Impunzi z'Abarundi mu Rwanda

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  <page>
    <title>Impunzi z'Abarundi mu Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="3169" sha1="dpezyl80itrl0qqdo2pfh72eb7fjdo2" xml:space="preserve">=== Impunzi z'Abarundi ku Mayaga muri Jenoside ===
Imyaka 31 irashize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ibaye ariko ibikomere byayo biracyavirirana mu mitima y'abagizwe ingaruka nayo, barimo abagishakisha ubutabera ku bayigizemo uruhare bose.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/bicaga-abatutsi-ngo-barebe-ko-bava-amata-amateka-y-impunzi-z-abarundi-ku-mayaga&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu bagifite ibikomere harimo imiryango yabuze abayo mu 1994 mu yahoze ari komine Ntyazo, ubu ni mu Mirenge ya Kibilizi na Muyira mu Karere ka Nyanza, ahazwi nka ku Mayaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Jenoside muri aka gace yakoranywe ubukana n'ubugime bukabije, igirwamo uruhare n'Interahamwe zo muri aka gace zitijwe umurindi n'Impunzi z'Abarundi zari zarahungiye ahitwa Ngoma mu Murenge wa Muyira. Kubera umujinya n'urwango bari bavanye iBurundi, ngo impunzi z'Abarundi zicaga urubozo Abatutsi bo ku Mayaga, zibakwena ko zishaka kureba niba bava amaraso cyangwa amata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:Young Burundian boy in refugee camp. (20124287599).jpg|thumb|372x372px|Inkambi y'impunzi z'Abarundi]]

=== Intandaro, urupfu rwa Ndadaye ===
Mu ukuboza 1993, uwari Perezida w'u Burundi Melchoir Ndadaye yishwe bunyamaswa n'igisirikare. Ni we wari Perezida wa mbere watowe n'abaturage mu mateka y'u Burundi. Urupfu rwa Ndadaye rwakurikiwe n'isubirannamo ry'amoko, ryatumye Abahutu benshi bahungira mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ibikorwa by'impunzi z'Abarundi mugushyira mubikorwa umugambi wa Jenoside ===
Abarundi bahunganye umujinya, bavuga ko Nadaye yishwe n'Abatutsi bityo nabo ahao bazabonera akanya bazihorera.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bageze mu Rwanda bagize amahirwe bahasanga umukwabu wo kugirira nabi Abatutsi bo mu Rwanda, nicyo cyatumye bagira ingufu nyinshi ngo bafashe za nterahamwe zo mu Rwanda. Ntabwo bihoreraga ku Batutsi b'ino kuko nta ruhare bagize iwa i Burundi ariko iryo zina Tutsi, kubera ibyabaye i Burundi, bagize bati natwe tubikore hano mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Uretse muri Ntyazo, impunzi z'Abarundi zari muri Komine Ntongwe n Muganza muri Butare nazo zagize uruhare muri Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi. Abo bo bavugwaho ubugome bukabije kuko baryaga imitima y'Abatutsi bamaze kwica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nubwo hari impunzi z'Abarndi  zari zarageze mu Rwanda mu 1993, zaje zihasanga izindi zahageze mu myaka ya 1972 na 1989. Impunzi zari zarahageze mbere zabaye nk'abaturage ku buryo zari zizi aho Abatutsi batuye. Izo nizo zifashishijwe muri Jenoside, zikajya zereka bene wabo aho Abatutsi batuye mu gihe babaga batari kumwe n'Interahamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ingamba leta y'u Rwanda yafashe mu gukurikirana Impunzi z'Abarundi zagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ===
Muri Kanama umwaka wa 2019, Minisitiri w'ubutabera yabwiye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ko icyaha cya Jenoside kidasaza ko n'amadosiye y'Abarundi bakekwaho uruhare muri ayo mahano mu Rwanda yamaze gukorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

URwanda rwohereje impapuro zo guta muri yombi bamwe mu Barundi bakekwa, icyakora, Leta yagiye igaragaza ko byagiye bigenda biguru ntege kubera ubushake buke bwa Leta y'u Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro: ==  
  [[Category:Burundi]]

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umuryango]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umwana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142317</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:42:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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[[File:Happy baby.jpg|thumb|Umwana wishimye]]

'''Umwana''', ( en francais: Enfant / En anglais: Child ) ni urubyaro rukomoka ku mugore n'umugabo. Iyo ari benshi bavuga abana. Amasezerano y'uburenganzira bw'umwana asobanura umwana nk'igihe cy'ubuzima bw'abantu kuva akivuka kugeza ku myaka 18[[Umwana: Kurera, Ubuzima n'Iterambere|.Umwana]] w’uruhinja ni umwana kuva avutse kugeza ku mwaka umwe. Abana b’impinja bahagarariye ubuzima bushya, icyizere n’ukomereza ku miryango n’imiryango migari. Bakeneye kwitabwaho byihariye, gukundwa no kurindwa kuko baba bishingikirije ku babyeyi cyangwa ababarera ku buryo bwuzuye kugira ngo babeho kandi bakure neza.

== Iterambere ry’Umubiri ==
[[Dosiye:Kids, Namibe, Angola.jpg|thumb]]
Mu mwaka wa mbere w’ubuzima, uruhinja rukura kandi rugahinduka vuba cyane. Iyo avutse, uruhinja rushobora kurira, gusinzira no konsa gusa. Uko amezi agenda ashira, atangira kumwenyura, kwiyunguruza, kwicara, gukambakamba no kugerageza guhaguruka cyangwa kugenda. Indyo yuzuye, cyane cyane konsa mu mezi ya mbere, igira uruhare rukomeye mu mikurire myiza. Kujyana uruhinja kwa muganga kenshi no kuruhesha inkingo nabyo birurinda indwara zitandukanye.

== Iterambere ry’Amarangamutima n’Imibanire ==
Uruhinja rugirana umubano ukomeye n’ababyeyi cyangwa abamurera. Uwo mubano urufasha kumva rufite umutekano n’urukundo. Iyo umubyeyi yitabye ku marira y’uruhinja akamuhumuriza kandi akamwitaho, arwigisha kwizera no kwigirira icyizere. Kuvugisha uruhinja, kururirimbira no kurukinishiriza bifasha mu iterambere ry’ururimi no mu kumenya kubana n’abandi. N’ibikorwa byoroheje nko kumureba mu maso no kumusekera bigira &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&amp;q=umwana&amp;cvid=14664bc8903643029b1fdbdc6a6084e4&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg8MgYIAhBFGDzSAQg1NjQ5ajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;PC=U531 umwana - Search] &lt;/ref&gt; uruhare rukomeye mu kumwumvisha ko akunzwe kandi afite agaciro.

== Uruhare rw’Umuryango n’Abaturage ==
Kurera uruhinja si inshingano z’ababyeyi gusa, ahubwo n’umuryango mugari n’abaturage bafite uruhare. Ibidukikije byiza bifasha uruhinja gukura neza kandi mu mutekano. Inzu itekanye, isuku, ubuvuzi bwiza n’urukundo bihoraho ni ingenzi ku mibereho myiza y’umwana.

== Imbogamizi zo Kurera Uruhinja ==
Kwita ku ruhinja bishobora kugorana kuko rukenera kwitabwaho buri gihe. Rukanguka kenshi nijoro, rukeneye kugenzurwa no kwitabwaho buri mwanya, kandi bisaba kwihangana. Ariko nubwo hari izo mbogamizi, kurera uruhinja ni ishema n’umugisha ku miryango myinshi.

== Umwanzuro ==
Uruhinja ni impano y’agaciro kandi ni ryo shingiro ry’ahazaza h’umuryango n’igihugu. Iyo rwitabwaho neza, rukundwa kandi rukayoborwa neza mu myaka yarwo ya mbere, rukura ruba umwana muzima kandi ufite inshingano. Gushora igihe n’urukundo mu kurera uruhinja ni imwe mu nshingano zikomeye kandi zifite agaciro mu buzima bw’abantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&amp;q=umwana&amp;cvid=14664bc8903643029b1fdbdc6a6084e4&amp;gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg8MgYIAhBFGDzSAQg1NjQ5ajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;PC=U531 umwana - Search]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Abana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Impundu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2747</id>
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      <id>142265</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:16:20Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="827" sha1="fqg2u6wtntzoqewltykvs6j8tytx5i5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gombe Stream NP Mutter und Kind.jpg|thumb|250px|Impundu (Pan troglodytes)]]

'''Impundu''' ni inyamaswa nini iri mu bwoko bw'inkende nini. Impundu kandi ifitanye isano ya hafi n'umuntu kubera ko zifite 98,6% by'uturemangingo tw'umuntu.

Niyo [[nguge]] nini iba muri [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]. Habonekamo izigera kuri 500, Umugide (cyangwa uyobora ba mukerarugendo), ashobora kugufasha kuzimenya n’ibiziranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://janegoodall.fr/notre-impact/actions-terrain-afrique/protection-des-chimpanzes-et-de-la-faune-sauvage/les-chimpanzes-quelques-informations/# |title=Les chimpanzés : quelques informations |website=Institut Jane Goodall France |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Igitera_at_Nyungwe_forest.jpg|thumb|Impundu ku ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Inyamabere]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umupira w’amaguru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142318</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="2373" sha1="rxbqttkx25dwqusq9xcftcnnuq9prxg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Umupira w’amaguru&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:1alessandromartinelli2015.jpg|thumb|1alessandromartinelli2015]]
[[File:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|thumb|250px|Mu mupira w'amaguru, intego y'ibanze y'abafana ni ugushishikariza ikipe yabo mugihe cy'umukino]]
[[File:Boys_playing_street_football_in_Egypt.jpg|thumb|Boys playing street football in Egypt]]
[[File:Football_Playing.jpg|thumb|Football Playing]]
[[Dosiye:Urukundo.jpg|thumb|Umukino w'umupira wamaguru ubamo urukundo]]
[[Dosiye:Asodo Ball.jpg|thumb|Umukino Utuma abana bagirana ubushuti.]]
'''Umupira w’amaguru''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] ''Football'' ) ni [[umukino]].&lt;ref&gt;https://news.ihirwe.com/2024/11/why-cristiano-ronaldo-remains-number.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri iki gihe hari byinshi bivugwa ku buryo [[Amategeko y’ibidukikije (Environmental law)|amategeko]] y’umupira w’amaguru asigaye ateye, ibi akenshi bigaragara iyo igitego cyanzwe, nibwo abafana bava ku kibuga bijujuta bikomeye cyane bavuga ko bibwe, maze bakishyiriramo abasifuzi nyamara abasifuzi baba barengana kuko akenshi iyo babonye ibyabereye mu kibuga neza bitabacitse baba bakurikije amategeko ya [[FIFA]] nkuko abivuga.

Iyo witegereje neza ukareba itegeko rya 11 rivuga amakosa, hari byinshi ritwereka nko mu gika cyaryo cya mbere aho basobanura ikosa icyo ari cyo.

Abantu bakunda umupira w’amaguru.

Uko bigenda ahantu hose ku isi hari ''coach'' (umutoza) ushinzwe ibyo mu kibuga hakaba ''Team manager'' (umyobozi ushinzwe kumenya ibibazo by’abakinnyi ndetse n’uburyo bahagaze ku mikinire), ''coach'' (umutoza) afite ushinzwe kumenya ''Forme manager'' (ushinzwe kumenya uko abakinnyi bahagaze) z’abakinnyi akamenya ni ba ''coach'' (umutoza) atanga imyitozo, akanahuza ''coach'' (umutoza) na ''Direction'' (ubuyobozi) nk’iyo hari ikibazo.

Ariko mu guhamagara abakinnyi ni ''coach'' (umutoza) ubahamagara, ariko ''team manager'' (ushinzwe kureba uburyo abakinnyi bahagaze) aba yararangije kumubwira abafite ''forme'' (abahagaze neza), donc (ni ukuvuga) by’umvikana ko ari ibintu bitatu bitandukanye kandi ''team manager'' (ushinzwe abakinnyi) hari n’abatamushaka bagashyiraho ''directeur technique'' (umuyobozi ushinzwe tekinike).
[[Dosiye:Sport_balls_2.png|thumb|umupira]]

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umupira w’amaguru| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amavubi</title>
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    <id>2975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142267</id>
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      <text bytes="4566" sha1="cdwjyj42pefhvnyppqqo5p4tx7pev7m" xml:space="preserve">[[Ikipe]] nkuru y'igihugu cy'u [[Rwanda]] mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya ruhago, iri mu nshingano za Federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru mu [[Rwanda]] kandi ikaba imwe mu zigize Federasiyo Nyafurika y'umpira w'amaguru muri [[Afurika|Afrika]]. Amavubi ahanini yitoreza muri stade Amahoro iherereye i Kigali, mu murwa mukuru w' u Rwanda.

[[Dosiye:Iranzi_amavubi_2016.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Umukinnyi w'ikipe y'igihugu amavubi Iranzi amavubi 2016]]

== Amateka ==
Amavubi yitabiriye bwa mbere amarushanwa y'igikombe Nyafurika cya ruhago muri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/3438195.stm|title=Rwanda's football mercenaries|website=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=28 January 2004|access-date=18 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umukino wa mbere Amavubi yaguye miswi na Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/3433831.stm|title=Rwanda snatch dramatic point|website=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=28 January 2004|access-date=18 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; igitego kimwe kuri kimwe, nyuma yaje gutsindwa na Tunisia ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe, ndetse itsinda Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[Kongo|Congo]] igitego kimwe ku busa. Nyamara ibyo ntibyari bihagije ngo u [[Rwanda]] rukomeze kuko rwaje gusezererwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/3448083.stm|title=Rwanda dumped out|website=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=31 January 2004|access-date=18 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amazina ==
Mu mikino ya FIFA u Rwanda rugaragazwa n'ijambo: &quot;RWA&quot;. Iri jambo rikoreshwa kandi na [[FIFA]],  [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] ndetse na [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rwa/countryInfo.html|title=Member Association&amp;nbsp;– Rwanda|website=FIFA.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104194413/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=rwa/countryInfo.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; U Rwanda rwakunzwe kurangwa kandi n'ijambo: &quot;RR&quot;, bisobanuye, ''Repubulika y'u Rwanda'' cyangwa ''République du Rwanda mu'' rurimi rw'igifaransa.

== Ibikombe ==

* '''[[CECAFA Cup|Igikombe cya CECAFA]]''':
** Umwanya wa mbere (1): [[1999 CECAFA Cup|1999]]
** Bageze kuri finali (6): [[2003 CECAFA Cup|2003]], [[2005 CECAFA Cup|2005]], [[2007 CECAFA Cup|2007]], [[2009 CECAFA Cup|2009]], [[2011 CECAFA Cup|2011]], [[2015 CECAFA Cup|2015]].

== Amarushanwa ==

=== Ubwitabire mu gikombe cy'Isi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup record]]
! rowspan=&quot;39&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[FIFA World Cup qualification|FIFA World Cup Qualification record]]
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}*
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{Tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
|-
|[[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]]
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |''Ntibitabiriye amarushanwa''
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |''Banze kwitabira amarushanwa''
|-
|[[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]]
|-
|[[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]]
|-
|[[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]]
|-
|[[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]]
|-
|[[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]]
|-
|[[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]]
|-
|[[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]]
|-
|[[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]]
|-
|[[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]]
|-
|[[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]]
|-
|[[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]
|-
|[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]
|-
|[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]]
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''Bavuye mu marushanwa''
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Bavuye mu marushanwa''
|-
|[[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]]
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''Ntibitabiriye amarushanwa''
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Banze kwitabira amarushanwa''
|-
|[[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Ntibujuje ibisabwa ngo bitabire amarushanwa''
|2
|0
|0
|2
|1
|5
|-
|[[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]
|2
|0
|1
|1
|2
|4
|-
|[[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]
|12
|2
|3
|7
|10
|17
|-
|[[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]]
|10
|3
|2
|5
|8
|11
|-
|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]
|8
|1
|3
|4
|7
|13
|-
|[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|1
|4
|-
|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ntibiramenyekana''
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ntibiramenyekana''
|-
|[[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]]
|-
|'''Total'''
|
|'''0/21'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''36'''
|'''6'''
|'''9'''
|'''21'''
|'''29'''
|'''54'''
|}

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umupira w’amaguru]]</text>
      <sha1>cdwjyj42pefhvnyppqqo5p4tx7pev7m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikiyaga cya Muhazi</title>
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      <parentid>133697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gukuraho inyandiko itari yo (&lt;ref&gt; itarimo isoko), gutunganya imyandikire</comment>
      <origin>142268</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6079" sha1="kr4p0eyy3y7cbkxsth4u0t57od6ybze" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Muhazi Lake.jpg|thumb|320px]]
&lt;mapframe text=&quot;Ikiyaga cya Muhazi&quot; latitude=&quot;-1.85&quot; longitude=&quot;30.3&quot; zoom=&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
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[[Dosiye:Canoe on Lake Muhazi, Rwanda, Africa.jpg|thumb|Ubwato ku kiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''Ikiyaga cya Muhazi''' ni [[ikiyaga]] kirekire  cyane mu burasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cy'ikiyaga kiri mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]], impera y'Iburengerazuba kigakora umupaka uhuza [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]] na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikiyaga cyuzuyemo ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi, kikaba kiryamye cyane mu Burasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba, ariko gifite amasoko menshi mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo, ahahoze ari imigezi. Ikiyaga gifite urugomero rwa beto kuruhande rwiburengerazuba, rwubatswe mu 1999 kugirango rusimbuze urugomero rwisi rwabayeho kuva kera. Ikiyaga kisuka mu ruzi rwa [[Umugezi wa Nyabugogo|Nyabugogo]], rutemba rugana mu majyepfo ya Kigali aho ruhurira n'umugezi wa [[Umugezi wa Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], igice cya [[Nili]] yo haruguru. Ikiyaga gifite amoko menshi y'amafi atunze benshi bacyegereye.

== Ubusobanuro ==
Ikiyaga cya Muhazi giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda, kuri coordinate 1 ° 52′S 30 ° 22′E / 1.867 ° S 30.367 ° E. Irashobora kuboneka mu nzira eshatu zambere zu Rwanda. Umuhanda wa Kigali ugana Gatuna unyura hafi y’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga, umuhanda wa Kigali ugana Kayonza, unyura mu kiyaga ugana mu majyepfo; amaherezo, umuhanda wa Kayonza ugana Kagitumba unyura ku kiyaga cya kilometero 3.8 (hafi 2,4 mi) hafi ya Gahini, mbere yo kunyura hejuru y'imisozi ibiri iva mu kiyaga amaherezo ikava mu kiyaga hafi ya Kawangire. kandi ni icyifuzo cyubushakashatsi bwa Mediatrice, Irene na Sandra.

Ikiyaga cya Muhazi gifite uburebure bwa kilometero 60, mu burasirazuba - iburengerazuba, ariko ubugari bwacyo buri munsi ya 5 km. Iherereye mu burasirazuba-hagati mu Rwanda kandi ifite inkombe mu ntara eshatu mu ntara eshanu z'igihugu. Iburengerazuba bwa gatatu cyikiyaga kigize umupaka uhuza Intara ya Kigali ([[Akarere ka Gasabo]]) mu majyepfo, n’Intara y'Amajyaruguru ([[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]) mu majyaruguru. Iburasirazuba bibiri bya gatatu cyangwa ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, bikora umupaka uhuza [[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] mu majyepfo, n'uturere twa [[Akarere ka Gatsibo|Gatsibo]] na Kayonza mu majyaruguru.kikaba gifayiye runini imiberho y'aturage.

Hakozwe ubushakashatsi butandukanye bw'iteganyagihe na limnologiya (Plisnier, 1990, Mukankomeje n'abandi 1993).

== Amateka ==
hafi y'umujyi ugezweho wa Rwamagana. Muri kiriya gihe u Rwanda rwari igihugu gito muri federasiyo idahwitse hamwe n’abaturanyi binini kandi bakomeye, Bugesera na Gisaka. Mu gukinisha abo baturanyi, ubwami bwa mbere bwateye imbere muri ako karere, bwaguka iburengerazuba bugana ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|kiyaga cya Kivu]]. Muri ubwo bwami bwagutse, akarere gakikije ikiyaga kahindutse ikibanza gikomeye cy’amadini, gihwanye na mwamis ba kera kandi bubahwa cyane mu bwami. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 16 cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubwami bw'u Rwanda bwatewe na Banyoro maze abami bahatirwa guhungira iburengerazuba, basiga Buganza n'akarere k'ikiyaga cya Muhazi mu maboko ya Bugesera na Gisaka.
[[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya burera na RUHONDO 1.jpg|thumb|Muhazi]]
Ishirwaho ryikinyejana cya 17 cyingoma nshya yu Rwanda na mwami Ruganzu Ndori, hakurikiraho gutera iburasirazuba, kwigarurira Buganza no kwigarurira Bugesera, byaranze intangiriro y’ubwami bw’u Rwanda muri ako karere. Ikiyaga cya Muhazi cyahindutse umupaka uhuza u Rwanda na Gisaka ikiri yigenga, ibintu byakomeje kubaho mu myaka 200, nubwo abami b'u Rwanda bagerageje kunesha Gisaka. Amaherezo, ahagana mu 1830, Gisaka yarigaruriwe maze imbibi z’iburasirazuba bwa leta zitangira gufata imiterere yazo, ikiyaga kiyobowe n’u Rwanda.

Ku butegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abadage n'Ububiligi Ikiyaga cya Muhazi cyahindutse inzira ikomeye yo gutwara abantu n'iburasirazuba - iburengerazuba, ihuza Kigali n'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu n'umuhanda uva mu majyaruguru - mu majyepfo no mu burasirazuba uva Gahini. Kuva mu 1922, agace k'iburasirazuba kayobowe by'agateganyo n'Ubwongereza mu rwego rwo gukora ubushakashatsi kuri gari ya moshi yatanzwe na Cape-Cairo, icyo gihe Umuryango w'Abamisiyonari b'Itorero (CMS), watangiye imirimo y'ubumisiyonari n'ubuvuzi mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda. Ubu butaka bwasubijwe mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] mu 1924 ariko abategetsi bemerera CMS gukomeza imirimo yayo, hashyirwaho ubutumwa n’ibitaro bihoraho hafi y’ikiyaga cya Muhazi mu mudugudu wa Gahini.

Muri rusange hamwe n’ibindi bihugu, ikiyaga cya Muhazi niho habereye ubwicanyi bwinshi mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994. Imirambo myinshi yajugunywe mu kiyaga n’interahamwe za [[Interahamwe]], mu gihe izindi zarohamye zigerageza gutoroka; abatangabuhamya bavuze ko icyo gihe amazi &quot;yavanze n'amaraso.&quot;

== Akamaro kicyi kiyaga kubagituriye ==
Iki cyiyaga gifife akamaro kubagituriye kuko  kibaha amazi yo gukoresha mubuzima bwa buri munsi ndetse akiafashishwa mukuhira imyaka

cyifashishwa kandi nkubwikorezi bwo mumazi , nuburobyi  kuturere duturanye nacyo

gikurura kandi ba mucyerarugendo kuko hubatse namahoteri atandukanye afasha abahagana kuruhuka neza.

== Uburobyi ==
Ikiyaga cya Muhazi ni kimwe mu biyaga byo mu Rwanda bigira uruhare mu iterambere ry'uburobyi n'iry'abarobyi muri rusange.

== Imiyoboro ==
* Sylidio Sebuharara: [https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/indwara/article/abakoresha-ikiyaga-cya-muhazi-barasabwa-kwigengesera-kubera-inzoka-ya-belariziyoze ''Abakoresha ikiyaga cya Muhazi barasabwa kwigengesera''], 14-03-2024, [[Kigali Today]]
* [https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Muhazi-Abahakorera-uburobyi-babangamiwe-nifi-nini-zimamba-zibarira-amafi-mato ''Muhazi: Abahakorera uburobyi babangamiwe n'ifi nini zibarira amafi mato''], RBA

[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>kr4p0eyy3y7cbkxsth4u0t57od6ybze</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akarere ka Ngoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142269</id>
      <parentid>134337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:32:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142269</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23446" sha1="bwirnxhn47t01hbhs126fhmztaui2lp" xml:space="preserve">Akarere ka Ngoma ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) Tugize Igihugu cy'U [[rwanda]] gaherereye  mu ntara y'Iburasirazuba . Ni akarere gafite amateka akomeye ndetse gaherereye ahantu heza, ka kaba gafite byinshi byihariye mu bijyanyen’ubukungu, [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco]], n'[[iterambere]]. Reka nkuganirie ku bintu bimwe na bimwe by’ingenzi kuri ako karere:

=== 1. Ubuyobozi n'Imiterere y'Akarere. ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Akarere ka Ngoma gafite umujyi mukuru witwa Kibungo, ni akarere kayobowe na NIYONAGIRA Nathalie kandi kagizwe n’imirenge cumi n'ine (14). Ngoma ni kamwe mu turere 7 tugize intara y'Iburasirazuba. ni akarere gafite imihanda myinshi kandi myiza aha twavuga umuhanda uri kubakwa wa ngoma - Ramiro,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Akarere ka Ngoma kagizwe n'imirenge cumi n'ine (14). Dore urutonde rw'imirenge iri muri ako karere: Tugira Umurenge wa&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;1. Jarama uhana n'igihungu cy'uburundi n'akarere ka Bugesera,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;2. Mutenderi uhana imbibi n'akarere ka Kirehe mu murenge wa Gahara ndetse n'igihugu cy'Uburundi,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;3. Gashanda,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;4. Karembo,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;5. Kazo,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;6. Kibungo,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;7. Mugesera,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;8. Murama,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;9. Remera,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;10. Rukira,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;11. Rukumberi,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;12. Rurenge,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;13. Sake,&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;14. Zaza&lt;/span&gt; ===
=== &lt;span lang=&quot;rw&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Iyi mirenge yose ifite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'akarere ka Ngoma, haba mu bukungu, uburezi, ubuzima, ndetse no mu bikorwa by'ubukerarugendo. Abaturage biyi mirenge bakora cyane mu buhinzi, ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi, ndetse no mu bindi bikorwa by'iterambere by'akarere .&lt;/span&gt; ===

=== 2. Ubukungu ===

* Ubuhinzi: Akarere ka Ngoma [[gashora]] imbaraga nyinshi mu buhinzi cyane cyane mu buhinzi bw’ibigori mudusanga mu mirima yahujwe cyane cyane mu murenge wa Jarama, imyumbati,inanasi zikunda kuboneka mu murenge wa Mugesera,Urutoki dusanga mu murenge wa rukira n’ibindi bihingwa by'ibiribwa. Gufasha abaturage kubona amahirwe yo guteza imbere ubutaka, gukoresha amahame y'ubuhinzi bunoze, ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’akarere.
* Ubucuruzi n’inganda: Kugeza ubu, Ngoma yagiye igira uruhare mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi no gushyigikira ibikorwa byo kubaka ibikorwa remezo n'inganda. Umujyi wa Kibungo ni nk’icyerekezo cy’ubucuruzi muri ako karere, aho abacuruzi n’abashoramari bahurira mu bikorwa bitandukanye.

=== 3. Aho Akarere Ka Ngoma Kagiye Gushyira Imbaraga mu Iterambere ===

* Ibikorwaremezo: Akarere ka Ngoma kagize impinduka zikomeye mu bijyanye n'ibikorwa remezo, harimo ibikorwa byo kubaka imihanda, amashuri, n'ibigo nderabuzima. Gukomeza kwita ku kubaka ibikorwa remezo ni kimwe mu byitezweho guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage.
* Uburezi: Akarere ka Ngoma kagize imishinga ikomeye mu gutanga amahirwe ku bana ku rwego rw’amashuri, harimo amashuri yisumbuye n'amashuri abanza. Ibi byafashije mu kuzamura ireme ry’uburezi mu karere. Soma byinshi kuri &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Umwanditsi |date=15 June 2025 |title=Ibizakorwa mu mwaka wa 2025-2026 mu Karere ka Ngoma |url=https://imihigonews.blogspot.com/2025/06/ibizakorwa-mu-mwaka-wa-2025-2026-mu-karere-ka-ngoma.html |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=IMIHIGO NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 4. Akarere Ka Ngoma mu Muryango w’Umuco n’Ubukerarugendo ===

* Imikino: [[Umupira w’amaguru|Umupira w'amaguru]] ni kimwe mu bintu bikurura urubyiruko muri Ngoma. Bimwe mu bikorwa by’umupira biba mu mirenge yose igize akarere ka Ngoma, aha twavuga nk'igikombe cya Kagame Cup gihuza imirenge muri uyu mwaka umukino wanyuma wabaye muri Gashyantare igikombe gitwarwa n'umurenge wa Jarama utsinze umurenge wa Mugesera reba inkuru hano Umurenge wa Jarama mu Karere ka Ngoma watsindiye irushanwa rya Kagame Cup 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Ngoma – Jarama yongeye kwegukana Umurenge Kagame Cup 2025 (Amafoto) |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ngoma-jarama-yongeye-kwegukana-umurenge-kagame-cup-2025amafoto/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Muhazi Yacu}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kanda [https://www.imihigonews.rw/2026/01/ngoma-finali-umurenge-kagame-cup-2026.html aha]  ndetse n'amakipe y'umupira w'amaguru agira uruhare mu gukurura abafana n’abakunzi b’imikino mu rwanda aho usanga akarere ka ngoma ka gira ikipe ikina muri champion leage yo mu rwanda yitwa etoile de l'est, Akarere ka ngoma kandi kagira abakinnyi benshi bakinira igihugu [[amavubi]] nkuko bigaragazwa n'ikipe y'akarere ka ngoma Mu marushanwa ya Kagame Cup 2025 yabereye ku rwego rw’[[Intara y’Iburasirazuba]], Akarere ka Ngoma ni ko kaje ku isonga, kwegukana igikombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Ngoma yongeye kwisubiza Igikombe cy’Amahurushanwa y’Umurenge Kagame Cup ku rwego rw’Intara y’Iburasirazuba |url=https://www.ngoma.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/ngoma-yongeye-kwisubiza-igikombe-cyamarushanwa-umurenge-kagame-cup-ku-rwego-rwintara-yiburasirazuba |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Ngoma District |publisher=Government of Rwanda |archive-date=2025-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331113740/https://www.ngoma.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/ngoma-yongeye-kwisubiza-igikombe-cyamarushanwa-umurenge-kagame-cup-ku-rwego-rwintara-yiburasirazuba |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Umuco n'Ubukerarugendo: Akarere ka Ngoma kagaragaza byinshi mu bijyanye n’ubukerarugendo, nko gusura ibiyaga, igira ibiyaga byiza cyane kandi bifite ibyiza nyaburanga aha twavuga nk'ikiyaga cya sake,Mugesera na birira ndetse n'umugezi w'akagera n'ahantu nyaburanga ndetse n'amahoteri agezweho nka east gate hotel y'ubatse mu murenge wa kibungo ndetse  na hoteli ya mugesera na zaza Ku nkengero z’ikiyaga cya Mugesera mu murenge wa Zaza, hari kubakwa hoteli y’inyenyeri eshanu yitwa “Lakeside Recreation Resort,” igenda itera imbere mu mishinga y’ishoramari mu karere&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Angelo Manzi |date=2024-11-09 |title=Ngoma: Turebe ubwiza bwa hoteli iri kubakwa ku nkengero z’Ikiyaga cya Mugesera (Amafoto) |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ngoma-turebe-ubwiza-bwa-hoteli-iri-kubakwa-ku-nkengero-zikiyaga-cya-mugeseraamafoto/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Muhazi Yacu |archive-date=2024-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107100103/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ngoma-turebe-ubwiza-bwa-hoteli-iri-kubakwa-ku-nkengero-zikiyaga-cya-mugeseraamafoto/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;,amateka nko gusura urwibutso rwa jenoside ruri i rukumberi ndetse na kibungo. Nubwo ibi ari bike mu byo Akarere ka Ngoma kigaragaza mu bijyanye n’umuco n’ubukerarugendo, haracyari byinshi bitarandikwa cyangwa bitaragarukwaho birimo ibyihariye mu mico gakondo, ubukorikori, n’inkuru z’amateka zishingiye ku biranga uturere twacyo twose. Tuzagaruka mu gice gikurikira ku bindi byihishe inyuma y’uru rwego rw’ubukerarugendo rukomeje kwaguka.  Mu gihe Akarere ka Ngoma gakomeje gutera imbere mu bijyanye n’ubukerarugendo, hari byinshi bikigaragara mu bikorwa biri mu nzego z’umuco n’amateka yaho. Ushaka kureba mu buryo burambuye, wareba iyi video yasohowe na Tera Media Rwanda ikubiyemo byinshi kuri ayo mateka n’ubwiza nyaburanga bw’akarere&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video|title=Ngoma: Umuco n’Ubukerarugendo – Reba ibyiza by’akarere|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sJ529m5nlQ|publisher=Tera Media Rwanda|date=2025-06-29|access-date=2025-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  '''Amateka n'Ubukungu bwa Kera mu Karere ka Ngoma''' '''Imiryango ya Kera:''' Akarere ka Ngoma karangwa n'imiryango ifite amateka akomeye. Harimo abavukamo abantu b'ingenzi ndetse n'abari bafite imirimo ifite agaciro ku rwego rw'igihugu mu bihe byashize, ntabwo twakirengagiza ko ngoma ifite n'abaturage bafite inkomoko y'iburundi kubera ko ituriye umupaka aha twavuga nk'abaturage bo mu murenge wa Jarama na Mutenderi.  '''Amateka y'Akarere:''' Ngoma, kimwe n'ibindi bice by'u Rwanda, ifite amateka yihariye ava mu gihe cy'ubukoloni ndetse n’igihe cy’ubwigenge. Nyuma y’ubwigenge muri 1962, Ngoma yabaye kimwe mu turere twagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’[[igihugu]].  '''Amateka y’Ubukoloni:'''  - Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]], Ngoma yari imwe mu turere twari mu miyoborere y’abami b’u Rwanda. Abakoloni baje bashyiraho imipaka mishya n’uburyo bushya bw’imiyoborere, ariko abaturage bakomeje kubaho mu muco n’imigenzo byabo. Ngoma yanabaye igice cy’Ubwami bwa Kabuye na Bugesera.  '''Amateka mu Igihe cy’Ubwigenge:'''  -  Nyuma y’ubwigenge, Ngoma yabaye igice cy’ingenzi cy’ubuyobozi n’iterambere. Imijyi ikomeye nk’iya Kibungo yabaye igicumbi cy’imiyoborere n’iterambere mu bice bitandukanye.  '''Iterambere ry’Ubukungu:''' Ngoma yagize uruhare mu guteza imbere ubukungu bw’igihugu biciye mu buhinzi, ubucuruzi n’uburezi. Imihanda yashyizweho yarushijeho koroshya ubucuruzi no gutura neza.   '''Imiyoborere:'''  - Ngoma yagiye igira imiyoborere ishingiye ku gukemura ibibazo by’abaturage no gushyira imbere gahunda z’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza. Yagize uruhare mu miyoborere y’Intara y’Iburasirazuba.  '''Amateka n’Umuco:'''  Ngoma ifite imiryango n’imigenzo gakondo ifite amateka y’ingenzi. Hari imihango, indirimbo n’inkuru za kera zigaragaza imiterere y’abaturage. Umuco wakomeje kubungabungwa binyuze mu bikorwa by’abaturage n’inzego z’ubuyobozi.  '''Igihe cy’Intambara n’Ubwiyunge:'''  -  Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Ngoma yashyize imbaraga mu kunga ubumwe, gufasha abacitse ku icumu no gusana igihugu. Hari ibikorwa byo kubaka amahoro arambye n’iterambere rishingiye ku bumwe.  '''Imishinga ya Kera n’Ishema ry’Akarere:'''  Ngoma yashyize imbere imishinga ishingiye ku muco n’iterambere, harimo ubuhinzi, uburezi, ubuzima, n’ibikorwa remezo. Ibi byatumye aka karere kaba intangarugero mu rugendo rwo kwiyubaka.  '''Ubukungu bwa Kera:'''  '''- Ubuhinzi:''' Ngoma ni akarere karangwamo ubuhinzi bw’ibigori, imyumbati, ibinyomoro n’ibindi. Hakoreshwa uburyo bugezweho mu kongera umusaruro, harimo ikoranabuhanga, ingemwe z’indobanure n’amafaranga yo gufasha abahinzi.  '''Ubucuruzi:''' Hari isoko rikomeye i Kazo,Jarama mu ka Gari ka kigoma ahazwi ku izina rya Mubaha,Gafunzo,Mugesera,Kigarama mu murenge wa Gashyanda, Gintashya mu murenge wa Kibungo,Mutenderi,Karembo ndetse n'isoko rikuru rya kibungo, rihuza ibicuruzwa n’abaguzi. Imihanda myiza n’ubushobozi bw’abaturage byateye imbere ubucuruzi. '''Inganda n’Ibikorwa Remezo:'''Akarere gafasha mu kubaka inganda, amasoko n’ibindi bikorwa bifasha mu iterambere ry’ubukungu. Ibi byongereye amahirwe y’imirimo.  '''Ibikorwa Remezo:'''  '''Imihanda n’Itumanaho:''' Ngoma ifite imihanda myiza ijya mu bice bitandukanye. Hari n’itumanaho rigezweho rifasha abaturage kugera ku makuru no guhanahana ibitekerezo, ndetse bakagira Radio Izuba ivugira ku 100 Fm,Ibitaro bya Kibungo bigezweho. '''Uburezi:''' Hari amashuri menshi yisumbuye n’abanza, hakiyongeraho ibigo byigisha ubumenyi ngiro n’ubumenyi ku bantu bakuru.  '''Ubuvuzi:''' Ibigo nderabuzima byegerejwe abaturage hirya no hino. Hatangwa serivisi z’ubuzima zirimo gukingira, kuvura indwara n’ubujyanama ku mibereho.  Akarere ka Ngoma gakomeje kugaragaza amateka akomeye n’uruhare rufatika mu guteza imbere imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Mu nkuru itaha, tuzagaruka ku ruhare rw’Akarere mu bijyanye n’ubukerarugendo, aho ibisigazwa by’amateka, ibiyaga n’imico yihariye bigize ishingiro ry’iterambere rirambye.

=== 5. Amateka n'Ubukungu bwa Kera ===

* Imiryango ya Kera: Akarere ka Ngoma karangwa n'imiryango ifite amateka, aho hari abavukamo b'ingenzi n'abari bafite imirimo ifite agaciro mu gihugu mu bihe byashize.

Akarere ka Ngoma kagira amateka akomeye cyane, aho kagiye gushinga imizi mu bice bitandukanye by'ubuzima bw'abaturage, imiyoborere, ndetse no mu bikorwa by'ubukungu. Reka tuganire ku mateka y'ako karere muri rusange:

'''1. Amateka ya Kera'''

Akarere ka Ngoma, nk'ibindi bice by'u Rwanda, gafite amateka yihariye aturuka mu gihe cy'ubukoloni ndetse n'igihe cy'ubwigenge. Nyuma y'ubwigenge bw'u Rwanda muri 1962, Ngoma yabaye kimwe mu turere twari mu karere k’iburasirazuba, kikagira uruhare mu gutera imbere kw'igihugu. Aha twavuga amateka atigeze yitabwaho nko mu murenge wa [https://www.imihigonews.rw/2026/03/jarama-ngoma-umurenge-umeze-nkikirwa-hagati-yakagera-rweru-na-sake-amateka-yakanigo.html Jarama]

==== Amateka y'Ubukoloni ====

* Ubukoloni bw'Ababiligi: Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni, Ngoma yari imwe mu turere abami b’u Rwanda bari bafite imiyoborere myiza, ariko abakoroni '''Amateka y’Ubukoloni:''' Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, Akarere ka Ngoma, kimwe n'ahandi mu Rwanda, kagaragaraga mu mikorere y’ubwami bw’u Rwanda bwari buyobowe n’abami bemewe n’umuco nyarwanda. Icyakora, ubwo Ababiligi baje gukoloniza igihugu, bashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kuyobora binyuze mu gukoresha abami nk’abahuza n’ubutegetsi bwabo (indirect rule). Ibi byatumye imiyoborere ya gakondo igenda isubizwa inyuma, ububasha bwinshi bujyanwa mu biganza by’abakoloni, bityo abaturage ntibagire ijambo mu byemezo byafatwaga Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, Ababiligi bashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kuyobora igihugu, buzwi nka ''indirect rule'', aho bakoreshaga abami b’u Rwanda nk’abahuza n’ubutegetsi bwabo. Ibi byari bigamije kugumana isura y’imiyoborere gakondo ariko bituma ububasha nyakuri bujyanwa mu maboko y’abakoloni [1] Gatwa, Tharcisse. ''La hiérarchisation ethnique et la démocratisation au Rwanda et au Burundi''. L'Harmattan, 2002. [2] Newbury, Catharine. ''The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960''. Columbia University Press, 1988.  [3] Prunier, Gérard. ''The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide''. Columbia University Press, 1995..babishyizeho uburyo bw’imikorere bushya. Abakoloni bashyizeho imipaka itandukanye, ariko imiterere ya Ngoma ntiyabahungabanyije cyane, kuko abanyarwanda b'ingeri zose bari bafite uburyo bwo kubaho n'ubuyobozi bwabo bwite.
* Amateka y’Ubuyobozi: Ngoma yabaye akarere k’ibanze mu bwami bwa Kabuye na Bugesera, aho hafitwe amateka ashingiye ku moko, umuco, n’ubuyobozi.

=== 2. Amateka mu Igihe cy'Ubwigenge ===
Mu gihe cy’ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda muri 1962, Akarere ka Ngoma ni kamwe mu turere twabayeho nyuma y’umwihariko w’ibibazo by’ubuyobozi mu bice by’igihugu. Iyi ntambwe yaje nyuma y'ihagarikwa ry'ubukoloni n'amahoro yageze ku baturage b'u Rwanda, ariko imijyi ikomeye nk’iyo muri Ngoma yarahindutse umusingi w’iterambere rigezweho mu nzego nyinshi.

=== 3. Ibikorwa by'Iterambere ===

* Iterambere ry'ubukungu: Nyuma y’ubwigenge, Akarere ka Ngoma kagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’u Rwanda, cyane mu bijyanye n’ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi, ndetse n’uburezi. Ibi byatumye Akarere ka Ngoma kigaragara nk'ahantu hashyigikira ubuzima bw’abaturage, kubera ibikorwa byo kubaka ibikorwa remezo n’ibigo by'ubucuruzi bikomeye.
* Imihanda n'inzira zo gufasha Iterambere: Imihanda yagiye itunganywa no kugera ku bice byinshi by’akarere, bityo abaturage bashobora kubona amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo no gutura mu duce dufite imbaraga.

=== 4. Imiyoborere n'Ibikorwa by'Ubuyobozi ===
Akarere ka Ngoma, nk'ahandi mu Rwanda, kagize imiyoborere ihoraho mu bihe bitandukanye. Muri iyo miyoborere, mu myaka yashize Akarere ka Ngoma kabaye igicumbi cy’imiyoborere mu ntara, kikaba cyarakoze byinshi mu kwita ku bibazo by’abaturage no gushyira imbere gahunda zo guhangana n’ibibazo by’ubukene n’ubuzima.

=== 5. Amateka n’Umuco ===

* Imiryango ya Kera: Akarere ka Ngoma karangwa n’imiryango n’imigenzo gakondo ifite amateka y’ingenzi. Ibi byatumye abagize amakuru y’akarere baba imiryango y'ingenzi mu kubungabunga umuco w’ubukoroni ndetse no kugendera ku muco gakondo.
* Umuco: Akarere ka Ngoma kagaragaza byinshi ku muco n’imihango ya kera. Hari ibikorwa by’imihango byagiye bikorwa muri aka karere, bigaragaza imibereho n’imigenzo y'abaturage bakuranye nk’ijambo, indirimbo, ndetse n’udukoryo two mu muco.

=== 6. Amateka mu Bihe by’Ubutabera n’Intambara ===
Akarere ka Ngoma gashobora kuba kafashije mu bihe by’intambara, ariko nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Ngoma, kimwe n'ibindi bice by'u Rwanda, yagiye igerageza guhindura amateka yayo no gukomeza guteza imbere igihugu.

* Gahunda zo gufasha abaturage: Muri iyi myaka, Ngoma yashyizeho ibikorwa byo kunga ubumwe no gufasha abacitse ku icumu no gusubiza abakoze ibyaha mu nzira yo kuganirwa no kunga ubumwe, ikindi gice k'terambere cyihutishijwe ni ibikorwa byo gusana no kubaka igihugu.

=== 7. Gukora Imishinga ya Kera n'Ishema ry'Akarere ===
Akarere ka Ngoma gashimangira umuco w’abanyarwanda, hakabaho imishinga ya kera yunganira imibereho y’abaturage mu bijyanye n’uburezi, ubuzima, ndetse no kubaka ibikorwa remezo bihagije.

* Ubukungu bwa Kera: Mbere y'ubukungu bushingiye ku buhinzi n'ubucuruzi, Ngoma yagiye iba urutonde rw'ibice byagize uruhare mu gukura igihugu cy'u Rwanda mu bihe by’amateka y'ubukoloni.

=== 1.Bukungu ===
Akarere ka Ngoma kagerageje gushyira imbere ibijyanye n'ubukungu, haba mu buhinzi, ubucuruzi, ndetse no mu gukora inganda n'ibindi bikorwa by'iterambere.

* Ubuhinzi: Akarere ka Ngoma karangwa cyane n'ubuhinzi, aho abaturage bakora cyane mu buhinzi bw’ibigori, imyumbati, ibinyomoro, n'ibindi bihingwa by'ibiribwa. Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi mu karere rishingiye ku kongera umusaruro no gukoresha uburyo bushya bwo guhinga, nka gahunda za Agri-tech (ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi), gufasha abahinzi kubona ingemwe z'indobanure, n'amafaranga yo guteza imbere ubuhinzi.
* Ubucuruzi: Ngoma ifite imijyi myinshi ikoreramo ubucuruzi, harimo Kazo, aho haba isoko rikomeye ry’ibicuruzwa. Ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byagiye bitera imbere kubera imihanda myiza ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’abaturage bwo gukora ubucuruzi bw’ibiribwa, ibikoresho, ndetse n'ibindi.
* Inganda n'Ibikorwa Remezo: Akarere ka Ngoma gashora imbaraga mu gushyiraho inganda n’ibikorwa remezo bifasha abaturage kugera ku iterambere. Nko gutunganya amasoko no gufasha abaturage kubona amahirwe mu bukungu. Uko ibikorwa by'inganda bikomeza gutera imbere, ni ko kandi abantu benshi babona imirimo.

=== 2. Ibikorwa Remezo ===
Ibikorwa remezo ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’akarere ka Ngoma, ndetse ibikorwa byinshi byagiye bibamo mu rwego rwo gutanga amahirwe menshi mu mibereho y’abaturage.

==== Imihanda n'Itumanaho ====

* Imihanda: Akarere ka Ngoma gafite imihanda myiza ijya mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu. Imihanda isanzwe itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera mu bice bitandukanye by'akarere ndetse n'ahandi mu gihugu. Harimo ibikorwa byo kwagura no gukora neza imihanda, birimo gukomeza gutunganya imihanda minini ijya mu bice by'icyaro n’iy’ingendo.
* Itumanaho: Uko iterambere ry'itumanaho rigenda ryiyongera, ni ko abaturage ba Ngoma babona uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku makuru, gukoresha internet, ndetse no gutumanaho neza n’abandi.

==== Amashuri n'Uburere ====

* Uburezi: Akarere ka Ngoma kimaze gutera intambwe mu kubaka amashuri yisumbuye, amashuri abanza, ndetse no kubaka ibigo by'uburezi byujuje ibisabwa. Ibigo nderabuzima n’amashuri bitanga serivisi z’uburezi biriyongera, bigatuma uburezi bw’abana b’abaturage b’akarere burushaho gutera imbere.
* Amasomo ku Bantu Bakuru: Hari ibikorwa bigamije gufasha abantu bakuru kwiga no kwiteza imbere mu buryo bw'ubumenyi, harimo amahugurwa y’ubumenyi ngiro ndetse n’ibikorwa by’iterambere mu bice bitandukanye.

==== Ibigo Nderabuzima n'Ubuvuzi ====

* Ibigo Nderabuzima: Akarere ka Ngoma gafite ibigo nderabuzima bigera ku baturage hirya no hino mu mirenge. Ibi bigo bitanga serivisi z’ubuzima, harimo gukingira, kuvura indwara zisanzwe, ndetse no kuboneza urubyaro.
* Kwita ku Buzima: Hari gahunda zitandukanye z’ibigo nderabuzima ku buryo abaturage babasha kubona imiti y’ibanze, gukurikiranwa n’abaganga, ndetse no gufashwa mu buryo bw’imibereho myiza, bigatuma ubuzima bw’abaturage b’akarere bugenda buzamuka.

==== Amazi n'Isuku ====

*Gutanga Amazi: Akarere ka Ngoma kimaze gutera intambwe mu gukwirakwiza amazi meza mu bice byinshi by’akarere. Hari ibikorwa byo kugeza amazi meza ku baturage mu duce dutandukanye dufite ikibazo cy’ubukene bw’amazi. Ubu buryo bwihutisha iterambere mu by’ubuzima no guharanira isuku. Isuku mu Bikorwa: Imishinga yo guteza imbere isuku mu baturage no kubafasha kubona uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura mu ngo zabo cyangwa mu bice rusange ni indi ngingo ikomeje gutezwa imbere.
*Isuku mu Bikorwa: Imishinga yo guteza imbere isuku mu baturage no kubafasha kubona uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura mu ngo zabo cyangwa mu bice rusange ni indi ngingo ikomeje gutezwa imbere.[[Dosiye:Gukubura.jpg|thumb]]

=== 3. Ubukerarugendo ===
Akarere ka Ngoma gafite byinshi byiza by'ubukerarugendo, harimo:

* Ibiyaga bya Muhazi: Ibiyaga nka Lake Muhazi bifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ba mukerarugendo, bityo bikaba byafasha mu guteza imbere ubukungu bw’akarere. Aho ni ahantu heza ho gusura no kwidagadura.
* Imiturire: Uburanga bw'imisozi, ubwiza bw'inyubako z'akarere, ndetse n’umuco gakondo bituma Ngoma ifite amahirwe yo kuba igicumbi cy'ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda.

=== 4. Imishinga n’Ibikorwa by’Iterambere ===

* Imishinga y’iterambere: Akarere ka Ngoma kagira ibikorwa byinshi mu rwego rw’iterambere, birimo gukora imishinga ifite inyungu rusange ku baturage. Urugero, ibikorwa by’iterambere byita ku mibereho y’abaturage nk’ibikorwa by’imihanda, ibiraro, ndetse n’ibikorwa bishingiye ku buhinzi.

=== 6. Imbogamizi n'Icyerekezo ===

* Imbogamizi: Akarere ka Ngoma kagira imbogamizi mu bijyanye n’ubukungu, nko kugabanya ubushobozi bw’abaturage mu kubona amasoko y’ibikoresho, gufasha abaturage kubona uburezi bwiza, no gukemura ibibazo by’imyitwarire.
* Icyerekezo cy’akarere: Akarere ka Ngoma kigamije kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage bacyo, kugabanya ubukene, no guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’ubukerarugendo mu buryo burambye.

=== 7. Aho Ushobora Gusura ===

* [[Dosiye:Beauty of Muhazi Lake.jpg|thumb|lake muhazi]]Ibiyaga: Hari ibiyaga bitandukanye muri Ngoma, by’umwihariko ku nkengero z’ibiyaga nka Lake Muhazi na Lake Sake, aho ushobora gusura ukishimira ubwiza bw’akarere n’imihanda yerekeza ku ntera ndende z’ibiyaga.
* Ibyiza by'Umwihariko: Akarere gafite kandi ibikorwa byinshi by’umuco n’imyidagaduro, bifasha mu guteza imbere urwego rw’ubukerarugendo n’icyerekezo k'imyidagaduro.

=== 8. Imiterere y'Ubuzima Bw'abaturage ===

* Imiryango mu bukungu: Abaturage bo muri Ngoma ni abantu bakora cyane mu buhinzi, bakaba bafite ubushobozi bwo gukora no gushaka amahirwe mu rwego rw’ubukungu. Gufasha mu gushyigikira gahunda z'ubuhinzi bunoze ni kimwe mu byatuma ubukungu bw'akarere bukomeza kuzamuka.
* Imibereho myiza: Kugeza ubu, ibikorwa by’imibereho myiza birimo kubaka ibigo nderabuzima no gutanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi ku baturage, byatumye imibereho y’abaturage izamuka.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Ngoma| IBIKORWAREMEZO]]
[[Ikiciro:Uturere tw’u Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akagari</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:32:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gukuraho &lt;ref&gt; itarimo isoko</comment>
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      <text bytes="2672" sha1="8hzmp2w4szqlhjy0gf684ru14ze409o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]


'''Akagari''' (ubumwe) / '''Utugari''' (''ubwinshi'')

Akagari kayoborwa n'abakozi bo mu bunyamabanga NNshingwabikorwabw'akagari. Gafite inshingano zo gufasha abaturage kwiteza imbere kandi gashyira imbere inyungu z’abaturage. Inama njyanama y'akagari igizwe n'aba bakurikira: 

1.Umujyanama uhagarara umudugudu mu nama nyanama y'akagari. 

2.Umwari uhagarariye amashuri ya abanza mu kagari. 

3.Umwarimu uhagarariye amashuri y'inshuke mu kagari. 

4.Uhagarariye inama y'igihugu y'abagore mu kagari. 

5. Uhagarariye inama y'igihugu y'urubyiruko mu kagari. 

6.Uhagarariye ababana abafite ubumuga mu kagari. 

7. 30% by'abagore bagize inama njyanama y'akagari. 

8.Uhagarariye posite de santè mu kagagari. 

Urwego rw'imikorere y’izi nzego zivuzwe haruguru rwashyizweho mu mwaka wa 2006 mu rwego rwo kwegereza [[ubuyobozi]] abaturage. 

'''[[Intara y’u Rwanda|Intara]]''' '''→''' '''Uturere''' '''→''' '''[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]]''' '''→''' '''[[Utugari]]''' '''→''' '''[[Imidugudu]]'''
[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|thumb|480x480px|Rwanda]]

==  [[Umujyi wa Kigali]] ==
===  [[Akarere ka Gasabo]] ===
*'''[[Akagari ka Buriza]]'''
**[[Umurenge wa Gatsata]]
**[[Umurenge wa Jali]]
** [[Umurenge wa Jabana]]
**[[Umurenge wa Nduba]]
**[[Umurenge wa Rutunga]]
*'''[[Akagari ka Bwanacyambwe]]'''
**[[Umurenge wa Bumbogo]]
**[[Umurenge wa Gikomero]]
**[[Umurenge wa Kimironko]]
**[[Umurenge wa Ndera]]
**[[Umurenge wa Rusororo]]
*'''[[Akagari ka Kacyiru]]'''
** [[Umurenge wa Gisozi]]
** [[Umurenge wa Kacyiru]]
**[[Umurenge wa Kimihurura]]
**[[Umurenge wa Kinyinya]]
**[[Umurenge wa Remera]]

===  [[Akarere ka Kicukiro]] ===

===  [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] ===


== [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] ==
===  [[Akarere ka Burera]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Gakenke]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Musanze]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Rulindo]] ===

== [[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] ==
===  [[Akarere ka Gisagara]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Huye]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Kamonyi]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Muhanga]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Nyanza]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] ===

== [[Intara y’Iburengerazuba]] ==
===  [[Akarere ka Karongi]] ===
rubengera

===  [[Akarere ka Ngororero]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke]] ===

===  [[Akarere ka Rubavu]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Rusizi]] ===


===  [[Akarere ka Rutsiro]] ===

[[Category:Utugari tw’u Rwanda| ]]</text>
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      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3554" sha1="qj1znfo0a6qix4wjbsnqymb10sx8n6u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rwanda NorthProvDists.png|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Intara y’Amajyaruguru &lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Intara y’Amajyaruguru'''  iherereye mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda ikaba ihana imbibi na: Mu majyaruguru: [[Repubulika y’Ubuganda|Repubulika y’Ubugande]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]

:.

Intara y’Amajyaruguru ifite ubuso bwa kirometero kare 3293.3 n’abaturage barenga 2.038.551(2022). Igice kinini cy’intara y’Amajyaruguru kigizwe n’imisozi miremire, igaherwa mu mujyaruguru yayo n’uruhererekane rw’[[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]]. Iteganya gihe rimeze neza, rigizwe n’imvura isanzwe mu gihe cy’umwaka, n’amahumbezi mu gihe kinini cy’umwaka uretse mu mezi abiri gusa ya gicurasi na Kamena, mu ki haba hari izuba naryo ridakanganye cyane. 

Intara y'Amajyaruguru yashyizweho hakurikijwe itegeko No. 29/2005 of 31/12/2005 rishyiraho inzego z'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Iyi ntara yakozwe hakomatanyijwe icyari intara ya Ruhengeri, Byumba n'igice cy'amajyaruguru cy'icyahoze ari [[Kigali]] Ngali. Kuri ubu intara y'Amajyaruguru igizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|Uturere]] 5 aritwo: [[Akarere ka Burera|Burera]], [[Akarere ka Gakenke|Gakenke]], [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]], [[Akarere ka Musanze|Musanze]], [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rulindo]] n'&lt;ref&gt;Ahabanza&lt;/ref&gt; [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]] 89, [[Utugari]] 415 n'[[Imidugudu]] 2740. 

Komisiyo y'igihugu ikorana n'Ishami ry'umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku burezi, ubumenyi n'umuco (UNESCO) ku bufatanye n'ibigo bya Leta y'u Rwanda nka RDB, ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubutaka, ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe umutungo kamere na Mine na gazi ( RMB), Ubuyobozi bw'Intara y'Amajyaruguru n'ibindi byatangiye urugendo rwo gusaba ko iyi ntara yakwemerwa nka Pariki y'umurage kamere w'Isi kubera ibyanya 16 bifite umwihariko ku rwego rw'isi, ku rwego rw'igihugu ndetse no ku rwego rw'akarere biherereyemo. Ibyo byanya birimo ibiyaga by'impanga bya Burera na Ruhondo, Pariki y'igihugu y'Ibirunga, urusore rw'ibirunga nka Muhabura na Gahinga, ubuvumo bwa Musanze, ibyanya bigaragaza umuco n'amateka yo mu gihe cy'Ubwami nk'ahazwi nko mu Gihondohondo n'ahandi. Gutegura dosiye y'ubwo busabe byatangiye gutegurwa ku wa 11 Kamena (06) 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/bimwe-mu-bizafasha-intara-y-amajyarugura-kuba-mu-bice-bya-unesco-global-geopark Impamvu u Rwanda rushaka ko Intara y’Amajyaruguru ijya muri ‘UNESCO Global Geopark’ | IGIHE]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.ingeri.rw/eng/rwanda-launches-bid-for-first-unesco-global-geopark-in-northern-province Rwanda launches bid for first UNESCO Global Geopark in Northern Province - ingeri.rw]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/36575/news/tourism/what-will-it-take-for-rwanda-to-have-a-unesco-geopark What will it take for Rwanda to have a UNESCO geopark? - The New Times]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://earthrwanda.com/rwanda-seeks-unesco-recognition-for-northern-province-as-global-geopark/ Rwanda seeks UNESCO recognition for Northern Province as Global Geopark – earthrwanda.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.greenafrica.rw/northern-rwanda-launches-bid-to-become-rwandas-first-unesco-global-geopark/ Northern Rwanda launches bid to become Rwanda’s first UNESCO Global Geopark - Green Africa]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
* [http://www.northernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?lang=rw Intara y'Amajyaruguru ibahaye ikaze kurubuga rwayo rwa Interineti]

[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda| ]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’u Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda</title>
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      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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[[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|thumb|250px|&lt;font color=&quot;grey&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;]]

'''Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]]''' yagiyeho nyuma y’ibihe by’inzibacyuho, binyuze mu matora yabaye ku itariki ya 29 Nzeri kugeza tariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2003. Yatangiye imirimo yayo ku itariki 10 Ukwakira 2003, nyuma y’irahira ry’abagize imitwe yombi.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]] igizwe n’Imitwe ibiri : [[Umutwe w’Abadepite]] na [[Sena]].

Umutwe w’Abadepite ugizwe n’Abadepite 80 bakomoka aha hakurikira :
# Abadepite 53 batowe ku rwego rw’Igihugu ;
# Makumyabiri na bane (24) b’abagore batorwa n’inzego zihariye, hakurikijwe inzego z’imitegekere y’Igihugu;
# Abadepite 2 batowe n’Inama y’Igihugu y’Urubyiruko ;
# Umudepite 1 watowe n’impuzamashyirahamwe y’abantu bafite ubumuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100804141206/http://www.parliament.gov.rw/re/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amakomisiyo ==
# Komisiyo ya Politiki uburinganire
# Komisiyo y’Ubukungu na 
# Komisiyo y’Ubumenyi, Uburezi, Umuco n’Urubyiruko
# Komisiyo y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane
# Komisiyo y’IImibereho y’Abaturage
# Komisiyo y’Umutekano no kurengera Ubusugire bw’Igihugu
# Komisiyo y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu
# Komisiyo y’Ingengo y’Imari n’Umutungo by’Igihugu
# Komisiyo y’Ubuhinzi, Ubworozi n’Ibidukikije
# Komisiyo y’Umuryango, uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abagore
# Komisiyo y’Imibereho y’Abaturage
# Komite ishinzwe imyitwarire n’imyifatire y’Abadepite no guku

== Amateka y'Inteko ==
Mu gihe u [[Rwanda]] rwiteguye amatora y’abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya 16 Nzeri 2013, amwe mu mateka y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]] ntajya avugwaho cyane. Aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu.  

Mbere y’umwaduko w’abakoloni, u [[Rwanda]] rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko, ni ukuvuga ko amateka (amategeko) yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero. Muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho, ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga (...)

''Mu gihe u Rwanda rwiteguye amatora y’abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya 16 Nzeri 2013, amwe mu mateka y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda ntajya avugwaho cyane. Aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu.''

Mbere y’umwaduko w’abakoloni, u [[Rwanda]] rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko, ni ukuvuga ko amateka (amategeko) yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero. Muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho, ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga n’umwami; bakagira bati “[[Umwami]] yaciye iteka”.
[[Dosiye:Ingoro Ya CND.jpg|thumb|Ingoro Ishinga Amategeko yo mu Rwanda]]
Amenshi mu mateka yacibwaga, yabaga agendeye ku mitegekere y’umwami wabaga yimye ingoma. Yashoboraga kugirwa inama n’abamwegereye cyangwa abiru, ariko ikigaragara ni uko nta nama yabagaho ngo igiye kwiga ku itegeko ryashyirwaho.

Mu gihe u [[Rwanda]] rwahabwaga u [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] ngo burugeze ku  bwigenge (Tutelle), rwahise rugendera ku mategeko y’Ababiligi; amwe na mwe yagezwaga mu Rwanda agahindurwa bijyanye n’imibereho n’umuco by’Abanyarwanda, mu gihe hari n’andi yagumaga uko yaje bitewe n’umuyobozi cyangwa umu-administrateur wabaga ariho.

Mu myaka ya 1960 nibwo habaye impinduka mu Rwanda; hajyiyeho Akanama k’igihugu k’u [[Rwanda]] na Guverinoma y’agateganyo ku itariki ya 26 Ukwakira 1960. Guverinoma y’U [[Rwanda]] ya mbere mu mateka yarwo ikimara gushyirwaho nibwo hahise hategurwa amatora y’abagize inteko ishinga amategeko.

Ku itariki ya 7 Ukuboza 1960 nibwo hafashwe icyemezo ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]] izagirwa n’umutwe umwe ikitwa “Assemblée Legistrative”.

Ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961 nibwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatoye Perezida wa republika, nawe wari ubaye uw’intango mu mateka y’urwa Gasabo.

Ku itariki ya 30 Nyakanga 1961 ya Nteko yitwaga Assemblée Legistrative yahinduye izina, maze yitwa Assemblée Nationale.
[[Dosiye:Grégoire Kayibanda (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya Gregoire Kayibanda]]
Kugeza ubwo iyo nteko yaseswaga ku 5 Nyakanga 1973 ubwo Habyarimana yakoraga kudeta (Coup d’Etat), agahirika Kayibanda, U [[Rwanda]] rwari rumaze kugira inteko 3 zari zaratowe ku itariki ya 25 Nzeri 1961, itariki ya 3 Ukwakira 1965 no ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 1969.

Ubwo hakorwaga amatora ya mbere ku itariki ya 25 Nzeri 1961 mu nteko harimo imyanya 44.

Icyo gihe iyo myanya ikaba yari irimo amashyaka ya Parmehutu ryari rifite imyanya 35, UNAR ifite imyanya 7 na APROSOMA yari ifite imyanya 2.

Naho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yaje gutorwa ku itariki ya 3 Ukwakira 1965, yo ikaba yari irimo imyanya 47 kandi bose ari aba Parmehutu gusa ari naryo ryonyine ryari ryatanze abakandida. Uwo mubare w’abari bagize Inteko Ishinga amategeko ni nawo wagumyeho ku nshuro ya 3 haba amatora mu 1969.

Andi matora y’abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]] yagombaga kuba mu 1973, ariko kubera umwuka mubi wa politiki wariho icyo gihe, ntabwo yabaye. Ni nabwo muri uwo mwuka habayemo kudeta ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973.
[[Dosiye:Juvénal Habyarimana (1980).jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya Juvenal Habyarimana]]
[[Juvénal Habyarimana]] yafashe ubutegetsi ahirika [[Grégoire Kayibanda]].

Iyo kudeta yakurikiwe n’ihagarikwa ry’inzego zose n’iseswa ry’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari nabwo havukaga Republika ya kabiri.

Iyo republika ya kabiri niyo yashyizeho ikiswe Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere “Conseil National de Development (CND)“ iyo yo ikaba icyo gihe yari igizwe n’abadepite 64 batowe mu matora yo ku itariki ya 18 Ukuboza 1981 bagatangira imirimo yabo ku itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1982.
[[Dosiye:Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).svg|thumb|Ibendera rya MRND]]
Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere cyangwa se Inteko yatowe ku itariki ya 26 Ukuboza 1983 igatangira imirimo yayo ku itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1984, yo yarimo abadepite 70. Icyo gihe Itegeko Nshinga ryagennye manda y’imyaka 5 ari nayo yagendeweho n’Inteko yatowe ku 26 Ukuboza 1988 igatangira imirimo yayo ku 8 Mutarama 1989. Icyo twabibutsa ni uko abari bagize CND (Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere) bose baturukaga mu ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya MRND.

Itegeko Nshinga rya mbere ry’u [[Rwanda]] ryashyizweho ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961, ryaje gusimbuzwa ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962. Kuva ryashyirwaho, Itegeko Nshinga ry’u Rwanda ryagiye rihindurwa inshuro nyinshi ku mpamvu zitandukanye. Kugeza mu 1978 ryari rimaze guhindurwa inshuro zigera kuri eshanu: nko ku itariki ya 12 Kamena 1962, ku itariki ya 18 Gicurasi 1973 no ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Inzibacyuho ==
Ni imwe mu nzego nkuru z’igihugu zateganyijwe n’amasezerano y’Arusha yashyizweho umukono ku itariki ya 4 Kanama 1993 hagati ya [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|Guverinoma y’u Rwanda]] n’ishyaka rya FPR- Inkotanyi.

Ayo masezerano akaba yarahaye iyo Nteko Ishinga Amategeko inshingano zikurikira:

	Gushyiraho amategeko

	Kumenya no kungenzura ibikorwa bya Guverinoma

Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho yashyizweho ku itariki ya 25 Ugushyingo 1994, irangira muri Kanama 2003.

Inteko y’inzibacyuho ijyaho nyuma ya jenocide ikaba icyo gihe nta bakozi nta n’ibikoresho bihagije yari ifite; byose byari ugushakisha kuko n’ingoro yakoreragamo yari yarasenyutse.
[[Dosiye:Flag of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.svg|thumb|Ibendera rya FPR-Inkotanyi]]
Iyi Nteko yashyizweho hagendeye ku masezerano y’Arusha nk’uko yujujwe ku bireba Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n’itangazo rya FPR Inkotanyi ryo ku itariki ya 17 Nyakanga 1994, hamwe n’amasezerano yo ku itariki ya 25 Ugushyingo 1994 hagati y’imitwe ya politiki ya FRP, MDR, PDC, PSD, PDI, PSR, PL na UDPR yerekeye ishyirwaho ry’inzego z’ubutegetsi z’iguhugu.

Itangira, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho yari igizwe n’abadepite 70 baturuka mu mashyaka ya politiki 8 ataragize uruhare muri genocide yakorewe Abatutsi. Harimo kandi n’abadepite 6 bahagarariye ingabo z’igihugu.

Hakurikijwe ivugururwa ry’Itegeko Nshinga rya Republika y’u Rwanda ryo kuwa 10 Ugushyingo 2000, umubare w’abadepite waje kwiyongera ugera kuri 74 bitewe n’abadepite 4 bongewemo: 2 bahagarariye urubyiruko na 2 bahagarariye abari n’abategarugori.

Ikijyaho Inteko Ishinga amategeko ikaba yarashyizeho amategeko ahanini yari ajyanye n’igihe igihugu cyarimo cyane cyane agamije kugisana mu buryo bwose: urwego rw’ubukungu, imibereho y’abaturage, politiki,  ubutabera n’ibindi.
[[Dosiye:Bamwe mu inkotanyi 10.jpg|thumb|Inkotanyi zakoze Kazi]]
Naho ibirebana no kumenya no kugenzura ibikorwa bya guverinoma, ibyo bikorwa byatangiye mu 1997 cyane cyane ko n’amategeko abigenga yagoranye gushyirwaho. Bikaba byarasabye ko abahagarariye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n’abahagarariye guverinoma bahura kenshi kugira ngo bashobore kumvikana ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe batabonaga kimwe.

Itegeko ngenga rigena uburyo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igomba kumenya ikanagenzura imikorere ya guverinoma ryatangajwe ku itariki ya 14 Mata 1997 na Prezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, ashingiye ku bubasha ahabwa n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 6-d y’amasezerano y’Arusha, mu gice cyerekeye igabana ry’ubutegetsi.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho kandi yari ifite inshingano zo gutora bamwe mu bayobozi bo mu nzego z’imirimo ya Leta. Ni muri urwo rwego batoye Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] bafatanije n’abagize guverinoma ku itariki ya 17 Mata 2000, banatora abandi bayobozi banyuranye barimo Perezida na visi Perezida b’urukiko rw’ikirenga, abakomiseri mu makomisiyo y’igihugu n’abandi.

Ku birebana n’imiterere y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho, icyo gihe yari igizwe n’inzego 5 z’ingenzi, arizo:

	Inteko rusange 

	Biro y’inteko

	Inama y’abaperezida b’amakomisiyo

	Amakomisiyo ahoraho

	Urwego rw’abakozi
[[Dosiye:An aerial view of new look of Rwanda Parliament Building in Kimihurura, Kigali on May 16, 2019. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Inteko ishinga amategeko uko imeze ubungubu]]
Mu gihe cy’inzibacyuho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho yakoreraga mu bihembwe 3. Buri gihembwe cyagombaga kumara amezi 3 n’ukwezi kw’ikiruhuko. Ariko byagaragaye kenshi ko ibyo biruhuko byajyiye bikoreshwa hatumizwa ibihembwe bidasanzwe kubera imirimo myinshi ijyanye cyane cyane no gutora amategeko.

Kuva mu 1994 kugera 2000 umwaka w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho watangiraga ku itariki 12 Ukuboza bihereye ku itariki yateraniyeho bwa mbere mu gihembwe gisanzwe mu mwaka 1994.

Ariko kugira ngo gahunda z’ibihembwe by’inzibacyuho zihuzwe n’izindi gahunda z’igihugu, itangira ry’umwaka w’Inteko  Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho ryaje kwimurirwa ku itariki ya 15 Mutarama, kandi rikanayoborwa na Perezida wa Republika uboneraho no kugeza ku baturarwanda ubutumwa bujyanye na gahunda z’igihugu z’uwo mwaka.

Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho yabayeho kugeza ubwo hajyagaho Inteko noneho yari imaze gutorwa hagendeye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Republika y’u [[Rwanda]] kuva mu 1994. Iri tegeko nshinga rikaba ryari ryatowe ku itariki ya 23 Gicurasi 2003 mu matora rusange y’Abanyarwanda bose rikanashyirwaho umukono na Perezida wa Republika ku itariki ya 4 Kanama, ari nabwo ryatangiriraga gukurikizwa.

Inteko Ishinga amategeko nshya yari imaze gushyirwaho n’Itegeko Nshinga yo noneho ikaba yari itandukanye n’izindi nteko zose U [[Rwanda]] rwagize, kuko yo yaje igizwe n’imitwe 2 nk’uko byateganywaga muri iryo tegeko nshinga: Hari umutwe w’abadepite n’umutwe w’Abasenateri. Iyi mitwe yombi ikaba ari nayo ikigize Inteko Ishinga amategeko y’u [[Rwanda]] kugeza ubu. Muri uwo mwaka wa 2003 nibwo bwa mbere mu mateka u [[Rwanda]] rwari rugize Inteko Ishinga amategeko igizwe n’imitwe ibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.gov.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibihe u Rwanda rwabayeho nta Nteko Ishinga Amategeko rufite ==
[[Dosiye:Rwanda 3717 r11.1 sep18.jpg|thumb|Ikarita y'u Rwanda]]
Kugeza ubu mu [[Rwanda]] habaye ibihe bibiri igihugu cyamaze kitaragira Inteko Ishinga amategeko. Inshuro ya mbere yabaye ubwo Habyarimana yakoraga kudeta, maze ahagarika inzego zose zariho kuva ubwo yayikoraga ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973 kugeza mu 1982, icyo gihe cyose kingana n’imyaka 9 u Rwanda rukaba rwarabagaho nta Nteko Ishinga Amategeko rufite. Inshuro ya kabiri yabaye kuva tariki 17 Nyakanga 1994 kugeza ku itariki ya 12 Ukuboza muri uwo mwaka n’ubundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kubera iki abantu bakunze kwita Ingoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko CND? ==
Nk’uko twabibonye hejuru, mu 1981 Habyarimana yashyizeho Inama y’Igihugu y’Amajyambere, mu [[Igifaransa|gifaransa]] ikaba Conseil National de Development, mu magambo ahinnye CND. Inama y’Igihugu y’Amajyambere yakoraga nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko.
[[Dosiye:Outside the Ministry of Justice, with the Minister of Justice, Mr. Johnston Busingye.jpg|thumb|Ahahoze CND ubu hasigaye hari Ministeri y'ubutabera]]
CND yakoreraga mu nyubako Urukiko rw’ikirenga na Ministeri y’Ubutabera bikoreramo ubu. Icyo gihe hitwaga Palais de Jeunesse. Urukiko rw’ikirenga rwo icyo gihe ntirwabagaho.

Ingoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko yatangiye kubakwa mu 1980, yuzura mu 1989 ari nabwo yatashwe ku mugaragaro; gusa Abadepite bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko bo binjiye gukorera muri iyi ngoro mu ntango za 1990. Ubwo ako kanama CND kimukiraga muri iyi ngoro nibwo rero abantu bakomeje kuhita muri CDN.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi 1994 igitangira, ingoro y’Inteko ishinga amategeko yarasenywe. Icyo gihe ingabo za guverinoma ariko cyane cyane abasirikare bari bashinzwe kurinda Perezida Habyarumana bayimisheho ibisasu bya rutura byaturukaga ahanini muri Camp GP (Ikigo cy’abasirikare barinda Perezida).

Iyi ngoro ikaba yararaswaga kuko yari icumbikiye ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi n’abanyapolitiki bahagarariye uwo mutwe bari baraje mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’Arusha yasinyirwaga Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]].

Kubera ko iyi ngoro yari yangiritse cyane, nyuma ya jenoside Inteko ntiyashoboye kubona aho ikorera byoroshye. Abadepite gusa nibo bakoreraga mu cyumba cy’inteko rusange yabo no mu biro bimwe na bimwe mu gihe iyi ngoro yarimo isanwa.

Sena ikimara kujyaho mu 2003 yabanje gukorera mu nyubako ya Telecom ku Kacyiru kuko Ingoro y’Inteko nyirizina yari ikirimo gusanwa. Sena ikaba yarinjiyemo mu ngoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko mu 2005, nyuma y’isanwa ryagoranye.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100804141206/http://www.parliament.gov.rw/re/ www.parliament.gov.rw]

[[Ikiciro:Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda| ]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>g86toxr9t3wdgihtcql3mw46o9qbjeq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amazina nyarwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142273</id>
      <parentid>136736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23275" sha1="8nh8ym6yha97wuxnx44fcgsxjv3rfgt" xml:space="preserve">
[[Dosiye:Rwandans are victims of genocide sign.jpg|thumb|AMazina]]

== Inyuguti A ==
Abayo;Atete; Abewe &amp;ndash;  Abijuru; Abera ; Abeza ; Abumugabo, Ahoraho;  Abamahoro; Abariza, Abayizera; Akiduhaye; Akimana; Akingeneye, Akizanye ; Akeza - Akwizihize- Akwizihire -Abayisenga;Abimana - Abiyingoma - Aganze, Agabe - Arakaza - Ategeke,
,Ahishakiye
,Amizero, Atone ,Akayisenga, Ahirwe -  Ariho, Aradukunda,Ashimwe, Abeho; Ategeke;Akuzwe; Atsinde,Atuze, Arema,Azabe; Ahimana 

== Inyuguti B ==
Bana, &amp;ndash;
Bayihiki &amp;ndash;
Bambe &amp;ndash;
Batamuriza &amp;ndash;
Bazatoha &amp;ndash; 
Bazimya &amp;ndash; 
Benda &amp;ndash; 
Bengeza &amp;ndash;
Beraho &amp;ndash; Benzinge- Bugirimfura
,_Bicura &amp;ndash; 
Bigirimana &amp;ndash;
Bigwi;
Bihogo &amp;ndash;
Bihoyiki, &amp;ndash;
Bikorimana, &amp;ndash;
Binama &amp;ndash; 
Birasa &amp;ndash; 
Bisamaza &amp;ndash; 
Bisangwa &amp;ndash; 
Biseruka &amp;ndash; 
Biseseme &amp;ndash; 
Bucagu &amp;ndash; 
Bucyana &amp;ndash; 
Bucyanayandi &amp;ndash; 
Bugingo &amp;ndash; 
Bugirande &amp;ndash; 
Buhigiro &amp;ndash; 
Bukuba &amp;ndash; 
Bitibibisi&amp;ndash; Birekeraho
Buregeya &amp;ndash; 
Busanane &amp;ndash; 
Bushayija &amp;ndash; 
Busyeti &amp;ndash; 
Buzizi &amp;ndash; 
Bwakira &amp;ndash; 
Bwankoko &amp;ndash; 
Bwimba &amp;ndash; 
Bwiza &amp;ndash;
Byagutunga &amp;ndash; 
Byemero &amp;ndash; 
Byiringiro &amp;ndash;
Byukusenge &amp;ndash;
Byusa - Bikamba - Banganirora - Bungurubwenge - Bisetsa-
Bagwaneza-
Benimana-
Beza-Butare- Burariyo-  Burabyo-Byose - Bishirandora

== Inyuguti C ==
Candari - Camake - Ciraho - Coca - Condo - Cyirima - Cyimana - Cyitatire - Cyamatare - Cyusa - Cyuzuzo - Cyogera - Cyomoro - Cyiza - Cyubahiro - Cyizere - Cyimbo - Cyinyambo - Cyambarantama - Cyarahani - Cyoganyanja-Cyurinyana-Cyabayaga

== Inyuguti D ==
Dusabane - Dusabe -Duhirwe- Dusengimana - Dushime - Dushimire - Duhirwe - Dukunde - Dufatanye - Dusenge - Duhimana - Dukuze - Duhimbaze - Dukuzimana - Dusabamahoro-Dusenabo-Dusingize-Dusangirirwa-Dukundwe
[[Dosiye:Wooden srcabble tiles.jpg|thumb|imibare yerekana uko Inyajwi n' ingombajwi bikurikirana mu myandikire yemewe y' ikinyarwanda]]

== Inyuguti Edouard ==
Emera - Emerimana- Erura- Eza - Era- Erura - Ema - Ema N Emmanuel

== Inyuguti F ==
Fungamuka - Furuma - Furaha furaha - Fulani - Feza - Fungaroho - Fatuma - Fashaho -  Furebo - Fatikaramu-Fana 

== Inyuguti G ==
GASHUGI- Ganza - Gasaro - Gabana - Gwira - Gwiza - Gasangwa - Gasana - Gasanana - Gashema-Gasigwa - Gatabazi- Gahigi -Gafirita- Gakuba-Gakwaya - Gitwaza - Gatwaza- Giringabo - Giramata (f) - Gicanda (f)Gasasira - Gasarasi-Gasarabwe - Gore - Gabiro - Gaba - Gisa - Gisingizo -Gisubizo, Gaju, Gabirwa, gakuba, Gatovu,

== Inyuguti H ==
Habanabakize,habarurema,
HABINSHUTI, Habyarimana, Hagenimana, Habimana,
Haguma,Hagumimana,
Hakizabera,Hakizamungu,Hakizimana,Hakorimana,
Harerimana,Havugimana,
Hitimana -Hategekimana Habanabashaka-Hitayezu-Hitiyaremye-Harebamungu-Higiro-Haguminshuti- 
Hirwa,Higa, Higaniro, Hakuzimana,Humura,Hakorubwonko

Inyuguti I

Igabe,Igeno,Igiraneza,Ihimbazwe,Ijuru,Ijabo,Ikaze,Imena,Ineza,Inezerwe,Inganji,Ingeli,Irasubiza,Iragena,Irabaruta,Irabona,Irarora,Irakoze,Isimbi,Isaro,Isine,Ishami,Inshuti,Ishimwe,Isezerano,Ishema,Isheja,Isingizwe,Ituze,Itetero,Iyera,Iyaremye,Iyadukunze,Iyatwese,Iyaduhanze,Izabayo,Izere, Ijigija

== Inyuguti J ==
Jabo &amp;#x2013; Jambo - Juru - Jabiro - Janja - Jabana - Jali - Jyambere - 

== Inyuguti K ==

Kabagambe (m) &amp;ndash;
Kabahita (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabalisa (m) &amp;ndash;
Kabanda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabandahe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabandana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabango (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabano (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabarira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabatsi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabayita (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabayiza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabeja &amp;ndash; 
Kabengera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabibi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabukwisi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kaburame (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kabuto &amp;ndash; 
Kadamari (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kagaba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagaju (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagambage (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagame &amp;ndash; 
Kagame (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kageruka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kageza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagoro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagoyire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagurukiza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kagwenyonga (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kalisa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamabera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kamagaju (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kamali (m) &amp;ndash; Kamana (m) —
Kamanzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamariza (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kamasa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamatali (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kambayire (f)
Kamegeri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamikazi ,Kami(f)(f)
Kamiya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamondo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kamongi (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Kampayana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kampirwa (f) &amp;ndash; Kampire(f)
Kampogo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kkampororo(f)
Kamugema (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamugire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kamugunga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamuzinzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kamwenubusa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanamugire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanayoge (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kandagaye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kandeke (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kandenzi (f) &amp;ndash;
Kandekwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kangeyo (f) Kangabe(f)&amp;ndash; 
Kanimba ,(m) &amp;ndash; 
Kankera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kankuyo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kankwanzi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kanobana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kantamati (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kantengwa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyamahanga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyamanza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyambuga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyamugenge (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyangira &amp;ndash; 
Kanyarengwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyarutoke (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyemera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanyenzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kanzana (f) &amp;ndash;
Kanzayire (Cyanzayire) &amp;ndash;
Karamuka(m) &amp;ndash; 
Karake (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karambizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karangwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karangirwa(m,f)
Karani (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karege (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karegeya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karekezi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karema (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karemangingo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karengera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karenzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karenzo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karikurubu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karima (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karinganire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karinijabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karuranga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karuretwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Karyabwite &amp;ndash; 
Katabarwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kataka &amp;ndash; 
Kataramuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kavaruganda(m) &amp;ndash;
Kavuna &amp;ndash; 
Kavuna (n) &amp;ndash; 
Kavutse (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayibanda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayigi (m) &amp;ndash; Kayigema (m)
Kayigumire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayihunda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayihura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayijamahe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayijuka &amp;ndash; 
Kayijuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayinamura &amp;ndash; 
Kayiranga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayirangwa (f)
Kayirebwa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kayishema (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayisinga (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Kayisingirwa (f)
Kayisire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kayitaba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayitakibwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayitana &amp;ndash; 
Kayitankore (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayitare &amp;ndash; Kayiranga(m)Karangwa(m)
Kayitakire
Kayitasire
Kayitesi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Kayitsinga &amp;ndash; 
Kayonde (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayonga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kayumba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kibuye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kidedeli &amp;ndash; 
Kimanuka &amp;ndash; 
Kimenyi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kimizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kimonyo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kinyoni (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kirazi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kiroha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Kiromba (m) &amp;ndash;
Komeza &amp;ndash;
Kurazikubone &amp;ndash;
Kwizera KAMANAYO&amp;ndash; Karamira, Karasira
Kimuri, Kwihangana ,KAMIRINDI,Kageme, Kalitanyi, Kalisa, Kamariza, Kamikazi,Kawera(f) - Kamana (m);
Kirenga (m); KAYIRA; KANYEMERA; KWIBUKA;KANGABE;KIRENGA;KAMBANDA;KAYESU;KURADUSENGE;KWITONDA;KWIZIHIRWA,KAMALI;KANAKUZE

== Inyuguti L ==
Linguyeneza - Linganwa- Liboneye - Lizinde - Liza -  Lizatahabake - Libanje - 

== Inyuguti M ==
Mabano (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mafene (m) &amp;ndash; 
Maganya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Magayane(m) &amp;ndash;
Mageza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Makombe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Makuza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mambo (m) - Manzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Masabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mashira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Matabaro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Matata (m) &amp;ndash; 
Matene (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mavugabandi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mazimpaka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mbanda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mbarutso (m) &amp;ndash; Mberabahizi
Mbishibishi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mbungira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mfuruta (m) &amp;ndash; 
Miburo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Migabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Migezo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Minega (m) &amp;ndash; Mirasano (m); Mirimba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Miseke (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mpambara (m)  Mpabuka(m) &amp;ndash; 
Mpitabakana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mpogazi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muberuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mucumangendo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mucyo (f) &amp;Nash;
Mudenge (m)- Mugabe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugabukenga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugabushaka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugarura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugenzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugemahica (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugemana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mugemanshuro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhakwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhigirwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhikira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhimpundu (f) &amp;ndash; 
Muhire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhirwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muhongeshanseko (f) &amp;ndash; 
Muhongerere (f) &amp;ndash; 
Muhongerwa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Muhorakeye (f) &amp;ndash;
Mujijima (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mujinya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukabagire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukamisha (f) &amp;ndash; Mukamishangeyo(f)-
Mukamugema (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukamusana (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukamusoni (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukamuyango (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukandamage (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukangamije (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukansanga (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukantagara (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukanyangezi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukanyarwaya (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukanyemazi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukanyonga (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukarage (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukaremera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukarutabana (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukarutesi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukaruziga (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukazayire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mukiga (m) &amp;ndash;Mukunzi 
Mukurira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukuralinda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukwende (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mukwiye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mulenzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mulindabigwi (m) mulindwa &amp;ndash; 
Munana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munanira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mundere (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mungeri(m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Munyagasheke (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyakarambi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyakayanza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyampundu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyandamutsa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyangoga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyangango/Munyengango (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyanziza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyaneza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyarigoga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyanyebinja (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyentwali (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyeragwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyeshuri (m) &amp;ndash;
Munyeshyaka (m) &amp;ndash;
Munyeshya (f) &amp;ndash;
Munyeyinga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Munyinya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mupagasi (m) Murame (m) &amp;ndash; 
Murangamirwa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Murangira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Murara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Murasandonyi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Murekatete (f) &amp;ndash; 
Murekezi (m) &amp;ndash; Murera
Mureramanzi- Murutamanga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musafiri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musaniwabo (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Musabyimana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Museruka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musindi (m) &amp;ndash;&amp;ndash; 
Musinga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musomakweli (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musonera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musoni (m) &amp;ndash; 
Musheshembugu (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mushonganono (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mutabagisha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mutabaruka (m) &amp;ndash; Mutakwaraba (f)-
Mutambarungu (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Mutambuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mutamuriza (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mutagawa (m) &amp;ndash;
Mutagisha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mutangana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mutatsinema (f) &amp;ndash;
Mutara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muteteri (f) &amp;ndash;
Mutegwaraba(f) &amp;ndash;
Mutumwambazi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mutumwinka (f) &amp;ndash; 
Mutungirehe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muvunyi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Muyenzi (m) &amp;ndash; Muzungu (f,m)
Mwemezi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mwerekande (m) &amp;ndash; 
Mwiza (f) &amp;ndash;
Mbonyebyombi(M) &amp;ndash;
Munyabarenzi &amp;ndash;
Mihigo &amp;ndash;
Manzi &amp;ndash;
Mahoro &amp;ndash;
Mugwaneza &amp;ndash;
Marara &amp;ndash;
Maniraho &amp;ndash;
Muhawenayo &amp;ndash;
Mugenga &amp;ndash;
Muheto;
Musumbakazi;
Munyana;
Murindabigwi &amp;ndash;
Musindarwejo;
Murasira;
Murebwanayo;
Mushikiwabo;
Muzirankoni- 
Munyantore -
Munyankumburwa &amp;ndash; 
Mwungeri(m) &amp;ndash; Mwiseneza(f)

== Inyuguti N ==
Nakure &amp;ndash; 
Naho (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nayigiziki (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ncamihigo (m) Ncogoza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndabakenga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndabambalire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Ndagije (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndagijimana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndahindurwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndahiro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndakaza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndakorerwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndamage (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndangamyambi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndanguza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndateba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndayambaje (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndayisenga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndayitabi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndayizigiye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndekezi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndengejeho (m) &amp;ndash; Ndikumwenayo (m)
Ndimbati (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndimukaga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndimurwango (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndinda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndizeye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ndongo (m) &amp;ndash; Ndongozi (m) - 
Ndori (m) - Ndoli (m) &amp;ndash; Ndorimana(m)  - Ndorindagiye -  
Ndungutse (m) &amp;ndash;
Ngabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngabonzima (m) &amp;ndash; Ngabonziza-
Ngaboyisonga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngamije (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngango (m)- Ngarama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngarambe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngarure (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngegera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngendandumwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngirabakunzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngiruwonsanga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngoga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngomanzungu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ngurumbe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ni(yi)bizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ni(yi)shaka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Niyitegeka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nibishaka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nicyolibera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nijimbere (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nikwigize (m) &amp;ndash; 
Niyo (u) &amp;ndash; Niyigena-
Niyimporera-
Niyimbonera-
Niyonzima (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkangabeshi(m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkangabarashi(m)
Nkera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkerabera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkerabigwi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeragasani (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeragusenga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeragutabara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkerahayo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeramahame (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeramigambi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeramihigo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeramugaba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkerarugira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkeratabaro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkezabera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkomati (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkongori (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkoronko (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkotanyi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkubiri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkubito (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkundabakize (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkuranga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkurunziza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nkusi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsabimana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsanzabaganwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsanzabera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsanze (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsanzurwimo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsekalije (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsenga (m) &amp;ndash;
Ntigura 
Nsengimana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nsengiyumva (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nshogozabahizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nshuti (m) &amp;ndash;
Ntabahwana (m) &amp;ndash; 
[[:en:Dr_Venant_Ntabomvura|Ntabomvura]] (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntabana(m) -
Ntabyera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntaganda &amp;ndash; 
Ntaganda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntagara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntagugura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntahobari (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntakamaro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntakavuro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntamabyariro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntamahungiro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntamakemwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntamavukiro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntambabazi (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Ntambara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntampuhwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntandayera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntango (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntare(m) -
Ntashamaje (m/f) &amp;ndash; 
Ntawe (m) - Ntazinda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nteturuye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nteziryayo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntibenda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntibitangira (f) &amp;ndash; 
Ntibihangana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntidendereza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntigashira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntijyinama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntilihera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntirushwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntukamazina (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntukanyagwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ntuyahaga (m) &amp;ndash;
Nyabagabo (m) &amp;ndash;
Nyabunyana (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyabyenda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyagahakwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyagakecuru (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyagasaza(m) &amp;ndash;
Nyagatare (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyagisaza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyakabwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyakarashi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyakazungu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamacumu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamadigi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyambo (f) &amp;ndash;
Nyaminani (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyampame &amp;ndash; 
[[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamubi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamucenshera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamutezi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyamwasa &amp;ndash; 
Nyandwi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyanebyiri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyangezi &amp;ndash; 
Nyanzira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyaritwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyatanyi (m)- Nyarwa(m)&amp;ndash; 
Nyemazi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyetera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyinawisugi(f) &amp;ndash;
Nyinawumuntu(f) &amp;ndash;
Nyirabaritonda(f) &amp;ndash;
Nyirabundibundi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirahuku (f/m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirahwandari (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirahwehwe (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirakigeri (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirakigwene (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiramashashi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiramavugo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiramongi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiramugwahashashe (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiramugwera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirankera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirankomo (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirantamati (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirawera (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirayuhi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirimbirima (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiriminega (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirimiringa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirindekwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiringabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiringango (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyiringondo &amp;ndash; 
Nyiringondo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirinkindi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nyirinkwaya (m) &amp;ndash;
Nzabamwita  &amp;ndash;
Nzabanita &amp;ndash;
Nzabonariba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzabonimana &amp;ndash;
Nzamba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzamwita (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzanana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzaramba (m) &amp;ndash;
Nzarubara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzayihorana (m) &amp;ndash;
Nzigamasabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzigira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nziraguseswa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Nzirorera (m) &amp;ndash;Nzayisenga - Ntawumenya - Nziza (m)

== Inyuguti O ==
Ongera &amp;ndash; Ohereza &amp;ndash; Ogezwa

== Inyuguti R ==
Rama, Randa , 
Rangira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rebero (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rekeraho (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rema
Ribakare (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ribanje (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ribarabaje (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ribaye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ringuyeneza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rinigumugabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rizinde &amp;ndash; 
Rizinde (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubaduka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubagenga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubagumya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubambura (m)

Ruba&lt;ref&gt;Rwanda traditional&lt;/ref&gt;nda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubangisa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubangura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubashamuheto (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubayiza &amp;ndash; 
Ruberanziza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruberwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubibi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruboneka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rubuye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rucekeri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rucinya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rucogoza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rudacogora (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rudahigwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rudakemwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rudasingwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rudasumbwa (m) &amp;ndash; by
Rudatsikira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rufagari (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rufali (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rufuku (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugamba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugege (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugemintwaza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugerimisare (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugerinyange (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugero (both);
Rugina (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugiramasasu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugoboka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugomwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugumire (m) &amp;ndash;
Ruhabura (m);
Ruhama (m)- 
Ruhamiliza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhamya(m)-Ruhamyambuga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhamyandekwe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhanika (m) &amp;ndash;
Ruhashya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhinankiko (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhorahoza &amp;ndash; 
Ruhorahoza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruhumuliza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rujindiri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rugandura(m) &amp;ndash;
Rukabu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukeba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukebesha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukemampunzi &amp;ndash; 
Rukeribuga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukikamoso (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rukimirana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rulinda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rumanyinka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rumiya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Runuya (m) &amp;ndash
Rupali (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rurangirwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruremesha (m) &amp;ndash;
Ruribikiye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rusagara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rusangwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rusatsi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rushemeza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rushingabigwi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rushonda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rusiha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutagarama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutagayisasa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutagengwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutagiragahu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutanga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutaremara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutarindwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutayisire (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutebuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutegamihigo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutegera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutenderi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruterandongozi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruti (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutinywa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutirwicyugu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutiyomba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rutsindintwarane (m) &amp;ndash; Rugwiro(m)
Rutsinga &amp;ndash; 
Ruvunantwali (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruvusha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruzibiza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ruzindana &amp;ndash; 
Ruzindana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwabigwi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwabugiri &amp;ndash; 
Rwabugiri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwabukumba &amp;ndash; 
Rwabukwisi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwabutogo &amp;ndash; 
Rwabutogo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwabyuma (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwagafirita (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwagaju (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwagasana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwagasore (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwagatare (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwajekuruha (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwakayiru (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwakigarama (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwalinda (m) &amp;ndash; r
Rwamakuba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwamasirabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwampungu &amp;ndash; 
Rwamu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwamuhizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwamulinda (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwamuningi &amp;ndash; 
Rwamurindi &amp;ndash; 
Rwangombwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwanyagasore (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwasa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwasamanzi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwasibo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwasubutare (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwego (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwema (m) &amp;ndash;
Rwemalika (m) &amp;ndash;
Rwibutso (m );
Rwidegembya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwigema &amp;ndash; 
Rwigema (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwigemera &amp;ndash; 
Rwigemera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwirungu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwitsibagura (m) &amp;ndash; rrr
Rwiyamirira (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwogera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwubahuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Rwubusisi &amp;ndash; 
Rwubusisi (m) &amp;ndash;
Ryabonyende (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ryamukuru (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ryangombe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ryumugabe (m) &amp;ndash;
Ruzagiriza (m) &amp;ndash;
Rusengamihigo (m) &amp;ndash;
Ruzibiza (m) &amp;ndash; Rwamamara- Rutagarama; Rumuri Rwamanywa; Rubasha(m);

== Inyuguti S ==
Sano - Sakindi &amp;ndash; 
Sendashonga &amp;ndash; semaramba
Semugeshi &amp;ndash; 
Serundari &amp;ndash; 
Sekabanza &amp;ndash; 
Simburudari &amp;ndash; 
Sakindi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Samukondo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Samvura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sangwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Saro (f) &amp;ndash; 
Sayinzoga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sebatigita (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sebera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sebununguri (m) &amp;ndash; 
[[SEBURIKOKO|Seburikoko]] (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sebuto (m) &amp;ndash; 
Secyavu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Secyugu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sedogo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sefuku (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sekanyambo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sekagirima (Sekagilima) (m)
Sekida (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sekinanka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Semahe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Semajege (m) &amp;ndash; 
Semavenge (m) &amp;ndash; 
Seminega (m) &amp;ndash; 
Semuhanuka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Semukanya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sendagari (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sendarasi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sendashonga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sendinga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sengoro (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senguge (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sentabyo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sentashya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senteteri (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyabuzana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyamadari (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyamibwa (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyana (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyanzobe (m) &amp;ndash; 
Senyombyi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Serubuga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Serudonyori (m) &amp;ndash; 
Serugarukiramfizi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Serukenyinkware (m) &amp;ndash; 
Seruvumba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sesonga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Setukuru (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sezibera (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sezirahiga (m) &amp;ndash;Shami (m) 
Simbiyara (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sindayigaya (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sindikubwabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Singirankabo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sisi (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sibo (m)&amp;ndash; 
Siridiyo (m)&amp;ndash; 
Sindikubwabo (m)&amp;ndash; 
Siboyintore (m)&amp;ndash; 
Simbizi (m)&amp;ndash; 
Singiza -
Subika (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sunzu (m) &amp;ndash; 
Shami(m)-
Shamukiga (m) &amp;ndash; 
Sharangabo (m) &amp;ndash;
Shumbusho  (m)  &amp;ndash;
Sheja (m)- 
Shema (m) &amp;ndash; 
Shenge(f)-
Shingiro-
Shumbusho (m) &amp;ndash; 
Shyaka (m) &amp;ndash; 
Shyerezo (m) &amp;ndash; 
Shyirambere (m) &amp;ndash; Shamika (f)-Songa (m)-Sangano (m)

== Tuyishime ==
Tegera - Tona - Tumwizere -Twagirayezu - Twagirumukiza - Twagirimana - Twahirwa - Twambaze - Tumushime - Tuyirate - Tuyisenge - Tuyishime - Turabumukiza-(f) - Teta - Tuyisabe
Twamugize- Twayigize- Tuganimana- Tuyiringire- Tabaro- Tegibanze- Twizeyimana-Tetero turikumwenimana

== Inyuguti U ==
Udahemuka (m) &amp;ndash; Ufitinema (f)- 
Ugirimfura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Ukobizaba (m) &amp;ndash; 
Umuberwa (f) &amp;ndash; Umukumburwa(f)
Umugaba (f) &amp;ndash; Uzayisenga 
Umugwaneza (f) &amp;ndash; Umuhire ( f)
Umulisa (f) &amp;ndash; 
Umutangampundu (f) &amp;ndash; 
Umutesi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Unyuzimfura (m) &amp;ndash; 
Uramukiwe (m) &amp;ndash; Uwumugisha (f)
Urayeneza (m) &amp;ndash; 
Urujeni (f) &amp;ndash; 
Ushizimpumu (f) &amp;ndash; 
Uwabandi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Uwajeneza (u) &amp;ndash; 
Uwamahoro (f) &amp;ndash; 
Uwanyirigira (f) &amp;ndash; 
Uwashema (f);
Uwayo (u) &amp;ndash;
Uwibambe (f/m) &amp;ndash; 
Uwihanganye (m) &amp;ndash; 
Uwingabire (f) &amp;ndash; 
Uwishema (m) &amp;ndash;
Uwitonze-(f)Umutoniwase (f) Umutoniwabo (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwonizeye (f) &amp;ndash;
Umubyeyi (f) &amp;ndash; 
Umurungi (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwizeye &amp;ndash;
Usanase &amp;ndash;
Uwimpundu &amp;ndash;
Ufitinema&amp;ndash;
Uwamaliya (f) ,Uwarurema (f)&amp;ndash;
Umumararungu (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwantege (f)
Uwisheja (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwimana (m/f) &amp;ndash;
Uwihirwe (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwera (f) &amp;ndash;
Uwankana &amp;ndash;
Uwayo_Uwingoma
Uwabera(m); Umwizawase(f); Uwanjye (f); Uwanyuzimana (f), Uwase(f), Uwicyeza (f), Umuhozawanjye (f), Umulinga (f), Urubuto, Uwonkunda, Ujeneza, Utumatwishima

== Inyuguti V ==
Vuguziga - Vuningoma - Vamubanzi - Vunga - Vumiliya 

== Inyuguti W ==
Wibabara(f); Wihogora (f) - Wimuriza
Wirira

== Inyuguti Y ==
Yankurije (f), Yaratubabariye (g); Yankomeje (f); Yirirwahandi (g) - Yamuragiye - Yaramba - Yakunda (h)- Yumvire  

== Inyuguti Z ==
Ziraje (f) ; Zaninka (f); Zuba (f); Zir

ikana (f); Zigiranyirazo - Zigirababiri - Zingiza - Zirakamwa;
Zimurinda; Zigama, Zarizo, Zingiro

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro ==
U[https://web.archive.org/web/20100920233949/http://www.rwandanames.n.nu/ rwandanames.n.nu]

[[Category:Kinyarwanda]]
Amakisitu</text>
      <sha1>8nh8ym6yha97wuxnx44fcgsxjv3rfgt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umurenge wa Rutunga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142274</id>
      <parentid>127298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="mvp3mq0bgetylqbhif1e0doknhl7l19" xml:space="preserve">Umurenge wa [[Rutunga]]
Umurenge wa [[Rutunga]] ni umwe mu Mirenge 15 igize Akarere ka [[Gasabo (Akarere)|Gasabo]]
Ukaba ugizwe n'Utugari 6 aritwo:
- Gasabo
- Indatemwa
- Kibenga
- Kabaliza
- Kacyatwa
- Kigabiro
Ukaba ugizwe n'Imidugudu 24
Umurenge wa Rutunga ufite ubuso bungana na Km2 42,6 ukaba utuwe n'ingo zigera 4,508
n'abaturage bagera ku 19850 
Umurenge wa Rutunga Uhana imbibi n'imirenge ya:
Amajyaruguru: Umurenge wa Rutare na Rwamiko yo mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]]
Amajyepfo: Umurenge wa Nduba na Bumbogo yo Mukarere ka [[Gasabo]]
Uburasirazuba: Umurenge wa Bukure mu Karere ka Gicumbi na Gikomero yo muri [[Gasabo (Akarere)|Gasabo]]
Uburengerazuba: Umurenge wa Ntarabana mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rulindo]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere&lt;/ref&gt;.

Umurenge wa Rutunga kandi niwo uherereyemo agace kitwa Gasabo ari naho inkomoko y'URwanda ndetse n'ikiyaga cya muhazi Uhageze  wahasanga bimwe mu ibimenyetso  bigaragaza  amateka y'Urwanda 
nk'Ibimana, Igiti cya Nyakarima ndetse n'ibindi

1.&lt;ref group=&quot;https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere&quot;&gt;https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere&lt;/ref&gt;....
[[Dosiye:Burende.jpg|thumb|Burende|300x300px]]

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mvp3mq0bgetylqbhif1e0doknhl7l19</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akarere ka Nyarugenge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142275</id>
      <parentid>132471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1905" sha1="shxngmrk36lvft8qj7u59fpdi1walpy" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|thumb|420x420px|Rwanda]]

[[Dosiye:IYAHOZE_GEREZA_YA_NYARUGENGE_1930_01.jpg|thumb|IYAHOZE GEREZA YA NYARUGENGE 1930 01]]

[[Dosiye:NyarugengeDist.png|thumb|Nyarugenge Dist]]
'''Nyarugenge''' ni [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|akarere]] kamwe  mu turere 3 tugize [[Kigali|umujyi wa Kigali]]. kagizwe n' imirenge 10, [[Akagari|utugari]] 47 n' [[imidugudu]] 350. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/akarere/menya-akarere&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imirenge ==
Akarere ka Nyarugenge kagabanijwemo [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] 10 ( ''imirenge'' ): [[Umurenge wa Gitega|Gitega]], [[Umurenge wa Kanyinya|Kanyinya]], [[Umurenge wa Kigali|Kigali]], [[Umurenge wa Kimisagara|Kimisagara]], [[Umurenge wa Mageragere|Mageragere]], [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Muhima]], [[Umurenge wa Nyakabanda|Nyakabanda]], [[Umurenge wa Nyamirambo|Nyamirambo]], [[Umurenge wa Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]] na [[Umurenge wa Rwezamenyo|Rwezamenyo]].

== Uburezi ==
''[[Lycée de Kigali]]'' (LDK) iri mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge. 
[[Dosiye:Kigali-Rwanda.jpg|thumb|UMUJYI WA KIGALI]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
[[File:NYARUGENGE PRISON 1930.jpg|thumb|Nyarugenge Prison, 1930]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152931/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/events/Inzego.doc Inzego.doc] &amp;#x2014; Intara, Uturere [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152931/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/events/Inzego.doc n'umurenge] amakuru ya ''MINALOC'', minisiteri yu Rwanda yubutegetsi bwibanze.

=== Inkomoko ===
{{Reflist}}
ibigo byamashuri abanza nayisumbuye  biherereye mu karere ka nyarugenge mumurenge wagitega,muhima na kimisagara:GS cyahafi,GS kimisagara,GS gitega,GS kabusunzu,GS muhima,GS muganza,GS EPA saint michel,GS saint famille nibindi bigiye bitandukanye

wifuza kubisura komeza ukurikirane wikipediya rwanda

[[Ikiciro:Uturere tw’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyarugenge| ]]
[[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]]</text>
      <sha1>shxngmrk36lvft8qj7u59fpdi1walpy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142283</id>
      <parentid>142275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kwimura {{Reflist}} mu gice &quot;Inyandiko&quot;</comment>
      <origin>142283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1922" sha1="2zngozui35dpqmfpo66ceu8tiy972b3" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|thumb|420x420px|Rwanda]]

[[Dosiye:IYAHOZE_GEREZA_YA_NYARUGENGE_1930_01.jpg|thumb|IYAHOZE GEREZA YA NYARUGENGE 1930 01]]

[[Dosiye:NyarugengeDist.png|thumb|Nyarugenge Dist]]
'''Nyarugenge''' ni [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|akarere]] kamwe  mu turere 3 tugize [[Kigali|umujyi wa Kigali]]. kagizwe n' imirenge 10, [[Akagari|utugari]] 47 n' [[imidugudu]] 350. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/akarere/menya-akarere&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imirenge ==
Akarere ka Nyarugenge kagabanijwemo [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] 10 ( ''imirenge'' ): [[Umurenge wa Gitega|Gitega]], [[Umurenge wa Kanyinya|Kanyinya]], [[Umurenge wa Kigali|Kigali]], [[Umurenge wa Kimisagara|Kimisagara]], [[Umurenge wa Mageragere|Mageragere]], [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Muhima]], [[Umurenge wa Nyakabanda|Nyakabanda]], [[Umurenge wa Nyamirambo|Nyamirambo]], [[Umurenge wa Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]] na [[Umurenge wa Rwezamenyo|Rwezamenyo]].

== Uburezi ==
''[[Lycée de Kigali]]'' (LDK) iri mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge. 
[[Dosiye:Kigali-Rwanda.jpg|thumb|UMUJYI WA KIGALI]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
[[File:NYARUGENGE PRISON 1930.jpg|thumb|Nyarugenge Prison, 1930]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152931/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/events/Inzego.doc Inzego.doc] &amp;#x2014; Intara, Uturere [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152931/http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/events/Inzego.doc n'umurenge] amakuru ya ''MINALOC'', minisiteri yu Rwanda yubutegetsi bwibanze.

=== Inkomoko ===
ibigo byamashuri abanza nayisumbuye  biherereye mu karere ka nyarugenge mumurenge wagitega,muhima na kimisagara:GS cyahafi,GS kimisagara,GS gitega,GS kabusunzu,GS muhima,GS muganza,GS EPA saint michel,GS saint famille nibindi bigiye bitandukanye

wifuza kubisura komeza ukurikirane wikipediya rwanda

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Uturere tw’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyarugenge| ]]
[[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]]</text>
      <sha1>2zngozui35dpqmfpo66ceu8tiy972b3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akarere ka Musanze</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142276</id>
      <parentid>134475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142276</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6371" sha1="a51grx3hic2b01fn6acga0ryalkfqxd" xml:space="preserve">Akarere ka Musanze :&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-inR_Z05ME&lt;/ref&gt; ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) tugize u [[Rwanda]] gaherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] igizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] dutanu, ni akarere k'imisozi miremire n'ibirunga (nka Karisimbi na Bisoke) bafite ubutaka bw'iminyaruguru bukungahaye kuri pariki y'ibirunga&lt;ref&gt;[https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum. https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum.]&lt;/ref&gt;Akarere ka Musanze gafite ubuso bungana na 530,2 Km2 zigizwe na 60 Km2 za Pariki y’Ibirunga na 28 Km2 z’Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo. Kagizwe n’imirenge 15, [[Akagari|utugari]] 68 n’imidugudu 432&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;.. Kashyizweho n'itegeko nᵒ 29/2005, kagizwe n'icyahoze ari Umujyi wa Ruhengeri&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-02-13 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513180951/https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, Akarere ka Mutobo, Kinigi, n'ibice bya Bugarura na Bukamba. Uyu mujyi uzwiho ubukerarugendo, ikirere gikonje, n'ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, bigira uruhare mu bukungu bw'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;[[Dosiye:Gorilla town.jpg|thumb|Musanze town]]
Akarere ka Musanze gakomoka ku cyahoze ari umujyi wa [[Ruhengeri]], akarere ka Mutobo, akarere ka Kinigi, imirenge cumi n'ine( 14)
[[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|thumb|musasnze map]]


Y'icyahoze ari akarere ka Bugarura n’imirenge itatu (3) y’icyahoze ari akarere ka Bukamba.

Akarere ka Musanze gafite imbibi zikurikira :

* Amajyaruguru : [[Ubugande]] na Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|kongo]]
* Amajyepfo : [[Akarere ka Gakenke]]
* Iburasirazuba : [[Akarere ka Burera]].[[File:Landscape_Kinigi_Musanze.jpg|thumb|mu Kinigi Musanze]]
* Iburengerazuba : [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]].

== Akarere ka Musanze kagizwe  ==

* Imirenge 15,
* Utugali 68,[[File:This_photograph_is_located_in_Rwanda_Musanze_District.png|thumb|i Musanze]]
* [[Imidugudu]] 432.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206133224/http://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Arenal volcano (70785p).jpg|thumb|ibirunga]]AKARERE  KA MUSANZE KAGIRA AMASHURI ATANDUKANYE&lt;ref&gt;kigali&lt;/ref&gt;
* amashuri yisumbuye
* amashuri yinshuke
* amashuri abanza
* AKARERE KAMUSANZE KAGARAGARA MUBIKORWA BYUBUKUNGU BITANDUKANYE ARIBYO&lt;ref&gt;Umuseke&lt;/ref&gt;
* ubuhinzi
* ubworozi
* [[uburobyi]]
* ubucuruzi
* ubugeni
* [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|IBIRUNGA]] BYINSHI BIHEREREYE MUKARERE KA MUSANZE
* AKAMARO KIBIRUNGA MU KARERE KA MUSANZE&lt;ref&gt;gisagara&lt;/ref&gt;
* bikurura bamukera  rugendo
* bitanga ubutaka bwera
* bitanga ikirere cyiza
&lt;u&gt;ubukungumuri musanze&lt;/u&gt;

&lt;u&gt;UBUKERARUGENDO&lt;/u&gt;

Musanze ifite umwihariko wo kuba ikungahaye ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku ngagi zo muri Pariki y’Ibirunga n’ibindi bikorwa bikurura abagenda aka gace gaturiye imisozi miremire.

Bitandukanye no hambere, ubu imihanda yubakwa igenda yiyongera. Kuri ubu muri Musanze hari imihanda ya kaburimbo ireshya n’ibilometero makumyabiri n'umunani(28), mu gihe indi y’ibilometero 6.7 iri kubakwa. Iyi yiyongeraho imihanda y’amakoro ireshya n’ibilometero 2.6.

Musanze ni igicumbi cy’ahantu nyaburanga mu Majyaruguru no mu Rwanda hose ndetse kari ku isonga mu gusurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo bagenderera igihugu.

Abakagana bagakundira ibirimo [[Pariki y’Ibirunga mu rwanda|Pariki y’Ibirunga]] icumbikiye [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu misozi]] miremire, Buhanga Eco– park ndetse n’Ibirunga bya Muhabura, Gahinga, Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Sabyinyo bimaze kugwiza igikundiro n’ababisura biganjemo ababitondagira [hiking].

Ibi byiyongeraho amashyamba ya cyimeza agizwe n’ibirimo agashyamba ka Nkotsi na Bikara. Aya ni yo atuma Akarere ka Musanze karangwa n’amahumbezi cyane ko ayo mashyamba yiganjemo imigano. Musanze inafite amashyamba y’amaterano agizwe ahanini n’inturusu n’ibiti birimo iby’imbuto ziribwa.

Abatemberera i Musanze banaryoherwa no gusura inyamaswa zirimo ingagi, [[imbogo]], inyoni, [[inkima]] n’inkende, impongo n’izindi zo mu misozi miremire.

Usibye gusura ibirunga, Musanze ifite ibindi byiza nyaburanga birimo Ellen DeGeneres Campus, Ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, gusura inyoni, Isumo rya Gasumo, Ubuvumo bwa Musanze, Red Rocks Rwanda n’ibindi.

Bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’abahasura, bituma na hoteli n’amacumbi abacumbikira agenda yaguka umunsi ku wundi.

Kuri ubu mu Karere ka Musanze hari hoteli 42, zirimo eshanu z’inyenyeri eshanu, n’andi macumbi muri rusange agera kuri 112.

Mu myaka ine ishize, kubona hoteli y’inyenyeri eshanu mu Karere ka Musanze byari nk’inzozi. Ubu aka gace gacumbikiye hoteli eshanu ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru, zirimo Bisate Eco Lodge, Singita Kwitonda Lodge and Kataza House, One and Only Gorilla’s Nest, Wilderness Sabyinyo na [[AMAKORO|Amakoro]] Songa Lodge.

Kuri ubu Umujyi wa Musanze uri kuvugururwa umunsi ku wundi aho uwugezemo ubona inyubako z’amagorofa ziri kuzamurwa ubutitsa mu kurushaho kuwagura. Izi zizimo izo guturamo, isoko ry’imbuto n’imboga riri kubakwa bundi bushya n’izindi.

Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] yihaye kugeza inyungu iva mu bukerarugendo kuri miliyoni $800 mu 2024 ivuye kuri miliyoni $440 nk’intego yari yashyizweho mu 2017.

Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, rwatangaje ko ubukerarugendo bwinjirije u Rwanda miliyoni $247, asaga miliyari 290 Frw, mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y’umwaka wa 2023. Ni imibare yazamutse ku kigero cya 56% ugereranyije na miliyoni 158$ zari zabonetse mu gihe nk’icyo mu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=musanze+district&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;type=image&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Musanze| ]]
[[Dosiye:Musanze Monument.jpg|thumb|I Musanze ]]</text>
      <sha1>a51grx3hic2b01fn6acga0ryalkfqxd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142281</id>
      <parentid>142276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot;, gukuraho &lt;ref&gt; itari isoko</comment>
      <origin>142281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6207" sha1="820xy96ro3665jd8y0fg74w22bkldbq" xml:space="preserve">Akarere ka Musanze :&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-inR_Z05ME&lt;/ref&gt; ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) tugize u [[Rwanda]] gaherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] igizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] dutanu, ni akarere k'imisozi miremire n'ibirunga (nka Karisimbi na Bisoke) bafite ubutaka bw'iminyaruguru bukungahaye kuri pariki y'ibirunga&lt;ref&gt;[https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum. https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum.]&lt;/ref&gt;Akarere ka Musanze gafite ubuso bungana na 530,2 Km2 zigizwe na 60 Km2 za Pariki y’Ibirunga na 28 Km2 z’Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo. Kagizwe n’imirenge 15, [[Akagari|utugari]] 68 n’imidugudu 432&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;.. Kashyizweho n'itegeko nᵒ 29/2005, kagizwe n'icyahoze ari Umujyi wa Ruhengeri&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-02-13 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513180951/https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, Akarere ka Mutobo, Kinigi, n'ibice bya Bugarura na Bukamba. Uyu mujyi uzwiho ubukerarugendo, ikirere gikonje, n'ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, bigira uruhare mu bukungu bw'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;[[Dosiye:Gorilla town.jpg|thumb|Musanze town]]
Akarere ka Musanze gakomoka ku cyahoze ari umujyi wa [[Ruhengeri]], akarere ka Mutobo, akarere ka Kinigi, imirenge cumi n'ine( 14)
[[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|thumb|musasnze map]]


Y'icyahoze ari akarere ka Bugarura n’imirenge itatu (3) y’icyahoze ari akarere ka Bukamba.

Akarere ka Musanze gafite imbibi zikurikira :

* Amajyaruguru : [[Ubugande]] na Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|kongo]]
* Amajyepfo : [[Akarere ka Gakenke]]
* Iburasirazuba : [[Akarere ka Burera]].[[File:Landscape_Kinigi_Musanze.jpg|thumb|mu Kinigi Musanze]]
* Iburengerazuba : [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]].

== Akarere ka Musanze kagizwe  ==

* Imirenge 15,
* Utugali 68,[[File:This_photograph_is_located_in_Rwanda_Musanze_District.png|thumb|i Musanze]]
* [[Imidugudu]] 432.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206133224/http://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Arenal volcano (70785p).jpg|thumb|ibirunga]]AKARERE  KA MUSANZE KAGIRA AMASHURI ATANDUKANYE&lt;ref&gt;kigali&lt;/ref&gt;
* amashuri yisumbuye
* amashuri yinshuke
* amashuri abanza
* AKARERE KAMUSANZE KAGARAGARA MUBIKORWA BYUBUKUNGU BITANDUKANYE ARIBYO&lt;ref&gt;Umuseke&lt;/ref&gt;
* ubuhinzi
* ubworozi
* [[uburobyi]]
* ubucuruzi
* ubugeni
* [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|IBIRUNGA]] BYINSHI BIHEREREYE MUKARERE KA MUSANZE
* AKAMARO KIBIRUNGA MU KARERE KA MUSANZE&lt;ref&gt;gisagara&lt;/ref&gt;
* bikurura bamukera  rugendo
* bitanga ubutaka bwera
* bitanga ikirere cyiza
&lt;u&gt;ubukungumuri musanze&lt;/u&gt;

&lt;u&gt;UBUKERARUGENDO&lt;/u&gt;

Musanze ifite umwihariko wo kuba ikungahaye ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku ngagi zo muri Pariki y’Ibirunga n’ibindi bikorwa bikurura abagenda aka gace gaturiye imisozi miremire.

Bitandukanye no hambere, ubu imihanda yubakwa igenda yiyongera. Kuri ubu muri Musanze hari imihanda ya kaburimbo ireshya n’ibilometero makumyabiri n'umunani(28), mu gihe indi y’ibilometero 6.7 iri kubakwa. Iyi yiyongeraho imihanda y’amakoro ireshya n’ibilometero 2.6.

Musanze ni igicumbi cy’ahantu nyaburanga mu Majyaruguru no mu Rwanda hose ndetse kari ku isonga mu gusurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo bagenderera igihugu.

Abakagana bagakundira ibirimo [[Pariki y’Ibirunga mu rwanda|Pariki y’Ibirunga]] icumbikiye [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu misozi]] miremire, Buhanga Eco– park ndetse n’Ibirunga bya Muhabura, Gahinga, Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Sabyinyo bimaze kugwiza igikundiro n’ababisura biganjemo ababitondagira [hiking].

Ibi byiyongeraho amashyamba ya cyimeza agizwe n’ibirimo agashyamba ka Nkotsi na Bikara. Aya ni yo atuma Akarere ka Musanze karangwa n’amahumbezi cyane ko ayo mashyamba yiganjemo imigano. Musanze inafite amashyamba y’amaterano agizwe ahanini n’inturusu n’ibiti birimo iby’imbuto ziribwa.

Abatemberera i Musanze banaryoherwa no gusura inyamaswa zirimo ingagi, [[imbogo]], inyoni, [[inkima]] n’inkende, impongo n’izindi zo mu misozi miremire.

Usibye gusura ibirunga, Musanze ifite ibindi byiza nyaburanga birimo Ellen DeGeneres Campus, Ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, gusura inyoni, Isumo rya Gasumo, Ubuvumo bwa Musanze, Red Rocks Rwanda n’ibindi.

Bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’abahasura, bituma na hoteli n’amacumbi abacumbikira agenda yaguka umunsi ku wundi.

Kuri ubu mu Karere ka Musanze hari hoteli 42, zirimo eshanu z’inyenyeri eshanu, n’andi macumbi muri rusange agera kuri 112.

Mu myaka ine ishize, kubona hoteli y’inyenyeri eshanu mu Karere ka Musanze byari nk’inzozi. Ubu aka gace gacumbikiye hoteli eshanu ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru, zirimo Bisate Eco Lodge, Singita Kwitonda Lodge and Kataza House, One and Only Gorilla’s Nest, Wilderness Sabyinyo na [[AMAKORO|Amakoro]] Songa Lodge.

Kuri ubu Umujyi wa Musanze uri kuvugururwa umunsi ku wundi aho uwugezemo ubona inyubako z’amagorofa ziri kuzamurwa ubutitsa mu kurushaho kuwagura. Izi zizimo izo guturamo, isoko ry’imbuto n’imboga riri kubakwa bundi bushya n’izindi.

Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] yihaye kugeza inyungu iva mu bukerarugendo kuri miliyoni $800 mu 2024 ivuye kuri miliyoni $440 nk’intego yari yashyizweho mu 2017.

Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, rwatangaje ko ubukerarugendo bwinjirije u Rwanda miliyoni $247, asaga miliyari 290 Frw, mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y’umwaka wa 2023. Ni imibare yazamutse ku kigero cya 56% ugereranyije na miliyoni 158$ zari zabonetse mu gihe nk’icyo mu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Musanze| ]]</text>
      <sha1>820xy96ro3665jd8y0fg74w22bkldbq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142285</id>
      <parentid>142281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kwimura ifoto</comment>
      <origin>142285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6270" sha1="g9j8kwfvwwfhqqwguwjddbs7kiog2ml" xml:space="preserve">Akarere ka Musanze :&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-inR_Z05ME&lt;/ref&gt; ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) tugize u [[Rwanda]] gaherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] igizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] dutanu, ni akarere k'imisozi miremire n'ibirunga (nka Karisimbi na Bisoke) bafite ubutaka bw'iminyaruguru bukungahaye kuri pariki y'ibirunga&lt;ref&gt;[https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum. https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum.]&lt;/ref&gt;Akarere ka Musanze gafite ubuso bungana na 530,2 Km2 zigizwe na 60 Km2 za Pariki y’Ibirunga na 28 Km2 z’Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo. Kagizwe n’imirenge 15, [[Akagari|utugari]] 68 n’imidugudu 432&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;.. Kashyizweho n'itegeko nᵒ 29/2005, kagizwe n'icyahoze ari Umujyi wa Ruhengeri&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-02-13 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513180951/https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, Akarere ka Mutobo, Kinigi, n'ibice bya Bugarura na Bukamba. Uyu mujyi uzwiho ubukerarugendo, ikirere gikonje, n'ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, bigira uruhare mu bukungu bw'u Rwanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;[[Dosiye:Gorilla town.jpg|thumb|Musanze town]]
Akarere ka Musanze gakomoka ku cyahoze ari umujyi wa [[Ruhengeri]], akarere ka Mutobo, akarere ka Kinigi, imirenge cumi n'ine( 14)
[[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|thumb|musasnze map]]


Y'icyahoze ari akarere ka Bugarura n’imirenge itatu (3) y’icyahoze ari akarere ka Bukamba.

Akarere ka Musanze gafite imbibi zikurikira :

* Amajyaruguru : [[Ubugande]] na Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|kongo]]
* Amajyepfo : [[Akarere ka Gakenke]]
* Iburasirazuba : [[Akarere ka Burera]].[[File:Landscape_Kinigi_Musanze.jpg|thumb|mu Kinigi Musanze]]
* Iburengerazuba : [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]].

== Akarere ka Musanze kagizwe  ==
[[Dosiye:Musanze Monument.jpg|thumb|left|Urwibutso i Musanze]]

* Imirenge 15,
* Utugali 68,[[File:This_photograph_is_located_in_Rwanda_Musanze_District.png|thumb|i Musanze]]
* [[Imidugudu]] 432.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206133224/http://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Arenal volcano (70785p).jpg|thumb|ibirunga]]AKARERE  KA MUSANZE KAGIRA AMASHURI ATANDUKANYE&lt;ref&gt;kigali&lt;/ref&gt;
* amashuri yisumbuye
* amashuri yinshuke
* amashuri abanza
* AKARERE KAMUSANZE KAGARAGARA MUBIKORWA BYUBUKUNGU BITANDUKANYE ARIBYO&lt;ref&gt;Umuseke&lt;/ref&gt;
* ubuhinzi
* ubworozi
* [[uburobyi]]
* ubucuruzi
* ubugeni
* [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|IBIRUNGA]] BYINSHI BIHEREREYE MUKARERE KA MUSANZE
* AKAMARO KIBIRUNGA MU KARERE KA MUSANZE&lt;ref&gt;gisagara&lt;/ref&gt;
* bikurura bamukera  rugendo
* bitanga ubutaka bwera
* bitanga ikirere cyiza
&lt;u&gt;ubukungumuri musanze&lt;/u&gt;

&lt;u&gt;UBUKERARUGENDO&lt;/u&gt;

Musanze ifite umwihariko wo kuba ikungahaye ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku ngagi zo muri Pariki y’Ibirunga n’ibindi bikorwa bikurura abagenda aka gace gaturiye imisozi miremire.

Bitandukanye no hambere, ubu imihanda yubakwa igenda yiyongera. Kuri ubu muri Musanze hari imihanda ya kaburimbo ireshya n’ibilometero makumyabiri n'umunani(28), mu gihe indi y’ibilometero 6.7 iri kubakwa. Iyi yiyongeraho imihanda y’amakoro ireshya n’ibilometero 2.6.

Musanze ni igicumbi cy’ahantu nyaburanga mu Majyaruguru no mu Rwanda hose ndetse kari ku isonga mu gusurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo bagenderera igihugu.

Abakagana bagakundira ibirimo [[Pariki y’Ibirunga mu rwanda|Pariki y’Ibirunga]] icumbikiye [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu misozi]] miremire, Buhanga Eco– park ndetse n’Ibirunga bya Muhabura, Gahinga, Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Sabyinyo bimaze kugwiza igikundiro n’ababisura biganjemo ababitondagira [hiking].

Ibi byiyongeraho amashyamba ya cyimeza agizwe n’ibirimo agashyamba ka Nkotsi na Bikara. Aya ni yo atuma Akarere ka Musanze karangwa n’amahumbezi cyane ko ayo mashyamba yiganjemo imigano. Musanze inafite amashyamba y’amaterano agizwe ahanini n’inturusu n’ibiti birimo iby’imbuto ziribwa.

Abatemberera i Musanze banaryoherwa no gusura inyamaswa zirimo ingagi, [[imbogo]], inyoni, [[inkima]] n’inkende, impongo n’izindi zo mu misozi miremire.

Usibye gusura ibirunga, Musanze ifite ibindi byiza nyaburanga birimo Ellen DeGeneres Campus, Ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, gusura inyoni, Isumo rya Gasumo, Ubuvumo bwa Musanze, Red Rocks Rwanda n’ibindi.

Bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’abahasura, bituma na hoteli n’amacumbi abacumbikira agenda yaguka umunsi ku wundi.

Kuri ubu mu Karere ka Musanze hari hoteli 42, zirimo eshanu z’inyenyeri eshanu, n’andi macumbi muri rusange agera kuri 112.

Mu myaka ine ishize, kubona hoteli y’inyenyeri eshanu mu Karere ka Musanze byari nk’inzozi. Ubu aka gace gacumbikiye hoteli eshanu ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru, zirimo Bisate Eco Lodge, Singita Kwitonda Lodge and Kataza House, One and Only Gorilla’s Nest, Wilderness Sabyinyo na [[AMAKORO|Amakoro]] Songa Lodge.

Kuri ubu Umujyi wa Musanze uri kuvugururwa umunsi ku wundi aho uwugezemo ubona inyubako z’amagorofa ziri kuzamurwa ubutitsa mu kurushaho kuwagura. Izi zizimo izo guturamo, isoko ry’imbuto n’imboga riri kubakwa bundi bushya n’izindi.

Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] yihaye kugeza inyungu iva mu bukerarugendo kuri miliyoni $800 mu 2024 ivuye kuri miliyoni $440 nk’intego yari yashyizweho mu 2017.

Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, rwatangaje ko ubukerarugendo bwinjirije u Rwanda miliyoni $247, asaga miliyari 290 Frw, mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y’umwaka wa 2023. Ni imibare yazamutse ku kigero cya 56% ugereranyije na miliyoni 158$ zari zabonetse mu gihe nk’icyo mu 2022.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Musanze| ]]</text>
      <sha1>g9j8kwfvwwfhqqwguwjddbs7kiog2ml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intara y'amajyepfo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142277</id>
      <parentid>139740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1440" sha1="6w5zpb7v9ekp9w8339ctte6ufry0qpj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kamonyi.jpg|thumb|Kamonyi iherere muri mu ntara y'amajyepfo ]]
Intara y'amajyepfo ukaba imwe mu ntara enye n'umugi wa kigali zigize u [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Igizwe nibyahoze ari intara ya [[Butare]],Gikongoro, na Gitarama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?id=20&amp;L=tziwxcudntgvxpu |accessdate=2020-09-27 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027130048/https://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?id=20&amp;L=tziwxcudntgvxpu |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Rwanda SouthProvDists.png|alt=Ikarita y'Intara y'Amajyepfo y' u Rwanda|thumb|617x617px|Ikarita y'Intara y'Amajyepfo y' u Rwanda]] ubu ikaba igizwe n uturere dutandukanye aritwo  [[Akarere ka Nyanza|Nyanza]], Gisagara, Nyaruguru,[[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Nyamagabe]] ,muhanga Ruhango, kamonyi  na Huye  

=== Aho Iherereye ===
Mu majyepfo : [[Burundi]]

mu majyaruguru: [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]

iburengerazuba : [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'uburengerazuba]]

Iburasirazuba : [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'uburasirazuba]]

==== Uturere tugize intara ====

1[[Akarere ka Gisagara|.Akarere ka Gisagara]]

2. [[Akarere ka Huye]]

3. [[Akarere ka Kamonyi]]

4. [[Akarere ka Muhanga]]

5.[[Akarere ka  Nyamagabe]]

6.[[Akarere ka  Nyanza]]

7. [[Akarere ka  Nyaruguru]]

8. [[Akarere ka  Ruhango]]

==== Ihuza ryo hanze ====

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>6w5zpb7v9ekp9w8339ctte6ufry0qpj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umugabekazi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142278</id>
      <parentid>131400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3363" sha1="0mat3umv5qylst3kjtte9hpe7o4h3ge" xml:space="preserve">Umugabekazi ni inyito yitwaga nyina w'Umwami.

Umugabekazi (izina mu [[Cyongereza]] a Queen mother or a dowager queen) 
[[Dosiye:Jean_d'_Amour_NTIRENGANTA_with_Queen_of_the_Netherlands_-_Maxima_-_During_Food_first_conference_-_Copy.jpg|thumb|Umunyarwanda Jean d' Amour NTIRENGANYA n' umugabekazi wa Netherlands - Maxima, mu inama yo guteza imbere imirire myiza.]]

== Mu Rwanda ==
Ubutegetsi bw'ingoma ya cyami mu Rwanda rwo hambere bwari bushingiye k'umwami ariwe nyir'igihugu ariko bukagenda bugira izindi nzego cyangwa abandi bantu batandukanye bagendaga bafasha cyangwa se bunganiraga Umwami uri ku ngomba mu buryo butandukanye.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/amateka-uko-umwami-yimaga-ingoma-mu-rwanda-59377&lt;/ref&gt; 

Amatwara y'Ingoma-Ngabe aboneka mu bwiru; yavugaga ko iyo umwami yimaga, yimanaga na nyina, umwana akaba umwami w'igihugu, undi akaba umugabekazi wacyo, Umugabekazi akaba yaranganyaga ububasha n'Umwami. ibyemezo byose biyobora igihugu bakabifatira hamwe, ariko nanone nubwo amahame ya cyami yavugaga ko abagore bose ari ab'Umwami, ntibishaka kuvugako umugore w'Umwami wese ari umwamikazi. Umwami yagiraga Umwamikazi umwe, abandi bakaba inshoreke. bityo rero umwamikazi yagiraga aho akomoka akaba ari nawe uzaba umugabekazi, agategekana n'umuhungu we igihe Umwami yabaga [https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221900/http://www.wikirwanda.org/index.php?title=Ikeshamvugo yatanze.]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://umusare.co.rw/isomero/amateka-yu-rwanda-ibyo-wamenya-ku-itorwa-numumaro-wabagabekazi-mu-butegetsi-bwa-cyami |accessdate=2020-10-13 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013194659/https://umusare.co.rw/isomero/amateka-yu-rwanda-ibyo-wamenya-ku-itorwa-numumaro-wabagabekazi-mu-butegetsi-bwa-cyami |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

umugabekazi yabaga aumwe numwamikazi umwe kungo nayo yabaga iyobowe n'umwami umwe gusa rukumbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Queen_Mother_Nyiramavugo_III_Kankazi_palace_ruins.jpg|thumb|Queen Mother Nyiramavugo III Kankazi palace ruins]]

== Amateka n'imishyirirweho y'abagabekazi ==
Amateka agaragaza ko kuva Gihanga yahanga ingoma nyiginya y'I Gasabo, aha ndavuga ahasaga mu w'1090 kugeza mu w'1124, Abamikazi ari nabo bavagamo abagabekazi bagiraga imiryango n'ubwoko bakomokagamo. umuryango bakomokagamo witwaga IBIBANDA. ibibanda bwari ubwoko bubyara abagabekazi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Dosiye:The_Shelter_of_the_Last_Queen_of_Rwanda_Rosarie_Gicanda.jpg|thumb|Icumbi ry'umugabekazi wanyuma w' u Rwanda Rosarie Gicanda]]

== Umumaro w'Umugabekazi ==
Umugabekazi yabaga afite ububasha mu gufata ibyemezo, ubwo bubasha yabugiraga nyuma yuko umuhungu we yimye Ingoma akaba umwami. kuko mugihe yabaga ari Umwamikazi yaherekezaga umwami mu birori cyangwa mu butumire butandukanye ari ntabyemezo ashobora kugiramo uruhare kugeza Umwami atanze umuhungu we akima Ingoma.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt; Ikindi nuko ntamwami wagiraga umugabe akazi ari mukase. 

== Amafoto ==

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro ==</text>
      <sha1>0mat3umv5qylst3kjtte9hpe7o4h3ge</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142282</id>
      <parentid>142278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot;, gukuraho igice kirimo ubusa</comment>
      <origin>142282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3352" sha1="oa42yljqmto8y5llll5s91sn8caadkq" xml:space="preserve">Umugabekazi ni inyito yitwaga nyina w'Umwami.

Umugabekazi (izina mu [[Cyongereza]] a Queen mother or a dowager queen) 
[[Dosiye:Jean_d'_Amour_NTIRENGANTA_with_Queen_of_the_Netherlands_-_Maxima_-_During_Food_first_conference_-_Copy.jpg|thumb|Umunyarwanda Jean d' Amour NTIRENGANYA n' umugabekazi wa Netherlands - Maxima, mu inama yo guteza imbere imirire myiza.]]

== Mu Rwanda ==
Ubutegetsi bw'ingoma ya cyami mu Rwanda rwo hambere bwari bushingiye k'umwami ariwe nyir'igihugu ariko bukagenda bugira izindi nzego cyangwa abandi bantu batandukanye bagendaga bafasha cyangwa se bunganiraga Umwami uri ku ngomba mu buryo butandukanye.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/amateka-uko-umwami-yimaga-ingoma-mu-rwanda-59377&lt;/ref&gt; 

Amatwara y'Ingoma-Ngabe aboneka mu bwiru; yavugaga ko iyo umwami yimaga, yimanaga na nyina, umwana akaba umwami w'igihugu, undi akaba umugabekazi wacyo, Umugabekazi akaba yaranganyaga ububasha n'Umwami. ibyemezo byose biyobora igihugu bakabifatira hamwe, ariko nanone nubwo amahame ya cyami yavugaga ko abagore bose ari ab'Umwami, ntibishaka kuvugako umugore w'Umwami wese ari umwamikazi. Umwami yagiraga Umwamikazi umwe, abandi bakaba inshoreke. bityo rero umwamikazi yagiraga aho akomoka akaba ari nawe uzaba umugabekazi, agategekana n'umuhungu we igihe Umwami yabaga [https://web.archive.org/web/20201019221900/http://www.wikirwanda.org/index.php?title=Ikeshamvugo yatanze.]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://umusare.co.rw/isomero/amateka-yu-rwanda-ibyo-wamenya-ku-itorwa-numumaro-wabagabekazi-mu-butegetsi-bwa-cyami |accessdate=2020-10-13 |archive-date=2020-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013194659/https://umusare.co.rw/isomero/amateka-yu-rwanda-ibyo-wamenya-ku-itorwa-numumaro-wabagabekazi-mu-butegetsi-bwa-cyami |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

umugabekazi yabaga aumwe numwamikazi umwe kungo nayo yabaga iyobowe n'umwami umwe gusa rukumbi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Queen_Mother_Nyiramavugo_III_Kankazi_palace_ruins.jpg|thumb|Queen Mother Nyiramavugo III Kankazi palace ruins]]

== Amateka n'imishyirirweho y'abagabekazi ==
Amateka agaragaza ko kuva Gihanga yahanga ingoma nyiginya y'I Gasabo, aha ndavuga ahasaga mu w'1090 kugeza mu w'1124, Abamikazi ari nabo bavagamo abagabekazi bagiraga imiryango n'ubwoko bakomokagamo. umuryango bakomokagamo witwaga IBIBANDA. ibibanda bwari ubwoko bubyara abagabekazi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Dosiye:The_Shelter_of_the_Last_Queen_of_Rwanda_Rosarie_Gicanda.jpg|thumb|Icumbi ry'umugabekazi wanyuma w' u Rwanda Rosarie Gicanda]]

== Umumaro w'Umugabekazi ==
Umugabekazi yabaga afite ububasha mu gufata ibyemezo, ubwo bubasha yabugiraga nyuma yuko umuhungu we yimye Ingoma akaba umwami. kuko mugihe yabaga ari Umwamikazi yaherekezaga umwami mu birori cyangwa mu butumire butandukanye ari ntabyemezo ashobora kugiramo uruhare kugeza Umwami atanze umuhungu we akima Ingoma.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/article/menya-abami-n-abagabekazi-batabarijwe-i-rutare-muri-gicumbi-ahaberaga-igiterane&lt;/ref&gt; Ikindi nuko ntamwami wagiraga umugabe akazi ari mukase. 

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro ==</text>
      <sha1>oa42yljqmto8y5llll5s91sn8caadkq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuganura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142279</id>
      <parentid>130129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142279</origin>
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      <text bytes="5158" sha1="lvzriqtu3a20u49wnln6zism5zh3zty" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Kurya_ubunnyano.jpg|thumb| Kwizihiza umunsi w'umuganura]]
[[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Umuganura]]
[[Dosiye:Umuganura.png|thumb|Umuganura]]
[[Dosiye:Gusangira.jpg|thumb|Gusangira]]
[[Dosiye:Umuco wo gusangira.jpg|thumb|Umuco wo gusangira]]
Umuganura ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa buri wa 5 wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, ubworozi ndetse n’uburumbuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Amavu-namavuko-yUmuganura-umunsi-ukomeye-mu-mateka-yu-Rwanda&lt;/ref&gt; Gukomera kuri uyu muhango n’ugusigasira umurage w’u [[Rwanda]] kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo ndetse n’igihugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Kwenga_urwagwa_mu_muvure.jpg|thumb|K'umunsi w'umuganura abanyarwanda bose barangwa no gusabana barya ndetse banywa bishimira ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi]]
Inzira y’umuganura ni imwe muri 18 zari zigize inzira z’ubwiru mu [[Rwanda]] mu gihe k'ingoma ya cyami. Inzira z’ubwiru zarimo iz’ubukungu, iz’umutekano w’igihugu n’inzira zo gukomeza ubwami. Inzira z’ubwiru zerekanaga uko igihugu kiyoborwa mu bihe runaka, niba hateye inzara hakaba inzira igihugu kigomba kunyuramo kugirango bahangane n’icyo kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210130144236/https://imvahonshya.co.rw/tumenye-amateka-yumuganura-mu-rwanda-nakamaro-kawo/&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mateka y’u [[Rwanda]], umunsi w’umuganura wari umunsi mukuru ngarukamwaka wubahwaga kandi ugahabwa agaciro ibwami no mu muryango w’abanyarwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Umuganura watangiye kwizihizwa mu [[Rwanda]] ku ngoma ya Gihanga Ngomijana mu kinyejana cya kenda, hanyuma uza kongera guhabwa imbaraga na [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]] hagati y’imyaka ya 1510-1543 ubwo yabohoraga u [[Rwanda]] nyuma y’imyaka irenga cumi n’itanu ruri mu maboko y’abanyamahanga (Abanyoro n’Abanyabungo).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Umuhango ==
Abari bashinzwe uwo muhango bitwaga abiru kurubu iyu muhango ukaba ushinzwe gutegurwa  na minisiteri y'umuco mu Rwanda. Abaturage bakoranyaga imyaka hirya no hino mu gihugu bakayijyana ibwami, ku munsi w’umuganura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Umwami]] agapfukama   yerekana icyubahiro aha abo ayobora ndetse n’Igihugu, agafata umwuko akavuga umutsima afatanyije n’umuganuza, umwamikazi n’umugabekazi bakarya bakanywa ndetse bakaza kunywa n’inzoga, bagatarama bakaza kuvuga ibigwi by’ibyo bakoze mu gihugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y’umuhango wo kuganura hakurikiragaho ibirori by’Umuganura byasozwaga n’igitaramo k’imihigo.Uyu muhango waheraga ibwami Umwami agatanga umuganura bagasangira bishimira umusaruro igihugu kejeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuva ku Ngoma ya Gihanga Ngomijana kugeza ku ngoma ya ndahahiro cyamatare inzira y’umuganura mu [[Rwanda]] yarakorwaga. Gusa Umuganura waje kugira agaciro gakomeye ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndori ubwo yabundukaga aribyo gutahuka k’umwami agasanga igihugu kimaze imyaka 11 kitagira umwami nta n’umuganura utangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mbere na nyuma y’abakoroni ==
[[Dosiye:Gusangira nkumuco wabanyarwanda mukuganura ibyo bejeje.jpg|thumb|Gusangira kumuganura]]
Ku rwego rw’Igihugu, Umuganura wayoborwaga n’Umwami afashijwe n’abanyamihango b’Umuganura (abo kwa Rutsobe n’abo kwa Myaka ya Musana) naho ku rwego rw’umuryango, umukuru w’umuryango akaba ari we wayoboraga iyo mihango.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-45060088.amp&lt;/ref&gt; Ku munsi w’Umuganura, abayobozi basabanaga n’abayoborwa mu gitaramo k’imihigo, abana bagasabana n’ababyeyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ni muri icyo gitaramo cy’Umuganura hamurikwaga ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa ([[inka]] nziza, umusaruro ushimishije…) maze abakoze neza bagashimwa, ibigwari bikagawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Umuhango w’umuganura mu [[Rwanda]] waje kugagarara ku ngoma ya Musinga ubwo umwiru Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba wari ushinzwe imihango yawo yacirirwaga i [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu mwaka wa 1925. Uyu Gashamura ni umwe uvugwa mu nsigamigani igira iti yaragashize nka gashamura. Kuva icyo gihe Umuganura ntiwongeye kwizihizwa. Nyuma y’uko u [[Rwanda]] rubonye ubwigenge, abantu bakomeje kwizihiza Umuganura mu miryango ariko ubuyobozi bwariho muri icyo gihe ntibwashyiramo imbaraga ngo Umuganura uhabwe agaciro ukwiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:POL 2007 09 2 dozynki jasnogorskie2 01.jpg|thumb|Umuganura wizihizwa no Mu Mahanga]]
Leta y’u [[Rwanda]] igendeye ku byiza n’akamaro Umuganura wagize mu kubaka Igihugu, yawuhaye agaciro gakomeye, ishyiraho n’umunsi w’ikiruhuko uba buri wa Gatanu wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Kanama. Iteka rya Perezida no 54/01 ryo ku wa 24/02/2017 mu ngingo ya 3 (100) kugira ngo kuri uwo munsi, Abanyarwanda basabane, bunge ubumwe, bazirikane ibyiza bagezeho ari nako bahiga gukora neza kurushaho umwaka utaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba Ihuza ryo hanze ==
https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Amavu-namavuko-yUmuganura-umunsi-ukomeye-mu-mateka-yu-Rwanda

https://web.archive.org/web/20210130144236/https://imvahonshya.co.rw/tumenye-amateka-yumuganura-mu-rwanda-nakamaro-kawo/

https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-45060088.amp

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umwami</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142280</origin>
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      <text bytes="2691" sha1="cwhxt0wc9vbq4z9alw2xkgv7kye7i3u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Umwami na abakoroni.jpg|thumb|Umwami wo hambere]]
[[Dosiye:King Faisal.png|thumb|413x413px|King Faisal]]
[[Dosiye:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann in a crowd.) - NARA - 542015 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|King Martin Arthur]]
[[Dosiye:Arthur-Pyle King Arthur of Britain.JPG|thumb|umwami]]
'''Umwami''' (ni izina ry'icyubahiro risanzwe mu bihugu bya [[Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho|Afurika]] yo hagati n'Uburasirazuba. Risobanura ''umutware'' cyangwa umutware ''w'imiryango'' mu ndimi nyinshi za [[Umuntu wanduye sida mu Rwanda wambere|Bantu]]. Ryakoreshejwe mu mateka n'abami bo mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika kandi n'ubu riracyakoreshwa ku bami gakondo cyangwa abategetsi b'uturere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/c4ndryw3yn3o&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umutware w'imiryango ==
Mu ndimi nyinshi za Bantu - harimo [[Ikirundi]], [[Ikinyarwanda]], Nande, Lega, Luhya, na Chitonga - ijambo u''mwami'' risobanura &quot; umutware w'imiryango &quot;.Rikoreshwa nk'izina ry'umuyobozi w'imiryango .

Byongeyeho kandi, u''mwami'' bisobanura &quot;umutware&quot; cyangwa &quot;umugabo&quot; mu [[ikiganda|kigande]] . Rikoreshwa nk'izina ry'umuyobozi mukuru mu batware bavuga ururimi rw'uruganda hirya no hino mu karere [[Ibiyaga Bigari|k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika]], n'ubwo rishobora no gukoreshwa nk'icyubahiro rusange ku bagabo, kimwe [[Icyongereza|n'icyongereza]]. 

Abatware gakondo ba Lenje n'abanya bo muri [[Zambiya]], hamwe n'abanya Tonga bo muri Zambiya na [[Zimbabwe]] na bo bakoresha icyubahiro.

== Etymology ==
Umwami bikomoka ku ijambo Proto Bantu risobanura '''umutware''' cyangwa '''umwami'''.

== Umwami ==
Mu [[ABAMI BATEGETSE U RWANDA|Bwami bw'u Rwanda]], [[Urutonde rw'Abami bayoboye u Rwanda|Umwami w'u Rwanda]] yari azwi ku izina rya u''mwami'' ( ''abami'' ari benshi). Kuva mu 1961, [[igihugu]] cyayobowe na [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|perezida w'u Rwanda]] .
[[Dosiye:Umwami n’Umwamikazi.jpg|thumb|Umwami n'umwamikazi]]
Ubwami bw'Uburundi bwategekwaga n'abami bitwaga ''mwami'', hagakurikiraho rimwe mu mazina ane ya regnal yakurikiyeho. Perezida w'u Burundi yategetse kuva repubulika yatangira mu 1966.

Ubwami gakondo mu ntara ya [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru|Kivu y'Amajyaruguru]], [[Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo|Kivu y'Amajyepfo]], na Maniyema muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo]] bita abayobozi babo gakondo .

Abanya Luhya bo mu Burengerazuba bwa [[Kenya]] bavuga ko umutegetsi wabo w'ikirenga ari Um''wami'' .

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142300</id>
      <parentid>133558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142300</origin>
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      <text bytes="12755" sha1="aepjjwcm72e2xbuior72pazyq6bz12p" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bird jj.jpg|thumb|Ubukungu]]
'''Ubukerarugendo mu [[Rwanda]]''' ni isoko nini ryinjiza amadovize mu Rwanda kandi  biteganijwe ko yiyongera ku gipimo cya 25% buri mwaka. Uru rwego nirwo rutanga umusanzu munini mubikorwa byigihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Amafaranga yinjiye muri 2014 yonyine yari miliyoni 305 USD . Uru rwego kandi rwashishikarije abashoramari Mpuzamahanga gushora imari ubwo nibwo havutse amahoteli  mpuzamahanga nka Marriot Hotels &amp;amp;amp; Resorts, Radisson Blu, Park Inn na Radisson, Hoteli Sheraton na Resorts, Protea Hotels na Marriott, GoldenTulip Hotels, na Zinc. Hamwe n’ikigo cyarwo u Rwanda rwahindutse ihuriro ry’akarere ndetse n’amahanga bitewe no kurushaho kunoza imitegurire y’inama mpuzamahanga, umuyoboro uhebuje kandi waguka, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kwimuka mu buryo butaziguye nk’ubushobozi bwo gusaba viza kuri interineti, viza-kuri- politiki y'amarembo kubanyafurika bose, na politiki imwe ya viza y'ubukerarugendo kuri [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://rdb.rw/investment-opportunities/invest-in-tourism/&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda''' buriyongera cyane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&amp;serial=5 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215818/http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&amp;serial=5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugira ngo u [[Rwanda]] rushyirwe ku ikarita y'isi nk'ahantu nyaburanga h’ubukerarugendo, Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda (RDB) cyasinyanye amasezerano y'ubufatanye bw'imyaka itatu n'ikipe [[Umupira w’amaguru|y'umupira w'amaguru]] i Londere, ikipe ya Arsenal, ndetse n'ubufatanye bw'imyaka ibiri n'ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'igihangange [[Paris]] Saint-Saint Germain FC kugirango ifashe kubaka ubukerarugendo mu gihugu. Ibi byazamuye umubare rusange w'ubukerarugendo 8% nk'uko u Rwanda rubitangaza. &lt;ref&gt;http://allafrica.com/stories/201805230270.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubukerarugendo bwo mu gasozi ==
[[Dosiye:A_tourism_car_-_Akagera_National_Park.jpg|thumb| Kuzenguruka muri [[Pariki y'Akagera|Parike ya Akagera]]]]
U Rwanda ruherereye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba rufite ubwiza nyaburanga. U Rwanda rutuwe n’inyamaswa nini zitandukanye zirimo [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi]] zo mu misozi ndetse na parike nini ku isi ya hippos hamwe n’abantu 20.000. Nubwo u Rwanda rukiri igihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, rufite amahoteri atari make kandi inyungu mpuzamahanga nshya mu bukerarugendo zifasha kuzamuka mu bukungu. Imifuka ya plastiki irabujijwe mu Rwanda, kandi ba mukerarugendo basabwa kutayizana mu gihugu.

== Ibikurura ba Mukerarugendo ==

=== Parike y'Ibirunga ===
[[Dosiye:Mother_and_baby_mountain_gorillas._Volcanoes_National_Park,_Rwanda_(8159411404).jpg|thumb| Mama n'ingagi ingagi muri parike y'ibirunga]]
[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’ibirunga]], igice cy'ibihugu bitatu bihuriye ku gace ka Virunga  , muri Virunga harimo ihuriro ry’ingagi zose zo mu Rwanda kandi ziganjemo ubwoko bw'ingagi nyinshi zo mu misozi. Kuba iri hafi y'amasaha abiri uvuye kukibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali bituma parike y'igihugu y'ingagi igera cyane kwisi kuko bamukerarugendo biborohera kuhagera. Kugabana umupaka na Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo bituma iyi pariki y'igihugu mu Rwanda ibamo umubare munini w'ingagi zo mu misozi zibangamiwe cyane. Abahanga bavuga ko muri parike hari ingagi zigera kuri 600, iyi ikaba ari iyiyongera rikomeye ku ngagi zigera kuri 240-250 mu 1981. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.planetware.com/rwanda/top-tourist-attractions-things-to-do-in-rwanda-rw-1-3.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Usibye ingagi, Pariki y’ibirunga ni inzu y’inguge, inyoni zitandukanye, ibikururuka hasi, amphibian, n'ibindi biremwa byose hamwe bikora pariki yuzuye y'u Rwanda.  Parike y'Ibirunga yitiriwe uruherekane rw'ibirunga bisinziriye bigizwe na Virunga; [[Ikirunga cya Bisoke|Bisoke]] n'ikiyaga cyacyo cyiza cyane, [[Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo|Sabyinyo]], [[Ikirunga cya Gahinga|Gahinga]], [[Ikirunga cya Muhabura|Muhabura]], na [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Gutembera muri Parike y'Ibirunga ubusanzwe bimara hagati y'amasaha ane n'umunani, inyinshi muri zo zikoreshwa mu gutembera mu mashyamba y'imigano, urwuri, n'ibishanga. Abayobora muri parike y'igihugu amaherezo bakugeza kuri imwe '''mumiryango yingagi ituwe.''' Ubusanzwe abashyitsi bamara isaha imwe bareba ibiremwa uko birya, bakita ku bana babyo, kandi bagasabana.&lt;ref&gt;https://kiny.taarifa.rw/umuyobozi-muri-rdb-asobanura-uburyo-afurika-yageza-ubukerarugendo-bwayo-ku-isonga/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubukerarugendo n'iterambere ==
mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] ikigo bita [[Rwanda|Royal Balloon Rwanda]] kubufatanye kubufatanye nu Rwego rw'igihugu rushinzwe iterambere (RDB) na Pariki y'igihugu y'akagera batangije uburyo bwiza bufasha ba mukerarugendo kwitegereza ubwiza butatse pariki y'akagera bari mu kirere mu mipira itwara imyuka ishyushye izwi nka Hot Air Balloon akaba ari igikorwa kitezeho

gukurura ba mukerarugendo ndetse no kongera igihe bamara mu gihugu kandi ubu buryo bwo gutembereza ba mukerarugendo mu kirere ni ubwambere butttangiye gukoreshwa mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki/article/mu-rwanda-hatangijwe-uburyo-budasanzwe-bwo-gutembereza-ba-mukerarugendo&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Nyungwe NP.jpg|thumb|nyumgwe]]

=== Pariki ya Nyungwe ===
Imwe mu mashyamba ya kera muri [[Afurika]], Nyungwe, ni nziza cyane kandi ikungahaye ku binyabuzima bifite amoko 1068 y’ibimera, harimo amoko 140 ya orchide, ndetse n’ubwoko 322 bw’inyoni zirimo amababi atukura, hamwe n’amoko 75 y’inyamabere nka serval. injangwe, mongoose, [[Igihura|congo clawless otter]], n'ingwe n'izindi. Ba mukerarugendo benshi baza muri iri shyamba gukurikirana chimpanzees, hamwe nandi moko 12 y’ibinyabuzima, harimo [[Icyondi|n’inguge]] zavuye kuri Albertine Rift. Iyi pariki kandi ibamo urugendo rwomukirere, aho ugenda nko mu minota 90 uvuye mu kigo cya Uwinka. Abashyitsi bambuka ikiraro cya metero 91 z'uburebure kiri muri metero zirenga 50 hejuru y'ishyamba, bakabona urujijo rw'imisozi kure. 

=== Ishyamba rya Gishwati ===
[[Pariki ya Gishwati|Ishyamba rya Gishwati]] ni igice cya pariki ya Gishwati-Mukura. Gishwati Concession iyobowe na Wilderness Safaris kubufatanye na Forest of Hope Association and Rwanda Development Board. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211004082137/https://kivubelt.travel/gishwati-forest-national-park/&lt;/ref&gt; Amacumbi yonyine aba muri parike ni  Byiringiro Guest House ifite ibyumba hamwe n'inkambi.
[[Dosiye:Elephants in Akagera National Park (01).jpg|thumb|Akagera National Park]]

=== Pariki y'igihugu ya Akagera ===
 
Ni urugendo ruri hafi y'amasaha abiri  n'igice uvuye Kigali ugera kuri Parike ya Akagera. Iyobowe n’umuryango ny'afurika wita kuri parike, Parike ya Akagera iherereye mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ifite kilometero kare 2500 (kimwe mu bishanga binini birinzwe muri Afurika yo hagati) igizwe n’ubutaka bwa Savannah. Iyi parike yitiriwe umugezi wa Kagera unyura ku rubibi rw'u Rwanda na [[Tanzaniya]] . Uruzi rugaburira mu kiyaga cya Ihema no mu bindi biyaga bito muri parike no hafi yayo. Iyi pariki irinda ahantu nyaburanga muri savanna ya acacia nk'igihuru gifite ibyatsi byimeza hamwe nibiyaga icumi byo mu bishanga. Niho habamo [[inzovu]], giraffe, imparage, ingwe, impyisi, [[intare]], hamwe na antelopes nyinshi z'ibihuru, topis, oribis, amazi-buck, antelope, duiker, klipspringer, impala, na antelope na cape eland. Abashyitsi bashobora kureba imvubu ningona za Nil zirwanira ku zuba hafi y'ikiyaga cy' Ihema. Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe muri parike y'igihugu y'Akagera ni olive babons , inguge za vervet, inkende [[Inkima|z'ubururu]], hamwe nabana bato bazo. Abashyitsi bashobora kandi kubona ibidukikije  kuva mubibaya bya savanna, mu bishanga, no mu biyaga. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kabiraugandasafaris.com/akagera-national-park-rwanda.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikiyaga cya Kivu ===
[[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
Ubuso bw'amazi kuri kilometero kare 2.700 , [[ikiyaga cya Kivu]] nicyo kiyaga kinini cy'u Rwanda kandi kikaba icya gatandatu muri Afurika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.visitrwanda.com/destinations/lake-kivu/&lt;/ref&gt; Imisozi ihanamye, itera amaterasi igana ku nkombe z'ikiyaga cyiza ndetse no mu mijyi ya [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]], Kibuye, na Cyangugu . Iyi mijyi mito ikora kubirunga hamwe na Parike ya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.sunsafaris.com/safari/rwanda/lake-kivu/&lt;/ref&gt; Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite amazi meza . Ikiyaga cya Kivu kizwi kandi nka kimwe mu biyaga bifite umutekano muri Afurika kandi nta nyamaswa zangiza nk'imvubu cyangwa ingona. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185454/https://kivubelt.travel/lake-kivu/&lt;/ref&gt; Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite kandi ibirwa amagana. Ikirwa kizwi cyane mu kiyaga cya Kivu ni ikirwa cya Napoleon hanze ya [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] ni ahantu ho kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi hakaba ari hamwe hari ibiti byera imbuto. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185454/https://kivubelt.travel/lake-kivu/&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Inzira ya Nili ===
Inzira ya Kongo Nil ni inzira yo gutembera no gutwara ku nkombe  z'imisozi &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220626193853/https://kivubelt.travel/biking-the-congo-nile-trail-complete-guide/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nili]]  igabanya Rusizi na Rubavu. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185404/https://kivubelt.travel/hiking-the-congo-nile-trail-the-complete-guide/&lt;/ref&gt; Buri cyiciro gifata umunsi umwe kugirango kirangire kandi hariho ibiryo nicumbi kumpera ya buri cyiciro. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220626211026/https://kivubelt.travel/congo-nile-trail/&lt;/ref&gt; Inzira ya Congo Nile inyura ahantu heza h'ikiyaga cya Kivu no ku misozi y'icyatsi kibisi. Inzira inyura mu mijyi 5, [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]], [[Akarere ka Rutsiro|Rutsiro]], [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] na [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Rusizi]] . Inzira ya Congo Nile nayo inyura kuri 2 muri parike 5 z'u [[Rwanda]]; [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] na Parike ya [[Pariki ya Gishwati|Gishwati-Mukura]]

=== Inzu Ndangamurage y'umwami ===
Inzu ndangamurage ya King's Palace Museum, ikaba ari imwe mu ngoro ndangamurage umunani zo mu Rwanda, hari [[INYAMBO|inka z'inyambo]]  zimenyerewe ku mahembe manini atangaje zifitiye. Umunsi wose abaririmbyi gakondo baririmbira inka muburyo bworoshye bakavuga imivugo, umuhango wihariye w'u [[Rwanda]].Inzu ndangamurage yerekana kopi y'ingoro y'[[umwami]] kuva mu kinyejana cya 15 ifite igisenge kibiti, akazu k'umwami, n'akazu keza k'amata gakondo gakorwamo n'umugore utarashatse.Ba mukerarugendo bashobora kandi gushakisha inzu y'ubukoroni yahoze ibamo umwami  King Mutara wa III Rudahigwa hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imbere gihuza imiterere y'u Rwanda n'ibikoresho byo mu [[Burayi]] (bimwe muri byo byari iby'umwami).[[Dosiye:Biking_the_Congo_Nile_Trail.jpg|left|thumb| Amagare ku kayira ka Nili hafi ya Kinunu]]

=== Inzu Ndangamurage ===
Kimwe mu byegeranyo byiza by'Afurika byakusanyirijwe mu moko atandukanye ndetse no mu bihe bya kera mushobora kubisanga mu nzu ndangamurage y’u Rwanda, iherereye mu birometero 130 mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]] mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]] . [[Ububiligi]] bwahaye inzu ndangamurage uyu mujyi mu 1989 mu rwego rwo kwizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka 25 u Rwanda rwigenga .Ingoro ndangamurage isubiza abashyitsi mugihe cyo hambere cy'abakoloni. Ububiko bugizwe nicyegeranyo cy'ibiseke, imyenda gakondo ikozwe mu mpu z'inyamaswa, amacumu y'ibyatsi n'imiheto, ingoma z'umuziki kuva mu binyejana byashize, n'ibikoresho byo guhinga bishaje.Abashyitsi bashobora gukandagira mu nzu y'umwami kandi bakamenya uko y'ubatswe. Inzu ndangamurage kandi yakira imyiyerekano y'ubukorikori .

=== Urwibutso rwa Jenoside ===
[[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 020.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa Genocide rwa Gisozi]]
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]] i [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gisozi]] niho hashyinguwe imiri 250.000. Uru rwibutso rugamije kwigisha uburyo itsembabwoko ryakorewe [[abatutsi]] ryakozwe. hari urukuta rw'amazina rweguriwe abahashyinguwe, nubwo benshi mu bahitanywe na jenoside batazwi kandi amazina akaba ataraboneka, bityo biracyari umurimo urimo gukorwa. Ubusitani bw'urwibutso butanga umwanya wo gutekereza ku mateka ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Mu gihe urwibutso runini ruri i Kigali, itsembabwoko ryakoze ku mpande zose z'u [[Rwanda]], kandi hari inzibutso nyinshi ziri mu gihugu hose. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.visitrwanda.com/interests/kigali-genocide-memorial/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruganzu II Ndoli</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="3406" sha1="jd5r7v05lxljorq47y6jg3e2zrsz2ox" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruganzu II Ndoli''' (?-1543) yari Umwami w'Ubwami bw'u [[Rwanda]] Yategetse ahasanga mu w’1510-1543. Yari umuhungu w'[[umwami]] Ndahiro II Cyamatare na Nyirangabo-ya-Nyantaba. Ruganzu II ni umwami uzwi cyane mu Rwanda.Umwami Cyamatare n'abagize umuryango we bishwe bunyamaswa na Nyebunga na bagenzi be. Mbere yuko apfa, umwami yateguye kandi ashyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo guhunga umuhungu we. Kugwa biteye agahinda k'umwami Ndahiro I Cyamatare byabaye nyuma gato yuko umuhungu we ahungiye mu bwami buturanye bwa Karagwe. Amaze kurokoka urupfu, igikomangoma kibabaye cyabonye ubuhungiro i Karagwe iyobowe n'umwamikazi wa Karagwe, wabaye nyirasenge. 

Yari umurwanyi ukomeye kandi bivugwa ko yakoze ibitangaza. Ubuzima bwe ningoma ye byamamaye mumigani myinshi mumateka yu Rwanda. Bivugwa ko Ruganzu Ndoli yarezwe na nyirasenge mu Bwami bwa Karagwe kandi abamukomokaho barimo Ndoli Amani mu Rwanda. Abasuye ikigo ndangamuco cya Rulindo Ikire Centre ndangamuco bavuga ko ari ikimenyetso gikomeye cyerekana umwimerere w'amateka n'umuco by'u Rwanda. Ubuyobozi bw'akarere ka Rulindo buvuga ko iki kigo kizwi ku izina rya &quot;Ku birenge bya Ruganzu&quot;, ari urugero rw'ukuntu buri karere gashobora kubaka ibimenyetso byihariye by’amateka kandi bigafasha abaturage kubimenya. Usibye kwerekana amateka n'ubudasa bwa Ububeruka ya kera, Bobo, Busigi ndetse n'ibindi bihugu byari bigize Rulindo, ibirori bidasanzwe nk'ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda, ivuka rya Ruganzu no kwimika ingoma ubu biragaragara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.igicumbi.com/index.php/amateka/abantu/item/426-ibintu-22-byerekeye-umwami-ruganzu-ii-ndoli |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-03-31 |archive-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201202754/http://www.igicumbi.com/index.php/amateka/abantu/item/426-ibintu-22-byerekeye-umwami-ruganzu-ii-ndoli |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:IKIRENGE_cultural_monument.jpg|thumb|Ishusho yerekana ikirenge cy'umwami Ruganzu Ndoli]]
[[Dosiye:Ibisi_bya_Huye.jpg|thumb|Ibisi bya Huye aho umwami Ruganzu Ndoli yakundaga ku rambagira.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ruganzu II Ndoli
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:RUGANZU monument.jpg|thumb]]''Mwami (King)''
|-
!Gutegeka
|1510-1543
|-
!Yavutse
|Ikinyejana cya 15
|-
!Yapfuye
|1543 
[[Akarere ka Karongi|Akarere ka Rusenyi]], [[Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]]
|-
!Ingoma
|Ingoma ya Nyiginya (3)
|-
!Data
|[[Ndahiro II Cyamatare]]
|}
Bikekwa ko yimye ingoma mu 1510, muri uwo mwaka Henry VIII wo mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] yimikwa, apfa 1543 azize kuraswa umwambi mu jisho mugihe umugabo witwa Bitibibisi wo muri Rusenyi (ubu Karongi) yarashe umwambi mu jisho rye.
Bikekwa ko yimye ingoma mu 1510, Ruganzu kandi yafashije Umwami wa [[Bugesera]], Rwayitare, gutera no gutsinda Umwami w'Uburundi [[Ntare II Kibogora]], bari bafitanye amakimbirane. Ruganzu kandi yashimangiye umubano w’ibihugu byombi hagati yu Rwanda na Karagwe, aho nyirasenge yari umwamikazi wamurindaga akamwigisha kurwana.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/201982/News/aku-kirenge-cya-ruganzua-the-mystery-of-the-royal-footprint&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=Q1imCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA40&amp;lpg=PA40&amp;dq=Ruganzu+II+Ndoli&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Wr_EXq-NNs&amp;sig=BUs2pjbHPZsgBRLW009QkCAPbNk&amp;hl=ca&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwissLWYl_LbAhUJCsAKHcLoCVAQ6AEIezAU#v=onepage&amp;q=Ruganzu%20II%20Ndoli&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

==Urutonde rwerekana==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Never Again Rwanda (NAR)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="6170" sha1="p5sjfpdhf421a4a6gyemg9xkg2rdsqo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:NAR(Never_Again_Rwanda).jpg|thumb|200x200px| NAR]]
'''Never Again Rwanda NAR''' ni Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ugamije kubaka amahoro arambye ndetse n’ubutabera mbonezamubano.

== Impamvu yashyizweho ==
Yakozwe mu rwego rwo gusubiza Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 mu Rwanda. Mu minsi 100 gusa muri 1994 guhera ku ya 7 Mata, abantu barenga miliyoni biciwe mu Rwanda n’intagondwa z’Abahutu. Bari bibasiye abanyamuryango b’abatutsi, ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe na politiki, batitaye ku bwoko bwabo. Mu ntangiriro za Nyakanga, ingabo za FPR (Rwanda Patriotic Front); itsinda ry’urubyiruko, ryari ryarigaruriye igice kinini cy’igihugu, harimo na Kigali bituma Jenoside irangira. Never Again Rwanda yaje kumenyesha abenegihugu amakosa yakozwe bigatuma habaho Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. No kwinjiza mu benegihugu imyumvire yo gukunda igihugu, demokarasi, uruhare rw'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage binyuze mu kwiga no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Intego nyamukuru yayo muri ibyo byose ni ukubaka amahoro arambye mu baturage ndetse no mu gihugu cyose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201854/http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intego yo gushyirwaho ==
NAR yashinzwe ifite igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho ahantu hizewe ku rubyiruko n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza kugira ngo bakingure imitima yabo n’ububabare bwahise bwatewe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. Yatangijwe mu 2002. Ifite uburambe bwimyaka 19, ibihumbi bitandukanya kuri numero 4500, 100000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090158/https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda |archive-date=2021-05-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkingi n'ibikorwa ==
NAR yanditswe ku mugaragaro mu 2008 kandi kuva icyo gihe, yavuye ku nkingi ebyiri kugeza kuri zirindwi arizo: Kubaka amahoro, Imiyoborere &amp; Uburenganzira, Uburezi, Ubushakashatsi &amp; Ubuvugizi, Imibereho irambye, gahunda y'ibiyaga bigari no kwishora mu rubyiruko. Izi nkingi zijyanye nibikorwa byayo byingenzi. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu gufasha amatsinda atandukanye yabaturage n’urubyiruko cyane cyane kuganira kumugaragaro ibibazo byabo byahise ndetse nibigezweho cyangwa ibivuka. Itandukaniro ryabo rikemurwa binyuze mubiganiro nubufatanye mugushyira mubikorwa ibyo baba bababwiye gukora. NAR ikorana n’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye mu guha amahoro abaturage kugira ngo bagere ku mpinduka nziza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201854/http://www.transconflict.com/gcct/gcct-members/africa/eastern-africa/rwanda/never-again-rwanda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amatsinda atandukanye yashizweho nka &quot;Abanyamahoro space for peace&quot;, uhuza abantu baturutse mu bice bitandukanye byigihugu. Muri ayo matsinda Baganira ku mugaragaro ahahise habo ari nako bibafasha gukira inkovu, kubabarira no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by'igihugu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090158/https://www.comminit.com/entertainment-education/content/never-again-rwanda |archive-date=2021-05-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa by'abaturage na NAR ==
NAR ifitanye isano no guteza imbere ibikorwa abaturage bakora bigaragara byo guteza imbere igihugu binyuze mu gushora urubyiruko nabanyeshuri ba kaminuza nkintego yihariye yo gufatanya kugera kuntego imwe ituma umuryango urangiza imirimo muburyo bwiza kandi bunoze. Ntabwo basunika umuntu wese kwinjiramo, bikorwa kubushake. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752162?seq=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndi Umunyarwanda ==
[[Dosiye:Rwanda_tradional_dance_in_wedding.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Ndi umunyarwanda nigahunda igamije guhuza abanyarwanda no kugarura ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda.]]
Ndi Umunyarwanda, bisobanura ngo 'Ndi Umunyarwanda'. Ni gahunda yatangijwe kubaka indangamuntu ishingiye ku kwizerana n'icyubahiro. Igamije gushimangira ubumwe n’ubwiyunge hagati y’abanyarwanda itanga ihuriro ry’abantu kugira ngo baganire ku mpamvu n’ingaruka za jenoside ndetse n’icyo kuba umunyarwanda bisobanura. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20210509162147/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Category:Ndi_Umunyarwanda_Collec
tion&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi kandi bikuraho amakenga hagati yabantu, bikabafasha mubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Ndi kumarwanda yazamuwe mubikorwa byabo bya buri munsi nko kuganira, gusangira kahise kabo no kubabarirana kandi ibyo bibafasha kubona ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yabo.

== Ikigo cyubaka amahoro ==
NAR yashizeho ikigo cyubaka amahoro cyahaye amahirwe abantu bava mubindi bihugu kwinjiramo. Byagize ingaruka kubandi bantu baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye kugirango badahangana nibyo u Rwanda rwahuye nabyo. Bariga

Management Gukemura amakimbirane

● uburyo bwo kubabarira

● Kubona umuntu nkumuntu aho kumushyira mubyiciro bimwe cyangwa ibindi bintu

● uburyo ubwitange butanga imbuto nziza uko imyaka yaba ingana kose, nkuko byakozwe nitsinda ryurubyiruko (FPR) rwarangije Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://weber.edu/SocialScience/Peacebuilding_Institute.html |accessdate=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513050158/https://weber.edu/SocialScience/Peacebuilding_Institute.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
https://www.facebook.com/NARwanda/

https://www.linkedin.com/company/never-again-rwanda/?originalSubdomain=rw

https://twitter.com/narwanda?lang=en

== Reba ==</text>
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    <title>Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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[[File:Front side in Richard Kandt museum view.jpg|thumb|Inzu ndangamurage ya Richard kandt]]
'''Inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt'''  niyo nzu ya mbere yubatswe i  [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]]. Ikaba ikurikiranywa n'Ikigo cy'ingoro z'umurage w'u Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/iterambere/Iterambere-rya-Kigali-Kuva-ku-nzu-ya-Kandt-kugera-kuri-Kigali-City-Tower&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Inzu y'Umwami.jpg|thumb|Inzu]]
Yitiriwe Richard Kandt, mu cyahoze ari inzu y’umuturage w’[[Ubudage]] Richard Kandt ku musozi wa Nyarugenge mu mujyi wa Kigali, ubu wahinduwe inzu ndangamurage y’amateka kuva muri Kamere muri 2006. Iyi nzu ndangamurage yibanda ku  kwerekana impinduka zibaho ku binyabuzima, ibisobanuro bya Flora na Fauna muri Pariki Kamere z’u [[Rwanda]] (Nyungwe, Akagera n’[[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]]), imiterere ya geologiya y’u Rwanda, ibyo Ubudage n’u Rwanda basangiye mu mateka n’imurika ry’ibikururuka bizima (inzoka) hagamijwe gusobanura isano iri hagati ya y'ibinyabuzima n'amateka nk'impamvu yo kubaho kwiyi nzu ndangamurage. Aha hitegeye imisozi itatu  myiza cyane iri mu mugi wa Kigali(Mt Kigali, Mt Jali na Mt Shyorongi) hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo kwitegereza umugi wa kigali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75&amp;L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608135440/https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75&amp;L=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aho Iherereye ==
[[File:Front side in Richard Kandt museum.jpg|thumb|Front side in Richard Kandt museum]]
Inzu Ndangamurage ya Kandt, iri ahahoze inzu ndangamurage y’amateka Kamere iherereye kuri KN 90 St, hafi kilometero imwe uvuye mu mujyi wa kigali. 

== Ibigize iyi nzu ==
[[File:African rock python rwanda.jpg|thumb|zimwe mu Inzoka ziba muri iyi nzu]]
Iyi ngoro ndangamurage yahoze izwi ku izina ry’amateka Kamere (NHM). Izina ryayo nka NHM ryahinduwe inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt kuva Ukuboza, 17th 2017.

Kuri ubu, inzu ndangamurage ya Kandt igizwe n'ibice bitatu by'ingenzi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608140338/https://museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=75 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;:

1.Igice cya mbere cyerekana ubuzima bw'U Rwanda mubice byose (imibereho, ubukungu, na politiki) mbere yubukoloni.

2.Mu gice cya kabiri, aricyo kinini cyane, inzu ndangamurage ikubiyemo uburambe bw’abaturage b’abanyarwanda mu gihe cyabakoloni, cyane cyane ku butegetsi bw’Abadage kuva mu 1884 (igihe cy’inama yabereye i [[Berlin]]), mu buyobozi bw’abakoloni, Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, havugwa mo benshi kugeza mu 1916, harimo ubuzima bwa Richard Kandt n'ibikorwa bye mu Rwanda.

3. Ubundi buryo bushimishije ni igice cya gatatu aho amateka ya [[Kigali]]; [[Kigali]] mbere yigihe cyabakoloni, mugihe cyabakoloni, no kuvuka kwayo nkumurwa mukuru, irerekanwa neza.

Icya nyuma ariko ntabwo ari gito, nicyo kimenyetso cyonyine gisigaye cyahoze ari inzu ndangamurage yamateka Kamere, hakubiyemo imurikagurisha ryigihe gito ryinzoka nzima, ningona ikiri nto (yapimwe m 1 muri 2017).&lt;ref&gt;https://ukwezi.rw/mu-rwanda/Ubuzima/article/Ibitangaje-ku-ngona-n-inzoka-zororerwa-i-Kigali-kwa-Richard-aho-bazigaburira-banazikoraho-VIDEO&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSJfTd5E7-0&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mugihe usuye iki gice cyo hanze, umuntu ashobora kwishimira kureba ibintu bitangaje biri mu bidukikije, cyane cyane, kureba neza imisozi ya [[Kigali]], Shyorongi, na Jari.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
Inzu ndangamurage&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=70&amp;L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608135252/http://www.museum.gov.rw/index.php?id=70&amp;L=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda]]

Gusura U Rwanda&lt;ref&gt;https://www.visitrwanda.com/tourism/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyamirambo</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="788" sha1="ns1vptr705wi77bjm7wdh5wd9rcw29j" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Nyamirambo.jpg|thumb|181x181px|Umurenge wa Nyamirambo uherereye mu Karere ka Nyarugenge]]
[[Dosiye:Green_mosque_Kigali.jpg|thumb|171x171px|Umusigiti w'abayisilamu batuye munce za Nyamirambo]]
Umurenge wa Nyamirambo ni umwe mu mirenge icumi [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|igize]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://nyarugenge.gov.rw/]&lt;/ref&gt; akarere ka Nyarugenge, ukaba ugizwe n'utugari dutandukanye, kamwe muri two akaba ari akagari ka Mumena, kabarizwamo ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye, twavuga; nk'amashuri:  Ex: College St Andre, EP St Nicolas, etc... Paruwasi St Charles Lwanga (Cyangwa Paruwasi yitiriwe Mutagatifu Karoli Lwanga, Ikibuga cy'Umupira w'amaguru cyitwa Sitade Mumena
[[Dosiye:St Charles Lwanga Nyamirambo Front side.jpg|center|thumb|St charles Lwanga Nyamirambo]]

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata</title>
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      <text bytes="3891" sha1="544g2q9xxw1gkti5br696ouhohr8jv6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Nyamata Genocide Herdenkingssite.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi i Nyamata&lt;ref&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Urwibutso+rwa+jenocide+rwa+Nyamata&amp;title=Special%3AMediaSearch&amp;type=image

&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Dosiye:Delegates Arrive with Genocide Commemoration Bouquets - Catholic Church Memorial - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa  jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri Nyamata]]
[[Dosiye:Interior of Catholic Church Genocide Memorial Site with Piled Clothes of Victims - Nyamata - Rwanda.jpg|thumb|urwibutso rwa  jenoside yakorewe abatutsi rwa Nyamata]]
[[Dosiye:Rwandan Genocide Murambi skulls.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964550}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q24964550|useImage=[[File:Nyamata Genocide memorial.jpg|Nyamata_Genocide_memorial]]}}
'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata''' rwubatswe ku cyahoze ari urusengero mu birometero 30 uvuye mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]] mu [[Rwanda]], hibukirwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|itsembabwoko ryo]] mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994. Imibiri y'abantu 50.000 yashyinguwe hano. &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;&gt;[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/sights/religious/nyamata-church Nyamata church], Lonely Planet, Retrieved 4 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_Rwanda.JPG|thumb|Urwibutso rwa Nyamata Rwanda]]

== Aho ruherereye ==
Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu hantu hatandatu hibukirwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Abandi ni Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi, [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]], [[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigal]][[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|i]], n'Urwibutso rwa Nyarubuye. &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi], UNESCO, Retrieved 4 March 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Hariho nizindi nzibutso zisaga 250 zanditswe zibitse imibiri y'abatutsi benshi bishwe muri jenoside yo mu [[Rwanda]].

== Amateka ==
[[File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg|thumb| Ibisigazwa by'imibiri mu rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]]
[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] ryatangiye muri Mata 1994. Abatutsi benshi bahungiye mu byitwaga amatorero yafatwaga nk'ahantu abantu babonera umutekano mu by'ukuri hatavogerwa. Abantu bagera ku 10,000 bahungiye muri uru rusengero barifungirana. Inkuta z'iyi nzu yari urusengero yerekana uburyo abakoze genocide baciye umwobo mu rukuta rw'iyo nzu kugira ngo grenade zishobore kujugunywa muri uru  rusengero maze zice imbaga yari yaruhungiyemo. Nyuma y'ibyo, abantu bari imbere bararashwe abandi bicishwa imihoro. Igisenge cy'itorero cyerekana imyobo y'amasasu kandi igitambaro cy'urutambiro kiracyafite amaraso. Ibyinshi mu bisigazwa byarashyinguwe ariko hasigaye imyenda n'indangamuntu. &lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Genocide Archive of Rwanda]&lt;/ref&gt; Indangamuntu nizo zagaragazaga abantu nk'abatutsi cyangwa abahutu.

Abantu bo muri aka gace kegeranye n'urusengero nyuma y'ubwicanyi bwakorewe kuri iryo torero nabo barishwe. Ibisigazwa byabantu 50.000 byashyinguwe hano. &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Jean Hatzfeld]]

* [[Nyamata]] 

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/jul/04/-sp-rwanda-genocide-nyamata-liberation-day-photography Umunsi wo Kwibohoza kwa Nyamata], urugendo rwa panoramic muri 2014, The Guardian
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200720072109/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ Ububiko bwa Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Genocide]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="11148" sha1="8nwr8i3oejht7f33ksk9va61u08zvux" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Topi_in_Akagera_National_Park.jpg|alt=Photograph depicting four Topis on a hillside in Akagera, with another hill and a lake visible in the background|right|thumb|300x300px| Topis muri Parike y'igihugu ya Akagera]]
[[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female yawn.jpg|thumb|387x387px|ibinyabuzima mu rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Amazi y'isoko rya kibira.jpg|left|thumb]]
'''Ibinyabuzima byo mu Rwanda''' bigizwe n’ibimera n’ibinyabuzima, mu bihe byabanjirije amateka, byari bigizwe n’ishyamba rya montane muri kimwe cya gatatu cy’ubutaka bw’u Rwanda. Nyamara, ibimera bisanzwe ubu bigarukira gusa kuri parike eshatu zigihugu hamwe n’amashyamba ane y’amashyamba, hamwe n' ubuhinzi bw’amaterasi bukaba bwiganje mu bindi bihugu. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75T9mqpHllo&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ubumenyi bw'isi ==
U Rwanda ni igihugu kidafite inkombe muri Afurika yo hagati, gihana imbibi [[Uburundi|n'Uburundi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Tanzaniya]], na [[Ubugande|Uganda]] . 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi) mu bunini, muri 26,668 square kilometres (10,297 sq mi) ni ubutaka na 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) ni amazi. Ahantu hirengeye ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Ikirunga Karisimbi]] kuri 4,519 metres (14,826 ft), mugihe ari hasi cyane ni uruzi rwa Rusizi kuri 950 metres (3,120 ft) . Ubutaka bw'u Rwanda bwiganjemo ubwatsi bwa savanna hafi 46% bifatwa nk'ubutaka bwo guhingwa naho 9.5 ku ijana byeguriwe ibihingwa bihoraho. Imisozi miremire n'imisozi ni byo byiganjemo ubutaka, mu gihe ubutabazi bw'igihugu buvugwa ko ari imisozi, ubutumburuke bwabwo bukagabanuka kuva iburengerazuba ugana iburasirazuba. 

Ikintu kidasanzwe muri geografiya na geologiya yu Rwanda ni Ikibaya kinini cya Afurika. Mu rwego rwo gutandukana, Albertine Rift inyura mw' ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Ni ikintu cyimisozi &quot;muri rusange, kibamo inyoni zanduye, inyamaswa z’inyamabere, n’inyamanswa kurusha utundi turere twose two muri Afurika&quot;. 

Ikibaya gitandukanijwe gisobanurwa ngo: &quot;Gutandukana niho ibice by'isi bigenda bikwirakwira buhoro buhoro mu myaka miriyoni, bigatera imisozi, ibiyaga, ibibaya n'ibirunga.&quot; Ikindi kintu kikiranga ni Igabana rya Kongo-Nili . Iyi misozi inyura mu Rwanda mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo. 

[[Umugezi wa Nyabarongo]] ni rwo ruzi runini mu Rwanda, igice cy’amasoko yo hejuru ya [[Nili]] kandi kikaba gifite hafi 66% by’amazi y’amazi y’igihugu agaburirwa n’ifata ryakira imvura igereranywa buri mwaka irenga 2000&amp;nbsp;mm. 
[[Dosiye:An aerial of Nyabarongo River from Nyungwe National Park to River Nile. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Nyabarongo ijyenda ikabyara Nile]]
Igihugu gifite ikirere giciriritse gifite ibihe by'imvura kabiri mu mwaka, Gashyantare kugeza Mata na none Ugushyingo kugeza Mutarama. Ubushyuhe bwo ku misozi bworoheje, nubwo hari amahirwe yo gukonja na shelegi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=77&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=74&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=29&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=5&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2020&amp;cHash=2cbee57bb3fe1133dfe22990f33bf581 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-23 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211434/https://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=77&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=74&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=29&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bmonth%5D=5&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D=2020&amp;cHash=2cbee57bb3fe1133dfe22990f33bf581 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ahantu harinzwe ==
[[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female with baby.jpg|thumb|Ingagi yo mu birungu]]
Hano hari ahantu hatatu harinzwe gizwe parike z'igihugu. [[Pariki y'Akagera|Parike y'igihugu ya Akagera]] ifite ubuso bungana na ha 108.500, [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Parike y'igihugu ya Nyungwe]] ifite ubuso bwa ha 101.900 naho [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Parike y’ibirunga]] ifite ubuso bwa ha 16,000. Hiyongeraho mashyamba  [[Pariki ya Gishwati|ishyamba rya Gishwati (ha 700)]], ishyamba rya Mukura (ha 1600), ishyamba rya Busaga (ha 150) n’ishyamba rya Buhanga hamwe na galeri y'ishyamba ryo mu ntara y’iburasirazuba ringana na ha 160.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/abiga-muri-kaminuza-basabwe-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima-mu-byanya-bikomye&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe nigice]] kinini gisigaye cyamashyamba kirimo amoko 200 yibiti hamwe na orchide na begoniya . [5] Ibimera muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Parike y’ibirunga]] ahanini ni imigano n’imisozi, hamwe n’uduce duto tw’amashyamba. [1] Ibinyuranye, Akagera ifite urusobe rwibinyabuzima rwa savanna aho acacia yiganje ku bimera. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwibimera bidasanzwe cyangwa bugeramiwe muri Akagera, harimo ''Markhamia lutea'' na ''guineensis ya Eulophia'' . 

== Ibimera ==
[[Dosiye:Nymphaea sp. 1.jpg|thumb|250x250px| ''Nymphaea thermarum''  mu Rwanda.]]
Kugeza muri 2007, amashyamba mu Rwanda yarafashe ahangana na hegitari 240.746.53 zigizwe n’amashyamba karemano y’ubuso mu gace ka 33.15%, amashyamba karemano yangiritse angana na 15,79%, ishyamba ry’imigano rya 1.82%, savannasi bangana na 1.55%, imirima minini ya eucalyptus igera kuri 26.4%, guhinga vuba aha eucalyptus na kopi hamwe na 5.01 kwijana ryibiti bya pinusi.  Ishyamba rya Montane, rimwe mu mashyamba ya kera cyane yanditswe na mbere yigihe cy’ibarafu rifite ubutunzi budasanzwe bw’amoko 200 y’ibiti, ibimera byinshi by’indabyo birimo lobelia nini na orchide nyinshi zifite amabara.  Hariho amoko arenga 140 ya orchide mu gasozi k’ishyamba rya Nyungwe. 

Hariho ibyiciro bine by'amashyamba  byasobanuwe. Aya ni: Ishyamba rya Nili Ridge Congo, ishyamba karemano rikubiyemo parike n’ibigega by’igihugu; amashyamba na galeri z'amashyamba; amashyamba agizwe nubwoko bwa ''Eucalyptus sp'', ''Pinus sp'', na ''Grevillea robusta'' ; n'ahantu h’amashyamba mu butaka bwo guhinga ndetse n'ingamba zo kurwanya isuri. 
[[Dosiye:Icyuzi.jpg|thumb|Amafi]]
Amazi mato mato ku isi, ''Nymphaea thermarum'', ntiyari yanduye u Rwanda gusa, ahubwo yanduye icyondo gitose cyatewe n'amazi menshi y’amazi meza ashyushye i Mashyuza.  Yazimye mu gasozi ahagana mu 2008 igihe abahinzi baho batangiraga gukoresha isoko mu buhinzi. Abahinzi bahagaritse imigezi yisoko, yumisha agace gato - metero kare imwe - niho lili yari ituye.  Carlos Magdalena, mu busitani bwa Royal Botanic i Kew, yashoboye kumera zimwe mu mbuto 20 ziheruka; umunani yatangiye kumera no gukura mu byumweru kandi mu Gushyingo 2009, amasoko y'amazi arabye bwa mbere. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104717/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/extinct-waterlily-back-from-the-dead.htm/ 'Extinct' Waterlily back from the dead], Australian Geographic, May 21, 2010,&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibinyabuzima ==
[[Dosiye:Australian Saltwater Crocodile in Daintree River.jpg|thumb|Ingona mu binyabuzima]]
Ubwinshi bw’inyamabere nini ziboneka muri Parike eshatu zigihugu, zagenewe kubungabunga ibidukikije. [10] Akagera irimo inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa savanna nka giraffi n'inzovu, [11] mu gihe ibirunga bibarirwa hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo ku misozi ku isi.]]  

Ishyamba rya Nyungwe rifite ubwoko butatu bwibinyabuzima burimo chimpanzees na Ruwenzori colobus arboreal monkey; coluwus ya Ruwenzori yimuka mumatsinda yabantu bagera kuri 400, ingano nini yingabo za prima zose muri Afrika. [14] makumyabiri amoko bw'inyamabere byatangajwe Animal binyuranye web ya Museum Jewoloji Kaminuza ya Michigan ni munsi. 
[[Dosiye:Acanthocercus_atricollis.jpg|thumb| ''Acanthocercus atricollis'' ku nkombe za [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Lac Kivu]] mu Rwanda.]]

binyabuzima ni ubwoko bwiganje bw’ibinyabuzima mu [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|ishyamba rya Nyungwe]] . Ubwoko buvugwa ni Ruwenzori colobus, inkende za L'Hoest na chimpanzees (ubwinshi bw’ibinyabuzima 13).  Ubwoko bwa amphibian bwavuzwe ni Hyperolius viridiflavus . 

=== Inyoni ===
[[Dosiye:Grey_crowned_crane.jpg|thumb| Umusambi mu Ruhengeri, mu Rwanda.]]
Mu Rwanda hari [[Inyoni zo mu Rwanda|amoko]] 670 y’inyoni, afite itandukaniro hagati yuburasirazuba nuburengerazuba. [16] Ariko, nk'uko buri ryita Birdlist umubare amoko nk'uko buri Ibigenderwaho WICE ni raporo kuba 711.  [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe Forest]], mu burengerazuba, afite 280 amoko, bikaba 26 ni akarande ku Albertine Rift; [16] endemic harimo Rwenzori turaco na mwiza spurfowl . [18]

Ibinyuranye n’u Rwanda, hagaragaramo inyoni za savanna nka gonolek ifite umutwe wirabura hamwe n’ibijyanye n’ibishanga n’ibiyaga, harimo ingurube na crane . [16] Byongeye kandi, nk'uko Ishyirahamwe Avi Base ribivuga, amoko yangiritse ku isi ni 9 naho amoko yatangijwe ni 3 kuri amoko 692 yose hamwe guhera mu 2012.  Balaeniceps rex (inkweto) na Agapornis fischeri (inyoni y'urukundo rwa Fischer) nayo ivugwa. 

Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni ahantu hagenewe inyoni zingenzi (IBA) zashyizwe ku rutonde na BirdLife International . Ubururu bunini bwa turaco nubwoko bwinyoni bugaragara cyane buboneka kubwinshi. Nubururu, umutuku nicyatsi, bisobanurwa nk &quot;inyoni itemba kuva ku giti kugera ku giti nkurugendo rwimitekerereze ya [[turukiya]]&quot;.  Abanyaburayi barya [[Uruyuki|inzuki]] Merops apiaster ni ubwoko bw’inyoni zimuka muri kariya gace k’amashyamba mugihe cyitumba.   Igishanga cya Rugezi gikingira u Rwanda umubare munini w’ubworozi bw’imyenda yambitswe ikamba .  Ababoshyi badasanzwe hamwe nizuba ryizuba ryerekanwe kuri kashe yu Rwanda. 

Urutonde rwubwoko bwinyoni bugeramiwe kwisi yose, nkuko byatangajwe na Avibase data ya BirdLife International, nibi bikurikira. 
'''Ibiri mu kaga'''
== Kubungabunga ==
Parike n’igihugu cy’amashyamba byugarijwe n’ubuhigi, ibihingwa byibasira nka hyacint y’amazi, kurisha amatungo atabifitiye uburenganzira, kuroba mu buryo butemewe, inkongi z’umuriro, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye, gusarura imigano, kwambura ubutaka burinzwe mu buhinzi, gukusanya inkwi, kubika no guhinga ibyatsi. gukuramo ibimera. Iki kibazo cyatewe n’ibibazo by’imiyoborere bidafite amategeko n’amabwiriza ndetse n’igitutu gikomeye cya antropogene. 

Gahunda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije yashyizweho ku turere twose turinzwe harimo umuryango w’[[imidugudu]] ituye no hafi y’akarere karinzwe. Ibikorwa byo kubungabunga byibanze ku kongera ubwinshi bw’amashyamba mu gutera ibiti muri &quot;kamere yo kwisubiraho no kuvugurura kamere y’ibinyabuzima by’ibanze kandi bifite agaciro&quot;. ''Gutera byarimo'' amoko nka ''carissa macrocarpa'', entandrophragma (ubwoko bwubwoko cumi na bumwe bwibiti byimeza) na symphonia globulifera, no gushyiraho uruzitiro rukingira imbibi z’amashyamba hakoreshejwe ibihingwa byamahwa. 
[[Dosiye:Study tour on Buffer zone management - 32212225745.jpg|thumb|ibiti bya kimeza]]
Imwe mu mbaraga zahurijwe hamwe zatangijwe na Guverinoma y'u Rwanda ni ukongera umubare w'ahantu harinzwe ndetse no kongera ibiti by’ibiti kugira ngo ubuso bw’amashyamba bugera kuri 10% kugeza kuri 20% muri 2020. 

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde [[Ibinyabuzima bitungwa n’ibimera|Ibinyabuzima bitungwa n’ibimera mu Rwanda]]

== Reba ==
*

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Pariki z'u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Pariki Nasiyonali]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kwanyagakecuru mubisi bya huye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142313</id>
      <parentid>108484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:35:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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      <text bytes="1984" sha1="06xwqhxe3bmjn5lznmvnu2affasuokv" xml:space="preserve">== Kwanyagakecuru Mubisi bya Huye ==
kwa Nyagakecuru ubu ni mu karere [[Kahuye|ka huye]] mu Ntara yamajyepfo hahoze ari muri komine [[Ngoma (Akarere)|ngoma]]

ubusanzwe mukinyarwanda ibisi bisobanura uruhererekane rwimisozi itandukanye

ibisi byahuye ni umusozi muremure usumba iyindi birikumwe muri ako gace ni umusozi

ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 2400&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.net/2019/11/19/menya-mu-bisi-bya-huye-kwa-nyagakecuru/&lt;/ref&gt;uyu musozi urazwi cyane mu mateka yu [[Rwanda]]

kuko akenshi iyo uvuze mubisi byahuye abenshi bumva umukecuru wahabaga witwaga

Beginzage&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/Hari-abaturiye-kwa-Nyagakecuru-ariko-batarahaca-iryera&lt;/ref&gt; wari uzwi nka Nyagakecuru wari warigometse kubwami bwariho bwa ruganzu&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/72702/dutembere-menya-byinshi-ku-bisi-bya-huye-na-nyagakecuru-wari-72702.html#!&lt;/ref&gt; Ndoli

kuko atajyaga atanga amaturo nkabandi baturage kandi yari afite ubwirinzi bukabije kuko yarindwaga 
[[Dosiye:MountHuye.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|huye]]
n inzoka yuruziramire&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.rw/amateka-yo-mu-bisi-bya-huye-aho-nyagakecuru-yaratuye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-22 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202825/https://thebridge.rw/amateka-yo-mu-bisi-bya-huye-aho-nyagakecuru-yaratuye/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse nurugo rwe rugoswe nibitovu kuburyo kuhinjira bitari byoroshye

== Amateka ==
Kwanyagakecuru hazwi cyane ikibumbiro Inka ze zanyweragamo kidakama haba mumpeshyi cyangwa mwitumba
[[Dosiye:UMUSOZI WA HUYE ( HUYE MOUNTAIN).jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|huye]]
Ibisi byahuye ni umusozi muremure bazamuka namaguru hagati yiminota 50 na 60&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.net/2019/11/19/menya-mu-bisi-bya-huye-kwa-nyagakecuru/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkomoko ==
{{Reflist}}
Uyumusozi ni umusozi muremure muyindi biteganye wambaye ishyamba ririmo ibiti byinshi bitandukanye bya kimeza

ni umusozi ufite amahumbezi meza

== Reba ==</text>
      <sha1>06xwqhxe3bmjn5lznmvnu2affasuokv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142316</id>
      <parentid>142313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kwimura {{Reflist}} mu gice &quot;Inyandiko&quot;</comment>
      <origin>142316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2002" sha1="onu0egdv0pgp8i7cwws3bt1wxwwse8m" xml:space="preserve">== Kwanyagakecuru Mubisi bya Huye ==
kwa Nyagakecuru ubu ni mu karere [[Kahuye|ka huye]] mu Ntara yamajyepfo hahoze ari muri komine [[Ngoma (Akarere)|ngoma]]

ubusanzwe mukinyarwanda ibisi bisobanura uruhererekane rwimisozi itandukanye

ibisi byahuye ni umusozi muremure usumba iyindi birikumwe muri ako gace ni umusozi

ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 2400&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.net/2019/11/19/menya-mu-bisi-bya-huye-kwa-nyagakecuru/&lt;/ref&gt;uyu musozi urazwi cyane mu mateka yu [[Rwanda]]

kuko akenshi iyo uvuze mubisi byahuye abenshi bumva umukecuru wahabaga witwaga

Beginzage&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/umuco/amateka/Hari-abaturiye-kwa-Nyagakecuru-ariko-batarahaca-iryera&lt;/ref&gt; wari uzwi nka Nyagakecuru wari warigometse kubwami bwariho bwa ruganzu&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/72702/dutembere-menya-byinshi-ku-bisi-bya-huye-na-nyagakecuru-wari-72702.html#!&lt;/ref&gt; Ndoli

kuko atajyaga atanga amaturo nkabandi baturage kandi yari afite ubwirinzi bukabije kuko yarindwaga 
[[Dosiye:MountHuye.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|huye]]
n inzoka yuruziramire&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.rw/amateka-yo-mu-bisi-bya-huye-aho-nyagakecuru-yaratuye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-22 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202825/https://thebridge.rw/amateka-yo-mu-bisi-bya-huye-aho-nyagakecuru-yaratuye/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse nurugo rwe rugoswe nibitovu kuburyo kuhinjira bitari byoroshye

== Amateka ==
Kwanyagakecuru hazwi cyane ikibumbiro Inka ze zanyweragamo kidakama haba mumpeshyi cyangwa mwitumba
[[Dosiye:UMUSOZI WA HUYE ( HUYE MOUNTAIN).jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|huye]]
Ibisi byahuye ni umusozi muremure bazamuka namaguru hagati yiminota 50 na 60&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.net/2019/11/19/menya-mu-bisi-bya-huye-kwa-nyagakecuru/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkomoko ==
Uyumusozi ni umusozi muremure muyindi biteganye wambaye ishyamba ririmo ibiti byinshi bitandukanye bya kimeza

ni umusozi ufite amahumbezi meza


== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe mu Ruhango</title>
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    <id>8942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142290</id>
      <parentid>132035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:34Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2346" sha1="43mi6aediml68z668nbbsm6f70u4quf" xml:space="preserve">Mu rugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe hazwi nko kwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe, n'ahantu hamenyekanye cyane kubera abahasengeraga bavugaga ko bahakiriye indwara zitandukanye, ubu hakaba habera amateraniro manini buri cyumweru cyambere cy'ukwezi. Hateranira abanyarwanda baturutse hirya no hino mu gihugu ndetse n'abandi banyamahanga.
[[Dosiye:Mu Rugo rwa Yezu nyirimpuhwe.png|thumb|287x287px|Mu rugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe]]

== Aho ruherereye ==
Uru rugo ruherereye mu ntara y'amajyepfo, akarere ka Ruhango, Umuhanda wa NR 1.
[[Dosiye:RuhangoDist.png|center|thumb|320x320px|ruhango]]

== Amateka ==
Mu mwaka wa 1992,mu mutambagiro w’umunsi mukuru w’Isakaramentu Ritagatifu. Uwo munsi,hari abarwayi bakiriye mu isengesho ryo gusabira abarwayi ryabereye mu kigo nderabuzima cya Ruhango aho bari bategura isengesho ryo gusabira abarwayi mu rwego rwa paruwasi. Hamwe numuryango wa &quot;communaute ya Emmanuel&quot; buri cyumweru cya mbere cy’ukwezi kigirwa umunsi w’isengesho ryo gusabira abarwayi no gusabira ibindi bibazo binyuranye&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Ruhango-Basigaye-bizera-kwa-Yezu-Nyirimuhwe-kuruta-kwizera-kwa-muganga&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibi byatumye Ruhango yamamara,bituma havuka n’igitekerezo cyo kuhubaka ahantu abantu bajya bahurira n’Imana kandi bakiyunga nayo. Nuko aho hantu bahita&lt;&lt;Urugo rwa Yezu Nyirimpuhwe&gt;&gt;. Ku italiki ya 6 Ukuboza 1998 ni bwo Musenyeri Anasitazi Mutabazi,wari umushumba wa Diyosezi ya kabgayi,yahaye umugisha urwo rugo,atanga n’uruhushya rwo gushengerera Isakaramentu Ritagatifu igihe cyose(amanywa n’ijoro)muri shapeli y’urwo rugo&lt;ref&gt;https://web.facebook.com/kiliziyaniishemaryacu/posts/tumenye-amateka-nibikorerwa-mu-ngoro-ya-yezu-nyirimpuhwe-ruhango-ese-ni-gute-was/1308665092527378/?_rdc=1&amp;_rdr&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:Ruhango.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|ruhango road]]

== Reba ==

# https://web.facebook.com/kiliziyaniishemaryacu/posts/tumenye-amateka-nibikorerwa-mu-ngoro-ya-yezu-nyirimpuhwe-ruhango-ese-ni-gute-was/1308665092527378/?_rdc=1&amp;_rdr
# https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Ruhango-Basigaye-bizera-kwa-Yezu-Nyirimuhwe-kuruta-kwizera-kwa-muganga
# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnPgHVZyVI0
# https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215842/http://www.igicumbi.com/index.php/umuco/imibereho/item/177-misa-y-ubunani-kwa-yezu-nyirimpuhwe-mu-ruhango

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Urutonde rw'abami bategetse u Rwanda</title>
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    <id>8948</id>
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      <id>142302</id>
      <parentid>133160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:35:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="5464" sha1="hb5dej41jrc3t9bu188f0awpcy8cwyp" xml:space="preserve">'''Abami bategetse u Rwanda''' Impuguke mu mateka Alexis Kagame n’abandi banditse ku mateka y’u [[Rwanda]], bavuga ko Abami 28 aribo bayoboye u [[Rwanda]] kuva ahagana mu mwaka wa 1091 kugeza muwa 1960. Amateka y’u [[Rwanda]] kandi agaragaza ko ab' Abami bose bo mu Rwanda bakomokaga mu muryango umwe wo mu bwoko bw’Abanyiginya.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Musinga.jpg|thumb|umwami Yuhi I Musinga]]
[[Dosiye:Tutsi King Kigeli in Exile (cropped).jpg|thumb|Umwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]]
Igihugu cy'u Rwanda gifite amateka yacyo yihariye ajyanye n’ingoma za cyami zariho mu myaka yo hambere.  
[[Dosiye:RUGANZU_monument.jpg|thumb|Ikibumbano cyerekana umwami RUGANZU II Ndoli]]
Bamwe mu bami babaye ibihangange ku bw’inyurabwenge rijimije ryabo ryihariye, abandi babaye indatwa ku bw’ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa mu rugamba rwo kwagura igihugu no kurinda ubusugire bwacyo.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190819131735/http://umubavu.com/amateka/article/Twige-amateka-yacu-tumenya-abami-28-bayoboye-u-Rwanda-kuva-1091-1960]

Amateka y’u Rwanda kugira ngo ashyirwe mu nyandiko, hakoreshwaga ihererekanya bumenyi bafataga mu mutwe, dore ko abanyarwanda bari abahanga mu kuvuga imivugo, [[ibyivugo]], amahamba, ibisigo n’ibindi. Bakoreshaga ihererekanyabumenyi bafata mu mutwe.

Bitewe n’uburyo bw’ishyinguranyandiko butari buriho muri ibyo bihe, amateka yagiye amenyekana cyane n’abagiye bahiga abandi cyane mu bikorwa by’indashyikirwa. Iyi akaba ariyo mpamvu nyamukuru usanga [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] bivuga ku mateka hari aho bidahuza.

Alexis Kagame n’abandi banditsi, bakoze urutonde hagendewe ku bikorwa bikomeye byaranze ingoma ya buri mwami, ijyanye n’igihe cye cyo kwima na bamwe mu bami bo mu bihugu byari bikikije u Rwanda, ibitero bikomeye byaragabwe, inzara yateye, impinduka zidasanzwe mu buyobozi cyangwa mu mibereho ya Rubanda n’ibindi.

== Urutonde rw'Abami bayoboye u Rwanda ==
[[Dosiye:Kings_Palace_1.jpg|thumb|Kings Palace 1]]
1. [[GIHANGA NGOMIJANA|Gihanga I Ngomijan]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a (1091-1124)

2. [[Kanyarwanda I Gahima I|Kanyarwanda Gahima]] (1124-1157)

3. Yuhi I Musindi (1157-1180)

4. Ndahiro I Ruyange (1180-1213)

5. Ndoba (1213-1246)

6. Samembe (1246-1279)

7. Nsoro Samukondo (1279-1312)

8. Ruganzu I Bwimba (1312-1345)

9. Cyilima I Rugwe (1345-1378)

10. [[Kigeli I Mukobanya]] (1378-1411)

11. [[Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi|Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I]] (1411-1444)    
[[Dosiye:Tchached_house.jpg|thumb|Icumbi ry'abami bahambere mu Rwanda]]
12. [[Yuhi II Gahima II]] (1444-1477)

13. [[Ndahiro II Cyamatare]] (1477-1510)

14. [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]] (1510-1543)

15. [[Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi|Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi]] (1543-1576)

16[[Kigeli II Nyamuheshera|. Kigeli II Nyamuheshera]] (1576-1609)

17. [[Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura|Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura]] (1609-1642)

18[[Yuhi III Mazimpaka|. Yuhi III Mazimpaka]] (1642-1675)

19. [[Cyilima II Rujugira]] (1675-1708)

20. [[Kigeli III Ndabarasa]] (1708-1741) [[Kalemera Rwaka|Karemera Rwaka]] : (Ku rutonde ntabarwa

kuko yabaye umusigarira wa Ndabarasa ubwo yarwaraga amakaburo)

21. [[Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo]] (1741-1746)

22. [[Yuhi IV Gahindiro]] (1746-……?)

23. [[Mutara II Rwogera]] (1830-1853)

24. [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri|Kigeli IV Rwabugili]] (1853-1895)

25. [[Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa]] (1895-1895) Yakorewe kudeta.

26. [[Yuhi V Musinga]] (1895-1931)

27. [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] (1931-1959)  
[[Dosiye:Mutara_II_of_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Mutara II Rudahigwa w' u Rwanda]]
28. [[Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]] (1959-1960

Mu nyandiko zakozwe, kugeza none, hagendewe ku byo [[Abiru]] n’ibisonga by’Abami bagaragaje, Abami b’u Rwanda bakurikiranye n’imyaka bimye ingoma, mu buryo bukurikira kuva mu mwaka wa 1091 kugeza muwa 1960.&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/umuco/article/abami-10-bashatse-abagore-benshi-mu-mateka-y-u-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://panorama.rw/amazina-yahabwa-abami-mu-rwanda-ninshingano-zabo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-11-08 |archive-date=2025-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125235541/https://panorama.rw/amazina-yahabwa-abami-mu-rwanda-ninshingano-zabo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/122396/Education/know-your-history-the-kings-of-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubushakashatsi ==
Bitewe nuko impuguke mu mateka zakoze [[ubushakashatsi]] ku bantu banyuranye kugira ngo zishyire amateka y’u Rwanda mu nyandiko, hari henshi usanga badahuza nko ku myaka ku bikorwa bimwe na bimwe, kuko byari ukugereranya. Akaba ariyo mpamvu bitazagutangaza uguye nko ku gitabo kinyuranya n’uru rutonde.&lt;ref&gt;https://rwiyemeza.com/kn/mordet.php?titID=5818670cd70ad89173d0652ebfca10a389c&amp;vario=229a9f382b7e96e8e74cf5c299f6634e5d&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:King Muzinga’s children and Major R. Høier’s daughter. Ruanda 1928. (9422840528).jpg|thumb|Umuryango w'Umwami MUSINGA ]]
Twibukiranye ko kandi ko [[Umwami]] yagiraga ububasha bw’ikirenga mu gihugu cye. Yaricaga agakiza, akagaba akanyaga. Muri make ubuzima bw’abaturage b’Igihugu cyose bwabaga buri mu maboko ye. Ikintu cyose cyabaga ari icy’Umwami, [[inka]] zari iz’Umwami, ubutaka bwabaga ari ubw’Umwami, [[Umugore|abagore]] bose babaga ari ab’Umwami, [[abana]] babaga ari ab’Umwami n’ibindi. Iteka yabaga yaciye ryabaga ari ihame ntakuka, rikubahirizwa kuva kubabyeyi kugeza kubana, abuzukuru, abuzukuruza n’ubuvivi bakabitozwa.

== Amashakiro; ==

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>IGIHUGU N'INTORE</title>
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      <text bytes="520" sha1="99vw7pi6p8ke930ctlgvxczje9zxj81" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Rwandan Culture.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|intore]]
[[Dosiye:Intore ZU Rwanda.jpg|thumb|intore z'u Rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Intore_za_inyamibwa.jpg|thumb|Intore za inyamibwa]]
'''INYOBORABATOZA'''

INDANGAGACIRO 7 Z’IBANZE ZIFASHA U [[Rwanda|RWANDA]] KUGERA KU CYEREKEZO RWIYEMEJE 

UBUNYARWANDA 

KWIHESHA AGACIRO 

GUKUNDA IGIHUGU 

UBUNYANGAMUGAYO

UBUTWARI 

UBWITANGE 

GUKUNDA UMURIMO NO 

KUWUNOZA KWIHESHA &lt;ref&gt;www.nic.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/KWIHESHA_AGACIRO.indd.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Intara y'Iburasirazuba</title>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1466" sha1="8hucv037fmajnzpwsnjvqlbsy6vkxku" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Est_in_Rwanda.svg|thumb|Ikarita y'intara y'ubuasirazuba bw'u Rwanda]]
[[Dosiye:Akagera_National_Park_Giraffes.jpg|thumb|Pariki natiyonali y' Akagera iboneka mu intara y'iburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda.]]
[[Dosiye:Climbing_beans18_lo_(4108188443).jpg|thumb|Iyi ntara iberanye n'umwuga w'ubuhinzi bw'ibihingwa bitandukanye.]]Iyi ntara y'iburasirazuba cyangwa(eastern) mundimi z'amahanga iberanye n'ubuhinzi ndetse n'ubworozi.

== Intara y'iburasurazuba ==
Intara y'Iburasirazuba ni imwe mu Ntara enye zigize u Rwanda ikaba igizwe n'Uturere 7 ndetse n'imirenge 95,Ibiro by'Intara y'Iburasirazuba biherereye mu akarere ka Rwamagana, umurenge wa Kigabiro, akagari ka Cyanya, umudugudu wa Rurembo.Iyi ntara ikaba iyobowe na  Pudence RUBINGISA. &lt;ref&gt;(easternprovince.gov.rw) &lt;/ref&gt;

Iyi ntara y'iburasirazuba ikaba igizwe n'uturere 7 aritwo Rwamaga,Bugesera,Gatsibo, Kayonza,Kirehe,Ngoma ndetse na Nyagatare

== Imiturire y'intara y'iburasirazuba ==
Iyi ntara ifite ubuso bungana n'ibirometero kare 9813,ikaba ituwe n'abaturage basaga 3563145

== Inshingano z'intara y'iburasirazuba ==
1:Gukurikirana no kugirinama uturere mukwesa imihigo ya leta

2:Gukorera uturere ubuvugizi

== zimwe murihoteli ==
iyintara yiburasirazuba kandi harimo amahoteri agiye atandukanye ,urugero= silent hill hotel iherereye mukarere ka kayonza

= Uturere tugize intara y'iburasirazuba =

# RWAMAGANA
# KAYONZA
# BUGESERA
# KIREHE 
# NYAGATARE
# GATSIBO
# NGOMA.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8hucv037fmajnzpwsnjvqlbsy6vkxku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mu bisi bya Huye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142307</id>
      <parentid>128001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:35:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3001" sha1="jb566olsn4523ushkz2s9v0v6x0kjyk" xml:space="preserve">== Mubisi bya huye ==
[[Dosiye:UMUSOZI_WA_HUYE_(_HUYE_MOUNTAIN).jpg|thumb|UMUSOZI WA HUYE ]]
[[File:Ibisi bya Huye.jpg|thumb|Ibisi bya Huye]]
ibisi bya [[Akarere ka Huye|Huye]] ubu biherereye muntara ya amajyepko mu [[Akarere ka Huye|karere ka  Huye]]

Ni uruhererekane rw' imisozi miremire ruhagarariwe n'umusozi wa Huye ureshya na metero 2278 z'ubutumburuke. 

Uyu umusozi wa Huye wavuzwe cyane mu mateka yu [[Rwanda]] kuko uvugwaho umukecuru wahimbwe akazina ka Nyagakecuru bivugwako yari yarigometse ku Mwami uyu Nyagakecuru ya menyekanye cyane ku Ngoma yu umwami Ruganzu wa II Ndori&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gasabo.net/2019/11/19/menya-mu-bisi-bya-huye-kwa-nyagakecuru/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
amateka atubwirako '''mu bisi bya Huye''' hatari mu [[Rwanda Rwacu|Rwanda]] ko ahubwo hari mubwami bwa Bungwe akaba ariyo mpamvu kungoma yu [[Umwami|Umwami Ruganzu II Ndoli]] yifashishije ingabo ze zitwaga|ibisumizi]bakajya gutera ubwo bwami kugirango bigarurire ako gace kari gatuyeho uwo Nyagakecuru wari warigometse ku Mwami w' u Rwanda ariko byari no Muntego zo kwagura mubwami bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Bivugwako '''Ruganzu''' n'ingabo ze (Ibisumizi) batorohewe no kwigarurira ubwo bwami kuberako bwari bwubatse ku musozi muremure wa Huye kandi urugo rwa Nyagakecuru rukaba rwari rusobetse cyane. [[Ruganzu II Ndoli|Umwami Ruganzu]] nibwo yigiriye inama yo kubaza(kuraguza) maze indagu zimubwira ko intsinzi zigomba kuba mu ihene. 
Nibwo yafataga ihene ajya kuzitura Nyagakecuru. Izo hene zarorotse maze zitangira kuzajya zirya imihati yari isobetse urwo rugo mumyaka yakurikiye [[Ruganzu II Ndoli|umwami Ruganzu Ndoli,]] za hene zaciye imyenge muri rwa rugo maze ingabo z'umwami Mutara Nsoro II Semugeshi (umuhungu wa Ruganzu Ndoli akaba yari yaranamusimbuye) zinyura muri ibyo byuho maze zica Nyagakecuru n' ingabo ze maze mubwami bwa Bungwe bwomekwa ku [[Rwanda]] gutyo. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu/Ibisi-bya-Huye-bigiye-kugirwa-ahantu-nyaburanga&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Huye kwa Nyagakecuru.jpg|thumb|Umusozi wa Nyagakecuru]]

== Nyagakecuru mu bisi bya Huye ==
Benginzage wamenyekanye ku izina rya '''Nyagacecuru''' wo mu Bisi bya Huye yatwaye igihugu cy' Ubungwe mu kinyejana cya 16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2021/11/nyagakecuru-yari-muntu-ki-temberana-numuseke-mu-bisi-bya-huye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-19 |archive-date=2024-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319125746/https://umuseke.rw/2021/11/nyagakecuru-yari-muntu-ki-temberana-numuseke-mu-bisi-bya-huye/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benshi bamuzi nk'igishegabo akaba yari n'umunyabwenge cyane wabaga mu bushorishori bw'umusozi muremure w'ibisi bya huye.     

ubusanzwe ibisi bisobanura uruhererekane rwi imisozi miremire ituye ahantu.

== Aho biherereye ==
ibisi bya huye biherereye mu murenge wa huye akarere ka Huye

mu Ntara ya Amajyepfo mu kagari ka Sovu&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Ese-Ibisi-bya-Huye-bisobanuye-iki-Nyagakecuru-wahavugwaga-we-yari-muntu-ki&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>jb566olsn4523ushkz2s9v0v6x0kjyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intangiriro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142320</id>
      <parentid>142171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T06:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo y'icyumweru (2/3) n'Ishusho y'icyumweru (1/3): ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda bisimburana buri minsi 2 ({{Intangiriro/Ibimera}})</comment>
      <origin>142320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28287" sha1="158d6uyof0hy4pz3huxqwf25t6nnarh" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Portail:Société|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Portail:Technologies|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:2 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC&quot;&gt;✨ Ingingo ziherutse &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Intangiriro|action=purge}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#C99700;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;⟳ Vugurura&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ingingo-ziherutse&quot; style=&quot;max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;
{{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>IPRC Kigali</title>
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      <text bytes="1370" sha1="hp2rbltgqcxc0sy4zlqwd1kv0ulbd5m" xml:space="preserve">Integrated Polytechnic Regional Centre (IPRC) Kigali, ni ishuri ryimyuga nubumenyingiro riherereye mu karere ka Kicukiro mumujyi wa Kigali,Rwanda. Yashinzwe bwa mbere na leta yu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2008 nka &quot;Kicukiro College of Technology (KCT)&quot;. Inshingano yibanze ya koleji kwari ugutezimbere no gutanga ubumenyi bwumwuga kurwego rwa dipolome (A1).&lt;ref&gt;https://schoolsinrwanda.com/listing/integrated-polytechnic-regional-college-kigali-iprc-kigali/&lt;/ref&gt;

Iri shuri rikuru ryarazwe ibikorwa remezo bisanzwe biri muri ETO Kicukiro byarifashije gukora nk'ishuri ryisumbuye rya Tekinike mu 1994 nubwo ibikoresho byayo hafi ya byose byangijwe mugihe cya jenoside. Nyuma ya jenoside amashuri abiri yisumbuye yakoresheje ibikorwa remezo bikurikirana kugeza muri Mutarama 2008.

Muri Nyakanga 2008, Guverinoma y'u Rwanda (GoR) yafashe icyemezo cyo guhuza uburezi bwa tekiniki, Uburezi bw'imyuga n'amahugurwa muri sisitemu ihuriweho (TVET). Kugeza ubu ishuri rikuru rya IPRC Kigali riri mubigo bizwi kandi bikora muri Rwanda Polytechnic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.iprckigali.rp.ac.rw/1/about-us |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126153505/https://www.iprckigali.rp.ac.rw/1/about-us |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Iprc kigali.jpg|thumb|Iprc kigali|390x390px]]

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Kaminuza yigenga ya kigali</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="3052" sha1="jjw0nnyqhlm7dqsijz1kgd7z27rqj7u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:ULK-Masters-Administration-building.jpg|thumb|Inyubako ya ULK]]
[[Dosiye:ULK Buildings.jpg|thumb|ULK building]]

== Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali ==
[[Kigali Independent University|Kaminuza yijyenga ya Kigali]] (ULK) ni kaminuza yashinzwe mu mwaka wi 1996 ni ishuri rimwe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-urls/13879.shtm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-01-31 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131151645/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-urls/13879.shtm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

mu mashuri makuru ryigenga mu [[Rwanda]]. ni rimwe mu mashuri kandi afite abanyeshuri batari bake

muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza]] ziri m' [[Umujyi wa Kigali]]. ULK kandi afite amashami menshi atandukanye&lt;ref&gt;https://web.facebook.com/ulk.ac.rw/?_rdc=1&amp;_rdr&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Kigali Independent University|Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali]] ( ULK) nkuko twa bibonye haruguru yashinzwe tariki 15 werurwe 1996

nyuma ya [[Genocide mu Rwanda|Genocide]] yakorewe abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]]. yatangiye ikorera mu nyubako ya [[Mutagatifu Pawulo]]

ULK kandi yaje kubaka inyubako zayo zambere mu [[Umurenge wa Kacyiru|murenge wa Kacyiru]] aho yaje kuhahindura amashuri

yisumbuye azwi na Glory secondary school. 2007 nibwo ulk yimuriye ibikorwa byayo bya Kminuza

mu murenge wa Gisozi aho yari imaze kubaka inyubako nshyashya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-urls/13879.shtm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-01-31 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131151645/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-urls/13879.shtm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyi Kaminuza kandi yashinzwe na 

prof Rwigamba Balinda mu rwego rwo gufasha urubyiruko rwu [[Rwanda]] kuzamura ireme ry' uburezi.

ndetse ni iterambere ry'igihugu cyu [[Rwanda]]

== fakirite ==
Kaminuza yijyenga ya Kigali kandi ifite amashami menshi atandukanye harimo nka&lt;ref&gt;http://ulkpolytechnic.ac.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;

- ishami ry'ubumenyi Rusange

- ishami ry'ubumenyi bwa Mudasobwa

- ishami ry'amategeko

- ndetse na polytechnics&lt;ref&gt;https://mabumbe.com/kigali-independent-university-ulk-courses-offered/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubudasa ==
Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali kandi nimwe muri kaminuza mu Rwanda zifite

Stade mu kigo imbere kandi nini kuburyo ishobora kwakira abantu benshi

== Ibikorwa remezo ==
ULK kandi yimuriye amashuri yayo abanza nayisumbuye ku nyubako yayo nshya iherereye

ku gisozi.  Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali ifite stade ihagije kuburyo ibirori byabanyeshuri

bayo bashoje ariho bibera ndetse si ibyo gusa babasha kwakira ibitaramo bitandukanye

nibindi birori.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/authwall?trk=gf&amp;trkInfo=AQGges0saRUaJQAAAX6wstTovytAevg1ez52vvVxCmgOMsqEcDY78s3ZpLpe1TrRybtTP8feF2mlmWHoUUG1Nr6WlVhoj8CuNE0H6SGl9tLd_ZUZKUruiWKnLNGsjgsa-rwZpO0=&amp;originalReferer=https://www.google.com/&amp;sessionRedirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Fkigali-independent-university-ulk&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse nibiterane by'amatorero atandukanye.

== Reba ==

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda</title>
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      <text bytes="3144" sha1="23lvd9g08gnx1hs0bi75ocr1e2me4he" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Dr. Valentine Uwamariya.jpg|thumb|Dr Valentine Uwamariya wabaye Ministri w'uburezi]]
'''Minisiteri y'Uburezi''' ( '''MINeDUC)''',   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mineduc.gov.rw/images/banner_rw.jpg |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2014-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013104836/http://mineduc.gov.rw/images/banner_rw.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/jpg/mineduc_slideshow-7.jpg |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2014-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013102109/http://mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/jpg/mineduc_slideshow-7.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ) nimisiteri ishizwe uburezi  &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031203223007/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/minefrech.htm Home]&quot; (French). Ministry of Education of Rwanda. December 3, 2013. Retrieved on October 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Ifite icyicaro i [[Kigali]] . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180627090852/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/spip.php?article33 Contact us].&quot; Ministry of Education. Retrieved on October 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva mu Kuboza 2017, minisitiri ni [[Eugène Mutimura|Dr Uwamariya Valentine]]   . 
[[Dosiye:Gusoza Igihembwe.jpg|thumb|Uburezi kuri bose]]

== Umubare w'ishuri, abanyeshuri, n'abakozi ==
[[Dosiye:2013-06-05 05-37-38 Rwanda Kigali - Kacyiru.JPG|thumb|Kacyiru, aho Ministeri y'uburezi iherereye]]
Muri 2017, abaturage ba mu  Rwanda bagera kuri miliyoni 11.8. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mineduc.gov.rw/resource/statistics/statistical-year-books/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2019-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419213527/http://mineduc.gov.rw/resource/statistics/statistical-year-books/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; MINeDUC igenzura ibigo bisaga 13,000 byuburezi, abakozi 93.000, nabanyeshuri barenga miliyoni 3.6. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Amashuri abanza nayisumbuye atunganijwe mu turere 30 byubuyobozi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mineduc.gov.rw/map-of-schools/primary-schools/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2018-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627092339/http://mineduc.gov.rw/map-of-schools/primary-schools/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mineduc.gov.rw/map-of-schools/secondary-schools/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709161639/http://mineduc.gov.rw/map-of-schools/secondary-schools/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+MINeDUC Abakozi kubwoko bwishuri (2017)
! Inzego
! Amashuri
! Abanyeshuri
! Abakozi
|-
| Imbere y'incuke
| 90
| 5.234
| 243
|-
| Incuke 
| 3,186
| 220.435
| 6.812
|-
| Amashuri Abanza 
| 2.877
| 2,540.374
| 43,906
|-
| Amashuri yisumbuye
| 1.375
| 531.377
| 24.561
|-
| Tekiniki &amp; Imyuga
Uburezi &amp; Amahugurwa (TVET)
| 402
| 107,501
| 6,929
|-
| Amashuri makuru rusange
| 37
| 80,773
| 5.196
|-
| Abakuze gusoma no kwandika
| 5.160
| 152.015
| 6.287
|-
| '''TOTAL:'''
| '''13,127'''
| '''3,637.709'''
| '''93,934'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Inkomoko: MINeDUC'' 
|}

== Reba ==

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Kigali International Community School</title>
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      <text bytes="6199" sha1="4tasb1x0xmuysezu41mvcbgmk01w3y5" xml:space="preserve">'''Kigali International Community School''' (KICS) ni ishuri rya gikirisitu, ridaharanira inyungu, ryashinzwe mu 2006, ritanga gahunda yuburezi kuva PreK kugeza mu cyiciro cya 12. KICS iha abana b'ingeri zose uburezi busa n'ubwo butangwa n'amashuri yo muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110825012148/http://www.theeye.co.rw/kigali_international_community_school.php&lt;/ref&gt;. KICS ikorera abanyeshuri barenga 300 baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye 27 kandi ni umushinga wa US 501 (c) Abafatanyabikorwa ba ROC.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kicsrw.org&lt;/ref&gt; KICS yakiriye impamyabumenyi ebyiri muri 2012. rimwe ryaturutse mu ishyirahamwe ry’ishuri rya gikirisitu mpuzamahanga (ACSI) naho irya kabiri ryaturutse mu bihugu byo hagati byo muri za kaminuza zo hagati n'amashuri makuru (MSA).&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131212094847/http://focus.rw/wp/2012/11/kics-gets-two-international-accreditation/&lt;/ref&gt;Ishuri mpuzamahanga rya Kigali riherereye ahitwa Caisse Sociale Estates, Gaculiro, BP 6558, Kigali, Rwanda. Yabaye [[:en:Association_of_Christian_Schools_International|Ishyirahamwe ryAmashuri ya Gikristo]] Umunyamuryango Mpuzamahanga ukomeje kuva 2007.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.acsi.org/www.acsi.org/FooterLinks/MemberDirectory/tabid/577/Default.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ya KICS ==
'''Kigali International Community School'''(KICS) cyatangiye mu Gushyingo 2005 mugihe imiryango ya gikirisitu iba mu mahanga yateraniye hamwe kugirango ishakishe abana babo ibyo bakeneye. Mugihe iyi miryango yasengaga kandi igategura icyerekezo cyakozwe hashingiwe kumahame yingenzi yishuri ryisumbuye ryicyongereza ukoresheje integanyanyigisho zabanyamerika hamwe na filozofiya ya gikristo itandukanye. KICS yashinzwe mbere na mbere kugirango ihuze imiryango y'abamisiyoneri b'ivugabutumwa hamwe n'abakozi ba gikirisitu bahuza imico. Abashinze KICS batekereje ko mbere na mbere ari minisiteri yo gufasha iyi miryango ifite abana byoroshye cyane ko amaherezo basubira mumashuri yo muri Amerika. Mugihe KICS ikomeje gushyira imbere abana b'abamisiyoneri hamwe nabakristu baba hanze ikorera mumuryango utandukanye. &lt;ref&gt;https://careers.acsi.org/profile/kigali-international-community-school/775709/&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Mutarama 2006, iyi miryango yatangiye amatsinda menshi yamakoperative yo murugo. Muri Nzeri 2006, ayo matsinda yinjiye mu cyumba cy’ibyumba bine by’ibiribwa by’inzara mpuzamahanga (FHI) i Kacyiru. Abagize akanama gashinzwe muri KICS bakoranaga n’imiryango ikurikira: Itorero rya Kristo mu [[Rwanda]] (CCR), World Relief, Bank Opportunity Bank, Food for the Hungry International (FHI), Compassion International, n'umushinga uterwa inkunga na USAID.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Community_School]

Mu Gushyingo 2006, Rwanda Outreach Community Partners (ROC) yashinzwe nka 501c3 muri leta ya Oklahoma kugura ishuri na salle ya Caisse Sociale biherereye mu isambu ya Vision 2020 ya Gaculiro mu izina rya kiliziya ya Kristo mu Rwanda (CCR). Umutungo waguzwe muri Gashyantare 2007. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Community_School] Abafatanyabikorwa ba ROC batumiye KICS kwimukira mumitungo yishuri muri Mata 2007 nkumufatanyabikorwa mubyigisho bya gikristo hamwe na ROC na CCR. Kugirango KICS ibashe kubaho neza mubukungu Ibiryo byinzara mpuzamahanga byimuye ibiro byabo mumitungo ya ROC bikomeza kugeza muri Kanama 2008. Ishoramari rya FHI na ROC ryashoboje KICS gukomeza kubaho muminsi yambere yayo kuko yimukiye mubidukikije bishya hamwe na patronage ikura. Abarimu babanje kuza mugihe abakorerabushake boherejwe muri KICS bahereye kubiryo byinzara, ubutabazi bwisi, nitorero rya Kristo mu Rwanda.Nkuko Kigali yiboneye iterambere ryihuse ryabakozi baba hanze bakeneye ishuri ryujuje ubuziranenge ryiyongereye kandi habaho iyerekwa rivuguruzanya kuri KICS bigatuma intangiriro yinzibacyuho itangira. Iyerekwa rivuguruzanya amaherezo ryatumye imyitwarire ya gikristo ihamye kandi yongera kwiyemeza gukorera abamisiyoneri hamwe n’abakozi bakorera mu mico itandukanye mu gihe twubaha igihugu cyacu cyakira igice kinini cy’abiyandikisha bajya mu miryango y'igihugu.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Community_School]

Muri Nzeri 2009 Abafatanyabikorwa ba ROC babaye nyiri ikigo cya KICS. Uku guhuza imitungo no gutunga ibigo byashimangiye umwanya wa KICS nkikigo cyemewe imbere yigihugu cya KICS. Icyerekezo cyo gushinga KICS nacyo cyashimangiwe na Memorandum yongeye kumvikana na Afrika Inland Mission (AIM), hamwe no guhuza icyahoze ari ishuri ry’abamisiyonari, ishuri rya Jungle, hamwe na KICS. Ubufatanye bwa AIM hamwe n’ishuri rya Jungle / KICS ni kwerekana filozofiya yubumwe nubufatanye mubakristu bakorera mu Rwanda. Muri Kanama 2010 KICS yatangiye kwiyigisha ubwemerera ACSI / MSA yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Mutarama 2012. Mubice byibyo bikorwa KICS yarangije kubaka ikigo cyitangazamakuru / Isomero na Laboratoire yubumenyi muri Nyakanga 2012. Iki cyari icyiciro cya II cya gahunda yiterambere ryibyiciro bitatu. Icyiciro cya I cyarangiye mu mpeshyi ya 2010 na 2011 binyuze muguhindura inyubako yibanze. Icyiciro cya gatatu cyari giteganijwe gukenera ibikoresho nubwo bidasobanuwe neza muriki gihe.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Community_School]

Muri 2013 KICS yubatse ikibuga cyuzuye cya basketball itanga amahirwe yo gutanga basketball na volleyball hiyongereyeho gahunda yumupira wamaguru uzwi cyane.Muri 2015 KICS yagiriye uruzinduko rwigihe gito hamwe na raporo nziza yatanzwe n’ibigo byemewe bitewe no kuba mbere yigihe giteganijwe muri gahunda yo Kuzamura Amashuri KICS. Hamwe na KICS yiterambere ryinzego ninyigisho byiteguye kurangiza impamyabumenyi yambere yimyaka 7 n'amanota menshi nkuko bitangira ejo hazaz&lt;ref&gt;http://www.acsi.org/www.acsi.org/FooterLinks/MemberDirectory/tabid/577/Default.aspx&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2016 KICS yatangiye icyerekezo cyayo cyo kwagura igishoro kurubu kandi yubaka inyubako nshya y’ishuri ifatanije no kongeramo PK yabanyeshuri muri KG na G7. Iri terambere ryerekana gahunda za KICS zo gukomeza gukura niterambere bizagira ingaruka kubisekuru.

=== Aho Ihereye ===
https://maps.wikimedia.org/v4/marker/pin-m-school+5E74F3.png

=== Referances ===

== Inyandiko ==
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    <title>Urubyiruko mu kwihangira imirimo mu Rwanda</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <text bytes="7661" sha1="o71xghyhf2suo3388urt5x3far35r0e" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Intebe zigezweho.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko muguhanga Imiimo]]

== Urubyiruko mu Rwanda ==
Muri 2012, Urubyiruko rwu Rwanda  rugizwe na 40% yabaturage bagize i gihugu cy'u Rwanda aribo 4.1 miliyoni. Repuburika y'u Rwanda minisiteri y' u Rubyiruko, umuco na siporo isobanura ko urubyiruko ari hagati yimyaka 14 na 35. Nkibihugu biri munzira yamajyambere Abanyarwanda muri rusange ni bato. Abarenga 50% yabanyarwanda bari munsi yimyaka 20 nabafite hagati yimyaka  22.7  niyo mamvu reta yashyize ingufu muguhanga imirimo mishya bunyuze muri Rwanda tiveti bodi ikigo gishinzwe kwigisha imyuga  urugero nkikigo Rwanda poritekinike gishari giherereye mukarere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] mumurenge wa Gishari.
[[Dosiye:Art and Feminism event in Ruhengeri, Rwanda with Wikimedians of Ruhengeri 02.jpg|thumb|Urubyiruko mukkwihangira Imirimo]]

== Umurimo mu Rwanda ==
MIFOTRA igaragaza ko igipimo cy'ubushomeri mu Rwanda muri 2017 cyari kuri 17.8%, 2018 kiramanuka kijya kuri 15.1%, 2019 kigera kuri 15.2%, na ho muri 2020 kigera kuri 16%. Mu rubyiruko kuva muri 2017 igipimo cyari 21.3%, na ho muri 2020 kigera kuri 20.6%.Ni mu gihe kandi ubushomeri mu bantu barangije amashuri kaminuza muri 2017 cyari kuri 16.8%, muri 2020 kigera kuri 15.9%.Mu mwaka wa 2020 hahanzwe imirimo ibihumbi 223 mu gihe muri gahunda ya guverinoma y'imyaka 7 NST1 imirimo yagombaga guhangwa buri mwaka ari ibihumbi 214 ivuye ku bihumbi155 muri 2017.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rba.co.rw/post/MIFOTRA-mu-ngamba-zo-guhangana-nubushomeri-mu-rubyiruko&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imishinga  Igamije gufasha urubyiruko mu kwihangira imirimo ==
Mu rwego rwo guhangana nikibazo kibura ryakazi mu Rwanda urubyiruko rurasabwa guhanga umurimo. Hari imishinga itandukanye igamije gufasha urubyiruko mu guhanga umurimo.

=== [[Akazi Kanoze (AKA)|Akazi kanoze]] ===
Nyuma y'uko umushinga wabanyamerika witwa USAID uteye inkunda umushinga AKAZI Kanoze watangiye ufasha urubyiruko guhera mu mwaka wa 2015, aho bafashije urubyiruko rutandukanye mu bijyanye no kwiteza imbere ndetse no kubongerera ubumenyi nubushobozi mu bikenewe ku masoko. Akazi kanoze katangiranye n'urubyiruko rurenze ibihumbi bibiri harimo abahungu n'abakobwa, umusaruro byatanze nuko mirongo itandatu kwijana by'urubyiruko rwahuguwe babonye imirimo mu bigo bitandukanye hano mu Rwanda.
Kuva yashingwa AKA yagiye ifasha cyane urubyiruko mu kubahugura mu bigendanye no kumenya ibikenewe kw'isoko ry'umurimo, kubona igishoro n'uburyo wakibyaza umusaruro, kwihangira imirimo, ubuvugizi ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa bitandukanye bigamije kongerera urubyiruko ubushobozi. Benshi mubafashishwe cyane nakazi kanoze harimo abakobwa bagera ku munani kwijana bahawe akazi nabandi badamu batabonye amahugurwa&lt;ref&gt;[[Akazi Kanoze (AKA)]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Gukorera hamwe  byihutisha iterambere kurubyiruko ==
nisitiri w’Intebe, Dr Edouard Ngirente, yabwiye urubyiruko ko ibanga ryo kugera ku ntego zarwo no kugeza igihugu ku iterambere ari uko hejuru yo kugira indangagaciro rugomba kugerageza amahirwe, guharanira guhanga udushya, gukorera hamwe no kwigirira icyizere mu byo rukora.

Dr Ngirente yabigarutseho kuri uyu wa 18 Ukuboza 2019 mu butumwa yahaye urubyiruko rusaga 3000 rwitabiriye Youth Connect Convention cyangwa “Inkera y’Imihigo y’Urubyiruko” yabereye muri Intare Conference Arena i Rusororo.

Iyi nkera yitabiriwe n’abahagarariye Inama y’Igihugu y’Urubyiruko, ba rwiyemezamirimo bato, abiga mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza, urubyiruko ruba mu mahanga, urufite ubumuga, abahanzi, abanyabugeni, abakunze gutanga ibitekerezo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga n’abandi.

Minisitiri w’Intebe Dr Ngirente yavuze ko urubyiruko ariyo nkingi y’iterambere ry’u Rwanda n’Isi muri rusange, aho by’umwihariko mu Rwanda abari munsi y’imyaka 35 bihariye 70%.

Ati “Birumvikana ko imbaraga n’ubushobozi byanyu ari byo bizafasha u Rwanda kwihutisha iterambere ry’ubukungu tugana ku cyerekezo twihaye cyo kugera ku bukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi. Kugira ngo tukigereho, urubyiruko rugomba kuba rufite ubumenyi buhagije burufasha kujya ku isoko ry’umurimo rukabasha gupiganwa n’abandi.”

Minisitiri Dr Ngirente yavuze ko Guverinoma ikora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ubwo bumenyi bukenewe buboneke, narwo rugomba kubyaza ayo mahirwe umusaruro.

Ati “Tuzi ko mufite impano zitandukanye igihugu gishobora kwifashisha mu guhanga ibishya. Turabasaba rero gutinyuka, mubyaze umusaruro impano mufite, zizabagirire akamaro kandi zikagirire igihugu cyacu.”

Mu rwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro amahirwe y’urubyiruko rufite impano, Guverinoma yatangije ikigega gitera inkunga ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya aho kimaze gufasha imishinga 14 muri 50 yemewe.

Yakomeje avuga ko ibyo bikorwa mu kwereka urubyiruko ko rushyigikiwe.

Ati “Hejuru y’indangagaciro nk’Abanyarwanda twagiye twigishwa nk’urubyiruko, dukeneye kugerageza gutanguranwa amahirwe, kureba uburyo dushakisha amahirwe, buri kintu tukagerageza gushaka uburyo twakibyaza ayandi mahirwe ariko hari no kugira icyizere mu byo ukora kandi wizeye kuzabigeraho.”

Minisitiri w’Intebe Dr Ngirente agaragaza ko umuntu ufite izo ndangagaciro akanamenya icyo ashaka abigeraho cyane iyo ahuje imbara n’abandi.

Ati “Iyo abantu bahishanya, ukihishana ibyawe wenyine ntacyo ugeraho. Iyo amahirwe aje utiteguye kuyakira ntabwo aba akiri ayawe, aragucika. Icyo dusaba rero urubyiruko ni uguhora twiteguye ibikorwa byiza, amahirwe yo aduhora hafi.”

Minisitiri w’Intebe kandi yibukije urubyiruko ko rukwiye kuba maso ku bantu barukubirana n’ubushomeri, bakarusezeranya akazi mu mahanga nyamara bagamije kurucuruza.

Minisiteri y’Ubutabera igaragaza ko mu 2017 hakiriwe dosiye 42 z’abantu bajyanywe gucuruzwa mu mahanga, mu 2018 hakirwa 49 naho kugera uyu munsi mu 2019 hamaze kwakirwa 38.

Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko n’Umuco, Mbabazi Rosemary, yashimiye abagize uruhare mu guhuza urubyiruko rwo mu gihugu hose, ruzanitabira Inama y’Igihugu y’Umushyikirano ya 17.

Yakomeje agira ati “Uyu muvuduko dufite nk’igihugu cyacu ntitwawugeraho mudafitemo uruhare. Turabasaba gukomeza ubwo bushake no kuba ba rwiyemezamirimo. Ahari ubushake byose birashoboka.’’

Urubyiruko rwitabiriye Youth Connect Convention 2019, rwagaragaje ko ari umwanya mwiza ruba rugize wo kungurana ibitekerezo ku byarufasha kwikura mu bibazo birwugarije birimo ubushomeri, ibiyobyabwenge n’ibindi nk’uko Shirumuteto Oswald waturutse mu Karere ka Kamonyi yabisobanuriye IGIHE.

Inkera y’Imihigo y’Urubyiruko kuva yatangira mu 2012, urubyiruko rusaga ibihumbi 20 rumaze kuyitabira. Abasaga 505 bamaze guhabwa amahugurwa ku birebana n’iterambere ry’ubukungu hibandwa ku kubyaza inyungu imishinga.

Urubyiruko 180 rwatsindiye ibihembo no guhabwa inkunga yo gukomeza guteza imbere imishinga yabo.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/gukorera-hamwe-guhanga-udushya-no-kwigirira-icyizere-impanuro-za-minisitiri-w&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Innovation Accelerator (iAccelerator) ===

== The Innovation Accelerator (iAccelerator) ni gahunda y’imenyerezamyuga igizwe n’irushanwa ryagenewe urubyiruko hagamijwe guteza imbere umuco wo kwihangira imirimo mu rubyiruko ruhabwa ninkunga, namahugurwa ndetse nubumenyi.  Iyi gahunda inashishikariza urubyiruko gutekereza mu buryo bwagutse ku bibazo bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ubuzima bwo mumutwe, kuboneza urubyaro ndetse n iterambere ryabaturage. ==
Binyuze muri uyu mushinga hari  Amatsinda ane yabonye inkunga ingana n’amadorali ya Amerika 10,000 kugira ngo batangize ndetse banashyire mu bikorwa imishinga yabo      ndetse ningamba bafata kugirango bakumire ubwandu bwa [[SIDA|sida]] kwisi hose.

== Inyandiko ==
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    <title>Kigali wetlands relocations</title>
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      <text bytes="708" sha1="j7m8nheq156tc5c8raguo5idn1wx31q" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Suburb of Kigali Rwanda June 2009.jpg|thumb|amazu yo ku Gisozi]]
[[Dosiye:Icyaro kiwacu.jpg|thumb]]
kigali wetlands relocations ni gahunda leta yihaye yo kwimura abantu batuye mu bishanga cyangwa ahantu hahanamye cyane&lt;ref&gt;Kigali to Complete Relocation of Households from Wetlands in Three Weeks – KT PRESS&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Green Kigali.jpg|thumb|kigali]]
Iyi gahunda yabashije kwimura ibikorwa birenga ibihumbi birindwi (7000), harimo inganda, amazu y'ubucuruzi, amahoteli, n'amashuri.&lt;ref&gt;More factories to relocate from Kigali city wetlands | The New Times | Rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
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[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]]
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Ikigega cy’Igihugu cy’Ibidukikije-FONERWA ni ikigega gitera inkunga imishinga yo kubungabunga ibidukikije no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe, cyashyizweho na Leta y’u Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2012. Ni kimwe mu mu bigega binini ku mugabane wa Afrika bifite bene izi nshingano. FONERWA ikoresha izina rya Rwanda Green Fund mu bikorwa byayo byo kumenyekanisha ibyo ikora ku bafatanyabikorwa&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/FONERWA-yatangiye-ibikorwa-byo-kubungabunga-amabanga-ya-ndiza&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:My_city_kigali.jpg|thumb|Kiagali itoshye |152x152px]]

== Intego ==
Gukusanya, gucunga, gukurikirana  ndetse no gufasha inzego kubona inkunga n’ubushobozi bwo mu kuzana impinduka mu rwego rwo kubaka iterambere rirambye kandi ridahungabanywa n’ingaruka zikomoka ku mihindagurikire&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/FONERWA-yatangiye-ibikorwa-byo-kubungabunga-amabanga-ya-ndiza&lt;/ref&gt; y’ibihe.

== Icyerekezo ==
Gufasha u Rwanda gukemura ibibazzo ruhura nabyo muri gahunda yo kurengera ibidukijije no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ndetse no kubaka ubukungu butangiza ibidukikije hagamijwe kwihutisha intego z’igihugu zo kubaka iterambere rirambye&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fonerwa.org/green-rwanda-media-review-8-march-2021 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-04 |archive-date=2021-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207091102/http://fonerwa.org/green-rwanda-media-review-8-march-2021 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:ASC_Leiden_-_Rwanda_2021_-_010_-_Eleven_yellow-green_bicycles_in_a_rack,_Guraride_Bikeshare_-_Kigali.jpg|thumb|Amagare |163x163px]]

== Inzego zigize FONERWA ==

* Inama y'Ubutegetsi: Uru ni rwo rwego rukuru rufite inshingano zo gufata ibyemezo, bireba imiyoborere y’Ikigega, gushyira abakozi mu myanya ndetse n’ikoreshwa ry’umutungo kugira ngo FONERWA ibashe kugera ku ntego zayo.&lt;ref&gt;Abo Turibo | Fonerwa Rwanda Green Fund&lt;/ref&gt;

* Urwego Nshingwabikorwa: Uru rwego rukuriwe n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wa FONERWA. Ni rwo rushinzwe gukurikirana no guhuza imirimo n’ibikorwa bya buri munsi; ndetse no gukora indi mirimo iri mu nshingano za FONERWA rwahabwa n’Inama y’Ubuyobozi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.gicumbi.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/abaturage-bakarere-ka-gicumbi-banejejwe-nibikorwa-bya-green-gicumbi&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Imishinga migari ya FONERWA ==

# Green Gicumbi ugamije kurengere ibidukikije mu ntara y'amajyaruguru mu karere ka gicumbi haterwa ibiti hara cukurwa amaterasi y'indinganire ,hanabungabubunabungwa imigezi ,inzuzi batera ibiti bitandukanye cyane cyane imigano kungero z'imigezi inzuzi ,ibiyaga mu kurengera urusobe ry'ibinyabuzima n'ibimera &lt;ref&gt;https://www.gicumbi.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/abaturage-bakomeje-kwishimira-ibyiza-by-umushinga-green-gicumbi&lt;/ref&gt;.
# [[Dosiye:Imodoka zikoreaha amashanyarazi.jpg|thumb|Imodoka itangiza ikirere|148x148px]]Green city Kigali &quot;kigali itoshye &quot; n'umushinga ugamije kurimbisha umugi wa kigali no kurengera bimwe mu bishanga biherere muri kigali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-mushinga-green-city-kigali-ugiye-guhindura-imiturire-muri |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-04 |archive-date=2022-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224140136/https://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-mushinga-green-city-kigali-ugiye-guhindura-imiturire-muri |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== FONERWA ikoresha izina rya Rwanda Green Fund ==
[[Dosiye:Minister Biruta visits Green Fund investments - 25445558145.jpg|thumb|161x161px|Amaterase yaciwe mukurwanya isuri munkunga ya Rwanda green fund]]

FONERWA ikoresha izina rya Rwanda Green Fund mu bikorwa byayo byo kumenyekanisha ibyo ikora ku bafatanyabikorwa.

Nka kimwe mu nzego ziri ku isonga rwo guharanira ko u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] rwubaka ubukungu burambye kandi butabangamira ibidukikije, ibidukikije.

== Amashakiro . ==

== Inyandiko ==
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[[Ikiciro:Ibimera n’Inyamaswa]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]</text>
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    <title>Umubyeyi Sharifa</title>
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      <text bytes="1463" sha1="7e14q8xzq1aso5lisahqerapbk742xi" xml:space="preserve">Umubyeyi Sharifa ni rwiyemezamirimo w'umunyarwandakazi ukora inkweto yagize igitekerezo cyo kwikorera nyuma yuko atakaje akazi kubera COVID 19 muri guma murugo niho yabonye umwanya wo gutekereza ikindi cyintu yakora cyamubyarira inyungu kurubu akaba afite inzu ikora inkweto yitwa Ceka uburyo ikoramo umukiriya yerekana inkweto ashaka bakazimukorera cyangwa bagahimba nizindi. Umubyeyi nyuma yo gushinga Ceka ikorera i gikondo yashatse abari basanzwe badoda inkweto kumuhanda arabatoza batangira gukorana kinyamwuga kurubu Umubyeyi avugako bahisemo kujya bakora inkweto abakiriya bashaka kugirango borohereze abajya kuzigura hanze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/ubukungu/article/gutakaza-akazi-muri-covid-19-byatumye-umubyeyi-atangira-gukora-inkweto-za-ceka |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504132514/https://igihe.com/ubukungu/article/gutakaza-akazi-muri-covid-19-byatumye-umubyeyi-atangira-gukora-inkweto-za-ceka |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Umubyeyi akomeza avugako imbogamizi zihari ari ukugera kubantu bataba muri kigali kandi umwihariko wizi nkweto nuko zitandukanye nizisanzwe kw'isoko zikaba zigura hagati 14000 Rwfkugeza kuri 20000 Rwf iz'abagore naho iz'abagabo ni 20000 Rwf kugeza 30000 Rwf.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/footwear-makers-starting-business-during-pandemic&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ishakiro ==

== Inyandiko ==
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    <title>Umuhanzi Kamariza</title>
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      <text bytes="930" sha1="tj9iahhstv3igs1788ujuuespfvtkc4" xml:space="preserve">Mutamuliza Annociata, yamenyekanye cyane ku izina rya Kamaliza biturutse ku izina ry'indirimbo. Yari umuhanzi wakoraga ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa, akaba umukobwa muremure kandi ushabutse w'imisatsi migufi. uyu kamaliza yakundaga kwiyambarira amapantalo. 

&lt;u&gt;IBIKORWA&lt;/u&gt;

Imirimo nko kubaka amashuri, Gukusanya inkunga y'abari ku rugamba rwo kubohoza u Rwanda, kwinjira mu ngabo

ubwabyo n'indi. Ubusanzwe byafatwaga nk'imirimo y'abagabo ariko Mutamuliza Annociata yaranzwe nabyo.Yari afite ipeti rya sergent, mu ngabo za APR . Kamaliza yari ameze nk'abahungu. Tariki ya 25 Werurwe 1954 nibwo yavutse (yabonye izuba).

&lt;u&gt;AHO YAVUKIYE&lt;/u&gt;

Kamariza yavutse ku itariki ya 25 werurwe 1954.Yavutse kuri Rusingizandekwe Leandre na Mukarushema Berenadeta.

Yavukiye ku musozi wa Rukara mu Runyinya mu karere ka Nyaruguru.&lt;ref&gt;https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umuhanzi_kamariza&amp;veaction=edit&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
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    <title>Kabbatende Alline Akintore</title>
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      <text bytes="5544" sha1="8zt5qpxjiwmduubox834nwgcekxd9hz" xml:space="preserve">'''Akintore Alline Kabbatende''' ni umunyarwandakazi ufite imyaka 34 ya mavuko, ni umukunzi w'ikoranabuhanga ufite amateka mu mashanyarazi na elegitoroniki. Kugeza ubu niwe uhagarariye guverinoma yu [[Rwanda]] mu ihuriro ry’ubukungu bw[[Isi|’ISI]], ikigo cy’impinduramatwara ya kane mu nganda aho ayoboye iterambere ry’imikorere ya tekinoloji y’ikoranabuhanga mu [[Rwanda]] ( mu icyongereza: Representative from the Government of Rwanda at WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/alline-akintore-kabbatende&lt;/ref&gt; kandi agashyira ingufu mu guteza imbere ubufatanye n’ubufatanye bw’abafatanyabikorwa n’ibigo byigenga. &lt;ref&gt;https://theorg.com/org/bank-of-kigali/org-chart/alline-kabbatende&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ambkampala.esteri.it/ambasciata_kampala/resource/doc/2020/08/linne_guida_paul_gagame_b2b10edd-110b-4287-ba76-1c2a48118886.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2021-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123025751/https://ambkampala.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Kampala/resource/doc/2020/08/linne_guida_paul_gagame_b2b10edd-110b-4287-ba76-1c2a48118886.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/sabf/2016/speakers.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113162629/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sabf/2016/speakers.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
Yize muri kaminuza ya [https://www.upenn.edu/ Pennsylvania] muri Amerika. 
[[Dosiye:University of Pennsylvania Quad Green.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania Akintore Aline yizemo]]

=== Igitekerezo cye ===
Igihe cyose mbwiye abantu aho nkomoka, ikintu cya mbere kiza mu bitekerezo byabo ni 1994 Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Numva nifatanije cyane na hahise hanjye. Igihe nageraga muri Amerika bwa mbere, ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka yarebye kuri pasiporo yanjye ahita atanga ikibazo, &quot; uri  umuhutu cyangwa umututsi? Igisubizo cyanjye cyaroroshye cyane, ndamusubiza ati &quot;Ndi Umunyarwanda&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goipeace.or.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/essay-contest_2010_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amateka ==
Yabaye umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ibikorwa muri [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519011524/https://www.rwandaonline.rw/ Rwanda Online Platform] Ltd&lt;ref&gt;https://www.arounddeal.com/profile/alline-kabbatende/r6qrpdpjop/&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/612971434649633619-0190022013/original/HELPRoadshowSmartRwandaDaysListofParticipants.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;itanga ibisubizo byikoranabuhanga muri PPP hamwe na leta yu [[Rwanda]] ku girango ihindure imitangire ya serivisi za leta kubanyarwanda bose, aho yubatse umubano n'abafatanyabikorwa ba leta n’abikorera; kandi yayoboye iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa no kujya kumasoko kugirango batange kandi bakoreshe serivise za leta. Ubunararibonye yakoranaga mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga: mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'u [[Rwanda]] (Ishami rya ICT), Samsung Electronics (HQ, [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|Koreya y'Epfo]]), Ubwikorezi rusange bw'amashanyarazi ([[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|USA]]) ndetse nk'umwanditsi usanzwe wa NewTimes (u [[Rwanda]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/05/bk-plans-to-cross-list-on-the-nairobi-securities-exchange/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514154123/https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/05/bk-plans-to-cross-list-on-the-nairobi-securities-exchange/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Bank of Kigali ….jpg|thumb|Banki ya Kigali, aho Aline Akintore ari umuyobozi wa komite yaba IT mu nama y'ubuyobozi]]
Kuri ubu ni umuyobozi wa komite yaba IT mu nama y'ubuyobozi ya [[Banki ya Kigali]] Plc. kuva mu Gushyingo 2018&lt;ref&gt;https://africanfinancials.com/bk-group-rwanda-resolutions-for-agm-held-on-16-june-2021/&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni n'umwe mu bagize inama y'ubuyobozi y'ikigo gishinzwe gutangaza amakuru mu Rwanda (Broadcaster Public Rwanda) | kLab Rwanda (ihuriro ry’ikoranabuhanga rya mbere mu [[Rwanda]]), Visi-Perezida w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi ya Gasabo 3D (Inzobere muri 3D CAD; Umufatanyabikorwa w'akarere ka SolidWorks), Global Shaper, ihuriro ry'ubukungu ku isi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220728074343/https://www.globalshapers.org/hubs/kigali-hub Kigali Hub,] Umuhuzabikorwa wa Mentorship, Abakobwa muri ICT Rwanda Umutwe | munsi y’ubumwe mpuzamahanga bwitumanaho (ITU) hamwe na Speaker / Panelist: Ihuriro ryubucuruzi rya Stanford Afrika (Palo Alto, 2016), ITU Telecom World (Budapest, 2015), TransformAfrica .&lt;ref&gt;https://bk.rw/about-us/bank-of-kigali-plc-board-of-directors&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/why-bk-group-listing-nairobi-securities-exchange&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rse.rw/IMG/pdf/bk_group_plc_agm_resolutions-2.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2021-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201101701/https://rse.rw/IMG/pdf/bk_group_plc_agm_resolutions-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.klab.rw/public/about |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525065424/https://klab.rw/public/about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indanganturo ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubushakashatsi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alline Akintore Kabbatende}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusozi wa Kigali</title>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="r5rrsw2qd85ve1u6ry6rr9g6e6ltou3" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:The mount Kigali view hill.jpg|thumb|Mount Kigali]]
U [[Rwanda]] ni [[igihugu]] cy'imisozi&lt;ref&gt;[[Umusozi]]&lt;/ref&gt; igihumbi kigizwe n'inzuzi, [[Amashyamba n'imihindagurukire y'ikirere|amashyamba]], [[Umugezi|imigezi]], ndetse n'ibindi bintu nyaburanga bitatse u [[Rwanda]]. tugiye kurebera hamwe ibigaragara ku musozi muremure uzwi ku izina rya  mont Kigali (umusozi wa [[Kigali]]) uherereye mu [[Umujyi wa Kigali|mujyi wa Kigali]].&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/88278/video-tembera-umusozi-muremure-muri-kigali-hamwe-na-wilson-tours-88278.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dosiye:Mount Kigali Sunset.jpg|thumb|izuba rya mount kigali]]

== Aho uherereye ==
[[Dosiye:Suburb of Kigali with Mt Kigali in the background.jpg|thumb|Umusozi wa Kigali]]
Umusozi wa Kigali ni umwe mu misozi miremire  iri mu murwa w’u [[Rwanda]], ni umusozi ufite amateka, umusozi witwaga [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] ya Bwanacyambwe,  witiriwe [[Kigali]],  [[umurwa]] w'u Rwanda. Umusozi wa Kigali ukora ku mirenge  ine; [[Nyamirambo]], Mageragere ,Kigali na Kimisagara  yose yo mu [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|karere ka Nyarugenge]]. Ku musozi wa Kigali uba ureba ahantu hatandukanye mu gihugu, uba ureba [[umujyi wa Kigali]] wose, ukareba [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|uburasirazuba]], [[Intara y'amajyepfo|mu majyepfo]] no mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|majyaruguru]] by’u [[Rwanda]].
== indanganturo ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Umusozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Intore</title>
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      <text bytes="842" sha1="rj9tzfbihfyj4dzty40eitfwpfaqjl8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ingamba.jpg|thumb|intore zihamiriza]]

== Intore ==
[[Dosiye:Ibyino(Intore).jpg|thumb|intore]]
[[Intare|Intore]] ni izina bita umubyinnyi nya[[rwanda]] wigistina gabo ubyina umuco nya[[rwanda]].

== Ibidasanzwe biranga intore ==
[[Dosiye:Intore Dancer 02.jpg|thumb|Intore]]
[[Intare|Intore]] zizwiho techinike idasanzwe izemerera gusimbuka hejuru cyane muri 2m40 iyo zirikubyina kandi zizwiho ibyino idasanzwe bita guhamiriza aho ziba zambaye ibyo bita imigara mkumutwe wazo .

== Uko zamenyekanye kwisi ==
[[Dosiye:Ballet national du Rwanda-Danseurs (1).jpg|thumb|Intore]]
[[Intare|Intore]] ubundi yamenyekanye kwisiyose mukubyina ubwo zitabiraga imurika gurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye i buruseli muwi 1958&lt;ref&gt;https://www.magic-safaris.com/our-discovery-library/rwanda-intore-dancers&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reba ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Groupe scolaire officielle de butare</title>
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      <text bytes="1516" sha1="6zawgrus7lcilfir7iwumcmq807ifpm" xml:space="preserve">Groupe scolaire officielle de [[butare]] ni [[ishuri]] rya leta y'u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] ryatangiye mu 1929 ryubatswe na leta ya ababirigi yaririho muricyo gihe mu [[Rwanda Rwacu|Rwanda]]. Ubundi icyi kigo cyatangiye kigamije kwigisha abanya[[rwanda]], [[abarundi]], n'abatuye mugace ka [[Igikuyu|kivu]], ni ukuvuga kamwe muduce duherereye muri leta ya repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[kongo]] yubu&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/75038/groupe-scolaire-officielle-de-butare-akabuto-kavuyemo-igiti-75038.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aho giherereye ==
Nkuko twabivuze ruguru iri shuri ryatangiye mu 1929,riherereye mu [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe|ntara]] y'amajyepfo, [[Akarere ka Huye]], Umurenge wa [[Akarere ka Ngoma|Ngoma]] ni metero nkeya uvuye kumuhanda ugana kuri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/75038/groupe-scolaire-officielle-de-butare-akabuto-kavuyemo-igiti-75038.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Abarisuye bakomeye ==
Iri shuri muri 2004 ryasuwe n[[Umukuyu|umukuru]] w[[igihugu]] cyacu nyakubahwa [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda|perezida wa lepubulika y'u Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame|Paul kagame]],aho bizihizaga isabukuri yi myaka 75th cyari cyimaze gishinzwe anabashimira imikorere myiza yacyo. irishuri kandi 2012 ryongeye kwizihiza isabukuru yimyaka 83th cyarikimaze gishinzwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220915134445/https://www.thecampus.rw/campus/view/groupe-scolaire-officiel-de-butaregsobindatwa-ninkesha&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ishakiro ==

== Inyandiko ==
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    <title>CROIX ROUGE Y'U RWANDA</title>
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      <text bytes="1197" sha1="0gagahyyrqvc59t6khy0v7zucarmblj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Croix rouge helping young person in Athletisme at Amahoro stadium kigali RWANDA.jpg|thumb|Croix Rouge|435x435px]]
Croix Rouge y'u Rwanda, izwi nka RRC (Rwanda Red Cross) ni umuryango w'ubutabazi ukorera mu Rwanda washinzwe mu mwaka w'1964, ikaba ifite icyicaro gikuru mu [[Kigali|mujyi wa Kigali]] &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Red_Cross&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Caring for civilians in war (3524682695).jpg|thumb|Caring for civilians in war (3524682695)]]

= Uko Croix Rouge y'u Rwanda yavutse =
ku wa 21 Werurwe 1964 nibwo leta y'u Rwanda yashyize umukono ku masezerano y'I Geneva.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.devex.com/organizations/rwanda-red-cross-121055&lt;/ref&gt;  ku wa 29 Ukuboza 1964 iteka rya perezida ritangaza Croix Rouge nk'umuryango w'ubutabazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.devex.com/organizations/rwanda-red-cross-121055&lt;/ref&gt; ku italiki 8 Ukwakira 1989 nibwo Croix Rouge y'u Rwanda yahawe ubunyamuryango n'ihsyirahamwe ry'imiryango ya croix Rouge na croissant Rouge, iba igihugu cy'130 cyinjiye muri uyu muryango&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

= Amashakiro =
https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173703/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/croix-rouge-rwanda-irizihiza

== Inyandiko ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ibicurane</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501319|Common_cold]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11658" sha1="o91f33sj59ph46rfmpjyucrqlvpjk67" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Common cold|synonym=Cold, acute viral nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, viral rhinitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Textbook of Oral Medicine|year=2008|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|isbn=978-81-8061-562-7|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_jWY8wOGEsC&amp;pg=PA336|author=John, Pramod R. John|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132044/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_jWY8wOGEsC&amp;pg=PA336|archive-date=29 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Rhinovirus isosurface.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human [[rhinovirus]]|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Cough, sore throat, runny nose, fever&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Eccles2005/&gt;|complications=[[Otitis media]], [[sinusitis]]&lt;ref name=Ben2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA750|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184148/https://books.google.com/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA750|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=~2 days from exposure&lt;ref name=CMAJ2014/&gt;|duration=1–3 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Heik2003/&gt;|types=|causes=[[virus|Viral]]&lt;ref name=CE11&gt;{{cite journal | last = Arroll |first = B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical Evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | page = 1510 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21406124 | doi = | pmc = 3275147|quote=Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Allergic rhinitis]], [[bronchitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sinusitis]]&lt;ref name=Ben2014/&gt;|prevention=Hand washing, covering coughs, [[face masks]], avoiding sick people&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=E209&gt;{{harv|Eccles|Weber|2009|p=209}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[symptomatic treatment|Symptomatic therapy]],&lt;ref name=CDC2015/&gt; [[zinc]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016Zinc/&gt;|medication=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]]&lt;ref name=Kim2015/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=2–4 per year (adults); 6–8 per year (young children)&lt;ref name=AFP07&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Simasek M, Blandino DA | title = Treatment of the common cold | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–20 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17323712 | doi =  | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html | url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230125/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html |archive-date= 26 September 2007 | df = dmy-all }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ibicurane bisanzwe''', bizwi kandi '''nk'ibicurane''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi mu gice cyo hejuru cy'ubuhumekero, ikaba yibasira cyane cyane izuru .  Umuhogo, sinuses, na larynx nabyo bishobora kwangizwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–99|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara mu minsi itarenze ibiri nyuma yo kwandura virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukorora, kubabara mu muhogo, kuva mu mazuru, kwitsamura, kuribwa umutwe, n'umuriro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205062000/http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|archive-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eccles2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Eccles R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|date=November 2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X|pmc=7185637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu basanzwe bakira mu minsi irindwi kugeza ku icumi,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; ariko ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bishobora kumara ibyumweru bitatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heik2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heikkinen T, Järvinen A|title=The common cold|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9351|pages=51–59|date=January 2003|pmid=12517470|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9|pmc=7112468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari igihe abafite ibindi bibazo by'ubuzima bashobora kurwara umusonga.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;

Ubwoko bwa virusi zirenga 200 nizo zitera ibicurane bisanzwe, aho virusi z'inkura ari zo zikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Full&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|format=17 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201101449/http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|archive-date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikwirakwira mu kirere, akenshi iyo bihuye n'abantu banduye, cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu gukora ku bintu biri mu bidukikije, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu mazuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/|access-date=23 May 2021|work=Wired|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522214601/https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo kujya mu bigo byita ku bana, [[Kubura ibitotsi|kudasinzira neza]], no guhangayika mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso ahanini biterwa n’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri butera kwandura aho guterwa n’ubwandu bwa virusi ubwazo.  Ibimenyetso bya grippe bisa n'iby'ibicurane, nubwo akenshi biba bikomeye cyane kandi ntibikunze kuba birimo no kuva izuru riva.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cold Versus Flu|date=11 August 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173600/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|archive-date=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nta rukingo rw'ibicurane bisanzwe ruhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kwirinda ni ugukaraba intoki ; kudakora ku maso, ku mazuru cyangwa mu kanwa n'intoki zitakarabye; no kwirinda kwegera abarwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Hari ibimenyetso bimwe bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'udupfukamunwa .  Nta gipimo gihari cyo kugabanya igihe cy'indwara, ariko ibimenyetso birashobora kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=PJ|last2=Onakpoya|first2=IJ|last3=Buchanan|first3=F|last4=Birnie|first4=KA|last5=Van den Bruel|first5=A|title=Treatments for cough and common cold in children.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=25 January 2024|volume=384|pages=e075306|doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075306|pmid=38272497}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Zinc bishobora kugabanya ubukana bw'ibimenyetso iyo bitangiye nyuma gato y'uko ibimenyetso bitangiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Zinc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=10 July 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|quote=Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that “zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms” [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325180015/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti igabanya ububabare itari iya steroide (NSAIDs) nka [[ibuprofen]] ishobora gufasha mu kugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=SY|last2=Chang|first2=YJ|last3=Cho|first3=HM|last4=Hwang|first4=YW|last5=Moon|first5=YS|title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=21 September 2015|volume=9|issue=9|pages=CD006362|pmid=26387658|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyamara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zandura ntigomba gukoreshwa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=AM|last2=Hicks|first2=LA|last3=Qaseem|first3=A|last4=High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and|first4=Prevention|title=Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=19 January 2016|pmid=26785402|doi=10.7326/M15-1840|volume=164|issue=6|pages=425–34|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nta kimenyetso gifatika kigaragaza ko imiti y'inkorora igira akamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mal2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Malesker|first=MA|last2=Callahan-Lyon|first2=P|last3=Ireland|first3=B|last4=Irwin|first4=RS|last5=CHEST Expert Cough|first5=Panel.|title=Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report|journal=Chest|date=November 2017|volume=152|issue=5|pages=1021–37|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009|pmid=28837801|pmc=6026258|quote=A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibicurane ni indwara yandura ikunze kugaragara mu bantu.  Umuntu mukuru asanzwe arwara ibicurane bibiri cyangwa bitatu mu mwaka, mu gihe umwana asanzwe ashobora kurwara ibicurane bitandatu kugeza ku munani.   Kwandura indwara akenshi bibaho mu gihe cy'itumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara zabayeho mu mateka y'abantu. 

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142322</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T09:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Ibicurane</comment>
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      <text bytes="8735" sha1="sbd63p8acs9dnogu65fp0vcab73c3cr" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibicurane bisanzwe''', bizwi kandi '''nk'ibicurane''', ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi mu gice cyo hejuru cy'ubuhumekero, ikaba yibasira cyane cyane izuru .  Umuhogo, sinuses, na larynx nabyo bishobora kwangizwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–99|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara mu minsi itarenze ibiri nyuma yo kwandura virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gukorora, kubabara mu muhogo, kuva mu mazuru, kwitsamura, kuribwa umutwe, n'umuriro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205062000/http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|archive-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eccles2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Eccles R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|date=November 2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X|pmc=7185637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu basanzwe bakira mu minsi irindwi kugeza ku icumi,&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; ariko ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bishobora kumara ibyumweru bitatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heik2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heikkinen T, Järvinen A|title=The common cold|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9351|pages=51–59|date=January 2003|pmid=12517470|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9|pmc=7112468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari igihe abafite ibindi bibazo by'ubuzima bashobora kurwara umusonga.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;

Ubwoko bwa virusi zirenga 200 nizo zitera ibicurane bisanzwe, aho virusi z'inkura ari zo zikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Full&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|format=17 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201101449/http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|archive-date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikwirakwira mu kirere, akenshi iyo bihuye n'abantu banduye, cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu gukora ku bintu biri mu bidukikije, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu mazuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/|access-date=23 May 2021|work=Wired|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522214601/https://www.wired.com/story/the-teeny-tiny-scientific-screwup-that-helped-covid-kill/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo kujya mu bigo byita ku bana, [[Kubura ibitotsi|kudasinzira neza]], no guhangayika mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso ahanini biterwa n’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri butera kwandura aho guterwa n’ubwandu bwa virusi ubwazo.  Ibimenyetso bya grippe bisa n'iby'ibicurane, nubwo akenshi biba bikomeye cyane kandi ntibikunze kuba birimo no kuva izuru riva.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cold Versus Flu|date=11 August 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173600/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|archive-date=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nta rukingo rw'ibicurane bisanzwe ruhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kwirinda ni ugukaraba intoki ; kudakora ku maso, ku mazuru cyangwa mu kanwa n'intoki zitakarabye; no kwirinda kwegera abarwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Hari ibimenyetso bimwe bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'udupfukamunwa .  Nta gipimo gihari cyo kugabanya igihe cy'indwara, ariko ibimenyetso birashobora kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=PJ|last2=Onakpoya|first2=IJ|last3=Buchanan|first3=F|last4=Birnie|first4=KA|last5=Van den Bruel|first5=A|title=Treatments for cough and common cold in children.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=25 January 2024|volume=384|pages=e075306|doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075306|pmid=38272497}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Zinc bishobora kugabanya ubukana bw'ibimenyetso iyo bitangiye nyuma gato y'uko ibimenyetso bitangiye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016Zinc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=10 July 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|quote=Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that “zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms” [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325180015/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imiti igabanya ububabare itari iya steroide (NSAIDs) nka [[ibuprofen]] ishobora gufasha mu kugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=SY|last2=Chang|first2=YJ|last3=Cho|first3=HM|last4=Hwang|first4=YW|last5=Moon|first5=YS|title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=21 September 2015|volume=9|issue=9|pages=CD006362|pmid=26387658|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyamara, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zandura ntigomba gukoreshwa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=AM|last2=Hicks|first2=LA|last3=Qaseem|first3=A|last4=High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and|first4=Prevention|title=Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=19 January 2016|pmid=26785402|doi=10.7326/M15-1840|volume=164|issue=6|pages=425–34|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nta kimenyetso gifatika kigaragaza ko imiti y'inkorora igira akamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mal2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Malesker|first=MA|last2=Callahan-Lyon|first2=P|last3=Ireland|first3=B|last4=Irwin|first4=RS|last5=CHEST Expert Cough|first5=Panel.|title=Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report|journal=Chest|date=November 2017|volume=152|issue=5|pages=1021–37|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009|pmid=28837801|pmc=6026258|quote=A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibicurane ni indwara yandura ikunze kugaragara mu bantu.  Umuntu mukuru asanzwe arwara ibicurane bibiri cyangwa bitatu mu mwaka, mu gihe umwana asanzwe ashobora kurwara ibicurane bitandatu kugeza ku munani.   Kwandura indwara akenshi bibaho mu gihe cy'itumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015&quot; /&gt; Izi ndwara zabayeho mu mateka y'abantu. 

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>TEARFUND Rwanda</title>
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      <id>142314</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:35:24Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2152" sha1="hk29ptkl4zjb0ihu2s9e9nhgcj3vkf8" xml:space="preserve">'''[https://www.tearfund.org/about-us/our-impact/where-we-work/rwanda Tearfund],''' ni umushinga wa gikirisitu ukorera mu [[Rwanda]] kuva mu 1968. Ubu ukorera mu turere 12 two mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'Amajyepfo]] n'[[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Uburasirazuba]] mu [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|karere ka Rwamagana]] ndetse na [[Kigali]], binyuze mu matorero. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.tearfund.org/about-us/our-impact/where-we-work/rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/visi-meya-umutoni-jeanne-yakiriye-abafatanyabikorwa-baturutse-muri-tearfund-na-aee |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-09-06 |archive-date=2024-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906183347/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/visi-meya-umutoni-jeanne-yakiriye-abafatanyabikorwa-baturutse-muri-tearfund-na-aee |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186579/News/tearfund-country-boss-explains-why-uk-charity-picked-rwanda-for-regional-office&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intego ==

* Guha imbaraga abantu mu kwikura mu bukene binyuze mu bikorwa by’ubukungu n’ibidukikije.

* Guha imbaraga abagore, urubyiruko n'abasaza kuzamura imibereho yabo n'ubukungu.

* Kubaka ubushobozi bwabaturage - harimo n’imiryango y'abafatanyabikorwa, amatorero n’abantu ku giti cyabo - binyuze mu buvugizi n’amahugurwa.

== Ibikorwa ==
Bakorana n'abayobozi b'amatorero n'abayobozi bo munzego zibanze kugirango basubize ibibazo by'abaturage. Byinshi muribi bigerwaho binyuze mumatsinda yo kwifasha - inama zisanzwe mubaturage kubantu bashaka kuzigama amafaranga no kongera amafaranga yabo. 

Amatorero arenga 1.000 hirya no hino mu Rwanda yifatanije nakazi ka CCT, kandi, kugeza ubu, abanyamuryango b’itsinda barenga 26.000 bafite ibikoresho byo gutangiza imishinga yabo. Amatsinda nayo yatojwe kwihangira imirimo kandi ahujwe nabatanga serivise yimari kugirango bateze imbere ubucuruzi bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rwamagana]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y'iburasirazuba]]
[[Ikiciro:Umushinga wo kurengera ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuryango Udaharanira inyungu]]</text>
      <sha1>hk29ptkl4zjb0ihu2s9e9nhgcj3vkf8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ingoma y'Urweya Mu Rwanda Rwohambere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142315</id>
      <parentid>123050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kongeramo igice &quot;Inyandiko&quot; na {{Reflist}}</comment>
      <origin>142315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1427" sha1="54zsw62g4lwswpciepyoqhps29xh0wu" xml:space="preserve">== Amateka ==
Ingoma y'U Rweya, bakunze kwita u Rweya rw'u Mubali, ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere byaranzwe kuri ubu butaka bw'u [[Rwanda Rwacu|Rwanda]], kikaba n'igihugu cya mbere Abazigaba bahanze bakigera my by'ino, ahasaga mu wa 400. Ni ingoma yari iherereye kuri ubu mu Karere ka Kayonza y'Amajyaruguru n'[[Akarere ka Gatsibo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/mbere-y-uko-u-rwanda-rubaho-hari-iki-igice-cya-mbere&lt;/ref&gt;

Gakondo nkuru yabo ari nayo yabaye intebe y'ingoma y'Abazigaba, ni mu Mirenge ya Mwiri na Murundi yo mu karere ka Kayonza, wongereho Umurenge wa Rwimbogo wo mu [[Akarere ka Gatsibo]]. Ako karere, ni ko bororokeyemo mbere y'uko bakwira mu gihugu cyose no mu bihugu dutandukanye nka [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]] n'u [[Uburundi|Burundi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Umukurambere w'Abazigaba ari nawe wahanze ingoma y'u Rweya rw'u Mubali, ni Kazigaba, ingoma Ngabe yabo nk'ikirango cy'igihugu yari &quot;sera'.Umwami wagengaga ingoma y'u Rweya rw'u Mubali mu iyaduka ry'Abanyiginya muri aka karere, ni Kabeja, ari na we se wa Nyamigezi wabaye sekuru wa Gihanga, kuko se Kazi yashatse Nyirarukangaga rwa Nyamigezi, babyarana Gihanga n;abandi bana.

Ingoma y'u Rweya rw'u Mubali, yigaruriwe na Kigeli Ndabarasa ahasaga mu wa 1740. Icyogihe yica Biyoro umwami w'icyo gihugu, ingoma yabo izima ityo. Ubutaka bwayo babwomeka ku [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>54zsw62g4lwswpciepyoqhps29xh0wu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>France Mpundu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142246</id>
      <parentid>138029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Philemon Niyomwungeli</username>
        <id>11747</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>142246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6271" sha1="0kkswoz9dv9qmyddaqkyzfrj77e884r" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-France Munyampundu Gusenga''', uzwi ku izina rya '''France Mpundu''', ni umuhanzikazi w’Umunyarwandakazi wavukiye kandi akurira mu Karere ka Nyanza, mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo y’u Rwanda. Yatangiye kugaragaza impano yo kuririmba akiri muto, aririmba no muri korali ya Kiliziya. Yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yo gutsinda irushanwa ry’impano mu muziki rya ''I’m the Future'' mu mwaka wa 2018. Mu mwaka wa 2025, yitabiriye irushanwa rya televiziyo ''Secret Story Afrique'', aho yageze mu cyiciro cya nyuma, arangiza ku mwanya wa kane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10309/entertainment/singer-france-mpundus-journey-an-artiste-of-versatility The New Times, “Singer France Mpundu’s journey, an artiste of versatility”, 29 Kanama 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31609/entertainment/showbiz/france-mpundu-loses-secret-story-africa-to-boyfriend-moctar The New Times, “France Mpundu loses Secret Story Africa to boyfriend Moctar”, 30 Ugushyingo 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwe bwite ==
France Mpundu yavukiye kandi akurira mu Karere ka Nyanza. Akiri muto, yakundaga kuririmba muri korali ya Kiliziya, ari na ho yakomeje guteza imbere impano ye. Yize amashuri abanza kuri St. Joseph Primary School, ayisumbuye mu cyiciro rusange kuri College Christ-Roi, akomereza mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye kuri Notre Dame i Karubanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10309/entertainment/singer-france-mpundus-journey-an-artiste-of-versatility The New Times, 29 Kanama 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga w’umuziki ==
Urugendo rwa France Mpundu mu muziki rwamenyekanye cyane mu mwaka wa 2017, ubwo yitabiraga irushanwa rya ''I’m the Future'', ryateguwe na David Tuyishime uzwi nka David Pro. Yegukanye iryo rushanwa mu mwaka wa 2018, bituma abona amahirwe yo gukomeza guteza imbere umuziki we.

Mu ndirimbo ze harimo ''Sinabirota'', ''Bitwayiki'', ''Gake'', ''Selfish Love'', ''Darlin'' na ''Umutima''. Indirimbo ''Darlin'' yayikoranye na Yvan Buravan, naho ''Over'' ayikorana na Juno Kizigenza. Indirimbo ze za mbere zasohotse ubwo yari muri Future Record, inzu y’umuziki yari yarateguye irushanwa rya ''I’m the Future''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/10309/entertainment/singer-france-mpundus-journey-an-artiste-of-versatility The New Times, 29 Kanama 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/france-mpundu-yatangiye-gufashwa-na-sosiyete-ifasha-juno-kizigenza-mu-muziki-133644 InyaRwanda, “France Mpundu yatangiye gufashwa na sosiyete ifasha Juno Kizigenza mu muziki”, 26 Kanama 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2023, yatangiye gukorana na Huha Records, itsinda rifasha abahanzi barimo Juno Kizigenza. Iyi mikoranire yamufashije gukomeza gushyira hanze indirimbo no guteza imbere ibikorwa bye by’umuziki. Indirimbo ''Umutima'' yayikoze afatanyije na Juno Kizigenza, wamufashije no mu kuyandika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/france-mpundu-yatangiye-gufashwa-na-sosiyete-ifasha-juno-kizigenza-mu-muziki-133644 InyaRwanda, 26 Kanama 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amarushanwa ==
Mu mwaka wa 2025, France Mpundu yitabiriye irushanwa rya televiziyo ''[[:en:Secret Story (African TV series)|Secret Story Afrique]]'', ryabereye muri Afurika y’Epfo kandi rikanyuzwa kuri Canal+ Magic. Yageze mu cyiciro cya nyuma ari kumwe n’abandi bahatanaga. Mugenzi we Moctar, ukomoka muri Niger, yamuhaye amahirwe yo guhita ajya muri finale nyuma yo kubona kode y’ibanga yamuhaga uburenganzira bwo gukomeza. Mu musozo w’irushanwa, Moctar yegukanye igihembo nyamukuru, naho France Mpundu arangiza ku mwanya wa kane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31425/entertainment/showbiz/rwandas-france-mpundu-advances-into-secret-story-africa-finals The New Times, “Rwanda’s France Mpundu advances into Secret Story Africa finals”, 21 Ugushyingo 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31609/entertainment/showbiz/france-mpundu-loses-secret-story-africa-to-boyfriend-moctar The New Times, 30 Ugushyingo 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa biheruka ==
Ku wa 16 Mutarama 2026, France Mpundu yakoze igitaramo cye cya mbere cya muzika mu buryo bwa ''live'' muri French Institute i Kigali. Yaririmbye indirimbo ze zirimo ''Sinabirota'' na ''Darlin'', anataramana na Juno Kizigenza, baririmbana indirimbo yabo ''Over''. Igitaramo cyitabiriwe n’abakunzi be n’abagize umuryango we.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/32668/entertainment/music/france-mpundu-moved-by-fans-love-and-support-at-first-live-concert The New Times, “France Mpundu moved by fans love and support at first live concert”, 17 Mutarama 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 6 Kamena 2026, France Mpundu yaririmbye mu birori byo gusoza icyiciro cya kabiri cy’irushanwa rya ''Nouvelle Reine'', ryabereye muri Côte d’Ivoire. Icyo gihe yari atwite inda nkuru yiteguraga kwibaruka. Inkuru yabivuzeho yasohotse muri ''People TV'' ku wa 6 Nyakanga 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://peopletv.rw/france-mpundu-ukuriwe-yaririmbye-mu-birori-bya-nouvelle-reine/ People TV, “France Mpundu ukuriwe yaririmbye mu birori bya Nouvelle Reine”, 6 Nyakanga 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bw’umuryango ==
France Mpundu na Moctar bahuriye mu irushanwa rya ''Secret Story Afrique'', aho umubano wabo wagiye umenyekana mu gihe irushanwa ryari rikomeje. Ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 2025, Moctar yamwambitse impeta y’urukundo amusaba ko bakomeza umubano wabo, maze France Mpundu arabyemera.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/31286/entertainment/showbiz/france-mpundu-says-yes-to-fellow-secret-story-contestant The New Times, “France Mpundu says 'Yes' to fellow ‘Secret Story’ contestant”, 16 Ugushyingo 2025]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 27 Nyakanga 2026, France Mpundu na Moctar bibarutse umwana wabo wa mbere. Ku wa 18 Nzeri 2026, Moctar yahaye France Mpundu imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa BYD Leopard 3. Ku wa 7 Ukwakira 2026, berekanye umwana wabo ku mugaragaro binyuze ku mafoto basangije abakunzi babo ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.imvahonshya.co.rw/moctar-yahaye-france-mpundu-impano-yimodoka/ Imvaho Nshya, “Moctar yahaye France Mpundu impano y’imodoka”, 18 Nzeri 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/france-mpundu-n-umugabo-we-berekanye-imfura-yabo Umuryango, “France Mpundu n’umugabo we berekanye imfura yabo”, 7 Ukwakira 2026]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0kkswoz9dv9qmyddaqkyzfrj77e884r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brugmansia suaveolens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142234</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T13:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Brugmansia suaveolens (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5035" sha1="e56h2ukc5qe6pi2tw9wlkg0ktruf6bm" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Brugmansia
| species = suaveolens
| authority = (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet
| synonyms = ''Datura suaveolens'' Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.
| image = Brugmansia suaveolens - zhank puttra 2019.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Brugmansia suaveolens''
}}
'''''Brugmansia suaveolens''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''ikibutibuti'', mu Gifaransa ''trompette des anges'' cyangwa ''trompette du jugement dernier'', mu Cyongereza ''angel's trumpet'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]] n'[[inyanya]]. Gikomoka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Burezile]].

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nini zimeze nk'impanda zitendera, z'umweru, iz'umuhondo cyangwa iz'iroza, zihumura cyane nijoro. Giterwa henshi ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]]. Ibice byacyo byose ni uburozi bukomeye.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere ku izina rya ''Datura suaveolens'', nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwa Alexander von Humboldt na Aimé Bonpland muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo; mu 1818 Robert Sweet abushyira mu bwoko ''Brugmansia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Izina ''suaveolens'' risobanura mu Kilatini « gihumura neza ».&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Angel Trumpets shrub -- Brugmansia suaveolens.jpg|thumb|left|Igihuru cya ''Brugmansia suaveolens'' kirabije.]]
''Brugmansia suaveolens'' ni igihuru kitari igiti gikomeye, kireshya na metero 3 kugeza kuri 5, akenshi gifite igihimba kigabanyijemo amashami menshi. Amababi yacyo ni maremare ameze nk'igi, ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 25 z'uburebure na 15 z'ubugari.&lt;ref name=&quot;preissel&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zireshya na santimetero 24 kugeza kuri 32, zimeze nk'impanda ifite imitwe itanu migufi ihetamiye hanze. Ku manywa zitendera zifunze igice, nijoro zigafunguka neza kandi zigahumura kugira ngo zikurure ibinyugunyugu bya nijoro bizitera intanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;preissel&quot; /&gt; Igiti gito gikura gifite uruti rumwe, kikazarabya ari uko kimaze kugira ishami rya mbere ku burebure bwa santimetero 80 kugeza kuri 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;preissel&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu mashyamba y'imvura yo ku nkombe z'inyanja mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Burezile, kuva muri leta ya Bahia kugeza muri Rio Grande do Sul.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Abantu bakijyanye mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha, birimo u [[Rwanda]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Etiyopiya]] na [[Madagasikari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

== Uburozi n'imikoreshereze ==
Ibice byose by'iki kimera, cyane cyane imbuto n'amababi, birimo ''alkaloïdes'' zo mu bwoko bwa ''tropane'' nka scopolamine (hyoscine), zitera ibibonekerwa, umutima utera cyane n'ubundi burozi bushobora kwica.&lt;ref name=&quot;evans&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

Mu Rwanda, mu [[Ubuvuzi gakondo|buvuzi gakondo]] bwakoreshwaga mu kuvura [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|indwara zo mu mutwe]], kandi giterwa nk'ikimera cy'imitako.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbeba bwerekanye ko ibivuye mu ndabo zacyo bigabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;parker&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77109576-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;preissel&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Preissel, U. |author2=Preissel, H.-G. |title=Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples |publisher=Firefly Books |year=2002 |location=Buffalo, New York |pages=106–129 |isbn=978-1-55209-598-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;evans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author1=Evans, W. C. |author2=Lampard, J. F. |year=1972 |title=Alkaloids of Datura suaveolens |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=3293–3298 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86392-X |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brugmansia suaveolens |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=241 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;parker&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author1=Parker, A. G. |author2=Peraza, G. G. |author3=Sena, J. |display-authors=etal |title=Antinociceptive Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Brugmansia suaveolens Flowers in Mice |journal=Biological Research for Nursing |year=2007 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=234–239 |doi=10.1177/1099800406293984 |pmid=17172322 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Nerium oleander]], [[Allamanda cathartica]] na [[Plumeria rubra]], ibindi bimera by'imitako bifite uburozi
* [[Tecoma stans]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brugmansia_suaveolens Amafoto ya ''Brugmansia suaveolens''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gloriosa superba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142235</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Gloriosa superba (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3334" sha1="c329z9a69alf8ho8dfcqbs8d544khd7" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Gloriosa
| species = superba
| authority = L. (1753)
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Gloriosa superba 1.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Gloriosa superba''
}}
'''''Gloriosa superba''''' (mu Gifaransa ''lis de Malabar'' cyangwa ''lis de flamme'', mu Cyongereza ''flame lily'' cyangwa ''glory lily'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Colchicaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo ya [[Aziya]].

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nziza z'umutuku n'umuhondo zimeze nk'ibirimi by'umuriro. Ni ururabo rw'igihugu cya [[Zimbabwe]]. Ibice byacyo byose ni uburozi bukomeye, cyane cyane igitunguru cyacyo.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere na Carl Linnaeus mu gitabo ''Species Plantarum'' (1753).&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Flame Lily (Gloriosa superba) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Gloriosa superba'' zigenda zihindura ibara.]]
''Gloriosa superba'' ni ikimera kimara imyaka myinshi, gikura kivuye mu gitunguru kinini kimeze nk'inyuguti V. Uruti rwacyo rushobora kugera kuri metero 5, kikurira ku bindi bimera gikoresheje imitwe y'amababi yacyo yizingira nk'imigozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcs&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo nini zifite ibibabi bitandatu bihetamiye inyuma, bifite impera zihindagurika. Ibara ryazo riva ku mutuku ukeye ufite inkombe z'umuhondo kugeza ku muhondo werurutse, ndetse hari n'izera.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcs&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika, birimo u Rwanda, [[Uburundi]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]] na Zimbabwe, ndetse no mu [[Ubuhinde]], Sri Lanka no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe no muri [[Ositaraliya]] no ku birwa byo mu nyanja ya Pasifika.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Gikura mu mashyamba, mu bihuru, mu turere tw'urutare no ku bitaka by'imiswa, ku butumburuke bwa metero 300 kugeza ku 1&amp;nbsp;800.&lt;ref name=&quot;zim&quot; /&gt;

== Uburozi ==
Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi, cyane cyane igitunguru, kubera ''colchicine'' n'ibindi binyabutabire bikirimo. Kukirya bitera kuruka cyane, kuribwa mu nda no gucibwamo amaraso, kandi bishobora kwica.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcs&quot; /&gt; Igitunguru cyacyo gishobora kwitiranywa n'ibijumba cyangwa ibindi bitunguru biribwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcs&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gloriosa superba L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535953-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gloriosa superba L. (PIM 245) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/pim245.htm |website=INCHEM |publisher=International Programme on Chemical Safety |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gloriosa superba |url=https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=113060 |website=Flora of Zimbabwe |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Brugmansia suaveolens]] na [[Nerium oleander]], ibindi bimera by'indabo bifite uburozi
* [[Canna indica]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gloriosa_superba Amafoto ya ''Gloriosa superba''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grand Prix ya Afurika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142236</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Grand Prix ya Afurika (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4786" sha1="aqm88nxtgr8tzmp53660dyo5ebynekk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = Grand Prix ya Afurika
| image = [[File:Bugesera district map.jpg|frameless|240px]]
| caption = Akarere ka Bugesera, aho ikibuga kizubakwa
| label1 = Igihugu | data1 = {{Flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwanda]]
| label2 = Ahantu | data2 = [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
| label3 = Ikibuga | data3 = RISE Motordrome (kizubakwa)
| label4 = Shampiyona | data4 = Formula One
| label5 = Amasezerano | data5 = Imyaka 10 (2026)
| label6 = Isiganwa rya mbere | data6 = Intangiriro z'imyaka ya 2030
}}
'''Grand Prix ya Afurika''' (mu Cyongereza: ''African Grand Prix'') ni isiganwa ry'[[imodoka]] rya Formula One riteganyijwe kubera mu [[Rwanda]], ku kibuga cy'amasiganwa kizubakwa mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera]], nko mu birometero 40 mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]]. Ryatangajwe mu Ukwakira 2026 hashingiwe ku masezerano y'imyaka icumi, rikaba riteganyijwe gutangira mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2030.

Rizaba ari ryo siganwa rya mbere rya Formula One muri Afurika kuva muri 1993, igihe ryaberaga muri Afurika y'Epfo.

== Amateka ==
Afurika yakiriye amasiganwa ya Formula One muri [[Maroke]] (1958) no muri Afurika y'Epfo kugeza muri 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt; Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yatangaje ko u Rwanda rwifuza kwakira Grand Prix mu Ukuboza 2024, ubwo i Kigali hafungurwaga inama rusange za FIA.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp2024&quot;/&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru wa Formula One, Stefano Domenicali, yari yavuze ko u Rwanda ari amahitamo akomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp2024&quot;/&gt; Umushoferi Lewis Hamilton, wegukanye igikombe cy'isi inshuro zirindwi, yakunze gusaba ko isiganwa ryabera muri Afurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt;

== Itangazwa ==
Ku wa 13 Ukwakira 2026, Perezida Kagame yatangarije i Kigali amasezerano y'imyaka icumi na Formula One.&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Isiganwa rizitwa ''African Grand Prix'', rimenyekanishwe na [[Visit Rwanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt; Itariki y'isiganwa rya mbere ntiratangazwa, kuko bizaterwa n'irangira ry'imirimo yo kubaka ikibuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt;

== Ikibuga ==
[[File:Amazing Bugesera plains.jpg|thumb|left|Ibibaya bya Bugesera]]
Ikibuga giteganyijwe, cyitwa '''RISE Motordrome''', kizubakwa i Bugesera mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]], hafi y'[[Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera|ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege gishya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Cyashushanyijwe na Tilke GmbH na Wurz Design (y'uwahoze ari umushoferi Alexander Wurz), hakurikijwe ibipimo bya FIA Grade 1, kandi kizakurikiza imiterere y'imisozi y'aho kizubakwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Uyu mushinga uyobowe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Iterambere (RDB), ukaba uri mu mushinga mugari wa [[siporo]], [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|ubukerarugendo]] n'ubucuruzi; ikibuga kizakira n'ibindi birori.&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |title=Formula 1 announces it will race in Rwanda from &quot;early 2030s&quot; |url=https://www.racefans.net/2026/10/13/formula-1-announces-it-will-race-in-rwanda-from-early-2030s/ |website=RaceFans |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kagame announces 10-year Formula One Grand Prix deal |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39641/news/rwanda/kagame-announces-10-year-formula-one-grand-prix-deal |website=The New Times |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Formula 1: Rwanda to join calendar in the early 2030s as African Grand Prix host after 10-year agreement for return to continent |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/13598721/formula-1-rwanda-to-join-calendar-in-the-early-2030s-as-african-grand-prix-host-after-10-year-agreement-for-return-to-continent |website=Sky Sports |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;afp2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda announces bid to host F1 GP, aims to return race to Africa for first time since 1993 |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/sports/2024/12/13/rwanda-announces-bid-to-host-f1-gp-aims-to-return-race-to-africa-for-first-time-since-1993/159795 |website=Malay Mail (AFP) |date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Siporo]]
* [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[Kalimpinya Queen]]
* [[Naomi Schiff]]
* [[Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Formula 1 returns to Africa with 10 year agreement to race in Rwanda |url=https://corp.formula1.com/formula-1-returns-to-africa-with-10-year-agreement-to-race-in-rwanda/ |website=Formula 1 |date=2026-10-13 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Prix ya Afurika}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Imodoka]]
[[Ikiciro:Bugesera]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142240</id>
      <parentid>142236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kugabanya ingingo (interuro 10) no guhuza ibice</comment>
      <origin>142240</origin>
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      <text bytes="4101" sha1="k1atpvclvrguoanz0rbk3vpiadkcd4z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = Grand Prix ya Afurika
| image = [[File:Bugesera district map.jpg|frameless|240px]]
| caption = Akarere ka Bugesera, aho ikibuga kizubakwa
| label1 = Igihugu | data1 = {{Flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwanda]]
| label2 = Ahantu | data2 = [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
| label3 = Ikibuga | data3 = RISE Motordrome (kizubakwa)
| label4 = Shampiyona | data4 = Formula One
| label5 = Amasezerano | data5 = Imyaka 10 (2026)
| label6 = Isiganwa rya mbere | data6 = Intangiriro z'imyaka ya 2030
}}
'''Grand Prix ya Afurika''' (mu Cyongereza: ''African Grand Prix'') ni isiganwa ry'[[imodoka]] rya Formula One riteganyijwe kubera mu [[Rwanda]], ku kibuga kizubakwa mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera]], nko mu birometero 40 mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]].

Rizaba ari ryo siganwa rya mbere rya Formula One muri Afurika kuva muri 1993.

== Amateka ==
Afurika yakiriye amasiganwa ya Formula One muri [[Maroke]] (1958) no muri Afurika y'Epfo kugeza muri 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt; Mu Ukuboza 2024, ubwo i Kigali hafungurwaga inama rusange za FIA, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yatangaje ko u Rwanda rwifuza kwakira Grand Prix, umugambi washyigikiwe n'umushoferi Lewis Hamilton.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp2024&quot;/&gt; Ku wa 13 Ukwakira 2026, yatangarije i Kigali amasezerano y'imyaka icumi na Formula One.&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Isiganwa, rimenyekanishwa na [[Visit Rwanda]], riteganyijwe gutangira mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2030, ikibuga kimaze kuzura.&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;/&gt;

== Ikibuga ==
[[File:Amazing Bugesera plains.jpg|thumb|left|Ibibaya bya Bugesera]]
Ikibuga cyitwa RISE Motordrome kizubakwa i Bugesera mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]], hafi y'[[Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera|ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy'indege gishya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Cyashushanyijwe na Tilke GmbH na Wurz Design hakurikijwe ibipimo bya FIA Grade 1, kandi kizakurikiza imiterere y'imisozi y'aho kizubakwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt; Uyu mushinga uyobowe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Iterambere (RDB), ukaba uri mu mushinga mugari wa [[siporo]], [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|ubukerarugendo]] n'ubucuruzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;racefans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |title=Formula 1 announces it will race in Rwanda from &quot;early 2030s&quot; |url=https://www.racefans.net/2026/10/13/formula-1-announces-it-will-race-in-rwanda-from-early-2030s/ |website=RaceFans |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kagame announces 10-year Formula One Grand Prix deal |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39641/news/rwanda/kagame-announces-10-year-formula-one-grand-prix-deal |website=The New Times |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sky&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Formula 1: Rwanda to join calendar in the early 2030s as African Grand Prix host after 10-year agreement for return to continent |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/13598721/formula-1-rwanda-to-join-calendar-in-the-early-2030s-as-african-grand-prix-host-after-10-year-agreement-for-return-to-continent |website=Sky Sports |date=2026-10-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;afp2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda announces bid to host F1 GP, aims to return race to Africa for first time since 1993 |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/sports/2024/12/13/rwanda-announces-bid-to-host-f1-gp-aims-to-return-race-to-africa-for-first-time-since-1993/159795 |website=Malay Mail (AFP) |date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Tour du Rwanda]]
* [[Kalimpinya Queen]]
* [[Naomi Schiff]]
* [[Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera]]
* {{Cite web |title=Formula 1 returns to Africa with 10 year agreement to race in Rwanda |url=https://corp.formula1.com/formula-1-returns-to-africa-with-10-year-agreement-to-race-in-rwanda/ |website=Formula 1 |date=2026-10-13 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Prix ya Afurika}}
[[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Imodoka]]
[[Ikiciro:Bugesera]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Ericales</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Ericales (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142237</origin>
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|rank=ordo
|link=Ericales
|parent=Asterids
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Balsaminaceae</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Balsaminaceae (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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|rank=familia
|link=Balsaminaceae
|parent=Ericales
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Impatiens</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Impatiens (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142239</origin>
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|rank=genus
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  <page>
    <title>Impatiens niamniamensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142241</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Impatiens niamniamensis (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142241</origin>
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      <text bytes="3444" sha1="a5rmo3wo4hly5xij7x5tms5ps3mabcs" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Impatiens
| species = niamniamensis
| authority = Gilg (1909)
| image = Impatiens.niamniamensis.7082.jpg
| image_caption = ''Impatiens niamniamensis'' irabije
}}
'''''Impatiens niamniamensis''''' (mu Gifaransa ''impatience du Zaïre'' cyangwa ''impatience bec-de-perroquet'', mu Cyongereza ''parrot plant'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera cy'indabo cyo mu muryango wa ''Balsaminaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati n'iy'uburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo z'amabara atatu, umutuku, umuhondo n'icyatsi, zimeze nk'umunwa w'inyoni yitwa ''perroquet''. Giterwa henshi nk'ikimera cy'imitako, kandi amababi yacyo akoreshwa nk'imboga n'imiti.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Balsaminaceae - Impatiens niamniamensis.JPG|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Impatiens niamniamensis''.]]
''Impatiens niamniamensis'' ni ikimera kimara imyaka myinshi, gihagaze, gishobora kugera kuri metero 1 z'uburebure. Uruti rwacyo rurimo amazi menshi, ariko rugakomera nk'igiti hasi. Amababi yacyo ateye nk'igi, ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 22 z'uburebure, afite inkombe zimeze nk'amenyo mato.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zimanitse munsi y'amababi, ziri hagati ya 2 na 6 ku ishami rimwe. Zifite umunwa w'icyatsi, hagati h'umuhondo n'umurizo w'umutuku uhetamye nk'inkoni, ureshya na santimetero 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt; Urubuto rwacyo rurimo amazi menshi; iyo rukuze ruraturika rugasandaza imbuto.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka muri [[Kameruni]], [[Gabon]], Repubulika ya Santarafurika, [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Angola]], Sudani y'Epfo, [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Uburundi]] n'u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Gikura ahantu hari ubuhehere n'igicucu cyinshi, mu bihuru, mu mashyamba y'ibishanga no ku nkombe z'imigezi, ku butumburuke bwa metero 350 kugeza ku 2&amp;nbsp;400. Ntikihanganira ubukonje bukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], amababi yacyo aribwa nk'[[imboga]], kandi akoreshwa mu gukora [[umunyu]] w'ibimera. Akoreshwa kandi mu buvuzi gakondo mu kuvura indwara z'umutima, no gupfuka [[Igikomere|ibikomere]] n'ibisebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt; Muri Afurika no mu bindi bice by'isi, giterwa mu busitani cyangwa mu nkono nk'ikimera cy'imitako.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impatiens niamniamensis Gilg |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:103811-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bosch |first=C. H. |year=2004 |title=Impatiens niamniamensis Gilg |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Impatiens_niamniamensis_(PROTA) |website=PROTA4U |publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa |editor1=Grubben, G. J. H. |editor2=Denton, O. A. |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impatiens niamniamensis |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9151/impatiens-niamniamensis/details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Gloriosa superba]]
* [[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Impatiens_niamniamensis Amafoto ya ''Impatiens niamniamensis''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Hypericaceae</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Hypericaceae (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Hypericum</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Taxonomy/Hypericum (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142243</origin>
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    <title>Hypericum revolutum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Hypericum revolutum (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142244</origin>
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      <text bytes="3782" sha1="4mmlqgv17xv7cc7u8tuyupyg7zn4dbu" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Hypericum
| species = revolutum
| authority = Vahl (1790)
| synonyms = ''Hypericum lanceolatum'' Lam.
| image = Hypericum revolutum.jpg
| image_caption = Igihuru cya ''Hypericum revolutum'' kirabije
}}
'''''Hypericum revolutum''''' (mu Cyongereza ''curry bush'' cyangwa ''forest primrose'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Hypericaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]], harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nini z'umuhondo ukeye, n'amababi ahumura nk'ikirungo cya ''curry'' iyo ashwanyujwe. Gikoreshwa nk'inkwi, mu bwubatsi no mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Izina ==
Ubu bwoko bwasobanuwe bwa mbere n'umuhanga mu bimera Martin Vahl mu 1790.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Izina ''revolutum'' risobanura mu Kilatini « gihinnye inyuma », ryerekeza ku nkombe z'amababi yacyo zihinnye.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Hypericum revolutum mtkenya.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo za ''Hypericum revolutum'' ku musozi wa Kenya.]]
''Hypericum revolutum'' ni igihuru gikura vuba, akenshi gifite ibihimba byinshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 3, rimwe na rimwe kikaba igiti cya metero 10. Igishishwa cyacyo ni ikigina gisa n'umutuku, kigenda gihunguka.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo ni mato kandi maremare, ateganye ku mpera z'amashami, afite utudomo tw'umukara n'inkombe zihinnye. Iyo ashwanyujwe, ahumura nka ''curry''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt; Indabo zacyo z'umuhondo ukeye zigera kuri santimetero 5 z'umurambararo, zifite ibibabi bitanu n'ubudodo bwinshi hagati. Imbuto zacyo ziri mu gasanduku k'ikigina gasa n'umutuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka muri Afurika, kuva muri Nijeriya no muri Eritereya kugeza muri Afurika y'Epfo, harimo u Rwanda, no muri [[Yemeni]] na Arabiya Sawudite.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Gikura ku nkombe z'imigezi, ku nkengero z'amashyamba no mu byatsi byo mu misozi miremire, akenshi hamwe n'[[Umugeshi|umugeshi]] (''Hagenia abyssinica''), ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;400 kugeza kuri 3&amp;nbsp;700.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zisurwa n'inyoni zinywa ubuki bw'indabo n'inzuki nini zibaza imbaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Igiti cyacyo gikoreshwa nk'[[inkwi]] no mu bwubatsi. Amababi n'ibiti byacyo bikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo, cyane cyane mu kuvura uburibwe bwo mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt; Ni n'ikimera cy'ingenzi ku [[Uruyuki|nzuki]] kandi gifasha mu kurwanya isuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot; /&gt; Kubera ko kidafatwa n'umuriro byoroshye, gifatwa nk'urukuta rusanzwe rurinda amashyamba inkongi.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hypericum revolutum Vahl |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:433800-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sanbi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Velembo |first1=Sisanda |last2=Viljoen |first2=Cherise |title=Hypericum revolutum |url=https://pza.sanbi.org/node/10420 |website=PlantZAfrica |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |date=January 2014 |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hypericum revolutum |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Hypericum_revolutum_ETH.pdf |website=Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umugeshi]]
* [[Impatiens niamniamensis]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hypericum_revolutum Amafoto ya ''Hypericum revolutum''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Dombeya</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T14:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Dombeya (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142245</origin>
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  <page>
    <title>Lewis Hamilton</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Lewis Hamilton (yahinduwe ivuye kuri nl.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7775" sha1="80hvv74e362e8a1yynd39269i19b6nv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Lewis Hamilton
| image = Lewis Hamilton 2022 São Paulo Grand Prix (52498120773) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lewis Hamilton mu 2022
| birth_name = Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton
| birth_date = 7 Mutarama 1985
| birth_place = Stevenage, [[Ubwongereza]]
| nationality = Umwongereza
| occupation = Umushoferi w'amasiganwa y'imodoka (Formula 1)
| known_for = Ibikombe 7 by'isi bya Formula 1
}}
'''Sir Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton''' (yavutse ku ya 7 Mutarama 1985 i Stevenage, mu [[Ubwongereza]]) ni umushoferi w'amasiganwa y'[[imodoka]] w'Umwongereza, usiganwa muri Formula 1. Yegukanye igikombe cy'isi cya Formula 1 inshuro ndwi (2008, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 na 2020), anganya agahigo na Michael Schumacher.

Ni umwe mu bashoferi batsinze cyane mu mateka ya Formula 1, akaba afite agahigo k'amasiganwa ya Grand Prix menshi yatsinze. Yakiniye amakipe ya McLaren (2007–2012) na Mercedes (2013–2024); kuva mu 2025 akinira Ferrari.

== Ubuto ==
Lewis Hamilton yavukiye i Stevenage mu [[Ubwongereza]] ku ya 7 Mutarama 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Factbox on Lewis Hamilton |url=https://s.thepeninsula.qa/article/24/11/2014/factbox-on-lewis-hamilton |website=The Peninsula |date=2014-11-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Se, Anthony Hamilton, akomoka ku muryango wimukiye mu Bwongereza uvuye muri Grenade; ababyeyi be batandukanye afite nk'imyaka ibiri, maze arererwa na nyina.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abbott |first=Alana Joli |title=Hamilton, Lewis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/journals/culture-magazines/hamilton-lewis |website=Encyclopedia.com (Newsmakers 2008) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yatangiye amasiganwa ya ''karting'' (imodoka nto z'amasiganwa) ashishikarijwe na se, maze afite imyaka icumi yegukana igikombe cy'Ubwongereza cy'abato.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot; /&gt; Mu 1994 yahuye na Ron Dennis, umuyobozi wa McLaren, mu muhango wo gutanga ibihembo.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==

=== Amasiganwa y'abato ===
Mu 1998 yinjiye muri gahunda ya McLaren yo gutoza abashoferi bakiri bato.&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot; /&gt; Yegukanye shampiyona ya Formula 3 Euroseries mu 2005, n'iya GP2 mu 2006 ari mu ikipe ya ART Grand Prix.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt;

=== McLaren (2007–2012) ===
Hamilton yinjiye muri Formula 1 mu 2007 afite imyaka 22, mu ikipe ya McLaren iruhande rwa Fernando Alonso. Muri uwo mwaka wa mbere yatsinze amasiganwa ane, maze asoza ari uwa kabiri, arushwa inota rimwe gusa na Kimi Räikkönen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gregory |first=Sean |title=Top 10 Sports Matches: Kimi Raikkonen Wins the Brazilian Grand Prix and F1 Title |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1686204_1686305_1691188,00.html |website=Time |date=2007-12-09 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2008 yegukanye igikombe cy'isi ku nshuro ya mbere afite imyaka 23, ku isiganwa rya nyuma muri [[Burezile]], aba icyo gihe nyampinga w'isi muto kurusha abandi bose.&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2008 F1 World Championship |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/f1/2008-f1-world-championship |website=Motor Sport Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mercedes (2013–2024) ===
[[Dosiye:Lewis Hamilton-Mercedes W11 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Hamilton atwaye Mercedes W11 (2020)]]
Mu 2013 yasimbuye Michael Schumacher mu ikipe ya Mercedes ku masezerano y'imyaka itatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hamilton vervangt Schumacher bij Mercedes |url=https://www.nu.nl/sport/2920862/hamilton-vervangt-schumacher-bij-mercedes.html |website=NU.nl |date=2012-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209024735/https://www.nu.nl/sport/2920862/hamilton-vervangt-schumacher-bij-mercedes.html |archive-date=2022-12-09 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pen&quot; /&gt; Hamwe n'iyo kipe yegukanye ibikombe bitandatu by'isi hagati ya 2014 na 2020, maze mu 2020 anganya na Schumacher agahigo k'ibikombe birindwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;itv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lewis Hamilton to be knighted at Windsor Castle after missing out on F1 title |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-13/lewis-hamilton-to-be-knighted-at-windsor-castle-after-missing-out-on-f1-title |website=ITV News |date=2021-12-13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021 yahatanye na Max Verstappen kugeza ku isiganwa rya nyuma i Abu Dhabi: imodoka y'umutekano (''safety car'') imaze kwinjira habura amazenguruka make, Verstappen wari wahinduye amapine yamunyuzeho ku izenguruka rya nyuma, yegukana igikombe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khorounzhiy |first=Valentin |title=Verstappen passes Hamilton on last lap to win F1 title |url=https://the-race.com/formula-1/verstappen-passes-hamilton-on-last-lap-to-win-f1-title/ |website=The Race |date=2021-12-12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2024 yatsinze Grand Prix y'Ububiligi, iba intsinzi ye ya 105 muri Formula 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2024 Belgian Grand Prix: Race Statistics, Facts and Trivia |url=https://www.lightsoutblog.com/?p=27301 |website=Lights Out Blog |date=2024-07-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ferrari (kuva 2025) ===
Ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2024, Ferrari na Mercedes byatangaje ko Hamilton azakinira Ferrari guhera mu 2025, iruhande rwa Charles Leclerc, nyuma y'imyaka cumi n'umwe muri Mercedes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sensationele transfer is rond: Hamilton rijdt in 2025 voor Ferrari, Sainz weg |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2507120-sensationele-transfer-is-rond-hamilton-rijdt-in-2025-voor-ferrari-sainz-weg |website=NOS |date=2024-02-01 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2026 yabaye uwa gatatu muri Grand Prix y'[[Ubushinwa]] i Shanghai, bwa mbere ageze ku ruhimbi (''podium'') ari kumwe na Ferrari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lewis Hamilton: Ferrari driver explains what has changed for him in F1 2026 after first team podium heading to Japanese GP |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12040/13521835/lewis-hamilton-ferrari-driver-explains-what-has-changed-for-him-in-f1-2026-after-first-team-podium-heading-to-japanese-gp |website=Sky Sports |date=2026-03-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa by'ubugiraneza ==
Muri Kamena 2020, Hamilton yashinze ''Hamilton Commission'' afatanyije na Royal Academy of Engineering, igamije kumenya inzitizi zibuza Abirabura kwinjira no kuzamuka mu mwuga w'amasiganwa y'imodoka mu Bwongereza; raporo yayo yasohotse muri Nyakanga 2021 ifite ibyifuzo icumi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Commission publishes report on improving diversity in motorsport |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/motorsport/hamilton-commission-publishes-report-improving-diversity-motorsport |website=Top Gear |date=2021-07-13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 2021 yatangije umuryango ''Mission 44'', ugamije gufasha urubyiruko rwo mu matsinda adahagarariwe neza mu Bwongereza mu burezi no mu kazi, awuha miliyoni 20 z'amapawundi ku giti cye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hamilton launches Mission 44 charity with personal £20m pledge |url=https://motorsportweek.com/2021/07/27/hamilton-launches-mission-44-charity-with-personal-20m-pledge/ |website=Motorsport Week |date=2021-07-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Icyubahiro ==
Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 2021, Hamilton yagizwe ''Knight'' n'Igikomangoma cya Wales mu muhango wabereye mu ngoro ya Windsor, ari kumwe na nyina Carmen Larbalestier; kuva ubwo yitwa ''Sir Lewis Hamilton''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Lewis Hamilton receives knighthood at Windsor Castle |url=https://crash.net/f1/news/994772/1/sir-lewis-hamilton-receives-knighthood-windsor-castle |website=Crash.net |date=2021-12-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
2025 Japan GP - Ferrari - Lewis Hamilton - FP1.jpg|Muri Ferrari, Ubuyapani 2025
FIA F1 Imola 2025 No. 44 Hamilton (3).jpg|Imola, 2025
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Grand Prix ya Afurika]]
* [[Naomi Schiff]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Lewis}}
[[Ikiciro:Abongereza]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba siporo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dombeya torrida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23542</id>
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      <id>142248</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Dombeya torrida (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3711" sha1="3vr60bomqazynhz3pxnjn8api0dzda1" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Dombeya
| species = torrida
| authority = (J.F.Gmel.) Bamps (1962)
| synonyms = ''Walcuffa torrida'' J.F.Gmel.&lt;br /&gt;''Dombeya goetzenii'' K.Schum.
| image = Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg
| image_caption = Ishusho ya ''Dombeya torrida'' yashushanyijwe na Luigi Balugani (ikinyejana cya 18)
}}
'''''Dombeya torrida''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''umukore'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.

Ni igiti cyo mu mashyamba y'imisozi miremire, kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nyinshi z'umweru cyangwa iroza zifite ubuki bwinshi. Gikoreshwa nk'inkwi, mu bwubatsi no mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Imiterere ==
''Dombeya torrida'' ni igihuru cyangwa igiti gifite amashami menshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 12 kugeza kuri 15, gifite ikamba rimeze nk'umutaka. Igishishwa cyacyo ni ikijuju kandi kirashashagirana; imbere ni ikigina kirimo imigozi myinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo ni manini, afite ubwoya, ameze nk'umutima, ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 30, afite inkombe zimeze nk'amenyo. Indabo zacyo z'umweru cyangwa iroza ziri mu mitwe minini; buri rurabo rufite ibibabi bitanu n'umutima w'umutuku wijimye. Iyo zumye, ibibabi bisigara bizengurutse imbuto bigahinduka ikigina.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu Rwanda, [[Uburundi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambiya]], [[Etiyopiya]], [[Eritereya]], [[Sudani]], [[Yemeni]] na [[Arabiya Sawudite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Kiboneka mu mashyamba atoshye yo mu misozi miremire, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;600 kugeza kuri 3&amp;nbsp;400.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Mu Rwanda, kiboneka mu turere tw'imisozi miremire, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;800 kugeza ku 3&amp;nbsp;000, harimo i Gishwati no mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]]. Giterwa mu mirima no ku miringoti irwanya isuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Igiti cyacyo gikoreshwa nk'[[inkwi]], mu gukora [[amakara]], mu bwubatsi no mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi. Indabo zacyo zifitiye akamaro [[Uruyuki|inzuki]], naho amababi yacyo afumbira ubutaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot; /&gt; Igishishwa cyacyo kivamo imigozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Mu buvuzi gakondo bwo mu Rwanda, igishishwa cyacyo gitekwa kikanyobwa mu kuvura igogora ribi, cyane cyane nyuma yo kurya inyama nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) Bamps |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823248-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Dombeya_torrida_ETH.pdf |website=Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya goetzenii |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/suitable-tree/node/22489 |website=Suitable Tree – Rwanda |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=252 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umukore]]
* [[Umugeshi]]
* [[Hypericum revolutum]]

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142252</id>
      <parentid>142248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gukuraho igice cy'imbere kimwe gusa muri « Reba kandi »</comment>
      <origin>142252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3685" sha1="8746o8qgn2n3zsmft7oe0u4b5d5op9j" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Dombeya
| species = torrida
| authority = (J.F.Gmel.) Bamps (1962)
| synonyms = ''Walcuffa torrida'' J.F.Gmel.&lt;br /&gt;''Dombeya goetzenii'' K.Schum.
| image = Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg
| image_caption = Ishusho ya ''Dombeya torrida'' yashushanyijwe na Luigi Balugani (ikinyejana cya 18)
}}
'''''Dombeya torrida''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''umukore'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.

Ni igiti cyo mu mashyamba y'imisozi miremire, kizwi kubera indabo zacyo nyinshi z'umweru cyangwa iroza zifite ubuki bwinshi. Gikoreshwa nk'inkwi, mu bwubatsi no mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Imiterere ==
''Dombeya torrida'' ni igihuru cyangwa igiti gifite amashami menshi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 12 kugeza kuri 15, gifite ikamba rimeze nk'umutaka. Igishishwa cyacyo ni ikijuju kandi kirashashagirana; imbere ni ikigina kirimo imigozi myinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo ni manini, afite ubwoya, ameze nk'umutima, ashobora kugera kuri santimetero 30, afite inkombe zimeze nk'amenyo. Indabo zacyo z'umweru cyangwa iroza ziri mu mitwe minini; buri rurabo rufite ibibabi bitanu n'umutima w'umutuku wijimye. Iyo zumye, ibibabi bisigara bizengurutse imbuto bigahinduka ikigina.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu Rwanda, [[Uburundi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambiya]], [[Etiyopiya]], [[Eritereya]], [[Sudani]], [[Yemeni]] na [[Arabiya Sawudite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Kiboneka mu mashyamba atoshye yo mu misozi miremire, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;600 kugeza kuri 3&amp;nbsp;400.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Mu Rwanda, kiboneka mu turere tw'imisozi miremire, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;800 kugeza ku 3&amp;nbsp;000, harimo i Gishwati no mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]]. Giterwa mu mirima no ku miringoti irwanya isuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Igiti cyacyo gikoreshwa nk'[[inkwi]], mu gukora [[amakara]], mu bwubatsi no mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi. Indabo zacyo zifitiye akamaro [[Uruyuki|inzuki]], naho amababi yacyo afumbira ubutaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot; /&gt; Igishishwa cyacyo kivamo imigozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot; /&gt;

Mu buvuzi gakondo bwo mu Rwanda, igishishwa cyacyo gitekwa kikanyobwa mu kuvura igogora ribi, cyane cyane nyuma yo kurya inyama nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) Bamps |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823248-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-eth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Dombeya_torrida_ETH.pdf |website=Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf-rw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya goetzenii |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/suitable-tree/node/22489 |website=Suitable Tree – Rwanda |publisher=World Agroforestry (ICRAF) |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dombeya torrida |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=252 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Umukore]]
* [[Umugeshi]]
* [[Hypericum revolutum]]

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Convolvulaceae</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:22:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Convolvulaceae (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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|rank=familia
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}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Ipomoea</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>142250</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:22:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Ipomoea (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142250</origin>
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      <text bytes="94" sha1="1so2y80opqnwv45lxicl8rjsnt6vyq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
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|parent=Convolvulaceae
}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ipomoea cairica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142251</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:27:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ipomoea cairica (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3324" sha1="c7hbag1roquy1tk02or4ku11a5mwcsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| genus = Ipomoea
| species = cairica
| authority = (L.) Sweet (1826)
| image = Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Ipomoea cairica.jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa ''Ipomoea cairica''
}}
'''''Ipomoea cairica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''ipomée du Caire'', mu Cyongereza ''coastal morning glory'' cyangwa ''mile-a-minute'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Convolvulaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[ibijumba]]. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] ishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no muri [[Aziya]].

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo z'iroza cyangwa z'isine zimeze nk'impanda. Kubera ko gikura vuba cyane, mu bihugu byinshi cyajyanywemo gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza, gitwikira kandi kikica ibindi bimera.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Ipomoea cairica 35.jpg|thumb|left|''Ipomoea cairica'' yizingiye ku bindi bimera.]]
''Ipomoea cairica'' ni ikimera kimara imyaka myinshi, kizamuka cyizingira ku bindi, gishobora kugera kuri metero 5 z'uburebure. Uruti rwacyo rukiri ruto rumeze nk'umugozi, rukura rugakomera; rurimo amashira y'umweru.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

Amababi yacyo agabanyijemo ibice 5 kugeza kuri 7 bigera hafi ku ntangiriro yayo, areshya na santimetero 4 kugeza kuri 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt; Indabo zacyo zimeze nk'impanda, zifite ibara ry'isine cyangwa iroza (rimwe na rimwe umweru), n'umutima wijimye; zireshya na santimetero 3,5 kugeza kuri 6. Zirabya umwaka wose, ariko buri rurabo rumara umunsi umwe gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt; Imbuto zacyo ziri mu gasanduku k'uruziga gafite umurambararo wa milimetero 10, karimo imbuto enye z'umukara zifite ubwoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, birimo u Rwanda, [[Uburundi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Zambiya]], [[Angola]] na [[Madagasikari]], ndetse no muri Aziya, kuva muri Arabiya kugeza muri [[Ubuhinde]] no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Cyajyanywe ku yindi migabane, harimo [[Amerika]], [[Ositaraliya]] n'Uburayi bw'amajyepfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt;

Gikura ahantu henshi hashyuha: ku nkombe z'inyanja, ku nkombe z'imigezi, mu mashyamba, no mu busitani aho kizamuka ku nzitiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

== Ikimera cyigabiza ==
Muri Ositaraliya, aho cyazanywe nk'ikimera cy'imitako, ''Ipomoea cairica'' gifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza: gikora ibirago binini ku butaka cyangwa kikazamuka ku biti, kigatwikira ibindi bimera kikabibuza urumuri. Uruti rwacyo rurimo ibinyabutabire bishobora kugirira nabi [[inka]], [[ihene]], [[intama]] n'[[ifarashi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:268564-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morning glory - coastal (Ipomoea cairica) |url=https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weed?id=89 |website=NSW WeedWise |publisher=NSW Department of Primary Industries |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ibijumba]]
* [[Brugmansia suaveolens]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ipomoea_cairica Amafoto ya ''Ipomoea cairica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Musaceae</title>
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      <id>142253</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:39:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Musaceae (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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|parent=Zingiberales
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Ensete</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>142254</id>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Taxonomy/Ensete (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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|rank=genus
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  <page>
    <title>Igitembe</title>
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      <id>142255</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T15:41:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Igitembe (Ensete ventricosum), yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia</comment>
      <origin>142255</origin>
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      <text bytes="4071" sha1="jt8a5nnjo8rayueg66ftlye6ttelv8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox
| name = Igitembe
| genus = Ensete
| species = ventricosum
| authority = (Welw.) Cheesman (1947)
| synonyms = ''Musa ventricosa'' Welw.&lt;br /&gt;''Musa ensete'' J.F.Gmel.
| image = Ensete ventricosum02.jpg
| image_caption = Igitembe (''Ensete ventricosum'')
}}
'''Igitembe''' (''Ensete ventricosum''; mu Gifaransa ''bananier d'Abyssinie'', mu Cyongereza ''enset'' cyangwa ''false banana'') ni ikimera kinini gisa n'[[urutoki]], cyo mu muryango wa ''Musaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba n'iy'Amajyepfo, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].

Mu Rwanda kiboneka mu mashyamba y'imisozi miremire, kandi gikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo no mu mitako. Muri [[Etiyopiya]], ni igihingwa cy'ingenzi gitunga abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 20.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Ensete ventricosum - Flower and top leafs.jpg|thumb|left|Ururabo n'amababi yo hejuru by'igitembe.]]
Igitembe ni ikimera kinini kimara imyaka myinshi, gisa n'urutoki ariko kidatanga imineke iribwa. Gishobora kugera kuri metero 6 z'uburebure, gifite amababi manini cyane afite umugongo w'umutuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldplants&quot; /&gt; Kirabya rimwe gusa mu buzima bwacyo, nyuma kigapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aob&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka mu Rwanda, [[Uburundi]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Ubugande]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Etiyopiya]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambiya]], [[Zimbabwe]], Mozambike, [[Angola]] na Afurika y'Epfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Mu Rwanda gikura mu bice by'amashyamba y'imisozi miremire byatemwe cyangwa hafi y'imigezi, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;900 kugeza ku 2&amp;nbsp;300.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

Muri Pariki y'Igihugu ya Bwindi (Ubugande), ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko indabo zacyo zisurwa n'uducurama n'imbeba zo mu biti, naho imbuto zacyo zikaribwa n'ibisimba, [[inguge]] n'imbeba nini. Kubera ko kirabya kandi kikera umwaka wose, gishobora gutunga inyamaswa igihe ibindi biryo bibuze.&lt;ref name=&quot;ssali&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Mu buvuzi gakondo bwo mu Rwanda, amababi yacyo akoreshwa mu kuvura macinya, naho uruti rwacyo rutetse n'ivu ryarwo bigakoreshwa mu kuvura indwara z'umwijima. Giterwa kandi nk'ikimera cy'imitako.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

Muri Etiyopiya, igitembe ni igihingwa gitunga abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 20. Ibinyamafufu biribwa bikurwa mu gice cyo hasi cy'uruti rwacyo kibyimbye, mu bibabi bigize uruti no mu mizi yacyo, bisarurwa nyuma y'imyaka 4 kugeza kuri 7 gitewe. Kihanganira amapfa kandi gishobora gusarurwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;aob&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584810-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ensete ventricosum |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=188 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;aob&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Borrell |first1=James S. |display-authors=etal |title=Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=747–766 |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcy214 |pmid=30715125 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ssali&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ssali |first1=Fredrick |last2=Sheil |first2=Douglas |title=Some Initial Observations Concerning the African Wild Banana Ensete ventricosum as a Resource for Vertebrates |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=12 |year=2019 |doi=10.1177/1940082919879318 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;worldplants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ensete ventricosum |url=https://www.worldplants.ca/display0.php?id=2723 |website=World Plants |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Urutoki]]
* [[Umuneke]]
* [[Umugeshi]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ensete_ventricosum Amafoto y'igitembe] kuri Wikimedia Commons

{{DEFAULTSORT:Igitembe}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Taxonomy/Datura</title>
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      <id>142256</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T16:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taxonomy/Datura (bivuye kuri en.wikipedia)</comment>
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|rank=genus
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  <page>
    <title>Rwiziringa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23550</id>
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      <id>142257</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T16:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Rwiziringa (Datura stramonium), yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia</comment>
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| name = Rwiziringa
| genus = Datura
| species = stramonium
| authority = L. (1753)
| image = Datura stramonium 2 (2005 07 07).jpg
| image_caption = Ururabo rwa rwiziringa (''Datura stramonium'')
}}
'''Rwiziringa''' (''Datura stramonium''; mu Gifaransa ''stramoine'' cyangwa ''pomme épineuse'', mu Cyongereza ''jimsonweed'' cyangwa ''thorn apple'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].

Kizwi kubera indabo zacyo z'umweru zimeze nk'impanda n'imbuto zacyo zuzuyeho amahwa. Ibice byacyo byose ni uburozi bukomeye, cyane cyane imbuto.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Datura stramonium fruit 02.jpg|thumb|left|Urubuto rwa rwiziringa rwuzuyeho amahwa.]]
Rwiziringa ni ikimera kimara umwaka umwe, gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 50 kugeza kuri metero 1,5 z'uburebure. Amababi yacyo ni manini, ateye nk'igi, areshya na santimetero 8 kugeza kuri 17, afite inkombe zimeze nk'amenyo manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;foc&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo zihagaze, zimeze nk'impanda, zireshya na santimetero 6 kugeza ku 10, zifite ibara ry'umweru cyangwa isine yerurutse. Urubuto rwacyo ni agasanduku k'uruziga kareshya na santimetero 3 kugeza kuri 4,5, kuzuyeho amahwa menshi; iyo gakuze kigabanyamo ibice bine, kakarekura imbuto nyinshi z'umukara.&lt;ref name=&quot;foc&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka muri Megizike, ariko cyakwirakwiye ku migabane yose, harimo no muri Afurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Mu Rwanda gikura ahantu hadahinzwe, mu mirima yararaye no ku nkengero z'imihanda, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;400 kugeza ku 2&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

== Uburozi ==
Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi, byaba bibisi cyangwa byumye, cyane cyane imbuto. Birimo ibinyabutabire bya ''alkaloïdes'' nka atropine, hyoscyamine na scopolamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrcs&quot; /&gt; Bitera umutima gutera vuba, imboni z'amaso kwaguka, umunwa kuma no kutabona neza; nyuma bishobora gutera guhumeka buhoro, kugagara na koma.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrcs&quot; /&gt; Rwiziringa itera kandi ibibonekerwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt; Amatungo, cyane cyane [[inka]] n'ingurube, ashobora kwicwa no kurya iki kimera.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrcs&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Mu Rwanda, abavuzi gakondo bakoresha amababi yacyo mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe. Ahandi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, umutobe w'imbuto zacyo ukoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare bw'amatwi, naho amababi agashyirwa ku ngingo zibyimbye.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt; Kubera uburozi bwacyo, gukoresha iki kimera nk'umuti bishobora guteza akaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Datura stramonium L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:314738-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;foc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Datura stramonium |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=200020520 |website=Flora of China |publisher=eFloras.org |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Datura stramonium |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=242 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nrcs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Jimsonweed.pdf |website=Illinois Grazing Manual – Poisonous Plants |publisher=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service |year=2004 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Brugmansia suaveolens]] (ikibutibuti), ikindi kimera cyo mu muryango umwe
* [[Gloriosa superba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Datura_stramonium Amafoto ya rwiziringa] kuri Wikimedia Commons

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rwiziringa}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ageratum conyzoides (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia)</comment>
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| genus = Ageratum
| species = conyzoides
| authority = L. (1753)
| image = Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za ''Ageratum conyzoides''
}}
'''''Ageratum conyzoides''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''inkuruba'' cyangwa ''akaziraruguma'', mu Cyongereza ''billygoat weed'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].

Ni icyatsi gito gifite indabo nto z'isine cyangwa z'umweru, gikunze kumera mu mirima no ku nkengero z'imihanda. Mu Rwanda gikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo, cyane cyane mu kuvura ibikomere.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed).jpeg|thumb|left|Ibimera bya ''Ageratum conyzoides'' birabije.]]
''Ageratum conyzoides'' ni icyatsi gihagaze, gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 50 kugeza kuri metero 1, gifite amashami make cyangwa menshi n'ubwoya buke. Amababi yacyo ateye nk'igi, areshya na santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 6, afite inkombe zimeze nk'amenyo n'ubwoya ku mpande zombi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo ziteranye mu mitwe mito y'uruziga ifite umurambararo wa milimetero 5 kugeza kuri 6, ifite ibara ry'isine cyangwa umweru. Imbuto zacyo ni nto, z'umukara, zifite uduhembe dutanu tw'umweru tuzifasha gutwarwa n'umuyaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka muri Megizike, ariko cyakwirakwiye mu turere dushyuha tw'isi yose, harimo u Rwanda n'ibindi bihugu byinshi bya [[Afurika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Mu Rwanda gikura mu mirima yararaye no ahantu hahinduwe n'abantu, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1&amp;nbsp;300 kugeza ku 2&amp;nbsp;300.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt; Ahandi gifatwa nk'icyatsi kibi gikunze kumera mu nzuri no ahantu hadahinzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Mu Rwanda, abavuzi gakondo bakoresha amababi yacyo mu kuvura [[Igikomere|ibikomere]], kandi kizwiho kurwanya imiyege. I Kigali, umuvuzi gakondo akoresha amababi yacyo ashyizwe mu mazi ashyushye mu kuvura indwara z'impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ageratum conyzoides L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7086-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nsw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ageratum conyzoides L. |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&amp;lvl=sp&amp;name=Ageratum~conyzoides |website=PlantNET – New South Wales Flora Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ageratum conyzoides |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=32 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Inyabarasanya]]
* [[Rwiziringa]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ageratum_conyzoides Amafoto ya ''Ageratum conyzoides''] kuri Wikimedia Commons

[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]
[[Ikiciro:Indabo]]</text>
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    <title>Kimali</title>
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      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Kimali (Galinsoga parviflora), yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia na en.wikipedia</comment>
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| name = Kimali
| genus = Galinsoga
| species = parviflora
| authority = Cav. (1795)
| image = Estrellitas (Galinsoga parviflora).jpg
| image_caption = Indabo za kimali (''Galinsoga parviflora'')
}}
'''Kimali''' (''Galinsoga parviflora''; mu Gifaransa ''galinsoga à petites fleurs'', mu Cyongereza ''gallant soldier'') ni icyatsi cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo hagati, ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].

Ni icyatsi gito gifite indabo nto z'umweru n'umuhondo, gikunze kumera mu mirima nk'icyatsi kibi. Mu bice bimwe bya Afurika amababi yacyo aribwa nk'imboga, kandi gikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:20140701Galinsoga parviflora1.jpg|thumb|left|Kimali irabije.]]
Kimali ni icyatsi kimara umwaka umwe, gihagaze, gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 20 kugeza kuri 60, rimwe na rimwe kikagera kuri metero 1,2. Amababi yacyo ateganye, areshya na santimetero 1 kugeza kuri 6,5, afite inkombe zifite amenyo mato.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

Indabo zacyo ziteranye mu mitwe mito iri ku mpera z'amashami, akenshi ebyiri ebyiri. Buri mutwe ufite ibibabi bitanu bito by'umweru bizengurutse umutima w'umuhondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt; Ikimera kimwe gishobora kubyara imbuto zirenga 7&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Aho kiboneka ==
Gikomoka muri Amerika yo hagati no muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo, ariko cyakwirakwiye ku migabane yose, harimo u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; Muri Afurika ishyuha kiboneka kuva ku nkombe z'inyanja kugeza ku butumburuke bwa metero 2&amp;nbsp;400, ahantu hagwa imvura nyinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt; Mu Rwanda kimera ku nkengero z'imihanda, mu mirima yararaye, mu mirima ihinzwe no ahandi hahinduwe n'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt;

Kubera ko imbuto zacyo zikenera urumuri kugira ngo zimere, gikunze kumera ahantu harangaye, cyane cyane mu mirima y'ibihingwa bikiri bito. Ni icyatsi kibi gikomeye mu mirima y'ingano, ibigori n'ipamba, kandi kibamo udukoko na virusi byangiza itabi, ibirayi n'amashu.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Imikoreshereze ==
Amababi n'uduti twacyo tukiri duto bitekwa bikaribwa nk'[[imboga]]. Gihabwa kandi amatungo nk'inkoko, inkwavu n'ingurube.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt; Mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, ikimera cyose gikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo mu kuvura umunaniro w'ubwonko (''stress'').&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot; /&gt; Muri Etiyopiya amababi yacyo apfuka ibikomere.&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:208554-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;prota&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schippers |first=R. R. |year=2004 |title=Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Galinsoga_parviflora_(PROTA) |website=PROTA4U |publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Galinsoga parviflora |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=52 |website=Medicinal Plants of Rwanda |publisher=INES-Ruhengeri |access-date=2026-10-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ageratum conyzoides]]
* [[Inyabarasanya]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galinsoga_parviflora Amafoto ya kimali] kuri Wikimedia Commons

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kimali}}
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      <text bytes="4856" sha1="orwc43vt5unk67bsuawg60r3fhyg3kl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Conjunctivitis|synonym=Pink eye|image=An eye with viral conjunctivitis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An eye with viral conjunctivitis|pronounce=|field=[[Ophthalmology]]|symptoms=[[Red eye (medicine)|Reddish eye]], scratchiness&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=Viral conjunctivitis: up to two weeks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Sarah S. |last2=Prober |first2=Charles G. |last3=Fischer |first3=Marc |title=Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323461320 |page=502 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw7VDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA502 |language=en |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525144629/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw7VDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA502 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|types=|causes=[[viral infection|Viral]], [[bacterial infection|bacterial]], allergies&lt;ref name=Az2013/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[microbial culture]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|treatment=Based on underlying cause&lt;ref name=Az2013/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=3–6 million per year (US)&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;&lt;ref name=Az2013/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Conjunctivite''', izwi kandi nka '''pink eye''', ni ukubyimba kw'igice cy'inyuma cy'ijisho ryera n'imbere mu jisho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peads10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richards A, Guzman-Cottrill JA|title=Conjunctivitis|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=31|issue=5|pages=196–208|date=May 2010|pmid=20435711|doi=10.1542/pir.31-5-196}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bituma ijisho risa n'umutuku cyangwa ibara ry'umutuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts About Pink Eye|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts|website=National Eye Institute|access-date=8 March 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309104846/https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts|archive-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ububabare, ubushye, gushwanyagurika, cyangwa gushyuha bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ijisho ryagize ikibazo rishobora kuba ryarize cyane cyangwa &quot;rigafunga&quot; mu gitondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Kubyimba igice cy'ijisho cyera nabyo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Kuryarya bikunze kugaragara cyane mu gihe habayeho ubwivumbure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Azari AA, Barney NP|title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment|journal=JAMA|volume=310|issue=16|pages=1721–9|date=October 2013|pmid=24150468|pmc=4049531|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ikibyimba ishobora gufata ijisho rimwe cyangwa yombi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu zikunze kwandura ni virusi zigakurikirwa na bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bwa virusi bushobora kubaho hamwe n'ibindi bimenyetso by'ibicurane bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bwa virusi na bagiteri byombi bukwirakwira mu bantu byoroshye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Allergie iterwa n'umukungugu cyangwa ubwoya bw'inyamaswa nabyo ni impamvu ikunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, icyitegererezo cy'ibisigazwa byoherezwa kugira ngo bivurwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda biterwa no gukaraba intoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara nyinshi za virusi, nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Inshuro nyinshi ziterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri nazo zirashira nta kuvurwa; icyakora, imiti yica udukoko ishobora kugabanya indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bambara indorerwamo z’amaso n’abafite ubwandu buterwa na [[gonorrhea]] cyangwa chlamydia bagomba kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bafite ubwivumbure bashobora kuvurwa n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 3 kugeza kuri 6 barwara conjunctivitis buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bakuru, impamvu ziterwa na virusi zikunze kugaragara cyane, mu gihe ku bana, impamvu ziterwa na bagiteri zikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe, abantu bakira mu cyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Iyo umuntu atabona neza, afite ububabare bukabije, afite ubushobozi bwo kumva urumuri, ibimenyetso bya [[herpes]], cyangwa niba ibimenyetso bidahindutse nyuma y'icyumweru, ashobora gukenera kwisuzumisha no kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Indwara yo mu bwonko ku mwana ukiri mu nda, izwi nka conjunctivitis y’impinja, ishobora no gukenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>orwc43vt5unk67bsuawg60r3fhyg3kl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142319</id>
      <parentid>142266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Indwara y'ikibyimba mu maso</comment>
      <origin>142319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3623" sha1="rsz2publx8k6ywzu8daxed91pl3e5sa" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:An eye with conjunctivitis.jpg|thumb|Indwara y'ikibyimba mu maso ]]
'''Indwara ya Conjunctivite''', izwi kandi nka '''pink eye''', ni ukubyimba kw'igice cy'inyuma cy'ijisho ryera n'imbere mu jisho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peads10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richards A, Guzman-Cottrill JA|title=Conjunctivitis|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=31|issue=5|pages=196–208|date=May 2010|pmid=20435711|doi=10.1542/pir.31-5-196}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bituma ijisho risa n'umutuku cyangwa ibara ry'umutuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Facts About Pink Eye|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts|website=National Eye Institute|access-date=8 March 2016|date=November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309104846/https://nei.nih.gov/health/pinkeye/pink_facts|archive-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ububabare, ubushye, gushwanyagurika, cyangwa gushyuha bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ijisho ryagize ikibazo rishobora kuba ryarize cyane cyangwa &quot;rigafunga&quot; mu gitondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Kubyimba igice cy'ijisho cyera nabyo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Kuryarya bikunze kugaragara cyane mu gihe habayeho ubwivumbure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Azari AA, Barney NP|title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment|journal=JAMA|volume=310|issue=16|pages=1721–9|date=October 2013|pmid=24150468|pmc=4049531|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ikibyimba ishobora gufata ijisho rimwe cyangwa yombi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu zikunze kwandura ni virusi zigakurikirwa na bagiteri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bwa virusi bushobora kubaho hamwe n'ibindi bimenyetso by'ibicurane bisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bwa virusi na bagiteri byombi bukwirakwira mu bantu byoroshye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Allergie iterwa n'umukungugu cyangwa ubwoya bw'inyamaswa nabyo ni impamvu ikunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso n'ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Rimwe na rimwe, icyitegererezo cy'ibisigazwa byoherezwa kugira ngo bivurwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda biterwa no gukaraba intoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara nyinshi za virusi, nta buryo bwihariye bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Inshuro nyinshi ziterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri nazo zirashira nta kuvurwa; icyakora, imiti yica udukoko ishobora kugabanya indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bambara indorerwamo z’amaso n’abafite ubwandu buterwa na [[gonorrhea]] cyangwa chlamydia bagomba kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Abantu bafite ubwivumbure bashobora kuvurwa n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bw'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 3 kugeza kuri 6 barwara conjunctivitis buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bakuru, impamvu ziterwa na virusi zikunze kugaragara cyane, mu gihe ku bana, impamvu ziterwa na bagiteri zikunze kugaragara cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe, abantu bakira mu cyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Iyo umuntu atabona neza, afite ububabare bukabije, afite ubushobozi bwo kumva urumuri, ibimenyetso bya [[herpes]], cyangwa niba ibimenyetso bidahindutse nyuma y'icyumweru, ashobora gukenera kwisuzumisha no kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Az2013&quot; /&gt; Indwara yo mu bwonko ku mwana ukiri mu nda, izwi nka conjunctivitis y’impinja, ishobora no gukenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>rsz2publx8k6ywzu8daxed91pl3e5sa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/Ibimera</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142284</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T17:34:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Inyandikorugero nshya: ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda bisimburana buri minsi 2 ku Intangiriro</comment>
      <origin>142284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20731" sha1="2ho3hkvgvac7gcornlte08t8uuxy6ez" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch: {{{1|ingingo}}}
| ishusho = {{#switch: {{#expr: (floor({{#time:U}} / 172800) + 13) mod 27 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Estrellitas (Galinsoga parviflora).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Kimali|alt=Galinsoga parviflora]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Kimali]] (''Galinsoga parviflora'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Ageratum conyzoides|alt=Ageratum conyzoides]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Datura stramonium 2 (2005 07 07).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Rwiziringa|alt=Datura stramonium]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Rwiziringa]] (''Datura stramonium'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Ensete ventricosum02.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Igitembe|alt=Ensete ventricosum]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Igitembe]] (''Ensete ventricosum'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Ipomoea cairica.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Ipomoea cairica|alt=Ipomoea cairica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Ipomoea cairica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Dombeya torrida|alt=Dombeya torrida]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Dombeya torrida]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Hypericum revolutum.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Hypericum revolutum|alt=Hypericum revolutum]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Impatiens.niamniamensis.7082.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Impatiens niamniamensis|alt=Impatiens niamniamensis]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Impatiens niamniamensis]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 8 = [[Dosiye:Gloriosa superba 1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Gloriosa superba|alt=Gloriosa superba]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Gloriosa superba]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 9 = [[Dosiye:Brugmansia suaveolens - zhank puttra 2019.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Brugmansia suaveolens|alt=Brugmansia suaveolens]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Brugmansia suaveolens]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 10 = [[Dosiye:Bunga Alamanda chatartica 01.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Allamanda cathartica|alt=Allamanda cathartica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Allamanda cathartica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 11 = [[Dosiye:Pingo-de-ouro, ou violeteira (Duranta erecta) - 55224071491.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Duranta erecta|alt=Duranta erecta]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Duranta erecta]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 12 = [[Dosiye:Plumeria-wiki-Zachi-Evenor-001a.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Plumeria rubra|alt=Plumeria rubra]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Plumeria rubra]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 13 = [[Dosiye:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Nerium oleander|alt=Nerium oleander]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Nerium oleander]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 14 = [[Dosiye:Red bottle brush.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Callistemon|alt=Callistemon]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Callistemon]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 15 = [[Dosiye:Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Tecoma stans|alt=Tecoma stans]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Tecoma stans]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 16 = [[Dosiye:Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Euphorbia pulcherrima|alt=Euphorbia pulcherrima]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 17 = [[Dosiye:Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|alt=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 18 = [[Dosiye:Canna indica.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Canna indica|alt=Canna indica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Canna indica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 19 = [[Dosiye:Royal Poinciana.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Delonix regia|alt=Delonix regia]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Delonix regia]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 20 = [[Dosiye:Bird of Paradise flower.JPG|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Strelitzia reginae|alt=Strelitzia reginae]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Strelitzia reginae]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 21 = [[Dosiye:Jacaranda1212.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Jacaranda mimosifolia|alt=Jacaranda mimosifolia]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 22 = [[Dosiye:Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Zantedeschia aethiopica|alt=Zantedeschia aethiopica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 23 = [[Dosiye:Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Spathodea campanulata|alt=Spathodea campanulata]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Spathodea campanulata]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 24 = [[Dosiye:Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Agapanthus praecox|alt=Agapanthus praecox]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Agapanthus praecox]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 25 = [[Dosiye:Bougainvillea spectabilis Flowers Closeup2 TorreLaMata.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Bougainvillea|alt=Bougainvillea]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Bougainvillea]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 26 = [[Dosiye:Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Heliconia rostrata|alt=Heliconia rostrata]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Heliconia rostrata]]''&lt;/div&gt;
}}
| #default = {{#switch: {{#expr: floor({{#time:U}} / 172800) mod 27 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Estrellitas (Galinsoga parviflora).jpg|right|150px|link=Kimali]]
'''[[Kimali|Kimali]]''' (''Galinsoga parviflora''; mu Gifaransa ''galinsoga à petites fleurs'', mu Cyongereza ''gallant soldier'') ni icyatsi cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo hagati, ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Kimali|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|right|150px|link=Ageratum conyzoides]]
'''''[[Ageratum conyzoides|Ageratum conyzoides]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''inkuruba'' cyangwa ''akaziraruguma'', mu Cyongereza ''billygoat weed'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ageratum conyzoides|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Datura stramonium 2 (2005 07 07).jpg|right|150px|link=Rwiziringa]]
'''[[Rwiziringa|Rwiziringa]]''' (''Datura stramonium''; mu Gifaransa ''stramoine'' cyangwa ''pomme épineuse'', mu Cyongereza ''jimsonweed'' cyangwa ''thorn apple'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Rwiziringa|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Ensete ventricosum02.jpg|right|150px|link=Igitembe]]
'''[[Igitembe|Igitembe]]''' (''Ensete ventricosum''; mu Gifaransa ''bananier d'Abyssinie'', mu Cyongereza ''enset'' cyangwa ''false banana'') ni ikimera kinini gisa n'[[urutoki]], cyo mu muryango wa ''Musaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba n'iy'Amajyepfo, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Igitembe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Ipomoea cairica.jpg|right|150px|link=Ipomoea cairica]]
'''''[[Ipomoea cairica|Ipomoea cairica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''ipomée du Caire'', mu Cyongereza ''coastal morning glory'' cyangwa ''mile-a-minute'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Convolvulaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[ibijumba]]. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] ishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no muri [[Aziya]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ipomoea cairica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|right|150px|link=Dombeya torrida]]
'''''[[Dombeya torrida|Dombeya torrida]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''umukore'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Dombeya torrida|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Hypericum revolutum.jpg|right|150px|link=Hypericum revolutum]]
'''''[[Hypericum revolutum|Hypericum revolutum]]''''' (mu Cyongereza ''curry bush'' cyangwa ''forest primrose'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Hypericaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]], harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Hypericum revolutum|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Impatiens.niamniamensis.7082.jpg|right|150px|link=Impatiens niamniamensis]]
'''''[[Impatiens niamniamensis|Impatiens niamniamensis]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''impatience du Zaïre'' cyangwa ''impatience bec-de-perroquet'', mu Cyongereza ''parrot plant'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera cy'indabo cyo mu muryango wa ''Balsaminaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati n'iy'uburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Impatiens niamniamensis|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 8 = [[Dosiye:Gloriosa superba 1.jpg|right|150px|link=Gloriosa superba]]
'''''[[Gloriosa superba|Gloriosa superba]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''lis de Malabar'' cyangwa ''lis de flamme'', mu Cyongereza ''flame lily'' cyangwa ''glory lily'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Colchicaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo ya [[Aziya]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Gloriosa superba|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 9 = [[Dosiye:Brugmansia suaveolens - zhank puttra 2019.jpg|right|150px|link=Brugmansia suaveolens]]
'''''[[Brugmansia suaveolens|Brugmansia suaveolens]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''ikibutibuti'', mu Gifaransa ''trompette des anges'' cyangwa ''trompette du jugement dernier'', mu Cyongereza ''angel's trumpet'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]] n'[[inyanya]]. Gikomoka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Burezile]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Brugmansia suaveolens|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 10 = [[Dosiye:Bunga Alamanda chatartica 01.jpg|right|150px|link=Allamanda cathartica]]
'''''[[Allamanda cathartica|Allamanda cathartica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''allamanda'' cyangwa ''liane à lait'', mu Cyongereza ''golden trumpet'' cyangwa ''yellow allamanda'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu majyaruguru ya Amerika y'Amajyepfo.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Allamanda cathartica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 11 = [[Dosiye:Pingo-de-ouro, ou violeteira (Duranta erecta) - 55224071491.jpg|right|150px|link=Duranta erecta]]
'''''[[Duranta erecta|Duranta erecta]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''vanillier de Cayenne'', mu Cyongereza ''golden dewdrop'' cyangwa ''skyflower'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Verbenaceae'', gikomoka mu turere dushyuha twa Amerika.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Duranta erecta|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 12 = [[Dosiye:Plumeria-wiki-Zachi-Evenor-001a.jpg|right|150px|link=Plumeria rubra]]
'''''[[Plumeria rubra|Plumeria rubra]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''frangipanier'', mu Cyongereza ''frangipani'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati, kuva muri [[Megizike]] kugeza muri Venezuwela.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Plumeria rubra|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 13 = [[Dosiye:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg|right|150px|link=Nerium oleander]]
'''''[[Nerium oleander|Nerium oleander]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''laurier-rose'', mu Cyongereza ''oleander'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu karere ka Mediterane kugeza muri Aziya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Nerium oleander|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 14 = [[Dosiye:Red bottle brush.jpg|right|150px|link=Callistemon]]
'''''[[Callistemon|Callistemon]]''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru byo mu muryango wa ''Myrtaceae'', bikomoka muri [[Ositaraliya]]. Mu Gifaransa byitwa ''rince-bouteille'', mu Cyongereza ''bottlebrush'', kubera ko indabo zabyo zimeze nk'uburoso bwo koza amacupa.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Callistemon|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 15 = [[Dosiye:Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg|right|150px|link=Tecoma stans]]
'''''[[Tecoma stans|Tecoma stans]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''trompette d'or'', mu Cyongereza ''yellow bells'' cyangwa ''yellow trumpetbush'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Tecoma stans|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 16 = [[Dosiye:Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg|right|150px|link=Euphorbia pulcherrima]]
'''''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima|Euphorbia pulcherrima]]''''' (izwi cyane ku izina rya ''poinsettia''; mu Gifaransa ''étoile de Noël'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyo mu muryango wa ''Euphorbiaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo ya [[Megizike]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Euphorbia pulcherrima|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 17 = [[Dosiye:Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg|right|150px|link=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
'''''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''hibiscus'' cyangwa ''rose de Chine'', mu Cyongereza ''Chinese hibiscus'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', giterwa ku isi hose mu turere dushyuha kubera indabo zacyo nini z'amabara menshi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 18 = [[Dosiye:Canna indica.jpg|right|150px|link=Canna indica]]
'''''[[Canna indica|Canna indica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''canna'' cyangwa ''balisier'', mu Cyongereza ''Indian shot'' cyangwa ''edible canna'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Cannaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Canna indica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 19 = [[Dosiye:Royal Poinciana.jpg|right|150px|link=Delonix regia]]
'''''[[Delonix regia|Delonix regia]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant'', mu Cyongereza ''flame tree'' cyangwa ''royal poinciana'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango w'ibishyimbo (''Fabaceae''), gikomoka muri [[Madagasikari]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Delonix regia|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 20 = [[Dosiye:Bird of Paradise flower.JPG|right|150px|link=Strelitzia reginae]]
'''''[[Strelitzia reginae|Strelitzia reginae]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''oiseau de paradis'', mu Cyongereza ''bird of paradise'' cyangwa ''crane flower'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Strelitziaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Strelitzia reginae|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 21 = [[Dosiye:Jacaranda1212.jpg|right|150px|link=Jacaranda mimosifolia]]
'''''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant bleu'' cyangwa ''jacaranda'', mu Cyongereza ''blue jacaranda'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Boliviya]], [[Arijantine]] na [[Paragwe]], muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 22 = [[Dosiye:Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg|right|150px|link=Zantedeschia aethiopica]]
'''''[[Zantedeschia aethiopica|Zantedeschia aethiopica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''arum blanc'' cyangwa ''calla'', mu Cyongereza ''calla lily'' cyangwa ''arum lily'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Araceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. Gikunze kumera ku nkombe z'imigezi no hafi y'ibidendezi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Zantedeschia aethiopica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 23 = [[Dosiye:Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg|right|150px|link=Spathodea campanulata]]
'''''[[Spathodea campanulata|Spathodea campanulata]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''tulipier du Gabon'' cyangwa ''tulipier d'Afrique'', mu Cyongereza ''African tulip tree'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri [[Afurika]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Spathodea campanulata|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 24 = [[Dosiye:Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg|right|150px|link=Agapanthus praecox]]
'''''[[Agapanthus praecox|Agapanthus praecox]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''agapanthe'', mu Cyongereza ''African lily'' cyangwa ''lily of the Nile'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Amaryllidaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] hirya no hino ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Agapanthus praecox|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 25 = [[Dosiye:Bougainvillea spectabilis Flowers Closeup2 TorreLaMata.jpg|right|150px|link=Bougainvillea]]
'''''[[Bougainvillea|Bougainvillea]]''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru bifite amahwa byo mu muryango wa ''Nyctaginaceae''. Bikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu bihingwa hirya no hino ku isi nk'ibimera by'imitako, kugeza no mu turere dufite ubushyuhe buringaniye.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Bougainvillea|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 26 = [[Dosiye:Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg|right|150px|link=Heliconia rostrata]]
'''''[[Heliconia rostrata|Heliconia rostrata]]''''' (mu Cyongereza ''hanging lobster claw'' cyangwa ''false bird of paradise'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Heliconiaceae''. Gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Amerika y’Epfo]], kandi cyakwirakwiriye no mu tundi turere dushyuha tw'isi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Heliconia rostrata|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
Iyi nyandikorugero ikoreshwa ku [[Intangiriro]]. Buri minsi 2, yerekana ikimera cyangwa ururabo ruboneka mu Rwanda mu gice « Ingingo y'icyumweru » (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) n'ikindi kimera mu gice « Ishusho y'icyumweru » (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;).

Kongeramo ikimera: ongeraho umurongo mushya muri buri &lt;code&gt;#switch&lt;/code&gt;, hanyuma uhindure umubare &lt;code&gt;mod 27&lt;/code&gt; ahantu habiri.

== Ingero ==
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
----
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angina</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T09:37:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1507611|Angina]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4558" sha1="mwfi52v9dddf2svdj0svzw7aelzf7id" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Angina|synonym=Angina pectoris|image=File:Angina pectoris.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Diagram of discomfort caused by coronary artery disease. Pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. Can also feel discomfort in the neck, jaw, shoulders, back or arms|pronounce={{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|dʒ|aɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|ann|JY|nə}}|field=[[Cardiology]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=Stable, [[unstable angina|unstable]], [[prinzmetal angina|variant]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pericarditis]], [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[pneumothorax]], chest wall pain, anxiety&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2020UA/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Lifestyles changes, medications, surgery&lt;ref name=NHS2020/&gt;|medication=[[Beta blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[aspirin]], [[statins]], [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]], [[Nitroglycerin|nitroglycerin]]&lt;ref name=NHS2020Tx/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=3.5% (Stable, Western world)&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Angina''' ni ububabare bwo mu gituza, umuvuduko, cyangwa gufungana bitewe n'uko amaraso adatembera neza mu mitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hermiz|first=C|last2=Sedhai|first2=YR|title=Angina|date=January 2020|pmid=32491604|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ububabare bushobora kugera mu musaya cyangwa ku kuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kubaho kubura umwuka, ibyuya, cyangwa isesemi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo bibaye gusa iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa stress, bigashira mu minota mike yo kuruhuka, anjine irahoraho.&lt;ref name=NHS2020&gt;{{cite web |title=Angina |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009000235/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009000235/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |date=9 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo bibaye mu buryo butunguranye, mu gihe cyo kuruhuka, cyangwa bidahita bishira iyo umuntu aruhutse, biba ari angina idahindagurika.&lt;ref name=NHS2020 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ubusanzwe angina iterwa no kuziba no kugabanuka kw'imitsi itanga amaraso mu mitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo hyperlipidemie, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, diyabete, n'umubyibuho ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zongera ibyago birimo [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]], [[Arrhythmia|imitsi y'umutima idasanzwe]], [[Kunanirwa k'umutima|umutima unanirwa gukora neza]], n'umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020UA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goyal|first=A|last2=Zeltser|first2=R|title=Unstable Angina|date=January 2020|pmid=28723029|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo gucika kw'imitsi ifungana, gucika kw'imitsi ifungana mu bihaha, pericarditis, indwara yo kugabanuka k'umuyoboro w'amaraso mu gifu, pneumothorax, ububabare mu gituza, n'imihangayiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020UA&quot; /&gt;

Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho n'imiti.  Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukumira ibitero n'ingorane irimo beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, aspirine, statins, na ACE inhibitors.&lt;ref name=NHS2020Tx&gt;{{cite web |title=Angina - Treatment |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032032/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032032/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |date=9 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibitero bikomeye bishobora kuvurwa na nitroglycerin .  Niba ibi bidahagije, umuntu ashobora kubagwa.&lt;ref name=NHS2020Tx /&gt; Ibisubizo bishobora kuba byiza iyo bivuwe.&lt;ref name=NHS2020 /&gt;

Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'isi, abantu 3.5% bafite indwara ya angina idahindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuze aho abagabo barengeje imyaka 65 ari 15% naho abagore bakaba ari 11%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo [[Ikilatini|ry'ikilatini]] ''angere'' (&quot;kwima&quot;) na ''pectus'' (&quot;igituza&quot;), bityo rishobora guhindurwa nk'&quot;ibyiyumvo byo kwima mu gituza&quot;. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <id>142324</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Angina</comment>
      <origin>142324</origin>
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      <text bytes="3471" sha1="9omoul3xcogk7ul2tctxcne6ckki02g" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Angina pectoris.png|thumb|Angina]]
'''Angina''' ni ububabare bwo mu gituza, umuvuduko, cyangwa gufungana bitewe n'uko amaraso adatembera neza mu mitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hermiz|first=C|last2=Sedhai|first2=YR|title=Angina|date=January 2020|pmid=32491604|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ububabare bushobora kugera mu musaya cyangwa ku kuboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Hashobora kubaho kubura umwuka, ibyuya, cyangwa isesemi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo bibaye gusa iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri cyangwa stress, bigashira mu minota mike yo kuruhuka, anjine irahoraho.&lt;ref name=NHS2020&gt;{{cite web |title=Angina |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009000235/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009000235/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/ |date=9 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo bibaye mu buryo butunguranye, mu gihe cyo kuruhuka, cyangwa bidahita bishira iyo umuntu aruhutse, biba ari angina idahindagurika.&lt;ref name=NHS2020 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ubusanzwe angina iterwa no kuziba no kugabanuka kw'imitsi itanga amaraso mu mitsi y'umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo hyperlipidemie, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, diyabete, n'umubyibuho ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zongera ibyago birimo [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]], [[Arrhythmia|imitsi y'umutima idasanzwe]], [[Kunanirwa k'umutima|umutima unanirwa gukora neza]], n'umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020UA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goyal|first=A|last2=Zeltser|first2=R|title=Unstable Angina|date=January 2020|pmid=28723029|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ndwara zishobora gutera ibimenyetso nk'ibi zirimo gucika kw'imitsi ifungana, gucika kw'imitsi ifungana mu bihaha, pericarditis, indwara yo kugabanuka k'umuyoboro w'amaraso mu gifu, pneumothorax, ububabare mu gituza, n'imihangayiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020UA&quot; /&gt;

Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho n'imiti.  Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukumira ibitero n'ingorane irimo beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, aspirine, statins, na ACE inhibitors.&lt;ref name=NHS2020Tx&gt;{{cite web |title=Angina - Treatment |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032032/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032032/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/ |date=9 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibitero bikomeye bishobora kuvurwa na nitroglycerin .  Niba ibi bidahagije, umuntu ashobora kubagwa.&lt;ref name=NHS2020Tx /&gt; Ibisubizo bishobora kuba byiza iyo bivuwe.&lt;ref name=NHS2020 /&gt;

Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'isi, abantu 3.5% bafite indwara ya angina idahindagurika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bakuze aho abagabo barengeje imyaka 65 ari 15% naho abagore bakaba ari 11%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo [[Ikilatini|ry'ikilatini]] ''angere'' (&quot;kwima&quot;) na ''pectus'' (&quot;igituza&quot;), bityo rishobora guhindurwa nk'&quot;ibyiyumvo byo kwima mu gituza&quot;. 

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikimongoliya</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>142325</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T09:39:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503395|Mongolian_spot]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>142325</origin>
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      <text bytes="5019" sha1="lpytr7275aiq0jbwwy3dj6aacygxxfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Congenital dermal melanocytosis|synonym=Mongolian spot, Mongolian blue spot, slate grey nevus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot; /&gt; dermal melanocytosis&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages=1720 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Mongolianspotphoto.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Infant with mongolian spots involving their lower back|pronounce=|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Blue-gray in spots generally on the lower back&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|complications=|onset=At or near birth&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Incomplete migration of [[melanocytes]] during [[early development]]&lt;ref name=Brit2025/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on appearance&lt;ref name=Brit2025/&gt;|differential=[[Bruise|Bruises]], [[nevus of Ota]], [[nevus of Ito]]&lt;ref name=Li2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=No required&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[benign|Excellent]]&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|frequency=Common&lt;ref name=Li2021/&gt;|deaths=|named after=[[Mongols|Mongolians]]&lt;ref name=Tay2017/&gt;}}'''Melanocytosis yo mu bwoko bwa Congenital dermal''', izwi kandi nka '''Mongolian spot''', ni ikimenyetso cy'ubururu n'imvi gifite ibara ridasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Onalaja|first=Amanda A.|last2=Taylor|first2=Susan C.|editor-last=Li|editor-first=Becky S.|editor-last2=Maibach|editor-first2=Howard I.|title=Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-64829-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Defining skin color|page=9|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=2022-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915112022/https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni ahantu harambuye kandi akenshi bigira ingaruka ku mugongo wo hasi; nubwo hari n'ahandi hashobora kuba harimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chua|first=RF|last2=Pico|first2=J|title=Dermal Melanocytosis.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2025|pmid=32491340}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumbosacral dermal melanocytosis. Mongolian spot|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|website=DermNet®|access-date=4 February 2025|language=en|date=26 October 2023|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101737/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange barakura iyo bageze ku myaka itandatu; nubwo hari bamwe badakira burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt;

Biterwa no kwimuka kutuzuye kwa melanocytes mu gihe cy'ivuka rya mbere .  Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku kuntu igaragara.&lt;ref name=Brit2025&gt;{{cite web |title=British Association of Dermatologists |url=https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |website=www.bad.org.uk |access-date=5 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |date=13 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe babyitiranyije n'ibikomere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange nta buvuzi bwihariye bukenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt; Abarwayi bavuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laser.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo ari abantu bakomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt;

Uduheri two muri Mongoliya turakunze kugaragara, tuboneka hafi 10% by'abazungu, 40% kugeza 70% by'abanya Hisipaniya, 80% by'abanya Aziya, na 98% by'abana b'Abanyamerika b'abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Yasobanuwe kandi ihabwa izina ry’Abanyamongoliya na Erwin Bälz mu 1883, umuhanga mu by’imibanire y’abantu w’Umudage wari utuye mu Buyapani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baelz|first=E|title=Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner|date=1885|url=https://oag.jp/img/1884/01/oag-mitteilungen-1884-1888-heft-032.pdf|access-date=5 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tay2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Robert B.|title=The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories|date=23 January 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-50328-8|page=94|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|language=en|access-date=5 February 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083040/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3869" sha1="sr0kh2aakb3dp4xzedusjg7aqz2wbul" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Giant mongolian blue spot.JPG|thumb|Ikimongoliya]]
'''Melanocytosis yo mu bwoko bwa Congenital dermal''', izwi kandi nka '''Mongolian spot''', ni ikimenyetso cy'ubururu n'imvi gifite ibara ridasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Onalaja|first=Amanda A.|last2=Taylor|first2=Susan C.|editor-last=Li|editor-first=Becky S.|editor-last2=Maibach|editor-first2=Howard I.|title=Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-64829-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Defining skin color|page=9|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=2022-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915112022/https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni ahantu harambuye kandi akenshi bigira ingaruka ku mugongo wo hasi; nubwo hari n'ahandi hashobora kuba harimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chua|first=RF|last2=Pico|first2=J|title=Dermal Melanocytosis.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2025|pmid=32491340}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumbosacral dermal melanocytosis. Mongolian spot|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|website=DermNet®|access-date=4 February 2025|language=en|date=26 October 2023|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101737/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange barakura iyo bageze ku myaka itandatu; nubwo hari bamwe badakira burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt;

Biterwa no kwimuka kutuzuye kwa melanocytes mu gihe cy'ivuka rya mbere .  Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku kuntu igaragara.&lt;ref name=Brit2025&gt;{{cite web |title=British Association of Dermatologists |url=https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |website=www.bad.org.uk |access-date=5 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |date=13 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe babyitiranyije n'ibikomere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange nta buvuzi bwihariye bukenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt; Abarwayi bavuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laser.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo ari abantu bakomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt;

Uduheri two muri Mongoliya turakunze kugaragara, tuboneka hafi 10% by'abazungu, 40% kugeza 70% by'abanya Hisipaniya, 80% by'abanya Aziya, na 98% by'abana b'Abanyamerika b'abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Yasobanuwe kandi ihabwa izina ry’Abanyamongoliya na Erwin Bälz mu 1883, umuhanga mu by’imibanire y’abantu w’Umudage wari utuye mu Buyapani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baelz|first=E|title=Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner|date=1885|url=https://oag.jp/img/1884/01/oag-mitteilungen-1884-1888-heft-032.pdf|access-date=5 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tay2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Robert B.|title=The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories|date=23 January 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-50328-8|page=94|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|language=en|access-date=5 February 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083040/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>sr0kh2aakb3dp4xzedusjg7aqz2wbul</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142367</id>
      <parentid>142326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T11:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503395|Mongolian_spot]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5019" sha1="lpytr7275aiq0jbwwy3dj6aacygxxfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Congenital dermal melanocytosis|synonym=Mongolian spot, Mongolian blue spot, slate grey nevus,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot; /&gt; dermal melanocytosis&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages=1720 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Mongolianspotphoto.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Infant with mongolian spots involving their lower back|pronounce=|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Blue-gray in spots generally on the lower back&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|complications=|onset=At or near birth&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=Incomplete migration of [[melanocytes]] during [[early development]]&lt;ref name=Brit2025/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on appearance&lt;ref name=Brit2025/&gt;|differential=[[Bruise|Bruises]], [[nevus of Ota]], [[nevus of Ito]]&lt;ref name=Li2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=Stat2025/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=No required&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[benign|Excellent]]&lt;ref name=NZ2025/&gt;|frequency=Common&lt;ref name=Li2021/&gt;|deaths=|named after=[[Mongols|Mongolians]]&lt;ref name=Tay2017/&gt;}}'''Melanocytosis yo mu bwoko bwa Congenital dermal''', izwi kandi nka '''Mongolian spot''', ni ikimenyetso cy'ubururu n'imvi gifite ibara ridasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Onalaja|first=Amanda A.|last2=Taylor|first2=Susan C.|editor-last=Li|editor-first=Becky S.|editor-last2=Maibach|editor-first2=Howard I.|title=Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations|date=2021|publisher=Springer|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-64829-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=1. Defining skin color|page=9|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=2022-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915112022/https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4hEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA9&amp;dq=Mongolian&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni ahantu harambuye kandi akenshi bigira ingaruka ku mugongo wo hasi; nubwo hari n'ahandi hashobora kuba harimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chua|first=RF|last2=Pico|first2=J|title=Dermal Melanocytosis.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2025|pmid=32491340}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lumbosacral dermal melanocytosis. Mongolian spot|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|website=DermNet®|access-date=4 February 2025|language=en|date=26 October 2023|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101737/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/lumbosacral-dermal-melanocytosis|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri rusange barakura iyo bageze ku myaka itandatu; nubwo hari bamwe badakira burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt;

Biterwa no kwimuka kutuzuye kwa melanocytes mu gihe cy'ivuka rya mbere .  Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku kuntu igaragara.&lt;ref name=Brit2025&gt;{{cite web |title=British Association of Dermatologists |url=https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |website=www.bad.org.uk |access-date=5 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413032827/https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/congenital-dermal-melanocytosis/ |date=13 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe babyitiranyije n'ibikomere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange nta buvuzi bwihariye bukenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt; Abarwayi bavuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laser.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo ari abantu bakomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ2025&quot; /&gt;

Uduheri two muri Mongoliya turakunze kugaragara, tuboneka hafi 10% by'abazungu, 40% kugeza 70% by'abanya Hisipaniya, 80% by'abanya Aziya, na 98% by'abana b'Abanyamerika b'abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2021&quot; /&gt; Abagabo n'abagore barwara indwara imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2025&quot; /&gt; Yasobanuwe kandi ihabwa izina ry’Abanyamongoliya na Erwin Bälz mu 1883, umuhanga mu by’imibanire y’abantu w’Umudage wari utuye mu Buyapani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baelz|first=E|title=Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner|date=1885|url=https://oag.jp/img/1884/01/oag-mitteilungen-1884-1888-heft-032.pdf|access-date=5 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tay2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Robert B.|title=The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories|date=23 January 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-50328-8|page=94|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|language=en|access-date=5 February 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426083040/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Amazing_Language_of_Medicine/z44JDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA94|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Udukoko tw'ubwonko (neurosyphilis)</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503643|Neurosyphilis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5780" sha1="7ix50kid7qdti415ewzsp88rxmhtvcs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Neurosyphilis|synonym=CNS syphilis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Neurosyphilis (Concept Id: C0027927) - MedGen - NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/14360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917234302/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/14360 |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Skull damage from neurosyphilis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Section of human skull damaged by late stage neurosyphilis|field=[[Neurology]], [[Infection|Infectious diseases]]|symptoms=None, [[headache]], [[stiff neck]], [[paresthesia|numbness]], [[urinary incontinence|loss of bladder control]], personality changes&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIDS2019/&gt;|complications=|onset=Anytime following infection&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|duration=|types=Early, late&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|causes=''[[Treponema pallidum]]''&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|risks=[[HIV/AIDS|HIV infection]], [[unprotected sex]]&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|diagnosis=[[cerebrospinal fluid|CSF]] testing ([[Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test|VDRL]], [[fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test|FTA-ABS]])&lt;ref name=CMAJ2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2019/&gt;|differential=[[Herpes simplex encephalitis|Herpes encephalitis]]; [[tuberculous meningitis]]; [[brain tumor]]s&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s ([[penicillin G]], [[ceftriaxone]])&lt;ref name=CDC2017/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Rare&lt;ref name=Stat2021/&gt;|video1=}}'''Neurosyphilis''' yerekeza ku kwandura kw'imitsi yo hagati hakoreshejwe [[Mburugu|syphilis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ha|first=T|last2=Tadi|first2=P|last3=Dubensky|first3=L|date=January 2021|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=StatPearls|pmid=31082023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora kubaho igihe icyo ari cyo cyose nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kubaho nta bimenyetso, cyangwa bigatera indwara ya meningitis, ibimenyetso bya stroke, paresis rusange, cyangwa tabes dorsalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Meningite itera kuribwa umutwe, ijosi rigakomera, no kuruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Guhagarara k'umutima mu buryo rusange bishobora gutera impinduka mu miterere y'umuntu, kwibeshya no gutigita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Ibice bya dorsalis bishobora gutera imikorere mibi y'umubiri, kubura ibinure, ibibazo by'uruhago, no kunyura mu maso mu buryo budasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; 

Impamvu ni bagiteri yitwa ''Treponema pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite agakoko gatera SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara birimo gutobora mu ruhu kugira ngo haboneke amazi yo mu bwonko (CSF) kugira ngo akoreshwe mu isuzuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peermohamed|first=Shaqil|last2=Kogilwaimath|first2=Siddharth|last3=Sanche|first3=Stephen|date=20 July 2020|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=192|issue=29|pages=E844|doi=10.1503/cmaj.200189|pmc=7828990|pmid=32690559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikizamini cya VDRL kuri CSF cyagaragaje ko ari icyanduye, ibi byemeza ko ari indwara; icyakora, igipimo cyo gupima ko ari kibi ntikibuza ko ari ikibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2020&quot; /&gt; Ibi rimwe na rimwe byuzuzwa n'ikizamini cyo kwiyongerera ubushobozi bwo gufata antibody treponemal (FTA-ABS).&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=Allan H.|date=3 October 2019|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=381|issue=14|pages=1358–1363|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1906228|pmid=31577877}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubusanzwe, ubuvuzi bwa neurosyphilis bukorwa hakoreshejwe penisiline G ku gipimo cya miliyoni 3 kugeza kuri 4 mu mitsi buri masaha ane mu gihe cy'iminsi 10 kugeza kuri 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=STD Facts - Syphilis (Detailed) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis-detailed.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730092959/https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730092959/https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm |date=30 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Penicilline ishobora kandi gutangwa rimwe ku munsi binyuze mu gutera mu mitsi hamwe na probenecide mu kanwa.  Ku bantu bafite ubwivumbure kuri penisiline, ceftriaxone ishobora gukoreshwa.  Iyo bivuwe hakiri kare, muri rusange ingaruka ziba nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDS2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Neurosyphilis Information Page |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082959/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082959/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |date=9 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udukoko two mu bwonko (Neurosyphilis) ni gake cyane, nubwo abarwayi bagiye biyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hafi 2% by'abantu barwaye syphilis hakiri kare, barwaye neurosyphilis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot; /&gt; Nubwo mu bice bimwe bya Afurika, abaturage muri rusange bagera kuri 2% bashobora kwibasirwa n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Mbere y'uko imiti yica udukoko iboneka, abantu bagera kuri 30% by'abarwayi ba syphilis bari bafite neurosyphilis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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      <text bytes="4320" sha1="puljn1clyma0iyvbobss6q4eo9r04vs" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Skull damage from neurosyphilis.jpg|thumb|Udukoko tw'ubwonko ]]
Udukoko tw'ubwonko  yerekeza ku kwandura kw'imitsi yo hagati hakoreshejwe [[Mburugu|syphilis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ha|first=T|last2=Tadi|first2=P|last3=Dubensky|first3=L|date=January 2021|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=StatPearls|pmid=31082023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora kubaho igihe icyo ari cyo cyose nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kubaho nta bimenyetso, cyangwa bigatera indwara ya meningitis, ibimenyetso bya stroke, paresis rusange, cyangwa tabes dorsalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Meningite itera kuribwa umutwe, ijosi rigakomera, no kuruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Guhagarara k'umutima mu buryo rusange bishobora gutera impinduka mu miterere y'umuntu, kwibeshya no gutigita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Ibice bya dorsalis bishobora gutera imikorere mibi y'umubiri, kubura ibinure, ibibazo by'uruhago, no kunyura mu maso mu buryo budasanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; 

Impamvu ni bagiteri yitwa ''Treponema pallidum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite agakoko gatera SIDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara birimo gutobora mu ruhu kugira ngo haboneke amazi yo mu bwonko (CSF) kugira ngo akoreshwe mu isuzuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peermohamed|first=Shaqil|last2=Kogilwaimath|first2=Siddharth|last3=Sanche|first3=Stephen|date=20 July 2020|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=192|issue=29|pages=E844|doi=10.1503/cmaj.200189|pmc=7828990|pmid=32690559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikizamini cya VDRL kuri CSF cyagaragaje ko ari icyanduye, ibi byemeza ko ari indwara; icyakora, igipimo cyo gupima ko ari kibi ntikibuza ko ari ikibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMAJ2020&quot; /&gt; Ibi rimwe na rimwe byuzuzwa n'ikizamini cyo kwiyongerera ubushobozi bwo gufata antibody treponemal (FTA-ABS).&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=Allan H.|date=3 October 2019|title=Neurosyphilis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=381|issue=14|pages=1358–1363|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1906228|pmid=31577877}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubusanzwe, ubuvuzi bwa neurosyphilis bukorwa hakoreshejwe penisiline G ku gipimo cya miliyoni 3 kugeza kuri 4 mu mitsi buri masaha ane mu gihe cy'iminsi 10 kugeza kuri 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=STD Facts - Syphilis (Detailed) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis-detailed.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730092959/https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730092959/https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm |date=30 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Penicilline ishobora kandi gutangwa rimwe ku munsi binyuze mu gutera mu mitsi hamwe na probenecide mu kanwa.  Ku bantu bafite ubwivumbure kuri penisiline, ceftriaxone ishobora gukoreshwa.  Iyo bivuwe hakiri kare, muri rusange ingaruka ziba nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIDS2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Neurosyphilis Information Page |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082959/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082959/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurosyphilis-Information-Page |date=9 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udukoko two mu bwonko (Neurosyphilis) ni gake cyane, nubwo abarwayi bagiye biyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, hafi 2% by'abantu barwaye syphilis hakiri kare, barwaye neurosyphilis.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2019&quot; /&gt; Nubwo mu bice bimwe bya Afurika, abaturage muri rusange bagera kuri 2% bashobora kwibasirwa n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt; Mbere y'uko imiti yica udukoko iboneka, abantu bagera kuri 30% by'abarwayi ba syphilis bari bafite neurosyphilis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2021&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459250|Autoimmune_disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5312" sha1="iyvb8jefhkltdfdt177y6xegn1jtzva" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Autoimmune disease|synonym=Autoimmune condition|image=Lupusfoto.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Young woman with the typical &quot;[[malar rash|butterfly rash]]&quot; found in [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]|pronounce=|field=[[Rheumatology]], [[immunology]], [[gastroenterology]], [[neurology]], [[dermatology]]|symptoms=Depends on the condition. Commonly low grade [[fever]], [[fatigue (medical)|feeling tired]]&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;&lt;!-- Quote=Although each disease is unique, many share hallmark symptoms, such as fatigue, dizziness, and low-grade fever. --&gt;|complications=|onset=Adulthood&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;|duration=|types=[[List of autoimmune diseases]] ([[alopecia areata]], [[celiac disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 1]], [[Graves' disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[psoriasis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], others)&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[immunosuppressants]], [[intravenous immunoglobulin]]&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kat2011/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=24 million / 7% (USA)&lt;ref name=NIH2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Bor2010/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri''' ni indwara iterwa n’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri budashobora gukora neza ku gice cy’umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/autoimmune-diseases.html|title=Autoimmune diseases fact sheet|date=16 July 2012|website=Office on Women's Health|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144045/https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/autoimmune-diseases.html|archive-date=5 October 2016|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari nibura ubwoko 80 bw'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Hafi igice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umubiri gishobora kugira uruhare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Borgelt|first=Laura Marie|title=Women's Health Across the Lifespan: A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach|date=2010|publisher=ASHP|isbn=978-1-58528-194-7|page=579|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riP3pxq2jWAC&amp;pg=PA579|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184552/https://books.google.com/books?id=riP3pxq2jWAC&amp;pg=PA579|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo umuriro muke no kumva unaniwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso biraza hanyuma bikagenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu muri rusange ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri nka lupus zigaragara mu miryango, kandi zimwe na zimwe zishobora guterwa n’indwara cyangwa izindi mpamvu zishingiye ku bidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara zikunze gufatwa nk'izishingiye ku bushobozi bw'umubiri zirimo indwara ya celiac, [[Ubwoko 1 bwa diyabete|diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1]], indwara ya Graves, indwara yo kubyimba amara, sclerosis nyinshi, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], [[Rumatisime ya rubagimpande|rubagimpande]], na lupus erythematosus.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoh2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H|s2cid=20082472|title=The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=15|issue=2|pages=198–209|date=February 2016|pmid=26724103|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00334-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ishobora kugorana kumenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko n'uburemere bw'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Imiti igabanya ububyimbirwe idakoresha steroide (NSAIDs) hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'umubiri ikunze gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Immunoglobulin iterwa mu mitsi ishobora no gukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kat2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Katz U, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G|title=Update on intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) mechanisms of action and off- label use in autoimmune diseases|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=17|issue=29|pages=3166–75|date=2011|pmid=21864262|doi=10.2174/138161211798157540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo ubusanzwe kuvurwa bigabanya ibimenyetso, ntabwo bivura indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 24 (7%) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bibasiwe n'indwara y’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot; /&gt; Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubukure.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Indwara za mbere ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri zavuzwe mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1900.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CK|title=Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology|page=169|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn=9788125028086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXMazr0LRDsC&amp;pg=PA169|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184552/https://books.google.com/books?id=MXMazr0LRDsC&amp;pg=PA169|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>iyvb8jefhkltdfdt177y6xegn1jtzva</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T09:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Indwara_y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri</comment>
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      <text bytes="4108" sha1="eecyyyiby2xhpj2maxlphqbruw1g9we" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.jpg|thumb|Indwara_y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri]]
'''Indwara y’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri''' ni indwara iterwa n’uko ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri budashobora gukora neza ku gice cy’umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/autoimmune-diseases.html|title=Autoimmune diseases fact sheet|date=16 July 2012|website=Office on Women's Health|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144045/https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/autoimmune-diseases.html|archive-date=5 October 2016|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari nibura ubwoko 80 bw'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Hafi igice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'umubiri gishobora kugira uruhare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Borgelt|first=Laura Marie|title=Women's Health Across the Lifespan: A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach|date=2010|publisher=ASHP|isbn=978-1-58528-194-7|page=579|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riP3pxq2jWAC&amp;pg=PA579|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184552/https://books.google.com/books?id=riP3pxq2jWAC&amp;pg=PA579|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bisanzwe birimo umuriro muke no kumva unaniwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso biraza hanyuma bikagenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu muri rusange ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri nka lupus zigaragara mu miryango, kandi zimwe na zimwe zishobora guterwa n’indwara cyangwa izindi mpamvu zishingiye ku bidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Zimwe mu ndwara zikunze gufatwa nk'izishingiye ku bushobozi bw'umubiri zirimo indwara ya celiac, [[Ubwoko 1 bwa diyabete|diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 1]], indwara ya Graves, indwara yo kubyimba amara, sclerosis nyinshi, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], [[Rumatisime ya rubagimpande|rubagimpande]], na lupus erythematosus.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoh2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H|s2cid=20082472|title=The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=15|issue=2|pages=198–209|date=February 2016|pmid=26724103|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00334-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ishobora kugorana kumenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko n'uburemere bw'indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Imiti igabanya ububyimbirwe idakoresha steroide (NSAIDs) hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'umubiri ikunze gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Immunoglobulin iterwa mu mitsi ishobora no gukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kat2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Katz U, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G|title=Update on intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) mechanisms of action and off- label use in autoimmune diseases|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=17|issue=29|pages=3166–75|date=2011|pmid=21864262|doi=10.2174/138161211798157540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo ubusanzwe kuvurwa bigabanya ibimenyetso, ntabwo bivura indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 24 (7%) muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bibasiwe n'indwara y’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bor2010&quot; /&gt; Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubukure.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2012&quot; /&gt; Indwara za mbere ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri zavuzwe mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1900.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CK|title=Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology|page=169|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn=9788125028086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXMazr0LRDsC&amp;pg=PA169|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184552/https://books.google.com/books?id=MXMazr0LRDsC&amp;pg=PA169|archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isotretinoin</title>
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      <id>142331</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513083|Isotretinoin]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5226" sha1="4jt4ize9d7b7fl7j0lkki4ge56c5uv2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=477168707|image=Isotretinoin structure.svg|width=250|image2=Isotretinoin3d.svg

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=[[tretinoin#Etymology|See note at ''tretinoin'']]|tradename=Accutane, Roaccutane, others&lt;ref name=brands&gt;{{cite web|title=Isotretinoin international brands|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/isotretinoin.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025017/https://www.drugs.com/international/isotretinoin.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=13-''cis''-retinoic acid|IUPAC_name=(2''Z'',4''E'',6''E'',8''E'')-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Retinoid]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|uses=[[Acne]]&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|side_effects=[[cheilitis|Inflammed lips]], [[hypertriglyceridemia|high blood triglycerides]], joint pain, muscle pain&lt;ref name=AHFS2020/&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=X|pregnancy_US=X|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]], [[Topical medication|topical]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=|typical_dose=&lt;!-- External links --&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|isotretinoin}}|MedlinePlus=a681043

&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|licence_US=Isotretinoin

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=Variable|protein_bound=99.9%|metabolism=[[Liver]]|elimination_half-life=10–20 hours|excretion=[[Kidney]] and [[Feces|fecal]]

&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=20|H=28|O=2|SMILES=O=C(O)\C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C1=C(/CCCC1(C)C)C)C)C|StdInChI=1S/C20H28O2/c1-15(8-6-9-16(2)14-19(21)22)11-12-18-17(3)10-7-13-20(18,4)5/h6,8-9,11-12,14H,7,10,13H2,1-5H3,(H,21,22)/b9-6+,12-11+,15-8+,16-14-|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-XFYACQKRSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|drug_name=Isotretinoin}}'''Isotretinoin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Accutane''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri bikomeye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Isotretinoin Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isotretinoin.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813113107/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isotretinoin.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By’umwihariko ikoreshwa ku biheri bifite uduce duto kandi bitarakira hamwe n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka zirimo [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], ichthyosis, na kanseri zimwe na zimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa cyangwa igashyirwa ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=1308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubyimba iminwa, triglycerides nyinshi mu maraso, kubabara ingingo, no kubabara imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bw'izuba, gutakaza umusatsi, n'ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Isotretinoin izwiho gutera ibibazo mu gihe cyo kubyara kandi uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bukora neza busabwa guhera mu kwezi mbere yo gutangira kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Ni retinoid, bivuze ko ifitanye isano na [[Vitamini A|vitamine A]] na tretinoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko bikora binyuze mu guhindura imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'imisemburo ya sebaceous.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;

Yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha mu buvuzi mu 1969, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=476|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA476|language=en|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828131433/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo ikiri kuboneka hakurikijwe amazina menshi asanzwe, izina ry'umwimerere ryahagaritswe mu 2009 bitewe n'uruvange rw'ibicuruzwa bike byagurishijwe ndetse n'imanza nyinshi ku ngaruka mbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=DeNoon|first=Daniel J.|title=Acne Drug Accutane No Longer Sold|url=https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/news/20090708/accutane-off-the-market|website=WebMD|access-date=5 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929091737/https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/news/20090708/accutane-off-the-market|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bwongereza hari gahunda zihariye zo kugabanya ibyago byo gutwita kw'abagore mu gihe bakoresha uyu muti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Mu Bwongereza, miligarama 20 ku munsi mu kwezi zitwara NHS ibiro bigera kuri 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4jt4ize9d7b7fl7j0lkki4ge56c5uv2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142332</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T09:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Isotretinoin</comment>
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      <text bytes="3278" sha1="r1u689glmwvl484xz2oyqz69hr0vzcv" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:13-cis-Retinoic acid 3D ball.png|thumb|Isotretinoin]]
'''Isotretinoin''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Accutane''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri bikomeye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Isotretinoin Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isotretinoin.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=5 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813113107/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isotretinoin.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By’umwihariko ikoreshwa ku biheri bifite uduce duto kandi bitarakira hamwe n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka zirimo [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], ichthyosis, na kanseri zimwe na zimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa cyangwa igashyirwa ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=1308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubyimba iminwa, triglycerides nyinshi mu maraso, kubabara ingingo, no kubabara imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'imibonano mpuzabitsina, kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bw'izuba, gutakaza umusatsi, n'ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Isotretinoin izwiho gutera ibibazo mu gihe cyo kubyara kandi uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bukora neza busabwa guhera mu kwezi mbere yo gutangira kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Ni retinoid, bivuze ko ifitanye isano na [[Vitamini A|vitamine A]] na tretinoin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko bikora binyuze mu guhindura imikorere y'uturemangingo tw'imisemburo ya sebaceous.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;

Yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha mu buvuzi mu 1969, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=476|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA476|language=en|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828131433/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA476|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo ikiri kuboneka hakurikijwe amazina menshi asanzwe, izina ry'umwimerere ryahagaritswe mu 2009 bitewe n'uruvange rw'ibicuruzwa bike byagurishijwe ndetse n'imanza nyinshi ku ngaruka mbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=DeNoon|first=Daniel J.|title=Acne Drug Accutane No Longer Sold|url=https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/news/20090708/accutane-off-the-market|website=WebMD|access-date=5 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929091737/https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/news/20090708/accutane-off-the-market|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bwongereza hari gahunda zihariye zo kugabanya ibyago byo gutwita kw'abagore mu gihe bakoresha uyu muti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt; Mu Bwongereza, miligarama 20 ku munsi mu kwezi zitwara NHS ibiro bigera kuri 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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    <title>Indwara yo guhakana imyitwarire idasanzwe</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503880|Oppositional_defiant_disorder]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3279" sha1="ct8kkat08kf7bu8niikzkjbnayi0djc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Oppositional defiant disorder|synonym=|image=Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.webm|image_size=300px|image_thumbtime=10|alt=|caption=Video explanation|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Irritable mood, defiant behavior, vindictiveness&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=|onset=Childhood&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=&gt; 6 months&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|types=Mild, moderate, severe&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|causes=[[Genetic]], environmental, and social factors&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|risks=[[Child abuse]], [[poverty]], poor peer group&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Conduct disorder]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[mood disorder]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[family therapy]], school support&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2 to 11%&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|deaths=|video=yes|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kudakunda kwifata''' ( '''ODD''' ) ni indwara yo mu bwana iterwa n'ibibazo byo kugenzura amarangamutima n'imyitwarire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=A|last2=Marwaha|first2=R|title=Oppositional Defiant Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=32491375|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigaragaza imiterere y'igihe kirekire y'umujinya, imyitwarire yo gusuzugura, no kwihimura ku bandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/462 462-466]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara zo guhangayika, indwara zo mu mutwe, ikibazo cyo kwitwara nabi, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu nyamukuru iterwa n’ibintu by’ingenzi bivugwa ko ishingiye ku miterere y’umubiri, ibidukikije n’imibereho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyago byo kurwara iyi ndwara biterwa n'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ikibazo zirimo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku bana, ubukene, n'itsinda ry'abakene mu rungano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku kiganiro n'abantu baganira n'umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibikoresho byinshi byo gusuzuma bishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; ODD itandukanye n'indwara yo kwitwara nabi kuko ibimenyetso byayo biba bike cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ubuyobozi bushobora kuba burimo amahugurwa y'ababyeyi, ubufasha mu ishuri, n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire mu bwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo ibi bidakora neza, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu mutwe ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara ifitanye isano nayo ishobora gusaba kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara yo kudahuza ibitekerezo igaragara ko yibasira abantu bari hagati ya 2 na 11%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira kw'ishuri akenshi biba ahagana mu ntangiriro z'ishuri kandi bigenda bigabanuka uko imyaka igenda ikura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ct8kkat08kf7bu8niikzkjbnayi0djc</sha1>
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    <title>Indwara yo guhakana imyitwarire idasanze</title>
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        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503880|Oppositional_defiant_disorder]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3281" sha1="awyk2kg7rptyrcdabmp8r2lwzhfsb7y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Oppositional defiant disorder|synonym=|image=Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.webm|image_size=300px|image_thumbtime=10|alt=|caption=Video explanation|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Irritable mood, defiant behavior, vindictiveness&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=|onset=Childhood&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|duration=&gt; 6 months&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|types=Mild, moderate, severe&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|causes=[[Genetic]], environmental, and social factors&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|risks=[[Child abuse]], [[poverty]], poor peer group&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Conduct disorder]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[mood disorder]]&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]], [[family therapy]], school support&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2 to 11%&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|deaths=|video=yes|named after=}}e
'''Indwara yo kudakunda kwifata''' ( '''ODD''' ) ni indwara yo mu bwana iterwa n'ibibazo byo kugenzura amarangamutima n'imyitwarire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=A|last2=Marwaha|first2=R|title=Oppositional Defiant Disorder|date=January 2020|pmid=32491375|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bigaragaza imiterere y'igihe kirekire y'umujinya, imyitwarire yo gusuzugura, no kwihimura ku bandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/462 462-466]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo indwara zo guhangayika, indwara zo mu mutwe, ikibazo cyo kwitwara nabi, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge nabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu nyamukuru iterwa n’ibintu by’ingenzi bivugwa ko ishingiye ku miterere y’umubiri, ibidukikije n’imibereho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyago byo kurwara iyi ndwara biterwa n'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ikibazo zirimo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku bana, ubukene, n'itsinda ry'abakene mu rungano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku kiganiro n'abantu baganira n'umwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibikoresho byinshi byo gusuzuma bishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; ODD itandukanye n'indwara yo kwitwara nabi kuko ibimenyetso byayo biba bike cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

Ubuyobozi bushobora kuba burimo amahugurwa y'ababyeyi, ubufasha mu ishuri, n'ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire mu bwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo ibi bidakora neza, imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara zo mu mutwe ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara ifitanye isano nayo ishobora gusaba kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara yo kudahuza ibitekerezo igaragara ko yibasira abantu bari hagati ya 2 na 11%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira kw'ishuri akenshi biba ahagana mu ntangiriro z'ishuri kandi bigenda bigabanuka uko imyaka igenda ikura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Indwara ya XYY</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456715|XYY_syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3686" sha1="dl0i8ad7ijrjlemve4yuv7vdifw169x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=XYY_syndrome|synonym=YY syndrome, 47 XYY, Jacobs syndrome&lt;ref name=GHR2009/&gt;|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Being taller than average, [[acne]], [[learning problems]]&lt;ref name=GHR2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|complications=[[Autism spectrum|Autism spectrum disorder]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]&lt;ref name=GARD2017/&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[Genetics]]&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Chromosomal analysis]]&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|differential=[[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]]&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|prevention=None&lt;ref name=GARD2017/&gt;|treatment=[[Speech therapy]], [[tutoring]]&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Good&lt;ref name=NORD2012/&gt;|frequency=~1 in 1,000 males&lt;ref name=GHR2009/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya XYY''' ni indwara iterwa n’uturemangingo tw’umubiri aho umugabo aba afite chromosome Y y’inyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome|title=47,XYY syndrome|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|access-date=2017-03-19|date=January 2009|archive-date=2017-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053724/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso ntibiba byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/xyy-syndrome/|title=XYY Syndrome|date=2012|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223082019/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/xyy-syndrome/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo kuba muremure ugereranije n'ibisanzwe, [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], ndetse n'ibyago byinshi byo kugira [[Handicap mental|ibibazo byo kwiga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe umuntu aba ameze neza, harimo n'uburumbuke busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;

Iyi ndwara muri rusange ntabwo ivuka ku babyeyi b'umuntu ahubwo iterwa n'ibintu bitunguranye mu gihe intanga ngabo zikura.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt; Gupima indwara bikorwa hakoreshejwe isesengura rya chromosome, ariko abenshi mu bayirwaye ntibayisuzuma mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Hariho chromosomes 47, aho kuba 46 zisanzwe, zitanga karyotype ya 47,XYY.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;

Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe cyangwa ubufasha bw'inyongera mu kazi ko ku ishuri, ariko muri rusange umusaruro uba mwiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ibaho ku bana b'abahungu bagera kuri 1 mu 1000.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi bafite iyi ndwara ntibazi ko bayifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=47, XYY syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5674/47-xyy-syndrome|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205247/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5674/47-xyy-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bostwick|first=David G.|last2=Cheng|first2=Liang|title=Urologic Surgical Pathology E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323086196|page=682|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wrHQAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA682|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204832/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wrHQAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA682|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Indwara ya XYY</comment>
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'''Indwara ya XYY''' ni indwara iterwa n’uturemangingo tw’umubiri aho umugabo aba afite chromosome Y y’inyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome|title=47,XYY syndrome|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en|access-date=2017-03-19|date=January 2009|archive-date=2017-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053724/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso ntibiba byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/xyy-syndrome/|title=XYY Syndrome|date=2012|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223082019/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/xyy-syndrome/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba birimo kuba muremure ugereranije n'ibisanzwe, [[Ibiheri byo mu maso|ibiheri]], ndetse n'ibyago byinshi byo kugira [[Handicap mental|ibibazo byo kwiga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe umuntu aba ameze neza, harimo n'uburumbuke busanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;

Iyi ndwara muri rusange ntabwo ivuka ku babyeyi b'umuntu ahubwo iterwa n'ibintu bitunguranye mu gihe intanga ngabo zikura.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt; Gupima indwara bikorwa hakoreshejwe isesengura rya chromosome, ariko abenshi mu bayirwaye ntibayisuzuma mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Hariho chromosomes 47, aho kuba 46 zisanzwe, zitanga karyotype ya 47,XYY.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt;

Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe cyangwa ubufasha bw'inyongera mu kazi ko ku ishuri, ariko muri rusange umusaruro uba mwiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2012&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ibaho ku bana b'abahungu bagera kuri 1 mu 1000.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2009&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi bafite iyi ndwara ntibazi ko bayifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;GARD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=47, XYY syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5674/47-xyy-syndrome|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205247/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5674/47-xyy-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bostwick|first=David G.|last2=Cheng|first2=Liang|title=Urologic Surgical Pathology E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323086196|page=682|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wrHQAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA682|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204832/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wrHQAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA682|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ketoconazole</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502854|Ketoconazole]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6785" sha1="orycx9v9u5x83ndaktzfejppqkezyyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}'''Ketoconazole''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Nizoral''' n'indi, ni umuti uvura indwara ziterwa n'imiti irwanya udukoko ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye z'imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketoconazole Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketoconazole.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=28 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228050612/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketoconazole.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe ku ruhu, ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara z'uruhu ziterwa n'ibihumyo nka tinea, candidiasis y'uruhu, pityriasis versicolor, dandruff, na seborrheic dermatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1198|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo uyinyoye ntabwo ari amahitamo meza cyane kandi ni byiza kuyikoresha gusa ku ndwara zikomeye mu gihe izindi miti zidashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngamba zirimo kuvura imikurire y'umusatsi ikabije ndetse [[Indwara ya Cushing|n'indwara ya Cushing's syndrome]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo zikoreshejwe ku ruhu zirimo gutukura, kuribwa no kuruma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolverton2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Aditya K.|last2=Mays|first2=Rachel R.|last3=Folley|first3=Kelly A.|editor-last=Wolverton|editor-first=Stephen E.|editor-last2=Wu|editor-first2=Jashin J.|title=Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-61211-1|page=484|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA484&amp;dq=naftifine&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=42. Topical antifungal agents|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009012054/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA484&amp;dq=naftifine&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo umuntu anyoye zirimo isesemi, kuribwa umutwe, n'ibibazo by'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ibibazo by'umwijima bishobora gutera urupfu cyangwa gukenera guterwa umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zikomeye iyo umuntu anyoye zirimo gukomeretsa QT, kudakora neza kw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, no kunanirwa k'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=FDA limits usage of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets due to potentially fatal liver injury and risk of drug interactions and adrenal gland problems|work=FDA Drug Safety Communication|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362415.htm|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=July 26, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231140/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362415.htm|archive-date=December 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni imidazole kandi ikora mu kugira ingaruka ku ikorwa rya ergosterol ikenewe ku ruhu rw'uturemangingo tw'ibihumyo bityo igatuma gukura kugabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ketoconazole yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1977, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=503|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA503|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195916/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA503|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe kandi imiti ikoreshwa ku ruhu igurishwa ku giciro cya muganga mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Umuyoboro wa garama 30 mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] utwara NHS munsi y'amapawundi 5 mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], aho amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa &quot;topical cream&quot; aboneka gusa ku muganga, ikiguzi cy'aya mafaranga ni hafi {{US$|6.30}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 219 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketoconazole - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketoconazole|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708064013/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketoconazole|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ngingo ifatwa mu kanwa yakuweho mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi no muri Ositaraliya mu 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oral ketoconazole (Nizoral) 200 mg tablets|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/oral-ketoconazole-nizoral-200-mg-tablets|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|access-date=23 March 2019|date=10 October 2013|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702154853/http://www.tga.gov.au/alert/oral-ketoconazole-nizoral-200-mg-tablets|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaLyons2015&quot; /&gt; no mu Bushinwa mu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0087/122883.html|title=国家食品药品监督管理总局关于停止生产销售使用酮康唑口服制剂的公告（2015年第85号）|publisher=[[National Medical Products Administration|China Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2015-06-25|access-date=2015-07-02|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702151102/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0087/122883.html|archive-date=2015-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa ryayo ryaragabanijwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada mu 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaLyons2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gupta AK, Lyons DC|title=The Rise and Fall of Oral Ketoconazole|journal=Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery|volume=19|issue=4|pages=352–7|year=2015|pmid=25775613|doi=10.1177/1203475415574970}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>orycx9v9u5x83ndaktzfejppqkezyyu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>142338</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Ketoconazole</comment>
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      <text bytes="6850" sha1="qppm0nn7fjx80yllw1pxzlmtnanl7gd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}
[[Dosiye:Ketoconazole 200mg (Mekophar).png|thumb|Ketoconazole]]
'''Ketoconazole''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Nizoral''' n'indi, ni umuti uvura indwara ziterwa n'imiti irwanya udukoko ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye z'imiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketoconazole Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketoconazole.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=28 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228050612/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketoconazole.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe ku ruhu, ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara z'uruhu ziterwa n'ibihumyo nka tinea, candidiasis y'uruhu, pityriasis versicolor, dandruff, na seborrheic dermatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1198|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo uyinyoye ntabwo ari amahitamo meza cyane kandi ni byiza kuyikoresha gusa ku ndwara zikomeye mu gihe izindi miti zidashobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngamba zirimo kuvura imikurire y'umusatsi ikabije ndetse [[Indwara ya Cushing|n'indwara ya Cushing's syndrome]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo zikoreshejwe ku ruhu zirimo gutukura, kuribwa no kuruma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolverton2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Aditya K.|last2=Mays|first2=Rachel R.|last3=Folley|first3=Kelly A.|editor-last=Wolverton|editor-first=Stephen E.|editor-last2=Wu|editor-first2=Jashin J.|title=Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-61211-1|page=484|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA484&amp;dq=naftifine&amp;hl=en|language=en|chapter=42. Topical antifungal agents|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009012054/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPrDDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA484&amp;dq=naftifine&amp;hl=en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara iyo umuntu anyoye zirimo isesemi, kuribwa umutwe, n'ibibazo by'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ibibazo by'umwijima bishobora gutera urupfu cyangwa gukenera guterwa umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngaruka mbi zikomeye iyo umuntu anyoye zirimo gukomeretsa QT, kudakora neza kw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, no kunanirwa k'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=FDA limits usage of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets due to potentially fatal liver injury and risk of drug interactions and adrenal gland problems|work=FDA Drug Safety Communication|url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362415.htm|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]|date=July 26, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231140/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362415.htm|archive-date=December 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni imidazole kandi ikora mu kugira ingaruka ku ikorwa rya ergosterol ikenewe ku ruhu rw'uturemangingo tw'ibihumyo bityo igatuma gukura kugabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ketoconazole yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1977, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fis2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=503|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA503|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195916/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA503|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe kandi imiti ikoreshwa ku ruhu igurishwa ku giciro cya muganga mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Umuyoboro wa garama 30 mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] utwara NHS munsi y'amapawundi 5 mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], aho amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa &quot;topical cream&quot; aboneka gusa ku muganga, ikiguzi cy'aya mafaranga ni hafi {{US$|6.30}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 219 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ketoconazole - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketoconazole|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708064013/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ketoconazole|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ngingo ifatwa mu kanwa yakuweho mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi no muri Ositaraliya mu 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oral ketoconazole (Nizoral) 200 mg tablets|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/oral-ketoconazole-nizoral-200-mg-tablets|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|access-date=23 March 2019|date=10 October 2013|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702154853/http://www.tga.gov.au/alert/oral-ketoconazole-nizoral-200-mg-tablets|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaLyons2015&quot; /&gt; no mu Bushinwa mu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0087/122883.html|title=国家食品药品监督管理总局关于停止生产销售使用酮康唑口服制剂的公告（2015年第85号）|publisher=[[National Medical Products Administration|China Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2015-06-25|access-date=2015-07-02|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702151102/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0087/122883.html|archive-date=2015-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa ryayo ryaragabanijwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada mu 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuptaLyons2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gupta AK, Lyons DC|title=The Rise and Fall of Oral Ketoconazole|journal=Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery|volume=19|issue=4|pages=352–7|year=2015|pmid=25775613|doi=10.1177/1203475415574970}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Indwara ya Cauda equina</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501071|Cauda_equina_syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3759" sha1="pa9ikjb6umeqxuv2w2ml3uavd0jicwe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cauda equina syndrome|synonym=|image=Gray662Cauda.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The [[cauda equina]] begins at the end of the [[spinal cord]]|pronounce=|field=[[Neurosurgery]], [[orthopedics]]|symptoms=[[Low back pain]], [[sciatica|pain that radiates down the leg]], numbness around the anus, loss of bowel or bladder control&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;|complications=|onset=Rapid or gradual&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Disc herniation|Disc herniation]], [[spinal stenosis]], [[cancer]], [[major trauma|trauma]], [[epidural abscess]], [[epidural hematoma]]&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2015/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]] ([[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[CT scan]])&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=AO2014/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Surgery ([[laminectomy]])&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=20% risk of poor outcome&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;|frequency=1 in 70,000 a year&lt;ref name=Gar2011/&gt;|deaths=|width=150|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Cauda equina syndrome''' ( '''CES''' ) ni indwara ibaho iyo umutsi uri munsi y'umugongo uzwi nka cauda equina wangiritse.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cauda equina syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10987/cauda-equina-syndrome|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)|access-date=9 November 2017|language=en|date=2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191531/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10987/cauda-equina-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso birimo [[kubabara umugongo wo hasi]], [[Sciatica|ububabare bugera mu kaguru]], gucika intege hirya no hino mu kibuno, no kubura uburyo bwo kugenzura amara cyangwa uruhago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T|title=Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position|journal=European Spine Journal|volume=20|issue=5|pages=690–7|date=May 2011|pmid=21193933|pmc=3082683|doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira bishobora kuba vuba cyangwa buhoro buhoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu akenshi ni ukuvamo kwa disiki mu gice cyo hasi cy'umugongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo stenosis y'umugongo, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], ihungabana, ikibyimba cyo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umugongo, na hematoma yo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umugongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso kandi ryemezwa n'amashusho ya muganga nka MRI cyangwa CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cauda Equina Syndrome-OrthoInfo - AAOS|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00362|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=9 November 2017|date=March 2014|archive-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103212556/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00362|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri rusange, CES ivurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laminectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Ibibazo bidashira by'inkari, imikorere mibi mu mibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho nubwo haba habayeho kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AO2014&quot; /&gt; Umusaruro mubi uboneka ku bantu bagera kuri 20% nubwo bavuwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Umuntu umwe kuri 70.000 yibasirwa n’iki kibazo buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Byasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1934.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chau AM, Xu LL, Pelzer NR, Gragnaniello C|title=Timing of surgical intervention in cauda equina syndrome: a systematic critical review|journal=World Neurosurgery|volume=81|issue=3-4|pages=640–50|date=2014|pmid=24240024|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2013.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2901" sha1="2604qnftdqidm9ufd7lbp0405gkmcm6" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:MRI of the lumbar spine with abscess in the posterior epidural space, causing cauda equina syndrome.jpg|thumb|indwara ya Cauda_equina]]
'''Indwara ya Cauda equina syndrome''' ( '''CES''' ) ni indwara ibaho iyo umutsi uri munsi y'umugongo uzwi nka cauda equina wangiritse.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cauda equina syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10987/cauda-equina-syndrome|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)|access-date=9 November 2017|language=en|date=2015|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191531/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10987/cauda-equina-syndrome|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso birimo [[kubabara umugongo wo hasi]], [[Sciatica|ububabare bugera mu kaguru]], gucika intege hirya no hino mu kibuno, no kubura uburyo bwo kugenzura amara cyangwa uruhago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T|title=Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position|journal=European Spine Journal|volume=20|issue=5|pages=690–7|date=May 2011|pmid=21193933|pmc=3082683|doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gutangira bishobora kuba vuba cyangwa buhoro buhoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu akenshi ni ukuvamo kwa disiki mu gice cyo hasi cy'umugongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zirimo stenosis y'umugongo, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], ihungabana, ikibyimba cyo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umugongo, na hematoma yo mu gice cy'imbere cy'umugongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2015&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso kandi ryemezwa n'amashusho ya muganga nka MRI cyangwa CT scan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cauda Equina Syndrome-OrthoInfo - AAOS|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00362|website=orthoinfo.aaos.org|access-date=9 November 2017|date=March 2014|archive-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103212556/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00362|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri rusange, CES ivurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laminectomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Ibibazo bidashira by'inkari, imikorere mibi mu mibonano mpuzabitsina cyangwa ibinya bishobora kubaho nubwo haba habayeho kubagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AO2014&quot; /&gt; Umusaruro mubi uboneka ku bantu bagera kuri 20% nubwo bavuwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Umuntu umwe kuri 70.000 yibasirwa n’iki kibazo buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gar2011&quot; /&gt; Byasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1934.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chau AM, Xu LL, Pelzer NR, Gragnaniello C|title=Timing of surgical intervention in cauda equina syndrome: a systematic critical review|journal=World Neurosurgery|volume=81|issue=3-4|pages=640–50|date=2014|pmid=24240024|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2013.11.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Udukoko tw'imitsi</title>
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      <id>142341</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:18:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458224|Hives]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>142341</origin>
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      <text bytes="5239" sha1="9vuvj51z409nnr1jqrwzwzji0xrp9h8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hives|synonym=Urticaria, wheals&lt;ref name=Oak/&gt;|image=Hives2022.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Hives on the upper leg, note how they are slightly raised|pronounce=|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Red, raised, itchy bumps&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|complications=|onset=|duration=A few days&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;|types=|causes=Following an infection, result of an [[allergic reaction]]&lt;ref name=Jaf2015/&gt;|risks=[[Allergic rhinitis|Hay fever]], [[asthma]]&lt;ref name=Zub2010/&gt;|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[patch test]]ing&lt;ref name=Jaf2015/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Antihistamine]]s, [[corticosteroid]]s, [[leukotriene inhibitors]]&lt;ref name=Jaf2015/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~20%&lt;ref name=Jaf2015/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Uduheri''', tuzwi kandi nka '''wheals''' na '''urticaria''', ni ubwoko bw'uduheri ku ruhu dufite uduheri dutukura, twazamutse kandi dusharira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oakley|first=Amanda|title=Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview|website=dermnetnz.org|access-date=17 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411194554/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hives|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|access-date=10 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819090751/https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|archive-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora no gushya cyangwa kuruma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jafilan|first=L|last2=James|first2=C|title=Urticaria and Allergy-Mediated Conditions.|journal=Primary Care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=473–83|pmid=26612369|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi uduce tw’ibisebe turagendagenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe zimara iminsi mike kandi ntizisiga impinduka zirambye ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Abanduye munsi ya 5% bamara ibyumweru birenga bitandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo ndwara ikunze kugaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Udukoko dukunze kugaragara nyuma yo kwandura cyangwa bitewe n'ingaruka z'ubwivumbure nko ku miti, kurumwa n'udukoko, cyangwa ibiryo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Imihangayiko yo mu mutwe , ubukonje, cyangwa guhindagura bishobora kuba imbarutso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Mu kimwe cya kabiri cy'abarwaye indwara, icyayiteye ntikiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kugira indwara nk'ibicurane cyangwa asima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zub2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zuberbier|first=Torsten|last2=Grattan|first2=Clive|last3=Maurer|first3=Marcus|title=Urticaria and Angioedema|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783540790488|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&amp;pg=PA38|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821084717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&amp;pg=PA38|archive-date=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku kuntu igaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Gupima ibipande bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya ubwivumbure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda ni ukwirinda ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyatera iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana nka diphenhydramine na ranitidine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye, imiti ya corticosteroids cyangwa leukotriene inhibitors nayo ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Gukomeza ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije nabyo ni ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bamaze ibyumweru birenga bitandatu, imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri nka ciclosporin ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri 20% nibo barwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Indwara z'igihe gito ziba ku bagabo no ku bagore mu gihe iz'igihe kirekire zikunze kugaragara ku bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot; /&gt; Indwara z’igihe gito zikunze kugaragara mu bana mu gihe iz’igihe kirekire zikunze kugaragara mu bantu bari mu kigero cyo hagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot; /&gt; Udukoko tw’umuhondo twavuzwe nibura kuva mu gihe cya Hippocrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Christopher|last2=Barker|first2=Jonathan|last3=Bleiker|first3=Tanya|last4=Chalmers|first4=Robert|last5=Creamer|first5=Daniel|title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118441176|page=Chapter 42.3|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA42-PA3|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828111625/https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA42-PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo urticaria rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''urtica'' risobanura &quot;nettle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Entomology|date=2011|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845935429|page=1430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&amp;pg=PA1430|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821091615/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&amp;pg=PA1430|archive-date=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>9vuvj51z409nnr1jqrwzwzji0xrp9h8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142342</id>
      <parentid>142341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:21:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Udukoko tw'imitsi</comment>
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      <text bytes="4523" sha1="pikvcqx9agq6mdm3d0c4k9caotniuhw" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Urticaria near navel.jpg|thumb|Udukoko tw'imitsi]]
'''Uduheri''', tuzwi kandi nka '''wheals''' na '''urticaria''', ni ubwoko bw'uduheri ku ruhu dufite uduheri dutukura, twazamutse kandi dusharira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oakley|first=Amanda|title=Urticaria (Hives): a complete overview — DermNet|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview|website=dermnetnz.org|access-date=17 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411194554/https://dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hives|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|access-date=10 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819090751/https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|archive-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora no gushya cyangwa kuruma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jafilan|first=L|last2=James|first2=C|title=Urticaria and Allergy-Mediated Conditions.|journal=Primary Care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=473–83|pmid=26612369|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi uduce tw’ibisebe turagendagenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe zimara iminsi mike kandi ntizisiga impinduka zirambye ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Abanduye munsi ya 5% bamara ibyumweru birenga bitandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo ndwara ikunze kugaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Udukoko dukunze kugaragara nyuma yo kwandura cyangwa bitewe n'ingaruka z'ubwivumbure nko ku miti, kurumwa n'udukoko, cyangwa ibiryo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Imihangayiko yo mu mutwe , ubukonje, cyangwa guhindagura bishobora kuba imbarutso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Mu kimwe cya kabiri cy'abarwaye indwara, icyayiteye ntikiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kugira indwara nk'ibicurane cyangwa asima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zub2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zuberbier|first=Torsten|last2=Grattan|first2=Clive|last3=Maurer|first3=Marcus|title=Urticaria and Angioedema|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783540790488|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&amp;pg=PA38|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821084717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&amp;pg=PA38|archive-date=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku kuntu igaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Gupima ibipande bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kumenya ubwivumbure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda ni ukwirinda ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyatera iyo ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya ubukana nka diphenhydramine na ranitidine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye, imiti ya corticosteroids cyangwa leukotriene inhibitors nayo ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Gukomeza ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije nabyo ni ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bamaze ibyumweru birenga bitandatu, imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri nka ciclosporin ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri 20% nibo barwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaf2015&quot; /&gt; Indwara z'igihe gito ziba ku bagabo no ku bagore mu gihe iz'igihe kirekire zikunze kugaragara ku bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot; /&gt; Indwara z’igihe gito zikunze kugaragara mu bana mu gihe iz’igihe kirekire zikunze kugaragara mu bantu bari mu kigero cyo hagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot; /&gt; Udukoko tw’umuhondo twavuzwe nibura kuva mu gihe cya Hippocrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gri2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Christopher|last2=Barker|first2=Jonathan|last3=Bleiker|first3=Tanya|last4=Chalmers|first4=Robert|last5=Creamer|first5=Daniel|title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118441176|page=Chapter 42.3|edition=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA42-PA3|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828111625/https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA42-PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo urticaria rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''urtica'' risobanura &quot;nettle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Entomology|date=2011|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845935429|page=1430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&amp;pg=PA1430|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821091615/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&amp;pg=PA1430|archive-date=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Topiramate</title>
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      <id>142343</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:23:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456689|Topiramate]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="3433" sha1="41r1w2t443wbifv0hqss5mdeqhp4kma" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}'''Topiramate''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Topamax''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura igicuri no gukumira [[migraine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=5 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanakoreshejwe mu gihe cyo kuba umuntu ukunda kunywa inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara y'igicuri, ibi bikubiyemo kuvura indwara z'igicuri rusange cyangwa iz'icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=328|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa mu nda, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kumva unaniwe, kubabara mu nda, gutakaza umusatsi, no kugorwa no kwibanda ku bintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyahura, kwiyongera k'urugero rwa ammonia bigatera indwara ya encephalothy, ndetse n'amabuye y'impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha mu [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gihe cyo gutwita]] bishobora kwangiza umwana kandi ntibikwiye gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pregnancy.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091459/https://www.drugs.com/cg/pregnancy.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo bikora ntabwo birasobanutse neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Topiramate yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £1.40 ku kwezi guhera mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 4.00.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 77 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228055041/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Topiramate</comment>
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      <text bytes="3496" sha1="95vlnv7c9ctu2hg1bape9f2thfl909z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}
[[Dosiye:Topiramate molecule spacefill.png|thumb|Topiramate]]
'''Topiramate''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Topamax''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura igicuri no gukumira [[migraine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=5 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanakoreshejwe mu gihe cyo kuba umuntu ukunda kunywa inzoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ku ndwara y'igicuri, ibi bikubiyemo kuvura indwara z'igicuri rusange cyangwa iz'icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=328|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa mu nda, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kumva unaniwe, kubabara mu nda, gutakaza umusatsi, no kugorwa no kwibanda ku bintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyahura, kwiyongera k'urugero rwa ammonia bigatera indwara ya encephalothy, ndetse n'amabuye y'impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha mu [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gihe cyo gutwita]] bishobora kwangiza umwana kandi ntibikwiye gukoreshwa mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pregnancy.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091459/https://www.drugs.com/cg/pregnancy.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo bikora ntabwo birasobanutse neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Topiramate yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £1.40 ku kwezi guhera mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 4.00.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 77 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topiramate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228055041/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Limfoma itari iya Hodgkin</title>
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        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503711|Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6427" sha1="8oowotu7z7aoio89kb6asxxihryb21k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|synonym=Non-Hodgkin disease|image=Mantle cell lymphoma - intermed mag.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Micrograph]] of [[mantle cell lymphoma]], a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [[Ileum|Terminal ileum]]. [[H&amp;E stain]].|pronounce=|field=[[Hematology]] and [[oncology]]|symptoms=[[lymphadenopathy|Enlarged lymph nodes]], [[fever]], [[night sweats]], [[weight loss]], [[tiredness]], [[itching]]&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt;|complications=|onset=65–75 years old&lt;ref name=SEER2016/&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[immunodeficiency|Poor immune function]], [[autoimmune disease]]s, [[Helicobacter pylori|''Helicobacter pylori'' infection]], [[hepatitis C]], [[obesity]], [[Epstein–Barr virus infection|''Epstein-Barr virus'' infection]]&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt;&lt;ref name=WCR2014Cp2/&gt;|diagnosis=[[bone marrow biopsy|Bone marrow]] or [[lymph node biopsy]]&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt;|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy|radiation]], [[immunotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]], [[hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|stem cell transplantation]], [[surgery]], [[watchful waiting]]&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]] 71% (USA)&lt;ref name=SEER2016/&gt;|frequency=4.3 million (affected during 2015)&lt;!-- prevalence --&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre/&gt;|deaths=231,400 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De/&gt;|video1=|named after=}}'''Limfoma itari iya Hodgkin''' ( '''NHL''' ) ni itsinda rya kanseri y'amaraso irimo ubwoko bwose bwa limfoma usibye limfoma ya Hodgkin.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt&gt;{{cite web|title=Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=3 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all |date=16 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso birimo kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, umuriro, ibyuya nijoro, kugabanya ibiro no kunanirwa.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu magufwa, kubabara mu gituza cyangwa gushyuha.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Hari ubwoko bukura buhoro buhoro, mu gihe ubundi bukura vuba. 

Lymphoma ni ubwoko bwa [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] buturuka kuri lymphocytes, ubwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera .  Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo imikorere mibi y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri, [[Helicobacter pylori|ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori'']], [[Hepatite C|hepatitis C]], umubyibuho ukabije, n'ubwandu bwa virusi ya Epstein-Barr.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Cp2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 2.4, 2.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango w’Abibumbye wita ku Buzima]] ushyira limfoma mu matsinda atanu akomeye, harimo n’irya Hodgkin lymphoma.  Mu matsinda ane ya NHL harimo ubwoko burenga 60 bwihariye bwa lymphoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bope|first=Edward T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Rick D.|title=Conn's Current Therapy 2016|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323355353|page=878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_mCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT914|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910182735/https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_mCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT914|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara ni ugusuzuma umwongo w'amagufwa cyangwa lymph node biopsy.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Gufata amashusho y'ubuvuzi bifasha mu kugabanya kanseri.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa no kumenya niba lymphoma ikura buhoro cyangwa vuba, kandi niba iri mu gace kamwe cyangwa mu duce twinshi.  Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri (chimiotherapie), imirasire (radiation), ubuvuzi bw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri (immunotherapy), ubuvuzi bugamije, gutera uturemangingo tw’umubiri (stem-cell transplantation), kubagwa, cyangwa gutegereza urebye.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Iyo amaraso abaye menshi cyane bitewe n'umubare munini w'abasilikare, plasmapheresis ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Ariko, imirasire na chimiotherapie bimwe na bimwe byongera ibyago byo kurwara izindi kanseri, indwara z'umutima, cyangwa ibibazo by'imitsi mu myaka yakurikiyeho.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt;

Mu 2015, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 4.3 barwaye kanseri iterwa na lymphoma itari iya Hodgkin, naho 231.400 barapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, 2.1% by'abantu bagira ingaruka mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=SEER2016&gt;{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706125600/http://www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html|archive-date=6 July 2014|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706125600/http://www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html |date=6 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imyaka ikunze kugaragara yo gusuzuma indwara ni hagati y'imyaka 65 na 75.&lt;ref name=SEER2016 /&gt; Igipimo cy'imyaka itanu yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 71%. 

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        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
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      <comment>Limfoma itari iya Hodgkin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5069" sha1="hcr73oi7ntzx1yepq3aqcd1xe3y2vqk" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Remisión tumoral.jpg|thumb|Limfoma itari iya Hodgkin]]
'''Limfoma itari iya Hodgkin''' ( '''NHL''' ) ni itsinda rya kanseri y'amaraso irimo ubwoko bwose bwa limfoma usibye limfoma ya Hodgkin.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt&gt;{{cite web|title=Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=3 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all |date=16 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso birimo kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, umuriro, ibyuya nijoro, kugabanya ibiro no kunanirwa.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu magufwa, kubabara mu gituza cyangwa gushyuha.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Hari ubwoko bukura buhoro buhoro, mu gihe ubundi bukura vuba. 

Lymphoma ni ubwoko bwa [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] buturuka kuri lymphocytes, ubwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera .  Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo imikorere mibi y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri, [[Helicobacter pylori|ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori'']], [[Hepatite C|hepatitis C]], umubyibuho ukabije, n'ubwandu bwa virusi ya Epstein-Barr.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Cp2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 2.4, 2.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango w’Abibumbye wita ku Buzima]] ushyira limfoma mu matsinda atanu akomeye, harimo n’irya Hodgkin lymphoma.  Mu matsinda ane ya NHL harimo ubwoko burenga 60 bwihariye bwa lymphoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bope|first=Edward T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Rick D.|title=Conn's Current Therapy 2016|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323355353|page=878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_mCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT914|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910182735/https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_mCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT914|archive-date=10 September 2017|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara ni ugusuzuma umwongo w'amagufwa cyangwa lymph node biopsy.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Gufata amashusho y'ubuvuzi bifasha mu kugabanya kanseri.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa no kumenya niba lymphoma ikura buhoro cyangwa vuba, kandi niba iri mu gace kamwe cyangwa mu duce twinshi.  Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri (chimiotherapie), imirasire (radiation), ubuvuzi bw’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri (immunotherapy), ubuvuzi bugamije, gutera uturemangingo tw’umubiri (stem-cell transplantation), kubagwa, cyangwa gutegereza urebye.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Iyo amaraso abaye menshi cyane bitewe n'umubare munini w'abasilikare, plasmapheresis ishobora gukoreshwa.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt; Ariko, imirasire na chimiotherapie bimwe na bimwe byongera ibyago byo kurwara izindi kanseri, indwara z'umutima, cyangwa ibibazo by'imitsi mu myaka yakurikiyeho.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt /&gt;

Mu 2015, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 4.3 barwaye kanseri iterwa na lymphoma itari iya Hodgkin, naho 231.400 barapfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, 2.1% by'abantu bagira ingaruka mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=SEER2016&gt;{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706125600/http://www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html|archive-date=6 July 2014|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706125600/http://www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html |date=6 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imyaka ikunze kugaragara yo gusuzuma indwara ni hagati y'imyaka 65 na 75.&lt;ref name=SEER2016 /&gt; Igipimo cy'imyaka itanu yo kubaho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni 71%. 

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    <title>Uburozi bwa Mercury</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:32:39Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513170|Mercury_poisoning]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="5300" sha1="r45xbo44c7crvokfxd9s954d4vonslo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Mercury poisoning|synonym=Mercury toxicity, mercury overdose, mercury intoxication, hydrargyria, mercurialism|image=Maximum thermometer close up 2.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=The bulb of a [[mercury-in-glass thermometer]]|pronounce=|field=[[Toxicology]]|symptoms=[[Muscle weakness]], poor coordination, [[paraesthesia|numbness in the hands and feet]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Mercury|url=http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/|website=NIEHS|access-date=19 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182023/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/|archive-date=19 November 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182023/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/ |date=19 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=[[Kidney failure|Kidney problems]], decreased intelligence&lt;ref name=Bos2010/&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Exposure to [[mercury (element)|mercury]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Difficult&lt;ref name=Ber2012/&gt;|differential=|prevention=Decreasing use of mercury, low mercury diet&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;|treatment=|medication='''Acute poisoning''': [[dimercaptosuccinic acid]] (DMSA), [[dimercaptopropane sulfonate]] (DMPS)&lt;ref name=Kos2013/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=|named after=}}'''Uburozi bwa Mercure''' ni ubwoko bw'uburozi bw'icyuma buterwa no kwibasirwa na Mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bernhoft|first=RA|title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|date=2012|volume=2012|pages=460508|pmid=22235210|doi=10.1155/2012/460508|pmc=3253456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso biterwa n'ubwoko, urugero, uburyo, n'igihe umuntu yahuye nacyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt;  Bishobora kuba birimo intege nke z'imitsi, kudakora neza kw'ingingo, kugira ibisebe mu maboko no mu birenge, uduheri ku ruhu, guhangayika, ibibazo byo kwibuka, ibibazo byo kuvuga, ibibazo byo kumva, cyangwa ibibazo byo kubona.  Guhura cyane na methylmercury bizwi nka Minamata disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bose-O'Reilly|first=S|last2=McCarty|first2=KM|last3=Steckling|first3=N|last4=Lettmeier|first4=B|title=Mercury exposure and children's health|journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care|date=September 2010|volume=40|issue=8|pages=186–215|pmid=20816346|doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002|pmc=3096006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhura na Methylmercury mu bana bishobora gutera acrodynia (indwara y'umutuku) aho uruhu ruhinduka umutuku rukavamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ingorane z'igihe kirekire zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'impyiko no kugabanuka k'ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka zo kwandura methylmercury ku gipimo gito igihe kirekire ntizisobanutse neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=YS|last2=Kim|first2=YM|last3=Lee|first3=KE|title=Methylmercury exposure and health effects|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi|date=November 2012|volume=45|issue=6|pages=353–63|pmid=23230465|doi=10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353|pmc=3514465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubwoko bw'ibintu bya mercure birimo icyuma, umwuka, [[umunyu]], n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge biterwa no kurya amafi, gusiga amenyo hakoreshejwe amalgam, cyangwa kuyakoresha ku kazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Mu mafi, ayo hejuru mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa muri rusange agira urugero rwinshi rwa mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi, uburozi bushobora kubaho nk'uburyo bwo kugerageza kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Ibikorwa bya muntu bisohora mercure mu bidukikije birimo gutwika amakara no gucukura zahabu.  Ibizamini by'amaraso, inkari n'umusatsi birahari ariko ntibifitanye isano n'ingano iri mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda birimo kurya indyo irimo mercure nkeya, gukura mercure mu bikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ibindi bikoresho, guta mercure neza, no kudacukura mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite uburozi bukabije buturutse ku munyu wa mercure udakoreshwa, chelation irimo aside dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA) cyangwa dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) isa nkaho irushaho kuba myiza iyo itanzwe mu masaha make nyuma yo gukorerwa imibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kos2013&quot; /&gt; Kuvura indwara y'umutima ku bantu bahura n'iyi ndwara igihe kirekire nta nyungu igaragara bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kos2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kosnett|first=MJ|title=The role of chelation in the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|date=December 2013|volume=9|issue=4|pages=347–54|pmid=24178900|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0344-5|pmc=3846971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tubaho dukoresha uburobyi, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa mercure mu bana cyageze kuri 1.7 kuri 100.&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Mercury and health|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/|website=WHO|access-date=19 November 2016|date=January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/|archive-date=20 November 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |date=20 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <revision>
      <id>142348</id>
      <parentid>142347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uburozi bwa Mercury</comment>
      <origin>142348</origin>
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      <text bytes="4048" sha1="99am6lfjhjfx3qpdrkw6gbhho3x3jxa" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill (3986683989).jpg|thumb|Uburozi bwa Mercury]]
'''Uburozi bwa Mercure''' ni ubwoko bw'uburozi bw'icyuma buterwa no kwibasirwa na Mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bernhoft|first=RA|title=Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|date=2012|volume=2012|pages=460508|pmid=22235210|doi=10.1155/2012/460508|pmc=3253456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso biterwa n'ubwoko, urugero, uburyo, n'igihe umuntu yahuye nacyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt;  Bishobora kuba birimo intege nke z'imitsi, kudakora neza kw'ingingo, kugira ibisebe mu maboko no mu birenge, uduheri ku ruhu, guhangayika, ibibazo byo kwibuka, ibibazo byo kuvuga, ibibazo byo kumva, cyangwa ibibazo byo kubona.  Guhura cyane na methylmercury bizwi nka Minamata disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bose-O'Reilly|first=S|last2=McCarty|first2=KM|last3=Steckling|first3=N|last4=Lettmeier|first4=B|title=Mercury exposure and children's health|journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care|date=September 2010|volume=40|issue=8|pages=186–215|pmid=20816346|doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002|pmc=3096006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhura na Methylmercury mu bana bishobora gutera acrodynia (indwara y'umutuku) aho uruhu ruhinduka umutuku rukavamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ingorane z'igihe kirekire zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'impyiko no kugabanuka k'ubwenge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka zo kwandura methylmercury ku gipimo gito igihe kirekire ntizisobanutse neza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=YS|last2=Kim|first2=YM|last3=Lee|first3=KE|title=Methylmercury exposure and health effects|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi|date=November 2012|volume=45|issue=6|pages=353–63|pmid=23230465|doi=10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353|pmc=3514465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubwoko bw'ibintu bya mercure birimo icyuma, umwuka, [[umunyu]], n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge biterwa no kurya amafi, gusiga amenyo hakoreshejwe amalgam, cyangwa kuyakoresha ku kazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Mu mafi, ayo hejuru mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa muri rusange agira urugero rwinshi rwa mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Akenshi, uburozi bushobora kubaho nk'uburyo bwo kugerageza kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt; Ibikorwa bya muntu bisohora mercure mu bidukikije birimo gutwika amakara no gucukura zahabu.  Ibizamini by'amaraso, inkari n'umusatsi birahari ariko ntibifitanye isano n'ingano iri mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ber2012&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda birimo kurya indyo irimo mercure nkeya, gukura mercure mu bikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ibindi bikoresho, guta mercure neza, no kudacukura mercure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bos2010&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bafite uburozi bukabije buturutse ku munyu wa mercure udakoreshwa, chelation irimo aside dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA) cyangwa dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) isa nkaho irushaho kuba myiza iyo itanzwe mu masaha make nyuma yo gukorerwa imibonano mpuzabitsina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kos2013&quot; /&gt; Kuvura indwara y'umutima ku bantu bahura n'iyi ndwara igihe kirekire nta nyungu igaragara bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kos2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kosnett|first=MJ|title=The role of chelation in the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|date=December 2013|volume=9|issue=4|pages=347–54|pmid=24178900|doi=10.1007/s13181-013-0344-5|pmc=3846971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tubaho dukoresha uburobyi, igipimo cy’uburozi bwa mercure mu bana cyageze kuri 1.7 kuri 100.&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Mercury and health|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/|website=WHO|access-date=19 November 2016|date=January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/|archive-date=20 November 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120171147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ |date=20 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Benzonatate</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500666|Benzonatate]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4965" sha1="lkr96yy3173oqovjgbuwrdscpkx4wcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}'''Benzonatate''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Tessalon''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kugerageza gufasha ibimenyetso by'inkorora n'imiti iterwa n'inkorora.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228052158/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bec2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=DE|title=Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment.|journal=Anesthesia Progress|date=2010|volume=57|issue=4|pages=150–6; quiz 157|doi=10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150|pmid=21174569|pmc=3006663}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ntibyemewe gukoresha ibi biyobyabwenge ku bari munsi y'imyaka icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Drugs for cough.|journal=The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics|date=17 December 2018|volume=60|issue=1562|pages=206–208|pmid=30625123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu minota 20 kandi zimara amasaha umunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4|title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule|last=|first=|date=20 November 2019|website=DailyMed|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107100900/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zirimo gusinzira, isereri, kuribwa umutwe, kubabara mu gifu, kurwara uduheri ku ruhu, kubona ibintu mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse no kugira ingaruka ku barwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha imiti myinshi bishobora gutera indwara zo mu mutwe, [[Arrhythmia|gutera umutima ku buryo budasanzwe]], ndetse no gupfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot; /&gt; Guhekenya cyangwa konka agapfukamunwa bishobora gutera laryngospasm, bronchospasm, no kugabanuka k'amaraso mu miyoboro y'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha iyi miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] nta kibazo bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108073032/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikora mu kugabanya ibinyabutabire byo mu bihaha no guhagarika uburyo bwo gukorora mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Benzonatate yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igiciro cya buri kwezi ni hafi $0.12 kuri buri 100.&amp;nbsp;igipimo cya mg.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo iboneka mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wal2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Walsh|first=T. Declan|last2=Caraceni|first2=Augusto T.|last3=Fainsinger|first3=Robin|last4=Foley|first4=Kathleen M.|last5=Glare|first5=Paul|last6=Goh|first6=Cynthia|last7=Lloyd-Williams|first7=Mari|last8=Olarte|first8=Juan Nunez|last9=Radbruch|first9=Lukas|title=Palliative Medicine E-Book|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781437721942|page=751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA751|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828002421/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA751|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 148 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clin2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clin2020b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Benzonatate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071455/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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      <id>142350</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Benzonatate</comment>
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      <text bytes="5034" sha1="hv53kdvqru8p4dbfj7hmf8pzfvf10ui" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}
[[Dosiye:100mg generic Benzonatate Capsules.jpg|thumb|Benzonatate]]
'''Benzonatate''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Tessalon''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kugerageza gufasha ibimenyetso by'inkorora n'imiti iterwa n'inkorora.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228052158/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bec2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=DE|title=Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment.|journal=Anesthesia Progress|date=2010|volume=57|issue=4|pages=150–6; quiz 157|doi=10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150|pmid=21174569|pmc=3006663}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ntibyemewe gukoresha ibi biyobyabwenge ku bari munsi y'imyaka icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Drugs for cough.|journal=The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics|date=17 December 2018|volume=60|issue=1562|pages=206–208|pmid=30625123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu minota 20 kandi zimara amasaha umunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4|title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule|last=|first=|date=20 November 2019|website=DailyMed|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107100900/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=21 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zirimo gusinzira, isereri, kuribwa umutwe, kubabara mu gifu, kurwara uduheri ku ruhu, kubona ibintu mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse no kugira ingaruka ku barwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha imiti myinshi bishobora gutera indwara zo mu mutwe, [[Arrhythmia|gutera umutima ku buryo budasanzwe]], ndetse no gupfa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot; /&gt; Guhekenya cyangwa konka agapfukamunwa bishobora gutera laryngospasm, bronchospasm, no kugabanuka k'amaraso mu miyoboro y'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo birasobanuka neza niba gukoresha iyi miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] nta kibazo bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preg2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108073032/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikora mu kugabanya ibinyabutabire byo mu bihaha no guhagarika uburyo bwo gukorora mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

Benzonatate yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML2018&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igiciro cya buri kwezi ni hafi $0.12 kuri buri 100.&amp;nbsp;igipimo cya mg.&lt;ref name=&quot;NADAC2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo iboneka mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wal2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Walsh|first=T. Declan|last2=Caraceni|first2=Augusto T.|last3=Fainsinger|first3=Robin|last4=Foley|first4=Kathleen M.|last5=Glare|first5=Paul|last6=Goh|first6=Cynthia|last7=Lloyd-Williams|first7=Mari|last8=Olarte|first8=Juan Nunez|last9=Radbruch|first9=Lukas|title=Palliative Medicine E-Book|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781437721942|page=751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA751|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828002421/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA751|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 148 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clin2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clin2020b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Benzonatate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071455/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Adenosine</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>142351</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:46:55Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500178|Adenosine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="2828" sha1="jmvpyecjz6ot9zb1tta1hvfoxqaqp1l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug}}'''Adenosine''' ni ikinyabutabire kiboneka mu nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa “belles”, kikaba gikoreshwa no mu kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nk'umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura cyangwa gusuzuma ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa tachycardia yo mu mutwe idakira iyo umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu nda .  Muri rusange ikoreshwa mu gutera imitsi vuba vuba.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020&gt;{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikorwa gitangira mu masegonda 40 kandi ingaruka zimara igihe kiri munsi y'iminota 2. 

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu gituza, kumva nta cyo ushoboye, guhumeka nabi, no gucika intege k'uruhu .  Ingaruka mbi zirimo kugabanuka [[Arrhythmia|k'umuvuduko w'amaraso]] no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Nubwo ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutwita, umutekano wayo nturasobanuka neza.  Adenosine ni imwe mu ngingo enye z’ingenzi za RNA .  Ikora mu kugabanya inshuro ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bishobora kunyura mu gice cy'umutima cya AV.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt;

Adenosine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1989.  Ariko, byagiye byigwa mu miterere y'ibinyabuzima kuva mu myaka ya 1920.  Adenosine iboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo bihenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Bwongereza mu 2020, dose ya 6 mg yatwaye NHS hafi ikiro kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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      <comment>Adenosine</comment>
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[[Dosiye:Adenosine 6.jpg|thumb|Adenosine]]
'''Adenosine''' ni ikinyabutabire kiboneka mu nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa “belles”, kikaba gikoreshwa no mu kuvura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&amp;pg=PA18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nk'umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura cyangwa gusuzuma ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa tachycardia yo mu mutwe idakira iyo umuntu arwaye indwara yo mu nda .  Muri rusange ikoreshwa mu gutera imitsi vuba vuba.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020&gt;{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikorwa gitangira mu masegonda 40 kandi ingaruka zimara igihe kiri munsi y'iminota 2. 

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kubabara mu gituza, kumva nta cyo ushoboye, guhumeka nabi, no gucika intege k'uruhu .  Ingaruka mbi zirimo kugabanuka [[Arrhythmia|k'umuvuduko w'amaraso]] no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt; Nubwo ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutwita, umutekano wayo nturasobanuka neza.  Adenosine ni imwe mu ngingo enye z’ingenzi za RNA .  Ikora mu kugabanya inshuro ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bishobora kunyura mu gice cy'umutima cya AV.&lt;ref name=AHFS2020 /&gt;

Adenosine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1989.  Ariko, byagiye byigwa mu miterere y'ibinyabuzima kuva mu myaka ya 1920.  Adenosine iboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=BNF 79|date=March 2020|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0857113658|page=110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo bihenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Bwongereza mu 2020, dose ya 6 mg yatwaye NHS hafi ikiro kimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF79&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Dermatomyositis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:52:48Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501534|Dermatomyositis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4680" sha1="lwq6ff4qayggn10j0wki7g3eszfoxaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Dermatomyositis|synonym=|image=Dermatomyositis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Discrete red [[papules|areas]] overlying the [[knuckle]]s in a person with juvenile dermatomyositis. These are known as Gottron's papules.|pronounce=|field=[[Rheumatology]]|symptoms=Rash, muscle weakness, weight loss, fever&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;|complications=[[Calcinosis]], lung inflammation, [[heart disease]]&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=Cal2006&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Callen|first=Jeffrey P.|last2=Wortmann|first2=Robert L.|date=2006-09-01|title=Dermatomyositis|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=363–373|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.001|issn=0738-081X|pmid=16966018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=40s to 50s&lt;ref name=NORD2015/&gt;|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, blood tests, [[electromyography]], [[muscle biopsy|muscle biopsies]]&lt;ref name=NORD2015/&gt;|differential=[[Polymyositis]], [[inclusion body myositis]], [[scleroderma]]&lt;ref name=NORD2015/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Medication, [[physical therapy]], exercise, heat therapy, [[orthotics]], assistive devices, rest&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;|medication=[[Corticosteroid|Corticosteroids]], [[methotrexate]], [[azathioprine]]&lt;ref name=GHR2017/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=~ 1 per 100,000 people per year&lt;ref name=NORD2015/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Dermatomyositis''' ( '''DM''' ) ni indwara y'ububyimbirwe bw'igihe kirekire ifata imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6263/dermatomyositis|website=GARD|access-date=13 July 2017|language=en|date=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705003213/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6263/dermatomyositis|archive-date=5 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso byayo muri rusange ni uduheri ku ruhu no kugabanuka kw'imitsi uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kubaho mu buryo butunguranye cyangwa bigakura mu mezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kugabanya ibiro, umuriro, kubyimba ibihaha, cyangwa kumva urumuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo calcium iri mu mitsi cyangwa uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibitekerezo birimo ko ari indwara iterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri cyangwa ingaruka z’ubwandu bwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ni ubwoko bwa miyopathie itera ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso bimwe na bimwe, ibizamini by'amaraso, electromyography, no gusuzuma imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo nta muti uzwi w’iyi ndwara, muri rusange uburyo bwo kuyivura butuma ibimenyetso birushaho kuba byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri, ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo kuvura ingingo n'ibikoresho bifasha umubiri, ndetse no kuruhuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Imiti yo mu muryango wa corticosteroids ikunze gukoreshwa hamwe n'indi miti nka methotrexate cyangwa azathioprine isabwa niba steroid idakora neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Immunoglobulin iterwa mu mitsi bishobora kandi kunoza umusaruro.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi barakira iyo bavuwe kandi muri bamwe iyo ndwara irakira burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt;

Dermatomyositis ikunze kwibasira umuntu umwe ku bantu 100.000 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara ku bantu bari mu kigero cy'imyaka 40 na 50, abagore bakaba ari bo bayirwara cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Ariko, abantu b'imyaka iyo ari yo yose bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu myaka ya 1800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dourmishev|first=Lyubomir A.|last2=Dourmishev|first2=Assen Lyubenov|title=Dermatomyositis: Advances in Recognition, Understanding and Management|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783540793137|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wz4PoRqPhgC&amp;pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192411/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wz4PoRqPhgC&amp;pg=PA5|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="3313" sha1="ccju3pxv0yp0pjwupf244fn8rixaiva" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Dermatomyositis.jpg|thumb|Dermatomyositis]]
'''Dermatomyositis''' ( '''DM''' ) ni indwara y'ububyimbirwe bw'igihe kirekire ifata imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6263/dermatomyositis|website=GARD|access-date=13 July 2017|language=en|date=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705003213/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6263/dermatomyositis|archive-date=5 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso byayo muri rusange ni uduheri ku ruhu no kugabanuka kw'imitsi uko igihe kigenda gihita.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kubaho mu buryo butunguranye cyangwa bigakura mu mezi menshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kugabanya ibiro, umuriro, kubyimba ibihaha, cyangwa kumva urumuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo calcium iri mu mitsi cyangwa uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ibitekerezo birimo ko ari indwara iterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri cyangwa ingaruka z’ubwandu bwa virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Ni ubwoko bwa miyopathie itera ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku bimenyetso bimwe na bimwe, ibizamini by'amaraso, electromyography, no gusuzuma imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nubwo nta muti uzwi w’iyi ndwara, muri rusange uburyo bwo kuyivura butuma ibimenyetso birushaho kuba byiza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, imyitozo ngororamubiri, ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo kuvura ingingo n'ibikoresho bifasha umubiri, ndetse no kuruhuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Imiti yo mu muryango wa corticosteroids ikunze gukoreshwa hamwe n'indi miti nka methotrexate cyangwa azathioprine isabwa niba steroid idakora neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Immunoglobulin iterwa mu mitsi bishobora kandi kunoza umusaruro.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi barakira iyo bavuwe kandi muri bamwe iyo ndwara irakira burundu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GHR2017&quot; /&gt;

Dermatomyositis ikunze kwibasira umuntu umwe ku bantu 100.000 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara ku bantu bari mu kigero cy'imyaka 40 na 50, abagore bakaba ari bo bayirwara cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Ariko, abantu b'imyaka iyo ari yo yose bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu myaka ya 1800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dourmishev|first=Lyubomir A.|last2=Dourmishev|first2=Assen Lyubenov|title=Dermatomyositis: Advances in Recognition, Understanding and Management|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9783540793137|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wz4PoRqPhgC&amp;pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192411/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wz4PoRqPhgC&amp;pg=PA5|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'ukuri yishyizeho ku muntu wawe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>142355</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T10:58:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506136|Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="4106" sha1="a4g1z0ckiwvd0f45vymu4u4polsj6dk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Factitious disorder imposed on self|synonym=Munchausen syndrome&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=William J.|title=Abnormal Psychology|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781506333373|page=PT794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9yqDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT794|language=en|access-date=2020-08-27|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082558/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9yqDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT794|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Factitious disorder.webm|image_size=300px|image_thumbtime=94|alt=|caption=Video explanation|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Creation of the symptoms of disease in oneself&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|complications=|onset=Early adulthood&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|duration=Episodic&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|types=|causes=Unknown&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|risks=[[Child abuse]], [[sexual abuse]], death of a parent at a young age&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=[[Malingering]], [[conversion disorder]], [[borderline personality disorder]], medical condition&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=Counselling&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|medication=None&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|prognosis=Generally poor&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|frequency=Less than 1% of patients&lt;ref name=Stat2020/&gt;|deaths=|video=yes|named after=}}'''Indwara y’ibitekerezo iterwa n’indwara''', izwi kandi nka '''Munchausen syndrome''', ni [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|indwara yo mu mutwe]] aho umuntu yirema ubwe, abizi, ibimenyetso by’indwara cyangwa iy’imitekerereze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=B|last2=Gokarakonda|first2=SB|last3=Doyle|first3=MQ|title=Munchausen Syndrome|date=January 2020|pmid=30085541|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bibaho nta cyifuzo cyo gushaka inyungu zo hanze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora gutandukana cyane kuva ku bikomere by'uruhu, kugeza ku bisekera, kugeza ku [[isukari nke mu maraso]], kugeza ku kubabara mu gatuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora guterwa no gufata ingamba nko kurya ibiryo byangiritse cyangwa gutera insuline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kubaho mu bice.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/324 324-326]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, n'urupfu rw'umubyeyi akiri muto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko ibibazo by'ubuzima bikomoka ku rwego rw'ubuvuzi kugira ngo bikurure abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso bigaragara ntibihura n'ibyavuye muri laboratwari cyangwa mu mashusho ya muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange kandi hari amateka menshi yo kujyanwa mu bitaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ni ubwoko bw'indwara y'ukuri kandi ifitanye isano [[Ikibazo cy'ukuri cyashyizwe ku ndi|n'indwara y'ukuri iterwa undi muntu]], yerekeza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa undi muntu, akenshi umwana, kugira ngo umuntu yitezweho.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Kuvura bikubiyemo kugira impuhwe no kugira inama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Benshi ariko, banze kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara y’ubugizi bwa nabi yibasira umuntu ku giti cye igaragara ko yibasira munsi ya 1% by’abashaka ubuvuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara ku bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe neza bwa mbere mu 1951, yitiriwe umukinnyi w’umuhimbano Baron Munchausen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press/Books.|isbn=978-0-19-262950-0|page=513|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ORyJr1P7uGgC&amp;pg=PA513|language=en|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828083321/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ORyJr1P7uGgC&amp;pg=PA513|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T11:00:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
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      <comment>indwara y'ukuri yishyizeho ku muntu wawe</comment>
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      <text bytes="2829" sha1="df2dcvnc82f229ldgx4g7a6rcjbkjsz" xml:space="preserve">'''Indwara y’ibitekerezo iterwa n’indwara''', izwi kandi nka '''Munchausen syndrome''', ni [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|indwara yo mu mutwe]] aho umuntu yirema ubwe, abizi, ibimenyetso by’indwara cyangwa iy’imitekerereze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Weber|first=B|last2=Gokarakonda|first2=SB|last3=Doyle|first3=MQ|title=Munchausen Syndrome|date=January 2020|pmid=30085541|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bibaho nta cyifuzo cyo gushaka inyungu zo hanze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora gutandukana cyane kuva ku bikomere by'uruhu, kugeza ku bisekera, kugeza ku [[isukari nke mu maraso]], kugeza ku kubabara mu gatuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora guterwa no gufata ingamba nko kurya ibiryo byangiritse cyangwa gutera insuline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kubaho mu bice.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book||title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/324 324-326]|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu ntiramenyekana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, n'urupfu rw'umubyeyi akiri muto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikekwa ko ibibazo by'ubuzima bikomoka ku rwego rw'ubuvuzi kugira ngo bikurure abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibimenyetso bigaragara ntibihura n'ibyavuye muri laboratwari cyangwa mu mashusho ya muganga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Muri rusange kandi hari amateka menshi yo kujyanwa mu bitaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ni ubwoko bw'indwara y'ukuri kandi ifitanye isano [[Ikibazo cy'ukuri cyashyizwe ku ndi|n'indwara y'ukuri iterwa undi muntu]], yerekeza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa undi muntu, akenshi umwana, kugira ngo umuntu yitezweho.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;

Kuvura bikubiyemo kugira impuhwe no kugira inama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Benshi ariko, banze kuvurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Indwara y’ubugizi bwa nabi yibasira umuntu ku giti cye igaragara ko yibasira munsi ya 1% by’abashaka ubuvuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Bikunze kugaragara ku bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe neza bwa mbere mu 1951, yitiriwe umukinnyi w’umuhimbano Baron Munchausen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press/Books.|isbn=978-0-19-262950-0|page=513|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ORyJr1P7uGgC&amp;pg=PA513|language=en|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828083321/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ORyJr1P7uGgC&amp;pg=PA513|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Igitero cy'ubwoba</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-16T11:01:56Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504053|Panic_attack]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6113" sha1="rvhwrgydhb4zy10w5y5evebty5ldru2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Panic attack|synonym=|image=Panic_attack.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A depiction of someone experiencing a panic attack, being reassured by another person.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Periods of intense [[fear]], [[palpitations]], sweating, shaking, [[shortness of breath]], numbness&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Anxiety Disorders|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml|website=NIMH|access-date=1 October 2016|date=March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929085938/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml|archive-date=29 September 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929085938/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml |date=29 September 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|complications=[[Self-harm]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|onset=Over minutes&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|duration=Seconds to hours&lt;ref name=Dand2013&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bandelow|first1=Borwin|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Baldwin|first3=David|title=Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191004261|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=T4RnAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT9|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094616/https://books.google.ca/books?id=T4RnAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT9|archive-date=20 December 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013192742/https://books.google.ca/books?id=T4RnAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT9 |date=13 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|types=|causes=[[Panic disorder]], [[social anxiety disorder]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[substance use disorder|drug use]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], medical problems&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2016/&gt;|risks=[[Smoking]], [[psychological stress]]&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|diagnosis=After other possible causes excluded&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|differential=[[Hyperthyroidism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[heart disease]], [[lung disease]], drug use&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[psychotherapy|Counselling]], [[medication]]s&lt;ref name=NIH2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml|website=NIMH|access-date=1 October 2016|date=2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004191711/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml|archive-date=4 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004191711/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml |date=4 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=Usually good&lt;ref name=Ged2012&gt;{{cite book|last1=Geddes|first1=John|last2=Price|first2=Jonathan|last3=McKnight|first3=Rebecca|title=Psychiatry|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199233960|page=298|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&amp;pg=PA298|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004230957/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&amp;pg=PA298|archive-date=4 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013192716/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&amp;pg=PA298 |date=13 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=3% (EU), 11% (US)&lt;ref name=DSM5/&gt;|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ibitero by'ubwoba''' ni ibihe bitunguranye by'ubwoba bukomeye bishobora kuba birimo gucika intege, kubira ibyuya, guhinda umushyitsi, guhumeka nabi, kugira ibinya, cyangwa kumva ko hari ikintu kibi kigiye kubaho.   Ibimenyetso byinshi bibaho mu minota mike.&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/214 214–217]|isbn=978-0890425558|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe zimara iminota 30 ariko igihe gishobora gutandukana kuva ku masegonda kugeza ku masaha.  Hashobora kubaho ubwoba bwo kubura ubushobozi bwo kwifata cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ibitero by'ubwoba ubwabyo ntabwo biteje akaga ku mubiri.  

Ibitero by'ubwoba bishobora guterwa n'indwara zitandukanye zirimo indwara y'ubwoba, indwara yo guhangayika mu mibanire y'abantu, indwara yo guhangayika nyuma y'ihungabana, indwara yo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, kwiheba, n'ibibazo by'uburwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Craske|first=MG|last2=Stein|first2=MB|title=Anxiety|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10063|pages=3048–3059|date=24 June 2016|pmid=27349358|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora guterwa n'ingaruka cyangwa bikabaho mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Kunywa itabi, kafeyine, no guhangayika mu mutwe byongera ibyago byo kugira ikibazo cy'ubwoba.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Mbere yo gusuzuma indwara, indwara zisa n’izigomba kuvanwaho, nka hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, indwara z’umutima, indwara z’ibihaha, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura ibitero by'ubwoba bugomba kwerekezwa ku mpamvu nyamukuru.  Ku bantu bakunze kurwara indwara, bashobora guhabwa inama cyangwa imiti .  Imyitozo yo guhumeka no kuruhuka imitsi nabyo bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roth|first=WT|title=Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?|journal=Depression and Anxiety|date=2010|volume=27|issue=1|pages=5–11|pmid=20049938|doi=10.1002/da.20601}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abahuye n'iki kibazo bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura . 

Mu Burayi, abaturage bagera kuri 3% bagira ikibazo cy’ubwoba mu mwaka runaka, mu gihe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bibasira bagera kuri 11%.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubugimbi cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ubukure.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Abana n'abantu bakuze ntibakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara. 

== Iriburiro ==
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      <comment>Igitero cy'ubwoba</comment>
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'''Ibitero by'ubwoba''' ni ibihe bitunguranye by'ubwoba bukomeye bishobora kuba birimo gucika intege, kubira ibyuya, guhinda umushyitsi, guhumeka nabi, kugira ibinya, cyangwa kumva ko hari ikintu kibi kigiye kubaho.   Ibimenyetso byinshi bibaho mu minota mike.&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{citation|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|location=Arlington|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/214 214–217]|isbn=978-0890425558|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe zimara iminota 30 ariko igihe gishobora gutandukana kuva ku masegonda kugeza ku masaha.  Hashobora kubaho ubwoba bwo kubura ubushobozi bwo kwifata cyangwa kubabara mu gatuza.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Ibitero by'ubwoba ubwabyo ntabwo biteje akaga ku mubiri.  

Ibitero by'ubwoba bishobora guterwa n'indwara zitandukanye zirimo indwara y'ubwoba, indwara yo guhangayika mu mibanire y'abantu, indwara yo guhangayika nyuma y'ihungabana, indwara yo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, kwiheba, n'ibibazo by'uburwayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Craske|first=MG|last2=Stein|first2=MB|title=Anxiety|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10063|pages=3048–3059|date=24 June 2016|pmid=27349358|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora guterwa n'ingaruka cyangwa bikabaho mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Kunywa itabi, kafeyine, no guhangayika mu mutwe byongera ibyago byo kugira ikibazo cy'ubwoba.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Mbere yo gusuzuma indwara, indwara zisa n’izigomba kuvanwaho, nka hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, indwara z’umutima, indwara z’ibihaha, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura ibitero by'ubwoba bugomba kwerekezwa ku mpamvu nyamukuru.  Ku bantu bakunze kurwara indwara, bashobora guhabwa inama cyangwa imiti .  Imyitozo yo guhumeka no kuruhuka imitsi nabyo bishobora gufasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roth|first=WT|title=Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?|journal=Depression and Anxiety|date=2010|volume=27|issue=1|pages=5–11|pmid=20049938|doi=10.1002/da.20601}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abahuye n'iki kibazo bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura . 

Mu Burayi, abaturage bagera kuri 3% bagira ikibazo cy’ubwoba mu mwaka runaka, mu gihe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bibasira bagera kuri 11%.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bagore kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Akenshi bitangira mu gihe cy'ubugimbi cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ubukure.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Abana n'abantu bakuze ntibakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara. 

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    <title>Urukingo rwa Polio</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504472|Polio_vaccine]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6458" sha1="8f45rparcofworddhfiiq1sosvyoevn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=450061491|image=Poliodrops.jpg

&lt;!-- Vacine data --&gt;|type=vaccine|target=[[Polio|Poliomyelitis]]|vaccine_type=OPV: Attenuated; IPV: Killed

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Ipol, Poliovax, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=|uses=Prevent [[poliomyelitis]] (polio)&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;|side_effects=Mild redness or pain at the site of injection&lt;ref name=WHO2016/&gt;|interactions=&lt;!-- notable interactions --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=B2|pregnancy_AU_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot;&gt;{{drugs.com|pregnancy|poliovirus-vaccine-inactivated}}&lt;/ref&gt;|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnancy&quot; /&gt;|routes_of_administration=[[Route of administration|Parenteral]] (IPV), [[oral administration|by mouth]] (OPV)|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=|licence_CA=Imovax

&lt;!--External links--&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|poliovirus-vaccine-inactivated}}|MedlinePlus=a601177|DailyMedID=Ipol|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=|drug_name=Polio_vaccine}}'''Inkingo za polio''' ni inkingo zikoreshwa mu gukumira [[Polio|poliomyelitis]] (polio).  Hari ubwoko bubiri bukoreshwa: virusi ya polio idakora itangwa hakoreshejwe inshinge (IPV) na virusi ya polio idakora itangwa hakoreshejwe umunwa (OPV).&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | url = https://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ | hdl = 10665/254399 | access-date = 19 October 2019 | archive-date = 10 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160410123722/http://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410123722/http://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ |date=10 April 2016 }}
* {{lay source|template = cite journal|url = https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/WHO_PP_polio_summary_mar2016.pdf?ua=1|title = |date = |website = }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) usaba abana bose gukingirwa indwara ya polio burundu.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Urukingo rubiri rwakuyeho indwara ya polio mu bice byinshi by'isi,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aylward_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|s2cid=25327986|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–13|year=2006|pmid=16899145|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 Suppl 2|pages=S424–26|year=1984|pmid=6740085|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi rugabanya umubare w'abarwayi bavugwa buri mwaka uva ku bantu bagera ku 350.000 mu 1988 ugera kuri 33 mu 2018.  

Urukingo rwa polio rudakora rufite umutekano cyane.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Gutukura gake cyangwa ububabare bishobora kugaragara aho umuntu atewe inshinge.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Urukingo rwa polio ruterwa n'umunwa rutera abantu bagera kuri batatu barwaye poliomyelitis iterwa n'urukingo kuri buri doze miliyoni yatanzwe.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Ibi bigereranywa n'abantu 5.000 kuri miliyoni barwaye indwara ya poliyo.  Muri rusange byombi ni byiza gutanga iyo ndwara mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] ndetse no ku bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ariko ubundi bakaba bameze neza. 

Icyegeranyo cya mbere cy’urukingo rwa polio cyagenze neza cyakozwe na Hilary Koprowski mu 1950, hamwe na virusi nzima yagabanutse abantu banywa.  Urukingo ntirwemerewe gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ariko rwakoreshejwe neza ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kowproski_obit&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first = Margalit | last = Fox | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html |date=25 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa polio rudakora, rwakozwe nyuma y'imyaka mike na Jonas Salk, rwatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Bazin H|title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2742007752|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA395|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa polio rutandukanye, rukoreshwa mu kanwa, rwakozwe na Albert Sabin, rutangira gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1961.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–16|date=2005|pmid=16422178|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cya buri dose ku rukingo runyobwa mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi 0.25$ y'Amerika guhera mu 2014.  Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, iyo fomu idakora igura hagati y’amadolari 25 na 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hamilton R|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Urukingo rwa Polio</comment>
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      <text bytes="5391" sha1="huo3npq06n3jwoz4c7hz6a6q5c1lcix" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Oral Polio Vaccine.jpg|thumb|Urukingo rwa Polio]]
'''Inkingo za polio''' ni inkingo zikoreshwa mu gukumira [[Polio|poliomyelitis]] (polio).  Hari ubwoko bubiri bukoreshwa: virusi ya polio idakora itangwa hakoreshejwe inshinge (IPV) na virusi ya polio idakora itangwa hakoreshejwe umunwa (OPV).&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | url = https://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ | hdl = 10665/254399 | access-date = 19 October 2019 | archive-date = 10 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160410123722/http://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410123722/http://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112/en/ |date=10 April 2016 }}
* {{lay source|template = cite journal|url = https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/WHO_PP_polio_summary_mar2016.pdf?ua=1|title = |date = |website = }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) usaba abana bose gukingirwa indwara ya polio burundu.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Urukingo rubiri rwakuyeho indwara ya polio mu bice byinshi by'isi,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aylward_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|s2cid=25327986|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–13|year=2006|pmid=16899145|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 Suppl 2|pages=S424–26|year=1984|pmid=6740085|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi rugabanya umubare w'abarwayi bavugwa buri mwaka uva ku bantu bagera ku 350.000 mu 1988 ugera kuri 33 mu 2018.  

Urukingo rwa polio rudakora rufite umutekano cyane.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Gutukura gake cyangwa ububabare bishobora kugaragara aho umuntu atewe inshinge.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Urukingo rwa polio ruterwa n'umunwa rutera abantu bagera kuri batatu barwaye poliomyelitis iterwa n'urukingo kuri buri doze miliyoni yatanzwe.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Ibi bigereranywa n'abantu 5.000 kuri miliyoni barwaye indwara ya poliyo.  Muri rusange byombi ni byiza gutanga iyo ndwara mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] ndetse no ku bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ariko ubundi bakaba bameze neza. 

Icyegeranyo cya mbere cy’urukingo rwa polio cyagenze neza cyakozwe na Hilary Koprowski mu 1950, hamwe na virusi nzima yagabanutse abantu banywa.  Urukingo ntirwemerewe gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ariko rwakoreshejwe neza ahandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kowproski_obit&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first = Margalit | last = Fox | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html |date=25 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa polio rudakora, rwakozwe nyuma y'imyaka mike na Jonas Salk, rwatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Bazin H|title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2742007752|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA395|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urukingo rwa polio rutandukanye, rukoreshwa mu kanwa, rwakozwe na Albert Sabin, rutangira gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1961.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–16|date=2005|pmid=16422178|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cya buri dose ku rukingo runyobwa mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi 0.25$ y'Amerika guhera mu 2014.  Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, iyo fomu idakora igura hagati y’amadolari 25 na 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ric2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hamilton R|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia|date=2015|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Hepatite B</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502439|Hepatitis_B]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="11534" sha1="i4nwb5011qot3zsn3v2amav725owxs4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hepatitis B|synonym=|image=Hepatitis-B virions.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Transmission electron microscopy|Electron micrograph]] of [[hepatitis B virus]]|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gastroenterology]]|symptoms=None, [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue (medicine)|tiredness]], dark urine, [[abdominal pain]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|complications=[[Cirrhosis]], [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|onset=Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|duration=Short or long term&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|types=|causes=[[Hepatitis B virus]] spread by some [[body fluids]]&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|risks=[[Drug injection|Intravenous drug use]], [[sexual intercourse]], [[dialysis]], living with an infected person&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2022/&gt;|diagnosis=Blood tests&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|differential=|prevention=[[Hepatitis B vaccine]]&lt;ref name=OTGPH2022/&gt;|treatment=[[Antiviral drug|Antiviral medication]] ([[tenofovir]], [[entecavir]], [[interferon]]), [[liver transplantation]]&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=296 million people worldwide (2019), 1.5 million new cases/year&lt;ref name=WHO2021/&gt;|deaths=820,000 deaths (2019)&lt;ref name=WHO2023/&gt;|named after=}}'''Hepatite B''' ni indwara ya virusi iterwa na virusi ya hepatite B (HBV) yibasira umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en|date=18 July 2023|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034331/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora gutera indwara z’ubwandu bw’igikatu n’ubwandu buhoraho.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso bigaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara zikabije, bamwe bashobora kurwara vuba cyane, bakaruka, uruhu rw'umuhondo, umunaniro, inkari z'umukara n'ububabare bwo mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibi bimenyetso bimara ibyumweru bike kandi ni gake cyane ubwandu bwa mbere butera urupfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gufata iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 180 kugira ngo ibimenyetso bitangire.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bandura ahagana mu gihe cyo kuvuka, 90% barwara {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} idakira mu gihe abatageze kuri 10% by'abandura nyuma y'imyaka itanu barwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=2011-11-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211154904/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/b/bfaq.htm#transmission|archive-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abenshi mu bafite indwara zidakira nta bimenyetso baba bafite; icyakora, cirrhose na kanseri y'umwijima bishobora kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kurwara cirrhose cyangwa kanseri y'umwijima bibaho hafi 25% by'abafite indwara zidakira.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

''Virusi ya Hepatite B'' ni imwe muri virusi eshanu z’ingenzi za hepatite hamwe na A, [[Hepatite C|C]], D, na E.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127102520/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi virusi ikwirakwira iyo umuntu ahuye n'amaraso yanduye cyangwa amazi yo mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara mu gihe cyo kuvuka cyangwa mu gihe cyo guhura n'amaraso y'abandi mu bwana ni bwo buryo bukunze gukoreshwa cyane mu kwandura indwara ya Hepatite B mu turere iyo ndwara ikunze kugaragaramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu turere aho iyi ndwara idakunze kugaragara, gukoresha imiti iterwa mu mitsi no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ni byo bintu bikunze kwanduriramo abantu benshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo gukora mu buvuzi, guterwa amaraso, dialyse, kubana n'umuntu wanduye, gutembera mu bihugu aho igipimo cy'ubwandu kiri hejuru, no kuba mu kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|access-date=4 November 2014|date=July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109161444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher=CDC|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en-us|date=30 March 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190235/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|title=Primary Care Management of Hepatitis B – Quick Reference (HBV-QR)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724080337/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gushushanya tatouage no gushushanya acupuncture byatumye habaho umubare munini w’abantu barwaye mu myaka ya za 1980; icyakora, ibi byagiye bigabanuka cyane bitewe no kunoza uburyo bwo koroshya urubyaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virusi {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} ntishobora kwanduzwa no gufatana amaboko, gusangira ibikoresho byo kuriramo, gusomana, guhoberana, gukorora, kwitsamura, cyangwa konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bushobora kumenyekana nyuma y'iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 60 nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma ryemezwa no gupima amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ibice bimwe na bimwe bya virusi ndetse no kureba niba hari ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri burwanya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Ubwandu bwakomeje kwirindwa hakoreshejwe inkingo kuva mu 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mutsaerts|first=Eleanor A. M. L.|last2=Madhi|first2=Shabir A.|author-link2=Shabir A. Madhi|editor-last=Detels|editor-first=Roger|editor-last2=Karim|editor-first2=Quarraisha Abdool|editor-last3=Baum|editor-first3=Fran|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|page=587|edition=7th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587|language=en|chapter=11.3. Immunisation and vaccination|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abana bavutse ku babyeyi barwaye hepatite B bashobora guhabwa immunoglobulin ya hepatite B n'urukingo igihe bavuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020hepatitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rosene-Montella|first=Karen|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1587-1588|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587|language=en|chapter=226. Common medical problems in pregnancy|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045301/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] usaba inkingo ku munsi wa mbere w’ubuzima niba bishoboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Hakenewe izindi doze ebyiri cyangwa eshatu nyuma kugira ngo zigire ingaruka nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Uru rukingo rukora hafi 95% by'igihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ibihugu bigera ku 180 byatanze uru rukingo nk'igice cya gahunda z'igihugu kugeza mu 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Will2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birasabwa kandi ko amaraso yose apimwa hepatite B mbere yo guterwa amaraso, kandi [[agakingirizo]] kagakoreshwa mu kwirinda kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kwandura ubwandu bwa mbere, kwitabwaho bishingiye ku bimenyetso umuntu afite.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu barwaye indwara zidakira, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka tenofovir, entecavir, cyangwa interferon ishobora kuba ingirakamaro; icyakora, iyi miti irahenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Gutera umwijima rimwe na rimwe ikoreshwa ku ndwara ya cirrhose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye isi bamaze kwandura mu gihe kimwe mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku isi yose mu 2019, hari abantu miliyoni 296 barwaye indwara ya hepatite B, aho buri mwaka hagaragaye abantu bashya miliyoni 1.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016–2021: actions for impact.|date=2021|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-002707-7|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|language=en|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923125723/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impfu 820.000 zanditswe mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere tw’Iburengerazuba bwa Pasifika no muri Afurika; abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 bose hamwe bakaba baribasiwe n’iyi ndwara mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu 2019, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 14 bagizweho ingaruka n’iki cyorezo mu karere k’i Burayi na miliyoni 5 muri Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Nanone kwandura [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera SIDA]], [[hepatite C]], cyangwa hepatite D ni ibintu bisanzwe aho hepatite B ikunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot; /&gt; Serivisi zo gupima no gukumira indwara ya Hepatite B zakunze kugira ingaruka mbi mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt; Mbere byari bizwi nka &quot;hepatitis yo mu maraso&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barker1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM|title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=276|issue=10|pages=841–844|year=1996|pmid=8769597|doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Hepatite B''' ni indwara ya virusi iterwa na virusi ya hepatite B (HBV) yibasira umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organisation|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en|date=18 July 2023|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034331/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishobora gutera indwara z’ubwandu bw’igikatu n’ubwandu buhoraho.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso bigaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara zikabije, bamwe bashobora kurwara vuba cyane, bakaruka, uruhu rw'umuhondo, umunaniro, inkari z'umukara n'ububabare bwo mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibi bimenyetso bimara ibyumweru bike kandi ni gake cyane ubwandu bwa mbere butera urupfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gufata iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 180 kugira ngo ibimenyetso bitangire.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bandura ahagana mu gihe cyo kuvuka, 90% barwara {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} idakira mu gihe abatageze kuri 10% by'abandura nyuma y'imyaka itanu barwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=2011-11-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211154904/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/b/bfaq.htm#transmission|archive-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abenshi mu bafite indwara zidakira nta bimenyetso baba bafite; icyakora, cirrhose na kanseri y'umwijima bishobora kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kurwara cirrhose cyangwa kanseri y'umwijima bibaho hafi 25% by'abafite indwara zidakira.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

''Virusi ya Hepatite B'' ni imwe muri virusi eshanu z’ingenzi za hepatite hamwe na A, [[Hepatite C|C]], D, na E.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127102520/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi virusi ikwirakwira iyo umuntu ahuye n'amaraso yanduye cyangwa amazi yo mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara mu gihe cyo kuvuka cyangwa mu gihe cyo guhura n'amaraso y'abandi mu bwana ni bwo buryo bukunze gukoreshwa cyane mu kwandura indwara ya Hepatite B mu turere iyo ndwara ikunze kugaragaramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu turere aho iyi ndwara idakunze kugaragara, gukoresha imiti iterwa mu mitsi no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ni byo bintu bikunze kwanduriramo abantu benshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo gukora mu buvuzi, guterwa amaraso, dialyse, kubana n'umuntu wanduye, gutembera mu bihugu aho igipimo cy'ubwandu kiri hejuru, no kuba mu kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|access-date=4 November 2014|date=July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109161444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher=CDC|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en-us|date=30 March 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190235/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|title=Primary Care Management of Hepatitis B – Quick Reference (HBV-QR)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724080337/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gushushanya tatouage no gushushanya acupuncture byatumye habaho umubare munini w’abantu barwaye mu myaka ya za 1980; icyakora, ibi byagiye bigabanuka cyane bitewe no kunoza uburyo bwo koroshya urubyaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virusi {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} ntishobora kwanduzwa no gufatana amaboko, gusangira ibikoresho byo kuriramo, gusomana, guhoberana, gukorora, kwitsamura, cyangwa konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot; /&gt; Ubwandu bushobora kumenyekana nyuma y'iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 60 nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma ryemezwa no gupima amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ibice bimwe na bimwe bya virusi ndetse no kureba niba hari ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri burwanya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Ubwandu bwakomeje kwirindwa hakoreshejwe inkingo kuva mu 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mutsaerts|first=Eleanor A. M. L.|last2=Madhi|first2=Shabir A.|author-link2=Shabir A. Madhi|editor-last=Detels|editor-first=Roger|editor-last2=Karim|editor-first2=Quarraisha Abdool|editor-last3=Baum|editor-first3=Fran|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|page=587|edition=7th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587|language=en|chapter=11.3. Immunisation and vaccination|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abana bavutse ku babyeyi barwaye hepatite B bashobora guhabwa immunoglobulin ya hepatite B n'urukingo igihe bavuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020hepatitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rosene-Montella|first=Karen|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1587-1588|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587|language=en|chapter=226. Common medical problems in pregnancy|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045301/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] usaba inkingo ku munsi wa mbere w’ubuzima niba bishoboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Hakenewe izindi doze ebyiri cyangwa eshatu nyuma kugira ngo zigire ingaruka nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Uru rukingo rukora hafi 95% by'igihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ibihugu bigera ku 180 byatanze uru rukingo nk'igice cya gahunda z'igihugu kugeza mu 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Will2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birasabwa kandi ko amaraso yose apimwa hepatite B mbere yo guterwa amaraso, kandi [[agakingirizo]] kagakoreshwa mu kwirinda kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cyo kwandura ubwandu bwa mbere, kwitabwaho bishingiye ku bimenyetso umuntu afite.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu barwaye indwara zidakira, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka tenofovir, entecavir, cyangwa interferon ishobora kuba ingirakamaro; icyakora, iyi miti irahenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Gutera umwijima rimwe na rimwe ikoreshwa ku ndwara ya cirrhose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye isi bamaze kwandura mu gihe kimwe mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku isi yose mu 2019, hari abantu miliyoni 296 barwaye indwara ya hepatite B, aho buri mwaka hagaragaye abantu bashya miliyoni 1.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016–2021: actions for impact.|date=2021|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-002707-7|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|language=en|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923125723/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impfu 820.000 zanditswe mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere tw’Iburengerazuba bwa Pasifika no muri Afurika; abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 bose hamwe bakaba baribasiwe n’iyi ndwara mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu 2019, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 14 bagizweho ingaruka n’iki cyorezo mu karere k’i Burayi na miliyoni 5 muri Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Nanone kwandura [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera SIDA]], [[hepatite C]], cyangwa hepatite D ni ibintu bisanzwe aho hepatite B ikunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot; /&gt; Serivisi zo gupima no gukumira indwara ya Hepatite B zakunze kugira ingaruka mbi mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt; Mbere byari bizwi nka &quot;hepatitis yo mu maraso&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barker1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM|title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=276|issue=10|pages=841–844|year=1996|pmid=8769597|doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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    <title>Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501494|Deep_vein_thrombosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="13957" sha1="tc70cqr1okur3n0uswgph6rj55wbvbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Deep vein thrombosis|synonym=Deep venous thrombosis|image=Deep vein thrombosis of the right leg.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=DVT in the right leg with swelling and redness|pronounce=|field=[[#Field_of_medicine|Various]]|symptoms=Pain, [[Edema|swelling]], redness, enlarged veins in the affected limb&lt;ref name=Kruger2019/&gt;|complications=[[Post-thrombotic syndrome]], recurrent VTE&lt;ref name=2017CC&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bartholomew JR | title = Update on the management of venous thromboembolism | journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | volume = 84 | issue = 12 Suppl 3 | pages = 39–46 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29257737 | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 | doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=Recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], personal history or [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], pregnancy and the [[Postpartum period|period following delivery]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], certain genetic factors&lt;ref name=2016Epi/&gt;&lt;ref name=EGRF/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Medical ultrasound|Ultrasound]]&lt;ref name=2017EURO/&gt;|differential=Ruptured [[Baker's cyst]], [[cellulitis]], [[hematoma]], [[lymphedema]], [[chronic venous insufficiency]]|prevention=Frequent walking, calf exercises, maintaining a healthy body weight, [[anticoagulants]] (blood thinners), [[intermittent pneumatic compression]], [[graduated compression stockings]], [[aspirin]]&lt;ref name=CDC&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/facts.html|title=What is Venous Thromboembolism?|date=14 March 2019|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507043943/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/facts.html|archive-date=7 May 2019|access-date=6 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=2019Surgery/&gt;|treatment=Anticoagulation, [[catheter-directed thrombolysis]]|medication=[[Anticoagulant|Direct oral anticoagulant]]s, [[low-molecular-weight heparin]], [[fondaparinux]], [[unfractionated heparin]], [[warfarin]]&lt;ref name=Mer2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-dvt|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|accessdate=15 December 2017|date=July 2016|url-status=alive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105095146/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-dvt|archivedate=5 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Mer2016Pre&gt;{{cite web|title=Deep Venous Thrombosis Prevention – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manuals Professional Edition|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-prevention|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|accessdate=15 December 2017|date=July 2016|url-status=alive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918153014/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/peripheral-venous-disorders/deep-venous-thrombosis-prevention|archivedate=18 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=1 to 2 in 1,000 people per year (Europeans)&lt;ref name=2016Epi/&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Kuziba kw'imitsi yo mu bwonko''' ( '''DVT''' ) ni ukurema kw'amaraso mu mitsi yo mu bwonko, akenshi mu maguru cyangwa mu kibuno.&lt;ref name=&quot;Overview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Phillippe HM|title=Overview of venous thromboembolism|journal=The American Journal of Managed Care|volume=23|issue=20 Suppl|pages=S376–S382|date=December 2017|pmid=29297660|url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{efn|Thrombosis associated with the head ([[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]) and the abdominal organs ([[viscera]])—such as [[portal vein thrombosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], and [[Budd–Chiari syndrome]]—are separate diseases excluded from the scope of this definition.}} Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ububabare, kubyimba, gutukura, no kwiyongera kw'imitsi mu gace kafashwe, ariko bimwe muri byo nta bimenyetso bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kruger2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ|title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=11|pages=516–524|date=June 2019|pmid=31155730|doi=10.5694/mja2.50201|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu kaga ni ukugwa kw'amaraso mu mitsi, bikanyura mu ruhande rw'iburyo rw'umutima, bigafatana n'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu bihaha, yitwa pulmonary embolism (PE). Ingorane ikunze kugaragara mu gihe kirekire ni indwara ya post-thrombotic syndrome, ishobora gutera ububabare, kubyimba, kumva ufite uburemere, uburyaryate, kandi mu bihe bikomeye, ibisebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M|display-authors=6|title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=39|issue=47|pages=4208–4218|date=December 2018|pmid=28329262|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, VTE isubira ibaho hafi 30% by'iyo mu myaka icumi ikurikira VTE ya mbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH|title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis|volume=41|issue=1|pages=3–14|date=January 2016|pmid=26780736|pmc=4715842|doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuzura kw'amaraso mu maraso akenshi bukubiyemo uburyo amaraso atembera neza, uburyo bwo kuzura kw'amaraso bwiyongera, ndetse n'uburyo urukuta rw'imitsi itera amaraso rwangiritse.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stone J, Hangge P, Albadawi H, Wallace A, Shamoun F, Knuttien MG, Naidu S, Oklu R|display-authors=6|title=Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management|journal=Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy|volume=7|issue=Suppl 3|pages=S276–S284|date=December 2017|pmid=29399531|pmc=5778510|doi=10.21037/cdt.2017.09.01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kubagwa vuba aha, gusaza, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikora, umubyibuho ukabije, amateka y’umuntu ku giti cye n’amateka y’umuryango we ya VTE, ihungabana, ibikomere, kubura uburyo bwo kugenda, uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bushingiye ku misemburo, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] no mu gihe cyakurikiyeho, hamwe n’indwara ya antiphospholipide . VTE ifite igice gikomeye cy’uturemangingo, kikaba kigize hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abarwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C|title=Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Venous Thromboembolism|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|volume=42|issue=8|pages=808–820|date=November 2016|pmid=27764878|pmc=5146955|doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bigize imiterere y’amaraso birimo [[Ubwoko bwamaraso|ubwoko bw’amaraso]] butari O, kubura kwa antithrombin, poroteyine C, na poroteyine S, hamwe n’impinduka za factor V Leiden na prothrombin G20210A.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019loci&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P|display-authors=6|title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=11|pages=1574–1579|date=November 2019|pmid=31676865|pmc=6858581|doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3|url=http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128193422/http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; DVT na PE byombi ni bimwe mu bigize inzira rusange y'indwara, yitwa venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE ishobora kubaho nk'indwara ya DVT yihariye cyangwa nk'indwara ya PE irimo cyangwa idafite DVT.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bakekwaho kugira DVT bashobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe itegeko ryo guhanura nk'amanota ya Wells . D-dimer ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gufasha mu gukuraho isuzuma cyangwa kwerekana ko hakenewe isuzuma ryinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikunze kwemezwa hakoreshejwe ultrasound y'imitsi ikekwaho kuba yarafashwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt; Bigereranyijwe ko 4–10% bya DVT bigira ingaruka ku maboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017UEDVT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A|title=Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=114|issue=14|pages=244–249|date=April 2017|pmid=28446351|pmc=5415909|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 5–11% bazarwara VTE mu buzima bwabo, VTE irushaho kuba nyinshi uko imyaka igenda ishira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijfering&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lijfering WM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC|title=Risk factors for venous thrombosis - current understanding from an epidemiological point of view|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=149|issue=6|pages=824–33|date=June 2010|pmid=20456358|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08206.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wells PS, Ihaddadene R, Reilly A, Forgie MA|title=Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: 20 Years of Progress|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=168|issue=2|pages=131–140|date=January 2018|pmid=29310137|doi=10.7326/M17-0291}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugereranije n'abafite imyaka 40 no munsi yayo, abantu bafite imyaka 65 no hejuru yayo bari ku ntera y'ibyago byikubye inshuro 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elderly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faller N, Limacher A, Méan M, Righini M, Aschwanden M, Beer JH, Frauchiger B, Osterwalder J, Kucher N, Lämmle B, Cornuz J, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Matter CM, Husmann M, Banyai M, Staub D, Mazzolai L, Hugli O, Rodondi N, Aujesky D|display-authors=6|title=Predictors and Causes of Long-Term Mortality in Elderly Patients with Acute Venous Thromboembolism: A Prospective Cohort Study|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=130|issue=2|pages=198–206|date=February 2017|pmid=27742261|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.008|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, amakuru aboneka yakunze kwiganjemo abaturage b'i Burayi n'Abanyamerika ya Ruguru,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zakai2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zakai NA, McClure LA|title=Racial differences in venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=9|issue=10|pages=1877–82|date=October 2011|pmid=21797965|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04443.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi abantu bo muri Aziya na Espagne bafite ibyago bike byo kurwara VTE ugereranyije n'abazungu cyangwa abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;

Gukoresha imiti igabanya amaraso ( anticoagulation ) ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo kuvura, kandi imiti isanzwe irimo rivaroxaban, apixaban, na warfarin . Gutangira warfarin bisaba indi anticoagulant, akenshi inshinge za heparin kugira ngo bitangire.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013Keeling&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keeling D, Alikhan R|title=Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=161|issue=6|pages=755–63|date=June 2013|pmid=23531017|doi=10.1111/bjh.12306|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H|display-authors=6|title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=5|pages=227–235|date=March 2019|pmid=30739331|doi=10.5694/mja2.50004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda muri rusange birimo kwirinda umubyibuho ukabije no gukomeza kubaho mu buzima busanzwe. Uburyo bwo kwirinda nyuma yo kubagwa butari bufite ingaruka mbi burimo kugenda hakiri kare no kugenda kenshi. Mu kubaga mu buryo bushobora gutera ibyago, kwirinda akenshi ni ugukoresha imiti yoroshya amaraso cyangwa aspirine hamwe no gukanda umwuka mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Surgery&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, Dentali F, Francis CW, Garcia DA, Kahn SR, Rahman M, Rajasekhar A, Rogers FB, Smythe MA, ((Tikkinen KAO)), Yates AJ, Baldeh T, Balduzzi S, Brożek JL, Ikobaltzeta IE, Johal H, Neumann I, Wiercioch W, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Schünemann HJ, Dahm P|display-authors=6|title=American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients|journal=Blood Advances|volume=3|issue=23|pages=3898–3944|date=December 2019|pmid=31794602|pmc=6963238|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse</comment>
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      <text bytes="10679" sha1="7vhk3zpskgpn4bp669abo9g98aar9g4" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Deep vein thrombosis of the right leg.jpg|thumb|Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse]]
'''Kuziba kw'imitsi yo mu bwonko''' ( '''DVT''' ) ni ukurema kw'amaraso mu mitsi yo mu bwonko, akenshi mu maguru cyangwa mu kibuno.&lt;ref name=&quot;Overview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Phillippe HM|title=Overview of venous thromboembolism|journal=The American Journal of Managed Care|volume=23|issue=20 Suppl|pages=S376–S382|date=December 2017|pmid=29297660|url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{efn|Thrombosis associated with the head ([[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]) and the abdominal organs ([[viscera]])—such as [[portal vein thrombosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], and [[Budd–Chiari syndrome]]—are separate diseases excluded from the scope of this definition.}} Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo ububabare, kubyimba, gutukura, no kwiyongera kw'imitsi mu gace kafashwe, ariko bimwe muri byo nta bimenyetso bifite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kruger2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ|title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=11|pages=516–524|date=June 2019|pmid=31155730|doi=10.5694/mja2.50201|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu kaga ni ukugwa kw'amaraso mu mitsi, bikanyura mu ruhande rw'iburyo rw'umutima, bigafatana n'imitsi ijyana amaraso mu bihaha, yitwa pulmonary embolism (PE). Ingorane ikunze kugaragara mu gihe kirekire ni indwara ya post-thrombotic syndrome, ishobora gutera ububabare, kubyimba, kumva ufite uburemere, uburyaryate, kandi mu bihe bikomeye, ibisebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M|display-authors=6|title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=39|issue=47|pages=4208–4218|date=December 2018|pmid=28329262|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanone, VTE isubira ibaho hafi 30% by'iyo mu myaka icumi ikurikira VTE ya mbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH|title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis|volume=41|issue=1|pages=3–14|date=January 2016|pmid=26780736|pmc=4715842|doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuzura kw'amaraso mu maraso akenshi bukubiyemo uburyo amaraso atembera neza, uburyo bwo kuzura kw'amaraso bwiyongera, ndetse n'uburyo urukuta rw'imitsi itera amaraso rwangiritse.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stone J, Hangge P, Albadawi H, Wallace A, Shamoun F, Knuttien MG, Naidu S, Oklu R|display-authors=6|title=Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management|journal=Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy|volume=7|issue=Suppl 3|pages=S276–S284|date=December 2017|pmid=29399531|pmc=5778510|doi=10.21037/cdt.2017.09.01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kubagwa vuba aha, gusaza, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ikora, umubyibuho ukabije, amateka y’umuntu ku giti cye n’amateka y’umuryango we ya VTE, ihungabana, ibikomere, kubura uburyo bwo kugenda, uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bushingiye ku misemburo, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] no mu gihe cyakurikiyeho, hamwe n’indwara ya antiphospholipide . VTE ifite igice gikomeye cy’uturemangingo, kikaba kigize hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abarwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C|title=Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Venous Thromboembolism|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|volume=42|issue=8|pages=808–820|date=November 2016|pmid=27764878|pmc=5146955|doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bigize imiterere y’amaraso birimo [[Ubwoko bwamaraso|ubwoko bw’amaraso]] butari O, kubura kwa antithrombin, poroteyine C, na poroteyine S, hamwe n’impinduka za factor V Leiden na prothrombin G20210A.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019loci&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P|display-authors=6|title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=11|pages=1574–1579|date=November 2019|pmid=31676865|pmc=6858581|doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3|url=http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128193422/http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; DVT na PE byombi ni bimwe mu bigize inzira rusange y'indwara, yitwa venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE ishobora kubaho nk'indwara ya DVT yihariye cyangwa nk'indwara ya PE irimo cyangwa idafite DVT.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bakekwaho kugira DVT bashobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe itegeko ryo guhanura nk'amanota ya Wells . D-dimer ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gufasha mu gukuraho isuzuma cyangwa kwerekana ko hakenewe isuzuma ryinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikunze kwemezwa hakoreshejwe ultrasound y'imitsi ikekwaho kuba yarafashwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt; Bigereranyijwe ko 4–10% bya DVT bigira ingaruka ku maboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017UEDVT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A|title=Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=114|issue=14|pages=244–249|date=April 2017|pmid=28446351|pmc=5415909|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 5–11% bazarwara VTE mu buzima bwabo, VTE irushaho kuba nyinshi uko imyaka igenda ishira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijfering&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lijfering WM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC|title=Risk factors for venous thrombosis - current understanding from an epidemiological point of view|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=149|issue=6|pages=824–33|date=June 2010|pmid=20456358|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08206.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wells PS, Ihaddadene R, Reilly A, Forgie MA|title=Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: 20 Years of Progress|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=168|issue=2|pages=131–140|date=January 2018|pmid=29310137|doi=10.7326/M17-0291}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugereranije n'abafite imyaka 40 no munsi yayo, abantu bafite imyaka 65 no hejuru yayo bari ku ntera y'ibyago byikubye inshuro 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elderly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faller N, Limacher A, Méan M, Righini M, Aschwanden M, Beer JH, Frauchiger B, Osterwalder J, Kucher N, Lämmle B, Cornuz J, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Matter CM, Husmann M, Banyai M, Staub D, Mazzolai L, Hugli O, Rodondi N, Aujesky D|display-authors=6|title=Predictors and Causes of Long-Term Mortality in Elderly Patients with Acute Venous Thromboembolism: A Prospective Cohort Study|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=130|issue=2|pages=198–206|date=February 2017|pmid=27742261|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.008|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, amakuru aboneka yakunze kwiganjemo abaturage b'i Burayi n'Abanyamerika ya Ruguru,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zakai2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zakai NA, McClure LA|title=Racial differences in venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=9|issue=10|pages=1877–82|date=October 2011|pmid=21797965|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04443.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi abantu bo muri Aziya na Espagne bafite ibyago bike byo kurwara VTE ugereranyije n'abazungu cyangwa abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;

Gukoresha imiti igabanya amaraso ( anticoagulation ) ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo kuvura, kandi imiti isanzwe irimo rivaroxaban, apixaban, na warfarin . Gutangira warfarin bisaba indi anticoagulant, akenshi inshinge za heparin kugira ngo bitangire.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013Keeling&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keeling D, Alikhan R|title=Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=161|issue=6|pages=755–63|date=June 2013|pmid=23531017|doi=10.1111/bjh.12306|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H|display-authors=6|title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=5|pages=227–235|date=March 2019|pmid=30739331|doi=10.5694/mja2.50004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda muri rusange birimo kwirinda umubyibuho ukabije no gukomeza kubaho mu buzima busanzwe. Uburyo bwo kwirinda nyuma yo kubagwa butari bufite ingaruka mbi burimo kugenda hakiri kare no kugenda kenshi. Mu kubaga mu buryo bushobora gutera ibyago, kwirinda akenshi ni ugukoresha imiti yoroshya amaraso cyangwa aspirine hamwe no gukanda umwuka mu buryo butunguranye.&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Surgery&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, Dentali F, Francis CW, Garcia DA, Kahn SR, Rahman M, Rajasekhar A, Rogers FB, Smythe MA, ((Tikkinen KAO)), Yates AJ, Baldeh T, Balduzzi S, Brożek JL, Ikobaltzeta IE, Johal H, Neumann I, Wiercioch W, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Schünemann HJ, Dahm P|display-authors=6|title=American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients|journal=Blood Advances|volume=3|issue=23|pages=3898–3944|date=December 2019|pmid=31794602|pmc=6963238|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Indwara ya Chagas</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498471|Chagas_disease]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="9192" sha1="4dkuegaj1dg3yo19mb6hx9un77t58gg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Chagas disease|synonym=American trypanosomiasis|image=Trypanosoma_cruzi_B.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=A crescent-shaped Trypanosoma cruzi parasite surrounded by red blood cells|caption=Photomicrograph of [[Giemsa stain|Giemsa]]-stained ''Trypanosoma cruzi''|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|ɡ|ə|s}}, {{IPA-pt|size=97%|ˈʃaɡɐs}}|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Fever, large lymph nodes, headache&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;|complications=[[Heart failure]], [[megaesophagus|enlarged esophagus]], [[megacolon|enlarged colon]]&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' spread by [[kissing bugs]]&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Finding the parasite, its DNA, or [[Antibody|antibodies]] in the blood&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I|title=Chagas disease|journal=The Lancet|volume=391|issue=10115|year=2018|pages=82–94|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=|prevention=Eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;|treatment=|medication=[[Benznidazole]], [[nifurtimox]]&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;|prognosis=|frequency=6.2 million (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017p&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=Lancet |volume=392 |issue=10159 |pages=1789–1858 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30496104 |pmc=6227754 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=7,900 (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017d&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author=GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators| title=Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | journal=Lancet | date =November 2018 | volume= 392 | issue= 10159 | pages= 1736–88 | pmid=30496103 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 | pmc=6227606 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|named after=[[Carlos Chagas]]&lt;ref name=WHO2019/&gt;}}'''Indwara ya Chagas''', izwi kandi nka '''American trypanosomiasis''', ni indwara iterwa n’udukoko two mu turere dushyuha duterwa na ''Trypanosoma cruzi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)|date=17 April 2019|website=World Health Organization|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120210150/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)|archive-date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'udukoko tuzwi nka ''Triatominae'', cyangwa &quot;udukoko dusomana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso birahinduka uko ubwandu bugenda. Mu ntangiriro, ibimenyetso akenshi ntibigaragara cyangwa bikaba byoroheje, kandi bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, kubyimba kw'uturemangingo tw'imitsi, kuribwa umutwe, cyangwa kubyimba aho umuntu yarumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'ibyumweru bine kugeza ku munani, abantu binjira mu cyiciro cy'indwara idakira, akenshi idatanga izindi bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 45% barwara indwara z'umutima nyuma y'imyaka 10-30 banduye ubwandu bwa mbere, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma [[Kunanirwa k'umutima|umutima unanirwa]] .  Ingorane zo mu gifu, harimo no kwiyongera k'umuyoboro w'amaraso cyangwa urura runini, zishobora no kugaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 21%, kandi abantu bagera kuri 10% bashobora kwangirika kw'imitsi. 

{{nowrap|''T. cruzi''}} ikunze kwandurira mu bantu no mu zindi nyamaswa iyo irumwe n'udukoko dusomana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|title=DPDx&amp;nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet|date=30 April 2019|access-date=10 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905010437/https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|archive-date=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kandi kwandurira mu [[Blood transfusion|guterwa amaraso]], [[Organ transplantation|guterwa ingingo]], kurya ibiryo byanduye udukoko, no [[Vertical transmission|kwanduzanya]] (kuva kuri nyina kugeza ku mwana we).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara hakiri kare ni ugusanga udukoko mu maraso hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi cyangwa kumenya [[DNA|ADN]] yatwo hakoreshejwe uburyo [[Polymerase chain reaction|bwa polymerase chain reaction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot; /&gt; Indwara idakira ivumburwa no kubona [[Antibody|antibodies]] za {{nowrap|''T. cruzi''}} mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gua2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Guarner J|title=Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite|journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology|date=May 2019|volume=36|issue=3|pages=164–9|doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008|pmid=31006555}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifata ubwoko burenga 150 bw'inyamaswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA|title=Chagas disease|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9723|pages=1388–402|date=April 2010|pmid=20399979|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwirinda bibanda ku kurandura udukoko dusomana no kwirinda kurumwa na two.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko cyangwa inzitiramibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention of Chagas disease|url=http://www.who.int/chagas/disease/prevention/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211034545/http://www.who.int/chagas/disease/prevention/en/|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ngamba zo kwirinda zirimo gusuzuma amaraso yakoreshejwe mu guterwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; {{Asof|2019}} , nta rukingo rwakozwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara hakiri kare bishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti ya benznidazole cyangwa nifurtimox, isanzwe ivura indwara iyo itanzwe nyuma gato y’uko umuntu yanduye, ariko ntigire icyo ikora uko umuntu amaze igihe kinini arwaye indwara ya Chagas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe mu ndwara zidakira, imiti ishobora gutinza cyangwa ikabuza ibimenyetso bya nyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Benznidazole na nifurtimox bikunze gutera ingaruka mbi, harimo indwara z'uruhu, kurakara mu gifu, n'ibimenyetso by'imitsi, bishobora gutuma imiti ihagarikwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina2018&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2019}} , imiti mishya ivura indwara ya Chagas irimo gukorwa, kandi inkingo z’igerageza zakoreweho ubushakashatsi mu nyamaswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rios2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rios LE, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Pacheco AO, Zago MP, Garg NJ|title=Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=200|year=2019|pages=105168|issn=0001-706X|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vermelho2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vermelho AB, Rodrigues GC, Supuran CT|title=Why hasn’t there been more progress in new Chagas disease drug discovery?|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery|volume=15|issue=2|year=2019|pages=145–158|issn=1746-0441|doi=10.1080/17460441.2020.1681394}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bivugwa ko abantu miliyoni 6.2, cyane cyane abo muri Megizike, Amerika yo Hagati na Amerika y'Epfo, barwaye indwara ya Chagas mu 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017p&quot; /&gt; ikaba yarahitanye abantu bagera ku 7.900.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017d&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi barwaye iyi ndwara ni abakene,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi abenshi ntibazi ko banduye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Capinera JL|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402062421|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&amp;pg=PA824 824]|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwimukira bw'abaturage benshi bwongereye uduce indwara ya Chagas ibonekamo, muri two hakaba harimo ibihugu byinshi by'i Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1909 n'umuganga wo muri Brezili Carlos Chagas, ari na we yitiriwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Chagas ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’indwara yo mu turere dushyuha yirengagijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 November 2014|date=6 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|archive-date=4 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4dkuegaj1dg3yo19mb6hx9un77t58gg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142366</id>
      <parentid>142365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T11:20:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>indwara ya Chagas</comment>
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      <text bytes="6933" sha1="q2nehbn4cnyiqqs46notjska38o6gbi" xml:space="preserve">'''Indwara ya Chagas''', izwi kandi nka '''American trypanosomiasis''', ni indwara iterwa n’udukoko two mu turere dushyuha duterwa na ''Trypanosoma cruzi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)|date=17 April 2019|website=World Health Organization|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120210150/https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)|archive-date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'udukoko tuzwi nka ''Triatominae'', cyangwa &quot;udukoko dusomana&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso birahinduka uko ubwandu bugenda. Mu ntangiriro, ibimenyetso akenshi ntibigaragara cyangwa bikaba byoroheje, kandi bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, kubyimba kw'uturemangingo tw'imitsi, kuribwa umutwe, cyangwa kubyimba aho umuntu yarumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'ibyumweru bine kugeza ku munani, abantu binjira mu cyiciro cy'indwara idakira, akenshi idatanga izindi bimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bagera kuri 45% barwara indwara z'umutima nyuma y'imyaka 10-30 banduye ubwandu bwa mbere, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma [[Kunanirwa k'umutima|umutima unanirwa]] .  Ingorane zo mu gifu, harimo no kwiyongera k'umuyoboro w'amaraso cyangwa urura runini, zishobora no kugaragara ku bantu bagera kuri 21%, kandi abantu bagera kuri 10% bashobora kwangirika kw'imitsi. 

{{nowrap|''T. cruzi''}} ikunze kwandurira mu bantu no mu zindi nyamaswa iyo irumwe n'udukoko dusomana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|title=DPDx&amp;nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet|date=30 April 2019|access-date=10 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905010437/https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|archive-date=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kandi kwandurira mu [[Blood transfusion|guterwa amaraso]], [[Organ transplantation|guterwa ingingo]], kurya ibiryo byanduye udukoko, no [[Vertical transmission|kwanduzanya]] (kuva kuri nyina kugeza ku mwana we).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara hakiri kare ni ugusanga udukoko mu maraso hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi cyangwa kumenya [[DNA|ADN]] yatwo hakoreshejwe uburyo [[Polymerase chain reaction|bwa polymerase chain reaction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot; /&gt; Indwara idakira ivumburwa no kubona [[Antibody|antibodies]] za {{nowrap|''T. cruzi''}} mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gua2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Guarner J|title=Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite|journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology|date=May 2019|volume=36|issue=3|pages=164–9|doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008|pmid=31006555}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifata ubwoko burenga 150 bw'inyamaswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA|title=Chagas disease|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9723|pages=1388–402|date=April 2010|pmid=20399979|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwirinda bibanda ku kurandura udukoko dusomana no kwirinda kurumwa na two.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Ibi bishobora kuba bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko cyangwa inzitiramibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention of Chagas disease|url=http://www.who.int/chagas/disease/prevention/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211034545/http://www.who.int/chagas/disease/prevention/en/|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ngamba zo kwirinda zirimo gusuzuma amaraso yakoreshejwe mu guterwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; {{Asof|2019}} , nta rukingo rwakozwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara hakiri kare bishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti ya benznidazole cyangwa nifurtimox, isanzwe ivura indwara iyo itanzwe nyuma gato y’uko umuntu yanduye, ariko ntigire icyo ikora uko umuntu amaze igihe kinini arwaye indwara ya Chagas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe mu ndwara zidakira, imiti ishobora gutinza cyangwa ikabuza ibimenyetso bya nyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Benznidazole na nifurtimox bikunze gutera ingaruka mbi, harimo indwara z'uruhu, kurakara mu gifu, n'ibimenyetso by'imitsi, bishobora gutuma imiti ihagarikwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Molina2018&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2019}} , imiti mishya ivura indwara ya Chagas irimo gukorwa, kandi inkingo z’igerageza zakoreweho ubushakashatsi mu nyamaswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rios2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rios LE, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Pacheco AO, Zago MP, Garg NJ|title=Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=200|year=2019|pages=105168|issn=0001-706X|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vermelho2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vermelho AB, Rodrigues GC, Supuran CT|title=Why hasn’t there been more progress in new Chagas disease drug discovery?|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery|volume=15|issue=2|year=2019|pages=145–158|issn=1746-0441|doi=10.1080/17460441.2020.1681394}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bivugwa ko abantu miliyoni 6.2, cyane cyane abo muri Megizike, Amerika yo Hagati na Amerika y'Epfo, barwaye indwara ya Chagas mu 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017p&quot; /&gt; ikaba yarahitanye abantu bagera ku 7.900.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2017d&quot; /&gt; Abantu benshi barwaye iyi ndwara ni abakene,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi abenshi ntibazi ko banduye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Capinera JL|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402062421|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&amp;pg=PA824 824]|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwimukira bw'abaturage benshi bwongereye uduce indwara ya Chagas ibonekamo, muri two hakaba harimo ibihugu byinshi by'i Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1909 n'umuganga wo muri Brezili Carlos Chagas, ari na we yitiriwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2019&quot; /&gt; Indwara ya Chagas ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’indwara yo mu turere dushyuha yirengagijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTD2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 November 2014|date=6 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|archive-date=4 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
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