ubwicanyi bwo mu 2009 bwahitanye abantu 156<ref name="E26">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's former prime minister is jailed for 5 years for corruption |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250329-guinea-ex-dictator-sentenced-for-2009-massacre-pardoned-junta |website=France 24 |date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref>. == Ruswa == Akigera ku butegetsi, yashyizeho Urukiko rushinzwe guhana ibyaha by'ubukungu n'imari (CRIEF)<ref name="F129">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Le CNRD face aux scandales récurrents de corruption |url=https://guineenews.org/2025/01/20/le-cnrd-face-aux-scandales-recurrents-de-corruption/ |website=Guinéenews© |date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Nyamara, ubutegetsi bwe bwavuzwemo amahano y'imari: muri Nzeri 2023, byatangajwe ko ikigo cy'Abashinwa kiri mu mushinga wa Simandou cyari cyarahaye ubutegetsi bwa Conakry miliyoni 75 z'amadolari mu 2021 nta mucyo<ref name="F131">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Guinée : Simandou, terrain de jeu de la rivalité Chine-États-Unis ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1736326/economie-entreprises/guinee-simandou-terrain-de-jeu-de-la-rivalite-chine-etats-unis/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=en |title=Guinea's Junta Accused Of Misappropriating $75 Million From Chinese Mining Company - Sierra Leone Monitor |url=https://www.sierraleonemonitor.com/guineas-junta-accused-of-misappropriating-75-million-from-chinese-mining-company/ |date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. Mu mpera za 2024, toni zirenga enye za zahabu zabuze muri Banki Nkuru ya Gineya nyuma yo kwimurirwa i Dubai mu buryo budasobanutse<ref name="F135">{{cite web |language=en |title=‘Each of us is afraid’: Guinea’s junta leader tightens grip as opposition lies low |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/11/guinea-junta-mamady-doumbouya-opposition |website=The Guardian |date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mamadi Doumbouya arubatse, akaba afite abana batandatu<ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |author=avenirguinee |title=Carnet rose au sommet de l'État : Une fille pour le couple présidentiel |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/2026/09/02/carnet-rose-au-sommet-de-letat-une-fille-pour-le-couple-presidentiel/ |website=Avenirguinee.org |date=2026-09-02 |access-date=2026-09-02}}</ref>. Umugore we, Lauriane Doumbouya, ni Umufaransakazi akaba ari mu jandarumori y'Ubufaransa<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Mamady Doumbouya, le nouvel homme fort de Conakry ? |url=https://guineenews.org/qui-est-mamady-doumbouya-le-nouvel-homme-fort-de-conakry/ |website=guineenews.org |date=2021-09-05 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Is dissent an act of faith in a democracy? Lessons from the Guinean military coup |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/is-dissent-an-act-of-faith-in-a-democracy-lessons-from-the-guinean-military-coup/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-09-06 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Mamadi Doumbouya}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gineya]] gdkpvs0wxciebors61k7n033fa5aij4 0 23205 142207 140784 2026-10-15T01:07:35Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Michaël Randrianirina | image = Michael Randrianirina (2026-02-19).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Michaël Randrianirina muri Gashyantare 2026 | birth_date = 1973 cyangwa 1974 | birth_place = Sevohipoty, Ambovombe, Androy, [[Madagasikari]] | nationality = Umunyamadagasikari | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'umutwe w'ingabo CAPSAT | title = Perezida wa Madagasikari | term = Kuva ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Andry Rajoelina | spouse = Elisa Randrianirina }} '''Michaël Randrianirina''' (yavukiye i Sevohipoty, hafi ya Ambovombe, mu karere ka Androy mu majyepfo ya [[Madagasikari]]) ni umusirikare mukuru n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamadagasikari, akaba Perezida wa Madagasikari kuva mu Ukwakira 2025 n'umuyobozi w'Inama ya Perezidansi ishinzwe kongera kubaka Repubulika ya Madagasikari (''Refondation''). Itariki ye y'amavuko ntivugwaho rumwe: bimwe mu bitangazamakuru bivuga ku wa 23 Kanama 1973, abandi bakavuga mu 1974<ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Who is Madagascar's new military ruler Michael Randrianirina? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-is-madagascars-new-military-ruler-michael-randrianirina-2025-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, hanyuma aba umuyobozi w'umutwe w'intore z'ingabo CAPSAT. Nk'umuyobozi wa CAPSAT, yabaye umuntu w'ingenzi mu myigaragambyo y'urubyiruko ("Generation Z") yo mu Ukwakira 2025, yatumye Perezida Andry Rajoelina ahunga igihugu kandi Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ikamukura ku butegetsi. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida imbere y'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025, nubwo ahakana ko habayeho kudeta. == Ubuzima n'urugendo mu gisirikare == Michaël Randrianirina yahawe amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL)<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101215844/https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |archive-date=2026-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military has taken control of Madagascar, colonel who led mutiny says |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11477140/military-coup-madagascar-colonel/ |website=Global News |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Hery Rajaonarimampianina, yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umuyobozi wa batayo y'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka i Toliara kugeza muri Nyakanga 2022, hanyuma ayobora umutwe w'intore CAPSAT (''Corps d'armée des personnels et des services administratifs et techniques'')<ref name="E2" />. Buhoro buhoro, yabaye umwe mu banenga Perezida Andry Rajoelina. Ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2023, yafashwe ashinjwa "gushishikariza abasirikare kwigomeka no kugerageza gukora kudeta", ajyanwa muri gereza ya Tsiafahy<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire D'Incarcération– Des Antandroy élèvent la voix sur le cas Randrianirina |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2023/12/affaire-dincarceration-des-antandroy.html |website=L'Express de Madagascar |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Michael Randrianirina : l’ascension du nouvel homme fort de Madagascar après la chute de Rajoelina |url=https://www.afrik.com/colonel-michael-randrianirina-l-ascension-du-nouvel-homme-fort-de-madagascar-apres-la-chute-de-rajoelina/ |website=afrik.com |access-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015140933/https://www.afrik.com/colonel-michael-randrianirina-l-ascension-du-nouvel-homme-fort-de-madagascar-apres-la-chute-de-rajoelina |archive-date=2025-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2024, yararekuwe nyuma yo gukatirwa igihano gisubitse azira guhungabanya umutekano w'igihugu, maze asubira muri CAPSAT<ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Michael Randrianirina, the colonel who toppled Madagascar's president? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20251015-who-is-colonel-michael-randrianirina-officer-toppled-madagascar-president-rajoelina |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : « Pas de coup d'État » (Officier) |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/madagascar-pas-de-coup-detat-officier/ |website=APAnews |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. == Ikibazo cya politiki cyo mu 2025 == Kuva ku wa 25 Nzeri 2025, imyigaragambyo y'urubyiruko yiswe iya "Generation Z" yatangiriye i [[Antananarivo]], ibanza kwamagana ibura rya hato na hato ry'amashanyarazi n'amazi, hanyuma yamagana ruswa, ubuzima buhenze n'ubukene, isaba ko Perezida Rajoelina yegura<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Randrianirina du Capsat : “Il n'y a pas eu de coup d'État, l'armée a simplement répondu à l'appel du peuple malagasy” |url=https://neemamedia.com/ |website=neemamedia.com |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101215844/https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |archive-date=2026-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Volana Razafimanantsoa |title=Madagascar's capital launches cable cars to ease traffic jam |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/06/23/madagascars-capital-launches-cable-cars-to-ease-traffic-jam/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>. Mu mpera z'icyumweru cyo ku wa 11–12 Ukwakira 2025, Koloneli Randrianirina n'abasirikare ba CAPSAT bavuye mu bigo byabo bajya kwifatanya n'abigaragambya, batangaza ko banze kurasa abaturage<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'armée prend le pouvoir à Madagascar |url=https://www.watson.ch/fr/international/afrique/530332869-l-armee-prend-le-pouvoir-a-madagascar |website=watson.ch |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Uwo mutwe wari warigeze no kugira uruhare rukomeye muri kudeta yo mu 2009 yazanye Rajoelina ku butegetsi<ref name="F11" />. Ku wa 13 Ukwakira, CAPSAT yatangaje ko ifashe ubuyobozi bw'ingabo zose<ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : le président Andry Rajoelina a quitté le pays |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251013-madagascar-le-pr%C3%A9sident-andry-rajoelina-a-quitt%C3%A9-le-pays |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. Rajoelina yahunze igihugu ku wa 12 Ukwakira, bivugwa ko yatwawe n'indege ya gisirikare y'Abafaransa<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=President of Madagascar flees to 'safe location' amid deadly protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/13/president-of-madagascar-flees-to-safe-location-amid-deadly-protests |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>, maze ku wa 14 Ukwakira Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imukura ku butegetsi ku majwi 130<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Madagascar's National Assembly votes to impeach president |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-impeached-protests-5401501 |website=Channel News Asia |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F11" />. Randrianirina yahakanye ko habayeho kudeta, avuga ko ingabo "zasubije gusa ku guhamagarwa n'abaturage b'Abanyamadagasikari"<ref name="F3" /><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Madagascar army installs new chief, president denounces power grab |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251012-madagascar-army-unit-claims-control-president-says-power-grab-underway |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Madagasikari == === Gufata ubutegetsi === Ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko ingabo zifashe ubutegetsi, zishyiraho Inama ya Perezidansi igizwe n'abasirikare n'abajandarume, zihagarika Itegeko Nshinga, Sena n'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, ariko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igakomeza imirimo<ref name="F11" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Photos of a colonel announcing military takeover in Madagascar after president flees |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/photos-madagascar-military-coup-8b6d5e995abccd49af1028b148d09812 |website=AP News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Madagascar military says it has seized power as president moves to 'safe place' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8xjjdgl8vo |website=BBC News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamusabye gukora imirimo y'umukuru w'igihugu<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle valide la destitution d'Andry Rajoelina |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-de-la-capsat-s-emparent-du-pouvoir-1632974.html |website=Réunion la 1ère |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Ukwakira, yisubiyeho ku iseswa rya Sena n'urwo Rukiko<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: à la veille de son investiture, le colonel Michael Randrianirina clarifie sa position sur les institutions [Info RFI] |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251016-madagascar-%C3%A0-la-veille-de-son-investiture-le-colonel-michael-randrianirina-clarifie-sa-position-sur-les-institutions}}</ref>, maze ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 ararahira nka "Perezida w'Ivugurura rya Repubulika ya Madagasikari"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Communiqué officiel |url=https://www.presidence.gov.mg/fic/communique_15oct25.jpeg |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106081846/https://www.presidence.gov.mg/fic/communique_15oct25.jpeg |archive-date=2026-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Military leader sworn in as Madagascar's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/10/17/military-leader-sworn-in-as-madagascars-new-president |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye, yavuze ko ari "ihinduka ry'amateka" kandi yiyemeje "gutandukana n'ibya kera"<ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Michael Randrianirina sworn in as Madagascar's president |url=http://www.china.org.cn/2025-10/18/content_118130237.shtml |website=China.org |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref>. Kubera umwanya we w'umukuru w'igihugu, yagombaga no kuyobora Umuryango w'Iterambere wa Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), ariko ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2025 guverinoma ye yatangaje ko iretse uwo mwanya; ku wa 7 Ugushyingo, Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] Cyril Ramaphosa yawuhawe by'agateganyo<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ubuyobozi === Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2025, yagize umucuruzi Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Madagascar coup leader names businessman as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascar-names-new-prime-minister-2025-10-20/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-20 |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro na ''Sky News'' ku wa 10 Ugushyingo, yasezeranyije amatora mu mezi 18 kugeza kuri 24 nyuma y'igihe cy'"ivugurura n'isanamitima", avuga ko azegura niba abaturage batakimushyigikiye<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 2025, yatangaje ibiganiro by'igihugu byose biyobowe n'Inama y'Amatorero ya Gikirisitu muri Madagasikari, kugira ngo hashyirweho uburyo bushya bw'imiyoborere, bikurikirwe na kamarampaka n'amatora ya perezida mu myaka ibiri; yasezeranyije kandi ishyirwaho ry'Inteko y'Urubyiruko<ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's New Leader Randrianirina outlines bold Roadmap in first national address |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/17/madagascars-new-leader-randrianirina-outlines-bold-roadmap-in-first-national-address/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2026, yasuye Toamasina kureba ibyangijwe na serwakira Gezani<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Werurwe 2026, yasheshe guverinoma ya Rajaonarivelo, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo y'imiryango y'urubyiruko yasabaga ko Minisitiri w'Intebe agenda, maze ku wa 15 Werurwe agira Mamitiana Rajaonarison Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Présidence annonce la dissolution du gouvernement |url=https://2424.mg/madagascar-la-presidence-annonce-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement/ |website=2424.mg - L'actualité à Madagascar en temps réel |date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : les générations Y et Z exigent la démission du chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/madagascar-les-generations-y-et-z-exigent-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement |website=www.linfo.re |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar anti-corruption chief Rajaonarison named prime minister |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/madagascar-president-names-mamitiana-rajaonarison-173216757.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko abifuza kuba abaminisitiri bazajya babanza gupimwa n'imashini isuzuma ibinyoma kugira ngo harwanywe ruswa<ref name="E38">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's president orders lie detector tests for candidates applying to be government ministers |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e |website=AP News |date=2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Mutarama 2026, yatangaje ko Madagasikari ishaka kuba umufatanyabikorwa w'ihuriro BRICS<ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chinedu Okafor |title=Africa's newest military leader intends to join BRICS |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/africas-newest-military-leader-intends-to-join-brics/d178ks6 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2026, yahuriye i Kremlin na Perezida w'Uburusiya Vladimir Putin, rukaba rwari urugendo rwe rwa mbere hanze y'Afurika<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Russian-Malagasy talks |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/79182 |website=Kremlin |date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 2026, yakiriwe na Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu ngoro y'Élysée i Paris<ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=President of Madagascar visits his French counterpart in Paris |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/02/24/president-of-madagascar-visits-his-french-counterpart-in-paris/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni umuyoboke ukomeye w'Itorero ry'Abaluteri rya Madagasikari, aho afite icyiciro cya "Mpiandry", umulayiki uhabwa inshingano z'ubudiyakoni<ref name="F6" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : qui est Michael Randrianirina, le nouvel homme fort de la Grande Île ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251015-madagascar-qui-est-michael-randrianirina-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-grande-%C3%AEle-capsat-militaire |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Elisa Randrianirina<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=An army colonel who led a lightning-fast coup takes over as Madagascar's president |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-coup-president-oath-randrianirina-a484f9233876ef559af0c2e3029f1f7a |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Michael Randrianirina}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Madagasikari]] 0xeyvcj708pw8hhe821oyv2e4vjdemu 0 23206 142211 141354 2026-10-15T03:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Mutharika | image = Malawian President Peter Mutharika in 2020.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Peter Mutharika mu 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Thyolo, [[Malawi]] | nationality = Umunyamalawi | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Londres<br />Kaminuza ya Yale | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Malawi (2014–2020) | title = Perezida wa Malawi | term = 2014–2020; kuva ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Lazarus Chakwera | party = Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) | spouse = Christophine Mutharika († 1990)<br />Gertrude Maseko (kuva 2014) | children = 3 }} '''Arthur Peter Mutharika''' (wavutse ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1940) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamalawi, akaba Perezida wa [[Malawi]] kuva mu 2025. Yari yarabaye Perezida wa gatanu wa Malawi kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2020. Ni murumuna wa Perezida wa gatatu wa Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, kandi ayobora ishyaka ''Democratic Progressive Party'' (DPP) kuva mu 2012. Ni umwarimu w'amategeko, inzobere mu mategeko mpuzamahanga y'ubukungu, amategeko mpuzamahanga n'amategeko nshinga agereranywa; yamaze imyaka igera kuri 30 aba muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2014, ariko mu 2020 atsindwa na Lazarus Chakwera nyuma y'iseswa ry'amatora yo mu 2019 kubera amakosa. Mu 2025, afite imyaka 85, yongeye gutsinda Chakwera, aba Perezida wa Malawi ukuze kurusha abandi wagiye ku butegetsi akaba n'uwa mbere wayoboye manda ebyiri zidakurikiranye. == Ubuzima n'amashuri == Peter Mutharika yavukiye mu karere ka Thyolo; ababyeyi be bari abarimu<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Index Mp-Mz |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm6.html |website=www.rulers.org |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>. Ibindi bitangazamakuru bivuga ko yavukiye i Zomba. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya Mulanje Mission no mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Dedza<ref name="E1" />. Mu 1965, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu mategeko muri Kaminuza ya Londres, hanyuma muri Kaminuza ya Yale abona iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu 1966 n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu 1969<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1971, yemerewe gukora umwuga w'ubwunganizi muri [[Tanzaniya]]. == Umwuga mu mategeko == Yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam (Tanzaniya), Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie (Etiyopiya), Kaminuza ya Rutgers (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika), muri Kaminuza ya Makerere (Uganda), ndetse amara imyaka 37 yigisha muri Kaminuza ya Washington i Saint-Louis<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Jessica Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye kandi umushakashatsi watumiwe muri ''London School of Economics'' n'umujyanama mu gikorwa cy'Urugaga rw'Abavoka b'Abanyamerika ku butegetsi bugendera ku mategeko muri Afurika<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Succession crisis looms in DPP |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809054114/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |archive-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2011, yeguye ku mwanya w'umukemurampaka mu manza ebyiri z'Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ajyanye n'ishoramari (ICSID) zerekeye Zimbabwe, kubera impungenge ku kutabogama kwe zatewe n'umubano wa hafi wa murumuna we Bingu na guverinoma ya Robert Mugabe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Vusimusi Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Kuva mu 2004, yabaye umujyanama wa mukuru we Perezida Bingu wa Mutharika ku bibazo by'ububanyi n'amahanga n'iby'imbere mu gihugu, kugeza apfuye ku wa 5 Mata 2012<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Building up Malawi |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |website=Mutharika |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yatorewe kuba umudepite, maze aba Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga, naho kuva muri Nzeri 2011 aba Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="F8" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clémence Njanjo |title=Malawi : l'alternance fonctionne finalement, Peter Mutharika succède à Joyce Banda |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025926/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9" />. Muri Kanama 2011, inama nkuru y'ishyaka DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2014<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=DPP fires Secretary General and endorses Peter Mutharika for 2014 |url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |website=www.malawitoday.com |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326062552/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bingu mu 2012, yashinjwe kugerageza guhisha urwo rupfu no kubuza Visi-perezida Joyce Banda kumusimbura nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; Banda yabaye Perezida ashyigikiwe n'ingabo<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi : Peter Mutharika, le président anticorruption, pris la main dans le sac |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/28/malawi-peter-mutharika-le-president-anticorruption-pris-la-main-dans-le-sac_5468476_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-28}}</ref>. Habayeho kandi impaka ku bwenegihugu bwe, kuko Malawi itemera ubwenegihugu bubiri; ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yemeje ko atari umwenegihugu w'Amerika, ahubwo afite gusa uruhushya rwo kuhatura (''Green card'')<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is not an American citizen: US Embassy |url=http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |website=The Nation (Malawi) |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051332/http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |archive-date=2014-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Malawi == === Manda ya mbere (2014–2020) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2014, Perezida Joyce Banda yashatse guhagarika amatora yo ku wa 20 Gicurasi, avuga ko habayemo uburiganya, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rumusaba kutivanga mu matora; ku wa 31 Gicurasi 2014, yemeye ko yatsinzwe, maze Mutharika ararahira uwo munsi i Blantyre<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction Le Monde |title=Peter Mutharika remporte la présidentielle au Malawi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/31/peter-mutharika-remporte-la-presidentielle-au-malawi-selon-la-commission-electorale_4429563_3212.html#wh4Yjdv3W8jS09IL.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-31}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La présidente du Malawi, au bord de la défaite, annule les élections |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140524160822/politique-joyce-banda-peter-mutharika-presidentielle-malawi-2014-malawi-la-presidente-du-malawi-au-bord-de-la-defaite-annule-les-elections.html |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections au Malawi : la présidente Joyce Banda reconnaît sa défaite |url=http://www.lesoir.be/559429/article/actualite/fil-info/fil-info-monde/2014-05-31/elections-au-malawi-presidente-joyce-banda-reconnait-sa-defaite |website=Le Soir |date=2014-05-31}}</ref>. Manda ye yaranzwe n'izamuka ry'ubukungu, aho izamuka ry'ibiciro ryavuye kuri 24 % mu 2014 rikagera munsi ya 10 % mu 2019, ariko kandi n'uburakari bw'abaturage kubera ruswa, ibura ry'ibiribwa n'ibura ry'amashanyarazi; mu 2018, abantu ibihumbi bigaragambije bamagana ruswa<ref name="F9" />. Ubwe yashinjwe kwakira amadolari arenga 200 000 y'umucuruzi wari watsindiye isoko rya polisi<ref name="F9" />. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2019, yatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 38,6 %, imbere ya Lazarus Chakwera (35,4 %), wavuze ko habayeho uburiganya<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Malawi : l’opposition rejette la victoire de Peter Mutharika |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/782414/politique/presidentielle-au-malawi-lopposition-rejette-la-victoire-de-peter-mutharika/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-05-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2020, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwasheshe ayo matora, rutegeka ko asubirwamo; abamurwanyaga bamwita "Perezida Tipp-Ex"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi: la Cour constitutionnelle annule la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/malawi-la-cour-constitutionnelle-annule-la-presidentielle-de-2019--03-02-2020-2361056_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Malawi, une décision historique fait chuter « le président Tipp-Ex » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/02/04/au-malawi-une-decision-historique-fait-chuter-le-president-tipp-ex_6028401_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>. Mu matora yasubiwemo ku wa 23 Kamena 2020, yatsinzwe na Chakwera washyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka icyenda (Tonse Alliance), wabonye 59,3 % kuri 39,9 %<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Elections May 19 – The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/elections-may-19/ |website=mwnation.com |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>. === Hagati ya manda zombi === Muri Kanama 2020, Komisiyo yo kurwanya ruswa ya Malawi yafatiriye konti z'amabanki ze n'iz'umugore we, mu iperereza ku itumizwa rya sima ifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 za kwacha nta misoro<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Malawi freezes bank accounts of ex-president Mutharika, wife Gertrude |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-freezes-bank-accounts-of-ex-president-mutharika-wife-gertrude/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2020-08-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, Urukiko Rukuru rwanze icyifuzo cye cyo gukuraho iryo fatira<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanga Gwede |title=Malawi: Court Says Mutharika Still Can't Access His Bank Accounts - Ex-Malawi Leader Slapped With Costs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101230038.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2025) === Muri Kanama 2024, DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2025<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malawi's main opposition party endorses Peter Mutharika as its flag-bearer |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/19/malawis-main-opposition-party-endorses-peter-mutharika-as-its-flag-bearer/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 56,8 %, imbere ya Perezida wari uriho Lazarus Chakwera (33 %)<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=bbc |title=Mutharika wins Malawi election, as it happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cp3wdzdwzlkt |website=bbc.com |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Gregory Gondwe |title=Former President Mutharika wins Malawi election to oust longtime rival Chakwera |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-election-chakwera-07706188fde0f0314348e74919ee3e10 |website=AP News |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025, afite imyaka 85, yarahiriye manda ya kabiri muri sitade Kamuzu i Blantyre<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=courrierinternational.com |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-au-malawi-le-spectaculaire-come-back-de-l-ancien-president-peter-mutharika_235534}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is sworn in as Malawi president in political comeback at the age of 85 |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-peter-mutharika-president-inauguration-23ca3ea49c9fce6f3564af5e2a86bb16 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko amafaranga y'ishuri mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye azakurwaho guhera muri Mutarama 2026, uretse ku mashuri y'abacumbikirwa<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mutharika pledges to end hunger, abolish school fees: Calls for unity, patriotism at Mulhakho wa Alhomwe Festival |url=https://malawi24.com/2025/10/20/mutharika-pledges-to-end-hunger-abolish-school-fees-calls-for-unity-patriotism-at-mulhakho-wa-alhomwe-festival/ |website=Malawi 24 |date=2025-10-21}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=DPP's free secondary education excludes boarding fees |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpps-free-secondary-education-excludes-boarding-fees |website=Malawi Nyasa Times |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yaguze toni 200 000 z'ibigori muri [[Zambiya]] kugira ngo igaburire abantu barenga miliyoni enye bafite ikibazo cy'inzara<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Malawian president abolishes school fees, pledges to end hunger |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202510/21/WS68f6e609a310f735438b6135.html |website=China Daily - Global Edition |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>, kandi ku wa 23 Ukwakira itangaza ko izabuza kohereza mu mahanga amabuye y'agaciro atatunganyijwe<ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Malawi bans raw mineral exports to save $500m in wealth annually |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307025209/https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |archive-date=2026-03-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Afite abakobwa babiri, Moyenda na Monique, n'umuhungu umwe, Mahopela, yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Christophine, wapfuye azize kanseri ku wa 1 Mutarama 1990<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Green Muheya |title=Peter Mutharika touted cultured character as widower for 30-years |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2014-04-04 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194926/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kamena 2014, yashakanye na Gertrude Maseko, umudepite<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=’Til death do us part!’…Malawi President weds |url=http://timesmediamw.com/til-death-do-us-partmalawi-president-weds/ |website=Bnl Times |date=2014-06-22}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Mutharika weds partner in colourful ceremony |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mutharika-weds-partner-in-colourful-ceremony-1.1706988#.U6WYm_RDuSo |website=Independent Online (South Africa) |date=2014-06-21 |access-date=2014-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero rya Presbytériens<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Mutharika Shuns National Prayers, Opts For Labourers |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/#sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |website=faceofmalawi.com |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Peter Mutharika}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Malawi]] caf5yum33v8ackjyar5d1ds13c0n1cj 0 23218 142227 140751 2026-10-15T09:04:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 142227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Cyril Ramaphosa | image = Cyril Ramaphosa in 2026.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Cyril Ramaphosa mu 2026 | birth_date = 17 Ugushyingo 1952 | birth_place = Soweto, Johannesburg, [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | nationality = Umunyafurika y'Epfo | alma_mater = Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop), Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, umucuruzi, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018 | predecessor = Jacob Zuma | party = African National Congress (ANC) | spouse = Tshepo Motsepe | children = 4 }} '''Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa''' (yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Soweto) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umucuruzi wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Gashyantare 2018, akaba na perezida w'ishyaka rya African National Congress (ANC) kuva mu 2017. Yahoze ari impirimbanyi irwanya ivanguraruhu (''apartheid'') n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (NUM). Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yari intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'', hanyuma ayobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya 1996. Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, yabaye umwe mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu. Yagarutse muri politiki mu 2012, aba Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2018, maze asimbura Jacob Zuma weguye. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2019 no mu 2024, ubwo ANC yatakazaga ubwiganze busesuye, bituma ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu. Yayoboye Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe kuva mu 2020 kugeza mu 2021. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Ramaphosa yavutse ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 1952 i Johannesburg, mu muryango woroheje ukomoka mu bwoko bw'Abavenda <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Ngwako Modjadji |title=Ramaphosa 'not born in Limpopo' |url=http://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/981959/ramaphosa-not-born-in-limpopo/ |website=The Citizen |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : cinq choses à savoir sur Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouveau chef de l’ANC |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/12/18/afrique-du-sud-cinq-choses-a-savoir-sur-cyril-ramaphosa-le-nouveau-chef-de-l-anc_5231548_3212.html}}</ref>. Ni uwa kabiri mu bana batatu ba Erdmuth na Samuel Ramaphosa, wari umupolisi <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=25 Things you don't know about Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Youth Village |date=2013-10-25 |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215710/http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2013/10/25-things-dont-know-cyril-ramaphosa/ |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Akiri umwana, agace k'iwabo karasenywe, umuryango we wimurirwa i Soweto <ref name="F3" />. Yize mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye i Soweto <ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Cyril Matamela Ramaphosa |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cyril-matamela-ramaphosa |website=South African History Online |date=2011-02-17 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>, hanyuma mu 1971 arangiriza amashuri yisumbuye i Sibasa, muri Venda <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Who is Cyril Ramaphosa? |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-opinion/soapbox/who-is-cyril-ramaphosa/ |website=Moneyweb |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>. Ku myaka 20, yatangiye kwiga amategeko muri Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru (Turfloop). Yinjiye mu muryango w'abanyeshuri b'Abirabura (SASO), maze afungwa amezi cumi n'umwe mu 1974, yongera gufungwa mu 1976 nyuma y'imyivumbagatanyo ya Soweto. Yarangije amasomo y'amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Afurika y'Epfo (UNISA) mu 1981. == Ihuriro ry'abakozi no kurwanya ''apartheid'' == Mu 1981, Ramaphosa yabaye umujyanama mu by'amategeko w'ihuriro ry'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi (CUSA). Mu 1982, yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi bo mu birombe (National Union of Mineworkers, NUM) ryari rimaze gushingwa, aho yayoboye imyigaragambyo ikomeye yo mu 1987, yabaye nini kurusha izindi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu 1991, yatorewe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru wa ANC, iyobowe na Nelson Mandela, maze aba intumwa nkuru ya ANC mu mishyikirano yashyize iherezo kuri ''apartheid'' <ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa has what it takes to fix South Africa's ailing ANC. But ... |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-01-07-ramaphosa-has-what-it-takes-to-fix-south-africas-ailing-anc-but-/ |website=TimesLIVE |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |author=tinashe |title=Negotiations and the transition |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/negotiations-and-transition |website=South African History Online |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amatora ya mbere ya demokarasi yo muri Mata 1994, ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1994 yatorewe kuyobora Inteko Ishinga Itegeko Nshinga, ayobora itegurwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga ryemejwe mu 1996 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Portrait] Afrique du Sud: la «longue marche» de Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20171222-election-anc-longue-marche-cyril-ramaphosa-conference-parti-zuma-corruption |website=RFI |date=2017-12-22 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. Bamwe bamufataga nk'uwo Mandela yifuzaga ko azamusimbura <ref name="E48">{{cite web |author=Ranjeni Munusamy |title=Cyril Ramaphosa: the return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/cyril-ramaphosa-return-nelson-mandela |website=The Guardian |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref>, ariko mu 1997 [[Thabo Mbeki]] ni we wamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa ANC <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : l’homme que Nelson Mandela aurait voulu pour successeur |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/qui-est-ce/2212-53105-cyril-ramaphosa-l-homme-que-nelson-mandela-aurait-voulu-pour-successeur |website=Agence Ecofin |date=2017 |access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>. == Umwuga mu bucuruzi == Nyuma yo kuva muri politiki mu 1996, Ramaphosa yabaye umucuruzi ukomeye, abifashijwemo na politiki yo guteza imbere Abirabura mu bukungu <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Liste des sociétés liées à Cyril Ramaphosa |url=http://www.companydirectorcheck.com/matamela-cyril-ramaphosa-2}}</ref>. Yashinze ikigo cy'ishoramari cya Shanduka, cyashoye imari mu birombe, mu mitungo itimukanwa no mu masosiyete nka McDonald's na Coca-Cola muri Afurika y'Epfo <ref name="F3" />. Yabaye kandi umuyobozi w'inama y'ubutegetsi ya MTN n'umwe mu bagize iy'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi Lonmin. Mu 2018, umutungo we wagereranywaga n'amadolari arenga miliyoni 450 <ref name="E3">{{cite web |title=Here are the 20 richest people in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/wealth/185007/here-are-the-20-richest-people-in-south-africa/ |website=BusinessTech |access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref>. Mu Kanama 2012, ubwo yari mu buyobozi bwa Lonmin, abakozi b'ikirombe cya Marikana bakoze imyigaragambyo, maze polisi irasa abacukuzi 34. Ramaphosa yanenzwe kuba yarashyigikiye ko polisi itabara; nubwo komisiyo y'iperereza yamugize umwere, mu 2017 yasabye imbabazi ku ruhare rwe muri ayo makuba <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: les excuses de Ramaphosa sur le drame de Marikana |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170508-afrique-sud-excuses-cyril-ramaphosa-drame-marikana}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu Ukuboza 2012, Ramaphosa yagarutse muri politiki, atorerwa kuba visi-perezida wa ANC <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa : qui est le nouveau président d'Afrique du Sud ? - Les Echos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/13/02/2018/lesechos.fr/0301286242737_cyril-ramaphosa---qui-est-le-nouveau-president-d-afrique-du-sud--.htm |website=lesechos.fr via Internet Archive |access-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191859/https://www.lesechos.fr/13/02/2018/lesechos.fr/0301286242737_cyril-ramaphosa---qui-est-le-nouveau-president-d-afrique-du-sud--.htm |archive-date=2019-03-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 3 Kamena 2014, yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Repubulika ku butegetsi bwa Jacob Zuma <ref name="F3" />, anayobora komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe igenamigambi. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2017, yatorewe kuyobora ANC n'amajwi 2 440, atsinda Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wagize amajwi 2 261 <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le pari de Jacob Zuma pour sauver l'ANC |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/07/07/01003-20170707ARTFIG00288-le-pari-de-jacob-zuma-pour-sauver-l-anc.php}}</ref>. Icyo gihe, ANC yari mu bihe bikomeye: Perezida Zuma yari yugarijwe n'ibirego bya ruswa, ubushomeri bwari bugeze kuri 30%, kandi ubusumbane bwari bukabije. == Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo == === Manda ya mbere (2018–2024) === Muri Gashyantare 2018, nyuma y'imishyikirano hagati ya ANC na Zuma <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Jacob Zuma a accepté de démissionner à certaines conditions, selon la presse |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1098768/jacob-zuma-a-accepte-de-demissionner-a-certaines-conditions-selon-la-presse.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2018-02-06 |access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>, Zuma yeguye ku ya 14 Gashyantare 2018, amaze gukangishwa kweguzwa <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Jacob Zuma démissionne avec « effet immédiat » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/14/afrique-du-sud-le-president-jacob-zuma-demissionne-avec-effet-immediat_5257073_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa, le nouvel homme fort de l'Afrique du Sud - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180214-afrique-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-president-demission-jacod-zuma-dauphin-nelson-mandela |website=France 24 |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Gashyantare 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatoreye Ramaphosa kuba Perezida wa Repubulika nta wundi bahatanye <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l'Afrique du Sud |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1100114/cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lafrique-du-sud.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected president of South Africa |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-02-15-cyril-ramaphosa-has-been-elected-president-of-south-africa/ |access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref>. Amasoko y'imari yahise yakira neza itorwa rye <ref name="E90">{{cite web |title=Rand rallies over 4% as Ramaphosa takes ANC top job in close contest |url=https://www.fin24.com/Markets/Currencies/rand-rallies-over-4-as-ramaphosa-takes-anc-top-job-in-close-contest-20171218? |website=Fin24 |date=2017-12-18 |access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 26 Gashyantare 2018, yavuguruye guverinoma, akuramo abaminisitiri benshi bavugwagaho ibibazo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, kandi agira David Mabuza Visi-Perezida <ref name="E96">{{cite web |author=Justina Crabtee |title=Ramaphosa cabinet reshuffle sees investor favorites return to run South Africa's economy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-sees-investor-favorites-return-to-run-south-africa-economy.html |website=CNBC |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name="E97">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa's Cabinet reshuffle leaves some happy, others not, as it happened |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-ramaphosa-postpones-cabinet-reshuffle-with-hour-20180226 |website=News24 |date=2018-02-26 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ivugurura ry'ubutaka « rikomeye », maze mu mpera za Gashyantare 2018 Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeza umushinga wo kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane, hagamijwe gukosora ubusumbane bwasizwe na ''apartheid'' <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Parlement sud-africain ouvre la voie à l’expropriation sans compensation des terres |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/02/28/le-parlement-sud-africain-ouvre-la-voie-a-l-expropriation-sans-compensation-des-terres_5263536_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rachel O'Donoghue |title=South Africa becoming ZIMBABWE 2.0 amid plans to seize white farmers’ land, experts warn |url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/713457/south-africa-farmer-attacks-white-farms-anc-zimbabwe |website=Daily Star}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, yahagaritse umushinga wo kongera inganda z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, ashyira imbere ingufu zisubira <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Afrique du Sud suspend son projet de développement du nucléaire civil |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_l-afrique-du-sud-suspend-son-projet-de-developpement-du-nucleaire-civil?id=10004116 |website=RTBF Info |date=2018-08-27 |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>. Mu matora rusange yo muri Gicurasi 2019, ANC iyobowe na we yabonye amajwi 57,50%, amanota yo hasi kurusha ayo yari yarigeze kubona kugeza icyo gihe <ref name="E98">{{cite web |author=Brakkton Booker |title=South Africa's President Ramaphosa, ANC Hold On To Power In National Elections |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/722416428/south-africas-president-ramaphosa-anc-hold-on-to-power-in-national-elections |website=NPR.org |date=2019-05-11 |access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=M.-L.W. avec AFP |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa réélu président |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reelu-president-22-05-2019-8077371.php |website=Le Parisien}}</ref>; ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2019, Inteko yongeye kumutora kuba perezida <ref name="E100">{{cite web |title=#6thParliament: Ramaphosa elected as president |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/6thparliament-ramaphosa-elected-as-president-23774422 |website=www.iol.co.za |access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adrien Barbier |title=En Afrique du Sud, l’ANC favori des élections malgré les scandales de l’ère Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/30/en-afrique-du-sud-l-anc-favori-des-elections-malgre-les-scandales-de-l-ere-zuma_5456817_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-04-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2020, yafashe ubuyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, asimbuye Abdel Fattah al-Sissi <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pierre Boisselet |title=L’Égypte prend la présidence de l’Union africaine, l’Afrique du Sud lui succédera |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/732898/politique/legypte-prend-la-presidence-de-lunion-africaine-lafrique-du-sud-lui-succedera/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique : Cyril Ramaphosa élu président de l’Union africaine |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2020/02/09/afrique-cyril-ramaphosa-elu-president-de-lunion-africaine |website=Actualite.cd |date=2020-02-09 |access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref name="E102">{{cite web |author=Simon Ateba |title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap |url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/ |website=Today News Africa |date=2020-02-10 |access-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216015953/https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/ |archive-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi uburyo igihugu cyahanganye n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, ndetse n'imyivumbagatanyo ya 2021, yabaye mibi kurusha izindi kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye <ref name="E103">{{cite web |title=South Africa links 12 suspected instigators to riots |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMd6qIT8hTQ |website=YouTube |date=2021-07-21 |access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2021, imbere ya komisiyo yakoraga iperereza kuri ruswa yo ku butegetsi bwa Zuma, yemeye ko icyo gihe ruswa yari yarashinze imizi mu nzego za leta <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Afrique du Sud, Cyril Ramaphosa reconnaît une corruption endémique sous Jacob Zuma |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/12/en-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-reconnait-une-corruption-endemique-sous-jacob-zuma_6091246_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2021-12-08 |access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2024) === Mu matora rusange ya 2024, ANC yabonye amajwi 40,18% gusa, itakaza ubwiganze busesuye bwa mbere kuva ''apartheid'' irangiye; ishyaka rishya Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) rya Jacob Zuma ryabaye irya gatatu <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Figaro avec AFP |title=Législatives en Afrique du Sud : l'ANC a perdu sa majorité absolue |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/afrique-du-sud-l-anc-en-tete-des-legislatives-avec-42-des-suffrages-20240530 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-06-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Kamena 2024, Inteko yongeye gutorera Ramaphosa kuba perezida, ashyigikiwe n'ishyaka rya Democratic Alliance n'andi mashyaka, maze ashyiraho guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu <ref name="E104">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa re-elected South African president after ANC, DA reach deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/south-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref><ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Cyril Ramaphosa investi pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240619-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-cyril-ramaphosa-investi-pour-un-second-mandat |website=rfi.fr |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref>. Yarahiriye ku ya 19 Kamena 2024 i Pretoria <ref name="E105">{{cite web |language=en |title=Cyril Ramaphosa vows 'new era' for South Africa at presidential inauguration |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gge414vk9o |website=www.bbc.com |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, yasinye itegeko ryemerera leta kwambura ubutaka nta ngurane mu bihe bimwe, risimbura itegeko rya 1975 ryasabaga ko ba nyir'ubutaka bahabwa ingurane; iryo tegeko ryateje impaka ndetse no muri guverinoma ye <ref name="F35">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president signs controversial land seizure law |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg9w4n6gp5o}}</ref>. Muri uko kwezi, imiryango 25 y'abakorewe ibyaha mu gihe cya ''apartheid'' yareze guverinoma ye, iyishinja kudakora iperereza rihagije kuri ibyo byaha <ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les familles de victimes de l'apartheid poursuivent le gouvernement sud-africain en justice |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250124-les-familles-des-victimes-de-l-apartheid-poursuivent-le-gouvernement-sud-africain-en-justice |website=rfi.fr |date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 2025, nyuma y'uko [[Madagasikari]] yeguye ku buyobozi bw'Umuryango w'Iterambere ry'Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), Ramaphosa yahawe kuwuyobora by'agateganyo <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida yarukoreye muri [[Angola]] muri Werurwe 2018 <ref name="E122">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa on first official visit to Angola on Friday |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ramaphosa-first-official-visit-angola-friday/ |website=SABC NEWS |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Werurwe 2018, yasuye Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]], ahura na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] baganira ku kuzahura umubano w'ibihugu byombi, maze ku munsi ukurikiyeho asinya amasezerano ya Kigali ashyiraho isoko rusange ry'Afurika (ZLECAf) <ref name="E123">{{cite web |author=Carien Du Plessis |title=Diplomatic relations between SA, Rwanda to return to normal |url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/03/21/diplomatic-relations-between-sa-rwanda-to-return-to-normal |website=EWN |date=2018-03-21 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, yakiriye inama y'ibihugu bya BRICS i Johannesburg <ref name="E124">{{cite web |title=President Ramaphosa to lead South Africa's hosting of the 10th BRICS Summit |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |website=The Presidency |date=2018-07-25 |access-date=2019-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109084414/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-ramaphosa-lead-south-africa%27s-hosting-10th-brics-summit |archive-date=2019-11-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'igitero cy'[[Uburusiya]] muri Ukraine mu 2022, Ramaphosa yanze kwamagana Uburusiya cyangwa kubufatira ibihano, avuga ko kutagira aho abogamira ari ngombwa ngo abashe guhuza impande zombi <ref name="E126">{{cite web |title=History may explain South Africa's refusal to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://theconversation.com/history-may-explain-south-africas-refusal-to-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-178657 |website=The Conservation |date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref><ref name="E128">{{cite web |title=S Africa's Ramaphosa: NATO to blame for Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/18/update-1-s-africas-ramaphosa-blames-nato-for-russias-war-in-ukraine |website=Al-Jazeera |date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2023, yayoboye intumwa z'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika zasuye Kyiv na Saint-Pétersbourg zitwaje umugambi w'amahoro <ref name="E134">{{cite web |title=African Leaders Head to Ukraine, Russia on Peace Mission |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-leaders-head-to-ukraine-russia-on-peace-mission-/7136695.html |website=VOA News |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E138">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa tells Vladimir Putin to stop war in Ukraine as African delegation arrives in Moscow to plead for peace |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/south-africas-ramaphosa-tells-vladimir-putin-to-stop-war-in-ukraine-as-african-delegation-arrives-in-moscow-to-plead-for-peace/news-story/014977d9b22d6a70e4727a999c6964ec |website=Sky News |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>, ariko Perezida [[Vladimir Putin]] awanga <ref name="E139">{{cite web |title=Putin rebuts key elements of African peace plan for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/african-leaders-arrive-ukraine-talks-with-russias-putin-2023-06-17/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yasabye ko intambara ya Gaza ihagarara <ref name="E143">{{cite web |title=Ramaphosa urges leaders to 'stand on side of peace' in Gaza conflict |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/africa/ramaphosa-urges-leaders-to-stand-on-side-of-peace-in-gaza-conflict-15491085 |website=TRT Afrika |date=2023-10-21 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>, anenga ikumira ry'ibiribwa n'ibindi bikenerwa muri Gaza <ref name="E144">{{cite web |author=Cyril Ramaphosa |title=Peace will not be possible until Palestinians are free |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday%2C-16-october-2023 |website=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025032116/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/from-the-desk-of-the-president/desk-president-monday,-16-october-2023 |archive-date=2023-10-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2023, Afurika y'Epfo yareze Isirayeli mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera (CIJ), iyishinja jenoside <ref name="E147">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa delivers evidence of Israel genocide to ICJ |url=https://dirco.gov.za/south-africa-delivers-evidence-of-israel-genocide-to-icj/ |website=DIRCO |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref><ref name="E148">{{cite web |language=en |title=Report of the International Court of Justice (1 August 2024–31 July 2025) - (A/80/4) |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/icj-report-2024-25-01aug25/ |website=Question of Palestine |access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma y'urupfu rw'abasirikare 13 b'Afurika y'Epfo bari mu butumwa bw'amahoro mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], Minisitiri w'Ingabo wa Afurika y'Epfo yavuze ko Ramaphosa yari yaburiye Leta y'u Rwanda ko ibitero bikomeje byafatwa nk'« itangazwa ry'intambara » <ref name="E155">{{cite web |author=LIZEKA TANDWA |title=Ramaphosa tells Rwanda 'firing at SA troops is a declaration of war' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2025-01-29-ramaphosa-tells-rwanda-firing-at-sa-troops-is-a-declaration-of-war/ |website=Sunday Times |date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref>. Ramaphosa yanditse ku rubuga rwa X ashinja ingabo z'u Rwanda kuba ari zo zabishe <ref name="E156">{{cite web |author=Khanyisile Ncobo |title=South Africa and Rwanda go head-to-head over DR Congo War |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78w1ze7v25o |website=BBC |date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>; Leta y'u Rwanda yarabihakanye. Ku ya 21 Gicurasi 2025, Ramaphosa yakiriwe muri White House na Perezida [[Donald Trump]], mu gihe umubano w'ibihugu byombi wari warajemo agatotsi nyuma y'uko [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] zihaye ubuhungiro Abanyafurika y'Epfo b'Abazungu (Abafurikaneri) 59, zivuga ko batotezwa, ndetse no kubera itegeko ryo kwambura ubutaka <ref name="E157">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Ramaphosa arrives in the United States of America for his Working Visit |url=https://dirco.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-arrives-in-the-united-states-of-america-for-his-working-visit/ |website=DIRCO |date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E158">{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump-Ramaphosa meeting: US president confronts South African leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9vvljen0xo |website=www.bbc.com |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref><ref name="E159">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=South Africa's Ramaphosa visits Trump amid fears he could face Zelensky-style onslaught in White House |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/21/africa/south-africas-ramaphosa-visits-trump-latam-intl |website=CNN |date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>. == Impaka == Muri Kamena 2019, hatangijwe iperereza ku nkunga yahawe n'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi mu gihe cyo kwiyamamariza kuyobora ANC mu 2017 <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud: Ramaphosa à son tour visé par une enquête |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/afrique-du-sud-ramaphosa-a-son-tour-vise-par-une-enquete-20190612 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-06-12}}</ref>. Yahuye kandi n'abamurwanya muri ANC, bari bagishyigikiye Jacob Zuma <ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jean-Philippe Rémy |title=En Afrique du Sud, le vide s’installe à la tête de l’Etat |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/14/en-afrique-du-sud-le-vide-s-installe-a-la-tete-de-l-etat_5510400_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-14}}</ref>. Muri Kamena 2022, uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w'ubutasi yatanze ikirego amushinja ko muri Gashyantare 2020 yahishe ubujura bwabereye mu murima we wa Phala Phala, aho abajura bari bibye amadolari menshi yari ahishwe mu ntebe <ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=429 Too Many Requests |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Fa%2Fle-pr%25C3%25A9sident-sud-africain-vis%25C3%25A9-par-une-plainte-pour-enl%25C3%25A8vement-et-corruption-%2F6599278.html. |website=voaafrique.com via Wikiwix}}</ref>. Mu Ugushyingo 2022, komisiyo y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yavuze ko hari impamvu zihagije zo kuganira ku kumweguza <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : Cyril Ramaphosa sous la menace d’une procédure de destitution |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221201-afrique-du-sud-cyril-ramaphosa-sous-la-menace-d-une-proc%C3%A9dure-de-destitution |website=france24.com}}</ref>, ariko muri Werurwe 2023 umuvunyi (''Public Protector'') yavuze ko nta mategeko yishe <ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique du Sud : le président Ramaphosa partiellement dédouané dans l’affaire Phala Phala |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230311-afrique-du-sud-le-pr%C3%A9sident-ramaphosa-partiellement-d%C3%A9douan%C3%A9-dans-l-affaire-phala-phala |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Mu Ukwakira 2024, amashyaka abiri atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi yitabaje Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga asaba ko iyo dosiye isubukurwa <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Africa's top court to rule on reviving President Ramaphosa's impeachment |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/04/south-africas-top-court-to-rule-on-reviving-president-ramaphosas-impeachment/ |website=africanews.com |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, urukiko rwahagaritse by'agateganyo inzira yo kumweguza yari yatangijwe n'Inteko, mu gihe ategereje igisubizo ku cyifuzo cye cyo kujuririra raporo ivuga ko yaba yarishe Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F36">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South African president gets court order halting inquiry into 'Farmgate' scandal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africas-ramaphosa-wins-court-challenge-halt-farmgate-impeachment-process-2026-07-24/}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ramaphosa yashakanye na Tshepo Motsepe, mushiki w'umuherwe Patrice Motsepe; afite abana bane. Ikinyamakuru ''Forbes'' cyamushyize mu bacuruzi bakize kurusha abandi mu gihugu, kandi ni we Munyafurika y'Epfo w'Umwirabura wa mbere wabaye umuherwe ufite miliyari <ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ANC se réunit pour choisir le futur président d'Afrique du Sud |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/12/15/01003-20171215ARTFIG00232-l-anc-se-reunit-pour-choisir-le-futur-president-d-afrique-du-sud.php}}</ref><ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’ANC, aux origines d’un parti-État |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/03/CESSOU/58425 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Afurika y’Epfo]] ngl9zefh0cqplp7t0mb23ufmk4ep7yu 0 23219 142214 140939 2026-10-15T04:28:24Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Salva Kiir Mayardit | image = Salva Kiir Mayardit South Sudan 2015 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Salva Kiir mu 2015 | birth_date = 13 Nzeri 1951 | birth_place = Akon, Gogrial, Bahr el-Ghazal ([[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]]) | nationality = Umunyasudani y'Amajyepfo | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo | title = Perezida wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] | term = Kuva ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011 | party = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) }} '''Salva Kiir Mayardit''' (yavutse ku ya 13 Nzeri 1951 i Akon, mu karere ka Gogrial) ni umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]], Perezida wa mbere w'icyo gihugu kuva cyabona ubwigenge ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abadinka. Yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu ya [[Sudani]], hanyuma aba umwungirije wa John Garang mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) mu ntambara ya kabiri. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Garang mu 2005, yamusimbuye ku buyobozi bwa SPLA, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani kugeza mu 2011. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n'intambara y'abenegihugu yatangiye mu 2013 hagati y'abamushyigikiye n'aba Riek Machar wahoze ari visi-perezida we, yahitanye abantu bagera ku 400 000, ndetse n'ibirego bikomeye byo guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Salva Kiir yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Akon, mu muryango w'aborozi b'Abadinka bo mu gace ka Awan-Chan, mu karere ka Gogrial, muri leta ya Warrap; icyo gihe ako gace kari mu Sudani yategekwaga n'Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=H.E President Salva Kiir Mayardit |url=https://www.eahealth.org/he-president-salva-kiir-mayardit |website=eahealth.org |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Wël, PaanLuel |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |date=2016-02-24}}</ref>. Ni uwa munani mu bana icyenda ba nyina (abahungu batandatu n'abakobwa batatu) <ref name="E6" />. Se, Kuethpiny Thiik Atem (wapfuye mu 2007), yari umworozi w'inka wo mu muryango wa Payum, akagira abagore batatu n'abana 16; nyina, Awiei Rou Wol, yari umuhinzi wo mu muryango wa Payii <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Salva Kiir Mayardit: The Joshua of South Sudan |url=https://paanluelwel.com/2016/02/14/salva-kiir-mayaardit-the-joshua-of-south-sudan/ |website=paanluelwel.com |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref><ref name="E6" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1967, Kiir yinjiye mu nyeshyamba za Anyanya zarwaniraga ubwigenge bw'amajyepfo ya Sudani mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu. Ubwo amasezerano ya [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] yasinywaga mu 1972, yari umusirikare mukuru wo ku rwego rwo hasi, maze yinjizwa mu ngabo za Sudani nk'uko ayo masezerano yabiteganyaga <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Profile: Salva Kiir |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4738295.stm |website=BBC News |date=2005-08-02 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu 1983, ubwo intambara ya kabiri y'abenegihugu yadukaga, yinjiye mu mutwe wa Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) washinzwe na John Garang n'ingabo zawo, SPLA, aba umwungirije wa Garang <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=Douglas H. Johnson |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&q=The+Root+Causes+of+Sudan%27s+Civil+Wars |website=Indiana University Press}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coopération : Félix Tshisekedi attendu ce dimanche à Juba pour un tête-à-tête avec son homologue Salva Kir |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cooperation-felix-tshisekedi-attendu-ce-dimanche-juba-pour-un-tete-tete-avec-son-homologue |website=adiac-congo.com |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref>. Mu 1997, yayoboye ingabo za SPLA mu gitero cyiswe ''Operation Thunderbolt'', cyatumye SPLA yigarurira igice kinini cy'intara ya Equatoria y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="F3" />. Mu 2004, ibihuha by'uko yaba agiye kuvanwa ku mwanya w'umugaba mukuru wa SPLA byenda gucamo uwo mutwe ibice <ref name="E7" />. == Mbere y'ubwigenge == Nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro rusange (''Comprehensive Peace Agreement'') yo muri Mutarama 2005, Garang yabaye Visi-Perezida wa Sudani, ariko apfa azize impanuka y'indege ya kajugujugu ku ya 30 Nyakanga 2005. Ku ya 11 Kanama 2005, Kiir yamusimbuye, aba Perezida w'akarere kigenga ka Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Repubulika ya Sudani <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du sud: le président Kiir nomme son rival Machar vice-président |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-nomme-son-rival-machar-vice-president-9211346 |website=rtbf.be |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref name="E7" />. Yafatwaga nk'uharanira ubwigenge kurusha Garang <ref name="F4" />. Mu Ukwakira 2009, yavuze ko kamarampaka yari iteganyijwe izaba ari uguhitamo hagati yo kuba « umuturage wo ku rwego rwa kabiri mu gihugu cyawe » cyangwa « umuntu wigenga mu gihugu cyawe kigenga » <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=S. Sudan president makes first call for independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59U1FT20091031 |website=Reuters |date=2009-10-31 |access-date=2010-01-26}}</ref>. Mu matora ya Mata 2010, yongeye gutorerwa kuyobora Sudani y'Amajyepfo n'amajwi 93%; nubwo ayo matora yanenzwe n'indorerezi mpuzamahanga, iyo tsinzi yafashwe nk'intambwe ya mbere iganisha ku kwigenga <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le premier président élu du Sud-Soudan prête serment |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/4/20100521/twl-soudan-sud-president-bd5ae06.html |website=yahoo.fr |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526081208/http://fr.news.yahoo.com/4/20100521/twl-soudan-sud-president-bd5ae06.html |archive-date=2010-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |author=Jeffrey Gettleman |title=Bashir Wins Election as Sudan Edges Toward Split |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/world/africa/27sudan.html?hp |website=The New York Times |date=2010-04-26}}</ref>. Perezida [[Omar El Bechir]] yongeye kumugira Visi-Perezida wa mbere wa Sudani <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir and Ali Osman appointed deputies of Sudan's President |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35230 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2010-05-29}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Sudani y'Amajyepfo == === Ubwigenge === Muri kamarampaka yabaye kuva ku ya 9 kugeza ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, 98,83% by'abatoye bahisemo ubwigenge <ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Over 99 Percent in Southern Sudan Vote for Secession |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/over-99-percent-in-southern-sudan-vote-for-secession/ |website=FOX News |date=2011-01-30 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2011, Sudani y'Amajyepfo yabaye igihugu cyigenga, Kiir aba Perezida wacyo wa mbere. Mu ijambo rye ry'irahira, yasabye abaturage « kubabarira nubwo tutazibagirwa » akarengane bakorewe na Sudani y'amajyaruguru <ref name="E15">{{cite web |title=South Sudan: Salva Kiir Calls for Forgiveness As South now South Sudan Gains Independence |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090061.html |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>, anatangaza imbabazi rusange ku mitwe yari yararwanyije SPLM <ref name="E16">{{cite web |title=Salva Kiir takes oath, grants amnesty to rebels |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Salva-Kiir-takes-oath-grants,39479 |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2011-07-09 |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, yaburiye abasirikare n'abapolisi ko gufata ku ngufu, iyicarubozo n'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu bizakurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Waakhe Simon Wadu |title=Salva Kiir Warns Armed South Sudan Forces Over Human Rights Abuse |url=http://www.oyetimes.com/news/africa/12875-salva-kiir-warns-armed-south-sudan-forces-over-human-rights-abuse |website=Oye! Times |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2011-08-18}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Muri Kamena 2013, yahagaritse ku mirimo abaminisitiri babiri bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=South Sudan gripped by power struggles – Africa |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2013/07/20137287019670555.html |website=Al Jazeera English |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Kuva mu mpera za 2012, nyuma y'ibihuha by'umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi, yavuguruye mu buryo butigeze bubaho ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma, ishyaka n'ingabo, yirukana abajenerali benshi <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan president sacks cabinet in power struggle |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/south-sudan-salva-kiir-sacks-cabinet |website=the Guardian |date=2013-07-24 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2013, yasheshe guverinoma yose, yirukana na Visi-Perezida Riek Machar, wari watangaje ko azahatanira umwanya wa perezida mu matora ya 2015 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=South Soudan's Riek Machar eyes Salva Kiir's job, BBC News. Consulté le 31 juillet 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23470960}}</ref><ref name="E18" />. Machar yavuze ko iyo ari intambwe igana ku gitugu <ref name="E18" />. Hagati y'Ukuboza 2011 na Gashyantare 2012, imirwano hagati y'Abanuweri ba Lou n'Abamurle yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 800; kubura ubutabera kuri ubwo bwicanyi byanenzwe cyane <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=World Report 2013: South Sudan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/south-sudan |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2013-01-10 |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>. Ku butegetsi bwe kandi, abanyamakuru benshi barishwe: mu 2015, umunyamakuru Moi Peter Julius yarashwe i Juba, iminsi itatu nyuma y'uko Kiir avuga mu ruhame amagambo yafashwe nk'iterabwoba ku banyamakuru <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Zivile Raskauskite |title=South Sudan reporter killed in apparent targeted attack – Global Journalist |url=http://globaljournalist.org/2015/08/south-sudan-reporter-killed-in-apparent-targeted-attack/ |website=Global Journalist |date=2015-08-26 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>, kandi abanyamakuru batanu ba radiyo Raja FM bishwe mu gitero cyagabwe ku modoka bari barimo <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Five journalists killed when gunmen ambush convoy in South Sudan – Committee to Protect Journalists |url=https://cpj.org/2015/01/five-journalists-killed-when-gunmen-ambush-convoy-.php |website=cpj.org |date=2015-01-27 |access-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, abakozi batandatu b'ikigo cy'igihugu cy'itangazamakuru batawe muri yombi nyuma y'ikwirakwizwa ry'amashusho yerekana perezida mu muhango wo gutaha umuhanda, amashusho yateje impungenge ku buzima bwe; barekuwe nta cyaha baregwa <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Six journalistes arrêtés après la diffusion d’une vidéo du président du Soudan du Sud s’urinant dessus |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/afrique/six-journalistes-arretes-apres-la-diffusion-d-une-video-du-president-du-soudan-du-sud-s-urinant-sur-lui-13592663.php |website=SudOuest.fr |access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=South Sudan journalists detained over video of President Salva Kiir 'wetting himself' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/south-sudan-journalists-detained-over-video-of-president-salva-kiir-wetting-himself-12781731 |website=Sky News |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=Two journalists held over Kiir video freed |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/two-journalists-held-over-viral-kiir-video-freed |website=Radio Tamazuj |access-date=2025-02-25}}</ref>. === Intambara y'abenegihugu === Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 2013, nyuma y'inama y'ishyaka SPLM, imirwano yadukiye i Juba mu ngabo zirinda perezida. Bukeye, Kiir yashinje Machar n'abandi bayobozi gutegura kudeta, ibyo Machar yahakanye. Ibyo byabaye intangiriro y'intambara y'abenegihugu, yarimo n'amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko hagati y'Abadinka (ubwoko bwa Kiir) n'Abanuweri (ubwoko bwa Machar) <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : les vieux démons resurgissent |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-vieux-demons-resurgissent-17-12-2013-1771276_24.php}}</ref><ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: dans les affrontements à Juba |url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/12/17/soudan-du-sud-reprise-des-combats-a-juba_967127}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Final report of the African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan – South Sudan - ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/final-report-african-union-commission-inquiry-south-sudan |website=reliefweb.int |date=2015-10-28 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref>. Kugeza muri Mata 2018, iyo ntambara yari imaze guhitana abantu bagera ku 400 000 <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R |website=Reuters |date=2018-09-26 |access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref>. Mu 2017, ibice bimwe by'igihugu byibasiwe n'inzara, imiryango mpuzamahanga ivuga ko yatewe n'abantu kubera intambara <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=George & John Clooney & Prendergast |title=South Sudan's government-made famine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/03/09/south-sudans-government-made-famine/ |website=The Washington Post |date=2017-03-09 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |author=Dominic MacSorley |title=South Sudan famine results from failure of political will |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/south-sudan-famine-results-from-failure-of-political-will-1.3022458 |website=The Irish Times |date=2017-03-24 |access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref>; abayobozi ba Loni bashinje guverinoma ya Kiir kubuza ko ibiribwa bigera mu duce tumwe <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN |url=http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/ |website=WHIO |date=2017-02-20 |access-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105314/http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/ |archive-date=2017-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'amasezerano y'agahenge yasinywe i Khartoum muri Kamena 2018, byemejwe ko Machar asubira ku mwanya wa Visi-Perezida wa mbere <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le chef rebelle Riek Machar va retrouver son poste de vice-président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1124537/sud-soudan-le-chef-rebelle-riek-machar-va-retrouver-son-poste-de-vice-president.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2018, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yongereye manda ya Kiir imyaka itatu, kugeza mu 2021 <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le mandat du gouvernement prolongé de trois ans |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180713-soudan-sud-mandat-gouvernement-prolonge-trois-anssalva-kiir}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : prolongation du mandat du président Salva Kiir |url=http://fr.africanews.com/2018/07/12/soudan-du-sud-prolongation-du-mandat-du-president-salva-kiir// |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203024143/https://fr.africanews.com/2018/07/12/soudan-du-sud-prolongation-du-mandat-du-president-salva-kiir// |archive-date=2024-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2018, andi masezerano yasinyiwe i Khartoum yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un accord sur le partage du pouvoir |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-accord-sur-le-partage-du-pouvoir-05-08-2018-2241622_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>, Kiir aha imbabazi Machar n'indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=Amnistie accordée aux rebelles du Soudan du Sud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/afrique/region-45127574 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, maze ku ya 12 Nzeri 2018 amasezerano y'amahoro asinyirwa i Addis Abeba <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Soudan du Sud: les belligérants signent un nouvel accord de paix |url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/12/soudan-du-sud-les-belligerants-signent-un-nouvel-accord-de-paix_1678345 |website=Libération |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibiganiro byinshi <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Florence Miettaux |title=Au Soudan du Sud, la mise en œuvre laborieuse de l’accord de paix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/au-soudan-du-sud-la-mise-en-uvre-laborieuse-de-l-accord-de-paix_5510988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Salva Kiir et Riek Machar s'engagent à former un gouvernement |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-50832135 |website=bbc.com |date=2019-12-18}}</ref>, guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'igihugu yashyizweho ku ya 12 Werurwe 2020 <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud: le président Kiir dévoile le nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/soudan-du-sud-le-president-kiir-devoile-le-nouveau-gouvernement-20200312site=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-03-12 |access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mu Ukwakira 2011, Kiir yatangaje ko Sudani y'Amajyepfo isabye kwinjira mu Muryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership which was later rejected |url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership |website=Busiweek.com |date=2011-10-17 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2011, yasuye Isirayeli ayishimira inkunga yahaye inyeshyamba mu ntambara ya mbere y'abenegihugu <ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Al Arabiya, 12/20/2011 |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/20/183573.html |website=Alarabiya.net |date=2011-12-20 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Daniel Pipes |title=South Sudan, Israel's New Ally |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/10486/south-sudan-israel-allies |website=danielpipes.org |date=2012-01-03 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2012, ingabo za Sudani y'Amajyepfo zateye ikigo cy'ubucukuzi bwa peteroli cya Heglig, ku mupaka na Sudani, bituma habaho intambara ngufi ku mupaka. Ku ya 27 Nzeri 2012, Kiir na Perezida Omar El Bechir basinyiye i Addis Abeba amasezerano umunani yatumye ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bya peteroli bisubukurwa, hashyirwaho n'agace katarimo ingabo ku mupaka <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mireille Affa'a-Mindzie |title=Negotiating Peace in the Sudans: The Addis Ababa Agreement |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2012/10/negotiating-peace-in-the-sudans-the-addis-ababa-cooperation-agreement/ |website=IPI Global Observatory |date=2012-10-09 |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>. Nyuma y'itangira ry'intambara y'abenegihugu, Kiir yashinje Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'imiryango y'ubutabazi gushyigikira Machar <ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Mugume Davis Rwakaringi |title=South Sudan Peace Protesters Rail Against UN |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/south-sudan-peace-protesters-against-un/1868885.html |website=Voice of America |date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe. Ku ya 5 Nyakanga 2023, yari yatangaje ko aziyamamariza amatora ya perezida <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Soudan du Sud : Salva Kiir candidat aux élections de 2024 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/07/05/soudan-du-sud-salva-kiir-candidat-aux-elections-de-2024/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kiir ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E48">{{cite web |language=en |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan#:~:text=President%20Salva%20Kiir%20Mayardit,%20a,Abdelbagi,%20was%20also%20a%20Muslim. |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2024-10-19}}</ref>. Mu 2006, ubwo yasuraga White House, Perezida George W. Bush yamuhaye ingofero y'umukara yo mu bwoko bwa ''stetson''; kuva icyo gihe, ntajya agaragara mu ruhame atayambaye <ref name="E45">{{cite web |author=Colum Lynch |title=Where did Kiir get his ten-gallon hat? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/09/26/where-did-kiir-get-his-ten-gallon-hat/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] hhskwlrn5gazukzp7fcc1zvbrc0gxbr 0 23234 142209 140795 2026-10-15T03:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | image = Le lieutenant-colonel Paul Henri Sandaogo Damiba, Ouagadougou le 27 janvier 2022 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba i Ouagadougou, ku ya 27 Mutarama 2022 | birth_date = 2 Mutarama 1981 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burukina Faso]] | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = École militaire (Paris), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 31 Mutarama 2022 – 30 Nzeri 2022 | predecessor = [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]] }} '''Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba''' (yavutse mu Mutarama 1981 i [[Ouagadougou]]) ni umusirikare w'Umunyaburukina, wafite ipeti rya liyetona-koloneli, wabaye Perezida w'inzibacyuho wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva ku ya 31 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022. Ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022, ayoboye umutwe wa gisirikare wiswe Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration (MPSR), yahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], amushinja kunanirwa kurwanya imitwe y'iterabwoba. Nyuma y'amezi umunani gusa, ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022, na we yahiritswe n'undi musirikare, Kapiteni [[Ibrahim Traoré]], maze ahungira muri [[Togo]]. Muri Mutarama 2026, yafatiwe i Lomé, yoherezwa muri Burukina Faso, aho akurikiranyweho ibyaha bitandukanye. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Damiba yavukiye i Ouagadougou mu Mutarama 1981 <ref name="E8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>. Yize mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Kadiogo (''Prytanée militaire de Kadiogo''), mu kiciro cyo mu 1992 <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Prytanée Militaire de Kadiogo – PMK – S'instruire pour mieux servir ! |url=https://www.pmk-bf.net/ |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>, no mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Georges Namoano i Pô <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Accueil |url=https://amgn-bf.org/ |website=Académie militaire Georges Namoano - AMGN |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Yarangije amasomo mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Paris (''École militaire''), aho yahuriye na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]], waje kuyobora [[Gineya]] <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=David Gormezano |title=Burkina Faso : la France a-t-elle joué un rôle dans le renversement du président Roch Kaboré ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220125-burkina-faso-la-france-a-t-elle-jou%C3%A9-un-r%C3%B4le-dans-le-renversement-de-roch-kabor%C3%A9 |website=france24.com |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |title=Order of February 12, 2019 granting the higher military studies certificate |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038144219 |website=Legifrance |date=2022-02-12}}</ref>. Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bumenyi bw'ibyaha yakuye muri Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) i Paris, n'impamyabumenyi y'impuguke mu micungire, ubuyobozi n'ingamba za gisirikare <ref name="E7">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Damiba, leader of the Burkina Faso coup? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/25/burkina-faso-coup-leader-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2010 kugeza mu 2020, yitabiriye amahugurwa menshi ya gisirikare yateguwe na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], nk'imyitozo ya Flintlock <ref name="E8" /><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Nick Turse |title=Another U.S.-Trained Soldier Stages a Coup in West Africa |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/01/26/burkina-faso-coup-us-military/ |website=The Intercept |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Damiba yahoze ari umwe mu bagize umutwe w'abarinzi ba perezida (''Régiment de sécurité présidentielle'', RSP) wa Blaise Compaoré, awuvamo mu 2011 nyuma y'imyivumbagatanyo y'abasirikare <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : qui est Paul-Henri Damiba, le chef de la junte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/01/27/burkina-faso-qui-est-paul-henri-damiba-le-chef-de-la-junte_6111258_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Didier Ogbohou |title=Biographie: Qui est réellement Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba |url=https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |website=Africanolimit |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175806/https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est le nouvel homme fort ? |url=http://lobservateur.bf/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=6300:qui-est-le-nouvel-homme-fort&Itemid=112 |website=L'Observateur Paalga |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>. Mu 2019, yatanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rw'abagize uruhare muri kudeta yo mu 2015 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Fresh from promotion, Burkina Faso writer-colonel leads a coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/burkina-security-damiba-idAFL8N2U44X4 |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2015 kugeza mu 2019, yayoboye abasirikare mu turere twa Sahel (i Dori) n'Amajyaruguru (i Ouahigouya), aho imitwe y'abarwanyi ba kisilamu yakoreraga <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Armées ouest-africaines et terrorisme : réponses incertaines ? |url=https://www.chasse-aux-livres.fr/prix/2383261351/armees-ouest-africaines-et-terrorisme-reponses-incertaines |website=www.chasse-aux-livres.fr}}</ref>. Mu 2021, yasohoye igitabo kivuga ku rugamba rwo kurwanya iterabwoba, ''Armées ouest-africaines et terrorisme : réponses incertaines ?'' <ref name="F7" /><ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso coup: Why soldiers have overthrown President Kaboré |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60112043 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>. Yamenyekanye kubera ibikorwa bye mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iyo mitwe <ref name="E12">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso coup: Why soldiers have overthrown President Kaboré |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60112043 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>, ndetse asaba ko guverinoma yakwitabaza abacancuro b'Abarusiya bo mu itsinda rya Wagner, ariko guverinoma ya Kaboré irabyanga <ref name="E13">{{cite web |language=en |author=Philip Jr. Obaji |title=African President Was Ousted Just Weeks After Refusing to Pay Russian Paramilitaries |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/burkina-faso-president-ousted-after-refusing-to-pay-wagner-mercenaries |website=The Daily Beast |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref>. Mu Ukuboza 2021, nyuma y'igitero cy'iterabwoba ku kigo cya Inata cyahitanye abajandarume benshi, Perezida Kaboré yamugize umuyobozi w'akarere ka gatatu ka gisirikare, karimo Ouagadougou, Manga, Koudougou na Fada N'Gourma <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Didier Ogbohou |title=Biographie : Qui est réellement Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba |url=https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |website=Africanolimit |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175806/https://africanolimit.net/biographie-qui-est-reellement-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, leader of Burkina Faso's military takeover? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220125-who-is-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-leader-of-burkina-faso-s-military-takeover |website=RFI |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, leader of Burkina Faso's military takeover? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220125-who-is-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-leader-of-burkina-faso-s-military-takeover |website=RFI |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. == Perezida w'inzibacyuho == Ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022, Damiba yayoboye kudeta yahiritse Perezida Kaboré na Minisitiri w'Intebe Lassina Zerbo <ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : des militaires annoncent à la télévision nationale la destitution du président Kaboré |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220124-burkina-faso-mutineries-arrestation-kabore-coup-etat-rumeurs |website=RFI |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Burkina Faso : Le Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la Restauration – NetAfrique.net |url=https://netafrique.net/coup-detat-au-burkina-faso-le-mouvement-patriotique-pour-la-sauvegarde-et-la-restauration/ |website=netafrique.net |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso army says it has deposed President Kabore |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/24/burkina-faso-army-says-it-has-deposed-president-kabore |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Abasirikare batangaje iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko na guverinoma, n'ihagarikwa ry'Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="E22">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Iyo kudeta yakiriwe neza n'abaturage benshi, bamwe bazamura amabendera y'[[Uburusiya]] <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Burkina Faso coup leader Lt-Col Damiba? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso Junta Leader Inaugurated as Nation's President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/burkina-faso-junta-leader-inaugurated-as-nation-s-president-/6445496.html |website=VOA |date=2022-02-17 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. Ku ya 31 Mutarama, itegeko shingiro ryagaruye Itegeko Nshinga, rimuha umwanya wa Perezida <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : la junte rétablit la Constitution et modifie les institutions |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-faso-la-junte-retablit-la-constitution-et-modifie-les-institutions-20220131 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso restores constitution, names coup leader president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/31/burkina-faso-restores-constitution-names-coup-leader-president |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref>; Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yamwemeje ku ya 10 Gashyantare, maze arahira ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2022 <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AfricaNews |title=Burkina Faso : déclaré président, le colonel Damiba doit prêter serment |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2022/02/10/burkina-faso-declare-president-le-colonel-damiba-doit-preter-serment/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-10 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : le lieutenant-colonel Damiba investi président |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-le-lieutenant-colonel-damiba-investi-president-20220216 |website=LEFIGARO |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 1 Werurwe, hemejwe amasezerano y'inzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Charte constitutionnelle de la Transition : L'intégralité du document provisoire - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article111517 |website=lefaso.net |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Burkina Faso, la période de transition fixée à trois ans avant des élections |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/03/01/au-burkina-faso-le-chef-de-la-junte-fixe-a-trois-ans-la-periode-de-transition-avant-des-elections_6115637_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>, maze ku ya 3 Werurwe agira Albert Ouédraogo Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Albert Ouédraogo, le nouveau Premier Ministre de la Transition ? |url=https://burkina24.com/2022/03/03/qui-est-albert-ouedraogo-le-nouveau-premier-ministre-de-la-transition/ |website=Burkina24.com - L'Actualité du Burkina Faso 24h/24 |date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Nubwo yari yiyemeje kugarura umutekano, ubutegetsi bwe ntibwashoboye gutsinda imitwe y'iterabwoba, yaje kugenzura hafi 40% by'igihugu muri Nzeri 2022 <ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220930-🔴-burkina-faso-army-captain-on-state-tv-announces-overthrow-of-military-government |website=France24 |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso army captain announces overthrow of military government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Nyuma y'ibitero bikomeye, ku ya 12 Nzeri 2022 yirukanye Minisitiri w'Ingabo, yifatira iyo minisiteri <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le ministre de la défense limogé et remplacé par le président Damiba |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/09/13/burkina-faso-le-ministre-de-la-defense-limoge-et-remplace-par-le-president-damiba_6141319_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref><ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso's military leader sacks defence minister amid jihadist attacks |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220913-burkina-faso-s-military-leader-sacks-defence-minister-amid-continued-attacks |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>. Yakunze kugaragara yambaye ingofero itukura, bamwe babona ko yigana [[Thomas Sankara]] <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Fresh from promotion, Burkina Faso writer-colonel leads a coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/burkina-security-damiba-idAFL8N2U44X4 |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso coup: New leader Damiba gives first speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60164531 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref>. == Ihirikwa n'ubuhungiro == Ku ya 30 Nzeri 2022, abasirikare batishimiye imiyoborere ye, bayobowe na Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré, baramuhiritse <ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Faivre |title=Au Burkina, le chef de la junte renversé par des militaires putschistes |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/tirs-barrages-television-interrompue-le-burkina-vers-un-nouveau-putsch-20220930_AZP5RFMWJZCT3NNKAZ6O3YCOTQ/ |website=Libération |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref><ref name="E24" /><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso's military leader Damiba deposed, army captain says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/30/burkina-faso-military-leader-damiba-deposed-coup-army |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>. Ubutegetsi bushya bwabanje kumushinja kugerageza guhungira mu kigo cya gisirikare cy'Abafaransa kugira ngo ategure kudeta, ibyo arabihakana <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Protesters attack French Embassy in Burkina Faso after coup |url=https://apnews.com/736918204f6d31ff631bdd145e0a2f9d |website=Associated Press |date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref>. Ku ya 2 Ukwakira 2022, nyuma y'ubuhuza bw'abayobozi b'amadini n'aba gakondo, yemeye kwegura, asaba ingwate zirindwi, zirimo umutekano we n'uw'abamushyigikiye, maze ahungira muri Togo <ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Direct. Burkina Faso : le chef de la junte destitué, le lieutenant-colonel Paul-Henri Damiba, a accepté de démissionner |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/burkina-faso/coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso/burkina-faso-des-gaz-lacrymogenes-tires-devant-l-ambassade-de-france-pour-disperser-des-manifestants-favorables-aux-putschistes_5393296.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso's junta Damiba agrees to step down: Religious mediators |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/10/02/Burkina-Faso-s-junta-Damiba-agrees-to-step-down-Religious-mediators- |website=Agence France-Presse |date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2022-10-02}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Natasha Booty |title=Burkina Faso coup: Ousted military ruler Damiba in Togo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63111763 |website=BBC News |date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-03}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2024, yandikiye Ibrahim Traoré ibaruwa agaragaza impungenge ku iyongera ry'umutekano muke n'ihohoterwa rishobora gukorerwa abasivili <ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Damiba à Ibrahim Traoré : « Je ne peux pas garder le silence face aux exactions contre les civils » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1589598/politique/damiba-a-ibrahim-traore-je-ne-peux-pas-garder-le-silence-face-aux-exactions-contre-les-civils/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref><ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Damiba à Ibrahim Traoré : « Je ne peux pas garder le silence face aux exactions contre les civils » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1589598/politique/damiba-a-ibrahim-traore-je-ne-peux-pas-garder-le-silence-face-aux-exactions-contre-les-civils/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>. Muri Nzeri 2024, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwamushinje gutegura umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi <ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=es |title=La junta militar de Burkina Faso denuncia (otro) intento de desestabilización orquestado por naciones extranjeras |url=https://www.larazon.es/internacional/junta-militar-burkina-faso-denuncia-otro-intento-desestabilizacion-orquestado-naciones-extranjeras_2024092466f2a01efcf7b300013f855d.html |website=La Razón |date=2024-09-24 |access-date=2024-09-25}}</ref>, maze mu Ugushyingo 2024 avanwa mu ngabo hamwe n'abandi basirikare bakuru 15 <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Manon Laplace |title=Burkina Faso : la grande purge d’Ibrahim Traoré dans l’armée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1627913/politique/burkina-faso-la-grande-purge-dibrahim-traore-dans-larmee/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2024-11-07}}</ref>. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 2026, yafatiwe i Lomé, yoherezwa muri Burukina Faso, aho akurikiranyweho ibyaha birimo kunyereza umutungo wa leta n'ibikorwa byo guhungabanya umutekano <ref name="F27">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’ex-président de transition Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba extradé par le Togo |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/01/20/burkina-faso-l-ex-president-de-transition-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba-extrade-par-le-togo_6663361_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l'ex-putschiste Damiba arrêté au Togo et expulsé |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/burkina-faso-l-ex-putschiste-damiba-arrete-au-togo-et-expulse-20260119 |website=Le Figaro |date=2026-01-19 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En livrant l'ex-putschiste Damiba au Burkina, le Togo assume sa proximité avec les juntes sahéliennes |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/en-livrant-lex-putschiste-damiba-au-burkina-le-togo-assume-sa-proximite-avec-les-juntes-saheliennes-2806564 |website=TV5MONDE - Informations |date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123042300/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/en-livrant-lex-putschiste-damiba-au-burkina-le-togo-assume-sa-proximite-avec-les-juntes-saheliennes-2806564 |archive-date=2026-01-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Former Burkina leader and alleged coup plotter arrested in Togo and expelled |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/20/former-burkina-leader-and-alleged-coup-plotter-arrested-in-togo-and-expelled/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] sdmq3rc8fkiel1dkvla7jbvqnr8jkcr 0 23264 142232 140890 2026-10-15T10:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Élie Sagatwa | death_date = 6 Mata 1994 | death_place = [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|Kanombe]], [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] | death_cause = Ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umusirikare | title = Koloneli | employer = Ingabo z'u Rwanda (FAR) | known_for = Umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] }} '''Élie Sagatwa''' (yapfuye ku ya 6 Mata 1994 i [[Kigali]]) yari umusirikare w'[[Rwanda|Umunyarwanda]] ufite ipeti rya koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR). Yari umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] kandi yari mu bantu ba hafi b'ubutegetsi bwe mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Yaguye mu [[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda|ihanurwa ry'indege ya Perezida]] ryabaye ku ya 6 Mata 1994. == Ubuzima bwe == === Umwuga wa gisirikare === Élie Sagatwa yari koloneli mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (''Forces armées rwandaises'', FAR). Yakoraga nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]].<ref name="HRW1999">{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> Nk'uko [[Human Rights Watch]] ibivuga, Sagatwa yari umwe mu bantu bari bafite ijambo rikomeye mu bari hafi ya Perezida, nubwo atagaragaraga cyane nk'abandi bayobozi ba politiki cyangwa b'ubukungu b'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Iyo raporo kandi ivuga ko Ingabo zirinda Umukuru w'Igihugu (''Garde présidentielle''), umutwe wari ufite intwaro nyinshi kandi wigenga cyane mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda, wari uyobowe na Koloneli Sagatwa kugeza apfuye.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=April 1994: The Month That Would Not End |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno4-7-02.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}}</ref> === Akazu === Élie Sagatwa avugwa mu bagize ''[[Akazu]]'', izina ryahawe itsinda ry'abantu ba hafi ya Perezida Habyarimana n'umugore we [[Agathe Kanziga]], abashakashatsi benshi babona nk'itsinda ryari rifite ububasha bukomeye mu butegetsi bwa Repubulika ya Kabiri y'[[Rwanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Emmanuel Viret |title=Akazu |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/akazu-0.html |website=Sciences Po, Mass Violence and Resistance |date=2010-03-08 |language=fr}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwa Alison Des Forges kuri Human Rights Watch bumugaragaza nk'umwe mu bantu bo mu bari hafi ya Perezida bakoreraga inyuma y'amarido y'ubutegetsi.<ref name="HRW1999" /> Mu buhamya bwatanzwe imbere y'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) rwakoreraga mu [[Umujyi wa Arusha|mujyi wa Arusha]] muri [[Tanzaniya]], na ho avugwa nk'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida Habyarimana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, transcript, ICTR-01-73 |url=https://ucr.irmct.org/LegalRef/CMSDocStore/Public/English/Transcript/NotIndexable/ICTR-01-73/TRS18354R0000622425.DOC |website=United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals |language=en}}</ref> === Urupfu === [[File:Falcon 50 - 9XR-NN - BRU - 19930807.jpg|thumb|Indege ''Falcon 50'' (9XR-NN) ya Perezida w'u Rwanda, ifotowe i [[Buruseli]] mu [[Ububiligi]] mu 1993. Ni yo Élie Sagatwa yaguyemo ku ya 6 Mata 1994.]] Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Élie Sagatwa yari mu ndege ''Dassault Falcon 50'' yari itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana na Perezida w'[[Uburundi]] Cyprien Ntaryamira, hamwe n'umugaba mukuru w'Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Jenerali [[Déogratias Nsabimana]]. Iyo ndege yarashwe na misile igihe yari yegereye [[Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege cya kigali|ikibuga cy'indege cya Kigali]] i Kanombe, maze abari bayirimo bose barapfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Investigation into the Causes and Circumstances of and Responsibility for the Attack of 06/04/1994 against the Falcon 50 Rwandan Presidential Aeroplane |url=https://www.minijust.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minijust/Publications/Reports/National_reports/Report_on_the_attack_on_Falcon_50_Presidential_Plane.pdf |format=PDF |website=Minisiteri y'Ubutabera, Repubulika y'u Rwanda |date=2010 |language=en}}</ref> Urutonde rw'abagenzi rugaragaza Élie Sagatwa nka koloneli akaba n'umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida. Ikigo ''Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives'' na cyo kimubara mu bagenzi baguye muri iyo mpanuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash of a Dassault Falcon 50 in Kigali: 12 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |language=en |access-date=2026-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007113111/https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |archive-date=2026-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihanurwa ry'iyo ndege rifatwa nk'imbarutso ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu Rwanda, yakozwe n'abahezanguni b'[[Abahutu]] barimo [[Interahamwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massacre of the Tutsi Minority |url=https://www.ushmm.org/en/genocide-prevention/countries/rwanda/massacre-of-the-tutsi-minority |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] * [[Déogratias Nsabimana]] * [[Théoneste Bagosora]] * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/ |website=Human Rights Watch |date=March 1999 |language=en}} === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Alison Des Forges |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |location=New York |year=1999 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sagatwa, Elie}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] 2mf1wjt2lxnyq73tot7xeo98zvodkmi 0 23417 142208 141553 2026-10-15T01:09:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Migraine | image = Migraine.jpg | caption = Umuntu urwaye migraine | field = Ubuvuzi bw'imyakura | symptoms = Kurwara umutwe, isesemi, kuruka, kutihanganira urumuri n'amajwi | onset = Mu bugimbi | causes = Ibidukikije n'uturemangingo | treatment = Imiti igabanya ububabare, triptans, kwirinda ibiyitera | frequency = Hafi 15% by'abantu ku isi }} '''Migraine''' ni indwara isanzwe y'imyakura irangwa no kurwara [[umutwe]] kenshi, ubusanzwe mu gice kimwe cyawo, bishobora kumara kugeza ku minsi itatu. Ishobora kujyana n'isesemi, [[kuruka]] no kutihanganira urumuri cyangwa amajwi. Iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibidukikije n'uturemangingo, kandi ifata abagore kurusha abagabo. Ivurwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ububabare n'imiti yihariye; ifata hafi 15% by'abantu ku isi. == Ibimenyetso == Migraine ni indwara isanzwe y'imyakura irangwa no kurwara umutwe kenshi, ubusanzwe ufite ubukana buri hagati cyangwa bukabije. Ubusanzwe, umutwe ufata igice kimwe cy'umutwe, uteragura, kandi umara amasaha make kugeza ku minsi 3.<ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web|title=Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|access-date=15 February 2016|date=October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216184228/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/ |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Ibimenyetso bijyana nabyo bishobora kuba birimo isesemi, kuruka, no kumva urumuri, amajwi, cyangwa impumuro.<ref name="Amin2009">{{Cite book|first=Roger P|last=Simon|first2=Michael J|last2=Aminoff|first3=David A|last3=Greenberg|title=Clinical neurology|year=2009|publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=9780071664332|pages=85–88|edition=7}}</ref> Ububabare muri rusange burushaho kwiyongera iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri. Abantu bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu barwaye indwara bafite aura : ubusanzwe ni igihe gito cyo kutabona neza kigaragaza ko umutwe ugiye gufata vuba.<ref name=ICHD2004>{{cite journal | author = Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society | title = The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition | journal = Cephalalgia | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 9–160 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14979299 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x | doi-access = free }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf as PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095113/http://www.i-h-s.org/upload/ct_clas/ihc_II_main_no_print.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> Rimwe na rimwe, aura ishobora kubaho igakurikirwa n'umutwe muto cyangwa ntihagire umutwe na mba.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pryse-Phillips|first=William|title=Companion to clinical neurology|date=2003|publisher=Oxford university press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195159387|page=587|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&pg=PA587|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> == Impamvu == Bikekwa ko indwara ya Migraine iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije n'uturemangingo.<ref name="Lulli2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P|title=Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations|journal=The Journal of Headache and Pain|volume=8|issue=6|pages=334–9|date=December 2007|pmid=18058067|pmc=2779399|doi=10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2}}</ref> Hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abarwayi bafite abo mu miryango yabo nabo bayirwaye.<ref name="Bart10">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM|title=Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment|journal=Minnesota Medicine|volume=93|issue=5|pages=36–41|date=May 2010|pmid=20572569}}</ref> Ihindagurika ry'urugero rw'imisemburo naryo rishobora kugira uruhare, kuko indwara ya migraine igira ingaruka ku bahungu benshi gato kurusha abakobwa mbere y'ubwangavu n'abagore bakubye inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ugereranyije n'abagabo.<ref name="Broner2009" /><ref name="Stovner2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J|title=Epidemiology of headache in Europe|journal=European Journal of Neurology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–45|date=April 2006|pmid=16643310|doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x}}</ref> Ibyago byo kurwara migraine bikunze kugabanuka mu gihe cyo gutwita no nyuma yo [[Gucura k’umugore|gucura]].<ref name="Broner2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lay CL, Broner SW|title=Migraine in women|journal=Neurologic Clinics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=503–11|date=May 2009|pmid=19289228|doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002}}</ref><ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=NINDS Migraine Information Page|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm|archive-date=16 February 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216194445/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/migraine/migraine.htm |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> Uburyo indwara ikora ntabwo buzwi neza. Icyakora, bikekwa ko bifitanye isano n'imyakura n'imitsi y'amaraso yo mu [[Ubwonko|bwonko]].<ref name="Bart10" /> == Kuvura == Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura ni ugukoresha imiti yoroheje igabanya ububabare nka [[ibuprofen]] na [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) ku ndwara y'umutwe, imiti ivura isesemi, no kwirinda ibintu byayitera.<ref name="Gilmore2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gilmore B, Michael M|title=Treatment of acute migraine headache|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-01_83_3/page/271|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=3|pages=271–80|date=February 2011|pmid=21302868}}</ref> Imiti yihariye nka triptans cyangwa ergotamines ishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu imiti yoroheje y'ububabare idakora.<ref name="Bart10" /> Kafeyine ishobora kongerwa kuri ibi byavuzwe haruguru.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D|title=New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=1010–22|date=October 2015|pmid=26376968|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2}}</ref> Imiti iterwa mu mitsi (''intravenous'') mu bitaro by'ubutabazi nayo irashyigikiwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robblee|first=J|last2=Minen|first2=MT|last3=Friedman|first3=BW|last4=Cortel-LeBlanc|first4=MA|last5=Cortel-LeBlanc|first5=A|last6=Orr|first6=SL|title=2025 guideline update to acute treatment of migraine for adults in the emergency department: The American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies.|journal=Headache|date=January 2026|volume=66|issue=1|pages=53-76|doi=10.1111/head.70016|pmid=41321235}}</ref> Imiti myinshi ni ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibitero by'indwara, birimo metoprolol, valproate, topiramate, na anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody.<ref name="Mark2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Markham A|s2cid=49559342|title=Erenumab: First Global Approval|journal=Drugs|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1157–1161|date=July 2018|pmid=29968151|doi=10.1007/s40265-018-0944-0}}</ref><ref name="Arm2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Armstrong C|title=AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults|journal=American Family Physician|volume=87|issue=8|pages=584–5|date=April 2013|pmid=23668450}}</ref><ref name="Coch2013Val">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC|title=Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=|issue=6|pages=CD010611|date=June 2013|pmid=23797677|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010611}}</ref> == Ikwirakwira == Ku isi yose, abantu bagera kuri 15% bibasirwa n'indwara ya migraine.<ref name="LancetEpi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=December 2012|pmid=23245607|pmc=6350784|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2}}</ref> Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubugimbi kandi bikaba bibi cyane mu myaka yo hagati y'ubuzima. Mu 2016, ni imwe mu mpamvu zikunze [[Ubumuga|gutera ubumuga]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10100|pages=1211–1259|date=September 2017|pmid=28919117|pmc=5605509|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2}}</ref> == Amateka == Ibisobanuro bya mbere bihuye na migraine biri mu nyandiko ya ''Papyrus Ebers'', yanditswe ahagana mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu mu [[Misiri]] ya kera.<ref name="Zehentbauer2025">{{Cite book|last=Zehentbauer|first=Janice|editor-last=Montieth|editor-first=Teshamae S.|editor-last2=Riggins|editor-first2=Nina|editor-last3=Goadsby|editor-first3=Peter J.|title=Comprehensive Migraine Management|date=2025|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-031-86922-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ySEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|language=en|chapter=1. History of migraine in medicine and society|pages=3-10doi=10.1007/978-3-031-86923-5_1}}</ref> Ijambo ''migraine'' rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki|kigereki]] ἡμικρανία ( ''hemikrania'' ), 'ububabare mu gice cy'umutwe', kuva ἡμι- ( ''hemi-'' ), 'igice', na κρανίον ( ''kranion'' ), 'igihanga'.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Anderson|first2=Lois E.|last2=Anderson|first3=Walter D.|last3=Glanze|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary|year=1994|publisher=Mosby|isbn=978-0-8151-6111-0|page=998|edition=4}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Umutwe]] * [[Ubwonko]] * [[Kuruka]] [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] j18yfex5dnvg1hhxc34wn2uc1gigpzj 0 23503 142187 142169 2026-10-14T11:59:59Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Tecoma stans (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Tecoma | species = stans | authority = (L.) Juss. ex Kunth | image = Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg | image_caption = Indabo za ''Tecoma stans'' }} '''''Tecoma stans''''' (mu Gifaransa ''trompette d'or'', mu Cyongereza ''yellow bells'' cyangwa ''yellow trumpetbush'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha. Gihingwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako kubera indabo zacyo z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda, ariko mu turere twinshi tw'isi cyabaye ikimera cyigabiza gikomeye. == Imiterere == [[File:Tecoma stans, flowers+pods.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo n'imiteja bya ''Tecoma stans'']] ''Tecoma stans'' ni igihuru gifite uburebure bwa metero 1 kugeza kuri 8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth – Bignoniaceae |url=http://idao.cirad.fr/content/advenpac/especes/t/tecst/tecst_fr.html |website=IDAO |publisher=CIRAD |language=fr}}</ref> Amababi yacyo agizwe n'udutabi 3 kugeza kuri 6 tw'impande ebyiri, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 25. Indabo zacyo z'umuhondo werurutse zimeze nk'impanda, ziteranye ku mitwe y'amashami. Imbuto zacyo ni imiteja miremire imanitse; iyo ifunguka isohora imbuto nyinshi zifite amababa zitwarwa n'umuyaga. == Aho kiboneka == ''Tecoma stans'' ikomoka mu turere dushyuha twa Amerika, kuva mu majyepfo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika (Texas, Arizona, Nouveau-Mexique) no muri [[Megizike]] kugeza muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ikunda uturere twumutse kandi turimo izuba, cyane cyane ku nkengero z'imihanda. == Ikimera cyigabiza == Kubera ko yajyanywe ahantu henshi ku isi kubera ubwiza bwayo, ''Tecoma stans'' ubu ifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza muri [[Afurika]] (cyane cyane muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]), muri Amerika y'Epfo, muri [[Aziya]], muri [[Ositaraliya]] no mu birwa bya Pasifika.<ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (yellow bells) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/52951 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CABI |date=2018-09-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellow bells – Tecoma stans |url=http://www.invasives.org.za/legislation/item/319-yellow-bells-tecoma-stans |website=Invasive Species South Africa |language=en}}</ref> Ikwirakwira binyuze ku mbuto zayo zitwarwa n'umuyaga no ku mishibuka imera ku gishyitsi. Muri Nouvelle-Calédonie, aho bivugwa ko yageze mu 1904, yabaye ikibazo gikomeye ku buryo itegeko ribuza kuyitera, kuyitwara cyangwa kuyigurisha. == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> Tecoma stans 001.jpg|Indabo Starr-150811-0592-Tecoma stans-papery seeds-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (25295857365).jpg|Imbuto zifite amababa Walpole Island - ISS006.JPG|Ikirwa cya Walpole, cyigabijwe na ''Tecoma stans'' </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Spathodea campanulata]], ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'' * [[Umusave]] * [[Delonix regia]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tecoma_stans Amafoto ya ''Tecoma stans''] kuri Wikimedia Commons * [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Tecoma-stans ''Tecoma stans''] kuri iNaturalist [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] e3ozxhcl0z4023qjfjdq81x6lxuq002 2 23511 142188 142181 2026-10-14T12:00:01Z Score Beethoven 11559 Vidé : script déplacé vers meta:User:Score Beethoven/global.js 142188 javascript text/javascript // Vide : script déplacé vers [[m:User:Score Beethoven/global.js]] lsalx9oa8uca7vljs2hcujdu3homnl1 10 23515 142189 2026-10-14T12:00:33Z Score Beethoven 11559 Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Gloriosa superba]] 142189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=Liliales |parent=Monocots |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} 9bthfmzknxwbhwzzul2xzmrx7l949n0 10 23516 142190 2026-10-14T12:00:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Gloriosa superba]] 142190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=Colchicaceae |parent=Liliales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} 0zka3m6z9kd3mwaj7r2fin6n9hjvnch 10 23517 142191 2026-10-14T12:00:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Inyandikorugero ya taxonomy (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) ikenewe na [[Gloriosa superba]] 142191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Gloriosa |parent=Colchicaceae }} 56lb6airp16ffil0550oho1rtzagvlq 0 23518 142192 2026-10-14T12:06:19Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Plumeria rubra (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Plumeria | species = rubra | authority = L. (1753) | image = Plumeria-wiki-Zachi-Evenor-001a.jpg | image_caption = Indabo za ''Plumeria rubra'' }} '''''Plumeria rubra''''' (mu Gifaransa ''frangipanier'', mu Cyongereza ''frangipani'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati, kuva muri [[Megizike]] kugeza muri Venezuwela. Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo zihumura neza, z'iroza, umutuku, umweru cyangwa umuhondo, kandi giterwa cyane mu turere dushyuha two ku isi nk'igiti cy'imitako. == Izina == Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).<ref name="powo" /><ref name="tropicos" /> Izina ry'ubwoko ''Plumeria'' ryitiriwe umuhanga mu bimera w'Umufaransa Charles Plumier.<ref name="nparks" /> == Imiterere == [[File:Plumeria rubra tree spotted at Tellapur.jpg|thumb|left|Igiti cya ''Plumeria rubra''.]] ''Plumeria rubra'' ni igiti gito gishobora kugera kuri metero 8 z'uburebure, gifite umutwe mugari umeze nk'inkono. Amababi yacyo ni manini, akomeye kandi arabagirana, akagwa mu gihe runaka cy'umwaka.<ref name="nparks" /> Indabo zacyo zihumura, zifite amabara atandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bwahinzwe; ntizigira umutobe w'isukari, kandi zibangurirwa n'udusimba nk'ibinyugunyugu bya nijoro. Urubuto rwacyo ni igishishwa cyumye gihinduka umukara cyangwa ikigina.<ref name="nparks" /> Iyo gikomeretse, kivamo amashira y'umweru ashobora gutera uruhu kwishimagura no kubyimba, kandi kuyamira bishobora gutera kuruka no gucibwamo.<ref name="nparks" /><ref name="qld" /> == Aho kiboneka n'imikoreshereze == Gikomoka mu bihugu bya Amerika yo Hagati n'amajyaruguru ya Amerika y'Amajyepfo, kuva muri Megizike kugeza muri Kolombiya na Venezuwela.<ref name="powo" /><ref name="nparks" /> Cyajyanywe mu turere twinshi dushyuha two ku isi.<ref name="powo" /> Giterwa nk'igiti cy'imitako mu busitani, ku nkengero z'imihanda no mu nkono, kubera impumuro nziza y'indabo zacyo.<ref name="nparks" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="powo">{{Cite web |title=Plumeria rubra L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:81275-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="tropicos">{{Cite web |title=Plumeria rubra |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1800011 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="nparks">{{Cite web |title=Plumeria rubra |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/0/3074 |website=Flora & Fauna Web |publisher=National Parks Board, Singapore |date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="qld">{{Cite web |title=Frangipani (Plumeria) |url=https://www.poisonsinfo.health.qld.gov.au/plants-and-mushrooms/frangipani-plumeria |publisher=Queensland Poisons Information Centre |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Nerium oleander]], ikindi kimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'' * [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]] * [[Bougainvillea]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plumeria_rubra Amafoto ya ''Plumeria rubra''] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] dgsm6cz0xiq82rpwjonc63re62hxvin 10 23519 142194 2026-10-14T12:16:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy/Verbenaceae (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) 142194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=Verbenaceae |parent=Lamiales |refs={{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}} }} c1nx5jzszq3xlx4vzjtxog2dv1ll0ik 10 23520 142195 2026-10-14T12:16:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy/Duranta (ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) 142195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Duranta |parent=Verbenaceae |refs= }} 08r225bttu6bbwpcz2446whk3xajrpw 10 23521 142196 2026-10-14T12:23:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy (ku ngingo Allamanda cathartica) 142196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Allamanda |parent=Apocynaceae }} sfd3s7bk6my55bx5hdkbgp0n6wf5xxi 0 23522 142197 2026-10-14T12:32:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda''' (mu Gifaransa ''Gouvernement intérimaire rwandais'', yitwa kandi « guverinoma Kambanda ») ni guverinoma yashyizweho ku wa 8 Mata 1994, nyuma y'iraswa ry'indege ya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] ku wa 6 Mata 1994. Yari iyobowe na Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Jean Kambanda]], naho Théodore Sindikubwabo ari Perezida. Iyo guverinoma yayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], kugeza ubwo [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] yatsindaga intambara muri Nyakanga 1994. Minisitiri w'Intebe wayo yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside n'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. == Ishyirwaho == [[File:Rwanda Gitarama landscape.JPG|thumb|left|Gitarama ([[Akarere ka Muhanga|Muhanga]]), aho guverinoma y'agateganyo yimukiye muri Mata 1994.]] Ku wa 8 Mata 1994, Théodore Sindikubwabo, wari Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yatangaje ishyirwaho rya guverinoma y'agateganyo, Jean Kambanda agirwa Minisitiri w'Intebe.<ref name="newtimes" /><ref name="paris1" /> Byabaye nyuma y'iyicwa rya Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] ku wa 7 Mata 1994. Ku wa 12 Mata 1994, iyo guverinoma yimukiye i Murambi muri Gitarama ([[Akarere ka Muhanga|Muhanga]] y'ubu), ivuye i Kigali.<ref name="paris1" /> == Uruhare muri jenoside == [[File:Arusha International Conference Centre in 1995.jpg|thumb|Ikigo mpuzamahanga cy'inama cya Arusha (1995), aho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwakoreraga.]] Jean Kambanda yashinjwaga gutanga intwaro ku bantu bari bazikoresha mu bwicanyi, no kudahagarika ubwicanyi nubwo yari afite ububasha ku bakozi bakuru ba Leta n'abasirikare bakuru.<ref name="ijrc" /> Imbere y'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Kambanda yemeye ibyaha byose yaregwaga, birimo jenoside, umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Ku wa 4 Nzeri 1998, urukiko rwamukatiye igifungo cya burundu. Yabaye uwa mbere muri urwo rukiko wemeye icyaha, kandi urugereko rw'ubujurire rwemeje icyo gihano ku wa 19 Ukwakira 2000.<ref name="ijrc" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="newtimes">{{Cite news |last=Iribagiza |first=Glory |title=Today in history: Creation of genocidal government |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/today-history-creation-genocidal-government |work=The New Times |date=2020-04-08 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="paris1">{{Cite web |title=6 April – 19 July 1994 |url=https://rwandadelaguerreaugenocide.univ-paris1.fr/category/periods/6-april-19-july-1994/ |website=Rwanda: From War to Genocide |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ijrc">{{Cite web |title=Kambanda |url=https://ijrcenter.org/international-criminal-law/ictr/case-summaries/kambanda |website=International Justice Resource Center |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jean Kambanda]] * [[Théoneste Bagosora]] * [[Pauline Nyiramasuhuko]] * [[Interahamwe]] * [[Pasteur Bizimungu]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://rwandadelaguerreaugenocide.univ-paris1.fr/category/periods/6-april-19-july-1994/ Rwanda: From War to Genocide – 6 April–19 July 1994] (mu Cyongereza) {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] pa3o95s60i7de0njcix7ruvus48csdk 0 23523 142198 2026-10-14T12:32:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Duranta erecta (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Duranta | species = erecta | authority = L. (1753) | image = Pingo-de-ouro, ou violeteira (Duranta erecta) - 55224071491.jpg | image_caption = Imbuto za ''Duranta erecta'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn" /> | synonyms = ''Duranta repens'' L. }} '''''Duranta erecta''''' (mu Gifaransa ''vanillier de Cayenne'', mu Cyongereza ''golden dewdrop'' cyangwa ''skyflower'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Verbenaceae'', gikomoka mu turere dushyuha twa Amerika. Giterwa cyane mu turere dushyuha tw'isi nk'uruzitiro n'igihuru cy'imitako kubera indabo zacyo z'ubururu n'imbuto zacyo z'umuhondo. Imbuto zacyo ni uburozi. == Izina == Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).<ref name="powo" /> Buzwi kandi ku izina rya kera ''Duranta repens''.<ref name="qld" /> == Imiterere == [[File:Duranta repens blossoms front view - HNT.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Duranta erecta''.]] ''Duranta erecta'' ni igihuru gihora gitoshye gishobora kugera kuri metero 3 kugeza kuri 4,5 z'uburebure, cyangwa igiti gito kigera kuri metero 6. Amashami amwe afite amahwa.<ref name="ncsu" /><ref name="powo" /> Amababi yacyo arateganye, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 2,5 kugeza kuri 7,5.<ref name="ncsu" /> Indabo zacyo ni ntoya, z'ubururu, z'umweru cyangwa z'iroza, zikurikiranye ku mashami maremare. Zikurura [[Uruyuki|inzuki]], ibinyugunyugu n'[[inyoni]].<ref name="ncsu" /> Imbuto zacyo ni utubuto duto tw'umuhondo cyangwa tw'icunga, dufite nka santimetero imwe; inyoni zirazirya maze zigakwirakwiza imbuto.<ref name="ncsu" /><ref name="africanlegacy" /> == Aho kiboneka == Gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] kugeza mu majyaruguru ya [[Amerika y’Epfo]], no kuva mu majyepfo ya Florida kugeza mu birwa bya Karayibe.<ref name="powo" /> Giterwa kandi cyamaze kwimenyereza mu turere twinshi dushyuha tw'isi, harimo Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ([[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Ubugande]]) n'Afurika y'Amajyepfo.<ref name="powo" /> Muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]] gifatwa nk'ikimera cyangiza ibidukikije (icyiciro 1b cy'itegeko NEMBA).<ref name="africanlegacy" /> == Uburozi == Imbuto n'amababi bya ''Duranta erecta'' birimo saponine na aside hidorosiyaniki. Kubirya bishobora gutera kuruka, impiswi n'ububabare bwo mu nda, ndetse bikaba byahitana abana cyangwa amatungo nk'[[imbwa]].<ref name="ncsu" /><ref name="africanlegacy" /><ref name="qld" /> == Ikoreshwa == Gikoreshwa cyane nk'uruzitiro no mu busitani bw'imitako. Hari ubwoko bwatoranyijwe bufite amababi y'umuhondo, nka 'Sheena's Gold' na 'Cuban Gold'.<ref name="ncsu" /><ref name="africanlegacy" /> == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> Duranta repens fruit - HNT.jpg|Imbuto n'amahwa Golden duranta hedge plant.jpg|Uruzitiro rwa ''Duranta'' rufite amababi y'umuhondo </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="powo">{{Cite web |title=Duranta erecta L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330606-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="iucn">{{Cite web |title=Duranta erecta |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/145351548/145351550 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=IUCN |year=2019 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T145351548A145351550.en |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ncsu">{{Cite web |title=Duranta erecta (Golden Dewdrop) |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/duranta-erecta/ |website=North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |publisher=N.C. Cooperative Extension |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="africanlegacy">{{Cite web |title=Duranta erecta – Forget-me-not-tree |url=https://www.africanlegacy.org.za/alien-plant/duranta-erecta-forget-me-not-tree |website=African Legacy |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="qld">{{Cite web |title=Duranta (Duranta erecta, Duranta repens) |url=https://poisonsinfo.health.qld.gov.au/plants-and-mushrooms/duranta-duranta-erecta-duranta-repens |website=Queensland Poisons Information Centre |publisher=Queensland Health |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Nerium oleander]] * [[Tecoma stans]] * [[Bougainvillea]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duranta_erecta Amafoto ya ''Duranta erecta''] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] t8n39k3mk881qt6xpabkhfkhajm0hjm 0 23524 142199 2026-10-14T12:33:06Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Allamanda cathartica (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Allamanda | species = cathartica | authority = L. (1771) | image = Bunga Alamanda chatartica 01.jpg | image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Allamanda cathartica'' }} '''''Allamanda cathartica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''allamanda'' cyangwa ''liane à lait'', mu Cyongereza ''golden trumpet'' cyangwa ''yellow allamanda'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu majyaruguru ya Amerika y'Amajyepfo. Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nini z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda, kandi giterwa mu turere dushyuha nk'ikimera cy'imitako. Amashira yacyo y'umweru ni uburozi. == Izina == Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Mantissa Plantarum'' (1771).<ref name="powo" /><ref name="tropicos" /> == Imiterere == [[File:Fruit and seeds of Allamanda cathartica in Da Lat city, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|Urubuto n'imbuto bya ''Allamanda cathartica''.]] ''Allamanda cathartica'' ni igihuru kizamuka nk'umugozi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 10 iyo cyurira ibindi. Amababi yacyo arabagirana, ni icyatsi kibisi cyijimye kandi akomeye, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 8 kugeza kuri 15, akaba ari mu matsinda ya 3 cyangwa 4 ku gice kimwe cy'uruti.<ref name="bq" /> Indabo zacyo z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda, zifite diyametero ya santimetero 6 kugeza kuri 10 n'amababi atanu. Urubuto rwacyo ni rwiburungushuye (hafi santimetero 4), rutwikiriwe n'amahwa yoroshye, kandi rurimo imbuto ziringaniye zifite amababa mato.<ref name="bq" /> == Uburozi == Ibice byose by'iki kimera bifatwa nk'uburozi: kukirya bishobora gutera gucibwamo no kuruka, naho amashira yacyo y'umweru ashobora kubabaza uruhu.<ref name="qld" /> == Aho kiboneka == Gikomoka mu majyaruguru ya Amerika y'Amajyepfo kugeza mu majyaruguru ya Boliviya, harimo Burezili, Venezuwela na Giyana.<ref name="powo" /> Cyajyanywe mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha, birimo [[Tanzaniya]], Madagasikari na Zimbabwe.<ref name="powo" /> Muri Queensland (Ositaraliya) gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza gikwirakwira mu mashyamba no ku nkengero z'imihanda.<ref name="bq" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="powo">{{Cite web |title=Allamanda cathartica L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319065-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="tropicos">{{Cite web |title=Allamanda cathartica |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1800001 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="bq">{{Cite web |title=Yellow allamanda |url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/land-management/health-pests-weeds-diseases/weeds-diseases/invasive-plants/other/yellow-allamanda |website=Business Queensland |publisher=Queensland Government |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="qld">{{Cite web |title=Yellow allamanda (Allamanda schottii, Allamanda cathartica) |url=https://www.poisonsinfo.health.qld.gov.au/plants-and-mushrooms/yellow-allamanda-allamanda-schottii,-allamanda-cathartica |publisher=Queensland Poisons Information Centre |date=July 2023 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Nerium oleander]] na [[Plumeria rubra]], ibindi bimera byo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'' * [[Tecoma stans]] * [[Bougainvillea]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allamanda_cathartica Amafoto ya ''Allamanda cathartica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] 2s77ar51qoa41tmmfe8wwq6j9ukpohc 0 23525 142200 2026-10-14T12:35:13Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Imbaraga z'Abahutu (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia) 142200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imbaraga z'Abahutu''' (mu Cyongereza ''Hutu Power'') ni ingengabitekerezo n'umutwe w'Abahutu b'intagondwa mu Rwanda, washyigikiraga ko ubutegetsi bwaharirwa Abahutu bonyine. Izina ryawo rikomoka ku nteruro « Hutu Power » yakoreshwaga n'abayobozi bawo mu myaka ya 1993–1994. Uwo mutwe watumye amashyaka ya politiki yariho icyo gihe acikamo ibice, kandi wagize uruhare rukomeye muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. == Inkomoko == [[File:Kigali Pele Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|Sitade ya Nyamirambo (ubu yitwa Kigali Pelé Stadium), aho Froduald Karamira yavugiye ijambo ryamamaje « Hutu Power » mu 1993.]] Nyuma y'iyicwa rya Perezida w'[[Uburundi]] [[Melchior Ndadaye]] mu Kwakira 1993, [[Froduald Karamira]], wari visi-perezida w'ishyaka MDR, na Justin Mugenzi, perezida w'ishyaka PL, bacamo kabiri amashyaka yabo: havuka « MDR Power » na « PL Power », mu gihe ibindi bice by'ayo mashyaka byari biyobowe na Faustin Twagiramungu na Landouard Ndasingwa.<ref name="ktpress" /> Mu mbwirwaruhame zabo bavugaga ko « Umuhutu ari we ufite ingufu ».<ref name="ktpress" /> Ku wa 23 Ukwakira 1993, Karamira yavugiye ijambo kuri sitade ya [[Nyamirambo]] i Kigali, ryakwirakwije cyane interuro « Hutu Power », yaje kuba intero y'Abahutu b'intagondwa mu gihe cya jenoside.<ref name="icd" /> == Mu gihe cya jenoside n'ingaruka == Froduald Karamira, umwe mu bayobozi b'uyu mutwe, yari n'umuyobozi muri [[Interahamwe]]; interuro « Hutu Power » yakoreshejwe n'intagondwa mu gihe cyose cya jenoside.<ref name="icd" /> Nyuma ya jenoside, Froduald Karamira yafatiwe mu Buhinde mu 1996, yoherezwa mu Rwanda. Ku wa 14 Gashyantare 1997, urukiko rwa mbere rw'iremezo rwa Kigali rwamuhamije icyaha cya jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, rumukatira igihano cyo kwicwa; yarashwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 24 Mata 1998 kuri sitade ya Nyamirambo.<ref name="icd" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ktpress">{{Cite news |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |title=MDR Power, PL Power: How Evil Entered Rwanda's Opposition Parties on Eve of the Genocide |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2022/04/mdr-power-pl-power-how-evil-entered-rwandas-opposition-parties-on-eve-of-the-genocide/ |work=KT Press |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="icd">{{Cite web |title=Public Prosecutor v. Froduald Karamira |url=https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1032 |website=International Crimes Database |publisher=T.M.C. Asser Instituut |access-date=2026-10-14 |language=en}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Froduald Karamira]] * [[Bahutu Manifesto]] * [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]] * [[Interahamwe]] {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] p676mn3cxv9j9qegqkd1qnyfbfjpz4g 10 23526 142202 2026-10-14T12:39:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy (ku ngingo Brugmansia suaveolens) 142202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=ordo |link=Solanales |parent=Lamiids }} jkopjk4slp646euk82az468gkqhpmyu 10 23527 142203 2026-10-14T12:39:40Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy (ku ngingo Brugmansia suaveolens) 142203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=familia |link=Solanaceae |parent=Solanales }} f58kv6j4zn9g5lbmpb5z5g8pro2takb 10 23528 142204 2026-10-14T12:39:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Taxonomy (ku ngingo Brugmansia suaveolens) 142204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Brugmansia |parent=Solanaceae }} 6fiv0wf548do9la08nkzz8f4pqt2kxj 0 23529 142233 2026-10-15T11:09:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Ingingo nshya: Vanny Bishweka (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia) 142233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vanny Bishweka | birth_date = Ahagana mu 1965 | birth_place = Birere, [[Goma]], [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]] | nationality = Umunyekongo | occupation = Umucuruzi, nyir’amahoteli | known_for = Ihusi Hotel, Goma Serena Hotel | awards = Impamyabumenyi y’icyubahiro (''honoris causa''), ULPGL (2023) }} '''Vanny Bishweka''' (yavutse ahagana mu 1965) ni umucuruzi wo muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], ukorera i [[Goma]] mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y’Amajyaruguru]]. Ni nyiri hoteli Ihusi n’isosiyete y’amato yo ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] yitwa izina rimwe na yo, kandi yavuzweho kuba umucuruzi ukomeye kurusha abandi i Goma. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n’intangiriro === Yavukiye mu muryango ukennye i Birere, agace k’ubucuruzi k’umujyi wa Goma. Yatangiriye ku bucuruzi buciriritse no gutwara abantu n’ibintu, aho yari atunze moto ebyiri muri esheshatu zari mu mujyi icyo gihe, mbere yo kwagura ubucuruzi bwe mu mijyi ituranye na wo no mu [[Rwanda]].<ref name="Berger2016" /> === Umwuga === Mu 1992 yatangiye kubaka hoteli Ihusi ku nkombe y’Ikiyaga cya Kivu, yitiriwe umudugudu wa se wo mu [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo|Kivu y’Amajyepfo]]. Imirimo yarahagaze mu 1994 kubera umutekano muke i Goma; hoteli yuzuye mu 2001<ref name="Berger2016" /> ifungura imiryango mu 2002.<ref name="Bitanga2020" /><ref name="Wezele2025" /> Yakira cyane cyane imiryango itanga imfashanyo n’abagenzi bari mu bucuruzi. Mu 2016 yari arimo kubaka hoteli ya kabiri ya Ihusi i Goma.<ref name="Berger2016" /> Ishoramari rye ryatumye hubakwa Goma Serena Hotel, hoteli ya mbere y’inyenyeri eshanu muri uwo mujyi, yafunguwe mu 2020 nyuma y’imyaka icumi yubakwa.<ref name="Bitanga2020" /><ref name="Wezele2025" /> Amato ye ya Ihusi ahuza Goma na Bukavu mu masaha agera kuri atatu, anyuze ku kirwa cya Idjwi.<ref name="Bitanga2020" /><ref name="LePoint2024" /> Ni umufatanyabikorwa w’isosiyete yo muri Tuniziya yitwa EPPM, icukura gaze metani yo muri icyo kiyaga, kandi afite 20 % by’imigabane ya Socodee, isosiyete ikwirakwiza amashanyarazi akorwa na Virunga Energie, ishami ry’ikigo gicunga [[Pariki y’Ibirunga ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Pariki ya Virunga]].<ref name="Bitanga2020" /><ref name="Wezele2025" /> Yanateye inkunga iyubakwa ry’inyubako, sitasiyo za lisansi, imihanda n’amasangano y’imihanda i Goma.<ref name="Berger2016" /><ref name="Mashariki2023" /> Mu 2023, Kaminuza Yigenga y’Ibihugu by’Ibiyaga Bigari (ULPGL) yamuhaye impamyabumenyi y’icyubahiro (''honoris causa'').<ref name="Mashariki2023" /><ref name="Katava2023" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Berger2016">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Miriam |title=The Goma Paradox |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/the-goma-paradox/ |website=Roads & Kingdoms |date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> <ref name="Bitanga2020">{{Cite news |last=Bitanga |first=Paolo |title=DR Congo hoteliers bet on luxury in troubled east |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/dr-congo-hoteliers-bet-on-luxury-troubled-east/ |work=Rappler |date=2020-11-22 |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> <ref name="Wezele2025">{{Cite web |last=Wezele |first=Rebecca |title=Un bâtisseur au service de Goma : Vanny Bishweka |url=https://empreinterdcmag.com/2025/02/06/un-batisseur-au-service-de-goma-vinny-bishweka/ |website=Empreinte RDC Mag |date=2025-02-06 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> <ref name="LePoint2024">{{Cite web |title=Vanny Bishweka : l'architecte de la transformation de Goma |url=https://lepoint.cd/vanny-bishweka-larchitecte-de-la-transformation-de-goma/ |website=LePoint.cd |date=2024-12-25 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> <ref name="Mashariki2023">{{Cite web |title=Nord-Kivu/Société : Vanny Bishweka décoré du diplôme de Docteur Honoris Causa par l'ULPGL pour ses innombrables oeuvres de développement |url=https://masharikirdc.net/nord-kivu-societe-vanny-bishweka-decore-professeur-honoris-causa-par-lulpgl-pour-ses-innombrables-oeuvres-de-developpement/ |website=Mashariki RDC |date=2023-04-22 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> <ref name="Katava2023">{{Cite web |last=Katava |first=Bienvenu |title=Nord-Kivu : pour ses multiples actions humanitaires, le philanthrope Vanny Bishweka reconnu pionnier du développement par l'ULPGL |url=https://kivuactualites.com/nord-kivu-pour-ses-multiples-actions-humanitaires-le-philanthrope-vanny-bishweka-reconnu-pionnier-du-developpement-par-lulpgl/ |website=Kivu Actualités |date=2023-04-23 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-15}}</ref> }} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Goma]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishweka, Vanny}} [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Goma]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Abaterankunga]] 2cr91snc456yzagn2q1obvu5tu7gqdh