Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3225 142392 114537 2026-10-17T08:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142392 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Naomi Klein at Berkeley, California, in 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Naomi Klein muri 2014|386x386px]] [[Dosiye:Naomi_Klein_portrait.jpg|thumb|Ifoto ya Naomi Klein ]] '''Naomi Klein''' ([[8 Gicurasi]] [[1970]] - ), ni umwanditsi akaba n’umunyamakuru ukomoka muri [[Kanada]] uzwi cyane kuba yaranditse igitabo cyitwa ''No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies'' . Arwanya Ikomatanyabukungu n’amategeko agenga ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kuko umukene nta nyungu abibonamo. *[[Dosiye:Naomi Klein - Brainwash Festival 2017.jpg|center|thumb|Naomi Klein]][https://web.archive.org/web/20150315062316/http://350.org/about/board/ ''Board of Directors''] [[350.org]][[Dosiye:Naomi Klein - Columbia GSAPP 2014 NYC.jpg|center|thumb|Naomi Klein]] [[Category:Abagore]] [[Category:Ikomatanyabukungu]] 9dnq8dcnmjzyvhtb97o0delqbl7el7r 0 8482 142386 122879 2026-10-17T06:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142386 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rwandan Culture.jpg|alt=Imbyino gakondo za kinyarwanda|thumb|Imbyino gakondo za kinyarwanda]] [[Dosiye:Kubyina gakondo.jpg|thumb|Imwe mumbyambarire igize ababyina gakondo]] [[Dosiye:Intore Dancer 02.jpg|thumb|Intore iri kubyina]] [[Dosiye:Intore Dancer 01.jpg|thumb|Intore iri guhamiriza]] [[Dosiye:Rwandan girl tradional dance in wedding.jpg|thumb|Rwandan girl tradional dance in wedding]] [[Dosiye:Ibyino(Intore).jpg|thumb|Ibyino(Intore)]] [[Dosiye:Abeza b' iwacu.jpg|thumb|Abeza b' iwacu]] [[Dosiye:Kwirengera.jpg|thumb|Kubyina wirengereye]] [[Dosiye:Agaseke2.jpg|thumb|Imbyino nyarwanda]] [[Dosiye:Intore 1.jpg|thumb|Imbyino nyarwanda]] [[Dosiye:Guhamiriza ku intore.jpg|thumb|Guhamiriza ku intore]] [[Dosiye:Ababyinnyi nimishanana.jpg|thumb|Ababyinnyi nimishanana]] [[Dosiye:Ikinimba.jpg|thumb|Ikinimba]] [[Dosiye:Ikinimba Dance, Burera.jpg|thumb|Ikinimba Dance, Burera]] == U [[Rwanda]] ni kimwe mu bihugu bya [[Afurika]] bifite [[:en:History|amateka]] akomeye y’umuziki n’[[:en:Dance|imbyino]] gakondo. Mu [[Rwanda]] usanga mu [[:en:Culture_of_Rwanda|muco]] w’abagituye hari umwihariko wo kugira imbyino gakondo zabyinwaga n’abakurambere mu rwego rwo kwigisha, kwinezeza mu birori bitandukanye, guhuza imiryango no kuyifasha kubana neza ndetse no kwifashishwa mu bihe by’ibyago aho akenshi wasangaga hari zimwe zifashishwaga mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa [[:en:Spirtuality|roho]] cyangwa mu mihango y’[[:en:Religion|idini]]. == Nk’uko mu [[:en:Culture_of_Rwanda|muco]] haba umurage, izi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] zigenda zihererekanywa uko imyaka iza indi igataha. Abiga kubyina akenshi babikoreraga mu '''''Itorero''''' ryari kandi rikomeje kuba irerero ry’umuco gakondo. Usibye kubyina no gutozwa [[:en:Culture_of_Rwanda|umuco]], mu itorero ni ho higirwaga [[:en:Music|indirimbo]] kandi akenshi [[:en:Dance|imbyino]] zijyana n’umuziki by’umwihariko [[:en:Music|indirimbo]].   Mu rwego rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu [[:en:Culture_of_Rwanda|muco]] mwiza dore ko kera nta buryo buhamye bwo kubika [[:en:Dance|imbyino]] n’ibihangano mu buryo bwanditse cyangwa bw’ikoranabuhanga nk’uko muri iki gihe k'iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga bikorwa, ubu mu mashuri hashyizweho gahunda yo gutoza abana umuco bigishwa byinshi ku mateka, imivugo, indirimbo n’[[:en:Dance|imbyino]]. Nta wakwirengagiza kandi uruhare rw’amatorero abyina mu buryo bwa gakondo ndetse n’imiryango mu rugendo rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu muco wo kubyina. Iyi nyandiko iragaragaza zimwe mu [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] gakondo zakorwaga ndetse zimwe zigikomeje gukoreshwa n’abanyarwanda bitewe n’ibihe imiryango n’igihugu kiba kirimo. ==1.   Umushayayo cyangwa Umushagiriro== Umushayayo ni [[:en:Dance|imbyino]] izwi cyane ku gitsina gore. Iyi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] ishushanya ukwiyoroshya ndetse n’ubwiza bw’abanyarwandakazi dore ko ababyina baba basa n’abigana uko inka zigenda ndetse n’uko [[:en:Natural_environment|ibidukikije]] nk’amashyamba, ibiyaga, n’ibindi bigenda byizunguza. Gusa ibi nta wapfa kubibona kuko umuntu ureba ababyinnyi akenshi aba yarangajwe n’uburyohe bw’[[:en:Dance|imbyino]]. Muri rusange iyi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] yerekana uko [[inyamaswa]] zitandukanye zo mu gihugu zigenda zirambagira mu buryo buryoheye ijisho nk’[[inzovu]], isha, imparage n’izindi. [[File:Rwanda tradition Dance.jpg|thumb|Umushayayo]] Umushayayo cyangwa Umushagiriro nk’uko bamwe bakunze kubyita, ushyirwa mu [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] gakondo eshatu za mbere muri [[Afurika]] zikunzwe cyane. Uburyo ibyinwa usanga byerekana ugutuza, ukwicisha bugufi, ukwiyubaha, umutima mwiza, ubwiyoroshye, ubuziranenge, ubwiza ndetse n’ibyishimo biranga abanyarwandakazi bivugwa ko bafite ubwiza buhebuje muri [[Afurika]]. Iyi mibyinire ngo yerekana ishusho nziza y’uko [[inka]] ziba zimeze iyo zitambuka. ==2.  Intore – Imbyino yagaragazaga indwanyi ku rugamba== [[File:Ibyino(Intore).jpg|thumb|Intore ]] Iyi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] yabyinwaga n’abasore bashaka kwerekana ko bakereye itabaro. Iyi mbyino yerekanaga ko bashabutse (ari abantu banyaruka), ingufu no kugira ubwirinzi bukomeye ndetse n’ubushotoranyi nk’ubw’intare. ==3.   Ukurambagiza – Imbyino y’Abagabo n’Abagore== Iyi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]] akenshi bakunze kuyita iy’I bwami. Yabaga ari imbyino nziza cyane ku buryo abayibyinaga bayitaga “Imbyino y’abakundana”. ==4.   Umurishyo w’ingoma== [[Dosiye:National Museum of Rwanda - Butare - Flickr - Dave Proffer (4).jpg|thumb|Umuco]] Abakaraza (abavuza [[ingoma]]) babaga ari cumi na batatu (13) dore ko uwo mubare wari ikimenyetso cy’ubutware bw’ingoma ya cyami. Abakaraza kera babaga ari abagabo ariko ubu n’abagore barabikora cyane. Ingoma zari iz’ingenzi cyane kuko zamenyeshaga ko [[umwami]] ahari. Zanakoreshwaga nka bumwe mu buryo bwo gutambutsa ubutumwa kuva ku [[:en:King|Mwami]] kugera ku byegera bye ndetse n’abandi bose barimo inshuti n’abamufashaga mu buryo butandukanye. Abakaraza babaga bafite agaciro gakomeye I Bwami kubera uwo murimo ukomeye babaga bafite. Umutagara (Ingoma zose zavuzwaga) wabaga urimo Ishakwe, Ingoma nto kurusha izindi zose wasangaga yarabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera muri 47 (cm 47) ariko ikagira ijwi rirangira cyane  (rigera kure). Habagamo Inyahura, Ingoma yabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera kuri 85 z’uburebure ikanagira ijwi rivugira hasi cyane, yanagiraga umurambararo munini kurusha Ishakwe. Umurishyo w’ingoma wanyuraga amatwi y’abatari bake. Ingoma kandi zavuzwaga ubwo habaga hari ibirori cyangwa se mu gihe cyo kwakira umushyitsi w’imena. Abakaraza bakoreshaga uduti tubiri kugira ngo ingoma zishobore kuvuga twitwa ''imirishyo.'' ==5.   Ikinimba== Ikinimba ni [[:en:Dance|imbyino]] yabyinwaga cyane mu mihango ikomeye y’I bwami cyane cyane ijyanye n’imyemerere. Ariko na none usanga indirimbo zaherekezaga iyi mbyino ari izaherekezaga cyangwa zagiraga inama umugeni uburyo azitwara mu muryango ashatsemo. Ubwo umukobwa yabaga amaze gushinga urugo (gushaka) ntabwo yabaga acyemerewe kubyina iyi [[:en:Dance|mbyino]]. [[File:Ibyino.jpg|thumb|Kubyina ikinimba]] ==6.   Umuganura== Muri rusange, [[umuganura]] wabaga ari umunsi mukuru ukomeye mu [[Rwanda]] rwo hambere dore ko abantu bahuriraga hamwe kugira ngo basangirire hamwe umusaruro w’ibyo bejeje. Ibi byose byaherekezwaga n’ibintu binyuranye birimo umuziki, kubara inkuru ndetse n’[[:en:Dance|imbyino]]. Abagore babyinaga imbyino zijyanye n’umuganura bagombaga kuba bambaye umwambaro mwiza w’ibirori kandi bikwije kugira ngo bashimire [[Imana]] yabahaye kugera ku musaruro ushimishije bikaba n’umwanya wo kuzana [[Urubuto|imbuto]] no kuzihesha umugisha kugira ngo zizashobore kwera neza mu gihe gitaha. [[:en:Dance|Imbyino]] gakondo ni zimwe mu nkingi za mwamba z’[[umuco nyarwanda]] kuko umuziki no kubyina byakomeje kuba iby’ingenzi mu bigize umuryango cyangwa sosiyete. Akenshi, igitsina gore babyina bambaye umwambaro ufatwa nk’uw’ibirori uzwi ku izina ry’Umushanana, agapira mu imbere ndetse n’umwitero. Mu mibyinire, Abagabo bakunze kugaragara bakoresha ingufu cyane mu gihe abagore bo baba babyina bagenda gake gake mu buryo butuje ari na byo biranga ubwiyoroshye bwabo. [[Dosiye:Imbyino gakondo z' iwacu.jpg|thumb|282x282px|imbyino gakondo ]] [[Dosiye:Ababyinnyi1.jpg|thumb|489x489px|imbyino gakondo]] Kalisa Rugano, umwanditsi nyarwanda akaba n’umunyamateka, asanga kubyina ari ururimi isi yose yumva. Kuri we, ngo Abanyarwanda bifashishaga imbyino mu rwego rwo kwerekana abo ari bo, babyinaga iyo babaga bishimye cyangwa bari mu gahinda. Byari n’uburyo bwo guhanga ubumwe mu muryango cyangwa muri sosiyete. Ingero ni uko wasangaga abanyarwanda babyina iyo babaga bagize umusaruro ushimishije (Bejeje ibiribwa byinshi), iyo [[umwana]] yabaga yavutse, iyo babaga batahukanye intsinzi ku rugamba cyangwa barutsinzwe, icyo gihe cyose habaga imbyino zisobanura ibyo byose. Urundi rugero ni uko ingabo zashoboraga kubyinira Umwami iyo babaga bagiye kumumurikira ibitekerezo byazo, noneho igihe zigarutse mu ngo zabo zivuye ku rugamba, abagore bazo ndetse n’abana bashoboraga kubabyinira kandi bagashimira Imana kuko yabafashije ikabarindira ubuzima ku rugamba. Ikindi kivugwa ni uko ishusho y’uko imbyino iteye byaturukaga ku buryo babonaga ibidukikije nk’uko imisozi iteye n’ibindi. Kubyina kera byari nk’indangamuntu. Ibi byagaragazwaga n’uko hari uburyo buryuranye abantu babyinagamo bitewe n’aho baherereye bitewe n’abo babaga ari bo cyangwa se imirimo bakoraga. Nk’abantu bo mu [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Rwanda|Burasirazuba]] babyinaga bitewe n’imiterere yaho, babyinaga bategeka basa n’abamanuka kandi bakaraga umubyimba ndetse bakabyinana amacumu n’ingabo kuko babaga ari abatunzi, abashumba n’abahinzi. Iyo mibyinire bayitaga ''gushagirira'' cyangwa ''Gushayaya''. Nk’abantu bo mu Misozi ya Kibuye ([[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] y'ubu), mu [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926123948/https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/index.php?id=12 Ntara y’Iburengarazuba], bakoreshaga imbaraga nyinshi mbese nk’ingufu bakoreshaga bazamuka [[imisozi]]. Iyo mbyino bayitaga ''inshongore y’abahungu.'' [[:en:Northern_Province,_Rwanda|Mu Gace k’Amajyaruguru]] ashyira Uburengerazuba, babyinaga ''Ikinimba'' aho abantu bagaragaraga nk’abakomeye byashushanyaga [[imisozi]] y’[[Ikirunga|ibirunga]] iri muri ako gace. [[Dosiye:Intore zacu.jpg|thumb|Ababyinnyi]] Mu [[Rwanda]] rwo hambere wasangaga akenshi abakobwa bashyingirwa bafite hagati y’imyaka 16 na 20. Kubera ko babaga bakiri bato kandi batari bamenya icyo gukora, kuva muri icyo kigero ngo babe abagore byarabagoraga ari na byo byatumaga abantu babaririmbira indirimbo bakanababyinira kugira ngo babakomeze. [[:en:Dance|Imbyino]] babyinaga yitwaga ''Ibihozo.'' INZOBERE MU KUBYINA IKINIMBA Mani Martin arifashisha abazobereye mu kubyina ikinimba mu ndirimbo yise ’Ndaraye’ Uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] hashize iminsi ategura imwe mu mishinga y’imena izaranga umwaka wa 2017 kuri we, yatangiye ibikorwa byo gutegura amashusho y’indirimbo yise ‘Ndaraye’ ifite umwihariko wo kumvikana mu mudiho w’ikinimba gikomoka mu Rwanda.Hashize iminsi akorana imyitozo n’itorero ry’i Musanze ryitwa ‘Inkindi Itatse’ rigizwe n’urubyiruko rufite ubumenyi butandukanye ku mbyino zijyana n’umudiho w’ikinimba, ari na wo indirimbo ‘Ndaraye’ icuranzwemo. Uyu muhanzi afatanyije n’aba babyinnyi barangije imyiteguro y’uburyo bazagaragara mu mashusho y’iyo ndirimbo ku Cyumweru tariki 26 Werurwe 2017. Iki gikorwa cyabereye kwa ahazwi nko kwa Gisimba i [[Nyamirambo]] mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Mu kiganiro yagiranye na banyamakuru nyuma y’iyi myitozo, Mani Martin yagarutse ku mwihariko w’iyi ndirimbo amaze igihe ategura, avuga ko amashusho yayo ayitezeho gukumbuza abantu b’ingeri zose iby’ umuco gakondo w’u Rwanda ukungahayeho. Ati “Iyi ndirimbo ihagarariye urukumbuzi rw’abantu benshi bakumbuye u Rwanda batarurimo, ariko kandi hakaba n’abarurimo bakumbura umwimerere wo hambere kubera byinshi tugenda dutakaza kubw’iterambere, ikoranabuhanga n’ibindi. Ubwo rero hari n’ababa bari inaha bazayikunda.” .      https://web.archive.org/web/20201008165153/https://elearning.reb.rw/course/view.php?id=297&section=10 2.      https://web.archive.org/web/20201011090629/http://www.astepintonature.com/2017/12/13/into-the-roots-of-rwanda/ 3.      https://web.archive.org/web/20201009004519/https://www.kariburwanda.com/rwanda-cultural-dance-troupe 4.      http://www.komezinganzo.com/cultural-group/ 5.      https://outandaboutnycmag.com/102817-oa-nyc-going-back-to-africa-with-walestylez-top-10-best-traditional-african-dances/#more-24203 6.      https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/rwandan-traditional-dance-firm-grip-culture 7.      https://web.archive.org/web/20201009004519/https://www.kariburwanda.com/rwanda-cultural-dance-troupe 8.      http://www.komezinganzo.com/cultural-group/ [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Afurika]] c6tz7tcajai45hhmjcm1kcg0hiqp7df 0 8617 142371 141612 2026-10-16T21:05:49Z B.Scalling 15089 142371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Agathe Uwilingiyimana | birth_date = 23 Gicurasi 1953 | birth_place = Nyaruhengeri, [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 7 Mata 1994 (afite imyaka 40) | death_place = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]] | death_cause = Yarishwe | resting_place = Irimbi ry'Intwari, [[Kigali]] | nationality = Umunyarwandakazi | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda (1993–1994) | party = MDR | spouse = Ignace Barahira (1976–1994) | children = 5 }} '''Agathe Uwilingiyimana''' (23 Gicurasi 1953 – 7 Mata 1994) yari umwarimu w'[[imibare]] akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwandakazi. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe mu Rwanda kuva ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1993 kugeza yicwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994, akaba ari we mugore wa mbere wabaye kuri uwo mwanya mu Rwanda. Yari mu ishyaka MDR ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], kandi yagize uruhare mu mishyikirano yatumye hasinywa amasezerano y'amahoro ya [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]]. Yishwe n'abasirikare barindaga Perezida mu masaha ya mbere ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], ari kumwe n'umugabo we. Ashyirwa mu [[Intwari z'u Rwanda|Ntwari z'u Rwanda]]. == Ubuzima == Yavukiye i Nyaruhengeri, mu yahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Butare]], mu muryango w'abahinzi. Ababyeyi be bimukiye muri Kongo-Mbiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) bajyanywe no gushaka akazi, bagaruka i Butare mu 1957.<ref name="Burnet">{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}</ref> Amashuri yisumbuye yayigiye muri Lycée Notre-Dame des Cîteaux i [[Kigali]], akomeza kwiga imibare n'ubutabire. Mu 1976 yabaye umwarimu i Butare, muri uwo mwaka ashakana na Ignace Barahira, babyarana abana batanu. Mu 1985 yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ubutabire muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda]], yigisha ubutabire mu mashuri ya Butare imyaka ine. Yashishikarizaga abakobwa kwiga imibare n'ubumenyi, ibintu byamuteye kunengwa n'abari bagifite imyumvire ya kera.<ref name="Burnet">{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}</ref> == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu 1986 yashinze koperative yo kuzigama no kuguriza mu bakozi b'ishuri yigishagamo i Butare. Mu 1989 yagizwe umuyobozi muri Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi.<ref name="Burnet">{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}</ref> Mu 1992 yinjiye mu ishyaka MDR (''Mouvement démocratique républicain''), ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi. Muri Mata 1992, Minisitiri w'Intebe Dismas Nsengiyaremye yamugize Minisitiri w'Uburezi muri guverinoma y'amashyaka menshi. Ari kuri uwo mwanya, yakuyeho iringaniza rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri, imyanya n'amashuri bitangwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bw'abanyeshuri. Ibyo byatumye yangwa n'Abahutu b'intagondwa.<ref name="Burnet">{{Cite web |last=Burnet |first=Jennie |date=2019-03-26 |title=Uwilingiyimana, Agathe |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-487 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Minisitiri w'Intebe === Ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1993, Perezida Habyarimana yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, asimbura Nsengiyaremye. Ishyaka rye ryari ryacitsemo ibice hagati y'abashyira mu gaciro n'intagondwa; ubuyobozi bwa MDR ntibwemeye iryo shyirwaho, bumuvana mu ishyaka.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Kanama 1993, Leta y'u Rwanda, amashyaka atanu atavuga rumwe na yo na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR]] basinyiye i [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]] amasezerano y'amahoro yagombaga guhagarika intambara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-08-04 |title=Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4fcc.html |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Hakurikijwe ayo masezerano, umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe wagombaga guhabwa Faustin Twagiramungu. Uwilingiyimana yakomeje kuyobora guverinoma by'agateganyo, mu gihe guverinoma y'inzibacyuho yari itarajyaho.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> == Urupfu == [[File:Belgian Peacekeepers Memorial monument 18.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rw'abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi biciwe muri Camp Kigali ku wa 7 Mata 1994.]] Ku mugoroba wa 6 Mata 1994, indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana yarashwe hafi ya Kigali. Muri iryo joro, Uwilingiyimana yagombaga kunyura kuri Radio Rwanda kugira ngo ahumurize abaturage; [[MINUAR]] yohereje abasirikare icumi b'[[Ububiligi|Ababiligi]] gusanga abasirikare batanu bo muri [[Gana]] bari basanzwe bamurinda.<ref name="Dallaire">{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |author-link=Roméo Dallaire |title=Shake Hands with the Devil |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |pages=245–246, 268 |language=en}}</ref> Mu gitondo cya 7 Mata, abasirikare barindaga Perezida bagose urugo rwe, bambura intwaro abasirikare ba MINUAR. Uwilingiyimana n'umugabo we bagerageje kwihisha mu kigo cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye cyari hafi aho, ariko basanzwe aho barabica. Abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi bajyanywe muri Camp Kigali, bakorerwa iyicarubozo maze baricwa.<ref name="Power">{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Samantha |date=2001-09-01 |title=Bystanders to Genocide |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |date=March 1999 |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Abana be batanu barokowe na kapiteni Mbaye Diagne wa MINUAR, nyuma bajyanwa mu [[Ubusuwisi]].<ref name="Dallaire">{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |author-link=Roméo Dallaire |title=Shake Hands with the Devil |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |pages=245–246, 268 |language=en}}</ref> == Ubutabera == Majoro [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] yaregwe n'Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kugira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Uwilingiyimana n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi, ariko ikirego cye kirakurwaho mu 1999.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Genocide suspect 'likely to be tried' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/299858.stm |work=BBC News |date=1999-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Ku wa 18 Ukuboza 2008, urwo rukiko rwahamije Koloneli [[Théoneste Bagosora]] icyaha cya jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, harimo iyicwa rya Uwilingiyimana, rumukatira gufungwa burundu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/world/africa/19rwanda.html |work=The New York Times |date=2008-12-18 |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] * [[Jean Kambanda]] * [[MINUAR]] * [[Roméo Dallaire]] === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Carroll & Graf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-7867-1510-3 |language=en}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uwilingiyimana, Agathe}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] fhjvqzgepwaetodowstufpe8pchmobq 0 8623 142379 140880 2026-10-17T03:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND).png|thumb]] '''Déogratias Nsabimana''' (23 Kanama 1945- yapfuye 6 Mata 1994)<ref>https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LXSL-9NZ/deogratias-nsabimana-1945-1994</ref> yahoze ari jenerali akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z’u [[Rwanda]](FAR). {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Déogratias Nsabimana |- !Kwiyemerera |Rwanda |- !Serivisi / ishami |Ingabo z’u Rwanda |- !Urutonde |Jenerali Majoro |- !Amabwiriza yafashwe |Umugaba mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda |- !Intambara / intambara |Jenoside yo mu Rwanda |- !Umubano |Interahamwe FDLR |- | colspan="3" |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1270530 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata] |} == Ubuzima == [[Dosiye:Rwandan_soldiers_singing_anti-AIDS_song.jpg|thumb|Ingabo z'u Rwanda ]] === Umwuga wa gisirikare === Mu Kwakira 1990, Urugaga rwo gukunda igihugu rw’u Rwanda (FPR), ingabo z’impunzi n’abatutsi bo mu Rwanda n’abatuye mu mahanga zambutse umupaka ziva muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] maze zitera u Rwanda. Nsabimana yigaragaje cyane ku rugamba Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri Mata 1992, Nsabimana yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Muri uru ruhare, yashyigikiye iterambere ry’umutwe mushya w’abaparakomando. Nkumunyamuryango wa Network Zero (ishyirahamwe ryitumanaho ryabayobozi ba gisirikare na politiki), yafashije guhugura amakipe azapfa. Igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso by’ubufatanye hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’interahamwe za Interahamwe, yavuze ko nta bumenyi yari afite kuri ubwo bufatanye. Ukuboza 1993, mu rwego rw’amasezerano ya Arusha, hashyizwe mu bikorwa amasezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi, umutwe w’inyeshyamba zo mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR) wabonye abasirikare bagera kuri 600 binjira i [[Kigali]]. Nsabimana yarwanyije Amasezerano ya Arusha. Umwaka wakurikiyeho, bivugwa ko Nsabimana yagize uruhare mu gusaba ububiko bwa [[Interahamwe]]. === Urupfu === Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Nsabimana ari kumwe na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana bari batashye bavuye mu biganiro byo mu rwego rwo hejuru i Dar es Salaam ubwo indege yabo, Dassault Falcon 50 yagwaga na misile ebyiri zo mu kirere no mu kirere maze igwa hanze y’ikigo cya perezida i Kigali. ndege yari itwaye cumi bwato, harimo Perezida Cyprien Ntaryamira w'u [[Uburundi|Burundi]].<ref>http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dossiers/rwanda/r1271.asp#P3515_490312</ref> Mu bandi bagenzi bari muri iyo ndege harimo Koloneli [[Élie Sagatwa]], umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida Habyarimana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crash of a Dassault Falcon 50 in Kigali: 12 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |language=en |access-date=2026-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007113111/https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-dassault-falcon-50-kigali-12-killed |archive-date=2026-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Perezida w’u Rwanda wakurikiyeho, [[Paul Kagame]], yagaragaje ko yemera ko Nsabimana yagambaniye [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]], kandi ko yamukurikiye i Dar es Salaam kugira ngo akurikiranwe. dm1uj66lttiotldg9gv2y99cl4g9jh5 0 8625 142381 141695 2026-10-17T03:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Félicien Kabuga | image = Félicien Kabuga.jpg | caption = Félicien Kabuga mu 2020 | birth_date = 1 Werurwe 1933 | birth_place = Muniga, Mukarange, [[Byumba]], [[Rwanda]] | death_date = 16 Gicurasi 2026 (imyaka 93) | death_place = La Haye, [[Ubuholandi]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | occupation = Umucuruzi | known_for = Gutera inkunga [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] | spouse = Josephine Mukazitoni }} '''Félicien Kabuga''' (1 Werurwe 1933 – 16 Gicurasi 2026) yari umucuruzi w'umuherwe w'Umunyarwanda, washinjwaga kuba umwe mu baterankunga bakomeye ba [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]. Yari hafi y'ishyaka MRND rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] n'itsinda rya [[Akazu]], kandi ashinjwa gutera inkunga radiyo [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines|RTLM]] n'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]], byashishikarizaga kwica [[Abatutsi]]. Yamaze imyaka 26 yihishe ubutabera, afatirwa hafi ya [[Paris]] mu 2020. Yoherejwe imbere y'urukiko mpuzamahanga i La Haye, ariko mu 2023 urukiko rwemeza ko atagishoboye kuburanishwa kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa (''dementia''). Yapfuye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026 akiri mu maboko y'urukiko, atarigeze acirwa urubanza. == Ubuzima == Kabuga yavukiye i Muniga, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya [[Byumba]] (ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]). Yari Umuhutu. Yakungahajwe n'imirima y'icyayi mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda n'ubundi bucuruzi butandukanye. Yashakanye na Josephine Mukazitoni, babyarana abana 11.<ref name="trial">{{Cite web |title=Félicien Kabuga |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |website=TRIAL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027015941/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |archive-date=2019-10-27 |language=en}}</ref> == Uruhare muri jenoside == Mu 1993, mu nama yo gukusanya inkunga ya RTLM yateguwe na MRND, Kabuga ngo yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko RTLM igamije kurengera ingengabitekerezo ya ''Hutu Power''. Mu rubanza rw'abanyamakuru rwabereye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Georges Ruggiu wahoze ari umunyamakuru wa RTLM yamuvuze nk'umuyobozi mukuru wayo. Hagati ya Mutarama 1993 na Werurwe 1994 mu Rwanda hinjijwe imipanga igera ku 500.000; Kabuga avugwa nk'umwe mu bayitumije cyane.<ref name="trial" /> == Ibirego n'ubuhunzi == Ku ya 29 Kanama 1998 umushinjacyaha w'ICTR Carla Del Ponte yamureze ibyaha. Mu birego byavuguruwe ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2004 n'umushinjacyaha [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]], Kabuga yashinjwaga:<ref name="trial" /> * ubugambanyi bwo gukora jenoside; * jenoside, cyangwa ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside; * gushishikariza abantu mu buryo butaziguye no ku mugaragaro gukora jenoside; * itsembatsemba nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Yahunze u Rwanda mu 1994 ubwo [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] yafataga igihugu. Yabanje kugerageza gutura mu [[Ubusuwisi]] arirukanwa, ajya i [[Kinshasa]], nyuma bikekwa ko yabaga i [[Nairobi]] muri [[Kenya]]. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyizeho igihembo cya miliyoni 5 z'amadolari ku muntu watanga amakuru yatuma afatwa.<ref name="trial" /> == Ifatwa n'urubanza == [[File:Félicien Kabuga.jpg|thumb|Kabuga imbere y'urukiko mu 2020]] Ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2020, Kabuga w'imyaka 87 yafatiwe i Asnières-sur-Seine, hafi ya [[Paris]], na polisi y'[[Ubufaransa]], nyuma y'iperereza rihuriweho n'Ibiro by'Umushinjacyaha by'Urwego Mpuzamahanga rwasigariyeho Inkiko Mpanabyaha (IRMCT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mechanism fugitive Félicien Kabuga arrested today |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today |website=IRMCT |date=2020-05-16 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517042603/https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today |archive-date=2020-05-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2020 yoherejwe i La Haye mu [[Ubuholandi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Felicien Kabuga arrives in The Hague to face trial |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rwandan-genocide-suspect-felicien-kabuga-arrives-in-the-hague-to-face-trial/a-55402723 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2020-10-26 |language=en}}</ref> ahakana ibyaha byose yaregwaga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga pleads not guilty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-warcrimes-rwanda-kabuga-idUSKBN27R2IT |website=Reuters |date=2020-11-11 |language=en}}</ref> Urubanza rwe rwatangiye muri Nzeri 2022. Ku ya 7 Kamena 2023, urukiko rwemeje ko atagishoboye kugira uruhare nyarwo mu rubanza rwe kubera indwara yo kwibagirwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN court rules Rwandan genocide suspect mentally unfit to stand trial |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/07/africa/felicien-kabuga-trial-incapable-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2023-06-07 |language=en}}</ref> == Urupfu == Nubwo urukiko rwari rwategetse ko arekurwa, nta gihugu cyemeye kumwakira uretse u Rwanda, kandi Kabuga yanze gusubizwayo avuga ko atahagirira umutekano. Yapfuye akiri mu maboko y'urukiko i La Haye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2026, afite imyaka 93.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the passing of Félicien Kabuga |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/statement-passing-felicien-kabuga |website=IRMCT |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwandan genocide suspect Kabuga dies in custody |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-genocide-suspect-kabuda-dies-hague-d9c0156deb1359429cb22ea8441974e9 |website=AP News |date=2026-05-16 |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Interahamwe]] * [[Ferdinand Nahimana]] * [[Kantano Habimana]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga (MICT-13-38) |url=https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-13-38 |website=IRMCT |language=en}} {{Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabuga, Félicien}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] g1mve9oktknc9gnlfv0ywo7kntwffyi 0 9692 142387 125490 2026-10-17T07:00:27Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Devnarain''' (yavutse 9 Gashyantare 1971), ni umukinnyi wa firime muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afrika yepfo]] . <ref name="official">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jackdevnarain.co.za/about-me |title=h ttp://www.jackdevnarain.co.za/about-me |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029013622/http://www.jackdevnarain.co.za/about-me |archive-date=2021-10-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Azwi cyane kubera uruhare muri serivise za tereviziyo''The Ghost and the Darkness'', ''Isidingo'' na ''Mayfair'' . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://faizalsayed.com/index.php/2020/06/26/actor-jack-devnarain-talks-about-his-life-and-activism/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508230712/https://faizalsayed.com/index.php/2020/06/26/actor-jack-devnarain-talks-about-his-life-and-activism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Yavutse ku ya 9 Gashyantare 1971 i Tongaat, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]]. <ref name="official">{{Template:Cite web}}</ref> Nyina yari umwarimu w'ikinamico. <ref name="PAIA">http://www.702.co.za/index.php/articles/247810/friday-profile-jack-devnarain-aka-rajesh-kumar</ref> Yashakanye na Pam Devnarain kandi ni se w'abana babiri. <ref>https://okmzansi.co.za/10-things-dont-know-jack-devnarain</ref> == Umwuga == Yatangiye umwuga we wo gukina i Durban abinyujije mu muziki rusange. Muri kiriya gihe, yize amategeko muri kaminuza ya KZN arangiza mu 1993. Mu 1996, yatangiye gukina filime muri ''The Ghost and Darkness'' afite uruhare ruto. Hanyuma mu 1998, yagaragaye muri televiziyo izwi cyane ''Isidingo'' afite uruhare runini 'Rajesh Kumar' yamenyekanye cyane. <ref name="PAIA">{{Template:Cite web}}</ref> Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi, yakoraga mu gipolisi imyaka icyenda kugeza mu 2003 mu ishami ryihutirwa no gukumira ibyaha aho yari azwi cyane kubera ifatwa rye n’icyaha. Icyakora, yakomeje kugaragara kuri tereviziyo, sinema ndetse n’ikinamico mu buzima bwe bwemewe n'amategeko. <ref name="jack">https://www.saguildofactors.co.za/bio/jack-devnarain</ref> Mu 2002, yimukiye i Johannesburg kuba umukinnyi wabigize umwuga. Muri 2011, yakinnye muri firime ya heist film ''31 miliyoni reasons'' ayiyobowe. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3095 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030095442/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3095 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nyuma yaje kubona nomero ya SAFTA nkumukinnyi witwaye neza muri firime. Muri 2015, yari mu itsinda rya Trek4Mandela ryateranije Kilimanjaro ku munsi wa Mandela 2015, akaba ari umuhate wo gukusanya inkunga yo gutera inkunga Caring4Girls. <ref name="jack">{{Template:Cite web}}</ref> Kuva icyo gihe yabaye umwe mu bagize Komite Nyobozi y’ishyirahamwe ry’abakinnyi bo muri Afurika yepfo (SAGA) kuva mu 2010. <ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-06-24-jack-devnarain-disappointed-that-ramaphosa-didnt-sign-the-performers-bill/</ref> Muri 2018, yagaragaye muri firime yo muri Afurika yepfo yibyaha byibasiye ''Mayfair'' . Yakinnye uruhare rwa 'Jalaal' muri film, nyuma yaje gusubirwamo neza. <ref>https://filmfestival.capetown/mayfair/</ref> <ref>https://m.channel24.co.za/Movies/Reviews/mayfair-20181014</ref> Iyi filime kandi yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco rya Filimi rya 62 rya BFI London na Afurika mu iserukiramuco rya Filime mu Kwakira 2018. <ref>https://www.indianspice.co.za/2018/09/johannesburgs-mayfair-suburb-goes-international-in-new-movie/</ref> <ref>https://www.screenafrica.com/2018/11/06/film/business/mayfair-opens-to-great-reviews/</ref> == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Genre |- |1996 |''The Ghost and the Darkness'' |Nervous Sikh Orderly |Film |- |2004 |''The Eastern Bride'' |Zahoor Mustafa |Home Video |- |2005 |''City Ses'la'' |Uncle Prakash |TV Series |- |2008 |''On the Couch'' |Dev |TV Series |- |2009 |''Tornado and the Kalahari Horse Whisperer'' |Doctor |Film |- |2010 |''Florida Road'' |Doctor |Film |- |2011 |''31 Million Reasons'' |Ronnie Gopal |Film |- |2018 |''Liberty'' |Mr. Bhandari |TV Mini-Series |- |TBD |''Alleyway'' |Doctor Hakeem |Film |} == references == [[Ikiciro:Category:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Category:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Category:Abakinnyi ba firime]] o9ro44o190ty8g8g37omypw7m8io239 0 14774 142368 92285 2026-10-16T15:13:17Z Kevin Scannell 16726 wrong person? 142368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkazamyampi Charles''' (yavutse ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 1964) ni umukinnyi uri mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru ukomoka mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]], yabaye Nyampinga muri Afurika mu 1992, gusa ntabwo yashoboye kwitabira imikino Olempike yo mu 1992 kubera ko u Burundi butayitabiriye. Mu 1993 yatsindiye umudari wa feza muri metero 800 muri Shampiyona, arangiza inyuma ya Tom McKean, Nkazamyampi yaje kwitabira imikino y'Olempike yo mu 1996 yusa ntiyabashije kuyirangiza.<ref name=":0" /> Igihe cye cyiza muri metero 800 cyari iminota 1: 44.24, mu mwaka wa 1993.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibyo akora nyuma mwuga == Charles ni we washinze 'Foundation Charles Nkazamyampi' (FCN), ikoresha siporo mu guhuza abaturage no guteza imbere amahoro mu gihugu cy'Uburundi, Bakorera mu ntara 8 z'u Burundi kandi bashishikariza urubyiruko gushyira umukono ku masezerano y’amahoro yo gukumira ihohoterwa rishobora kubaho.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |first=Great Lakes Outreach |date=3 August 2021 |title=Foundation CHarles Nkazamyampi |url=https://www.greatlakesoutreach.org/fcn/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Amashakiro == * Charles Nkazamyampi at World Athletics * [https://www.greatlakesoutreach.org/fcn/ Foundation Charles Nkazamyampi] [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi]] qvub2tkmll21z3r6d11k9fa6q8rtcmv 0 15188 142389 92904 2026-10-17T07:12:06Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johnson O. Amoah''' (wavutse 15 Kanama 1940) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye imikino itatu yo gusimbuka mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1968 na Olempike yo mu 1972 .<ref>https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/henry-co-bookstore-owner-found-dead-creek-employee-charged-murder/85-343cb86f-0dbe-4b78-b16a-7568ae7ba7f0</ref><ref>https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/us-news/bookstore-owner-found-dead-employee-29401752</ref><ref>https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article272822720.html</ref><ref>https://www.radiofrance.fr/francemusique/podcasts/banzzai/vers-le-feu-buika-langston-hughes-leyla-mccalla-jeanne-michard-et-d-autres-2827629</ref><ref>https://ghanasoccernet.com/performance-of-ghanaian-players-abroad-wrap-up-kudus-bags-11th-goal-of-the-season-dwamena-waris-on-target-for-respective-clubs</ref><ref>https://www.si.com/nfl/draft/news/2023-nfl-draft-primer-ol-big-board-rankings-ot-og-c</ref><ref>https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-generation-black-women-gallerists-growth-going-global-gut-instincts</ref><ref>https://www.masslive.com/realestate-news/2023/03/see-all-homes-sold-in-worcester-county-mar-5-to-mar-12.html</ref><ref>https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/east/hyperlocal/everybody-appearing-at-heidelberg-magistrates-court-tuesday-march-7/news-story/8b803ea965aa982bc656fb62652afc77</ref><ref>https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2023/03/07/graduates-told-not-to-let-their-phd-theses-gather-dust/</ref><ref>https://www.telegram.com/story/lifestyle/real-estate/2023/03/12/worcester-county-real-estate-transfers-sunday-march-12/69964963007/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bismarcktribune.com/lifestyles/hometown/bismarck-high-school-honor-rolls---march-4-2023/article_d53d4bae-b2f1-11ed-9a8a-bb382fcc0f0e.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313152039/https://bismarcktribune.com/lifestyles/hometown/bismarck-high-school-honor-rolls---march-4-2023/article_d53d4bae-b2f1-11ed-9a8a-bb382fcc0f0e.html |archive-date=2023-03-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tie.22302</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tie.22302</ref><ref>https://www.aol.com/news/georgia-employer-fire-failed-drug-175048863.html</ref><ref>https://theanalyst.com/2023/02/fcs-football-2023-pro-day-schedules-before-the-nfl-draft/</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] nl5bznoabnyp4nnwgb68yppayenyqt1 0 15205 142382 125582 2026-10-17T04:15:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Bakari''' (wavutse ku ya 27 Mata 1954) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa wabigize umwuga ukomoka mu gihugu cya Gana. Yitabiriye amarushanwa ya metero 4 × 400 mu bagore mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984 . <ref>https://www.investiraucameroun.com/gestion-publique/0203-19098-tourisme-le-cameroun-plaide-en-europe-pour-le-sauvetage-des-activites-dans-l-extreme-nord-apres-boko-haram</ref><ref>https://footamateur.letelegramme.fr/13286998/football-cotes-d-armor-l-equipe-type-du-week-end-14/</ref><ref>https://mondialsport.ci/ligue-1-lonaci-19e-j-grace-a-un-kramo-aubin-en-feu-l-asec-renverse-l-usc-bassam-et-conforte-sa-place-de-leader-21575.sport</ref><ref>https://mondialsport.ci/ligue-1-lonaci-19e-j-grace-a-un-kramo-aubin-en-feu-l-asec-renverse-l-usc-bassam-et-conforte-sa-place-de-leader-21575.sport</ref><ref>https://afrique.le360.ma/economie/cote-divoire-la-haute-autorite-de-la-bonne-gouvernance-renforce-son-systeme-de-securite-de_GS6NXXEAAJHFNIRN43A52ZHDXI/</ref><ref>https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1298171/article/2023-03-03/derby-ligue-1-retour-sur-les-derniers-lens-lille-au-sommet-bollaert</ref><ref>https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Cameroun-les-Etats-Unis-lancent-un-projet-de-formation-en-resilience-communautaire-dans-l-Extreme-Nord_a121365.html</ref><ref>https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Cameroun-les-Etats-Unis-lancent-un-projet-de-formation-en-resilience-communautaire-dans-l-Extreme-Nord_a121365.html</ref><ref>https://www.nofi.media/2023/03/nubia-la-jumelle-de-wonder-woman/82330</ref><ref>https://www.meritalk.com/articles/army-utilizing-ai-to-train-workforce-develop-models/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/entreprises/services/transport-logistique/2023-02-21/mobilite-urbaine-au-benin-mauto-electrise-le-marche-des-taxis-motos-952676.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313194957/https://afrique.latribune.fr/entreprises/services/transport-logistique/2023-02-21/mobilite-urbaine-au-benin-mauto-electrise-le-marche-des-taxis-motos-952676.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.goutemesdisques.com/news/article/quand-bakari-parle-dherbe-ce-nest-pas-pour-la-frime/</ref><ref>https://raplume.eu/article/maes-tif-a2h-j9ueve-les-projets-de-la-semaine-du-10-03-2023-10/</ref><ref>https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/creighton-smith-wins-ward-4-waterloo-city-council-seat-with-74-of-the-vote/article_d32d7e17-a407-5591-9692-bf2d3f5361df.html</ref><ref>https://www.rtbf.be/article/dix-talents-ardents-et-plus-a-glisser-dans-vos-tympans-11147244</ref><ref>https://www.rtbf.be/article/dix-talents-ardents-et-plus-a-glisser-dans-vos-tympans-11147244</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/nape-government-supports-freedom-of-speech-4126194 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313194956/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/nape-government-supports-freedom-of-speech-4126194 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.africatopsports.com/2022/11/25/mondial-2022-ghana-critique-pour-sa-celebration-a-la-ronaldo-bakari-sexplique/</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/les-t%C3%AAtes-d-affiches-de-denise-epot%C3%A9/20221009-shegun-adjadi-bakari-et-tamarah-moutotekema-boussamba</ref><ref>https://raplume.eu/article/1plike140/</ref><ref>https://www.leparisien.fr/seine-saint-denis-93/double-assassinat-a-stains-un-petit-soulagement-apres-le-retour-en-detention-du-cerveau-presume-26-01-2023-6TMAM3YCIBDHJH2VSRFV2MKVGU.php</ref><ref>https://www.maliweb.net/societe/justice/lutte-contre-la-corruption-et-la-delinquance-financiere-bakari-togola-defie-a-nouveau-la-justice-la-malienne-2992801.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/community_page_news/crestwood-middle-school-first-term-honor-roll/article_961fd12e-d87c-5db5-a8be-a68deb02ff1b.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313194957/https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/community_page_news/crestwood-middle-school-first-term-honor-roll/article_961fd12e-d87c-5db5-a8be-a68deb02ff1b.html |archive-date=2023-03-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] 9208we9a95dokhapiujxur1svkrmv3a 0 15293 142378 129879 2026-10-17T01:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Moses''' (wavutse ku ya 12 Werurwe 1954) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga wo gusiganwa ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye metero 400 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984 . <ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/sports/british-high-commission-honour-female-athlete-156044</ref><ref>https://www.essentiallysports.com/nba-basketball-news-charles-barkley-wanted-to-be-great-but-didnt-want-to-work-nba-legends-inspiration-and-teammate-once-circled-out-his-biggest-shortcoming/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.valleybreeze.com/sports/sras-sorrentine-richard-highlight-honorees-at-riiaaa-awards-banquet-on-april-5/article_ca06f5b6-bf4c-11ed-a759-fbf2864fcf3c.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315131747/https://www.valleybreeze.com/sports/sras-sorrentine-richard-highlight-honorees-at-riiaaa-awards-banquet-on-april-5/article_ca06f5b6-bf4c-11ed-a759-fbf2864fcf3c.html |archive-date=2023-03-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://vucommodores.com/orji-shines-at-combine/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.woundedwarrior.af.mil/Media/Article-Display/Article/3324591/next-up-warrior-games-challenge/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311011826/https://www.woundedwarrior.af.mil/Media/Article-Display/Article/3324591/next-up-warrior-games-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sportscasting.com/charles-barkley-has-some-money-saving-advice-for-nba-players-leads-by-example/</ref><ref>https://vucommodores.com/team-3-spring-schedule-set/</ref><ref>https://vucommodores.com/team-3-spring-schedule-set/</ref><ref>https://www.times-news.com/news/local_news/a-fantastic-community-special-olympics-provide-source-of-fun-acceptance/article_66c1eafa-b7b9-11ed-98b6-6365a2f37924.html</ref><ref>https://theathletic.com/4258227/2023/02/28/retired-nba-player-poll/</ref><ref>https://vucommodores.com/team-3-gets-to-work/</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]] 9r2ja3leonr4g9wnp0flnu3rmcuapqh 0 17388 142388 140958 2026-10-17T07:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = John Dramani Mahama | image = John Mahama in Yokohama (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = John Dramani Mahama | birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1958 | birth_place = Damongo, [[Gana]] | nationality = Umunyagana | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Gana (Legon), Ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou | occupation = Umwarimu, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Gana]] | term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 | predecessor = Nana Akufo-Addo | party = National Democratic Congress (NDC) | spouse = Lordina Mahama | children = 5 }} '''John Dramani Mahama''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1958 i Damongo) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Gana]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva muri Mutarama 2025, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Umuyoboke w'ishyaka rya National Democratic Congress (NDC), yabaye umudepite, Minisitiri w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Visi-Perezida ku butegetsi bwa John Atta Mills. Yabaye Perezida ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mills, aba visi-perezida wa mbere usimbuye perezida upfuye ndetse n'umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Gana wavutse nyuma y'ubwigenge bwa 1957. Yatsinzwe amatora ya 2016 n'aya 2020 na Nana Akufo-Addo, ariko yongera gutorwa mu 2024, aba perezida wa mbere wa Gana utorewe manda ya kabiri itakurikiranye n'iya mbere. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Mahama ni Umugonja ukomoka i Bole, mu ntara ya Savannah; yavukiye i Damongo, mu karere ka Gonja y'Iburengerazuba <ref name="E12">{{cite web |author=Charles Quist-Adade |title=Africa's Many Divides and Africa's Future:Pursuing Nkrumah's Vision of Pan-Africanism in an Era of Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpXWCgAAQBAJ&dq=john+mahama+gonja&pg=PA70 |website=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Guang people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guang-people |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-08-07}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Achievements, Date of Birth, Biography, & Age |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=Britannica |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-13}}</ref>. Se, Emmanuel Adama Mahama, wari umuhinzi w'umuceri akaba n'umwarimu, yari umudepite wa mbere wa Gonja y'Iburengerazuba n'umuyobozi wa mbere w'Intara y'Amajyaruguru ku butegetsi bwa Kwame Nkrumah, hanyuma aba umujyanama wa Perezida Hilla Limann <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Emmanuel Ayamga |title='That's my dad in smock' – Mahama shares photo of his father among Nkrumah's Ministers |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |website=Pulse Ghana |date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2024-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144711/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/john-mahama-shares-photo-of-his-father-among-kwame-nkrumahs-ministers/6pbhlb8 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yize amashuri abanza i Accra, mu ishuri rya Newtown n'irya Achimota, n'amashuri yisumbuye muri Ghana Secondary School i Tamale. Yize muri Kaminuza ya Gana i Legon, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere mu mateka mu 1981, n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya nyuma ya kaminuza mu itumanaho mu 1986. Yize kandi ubumenyi bw'imitekerereze y'imibereho mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyi bw'imibereho rya Moscou, mu Bumwe bw'Abasoviyeti, ahabona impamyabumenyi mu 1988 <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |website=ghanatoghana.com |date=2011-01-16 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912122210/http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |archive-date=2012-09-12 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography |url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/john-dramani-mahama-biography |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref><ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>. == Umwuga mbere ya politiki == Nyuma ya kaminuza, Mahama yabaye umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye <ref name="E17">{{cite web |title=John Mahama biography, plus links to book reviews and excerpts. |url=http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm/author_number/2199/john-mahama |website=BookBrowse |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 1995, yakoraga muri ambasade y'Ubuyapani i [[Accra]], ashinzwe amakuru, umuco n'ubushakashatsi <ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |website=johnmahama. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231801/http://www.johnmahama.org/node/1 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1996, yakoreye umuryango urwanya ubukene Plan International muri Gana <ref name="E23" />. == Umwuga wa politiki == Mu matora ya 1996, Mahama yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye Bole/Bamboi <ref name="E20">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Mahama: Biography, Education, Age, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Mahama |website=britannica |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1997, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije w'Itumanaho, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Itumanaho kuva mu Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza muri Mutarama 2001 ku butegetsi bwa Jerry Rawlings <ref name="E21">{{cite web |language=en |title=John Dramani Mahama - My Story - The beginning |url=https://www.johnmahama.org/my-story |website=www.johnmahama.org |access-date=2024-10-16}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=John Mahama Biography |url=http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728052946/http://people.peacefmonline.com/profiles/245/biography/ |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2000 no mu 2004 <ref name="E23" />. Mu 2003, yabaye umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko Nyafurika <ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Upcoming Events |url=http://www.ceibs.edu/today/events/55601.shtml |website=ceibs education |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu matora ya 2008, yatorewe kuba Visi-Perezida iruhande rwa John Atta Mills, arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2009 <ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Biography: Profile |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/john_dramani_mahama/biography/ |website=peacefmonline |access-date=2023-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231933/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/john_dramani_mahama/biography/ |archive-date=2023-08-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yayoboye itsinda ry'igihugu rishinzwe imicungire y'ubukungu, n'inama zishinzwe ingabo na polisi <ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |title=Is John Mahama truly an opposition leader? |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Is-John-Mahama-truly-an-opposition-leader-1749854 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/John-Dramani-Mahama-1349}}</ref>. == Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) == Ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2012, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida John Atta Mills, Mahama yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Gana imbere ya Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Georgina Wood <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lomé Mensah |title=Ghana: La présidente de la Cour Suprême en poste |url=http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |website=AfriqueMidi.com |date=2016-06-04 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111203103/http://www.afriquemidi.com/Ghana-La-presidente-de-la-Cour-Supreme-en-poste_a89.html |archive-date=2016-11-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Ghana's President John Atta Mills dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18972107 |website=BBC News |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-07-24}}</ref>. Mu matora yo ku ya 7 n'iya 8 Ukuboza 2012, yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 50,70%, imbere ya Nana Akufo-Addo (47,74%) <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Ghana election: John Mahama declared winner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20661599 |website=BBC News |date=2012-12-10}}</ref>, maze arahira ku ya 7 Mutarama 2013 <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: jour d'investiture pour John Dramani Mahama malgré le recours de l'opposition |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130107-ghana-jour-investiture-president-john-dramani-mahama-recours-opposition-nana-akufo-addo |website=RFI |date=2013-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |author=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng |title=11 Heads of States to attend Mahama's inauguration |url=http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |website=myjoyonline. |access-date=2015-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222102/http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201212/99293.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ishyaka rya Akufo-Addo ryareze ibyavuye mu matora, ariko ku ya 29 Kanama 2013 Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutesha agaciro ikirego cyabo <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérôme Perrot |title=Ghana, le défi démocratique |url=http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Ghana-le-defi-democratique_a1271.html |website=Le Journal International |date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref name="E24">{{cite web |title=Dr. John Dramani Mahama, President |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/president.php |website=ghanaweb. |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2014, Mahama yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) <ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mahama named West African bloc head |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/30/mahama-named-west-african-bloc-head |website=News |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Mu 2015, Gana yahuye n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, kizwi ku izina rya « ''dumsor'' », cyagize ingaruka ku bukungu kandi gitera imyigaragambyo <ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=On the Causes and Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth: Evidence from Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1247330 |website=Journal of African Business |date=2016-11-28 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana : quels défis économiques ?: |url=https://www.cairn.info/ghana-quels-defis-economiques-2019--1000000148901-page-1.htm?ref=doi |website=CrossRef |date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. Mu 2016, umunyamakuru Manasseh Azure Awuni yagaragaje ko Mahama yahawe imodoka y'agaciro k'amadolari 100 000 n'umushoramari wo muri [[Burukina Faso]]; komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (CHRAJ) yasanze yarishe amabwiriza ajyanye n'impano, ariko ko atari ruswa kuko yari yarashyikirije leta iyo modoka <ref name="E40">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's president and the $100,000 Burkinabe car gift controversy |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/16/ghana-s-president-and-the-100000-burkinabe-car-gift-controversy/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford gift saga: Mahama violated gift policy; but .. - CHRAJ |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-violated-gift-policy-but-not-culpable-for-bribery-chraj.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref name="E42">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ford Saga: Mahama Breached 'Gift Policy' – CHRAJ |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/723140/ford-saga-mahama-breached-gift-policy-chraj.amp |website=Modern Ghana |date=2016-09-29 |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref>. Mu matora yo mu Ukuboza 2016, yatsinzwe na Akufo-Addo, amubona n'amajwi 44,4% kuri 53,5%, maze yemera gutsindwa <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=Ghana: Akufo-Addo wins presidential election |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/ghana-akufo-addo-wins-presidential-election-161209172455364.html |access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction du Monde |title=Le nouveau président ghanéen investi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/01/07/le-nouveau-president-ghaneen-investi_5059307_3212.html#CzS55u3zu6XPmgBd.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2017-01-07}}</ref>. Yabaye perezida wa mbere wa Gana utongeye gutorerwa manda ya kabiri ikurikiranye <ref name="E5" />. Muri uko kwezi, yari mu itsinda rya CEDEAO ryahuzaga Perezida Yahya Jammeh na [[Adama Barrow]] muri [[Gambiya]] <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Notre succès en Gambie témoigne de la pertinence de la CEDEAO – Mahama |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/our-success-in-the-gambia-signifies-ecowas-relevance-mahama/}}</ref><ref name="E37">{{cite web |language=en |title=Happy to be part of The Gambia success - Mahama |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2017/February-19th/happy-to-be-part-of-the-gambia-success-mahama.php |website=Myjoyonline.com |date=2017-02-19 |access-date=2017-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052854/http://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2017/February-19th/happy-to-be-part-of-the-gambia-success-mahama.php |archive-date=2017-02-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Hagati ya manda zombi == Muri Gashyantare 2019, NDC yamutanze nk'umukandida mu matora ya 2020 <ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's ex-President Mahama nominated to contest 2020 election |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ghana-politics-idUSKCN1QG246 |website=Reuters |date=2019-02-27 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |language=en |author=Nii Larte Lartey |title=Mahama sweeps 95% votes to become NDC flagbearer for 2020 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/02/mahama-sweeps-95-votes-to-become-ndc-flagbearer-for-2020/ |website=Citinewsroom |date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>; ku ya 4 Ukuboza 2020, we na Akufo-Addo basinye amasezerano y'amahoro <ref name="E47">{{cite web |language=en |author=Juliet Akyaa Safo |title=Akufo-Addo, Mahama sign Election Peace Pact 2020 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-mahama-sign-election-peace-pact-2020.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>, ariko Akufo-Addo yongera gutsinda n'amajwi 51,6% <ref name="E49">{{cite web |author=Ekow Dontoh |title=Ghana's President Vows to Restore Growth After Election Win |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-09/ghana-s-president-akufo-addo-wins-re-election-with-52-of-vote |website=Bloomberg News |date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>. Ku ya 14 Gicurasi 2023, Mahama yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wa NDC mu matora ya 2024, n'amajwi 98,9% <ref name="E51">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama wins NDC presidential primary, calls for unity |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/john-mahama-wins-ndcs-presidential-primary.html |website=Daily Graphic |date=2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/He-was-a-bit-wild-John-Mahama-s-wife-142278}}</ref>. == Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2025) == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 7 Ukuboza 2024, Mahama yatsinze Visi-Perezida Mahamudu Bawumia, wemeye gutsindwa bukeye <ref name="E55">{{cite web |language=en |title=#GhanaPolls2024: Bawumia concedes defeat to Mahama |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/12/bawumia-concedes-defeat-congratulates-mahama/ |date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>; komisiyo y'amatora yemeje itsinzi ye n'amajwi 56,55% <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Ce n’est plus un novice»: au Ghana, John Mahama remporte la présidentielle avec 56% des voix |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241209-ce-n-est-plus-un-novice-au-ghana-john-mahama-remporte-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-avec-56-des-voix |website=RFI |date=2024-12-10}}</ref>. Yarahiye ku ya 7 Mutarama 2025 <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: John Mahama, le retour au pouvoir d'un ancien président |url=https://www.boursedirect.fr/fr/actualites/categorie/politique/ghana-john-malama-le-retour-au-pouvoir-d-un-ancien-president-afp-914f68433529179cfbbe4c02e0bf7d4bd94ae78b}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana's John Mahama returns as president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/01/07/ghanas-john-mahama-returns-as-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. Itegeko Nshinga rya Gana ntirimwemerera kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2028. Mu bikorwa bye bya mbere, yatangije iperereza ku mushinga wa Katederali y'igihugu wari wemejwe n'uwo yasimbuye, wanengwaga ikiguzi cyawo <ref name="E57">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana to probe former president's huge cathedral project |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250115-ghana-to-probe-former-president-s-huge-cathedral-project |website=France 24 |date=2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>, kandi abuza abayobozi ba leta ingendo zitari ngombwa <ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana bans first-class travel for government officials |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/10/ghana-bans-first-class-travel-for-government-officials/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-11}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Mata 2025, yahagaritse ku mirimo Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, Gertrude Torkornoo, maze ku ya 1 Nzeri 2025 aramwirukana nyuma y'inama ya komite yakoze iperereza <ref name="E59">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana: President Mahama suspends Chief Justice Gertrude Torkornoo |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/04/22/ghana-president-mahama-suspends-chief-justice-gertrude-torkornoo/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-23}}</ref><ref name="E60">{{cite web |language=en |title=Ghana chief justice sacked over allegations of misuse of public funds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxyxe55yjdo |website=BBC |date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>. Mu 2025, yasabye inganda za peteroli kwihutisha ubucukuzi bwa peteroli muri Gana, mu gihe yiyemezaga no kongera ingufu zisukuye <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ghana: le président Mahama appelle les investisseurs à "pomper du pétrole comme s'il n'y avait pas de lendemain" |url=https://www.connaissancedesenergies.org/afp/ghana-le-president-mahama-appelle-les-investisseurs-pomper-du-petrole-comme-sil-ny-avait-pas-de-lendemain-250513 |website=www.connaissancedesenergies.org |date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2025-05-14}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mahama yashakanye na Lordina Mahama, bafitanye abana batanu <ref name="E62">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813180720/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mahama-s-son-Asiedu-Nketia-s-nephew-Four-Ghanaian-footballers-who-are-related-to-politicians-1545800 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yavukiye mu Itorero ry'Abaperesibiteriyani, ariko mu 2001 yinjira mu Itorero rya Assemblies of God, iry'umugore we <ref name="E22" /><ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=He was a bit wild - John Mahama's wife |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-principal-parti-d-opposition-choisit-john-dramani-mahama-pour-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-de-2024/7092829.html}}</ref>. Umuryango we urimo Abakristo n'Abayisilamu <ref name="E63">{{cite web |title=John Dramani Mahama Sworn-in As New President of Ghana, Calls For Unity Among Ghanaians |url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102354/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.977333 |archive-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yanditse mu binyamakuru byinshi, harimo ''The New York Times'' <ref name="E17" /><ref name="E66">{{cite web |title=BRING BACK OUR GIRLS: African Heads of State Send Support to Nigeria |url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/bring-back-our-girls-african-heads-of-state-send-support-to-nigeria-304#.axzz31cRnVxcy |website=EBONY |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>, kandi akunda umuziki wa Afrobeat, cyane cyane uwa Fela Kuti <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Ghana's Mahama: writer, music fan and president-elect |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/321487/ghanas-mahama-writer-music-fan-and-president-elect |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref>. Murumuna we ni umucuruzi Ibrahim Mahama <ref name="E71">{{cite web |author=Magdalene Teiko Larnyoh |title=A wholly-owned Ghanaian cement company, Dzata Cement to offer competitive price as cement price goes up |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/a-wholly-owned-ghanaian-cement-company-dzata-cement-to-offer-competitive-price-as/z6s811w |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2021-05-12 |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Gana]] 9az3j6pnbmv17tsv9tsliy6dmnl9fnl 0 17524 142385 101492 2026-10-17T05:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikigo gishinzwe uburezi mu Rwanda''' (REB) n’urwego [[Rwanda|rw’igihugu]] rushinzwe susuzuma no guteza imbere uburezi mu gihugu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Education Board |url=http://reb.rw/ |access-date=2019-03-18 |website=reb.rw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115131738/http://www.reb.rw/ |archive-date=2018-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} mjkh8qm0oh1my8yb75da448drdkdmd2 0 20549 142380 139196 2026-10-17T03:48:29Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Freaknik''' ( /ˈ f r iː k n ɪ k / ; mu ntangiriro '''Freaknic''' ) yarumunsi mukuru w'ikiruhuko ngarukamwaka wabereye i Atlanta, Jeworujiya. Yabanje kwitabirwa nabanyeshuri biyandikishije mumateka n'amashuri makuru yabirabura mumateka ya kaminuza ya Atlanta. <ref name="Suggs">{{Cite news |last=Suggs |first=Ernie |date=2008-04-14 |title=Street party became its own undoing |url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/atlanta/stories/2008/04/13/whatever_0414.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420055026/http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/atlanta/stories/2008/04/13/whatever_0414.html |archive-date=2008-04-20 |access-date=2008-04-14 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |quote=It was a heck of a run. From 1983 until 1999, Freaknic — the college picnic that morphed into a sprawling street party — tormented, titillated and drove Atlanta to the brink but Chrissy said it came back for a while until 2010.}}</ref> Yatangiye mu 1983 nka picnic ntoya muri parike rusange hafiyikigo cya kaminuza ya Atlanta yatewe inkunga na DC Metro Club kubanyeshuri batabashaga gusubira murugo kuruhuka rwimpeshyi. Byakomeje nkigikorwa ngarukamwaka cyabayemuri wikendi <ref name="Suggs" /> muri Mata. Ibirori byariyongereye cyane nogukundwa cyane mumyaka ya za 90, bikubiyemamarushanwa yokubyina, ibitaramo, ibirori, amarushanwa ya basketball, amasomo ya rap, iserukiramuco rya firime n’imurikagurisha ryakazi. <ref>{{Cite news |date=1997-04-18 |title=Black students converge on Atlanta for Freaknic |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9704/18/briefs.pm/freaknik.index.html |publisher=CNN |quote=Among the other activities planned are a party at a downtown club hosted by Michael Bivins of the hip-hop group "New Edition," a basketball tournament, rap sessions, a film festival and a daylong job fair.}}</ref> Ikinyamakuru ''cya Atlanta'' cyiswe ibirori byomumuhanda bizwi cyane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2015 |title=Freaknik: Rise and fall of Atlanta's most infamous street party |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/90s/freaknik-the-rise-and-fall-of-atlantas-most-infamous-street-party/}}</ref>, abapolisi bomu karere ka Atlanta n'abayobozi batowe bakoranye kugirango Freaknik irangire. Impapuro zavuguruwe zagarutse umunsumwe ku ya 22 Kamena 2019, nka "FreakNik Atlanta '19 - Ibirori hamwe n’igitaramo cyabereye muri Cellairis Amphitheater i Lakewood. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kempner |first=Matt |date=June 22, 2019 |title=FreakNik's mini return to Atlanta sparks array of memories |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/freaknik-mini-return-atlanta-sparks-array-memories/J0AIIep9Sm9ZlnuWAnOuwJ/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> Ubusanzwe "Freaknic", izinaryibirorini portmanteau ya "picnic" na "frak", ukurikije insanganyamatsiko ya DC Metro Club yo mu 1982–1983 insanganyamatsiko Kugaruka kwa Freak". <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2017 |title=Partying "The Atlanta Way"? Freaknik and Black Governance in 1990s Atlanta |url=https://www.atlantastudies.org/2017/09/26/ansley-quiros-partying-the-atlanta-way-freaknik-and-black-governance-in-1990s-atlanta/ |access-date=September 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012141847/https://atlantastudies.org/2017/09/26/ansley-quiros-partying-the-atlanta-way-freaknik-and-black-governance-in-1990s-atlanta/ |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amateka == Freaknik yasamwe muri Werurwe 1982 ku kigo cya Spelman College mu nama ya DC Metro Club iyobowe na perezida icyo gihe Schuyla Goodson. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2023 |title=An Unofficial History of Freaknik |url=https://atlantafi.com/freaknik-history-atlanta//}}</ref> Yatewe inkunga niyi club, yari igizwe n’abanyeshuri baturutse i Washington, DC, Maryland, na Virginia. Club DC Metro Club yari igamije ko itoroshye kuri Club ya California muri ibirori binini birangira-umwaka-shuri. Goodson yatanze igitekerezo cyizina Freaknik (icyo gihe cyiswe "Freaknic") nka portmanteau yubusa na picnic. Izina Freaknik ryahumekewe na Le Freak na Chic, indirimbo n'imbyino bizwi cyane kuva mu 1978. Bwa mbere byabereye muri John A. White Park muri Atlanta muri Mata 1982, ryitabiriwe n’abanyeshuri bagera ku 150. === Kwamamaza === Mu 1988, Perezida wa College ya Spelman, Johnnetta B. Cole, yabujije DC Metro Club kugira uruhare muri Freaknic kuberimpamvu z’ishuri. Kuberako ntashyirahamwe ryabanyeshuri ryemewe riyobora ibirori, Daryl Miller wigenga yasabwe na DC Metro Club kuyitezimbere. Yakuze ibirori kuva 15.000 agera kuri 250.000 mumyaka itanu nta radio cyangwa amatangazo yamamaza. Abandi bamamaza benshi batangiye kuzamura Freakni (k) utarumuyobozi. Kimwemuribyobirori cyabereye kuri hegitari 33 za Fairwood Fairgrounds cyari gifite abantu 60.000. Mu 1993, abanyeshuri babiri batari HBCU, abamamaza ishyaka Ronn Greene na Diya Nabawi, nibobabaye abambere mukuranga iryozina, ryanditswe kumugaragaro nka "Freaknik" (risozwa na "k"). Ikindi cyabereye muri Club XS hafi ya Moreland Ave. Ikigikorwa cyatejwe imbere nitsinda ryabanyamuryango ba Omega Psi Phi. Ryari rifite abantu bagera ku 30.000 muri parikingi hamwe n’abandi 60.000 bazengurutse Moreland ijoro ryose. Mu 1991, Kristina Copeland, umutegarugor'ukomoka i Washington, DC, na Ronn Greene, bakoze ibirori byakabiri, byabereye mu imurikagurisha rya Lakewood. Mugihe ibirori byamenyekanye cyane mumico gakondo yabirabura, abashyitsi benshi b'Abirabura baturutse muturere twosetwa Amerika, Kanada, Karayibe n'Uburayi baza kuyitabira. Bamwe murabobashyitsi bahisemo guhindura agace ka Atlanta inzu yabo nshya ihoraho. Mumyaka ya za 90 rwagati, ibirori byitabiriwe n'abantu barenga 250.000 buri mwaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Freaknik attendees remember legendary spring break festival before upcoming Hulu documentary premiere |url=https://www.wabe.org/freaknik-attendees-remember-legendary-spring-break-festival-before-upcoming-hulu-documentary-premiere/}}</ref> Ikindikandi ibirori byari imbaraga zikomeye zubukungu mukarere ka Atlanta. Biteganijwe ko mu 1994 ingaruka z’ubukungu zageze kuri miliyoni 20 z'amadolari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Freaknik: The Rise and Fall of One of Hip Hop's Most Misunderstood Festivals |url=https://blackgirlnerds.com/freaknik-the-rise-and-fall-of-one-of-hip-hops-most-misunderstood-festivals/}}</ref> Uko Freaknik yagendagikura, banyir'amazu bahondetse nabanyir'ubucuruzi babibona nabi. Yamaganwe nubucuruzi bwa Atlanta, amashyirahamwe yabaturanyi, abafite ubucuruzi nabayobozi babaturage. Byongeye raporo zihohoterwa rishingiye kugitsina n’izindi mpungenge z’umutekano rusange ziyongereye igihe ibirori byakorwaga. Muri Mata 1997, umuyobozi w’umujyi wa Atlanta, Bill Campbell, . <ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=Should We Freak Out Over Freaknik? – IL Humanities |url=http://www.prairie.org/events/23726/should-we-freak-out-over-freaknik |access-date=2016-07-15 |website=Prairie.org}}</ref> kumihanda nyabagendwa yerekeza i Atlanta. Abayobozi b'umugi bamaze gufata ingamba zokugabanya Freaknik kugerwaho, gukundwa kwayo kwaragabanutse. Ibirori byimukiye iburasirazuba kuva Atlanta yerekeza muri Memorial Drive mu ntara ya DeKalb, Jeworujiya. Kugeza mu 1999, nubwobimukiye mu Ntara ya DeKalb kugirango birinde abapolisi ba Atlanta, abitabiriye baragabanutse, bituma irangira kumugaragaro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New doc chronicles rise and fall of Freaknik. What it is and how to watch |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2024/03/21/freaknik-2024-documentary-hulu-drops-what-to-know-atlanta/73052009007/#:~:text=When%20did%20Freaknik%20get%20shut,it%20petered%20out%20in%201999}}</ref> Habayeho kugerageza nyuma ya 1999 kubyutsa Freaknik kumugaragaro, ariko ntibyatsinze<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2024 |title='Freaknik' documentary tells untold story behind the massively popular Atlanta street party |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/lifestyle/freaknik-documentary-tells-untold-story-behind-the-massively-popular-atlanta-street-party/article_468c283d-bc1d-526e-ab44-00c268a02eac.html |access-date=September 25, 2025 |archive-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321221834/https://www.berkshireeagle.com/lifestyle/freaknik-documentary-tells-untold-story-behind-the-massively-popular-atlanta-street-party/article_468c283d-bc1d-526e-ab44-00c268a02eac.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>, abayobozi b'Atlanta bagize bati: "nta bintu byemewe na Freaknic byemewe mumbibi z'umujyi." Umuyobozi w'akarere ka Atlanta, Kasim Reed, yavuze kandi ko "azakomera ndetse akanarega abategura ibikorwa byose bifitanye isano na Freaknic bitubahiriza amabwiriza y'umujyi." <ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-14 |title=Reed: Atlanta will not tolerate Freaknic-related trouble |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/reed-atlanta-will-not-461761.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417055319/http://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/reed-atlanta-will-not-461761.html |archive-date=2010-04-17 |access-date=2010-04-15 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref> Nyuma yimyaka 20, umuyobozi wanyuma wa Freaknik arimu 1999, isosiyete yamamaza ikorera mur'Atlanta Nyuma ya 9 Partners na Carlos Neal bagiranye amasezerano na Luther Campbell, Juvenile, Trina nabandi kugirango bayobore igitaramo cyiswe Freaknik muri kamena 2019. Freaknik ya 2019 yagaragayemo abahanzi bamuzika ya hip-hop na R&amp;amp;B bakorera muri Cellairis Amphitheater. Ibindi bikorwa byabonetse muri Atlanta, nkigikorwa rusange. Benshi mubagera ku 20.000 bitabiriye baribakuru bakuze bitabiriye Freakniks yemewe yomuri 80 na 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2019 |title=Freaknik to return after a 20-year absence |url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/entertainment-news/freaknik-to-return-after-a-20-year-absence/85-17d2dcd9-4cd3-49c6-a0e7-39fc90521092 |publisher=WXIA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruggieri |first=Melissa |title=FreakNik promoter explains the return of the Atlanta event |url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/freaknik-promoter-explains-the-return-the-atlanta-event/7oYd3JJuROpzUKucQ6tZQI/ |website=ajc}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=Freaknik is back in Atlanta |url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/freaknik-is-back-in-atlanta}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freaknik must find new location after contract deemed 'invalid' |url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/freaknik-must-find-new-location-after-contract-deemed-invalid/kCBa0oOLJUbrjZNSergw3M/ |website=Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> == Mu muco == Studios ya Williams Street yakozisahimwe idasanzwe yiswe ''Freaknik: thevMusical'' ishingiye kumunsi mukuruzwi. Ikiganiro cyanyuze kuri tereviziyo y'abakuze Swim muri Werurwe 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-03 |title=The Freaknik Is Back... Sort Of &#124; DrJays.com Live &#124; Fashion. Music. Lifestyle |url=http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2010/01/03/the-freaknik-is-back-sort-of/ |access-date=2016-07-15 |website=Live.drjays.com |archive-date=2016-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707105242/http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2010/01/03/the-freaknik-is-back-sort-of/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Igihembwe cya kabiri igice ''cyamamare'' kirangimiterere Mary Cherry agira ati "Nagiye i Freaknik murihotlanta mpindura nyina" ubwoyashimishijwe nibikorwa byebyokuruhuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2007 |title=[WB's Popular] Killer stalks Mary Cherry |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuUoNwWwmd4 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Igihembwe igice kimwe ''cyubuzima nyabwo'' cyakurikiranyabanyeshuri bakaminuza mugihe cya Freaknik ya 1998. Igihembwe cya gatandatu igice cya ''Mushikiwabo, Mushikiwabo'' yanditse amateka y'urugendo rwa Tia na Tamera kuva Michigan kugera Atlanta yerekeza Freaknik hamwenabagenzi babobomuri kaminuza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FreakNik |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701719/ |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Muri mixtape ye " STN MTN / Kauai ", Childish Gambino afunguravuga koyari afite inzozi zokuyobora Atlanta akazagarura azagarura Freaknik. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2014 |title=Childish Gambino - STN MTN (Full Mixtape) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW9N0jwWUgw/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124051130/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW9N0jwWUgw/ |archive-date=2025-01-24 |via=www.youtube.com |access-date=2025-09-25 }}</ref> Kuri "Hair Day", igicecyacumi narimwe cyigihembwe cya gatandatu cyurukurikirane rwa ABC rwitwa ''Black-ish'', Dre ahishurira umuhungu we Jack ko nkumusore yakubiswe murubyiniro n’umuntu wazanye ifirimbi ye mu birori, ibyo bikaba byarakaje umujinya w’umuhungu we mukuru, Junior, wemeza ko Dre yamubwiye ati "Ibibera kuri Freaknik biguma i Freaknik." Tom Wolfe yerekeje kuri Freaknik / Freaknic mugitabo cye "A Man in full" - muntangiriro ahagana kurupapuro rwa 17, igice "Chocolate Mecca" ariko n'ahandi. Freaknik avugwa mundirimbo za rap kuvamumyaka ya za 90 nomuntangiriro ya 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyrics containing the term: FREAKNIK |url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyrics/FREAKNIK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2019 |title=BHM: Remembering hip hop's woodstock, freaknik |url=https://afropunk.com/2019/02/bhm-remembering-hip-hops-woodstock-freaknik/ |access-date=September 25, 2025 |archive-date=August 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808015240/https://afropunk.com/2019/02/bhm-remembering-hip-hops-woodstock-freaknik/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Beyoncé avugakuri Freaknik 1996 mundirimbo ye “THIQUE,” yasohotse kuri ''Renaissance'' mu 2022. Hulu yasohoye documentaire yitwa ''Freaknik: Ishyaka rya Wildest Never Never Told.'' muri Werurwe 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2024 |title=Freaknik: The iconic Atlanta street party revisited in Hulu documentary |url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/freaknik-hulu-documentary-jermaine-dupri-atlanta/85-fbc99567-bf6c-4b42-bb5f-1a18175f2c8b}}</ref> == Reba kandi ==   * ''Freaknik: Umuziki'' * Icyumweru cya Beach Beach, ibirori byabasimbuye * Umujyi wa Magic (club) '''Rusange:''' * Abanyamerika Banyafurika muri Atlanta * Urutonde rwibirori byumuziki wa hip hop == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7fy3tgdm0z0v91c7tynn47vwrfpmvtn 0 21135 142376 141813 2026-10-17T01:43:33Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Eriegun1.jpg|right|thumb|Imbunda imeze nk'inkoni ikoreshwa na Brian Douglas Wells]] '''A cane gun''' n'inkoni yo kugendana irimo [[imbunda]] ihishemo. Imbunda za keni rimwe na rimwe zifatwa nk'imbunda zisa na zo zifashishwa nabahigi b'inyamaswa mu buryo bunyuranye n'amategeko. Ubusanzwe akenshi ni verisiyo zoroshye gutwara kandi zoroshye guhisha z'imbunda zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu mikino yo kurasa, cyane cyane imbunda ifite umuyongo umwe cyangwa ibiri, ishingiye ku buryo bwa Leclercq bwakorewe mu Bubiligi butahenze cyane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Belgian Leclercq folding poacher's gun explained - hlebooks.com |url=https://forums.gunboards.com/showthread.php?394030-The-Belgian-Leclercq-folding-poacher-s-gun-explained-hlebooks-com |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=forums.gunboards.com}}</ref> Hamwe nibi bishushanyo bisa, imbunda ndende igufi ishobora gukorwa kugirango isubire inyuma kugeza iryamye munsi y'ububiko, kugirango itwarwe munsi yikoti. Ubundi buryo ni muburyo bwa pistolet ndende cyane yashizwemo itandukanijwe, rimwe na rimwe bita "kumanura", cyangwa ububiko bwa skeleton, nubwo intwaro iyo ari yo yose ya siporo isaba guterana ifite ibibi bigaragara mu murima. Mu magambo afatika gusa, itandukaniro ni uko imbunda y’ibiti, ihenze cyane kuyibyaza umusaruro, kandi muri rusange, ingaruka, bigaragara ko yatwawe n'abagabo bifuzaga, igihe cyose, kuba bashobora gufata "intego z'amahirwe", bari curio, aho bavugira, cyangwa intwaro yihishe, imwe ishobora guhunga bitamenyekanye keretse iyo usuzumye neza. Usibye inkoni ya nyakubahwa, imbunda nazo zagiye zihishwa mubindi bintu bisanzwe nk'umutaka n'inkoni zo kugenda. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, imbunda ya ba rushimusi biragaragara ko ari imbunda, nubwo imwe yahishwa mu buryo bworoshye n’abajya mu cyaro mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko, bitwaje imbunda yo guhiga inkono idasanzwe cyangwa kwirwanaho, bitandukanye n’imbunda idashobora kwerekanwa cyane, y’imikino yuzuye, nubwo aba bambuka mu cyiciro cyo kurokoka. Cne guns ubu ni gake cyane kandi kuyibona biragoye kuyibona, kubera ko amategeko menshi arenga ku mategeko abuza gutwara intwaro zihishe, n'ingero z'igihe, aho byemewe, muri rusange, ni mu maboko y'abikorera ku giti cyabo n'inzu ndangamurage. Imbunda ya kijyambere, ubwoko bwa karitsiye isanzwe ishyirwa mu kurasa amakarito manini y’umuvuduko ukabije cyangwa .410 yatwaye ibisasu bigera kuri 12 bipima imbunda, byombi bikwiranye neza nintwaro ifite ingunguru gusa ifite urugereko rwuzuye, gusohora intoki, uburyo bwo kurasa butandukanye, gufata ibyemezo, kandi rimwe na rimwe bikagaragara. Ubundi bwoko bwimbunda zinkoni zakozwe nkintwaro zo mu kirere, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Collection |url=http://www.beemans.net/collection.htm |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=www.beemans.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118160413/http://www.beemans.net/collection.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> muri rusange hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwikigega cy’ikirere gishobora gutandukana (intwaro yo mu kirere ya pneumatike) mu buryo bwa flask, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=R. S. |date=Apr 23, 2014 |title=Kate Tattersall Adventures |url=http://www.katetattersall.com/cane-guns-victorian-concealed-firearms-of-gentlemen-cads/ |access-date=Jan 13, 2020 |website=Kate Tattersall Adventures}}</ref> cyangwa cyinjijwe mu buryo bw’inkoni igereranijwe cyane, nka shillelagh gakondo. Bimwe muburyo bwiza bwo kurasa, byoroshye cyane kwiyoberanya, kuba bike cyane kuruta umuyoboro. Iyi ntwaro yakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'ubujura bwa banki mu rubanza rwa Pizza Bomber. Nk’uko byatangajwe na ATF, imbunda z'inkoni, imbunda z'inkota, n'imbunda z'umutaka zashyizwe mu rwego rwa AOW (izindi ntwaro zose). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Firearms - Guides - Importation & Verification of Firearms - National Firearms Act Definitions - Any Other Weapon {{!}} Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives |url=https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-national-firearms-act-definitions-any |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=www.atf.gov}}</ref> == Mu bihimbano == Imbunda ya kane ifite umwanya uhoraho mu muco wubutasi; urugero ruzwi rwagaragaye mu gitabo cya Ian Fleming cyo mu 1953 cyitwa ''Casino Royale'', aho James Bond yugarijwe n'umwe mu gihe yarushanwaga ku meza y'imikino na Le Chiffre. Imbunda y'inkoni igaragara no muri tereviziyo yakozwe kuri televiziyo ihuza izina rimwe mu 1954 ndetse no muri filime ya Bond yo mu 1999 ''Isi Ntihagije .'' Kurasa umupira, kurasa-imbere, imbunda yuburyo bwa musketi urashobora kubisanga muri ''Abraham Lincoln: Umuhigi wa Vampire''. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lt361xqkzbf4zxemrhof0xur9j881cu 0 21399 142373 126918 2026-10-16T21:21:15Z B.Scalling 15089 142373 wikitext text/x-wiki Byumba ni umujyi n'igice biri mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda n'umurwa mukuru w'Akarere ka Gicumbi. Niho hari umudugudu w'abana wa SOS. Uyu mujyi uherereye nko muri kilometero 60 (37 mi), mu majyaruguru y'umurwa mukuru Kigali. Aha hantu hari nko muri kilometero 30 (19 mi), mu majyepfo y'umupaka mpuzamahanga na Uganda muri Gatuna.[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byumba]] [[ [[File:Nord in Rwanda.svg|Nord_in_Rwanda]]|thumb]]<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=byumba&title=Special%3AMediaSearch&type=image Abaturage Kugeza mu 2012, abaturage bo muri Byumba bari 75.463. Ibikorwa by'ubukungu Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR), ifite ishami i Byumba. Uburezi Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ikoranabuhanga n'Ubuhanzi i Byumba (UTAB) reference 1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byumba bxraot7a8t7yh09zeaumwrh3b4k1s0l 0 21685 142383 128747 2026-10-17T05:00:54Z ~2026-55644-04 19155 /* */ 142383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Musical Artist | image = Jose Chameleone.webp | name = Jose Chameleone | label = Leone Island Records | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Joseph Mayanja | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|4|30}} | birth_place = [[Kampala]], Uganda | years_active = 1990s–present | module = Relatives: {{unbulleted list|[[Pallaso]] (brother)|[[AK 47 Mayanja|Akay 47]] (brother)|Weasel (brother)}} | genre = {{flat list| *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] *[[Afro pop music|Afro pop]] *[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] *[[Dancehall]] *[[Zouk]] *[[Afrobeats]]}} | occupation = {{flat list| *Singer *songwriter *record producer}} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| *[[Beenie Man]] *[[Konshens]] *[[Sizzla]] *[[Morgan Heritage]] *[[Dr.Alban]] *[[Koffi Olomide]] *[[Pallaso]] *[[Patoranking]] *[[Davido]] *[[Goodlyfe Crew]] *[[Professor Jay]]}} *[[A.Y. (musician)|AY]] *[[Dj Pius]] *[[Ogopa Dj]] | landscape = yes }} '''Joseph Mayanja''' (wavutse kuya 30 mata 1979), uzwicyane kwizina ry'ubuhanzi rya '''Jose Chameleone''', numuhanzi akaba n'umucuranzi w'umunya -Uganduririmba injyana ya AfroBeat . Aririmba mu [[Ikiganda|rurimi rw'Ikiganda]], [[Icyongereza]] [[Igiswahili|n'Igiswahili]] . == Ubuzima bwa mbere n'uburezi == Joseph Mayanja yavutse kuya 30 Mata 1979 <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-10 |title=Jose Chameleone- Biography, Age, Married, Wife, Children, Real names |url=https://kenyanlife.info/jose-chameleone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507080418/https://kenyanlife.info/jose-chameleone/ |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> kuri Gerald na Prossy Mayanja mukarere ka Kampala, akabumwana wa kane mubana umunani. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The legend grows: Life and career of Jose Chameleone |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1509734 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Yize mwishuri ribanza rya Nakasero, mwishuri ryisumbuye rya Mengo, mwishuri ryisumbuye rya Kawempe Muslim, mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Katikamu rya karindwi ry’abadivantisiti, no mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Progressive Senior. <ref name=":2"/> Yahimbye indirimbo y’ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kawempe Muslim. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BigEyeUg3 |date=2013-09-06 |title=Ten Things You Did Not Know About Dr.Jose Chameleone |url=https://bigeye.ug/ten-things-you-did-not-know-about-dr-jose-chameleone/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=BigEye.UG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Solomon |date=2020-02-29 |title=Jose Chameleone: I sat for UACE exams to pursue a degree in the USA |url=http://mbu.ug/2020/02/29/jose-chameleone-i-sat-for-uace-exams-to-pursue-a-degree-in-the-usa/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> Niumwe mubagize [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] y’i Roma muri Uganda. == Umwuga w'umuziki == Injyana ya Chameleone nuruvange rw'indirimbo gakondo zomuri Uganda, rhumba yo muri Afurika yo Hagati, zouk, na reggae . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jose Chameleone Biography, Profile and Life Story |url=https://www.howwebiz.ug/JChameleone/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215329/https://www.howwebiz.ug/JChameleone/biography |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.howwebiz.ug}}</ref> Umwuga wewatangiye mu 1996 nk'umu DJ muri Missouri night club i Kampala . Yatangiye gukora nk'umucuranzi mu 1998 muri Kenya arikumwe n'itsinda rya Ogopa Deejays, icyogihe rikaba ryari irya Kenya, ryasohoye indirimbo yeyambere, "Bageya", yari irimo umuhanzi w'umunyakenya Redsan . <ref name=":0"/> Chameleone yashyizahagaragara alubumu yeyambere, ''Mama Mia'', mu 2000. Kugeza mu 2013, yari amaze gushyira ahagaragara alubumu 13 zose, zirimo ''Kipepeo'', ''Shida za dunia'', ''Valu valu'', ''Bayuda'', ''Badilisha'', ''Banana nziza'' na ''Nyampinga'' . <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Chameleone on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ug/artist/jose-chameleone/318588116 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Apple Music |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Chameleone |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/6nTXL0DkmSqjvcKjn6hCUz |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Chameleone |url=https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/5000009 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Deezer |language=en-US}}</ref> Nubwumuzikiwe ukunzwe hiryanohino kumugabane w' Afurika, abafana be benshi/abamwumva bakomoka cyane cyane mu gice cyo hagati cya Afurika ( [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], [[Uburundi|u Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Ubugande|Uganda]], na [[Tanzaniya]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chameleone and AK47 thrill Rwandan fans |url=https://www.hipipo.com/chameleone-and-ak47-thrill-rwandan-fans/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=HiPipo |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampurire |first=Paul |date=30 December 2021 |title=Bebe Cool's stardom in Nairobi is what pushed Chameleone to leave Uganda – Chagga |url=https://pluggedaily.com/2021/12/30/bebe-cools-stardom-in-nairobi-is-what-pushed-chameleone-to-leave-uganda-chagga/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yaririmbye imbere y'abantu benshi cyane kuri sitade ya Lugogo Cricket Oval i Kampala. Chameleone yakoreye ibitaramo mpuzamahanga, harimo muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]], [[Kanada]], [[Ubwongereza]], [[Suwede]], [[Ububiligi]], <ref name="sauti">{{Cite web |title=Sauti za Busara: ''Jose Chameleone'' |url=http://www.busaramusic.com/database/artists.php?whereartistlike=%25Jose%20Chameleone%25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010152350/http://www.busaramusic.com/database/artists.php?whereartistlike=%25Jose%20Chameleone%25 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=17 February 2007}}</ref> [[Malesiya|Maleziya]], [[Ubushinwa]], [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Zambiya]], [[Malawi]], [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo|Sudani y'Epfo]], [[Ubudage]], [[Ubusuwisi|n'Ubusuwisi]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">Icyitonderwa kirakenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yazengurutse Ositaraliya mu 2017 no muri Werurwe 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cutting |first=Lucie |date=23 April 2023 |title=How Ugandan superstar Jose Chameleone was enticed to perform in Tasmania by Hobart mum |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-23/ugandan-superstar-jose-chameleone-special-hobart-gig-in-2017/102231108 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)]]}}</ref> Muri Gashyantare 2023, Chameleone yakozigitaramo cyiza cyitwa "Gwanga Mujje", bisobanura "reka igihugu cyose kizitabire". Ikigitaramo cyabereye i Lugogo Cricket Oval i Kampala. Igitaramo cyari giteganyijwe mbere y'itariki, cyasubitswe kuberimvura nyinshi maze cyimurirwa kuya 24 Gashyantare 2023. <ref name="Luggya">{{Cite web |last=Luggya |first=Jude |date=10 October 2014 |title=Chameleone dedicates One Man One Million concert to Karamoja – Sqoop – Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/201410/four-one-one/chameleone-dedicates-one-man-one-million-concert-to-karamoja.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Event organisers call a halt to 'Gwanga Mujje' concert over unpaid losses |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/event-organisers-call-a-halt-to-gwanga-mujje-concert-over-unpaid-losses/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Chameleone yateguye igikorwa cy’urukundo cyagurishijwe cyanecyitwa "One Man, One Million" muri Victoria Hall i Kampala. Ikigikorwa cyashyigikiwe na Madamu wa Perezida wa Uganda, Janet Museveni, kandi abitabiriye basabwaga kwishyura miliyoni imwe [[Amashilingi ya Uganda|y’amashilingi ya Uganda]] kugira ngo bitabire. <ref name="newvision.co.ug">{{Cite web |title=Chameleon halves 'one man one million' concert ticket fee |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1317163 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Luggya"/> === Ikirango cy'umuziki === Chameleone ni Umuyobozi Mukuru w’inzu y’umuziki ya Leone Island. Abahanzi bafitanye isano n’iyi nzu barimo nyakwigendera Mosey Radio, Weasel, nyakwigendera AK 47 Mayanja, King Saha, Papa Cidy, Pallaso, [[Melody Uganda]], Yung Mulo na Big Eye. <ref name=":2"/> == Ibindi bikorwa == Uwahoze ari Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Uganda, [[Rebecca Kadaga]], yagennye Chameleone kuba Ambasaderi wa Busoga Tourism Initiative. Anayobora Chameleone Foundation, igamije guteza imbere ubumenyi n'impano mu rubyiruko rudafite amahirwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RedPepper website: Speaker Kadaga For Tubonge Concert |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/speaker-kadaga-for-tubonge-concert/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819154621/https://redpepper.co.ug/speaker-kadaga-for-tubonge-concert/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=1 April 2014}}</ref> Chameleone ni umwe mu bagize ihuriro ry'abahanzi bakoresha icyamamare cyabo n'ubutunzi bwabo mu gufasha kugabanya ubukene no gukora ubukangurambaga ku cyorezo cya [[SIDA]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chameleon |url=http://afrobios.com/-Chameleon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215623/http://afrobios.com/-Chameleon |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=afrobios.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pier |first=G. David |date=2015 |title=Ugandan Music in the Marketing Era |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9781137546975 |isbn=978-1-137-54939-6 |pages=171–179 |doi=10.1057/9781137546975 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603214256/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9781137546975 |archive-date=3 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yiyamamarije umwanya wa Meya wa Kampala mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Africa.com |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906050404.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924172821/https://allafrica.com/stories/201906050404.html |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> == Ibihembo == === Yatsinze === * Ibihembo bya Pearl of Africa Music Awards bya 2004 (PAM Awards) – Umuhanzi w’umwaka n’indirimbo y’umwaka ("Jamila") * Ibihembo bya Pearl of Africa Music Awards bya 2005 (PAM Awards) – Umuhanzi/Itsinda ryiza rya Afro Beat n'indirimbo nziza ya Afro Beat ("Kipepeo") * Ibihembo bya Muzika bya Tanzaniya byo mu 2004 – Albumu nziza yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ( ''Bei Kali'' ) * Ibihembo bya Muzika bya Tanzaniya bya 2005 - Albumu nziza ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ( ''Jamila'' ) * Ibihembo bya Pearl of Africa Music Awards bya 2006 (PAM Awards) – Umuhanzi/Itsinda rya Afro Beat mwiza * 2006 Kisima Music Awards - Indirimbo nziza ya Uganda ("Mama Rhoda") & Video Yumuziki Nziza ("Mama Rhoda") * 2007 Kisima Music Awards - Indirimbo nziza ya Uganda ("Sivyo Ndiviyo" hamwe na Professor Jay ) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218163446/http://www.hipipo.com/hma/2014/news/553/Full-List-Of-Winners-Hipipo-Music-Awards-2014 Ibihembo bya HiPipo Music Awards] bya 2014 Archived - Indirimbo yumwaka ("Badilisha") * Ibihembo bya Afurika by'imyidagaduro bya 2013 – Umuhanzi Mpuzamahanga w'Umugabo Mwiza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Nominees List for the 2013 African Entertainment Awards |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/22512/official-nominees-list-for-the-2013-african-entertainment-aw.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073732/https://www.modernghana.com/music/22512/official-nominees-list-for-the-2013-african-entertainment-aw.html |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> * 2014 HiPipo Music Awards - Indirimbo nziza yumugabo ZOUK ("Badilisha") * Ibihembo bya All Africa Music Awards 2015 (AFRIMA) – Umwanditsi w’indirimbo w’umwaka <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) - 2015 All Africa Music Awards, AFRIMA, Winners List |url=https://afrima.org/english/index.php/media2/news-update/171-2015-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032507/https://afrima.org/english/index.php/media2/news-update/171-2015-all-africa-music-awards-afrima-winners-list |archive-date=2017-12-01 |website=afrima.org}}</ref> * [[Galaxy Zzina Music Awards|Ibihembo bya Galaxy Zzina Music Awards]] 2018 – Igihembo cya Legend <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Full List of Zzina Award Winners 2018/2019 |url=https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2019/03/23/full-list-of-zzina-award-winners-2018-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131234008/http://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2019/03/23/full-list-of-zzina-award-winners-2018-2019/ |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2018 |title=Zzina Awards 2018: Here's the full list of nominees |url=https://bigeye.ug/zzina-awards-2018-heres-the-full-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215125935/http://bigeye.ug/zzina-awards-2018-heres-the-full-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> === Yatowe === * Ibihembo bya Kora byo mu 2003 - Umuhanzi mwiza wo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba * Ibihembo bya Kora byo mu 2004 – Umuhanzi w’umugabo mwiza wo muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba * Ibihembo bya MOBO byo mu 2006 - Umunyafurika mwiza kurusha abandi * Ibihembo bya MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 - Umuhanzi mwiza w'umunyafurika * Ibihembo bya Muzika bya Tanzaniya bya 2012 - Indirimbo nziza ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ("Valu Valu") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kili awards 2012 Nominees 8 February 2012 |url=http://www.bongo5.com/kili-awards-2012-nominees-hawa-hapa-02-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819154716/http://bongo5.com/kili-awards-2012-nominees-hawa-hapa-02-2012/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> * Ibihembo bya Muzika ku Isi bya 2014 (ibyiciro bitatu) - Umuhanzi w'umugabo mwiza ku isi, Umuhanzi w'imbyino wa Live mwiza ku isi n'umuhanzi mwiza ku isi <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2014 |title=Chameleone Nominated for World Music Awards |url=http://chimpreports.com/17208-chameleone-nominated-for-world-music-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720200739/http://www.chimpreports.com/17208-chameleone-nominated-for-world-music-awards |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> * Ibihembo bya MTV Africa Music Awards 2015 – Igihembo cya MAMA Evolution <ref>{{Cite web |title=DSTV Mobile — DSTV &#124; Movies &#124; Sport &#124; Series &#124; Music &#124; TV Guide &#124; Entertainment |url=http://m.dstv.com/news/mama-evolution-award-nominees-20150630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010154319/http://m.dstv.com/news/mama-evolution-award-nominees-20150630 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> == Disiki y'amajwi == === Albums === {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Alubumu ! Ikirango cy'amajwi |- |- | 2000 | ''Bageya'' | rowspan="5" | Ogopa Deejays |- | 2001 | ''Mama Mia'' |- | 2002 | ''Njo Karibu'' |- | 2003 | ''Ijwi rya Zahabu'' |- | 2004 | ''Mambo Bado'' |- | 2005 | ''Kipepeo'' | |- | 2006 | ''Shida za Dunia'' | |- | 2007 | ''Sivyo Ndibyo'' | |- | 2007 | ''Katupakase'' | |- | 2009 | ''Bayuda'' | |- | 2010 | ''Vumilia'' | |- | 2012 | ''Agaciro k'agaciro'' | |- | 2013 | ''Badilisha'' | |- | 2014 | ''Wale Wale'' | |- | 2016 | ''Sili Mujawo'' | |- | 2017 | ''Igitoki cyiza, superstar, Mshamba'' | |- | 2018 | ''Nyampinga, Mateeka, Kilabe'' ''Tatizo'' | |- | 2020 | ''Baliwa, Bolingo ya Nzambe'' | |- | 2021 | ''Ndi Yozefu - Ndaje vuba'' |} == Reba kandi == * Divayi ya Bobi * Bebe cool == Amareferensi == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t84xwtzoeihh3hlwan1g880l5zbizs5 0 23124 142369 140822 2026-10-16T21:02:06Z B.Scalling 15089 gushyiramo databox 142369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe | image = [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial08.jpg|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe (23 Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Iburengerazuba]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Nyabihu|Nyabihu]] | label4 = Umurenge | data4 = Bigogwe | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (Mata 1994) | label7 = Aho ruherereye | data7 = {{Coord|-1.641409|29.395046|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q135483893}} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe''' rwibuka ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] muri Mata 1994 i Bigogwe, mu Murenge wa Bigogwe, mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]], mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]. == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe ruherereye mu Murenge wa Bigogwe, mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]].<ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Through A Glass Darkly |url=http://genocidememorials.cga.harvard.edu/bigogwe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729142309/http://genocidememorials.cga.harvard.edu/bigogwe.html |archive-date=2021-07-29 |url-status=dead |website=Harvard University |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> === Imiterere rusange === [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|nzibutso n'imva rusange nyinshi]] ziri ku butaka bw'u Rwanda no hanze yabwo, zifitanye isano na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Zimwe mu nzibutso za Jenoside ziri mu Murage w'Isi wa UNESCO. == Amateka == [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial10.jpg|left|thumb|304px|Imbere h'inyubako nkuru y'urwibutso rwa Bigogwe (23 Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rwashyizweho kugira ngo hubahwe ibihumbi by'Abatutsi biciwe i Bigogwe no mu nkengero zaho mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].<ref name="allafrica2014">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: The Story of Genocide in Bigogwe |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502063114/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-date=2014-05-02 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> Uru rwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abazize Jenoside isaga 10&nbsp;000.<ref name="nt2025">{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial completed |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/26295/news/kwibuka/expansion-of-bigogwe-genocide-memorial-completed |work=The New Times |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Urwibutso rwagiye rwagurwa kandi ruvugururwa mu byiciro bitandukanye, cyane cyane mu 2025, ubwo huzuzwaga urukuta rushya rw'urwibutso n'inzu yakira abashyitsi.<ref name="nt2025" /> Muri Mata 2023, igisasu cya gerenade cyo mu gihe cya Jenoside cyabonetse mu gihe cy'imirimo yakorerwaga aho urwibutso ruri, ariko icyo kibazo cyakemuwe nta ngaruka kigize ku ikomeza ry'imirimo.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |title=Grenade found at a memorial construction site in Rubavu |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/grenade-found-at-a-memorial-construction-site |website=IGIHE |date=2023-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref><ref name="anvcg">{{Cite web |title=Bigogwe memorial expansion continues despite grenade incident |url=https://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/bigogwe-memorial-expansion-continues-despite-grenade-incident/ |website=Biografia di una bomba (anvcg.it) |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> {{clear}} == Ibiranga urwibutso == [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|385px|Urutare « [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]] » rwegereye inyuma y'urwibutso, rurebewe aho imodoka zihagarara (23 Kanama 2025)]] Uretse imva rusange, urwibutso rufite ibimenyetso by'urwibutso, inzu yakira abashyitsi n'ibyumba by'imurikabikorwa byahariwe kwibuka abazize Jenoside.<ref name="nt2025" /> Kwagurwa k'urwibutso byatumye rurushaho kwakira abarusura no kubungabunga neza imibiri.<ref name="allafrica2025">{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Rwanda: Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial Completed |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |work=The New Times (via allAfrica.com) |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724041851/https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="harvard" /><ref name="allafrica2014" /><ref name="igihe" /><ref name="nt2025" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingabire |first=Gina |title=Renovation of Bigogwe Genocide memorial site gets underway |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6056/news/rwanda/renovation-ofbigogwe-genocide-memorial-site-gets-underway |work=The New Times |date=2023-03-23 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref name="anvcg" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bigogwe Trust |url=http://www.bigogwe.org/ |website=bigogwe.org |language=en |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref><ref name="anvcgblog">{{Cite web |title=Biografia di una bomba – Il blog di Giovanni Lafirenze |url=https://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/ |website=anvcg.it |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Urwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'Abatutsi basaga 10&nbsp;000 bazize Jenoside, yavanywe mu Murenge wa Bigogwe no mu midugudu iwukikije.<ref name="harvard" /><ref name="allafrica2025" /> Buri mwaka, hano habera ibikorwa byo kunamira no kwibuka abazize Jenoside, bizwi nka [[Kwibuka]], bihuza abarokotse, imiryango yabo n'abayobozi.<ref name="anvcgblog" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]] * [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Bigogwe Genocide Memorial}} * [http://www.bigogwe.org/ bigogwe.org] – urubuga rwa The Bigogwe Trust === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bigogwe, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyabihu]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] tdaqms3s5ke4pexlkp7fkyhfwyh01dt 142370 142369 2026-10-16T21:02:58Z B.Scalling 15089 142370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe | image = [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial08.jpg|280px]] | caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe (23 Kanama 2025) | label1 = Igihugu | data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] | label2 = Intara | data2 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Iburengerazuba]] | label3 = Akarere | data3 = [[Akarere ka Nyabihu|Nyabihu]] | label4 = Umurenge | data4 = Bigogwe | label5 = Ubwoko | data5 = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside | label6 = Rwibuka | data6 = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (Mata 1994) | label7 = Aho ruherereye | data7 = {{Coord|-1.641409|29.395046|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}} }}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q135483893}} '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe''' rwibuka ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] muri Mata 1994 i Bigogwe, mu Murenge wa Bigogwe, mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]], mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]. == Aho ruherereye == === Aho biherereye === Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe ruherereye mu Murenge wa Bigogwe, mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]].<ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Through A Glass Darkly |url=http://genocidememorials.cga.harvard.edu/bigogwe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729142309/http://genocidememorials.cga.harvard.edu/bigogwe.html |archive-date=2021-07-29 |url-status=dead |website=Harvard University |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> === Imiterere rusange === [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|thumb|Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994]] Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe ni rumwe mu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|nzibutso n'imva rusange nyinshi]] ziri ku butaka bw'u Rwanda no hanze yabwo, zifitanye isano na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Zimwe mu nzibutso za Jenoside ziri mu Murage w'Isi wa UNESCO. == Amateka == [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial10.jpg|left|thumb|304px|Imbere h'inyubako nkuru y'urwibutso rwa Bigogwe (23 Kanama 2025)]] Urwibutso rwashyizweho kugira ngo hubahwe ibihumbi by'Abatutsi biciwe i Bigogwe no mu nkengero zaho mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].<ref name="allafrica2014">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: The Story of Genocide in Bigogwe |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502063114/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-date=2014-05-02 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> Uru rwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abazize Jenoside isaga 10&nbsp;000.<ref name="nt2025">{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial completed |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/26295/news/kwibuka/expansion-of-bigogwe-genocide-memorial-completed |work=The New Times |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Urwibutso rwagiye rwagurwa kandi ruvugururwa mu byiciro bitandukanye, cyane cyane mu 2025, ubwo huzuzwaga urukuta rushya rw'urwibutso n'inzu yakira abashyitsi.<ref name="nt2025" /> Muri Mata 2023, igisasu cya gerenade cyo mu gihe cya Jenoside cyabonetse mu gihe cy'imirimo yakorerwaga aho urwibutso ruri, ariko icyo kibazo cyakemuwe nta ngaruka kigize ku ikomeza ry'imirimo.<ref name="igihe">{{Cite web |title=Grenade found at a memorial construction site in Rubavu |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/grenade-found-at-a-memorial-construction-site |website=IGIHE |date=2023-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}</ref><ref name="anvcg">{{Cite web |title=Bigogwe memorial expansion continues despite grenade incident |url=https://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/bigogwe-memorial-expansion-continues-despite-grenade-incident/ |website=Biografia di una bomba (anvcg.it) |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> {{clear}} == Ibiranga urwibutso == [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial01.jpg|thumb|385px|Urutare « [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]] » rwegereye inyuma y'urwibutso, rurebewe aho imodoka zihagarara (23 Kanama 2025)]] Uretse imva rusange, urwibutso rufite ibimenyetso by'urwibutso, inzu yakira abashyitsi n'ibyumba by'imurikabikorwa byahariwe kwibuka abazize Jenoside.<ref name="nt2025" /> Kwagurwa k'urwibutso byatumye rurushaho kwakira abarusura no kubungabunga neza imibiri.<ref name="allafrica2025">{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Rwanda: Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial Completed |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |work=The New Times (via allAfrica.com) |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724041851/https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="harvard" /><ref name="allafrica2014" /><ref name="igihe" /><ref name="nt2025" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingabire |first=Gina |title=Renovation of Bigogwe Genocide memorial site gets underway |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6056/news/rwanda/renovation-ofbigogwe-genocide-memorial-site-gets-underway |work=The New Times |date=2023-03-23 |language=en |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref><ref name="anvcg" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bigogwe Trust |url=http://www.bigogwe.org/ |website=bigogwe.org |language=en |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref><ref name="anvcgblog">{{Cite web |title=Biografia di una bomba – Il blog di Giovanni Lafirenze |url=https://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/ |website=anvcg.it |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref> Urwibutso ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'Abatutsi basaga 10&nbsp;000 bazize Jenoside, yavanywe mu Murenge wa Bigogwe no mu midugudu iwukikije.<ref name="harvard" /><ref name="allafrica2025" /> Buri mwaka, hano habera ibikorwa byo kunamira no kwibuka abazize Jenoside, bizwi nka [[Kwibuka]], bihuza abarokotse, imiryango yabo n'abayobozi.<ref name="anvcgblog" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] * [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]] * [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === {{Commonscat|Bigogwe Genocide Memorial}} * [http://www.bigogwe.org/ bigogwe.org] – urubuga rwa The Bigogwe Trust === Ibitabo === * {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}} {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bigogwe, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}} [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyabihu]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] rf4j47mhczc9tgfaa46i40g17bnoaiu 0 23201 142375 141258 2026-10-17T00:19:10Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Alassane Ouattara | image = Alassane Ouattara - 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Alassane Ouattara mu 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|1|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Dimbokro, [[Kote Divuwari]] | nationality = Umunyakote Divuwari | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika) | occupation = Impuguke mu bukungu, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993); Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI (1994–1999) | title = Perezida wa Kote Divuwari | term = Kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011 (yatowe mu Ukuboza 2010) | predecessor = Laurent Gbagbo | party = RHDP (mbere RDR) | spouse = Dominique Ouattara (kuva 1991) }} '''Alassane Dramane Ouattara''' (akunze kwitwa '''ADO'''; wavutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 1942 i Dimbokro, muri [[Kote Divuwari]]) ni impuguke mu bukungu n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyakote Divuwari, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Kote Divuwari kuva ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011. Yakoreye Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) na Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO), maze aba Minisitiri w'Intebe wa mbere wa Kote Divuwari kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993. Mu 1999, yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka ''Rassemblement des républicains'' (RDR), ariko ntiyemererwa kwiyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu 1995 no mu 2000 kubera ingingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" (''ivoirité'') yashyizwe mu mategeko y'amatora. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2010, yatsinze ku majwi 54 % nk'uko komisiyo y'amatora n'umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose babyemeje, ariko Perezida Laurent Gbagbo yanga kuva ku butegetsi, bitera intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000. Yatangiye imirimo nyuma y'ifatwa rya Gbagbo muri Mata 2011. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2015, 2020 na 2025. == Ubuzima == === Inkomoko n'umuryango === Alassane Ouattara ni Umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bw'Abamandingue<ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Chikouna Cissé |title=Quand les commerçants dioula faisaient rayonner l’Afrique de l’Ouest |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/07/06/quand-les-commercants-dioula-faisaient-rayonner-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_5327148_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2018-07-06 |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>. Ni umuhungu wa Dramane Ouattara, umwarimu akaba n'umucuruzi ukize, na Hadja Nabintou Cissé<ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : les deux mondes de Gbagbo et Ouattara |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2602p022-029.xml0/fmi-laurent-gbagbo-islam-cacaopresidentielle-les-deux-mondes-de-gbagbo-et-ouattara.html}}</ref>. Afite abana babiri yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Umunyamerikakazi Barbara Jean Davis. Ku wa 24 Kanama 1991, yashakanye i Paris na Dominique Nouvian, umushoramari wacungaga imitungo itimukanwa ya Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Paris boudait Ouattara à cause de sa femme française |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-politique/20110406.RUE1704/quand-paris-boudait-ouattara-a-cause-de-sa-femme-francaise.html}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Philippe Bernard |title=Entre et , une amitié de 20 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/04/12/entre-m-sarkozy-et-m-ouattara-une-amitie-de-20-ans_1506408_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2011-04-12}}</ref>. Murumuna we, Téné Birahima Ouattara, yabaye Minisitiri w'Ingabo kuva muri Werurwe 2021<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Hamed Bakayoko absent, Patrick Achi est nommé Premier ministre par intérim |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1133320/politique/cote-divoire-patrick-achi-nomme-premier-ministre-interimaire/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-03-08}}</ref>. === Umwuga mu bukungu === Abikesheje buruse, yize muri ''Drexel Institute of Technology'' no muri Kaminuza ya Pennsylvania muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bukungu mu 1967, hanyuma impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (doctorat) mu 1972. Mu 1968, yinjiye muri FMI nk'impuguke mu bukungu. Yakoreye kandi BCEAO, aba visi-guverineri wayo (1983–1984), umuyobozi w'ishami ry'Afurika muri FMI kuva mu 1984, hanyuma guverineri wa BCEAO kuva mu 1988. == Urugendo muri politiki == === Minisitiri w'Intebe (1990–1993) === Ku wa 7 Ugushyingo 1990, Perezida Félix Houphouët-Boigny yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe, umwanya wari umaze gushyirwaho n'ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Yakurikije politiki yo kugabanya amafaranga ya Leta yakomereye abaturage, ariko itunganya imari ya Leta. Ku wa 7 Ukuboza 1993, yatangaje kuri radio-televiziyo y'igihugu urupfu rwa Houphouët-Boigny, avuga ko "Kote Divuwari ibaye impfubyi"; nyuma y'iminsi ibiri yeguye, Henri Konan Bédié aba Perezida. === Ivoirité n'ubuhungiro === Muri Nyakanga 1994, yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije wa FMI, Umunyafurika wa mbere wageze kuri uwo mwanya. Mu Ukuboza 1994, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ivugurura ry'amategeko y'amatora rivuga ko nta muntu ushobora gutorerwa kuba Perezida atari Umunyakote Divuwari kavukire ufite ababyeyi bombi b'Abanyakote Divuwari kavukire<ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: le code électoral de l'exclusion |url=http://www.liberation.fr/tribune/0101153794-cote-d-ivoire-le-code-electoral-de-l-exclusion}}</ref>. Iyo ngingo y'"ubunyakote Divuwari" yari igamije kubuza Ouattara kwiyamamaza, kuko abamurwanyaga bavugaga ko se akomoka muri [[Burukina Faso]]; yateje urwango rushingiye ku moko n'urugomo rwa politiki<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, du FMI à la présidence ivoirienne |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414105608/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/monde/20110411.FAP7588/alassane-ouattara-du-fmi-a-la-presidence-ivoirienne.html |archive-date=2011-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Nyakanga 1999, yavuye muri FMI, maze bukeye bwaho atorerwa kuyobora RDR<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |title=ADO est élu président du RDR, le août 1999 |url=http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206004754/http://www.ado.ci/article.php?np=1&ns=59&na=2618 |archive-date=2010-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 2000, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwanze kandidatire ye mu matora ya perezida, ruvuga ko ari "uw'ubwenegihugu bushidikanywaho"<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La constitution ivoirienne vue par 7 juristes français |url=http://www.abidjantalk.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=983 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117182318/http://www.abidjantalk.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=983 |archive-date=2013-01-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>; uwo mwaka, imirambo 57 y'abakekwagaho kumushyigikira yabonetse mu cyobo rusange cya Yopougon<ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Nouveau Racisme, La manipulation politique de l'ethnicité en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/reports/2001/08/28/le-nouveau-racisme |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2001-08-28}}</ref><ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport : enquête sur le charnier de Yopougon du 26 octobre 2000 |url=http://www.fidh.org/Rapport-Enquete-sur-le-charnier-de-Yopougon-du-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 20 Nzeri 2002, nyuma y'umugambi wa kudeta w'inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru, yarokotse ku buryo bwa hafi igitero cy'abashyigikiye Gbagbo cyatwitse inzu ye, ahungira muri ambasade y'u Budage, hanyuma ajya mu buhungiro muri Gabon no mu Bufaransa<ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Gbagbo, la fuite en avant |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/gbagbo-la-fuite-en-avant-09-12-2010-1276184_24.php}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2005, ubuhuza bwa Perezida wa Afurika y'Epfo Thabo Mbeki bwatumye Gbagbo yemera kandidatire ye<ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara, visage de la crise identitaire en Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/alassane-ouattara-visage-de-la-crise-identitaire-en-cote-d-ivoire-28-11-2010-1267847_24.php}}</ref>; ku wa 26 Mutarama 2006, yagarutse muri Kote Divuwari<ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Opposition Opposition Leader Returns, Calls for Peace, as UN Mulls Sanctions |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200601260670.html}}</ref>. === Amatora yo mu 2010 n'intambara === Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora yo mu 2010, yabaye uwa kabiri ku majwi 32,1 %, inyuma ya Laurent Gbagbo (38 %), ariko mu cyiciro cya kabiri ashyigikirwa na Henri Konan Bédié. Komisiyo y'amatora yigenga yatangaje ko yatsinze ku majwi 54,1 %, ariko Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, rwiganjemo abashyigikiye Gbagbo, rwatangaje Gbagbo nk'uwatsinze ku majwi 51,5 % nyuma yo guhagarika amajwi yo mu turere turindwi two mu majyaruguru<ref name="F12" /><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La proclamation de la victoire de Laurent Gbagbo conduit le pays dans l'impasse |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20101203-proclamation-victoire-gbagbo-plonge-pays-incertitude-ouattara-presidentielle-resultat}}</ref>. Umuryango mpuzamahanga hafi ya wose wasabye Gbagbo kuva ku butegetsi<ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'ONU, l'UE, Obama et Sarkozy félicitent Ouattara |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/12/03/01003-20101203ARTFIG00516-en-cote-d-ivoire-le-conseil-proclame-gbagbo-vainqueur.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukuboza 2010, bombi bararahiye, Ouattara akorera mu ihoteli ya Golf i [[Abidjan]]<ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Gbagbo prête serment...Ouattara aussi |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-gbagbo-prete-serment-ouattara-aussi-04-12-2010-1177878.php}}</ref>. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2011, ingabo zimushyigikiye, zitwaga ''Forces républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire'' (FRCI), zatangiye igitero gikomeye<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara conquiert Yamoussoukro et San Pedro |url=https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-conquiert-yamoussoukro-et-san-pedro?id=5867553}}</ref>, maze ku wa 11 Mata 2011 Gbagbo n'umugore we Simone barafatwa<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Laurent Gbagbo est à Korhogo |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419154522/http://www.europe1.fr/International/Laurent-Gbagbo-est-a-Korhogo-E1-498569/ |archive-date=2011-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Kote Divuwari == === Manda ya mbere (2011–2015) === Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2011, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamwemeje nka Perezida wa Repubulika, ararahira ku wa 6 Gicurasi 2011<ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Voici la décision qui déclara Ouattara Président élu |url=http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220102521/http://www.lepatriote.net/lire/2d84eb6c-752d-41d6-91f3-7496aa2338ae.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara a prêté serment, l'audition de Gbagbo reportée |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110506-cote-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-audition-gbagbo-reportee}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko ashaka kugarura umutekano no kunga Abanyakote Divuwari, nyuma y'intambara yahitanye abantu bagera ku 3 000<ref name="F37">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: réconciliation et sécurité, vaste programme pour Ouattara |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/04/11/1057587-Cote-d-Ivoire-reconciliation-et-securite-vaste-programme-pour-Ouattara.html}}</ref>; ku wa 20 Nyakanga 2011, yashyizeho Komisiyo y'ibiganiro, ukuri n'ubwiyunge iyobowe na Charles Konan Banny<ref name="F42">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : une commission d’enquête pour faire la lumière sur les exactions commises après les élections |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110721-cote-ivoire-une-commission-enquete-faire-lumiere-exactions-commises-apres-elections}}</ref>. Yasabye kandi Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga gukora iperereza ku bwicanyi bwakozwe<ref name="F41">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara a pris contact avec la Cour pénale internationale |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110414-alassane-ouattara-pris-contact-cour-penale-internationale}}</ref>. Nyamara, Amnesty International yamushinje kwihanganira ibikorwa byo kwihimura ku bakekwaho gushyigikira Gbagbo, mu raporo yise "Itegeko ry'abatsinze" mu 2013, ivuga ko nta n'umwe mu bamushyigikiye wakurikiranywe n'ubutabera ku byaha byakozwe mu ntambara<ref name="F73">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719100134/https://www.amnesty.fr/AI-en-action/Violences/Justice-internationale/Actualites/La-Cote-d-Ivoire-doit-briser-le-cycle-des-abus-et-de-l-impunite-7936 |archive-date=2024-07-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2015, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa 3 100 zo mu ntambara yakurikiye amatora, maze muri Kanama 2018 aha imbabazi abantu 800, barimo Simone Gbagbo<ref name="F47">{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Le président Ouattara gracie 3100 prisonniers |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/12/31/97001-20151231FILWWW00201-cote-d-ivoire-le-president-ouattara-gracie-3100-prisonniers.php |website=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref name="F45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : le président Ouattara annonce l’amnistie de Simone Gbagbo |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180807-cote-ivoire-simone-gbagbo-amnistiee-president-alassane-ouattara |website=rfi.fr}}</ref>. Akigera ku butegetsi, yatangije gahunda yihutirwa yo kuzahura ubukungu bwari bwasubiye inyuma ho 8 %<ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: “Le développement économique est un moyen de régler le conflit” |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/International/Afrique/Actualite/Cote-d-Ivoire-en-redressant-l-economie-du-pays-Ouattara-pourra-appaiser-les-tensions-interview-298957/}}</ref>, n'ivugurura ry'urwego rwa kawa na kakawo mu 2012<ref name="F78">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Mandat sur Abidjan.net |url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/436632.html}}</ref>. Ingendo ze nyinshi mu mahanga zatumye Banki y'Isi na FMI bagabanya umwenda w'igihugu wo hanze ho miliyari 4,4 z'amadolari<ref name="F112">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les Échos |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830123731/http://www.lesechos.fr/economie-politique/monde/actu/0202142727606-cote-d-ivoire-un-bol-d-air-de-4-milliards-de-dollars-338284.php |archive-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri n'iya gatatu (2015–2025) === Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2015, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 83,7 %<ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d’Ivoire : Ouattara réélu au premier tour |url=http://mobile.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/10/28/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-reelu-au-premier-tour_4798088_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2015-11-10}}</ref>. Mu 2017, abahoze ari inyeshyamba zo mu majyaruguru zamufashije gufata ubutegetsi mu 2011 bigometse inshuro nyinshi, basaba ibihembo<ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Les Jeux de la Francophonie ne cachent pas l'échec de Ouattara en matière de réconciliation nationale" |url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/michel-gbagbo-les-jeux-de-la-francophonie-ne-cachent-pas-l-echec-de-ouattara-en-matiere-de |website=Marianne |date=2017-07-27}}</ref>. Ku wa 5 Werurwe 2020, yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, maze atoranya Minisitiri w'Intebe Amadou Gon Coulibaly kuba umukandida w'ishyaka RHDP<ref name="F130">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Ouattara annonce qu'il ne sera pas candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-ouattara-annonce-qu-il-ne-sera-pas-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-d-octobre-20200305 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-09-05}}</ref><ref name="F134">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara choisit Amadou Gon Coulibaly comme successeur en Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-51870966 |website=bbc.com |date=2020-03-13}}</ref>. Gon Coulibaly amaze gupfa muri Nyakanga 2020, Ouattara yisubiyeho, atangaza ku wa 6 Kanama 2020 ko aziyamamariza manda ya gatatu<ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Disparition d'Amadou Coulibaly: quelles conséquences pour la présidentielle ivoirienne? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200709-disparition-amadou-gon-coulibaly-quelles-cons%C3%A9quences-presidentielle |website=RFI |date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref><ref name="F143">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Côte d'Ivoire : Alassane Ouattara candidat à la présidentielle d'octobre |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/cote-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-31-octobre-06-08-2020-2386962_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>. Iyo kandidatire yateje impaka kuko Itegeko Nshinga ryemeraga manda ebyiri gusa; Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwemeje ko manda ye ya mbere, yatangiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya kera, itabarwa<ref name="E42">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast court clears President Ouattara's contentious third-term bid. |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-court-clears-president-ouattaras-contentious-third-term-bid/a-54928804}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze kwitabira amatora, kandi abantu bagera kuri 30 bapfiriye mu mvururu<ref name="F147">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d'Ivoire : ce qu'il faut savoir du boycott actif de l'opposition |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/presidentielle-en-cote-d-ivoire-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-du-boycott-actif-de-l-opposition-16-10-2020-2396680_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-10-16 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F148">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Violences et boycott de l'opposition : pourquoi la Côte d'Ivoire s'enfonce dans la crise |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/violences-et-boycott-de-l-opposition-pourquoi-la-cote-d-ivoire-s-enfonce-dans-la-crise_2137102.html |website=LExpress.fr |date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi 95,3 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 53,9 %, ararahira ku wa 14 Ukuboza 2020<ref name="F151">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision CI-2020-EP-010/09-11/CC/SG du portant proclamation des résultats définitifs de l'élection du Président de la République du |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.ci/archives-et-decisions/decision-ndeg-ci-2020-ep-01009-11ccsg-du-09-novembre-2020-portant-proclamation |website=Conseil constitutionnel |date=2020-11-09}}</ref><ref name="F155">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Alassane Ouattara prête serment et invite l’opposition au dialogue |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1091179/politique/alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-et-invite-lopposition-au-dialogue/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-12-15}}</ref>. === Manda ya kane (kuva 2025) === Ku wa 29 Nyakanga 2025, yatangaje ko aziyamamariza manda ya kane mu matora yo ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2025<ref name="F157">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: le chef de l’État sortant Alassane Ouattara annonce sa candidature |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250729-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-le-chef-de-l-%C3%A9tat-sortant-alassane-ouattara-annonce-sa-candidature |website=RFI |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref><ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara to run for fourth term in October election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250729-ivory-coast-president-ouattara-to-run-for-fourth-term-in-october-election |website=France 24 |date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29}}</ref>. Kandidatire z'abayobozi b'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Laurent Gbagbo (PPA-CI) na Tidjane Thiam (PDCI-RDA), zanzwe n'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga; bombi bamaganye "ikinamico ry'amatora" na "kudeta ya gisivili"<ref name="F160">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Côte d’Ivoire: Alassane Ouattara largement vainqueur, selon les résultats provisoires |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251027-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-en-c%C3%B4te-d-ivoire-alassane-ouattara-tr%C3%A8s-large-vainqueur-selon-les-r%C3%A9sultats-provisoires |website=RFI |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>. Yatsinze ku majwi agera kuri 90 %, abitabiriye amatora bakaba 50,09 %, ararahira ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2025<ref name="F158">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle ivoirienne 2025 : "J'adresse mes félicitations à Alassane Ouattara pour sa réélection" (Jean-Louis Billon) |url=https://afriksoir.net/presidentielle-ivoirienne-2025-alassane-ouattara-reelection-jean-louis-billon/ |website=Afrik Soir |date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-10-28}}</ref><ref name="F160" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=Incumbent President Ouattara declared winner of Ivory Coast election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/27/incumbent-president-ouattara-declared-winner-of-ivory-coast-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=Ivory Coast's incumbent leader Ouattara is sworn in for a fourth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/ouattara-election-ivory-coast-president-inauguration-15e4bed53f8688a834b0997361797dba |website=AP News |date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Alassane Ouattara}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Kote Divuwari]] h58epyslbqutstvrx6eejfcx0ro323l 0 23215 142390 140776 2026-10-17T07:14:17Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Julius Maada Bio | image = Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Julius Maada Bio mu 2023 | birth_date = 12 Gicurasi 1964 | birth_place = Tihun, akarere ka Bonthe, [[Siyera Lewone]] | nationality = Umunyasiyeralewone | alma_mater = American University | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Siyera Lewone]] | term = Kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018 | predecessor = Ernest Bai Koroma | party = Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) | spouse = Fatima Bio (2013) | children = 4 }} '''Julius Maada Wonie Bio''' (yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 i Tihun) ni umusirikare mukuru wavuye mu ngabo akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Siyera Lewone]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 4 Mata 2018. Afite ipeti rya burigadiye jenerali. Mu 1992, yari umwe mu basirikare bato bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, maze mu 1996 ahirika mugenzi we Valentine Strasser, ayobora igihugu kuva ku ya 16 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 29 Werurwe 1996, afite imyaka 32 gusa, mbere yo gushyikiriza ubutegetsi Perezida watowe, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare, yabaye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], hanyuma agaruka muri politiki mu ishyaka rya Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida ya 2012, atsinda aya 2018, yongera gutorwa mu 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu kandi akuraho igihano cy'urupfu. Kuva muri Kamena 2025 kugeza muri Nyakanga 2026, yayoboye Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO). == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Julius Maada Wonie Bio yavutse ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1964 mu mudugudu wa Tihun, mu karere ka Bonthe, mu ntara y'Amajyepfo ya Siyera Lewone. Ni umwana wa 33 mu bana 35 b'umutware gakondo Charlie Bio II <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio, l'atout de l'opposition pour l'alternance |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/sierra-leone-election-qui-est-julius-maada-bio-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-30-03-2018-2206822_2365.php |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311201456/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/sierra-leone-election-qui-est-julius-maada-bio-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-30-03-2018-2206822_2365.php |archive-date=2019-03-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ni Umusherboro (''Sherbro'') <ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Global African History |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/julius-maada-wonie-bio-1964/ |website=Black Past}}</ref>, kandi ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E3">{{cite web |author=Lansana Gberie |title=Maada Bio: A Profile Interview |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/maada-bio-a-profile-interview |website=The Patriotic Vanguard |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yatangiye amashuri abanza mu ishuri Gatolika rya Tihun, ayarangiriza i Pujehun, aho yabanaga na mukuru we Agnes wari umwarimu. Hanyuma yize imyaka irindwi mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya leta rya Bo (''Bo School''), ariharangiza mu 1984 <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. == Umwuga wa gisirikare == Mu 1985, Bio yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare rya Benguema, hafi ya Freetown, arirangiza mu Ukwakira 1987 afite ipeti rya su-liyetona <ref name="E3" /><ref name="F1" />. Yakoreye mu birindiro bya Lungi no mu karere ka Kambia, mu mutwe wari ushinzwe kurwanya magendu ku mupaka na [[Gineya]] <ref name="E3" />. Mu 1990, yoherejwe muri [[Liberiya]] mu ngabo za CEDEAO zishinzwe kugarura amahoro (ECOMOG), mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu yari imaze kuduka muri icyo gihugu <ref name="F1" /><ref name="E3" />. Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, yagaruwe muri Siyera Lewone kurwanya inyeshyamba za Revolutionary United Front (RUF), zari zatangiye gutera imidugudu yo ku mupaka na Liberiya muri Werurwe 1991 <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste de retour au pouvoir |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-de-retour-au-pouvoir-229922 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040407/https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-de-retour-au-pouvoir-229922 |archive-date=2018-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. == Kudeta n'ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare == Ku ya 29 Mata 1992, Bio yari umwe mu basirikare bato bayobowe na Kapiteni Valentine Strasser bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Joseph Momoh, washinjwaga kuba yarateje intambara y'abenegihugu (1991–2002) <ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, l'ex-putschiste qui a rendu le pouvoir aux civils en Sierra Leone |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-l-ex-putschiste-qui-a-rendu-le-pouvoir-aux-civils/4323711.html}}</ref><ref name="E3" />. Abo basirikare bashinze akanama ka gisirikare kayoboraga igihugu, National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), kayobowe na Strasser. Bio yabanje kuba umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe Amajyepfo i Bo, hanyuma ushinzwe itangazamakuru, nyuma aba visi-perezida wa NPRC <ref name="E3" />. Nyuma yaho, yasabye imbabazi ku iyicwa ry'abantu bagera kuri makumyabiri ryabaye muri iyo kudeta <ref name="F1" />. Ku ya 16 Mutarama 1996, Bio yayoboye kudeta yahiritse Strasser, nyuma y'amakimbirane mu buyobozi bwa NPRC ku bijyanye no kumvikana n'inyeshyamba za RUF mbere y'amatora y'amashyaka menshi yari ateganyijwe muri Werurwe 1996 <ref name="E4">{{cite web |author=Ambrose Ganda |title=Captain Strasser Is Ousted From Office |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/ambrose.ganda/Vol2_1.htm |website=Virgin.net |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Strasser yahise yoherezwa mu buhungiro i Conakry, muri Gineya <ref name="E4" />. Bio yagaruye amatora y'amashyaka menshi, maze muri Werurwe 1996 ashyikiriza ubutegetsi Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wari umaze gutorwa <ref name="F1" />. == Nyuma y'igisirikare == Nyuma yo kuva mu gisirikare mu 1996, Bio yimukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, aho yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu bibazo mpuzamahanga muri American University i Washington <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=After Sierra Leone's President Took Office, His Wife and Her Family Went Real Estate Shopping |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigation/after-sierra-leones-president-took-office-his-wife-and-her-family-went-real-estate-shopping |website=OCCRP |date=2025}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : Julius Maada Bio élu président 22 ans après son coup d’État |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/548406/politique/sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-elu-president-22-ans-apres-son-coup-detat/}}</ref>. Yayoboye kandi ikigo cy'ubujyanama n'ishoramari cyitwa International Systems Science Corporation <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Times Reporter |title=Bio, is new Sierra Leone president |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/africa/bio-new-sierra-leone-president |website=The New Times (Rwanda) |date=2018-04-05 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. == Kugaruka muri politiki == Mu 2005, Bio yinjiye mu ishyaka rya SLPP, ariyamamariza kuriyobora mu nama yaryo yabereye i Makeni, aba uwa gatatu <ref name="E7">{{cite web |author=Sierra Leone State House |title=Vice President Berewa Leads SLPP |url=http://statehouse-sl.org/archives/september2005.html |website=The Republic of Sierra Leone, State House Online |date=2005-09-05 |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103064019/http://statehouse-sl.org/archives/september2005.html |archive-date=2007-01-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F1" />. Mu 2011, yatowe nk'umukandida wa SLPP mu matora ya perezida ya 2012; yatsinzwe na Perezida Ernest Bai Koroma wari ku butegetsi, abona amajwi 37,4% kuri 58,7% ya Koroma, ariko ashimangira SLPP nk'ishyaka rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi <ref name="E8">{{cite web |author=APA-Freetown (Sierra Leone) |title=Sierra Leone: Opposition names ex junta head as standard bearer |url=http://apanews.net/index.php/en/news/sierra-leone-main-opposition-names-bio-as-flag-bearer |website=APANews.net |date=2017-10-16 |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040739/http://apanews.net/index.php/en/news/sierra-leone-main-opposition-names-bio-as-flag-bearer |archive-date=2018-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma yaho, yatangiye amasomo y'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bw'amahoro muri Kaminuza ya Bradford, mu Bwongereza <ref name="E5" />. == Perezida wa Siyera Lewone == === Amatora ya 2018 === Mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora ya perezida cyabaye ku ya 31 Werurwe 2018, Bio yatsinze Samura Kamara wo mu ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi, All People's Congress (APC), n'amajwi 51,8% <ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : le candidat de l’opposition remporte la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/05/sierra-leone-le-candidat-de-l-opposition-remporte-la-presidentielle_5280766_3212.html}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Jaime Yaya Barry |title=Sierra Leone's Opposition Leader Is Sworn In as President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/world/africa/sierra-leone-president.html |website=The New York Times |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 4 Mata 2018, nubwo uwo bari bahanganye yamaganaga ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sierra Leone : l'opposant Julius Maada Bio remporte la présidentielle, son rival conteste le résultat - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20180405-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-remporte-presidentielle-kamara-opposant-consteste-resultat |website=France 24 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>. === Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu === Mu kwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi, Bio yashyizeho uburezi bw'ibanze n'ayisumbuye ku buntu mu mashuri ya leta. Yahagaritse amasezerano y'inguzanyo ya miliyoni 400 z'amadolari yari yarasinywe na Koroma n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] yo kubaka ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga gishya, kandi atangiza igenzura ry'amasezerano y'ubucukuzi n'ibigo bya leta byo ku butegetsi bwabanje. Guverinoma ye yashinje Koroma na guverinoma ye ruswa ikabije. Muri Gashyantare 2019, Bio yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe kubera ubwiyongere bw'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, yongera ibihano ku cyaha cyo gufata ku ngufu; ibyo bihe bidasanzwe byavanyweho muri Kamena uwo mwaka <ref name="E11">{{cite web |language=en |author=Laura S. Martin |title=Taking stock one year after Sierra Leone's gender violence 'emergency' |url=http://theconversation.com/taking-stock-one-year-after-sierra-leones-gender-violence-emergency-130487 |website=The Conversation |date=2020-01-30 |access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref><ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio Shares Aspirations with Vietnamese Counterpart, Addresses Official State Dinner Marking His Visit |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-shares-aspirations-with-vietnamese-counterpart-addresses-official-state-dinner-marking-his-visit/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Mu 2022, yatangaje ko guverinoma ye ishyigikiye umushinga w'itegeko wagura uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda <ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu |title=Sierra Leone backs bill to legalise abortion and end colonial-era law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jul/06/sierra-leone-backs-bill-to-legalise-abortion-and-end-colonial-era-law |website=The Guardian |date=2022-07-06 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2023, yasinye itegeko ry'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'abagore, risaba ko nibura 30% by'abakandida mu matora y'abadepite n'ay'inzego z'ibanze baba abagore <ref name="E14">{{cite web |language=en |title=President Bio signs landmark gender equality law – opening doors for more women in parliament – Welcome to the Sierra Leone Telegraph |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-signs-landmark-gender-equality-law-opening-doors-for-more-women-in-parliament/ |date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref>. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamunenga kubera ubukungu bw'igihugu bwifashe nabi <ref name="E15">{{cite web |author=Kemo Cham |title=Sierra Leone gears up for presidential election amid economic crisis, looming protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/sierra-leone-ap-julius-maada-bio-freetown-african-b2359660.html |website=The Independent |date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, imyigaragambyo yatewe n'izamuka ry'ibiciro yasabaga ko yegura, ihitana abantu benshi <ref name="E16">{{cite web |author=Clarence Roy-Macaulay |title=Deadly anti-government protests erupt in Sierra Leone |url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-west-sierra-leone-julius-maada-bio-freetown-fb3b62ec79c0d7517850092b02e4edb8 |website=Associated Press |date=2022-08-10 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>; Bio yayifashe nk'igerageza ryo guhirika ubutegetsi <ref name="E17">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Sierra Leone president says protests aimed to overthrow the government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-says-protests-aimed-overthrow-government-2022-08-12/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-08-13 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Nyakanga 2021, Bio yatumiwe mu nama mpuzamahanga ku burezi i Londres, kubera ibikorwa bye byo kwagura uburezi no guteza imbere ishuri ry'abakobwa <ref name="E19">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=President Bio in London for Global Education Summit |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/president-bio-in-london-for-global-education-summit/ |website=The Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2021-07-26}}</ref>. Muri Werurwe 2022, yasuye Viyetinamu <ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone's President Julius Maada Bio and Delegation Sign Agreement With Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences |url=https://statehouse.gov.sl/sierra-leones-president-julius-maada-bio-and-delegation-sign-agreement-with-vietnam-academy-of-agriculture-sciences/ |website=The State House |date=2022-03-20 |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2023, yasabye ko intambara y'Uburusiya muri Ukraine ihagarara « ku bw'inyungu z'ikiremwamuntu » <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Sierra Leone: President Julius Bio urges end to Ukraine war for 'sake of humanity' |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/18/sierra-leone-president-julius-bio-urges-end-to-ukraine-war-for-sake-of-humanity/ |website=Africa News |date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>, avuga ko yizeye ko dipolomasi iyobowe n'abayobozi b'Afurika yafasha kuyirangiza <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Sierra Leone's Bio Hopes African Mission Can End Ukraine War |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-10/sierra-leone-s-bio-hopes-african-mission-can-end-ukraine-war |website=Bloomberg |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2023 === Mu matora rusange yo muri Kamena 2023, Bio yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 56,17%, imbere ya Samura Kamara <ref name="E25">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone president wins re-election, says electoral commission. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-wins-re-elecion-says-electoral-commission-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-28}}</ref>. Ariko indorerezi z'imbere mu gihugu n'izo mu mahanga zanenze kudakorera mu mucyo mu ibarura ry'amajwi, kandi Kamara yanze kwemera ibyavuye mu matora <ref name="E25" />. Iminsi mike mbere y'amatora, ku ya 21 Kamena 2023, imyigaragambyo yabereye imbere y'icyicaro cya APC yahitanye nibura umuntu umwe <ref name="E18">{{cite web |author=Umaru Fofana |title=Violence flares in Sierra Leone ahead of presidential vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-president-maada-bio-seeks-re-election-amid-economic-woes-2023-06-21/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>. === Jos Leijdekkers === Mu ntangiriro za 2025, ibinyamakuru byinshi byatangaje ko Jos Leijdekkers, umucuruzi w'ikiyobyabwenge cya kokayine ukomoka mu Buholandi wakatiwe adahari igifungo cy'imyaka 24, yari amaze igihe aba muri Siyera Lewone <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone says investigating reports that Dutch drug kingpin took refuge |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-says-investigating-reports-that-dutch-drug-kingpin-took-refuge-2025-01-26 |website=Reuters |date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. Hagaragaye amashusho amwerekana mu misa yabereye i Freetown ku ya 1 Mutarama 2025, yicaye inyuma ya Perezida Bio, ari kumwe n'umwe mu bakobwa ba Bio, bivugwa ko yashakanye na we <ref name="E26" /><ref name="E27">{{cite web |title=EU most wanted list |url=https://eumostwanted.eu/ |website=EU Most Wanted |access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref>. Leta y'Ubuholandi yagaragaje impungenge ku kuba abayobozi ba Siyera Lewone nta cyo bakoze ku bijyanye na we <ref name="E29">{{cite web |author=Africa Confidential |title=Freetown falls out with The Hague over cocaine |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/15356/freetown-falls-out-with-the-hague-over-cocaine |website=Africa Confidential |access-date=2025-10-10}}</ref>. === Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO === Ku ya 22 Kamena 2025, mu nama y'abakuru b'ibihugu yabereye i Abuja, muri [[Nijeriya]], Bio yatorewe kuyobora CEDEAO <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Julius Maada Bio, président de la Sierra Leone, élu président de la Cédéao - Radio France International |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=RFI |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Julius Maada Bio, president of Sierra Leone, elected president of ECOWAS |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250622-julius-maada-bio-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-sierra-leone-%C3%A9lu-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-c%C3%A9d%C3%A9ao |website=Radio France International |date=2025-06-22 |access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>. Yasimbuwe kuri uwo mwanya na [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] muri Nyakanga 2026. == Ubuzima bwite == Bio ni Umukristo Gatolika <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Catholic church clears Maada Bio for tomorrow's state wedding, but more questions and cynicism provoked |url=https://cocorioko.net/catholic-church-clears-maada-bio-for-tomorrows-state-wedding-but-more-questions-and-cynicism-provoked/ |website=Cocorioko |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref>. Umugore we, Fatima Bio, ni umukinnyi wa filime w'Umuyisilamu, ufite inkomoko muri [[Gambiya]] no muri Siyera Lewone. Bashyingiranwe mu 2013 i Londres, mu muhango wahuje amadini yombi; bafitanye umwana umwe. Bio afite abandi bana batatu yabyaye mu bushyingiranwe bwa mbere <ref name="E34">{{cite web |author=Abdul Rashid Thomas |title=Sierra Leone's presidential hopeful-weds in London |url=http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/ |website=Sierra Leone Telegraph |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>. Bamenyaniye mu 2012 i Londres <ref name="E5" />. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] e5yv6dc4zabg3loa39ur92awvnoflup 0 23223 142391 140777 2026-10-17T07:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kaïs Saïed | image = President Kais Saïed.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Kaïs Saïed | birth_date = 22 Gashyantare 1958 | birth_place = Tunis, [[Tunisiya]] | nationality = Umunyatunisiya | occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza mu mategeko nshinga, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Tunisiya]] | term = Kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019 | predecessor = Mohamed Ennaceur (w'agateganyo) | party = Nta shyaka (umukandida wigenga) | spouse = Ichraf Chebil | children = 3 }} '''Kaïs Saïed''' (mu Cyarabu: قيس سعيد; yavutse ku ya 22 Gashyantare 1958 i Tunis) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga wa [[Tunisiya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019. Yamaze imyaka myinshi ari umwarimu w'amategeko muri kaminuza, ndetse n'umwe mu bayobozi b'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga. Mu 2019, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, azwiho kuba inyangamugayo, maze atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora n'amajwi 72,7%. Mu Nyakanga 2021, mu bihe by'ihagarara rya politiki n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, yiyambuye ububasha bwose, yirukana guverinoma kandi ahagarika Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, nyuma arayisesa, ibyo abamurwanya n'abasesenguzi benshi bise kudeta. Mu 2022, yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 2014, ashyiraho irindi ryemejwe na kamarampaka, riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu. Afatwa n'abenshi nk'umunyagitugu, yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 mu matora yaranzwe n'ubwitabire buke cyane. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Kaïs Saïed ni umuhungu wa Moncef Saïed, wari umukozi muri Minisiteri y'Imari, na Zakia Bellagha, wo mu muryango w'abakire b'i Tunis wari umugore wita ku rugo; umuryango we wari uwo mu cyiciro cyo hagati <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Débat du second tour entre Kais Saïed et Nabil Karoui : revivez le direct |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/debat-du-second-tour-entre-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-suivez-le-direct |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-11 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Monia Ben Hamadi |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, de la promesse de probité au régime verrouillé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/05/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-de-la-promesse-de-probite-au-regime-verrouille_6344705_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref><ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |title="Robocop", "M. Propre"... qui est Kaïs Saïed, le nouveau président tunisien ? |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2019/10/14/robocop-m-propre-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-de-la-tunisie |website=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kais Saïed, la révolution austère |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-la-revolution-austere-09-10-2019-2340351_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. Se wabo, Hicham Saïed, yabaye umuganga wa mbere ubaga abana muri Tunisiya <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Kais Saïed, l'infatigable marcheur, qui a emporté le premier tour de la présidentielle en Tunisie |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27968-qui-est-kais-saied-l-infatigable-marcheur-qui-a-emporte-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle-en-tunisie-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rizwi rya Sadiki <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Kaïs Saïed appelle les Tunisiens à "s'unir contre le terrorisme" |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20191023-tunisie-direct-live-nouveau-president-kais-saied-prestation-serment |website=France 24 |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. == Umwuga wa kaminuza == Saïed yize amategeko, akaba impuguke mu mategeko nshinga, nubwo atigeze abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : qui est Kais Saied, le nouveau président élu ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-elu-326712 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704045529/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |archive-date=2020-07-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1995, hanyuma visi-perezida waryo <ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Kaïs Saïed, la vigie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/135717/politique/kaes-saeed-la-vigie/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2017-05-09}}</ref>. Yayoboye ishami ry'amategeko ya leta muri Kaminuza ya Sousse kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1999, hanyuma yigisha mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'amategeko na politiki rya Tunis kuva mu 1999 kugeza agiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2018 <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kais Saïed, candidat à la présidentielle anticipée du 15 septembre 2019 |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/09/03/biographie-de-kais-saied-candidat-aux-presidentielles-anticipees-du-15-septembre/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F5" />. Yanabaye impuguke mu bunyamabanga bukuru bw'Umuryango w'Ibihugu by'Abarabu (1989–1990) n'umwe mu bagize itsinda ry'impuguke ryasuzumye umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rya Tunisiya mu 2014 <ref name="F12" />. == Kwinjira muri politiki == Saïed yagize uruhare mu mpinduramatwara ya Tunisiya yo mu 2010–2011 <ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, umunsi umwe nyuma y'ihunga rya Perezida Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, yasabye ko hashyirwaho inteko ishinga itegeko nshinga <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Ribadeau Dumas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed est "conservateur sur le plan des convictions personnelles. Mais pour le reste, c'est un révolutionnaire !" |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tunisie/tunisie-kais-saied-est-conservateur-sur-le-plan-des-convictions-personnelles-mais-pour-le-reste-c-est-un-revolutionnaire_3661675.html |website=France Info |date=2019-10-17 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. Yashyigikiye ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko isimburwa n'inteko igizwe n'abatowe mu buryo butaziguye, bashingiye ku turere, kandi bashobora kwamburwa manda yabo <ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie – Kaïs Saïed : "Je ne serai candidat d'aucun parti" |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/654112/politique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-je-ne-serai-candidat-daucun-parti/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-10-26 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : "Je me présenterai aux présidentielles en tant qu'indépendant" |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328040515/http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |archive-date=2019-03-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2013, yitabiriye inama nyinshi z'urubyiruko, maze mu 2016 hashingwa umutwe wa Mouassissoun wo gushyigikira imishinga ye <ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lilia Blaise |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : « Kaïs Saïed a un discours qui répond à la jeunesse » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/16/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-un-discours-qui-repond-a-la-jeunesse_6015731_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des jeunes épris de changement font campagne pour Kais Saïed |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/En-Tunisie-jeunes-epris-changement-font-campagne-Kais-Saied-2019-10-09-1301053170 |website=La Croix |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>. === Amatora ya 2019 === Mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, Saïed yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, akoresha amafaranga make cyane, ashingira ku isura y'umuntu woroheje kandi uvuga Icyarabu cy'ubuvanganzo <ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïd, candidat à la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2018/12/03/tunisie-kais-said-candidat-aux-elections-presidentielles-de-2019/ |website=webmanagercenter.com |date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2019-06-24}}</ref><ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Kaïs Saïed affirme qu'il ne votera même pas pour lui même ! |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/06/11/presidentielle-kais-saied-affirme-quil-ne-votera-meme-pas-pour-lui-meme/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>. Gahunda ye yibanze ku kurwanya ruswa no kubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benoît Delmas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, un Robespierre en campagne |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-un-robespierre-en-campagne-11-09-2019-2335234_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-09-11 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref><ref name="F30">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : une campagne électorale atypique |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27926-kais-saied-une-campagne-electorale-atypique-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-10 |access-date=2019-09-10}}</ref>. Kubera imvugo ye itajegajega, bamwita « Robocop » <ref name="F32">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Céline Lussato |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : "Robocop", ultraconservateur… 10 choses à savoir sur Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190917.OBS18538/robocop-ultra-conservateur-10-choses-a-savoir-sur-kais-saied.html |website=L'Obs |date=2019-09-17 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>. Abenshi mu bamutoye bari urubyiruko rwize <ref name="F29" />. Yabaye uwa mbere mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 18,40%, akurikirwa n'umucuruzi Nabil Karoui (15,58%), wari ufunzwe <ref name="F33">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kais Saïed en tête, selon des résultats portant sur 27 % des votes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-kais-saied-en-tete-selon-des-resultats-portant-sur-27-des-votes-20190916 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F34">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élection présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed et Nabil Karoui assurent être au second tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/15/election-presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-en-tete-au-premier-tour_5510773_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yatsinze n'amajwi 72,71% kuri 27,29% ya Karoui <ref name="F43">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïed président de la République avec 72,71 % des voix annonce l'ISIE |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/kais-saied-president-de-la-republique-avec-72-71-des-voix-annonce-lisie |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. Nk'uko umusesenguzi Michaël Ayari abivuga, Saïed yagaragazaga ubunyangamugayo n'urugamba rwo kurwanya ruswa, n'ibyiringiro byatakaye byo mu 2011 <ref name="F44">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Gruda |title=Kaïs Saïed, le président tunisien inattendu |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201910/16/01-5245671-kais-saied-le-president-tunisien-inattendu.php |website=La Presse |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Tunisiya == === Intangiriro ya manda === Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019, Saïed yarahiriye imbere y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yiyemeza kurwanya iterabwoba no kurinda uburenganzira bw'abagore, maze yakira ububasha bwa perezida ahawe na Mohamed Ennaceur wari perezida w'agateganyo <ref name="F10" /><ref name="F52">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La passation entre Mohamed Ennaceur et Kais Saïed |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-passation-entre-mohamed-ennaceur-et-kais-saied-video |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>. Yanze gutura mu ngoro ya perezida ya Carthage, ahitamo kuguma mu nzu ye bwite <ref name="F53">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed refuse toujours de s'installer au palais de Carthage |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-10-24 |access-date=2019-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025115046/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |archive-date=2019-10-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yashinze Habib Jemli, umukandida w'ishyaka rya Kisilamu Ennahdha, gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Inteko yanga guverinoma ye muri Mutarama 2020 <ref name="F56">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Habib Jemli devient le nouveau chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/857258/politique/tunisie-habib-jemli-devient-le-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-11-15 |access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref><ref name="F57">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie dans l'incertitude après le rejet du gouvernement par le Parlement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/11/sans-gouvernement-la-tunisie-plonge-dans-l-incertitude_6025532_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>. Hanyuma yashyizeho Elyes Fakhfakh, wahawe icyizere n'Inteko ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2020 <ref name="F58">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : Elyes Fakhfakh, nouveau chef du gouvernement désigné |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-politique-tunisie/674137/officiel-elyes-fakhfakh-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement-designe |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-01-20 |access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref name="F61">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le gouvernement Fakhfakh obtient la confiance de l'ARP |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/694607/le-gouvernement-fakhfakh-obtient-la-confiance-de-l-arp |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>, ariko yegura muri Nyakanga 2020 <ref name="F62">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la démission du chef du gouvernement renforce la crise politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/16/tunisie-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement-renforce-la-crise-politique_6046309_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, yashinze Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, Hichem Mechichi, gushyiraho guverinoma, yemejwe ku ya 2 Nzeri 2020 <ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le ministre de l'Intérieur Hichem Mechichi désigné chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200725-tunisie-le-ministre-de-l-intérieur-hichem-mechichi-désigné-chef-du-gouvernement |website=France 24 |date=2020-07-25 |access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F76">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : l'Assemblée vote la confiance au gouvernement Mechichi à 134 voix |url=https://news.gnet.tn/tunisie-lassemblee-vote-la-confiance-au-gouvernement-mechichi-a-134-voix-favorables/ |website=GlobalNet |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, yanze kwakira indahiro y'abaminisitiri bashya Mechichi yari yashyizeho, avuga ko bamwe bakekwagaho ruswa <ref name="F79">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied s'oppose à la prise de fonction de nouveaux ministres |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/04/tunisie-kais-saied-s-oppose-a-la-prise-de-fonction-de-nouveaux-ministres/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-05}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2021, yanze gushyira umukono ku itegeko ryashyiragaho Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga <ref name="F80">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : requiem pour la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1150320/politique/tunisie-requiem-pour-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>. === Iyigarurira ry'ububasha mu 2021 === Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2021, umunsi w'Ibirori bya Repubulika, ibihumbi by'abigaragambyaga basabye iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyari gikomeje gukaza umurego <ref name="F82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/tunisie-milliers-manifestants-defilent-contre-leurs-dirigeants |website=Le Temps |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref>. Muri iryo joro, yitwaje ingingo ya 80 y'Itegeko Nshinga, Saïed yirukanye guverinoma ya Mechichi, ahagarika imirimo y'Inteko, akuraho ubudahangarwa bw'abadepite, kandi atangaza ko azayobora igihugu akoresheje amateka <ref name="F83">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s'érige en chef de l'exécutif et du parquet |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/32197-kais-saied-prend-tous-les-pouvoirs-en-main-suspend-le-parlement-limoge-mechichi-et-s-erige-en-chef-de-l-executif-et-du-parquet |website=Leaders |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>. Ennahdha yahise ibyita « kudeta », kandi abasesenguzi benshi n'impuguke mu mategeko babyemeranyaho <ref name="F84">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président s'arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un « coup d'État contre la révolution » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-le-president-sarroge-le-pouvoir-executif-ennahdha-condamne-un-coup-detat-contre-la-revolution-26-07-2021-5QRDP25NJJA5NHFEYDXZJ6TTK4.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref><ref name="F85">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la crise politique débouche sur une crise constitutionnelle |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/en-tunisie-la-crise-politique-debouche-sur-une-crise-constitutionnelle-1334809 |website=Les Échos |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Nzeri 2021, yemeje mu iteka ko yiyambitse ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko <ref name="F90">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président de la République publie des dispositions exceptionnelles |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/962219/le-president-de-la-republique-publie-des-dispositions-exceptionnelles |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref><ref name="F91">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/tunisie-kais-saied-renforce-les-pouvoirs-de-la-presidence-20210922 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2021, yashinze Najla Bouden gushyiraho guverinoma, aba umugore wa mbere ubaye Minisitiri w'Intebe muri Tunisiya no mu bihugu by'Abarabu <ref name="F96">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210929-tunisie-najla-bouden-romdhane-charg%C3%A9e-de-former-un-nouveau-gouvernement-officiel |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>. Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2022, abadepite 120 bateraniye mu nama y'ikoranabuhanga batora ko ingamba zidasanzwe zihagarara; uwo munsi, Saïed yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, anakangisha abadepite gukurikiranwa n'inkiko <ref name="F100">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ftiti : leur but était de pousser le chef de l'État à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement |url=https://www.tunisienumerique.com/ftiti-leur-but-etait-de-pousser-le-chef-de-letat-a-organiser-un-dialogue-national-ou-a-dissoudre-le-parlement-audio/ |website=tunisienumerique.com |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F101">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la crise institutionnelle s'aggrave |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/tunisie-le-president-dissout-le-parlement-1397321 |website=Les Échos |date=2022-03-30 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref name="F102">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l'Assemblée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1334874/politique/tunisie-pousse-dans-ses-derniers-retranchements-kais-saied-dissout-lasssemblee/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, polisi yafashe abantu benshi bo mu ihuriro rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Front de salut national <ref name="F103">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les arrestations d'opposants au président Kaïs Saïed continuent en Tunisie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230222-les-arrestations-d-opposants-au-président-kaïs-saïed-continuent-en-tunisie |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-03-12}}</ref>. Kubera ibyo, abenshi bamwita « perezida ufite ububasha bukabije » cyangwa umunyagitugu <ref name="F104">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : cinq ans après l'élection de Kaïs Saïed, les observateurs dénoncent un retour à la dictature |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/comprendre-le-monde/tunisie-cinq-ans-apres-l-election-de-kais-saied-les-observateurs-denoncent-un-retour-a-la-dictature-8915309 |website=Radio France |date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref><ref name="F105">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : le président Kaïs Saïed réélu à une majorité écrasante de 90,7% |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241007-présidentielle-en-tunisie-le-président-kaïs-saïed-donné-vainqueur-avec-90-7-des-voix |website=RFI |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>. === Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 === Ku ya 30 Kamena 2022, Saïed yatangaje umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu, kandi rivuga ko Isilamu ari intego ya leta n'isoko y'amategeko <ref name="F107">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamategeko yavuze ko iyo nzira inyuranyije n'amategeko kandi itarimo ubunyangamugayo <ref name="F108">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mehdi Chebil |title=Tunisie : la réforme constitutionnelle de Kaïs Saïed sous le feu des critiques |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220630-tunisie-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-de-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-sous-le-feu-des-critiques |website=France 24 |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>. Muri kamarampaka yo ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2022, abagera kuri 92–93% by'abatoye bemeje iryo Tegeko Nshinga, ariko ubwitabire bwari buke cyane <ref name="F109">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : 92 à 93% pour le oui à la nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-92-a-93-pour-le-oui-a-la-nouvelle-constitution-20220725 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-07-25 |access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Saïed afitanye umubano mwiza na [[Aligeriya]] ya [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], yegera ibihugu by'Ikigobe nka [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]], kandi ari hafi ya Perezida wa Misiri, [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]] <ref name="F115">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed à Alger pour renforcer les liens entre la Tunisie et l'Algérie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1543619/politique/kais-saied-a-alger-pour-renforcer-les-liens/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F117">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hajer Cherni |title=Les Émirats arabes unis affirment leur soutien à la Tunisie |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/les-%C3%A9mirats-arabes-unis-affirment-leur-soutien-%C3%A0-la-tunisie-/2614823 |website=Agence Anadolu |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref><ref name="F118">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ahlem Khattab |title=Tunisie–Égypte : Sissi et Saïed, de quoi leur relation est-elle le nom ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1251944/politique/tunisie-egypte-sissi-et-saied-de-quoi-leur-relation-est-elle-le-nom/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-10-16 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2022, yakiriye nk'umukuru w'igihugu Brahim Ghali, umuyobozi w'umutwe wa Polisario, bituma Maroke na Tunisiya bihamagaza ba ambasaderi babyo <ref name="F111">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Khadija Mohsen-Finan |title=Sahara : la Tunisie coincée entre l'Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |website=Orient XXI |date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2024-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530165151/http://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Hagati ya 2023 na 2024, yakiriye kenshi Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani, Giorgia Meloni, wageragezaga kumvikana na we ku bijyanye no kurwanya abimukira binjira mu Burayi mu buryo butemewe <ref name="F119">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bras de fer à distance entre Kaïs Saïed et Giorgia Meloni à quelques jours de sa visite à Tunis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240413-bras-de-fer-%C3%A0-distance-entre-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-et-giorgia-meloni-%C3%A0-quelques-jours-de-sa-visite-%C3%A0-tunis |website=RFI |date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-05-30}}</ref>. Ku ya 12 Mata 2023, yasubukuye umubano wa dipolomasi na Siriya <ref name="F123">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie et la Syrie vont rétablir leurs relations diplomatiques |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/les-relations-diplomatiques-entre-la-tunis-et-damas-vont-etre-retablies-20230412 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-05-21}}</ref>. Arwanya yivuye inyuma kugirana umubano na Isirayeli, avuga ko byaba ari « ubugambanyi bukomeye » <ref name="F122">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed estime que le nom de la tempête Daniel traduit une influence 'sioniste' |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-estime-que-le-nom-de-la-tempete-daniel-traduit-une-influence-sioniste |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref><ref name="F132">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La victoire du conservateur Kaïs Saïed à la présidence tunisienne est lourde d'interrogations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/14/la-victoire-du-conservateur-kais-saied-a-la-presidence-tunisienne-est-lourde-d-interrogations_6015417_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri === Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2024, Saïed yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 90,69% <ref name="F124">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisian President Saied says he will seek re-election in October |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/tunisian-president-saied-says-he-will-seek-re-election-in-october |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref name="F125">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 90,7 % des suffrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/07/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-reelu-avec-90-7-des-suffrages_6346202_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>. Muri Mata 2025, ibihano bikomeye by'igifungo byahawe abantu bagera kuri mirongo ine, barimo abanyapolitiki, abavoka n'abanyamakuru, mu rubanza rw'« umugambi wo guhungabanya umutekano wa leta », byanenzwe n'Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru wa Loni ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe n'Ubufaransa n'Ubudage; Saïed yabyise « ukwivanga gukabije » <ref name="F126">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Des condamnations allant jusqu'à 66 ans de prison contre les opposants : en Tunisie, Kaïs Saïed a détruit tous les fondements de l'État de droit |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/kais-saied/des-condamnations-allant-jusqua-66-ans-de-prison-contre-les-opposants-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-detruit-tous-les-fondements-de-letat-de-droit |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><ref name="F127">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président, Kaïs Saïed, dénonce une « ingérence flagrante » concernant les critiques venues de l'étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/29/tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-denonce-une-ingerence-flagrante-apres-des-critiques-a-l-international_6601445_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref>. Muri Nyakanga 2026, ikinyamakuru cyo mu Butaliyani ''Il Foglio'' cyatangaje ko yaba yajyanywe mu bitaro, ariko perezidansi ntiyabyemeza <ref name="E84">{{cite web |author=Luca Gambardella |title=Saied Hospitalized as Kamel Ghribi Sends a Trojan Horse to Tunis |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2026/07/17/news/saied-hospitalized-as-kamel-ghribi-sends-a-trojan-horse-to-tunis--402446 |website=Il Foglio |date=2026-07-17 |access-date=2026-07-27}}</ref>. == Ibitekerezo n'imyanya afata == Ibitekerezo bye bya gakondo ntibishingiye ku idini, ariko ''Le Monde'' imushyira mu murongo w'abaharanira ubumwe bw'Abarabu <ref name="F5" /><ref name="F132" />. Arwanya ko abagore bazungura kimwe n'abagabo <ref name="F31">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Haddad |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : Kaïs Saïed, juriste conservateur, est en tête du premier tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/presidentielle-tunisienne-kais-saied-juriste-hyper-conservateur-est-en-tete-du-premier-tour_5510991_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="F133">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>, kandi ashyigikiye igihano cy'urupfu <ref name="F137">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : j'éliminerai les élections législatives et je suis pour la peine de mort |url=http://www.businessnews.com.tn/Kaïs-Saïed--j'éliminerai-les-élections-législatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort,520,88453,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183045/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Ka%25C3%25AFs-Sa%25C3%25AFed--j%27%25C3%25A9liminerai-les-%25C3%25A9lections-l%25C3%25A9gislatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort%2C520%2C88453%2C3 |archive-date=2019-10-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Avuga ko ubutinganyi ari ikibazo cy'umuntu ku giti cye, ariko ko budakwiriye kugaragara mu ruhame <ref name="F137" />. Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 rivuga ko Tunisiya ari kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'Abayisilamu (''oumma'') <ref name="F138">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>. Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2023, Saïed yavuze ko abimukira baturuka muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ari « umugambi w'ubugizi bwa nabi » ugamije guhindura imiterere y'abaturage ba Tunisiya <ref name="F139">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président Saied veut des « mesures urgentes » contre l'immigration subsaharienne |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-le-president-saied-veut-des-mesures-urgentes-contre-l-immigration-subsaharienne-20230221 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref name="F142">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : polémique après un discours « raciste et haineux » du président Saied contre les migrants |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-polemique-apres-un-discours-raciste-et-haineux-du-president-saied-contre-les-migrants-22-02-2023-KHCDKG57PNFMJGHQB5TN5C3TXE.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>; ''Le Monde'' na ''Le Point'' byavuze ko ayo magambo ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya « ugusimbuzwa gukomeye » (''grand remplacement'') <ref name="F140">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lila Blaise |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed s'en prend aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/22/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-s-en-prend-aux-migrants-subsahariens_6162908_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F141">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed s'en prend violemment aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-la-porte-ouverte-au-racisme-22-02-2023-2509661_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>. Nyuma y'iryo jambo, abimukira benshi bo muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara batakaje akazi n'aho kuba, kandi nibura 1 300 muri bo bajyanywe na polisi ku mipaka na Libiya na Aligeriya, basigwa mu butayu <ref name="F144">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : vingt-sept morts et disparus après deux nouveaux naufrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/08/tunisie-vingt-sept-morts-et-disparus-apres-deux-nouveaux-naufrages_6168815_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref><ref name="F145">{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, « le discours de Kaïs Saïed a donné carte blanche à la violence contre les migrants » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/video/2023/08/09/en-tunisie-le-discours-de-kais-saied-a-donne-carte-blanche-a-la-violence-contre-les-migrants_6184896_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>. Mu 2023, ibura ry'amazi ritewe n'imihindagurikire y'ibihe ryatumye guverinoma ishyiraho igabanywa ry'amazi mu turere tumwe <ref name="E85">{{cite web |author=Sarah Yerkes |title=What Tunisia's Municipalities Can Contribute to Climate Adaptation |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/06/tunisia-climate-adaptation-regions-local-communities?lang=en |website=CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE |access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Saïed yashakanye n'umucamanza Ichraf Chebil, bamenyaniye muri kaminuza ya Sousse aho yari umunyeshuri we; bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="F3" /><ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : biographie de Kais Saïed, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E86">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : Biographie de Kais Saied, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=Webdo |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umuvandimwe we, Naoufel Saïed, na we ari muri politiki kandi aramushyigikira <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=En Tunisie, l'influence grandissante de Naoufel, le frère de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/998512/politique/en-tunisie-linfluence-grandissante-de-naoufel-le-frere-de-kais-saied/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-06-24 |access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref>. Akunda umuziki wa kera w'Abarabu n'ubugeni bwo kwandika Icyarabu; amabaruwa ye yandikishije intoki mu nyandiko nziza ya Maghreb yaravuzwe cyane <ref name="E87">{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisia's Kais Saied: president on a 'divine mission' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241004-tunisia-s-kais-saied-president-on-a-divine-mission |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref><ref name="E88">{{cite web |language=ar |title=كتبها بخط يده.. رسالة سعيّد للجملي تثير مواقع التواصل (شاهد) |url=https://arabi21.com/story/1223125/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF |website=عربي21 |date=2019-11-16 |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Tunisiya]] 6ekh4d442pwshxgwsgnhofr0raboz3p 0 23314 142372 141264 2026-10-16T21:19:26Z B.Scalling 15089 142372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q5373337}} [[Dosiye:National-Merit-2017-2018-Makerere-Govt-List-2017-2018.pdf|thumb]] '''Emmanuel Rukundo''' (wavutse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1959) ni umupadiri w’Umugatolika [[Rwanda|w’Umunyarwanda]], wahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu 2009 kubera uruhare rwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]] . Rukundo yavukiye i [[Kabgayi]], Intara ya Gitarama, mu Rwanda. Yahawe ubupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika y'i [[Roma]] mu 1991. Mu 1993, yabaye umupadiri mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda. Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Rukundo yari umuyobozi wa Seminari Nto ya Mutagatifu Léon i Gitarama. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye mu rubanza rwaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), yategetse abasirikare b’Abahutu gushimuta no kwica impunzi z’Abatutsi zari zahungiye kuri Seminari ya Mutagatifu Léon. Afatanyije n’abasirikare b’ingabo z’u Rwanda, yanagize uruhare mu gushimuta no kwica Madamu Rudahunga, ndetse no gukubita bikomeye abana be babiri n’abandi basivili babiri b’Abatutsi. Byongeye kandi, Rukundo yahamwe n’icyaha cyo guhohotera ku gitsina umukobwa ukiri muto w’Umututsikazi. Nyuma ya jenoside, Rukundo yahungiye mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], aho yahawe ubuhungiro nk'impunzi. Yatawe muri yombi n'abayobozi b'Ubusuwisi muri Nyakanga 2001 nyuma y'aho Urukiko rwa TPIR rumaze gusohora impapuro zimufunga. Rukundo yaburanye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'Ubusuwisi, ariko urubanza rwe rwaraciwe, maze ku ya 20 Nzeri 2001 yoherezwa Arusha muri [[Tanzaniya]], kuburana na TPIR. Urubanza rwa Rukundo rwatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2006, rurangira muri Gashyantare 2008. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Urugereko rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa TPIR rwamuhamije icyaha kimwe cya jenoside n'ibyaha byinshi by'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu . Urugereko rw'iremezo rwamukatiye igifungo cy'imyaka 25, ariko cyagabanijwe kigera ku myaka 23 mu Ukwakira 2010. Muri Nyakanga 2016, Rukundo yasabye ICTR kurekura hakiri kare kubera ko yari amaze igihe gito afunzwe, maze mu Kuboza 2016, arekurwa muri gereza yo muri Mali ari kumwe na Ferdinand Nahimana, amaze imyaka 16 muri 23 yakatiwe. == Reba kandi == * Athanase Seromba * Wenceslas Munyeshyaka * Elizaphan Ntakirutimana == Amashakiro == * Jo Adetunji, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/rwanda-genocide-chaplain-guilty "Umupadiri w'igisirikare yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside mu Rwanda: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwakatiye Emmanuel Rukundo imyaka 25 kubera gushimuta no kwica Abatutsi"], ''Guardian'', 2009-02-27 * JusticeInfo.net, [https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/31163-early-release-for-two-well-known-rwandan-genocide-convicts.html "Irekurwa ry'agateganyo ry'abakatiwe jenoside babiri bazwi mu Rwanda"], ''Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Hirondelle'', 2016-12-16. == Amasano yo hanze == * [http://www.trial-ch.org/index.php?id=801&L=5&tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Btab%5D=facts&tx_jbtrial_pi2%5Bprofile%5D=emmanuel_rukundo_146&cHash=2913a0e0f0 Isuzuma ry'urubanza: Emmanuel Rukundo] Archived , trial-ch.org, yabonetse 2010-07-06 * [http://unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=97&mnid=3 ICTR: Rukundo, Emmanuel] Archived : Inyandiko za TPIR zijyanye n'urubanza rwa Rukundo * [http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-01-70] : Inyandiko za ICTR zemeza igihano cya Emmanuel Rukundo, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181205104859/http://jrad.unmict.org/webdrawer/webdrawer.dll/webdrawer/search/rec%26sm_recnbr%26sm_ncontents%3Dmict-13-35%26sm_created%26sm_fulltext%26sort1%3Drs_datecreated%26count%26rows%3D100] Archived : Inyandiko z'ubutabera zirebana na Emmanuel Rukundo n'ifungurwa rye rya mbere, unmict.org, zabonetse ku wa 2018-05-30. [[Ikiciro:Abahutu]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] oenydeczri3uydfw7ajppqbrqlf79e7 0 23466 142374 142084 2026-10-17T00:07:18Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Agapanthus | species = praecox | authority = Willd. | image = Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg | image_caption = Indabo za ''Agapanthus praecox'' }} '''''Agapanthus praecox''''' (mu Gifaransa ''agapanthe'', mu Cyongereza ''African lily'' cyangwa ''lily of the Nile'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Amaryllidaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] hirya no hino ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako. Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite amababi maremare n'indabo z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru ziteranye ku mutwe w'uruti rurerure. Ibimera byinshi bya ''Agapanthus'' bihingwa ku isi bikomoka kuri ubu bwoko. == Imiterere == [[File:Agapanthus praecox MHNT.BOT.2009.7.4.jpg|thumb|left|Imbuto z'umukara za ''Agapanthus praecox'']] ''Agapanthus praecox'' ni ikimera cy'icyatsi gishobora kubaho imyaka igera kuri 75. Amababi yacyo afite ubugari bwa santimetero 2 n'uburebure bugera kuri santimetero 50. Uruti rwacyo rw'indabo rushobora kugera kuri metero 1 z'uburebure, kandi imizi yacyo irakomeye cyane ku buryo ishobora kumena sima. Indabo zacyo, z'ubururu, z'isine cyangwa z'umweru, ziteranye nk'umutaka (''ombelle''). Zikurikirwa n'udusanduku (''capsules'') twuzuyemo [[Urubuto|imbuto]] nto z'umukara. Ibice byose by'iki kimera ni uburozi. == Aho kiboneka == ''Agapanthus praecox'' ikomoka mu ntara za Eastern Cape na KwaZulu-Natal muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].<ref name="pza">{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus praecox Willd. |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/agapanpraecox.htm |website=PlantZAfrica.com |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en}}</ref> Iwabo, izwi ku mazina nka ''agapant'', ''bloulelie'', ''isicakathi'' na ''ubani''.<ref name="pza"/> Ubu ihingwa cyane mu busitani ku isi yose, cyane cyane mu turere dufite ikirere cyo mu karere ka Mediterane. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe nka [[Ositaraliya]] na [[Nuveli Zelande]], yabaye ikimera cyigabiza kibangamira ibimera kavukire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agapanthus - Weeds of Blue Mountains Bushland |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/agapanthus.asp |access-date=2008-07-20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720081529/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/agapanthus.asp |archive-date=2008-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Amoko mato == ''Agapanthus praecox'' igabanyijemo amoko mato (''sous-espèces'') atatu: * ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''praecox'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape; ifite amababi 10 kugeza kuri 11 akomeye n'indabo z'ubururu. * ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''orientalis'' – iboneka muri Eastern Cape no mu majyepfo ya KwaZulu-Natal; ifite amababi agera kuri 20 kandi indabo zayo zifite ibara riva ku bururu kugera ku mweru. * ''Agapanthus praecox'' subsp. ''minimus'' – ni ntoya kurusha izindi. == Ihingwa == ''Agapanthus praecox'' ikunda [[Ubutaka|ubutaka]] butareka amazi kandi bukungahaye, ariko yihanganira n'ubutaka bukennye. Ikunda izuba ryinshi, ariko ishobora no gukura ahari igicucu gito. Ntikunda kwimurwa. Ishobora gutuburwa hakoreshejwe imbuto (ikarabya nyuma y'imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 4) cyangwa kugabanya ibishyitsi. Iyo imaze gufata neza, yihanganira izuba ryinshi n'amapfa, nubwo ari byiza kuyuhira igihe izuba rimaze igihe kirekire. == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> African lilies (Agapanthus praecox), Guerra Junqueiro Avenue, Lisbon, Portugal julesvernex2.jpg|I Lisbonne muri Porutugali 20210731 Hortus botanicus Leiden - Agapanthus praecox.jpg|Mu busitani bw'ibimera bwa Leiden Agapanthus praecox (Indigo flowers).jpg|Indabo z'isine Agapanthus in Garden at Sintra(14654782894).jpg|Mu busitani i Sintra </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Bougainvillea]] * [[Heliconia rostrata]] * [[Ubusitani]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Agapanthus_praecox Amafoto ya ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri Wikimedia Commons * [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Agapanthus-praecox ''Agapanthus praecox''] kuri iNaturalist [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] tnksjvbzlx0382d0dyyo4vbcsc8bhky 0 23491 142377 142149 2026-10-17T01:43:54Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Canna | species = indica | authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | image = Canna indica.jpg | image_caption = Indabo za ''Canna indica'' }} '''''Canna indica''''' (mu Gifaransa ''canna'' cyangwa ''balisier'', mu Cyongereza ''Indian shot'' cyangwa ''edible canna'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Cannaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha. Ni ikimera cy'icyatsi kimara imyaka myinshi, gifite amababi manini asa n'ay'[[Insina|insina]] n'indabo z'umutuku cyangwa umuhondo. Gihingwa ku isi yose nk'ikimera cy'imitako, kandi muri Amerika y'Epfo gihingirwa ibitsinsi byacyo biribwa, bikungahaye ku binyamafufu. == Aho kiboneka == ''Canna indica'' ikomoka muri Amerika ishyuha, cyane cyane mu birwa bya Karayibe, kandi yakwirakwiriye mu turere twose dushyuha tw'isi, aho ikunze kwimerera ubwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canna indica L. |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAIN19 |website=PLANTS Database |publisher=USDA, NRCS |language=en}}</ref> Abacukumbuzi b'amateka basanze yarahingwaga muri [[Peru]] mu myaka 4 500 ishize. == Imiterere == [[File:Hoja de Canna indica.JPG|thumb|left|Ikibabi cya ''Canna indica'']] ''Canna indica'' ishobora kugira uburebure bwa metero 0,5 kugeza kuri 2,5 bitewe n'ubwoko. Ifite igitsinsi kigabanyije amashami gishobora kugera kuri santimetero 60 z'uburebure.<ref name="fao">{{Cite web |title=Canna edulis |url=http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2228 |website=Ecocrop |publisher=FAO |access-date=2016-02-23 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005090156/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2228 |archive-date=2016-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amababi yayo manini, y'icyatsi cyangwa y'isine, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 60 n'ubugari bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 25.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Flora of China Editorial Committee |title=Flora of China (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae) |volume=24 |year=2000 |publisher=Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press |language=en}}</ref> Indabo zayo ni nto ugereranyije n'iz'ubwoko bwahinzwe, zikaba z'umutuku cyangwa umuhondo. Imbuto zayo ni udusanduku turimo utubuto duto tw'umukara, dukomeye kandi tuzengurutse. == Imikoreshereze == Muri Amerika y'Epfo, ''Canna indica'' (yitwa ''achira'') ihingirwa ibitsinsi byayo biribwa, bishobora gutekwa cyangwa kuribwa ari bibisi, kandi bikurwamo amidoni (''amidon'').<ref name="fao"/> Mu Burayi no mu bindi bihugu ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako mu busitani. Amababi yayo akoreshwa mu gupfunyika ibiryo, naho utubuto twayo dukomeye dukoreshwa mu gukora amasaro n'ibikoresho by'umuziki nka ''maracas'' cyangwa ''kayamb'' (ku kirwa cya Réunion). == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> Canna indica fleurs.jpg|Indabo Canna indica fruits.jpg|Imbuto Canna indica (wild species) seeds.JPG|Utubuto Ganyong (cheche).jpg|Ibitsinsi biribwa </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Heliconia rostrata]], ikindi kimera cyo mu itsinda rya ''Zingiberales'' * [[Strelitzia reginae]] * [[Insina]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canna_indica Amafoto ya ''Canna indica''] kuri Wikimedia Commons * [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Canna-indica ''Canna indica''] kuri iNaturalist [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] 6a3gmxxzswdg0hqknw7nu01bept70gx 0 23503 142393 142187 2026-10-17T08:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 142393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | genus = Tecoma | species = stans | authority = (L.) Juss. ex Kunth | image = Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg | image_caption = Indabo za ''Tecoma stans'' }} '''''Tecoma stans''''' (mu Gifaransa ''trompette d'or'', mu Cyongereza ''yellow bells'' cyangwa ''yellow trumpetbush'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha. Gihingwa cyane nk'ikimera cy'imitako kubera indabo zacyo z'umuhondo zimeze nk'impanda, ariko mu turere twinshi tw'isi cyabaye ikimera cyigabiza gikomeye. == Imiterere == [[File:Tecoma stans, flowers+pods.jpg|thumb|left|Indabo n'imiteja bya ''Tecoma stans'']] ''Tecoma stans'' ni igihuru gifite uburebure bwa metero 1 kugeza kuri 8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth – Bignoniaceae |url=http://idao.cirad.fr/content/advenpac/especes/t/tecst/tecst_fr.html |website=IDAO |publisher=CIRAD |language=fr}}</ref> Amababi yacyo agizwe n'udutabi 3 kugeza kuri 6 tw'impande ebyiri, afite uburebure bwa santimetero 10 kugeza kuri 25. Indabo zacyo z'umuhondo werurutse zimeze nk'impanda, ziteranye ku mitwe y'amashami. Imbuto zacyo ni imiteja miremire imanitse; iyo ifunguka isohora imbuto nyinshi zifite amababa zitwarwa n'umuyaga. == Aho kiboneka == ''Tecoma stans'' ikomoka mu turere dushyuha twa Amerika, kuva mu majyepfo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika (Texas, Arizona, Nouveau-Mexique) no muri [[Megizike]] kugeza muri Amerika y'Epfo. Ikunda uturere twumutse kandi turimo izuba, cyane cyane ku nkengero z'imihanda. == Ikimera cyigabiza == Kubera ko yajyanywe ahantu henshi ku isi kubera ubwiza bwayo, ''Tecoma stans'' ubu ifatwa nk'ikimera cyigabiza muri [[Afurika]] (cyane cyane muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]), muri Amerika y'Epfo, muri [[Aziya]], muri [[Ositaraliya]] no mu birwa bya Pasifika.<ref name="cabi">{{Cite web |title=Tecoma stans (yellow bells) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/52951 |website=Invasive Species Compendium |publisher=CABI |date=2018-09-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellow bells – Tecoma stans |url=http://www.invasives.org.za/legislation/item/319-yellow-bells-tecoma-stans |website=Invasive Species South Africa |language=en |access-date=2026-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716222523/http://www.invasives.org.za/legislation/item/319-yellow-bells-tecoma-stans |archive-date=2019-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ikwirakwira binyuze ku mbuto zayo zitwarwa n'umuyaga no ku mishibuka imera ku gishyitsi. Muri Nouvelle-Calédonie, aho bivugwa ko yageze mu 1904, yabaye ikibazo gikomeye ku buryo itegeko ribuza kuyitera, kuyitwara cyangwa kuyigurisha. == Amafoto == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> Tecoma stans 001.jpg|Indabo Starr-150811-0592-Tecoma stans-papery seeds-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (25295857365).jpg|Imbuto zifite amababa Walpole Island - ISS006.JPG|Ikirwa cya Walpole, cyigabijwe na ''Tecoma stans'' </gallery> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Spathodea campanulata]], ikindi giti cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'' * [[Umusave]] * [[Delonix regia]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tecoma_stans Amafoto ya ''Tecoma stans''] kuri Wikimedia Commons * [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Tecoma-stans ''Tecoma stans''] kuri iNaturalist [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Indabo]] dq3nedzcfr5wj8a2iu2iiktdf0o8ua1 0 23583 142384 2026-10-17T05:04:55Z ~2026-55644-04 19155 /* */ 142384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nakaayi Dorcus | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2019|7|27}} | birth_place = [[Mpigi District]], [[Uganda]] | citizenship = [[Uganda]] | education = Kibibi Junior School | occupation = [[Umukinnyi wa filime|Umukinnyi wa filime muto]] | years_active = 2020s–ubu }} '''Nakaayi Dorcus''' (wavutse ku ya 27 [[Nyakanga]] 2019) ni umukinnyi wa filime muto w’u [[Uganda]].<ref name="watchdog">{{cite news |title=Profile: Nakaayi Dorcus, the Child Actress Emerging in Uganda's Television Drama Industry |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20260806/195974/profile-nakaayi-dorcus-the-child-actress-emerging-in-ugandas-television-drama-industry.html |work=Watchdog Uganda |date=6 Kanama 2026 |access-date=17 Ukwakira 2026}}</ref><ref name="showbiz">{{cite news |title=As Uganda’s Film Industry Grows, Young Actress Nakaayi Dorcus joins a New Generation of Child Performers |url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/2026/08/as-ugandas-film-industry-grows-young-actress-nakaayi-dorcus-joins-a-new-generation-of-child-performers/ |work=Showbizuganda |date=16 Ukwakira 2026 |access-date=17 Ukwakira 2026}}</ref> Akazi ke kaba mu gihe cyo gukura kw’inganda y’amashusho n’amashusho y’ubwigenge y’u Uganda, aho habayeho kongera kw’ikorerwa ry’amakinamico mu ndimi z’igihugu, kongera kw’ishoramari mu birimo by’igihugu n’ibikorwa by’abakinyi bato mu serisi zibanda ku muryango, uburezi n’ibibazo by’abaturage.<ref name="edge">{{cite news |title=Young actress Nakaayi Dorcus joins new gen of child performers |url=https://edge.ug/young-actress-nakaayi-dorcus-joins-new-gen-of-child-performers/ |work=edge.ug |date=8 Kanama 2026 |access-date=17 Ukwakira 2026}}</ref><ref name="kampalareport">{{cite news |title=Young Ugandan Child Actress Nakaayi Dorcus Gains Attention in Makula TV Dramas |url=https://www.thekampalareport.com/latest/news/2026080666672/young-ugandan-child-actress-nakaayi-dorcus-gains-attention-in-makula-tv-dramas.html |work=The Kampala Report |date=6 Kanama 2026 |access-date=17 Ukwakira 2026}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere n’amashuri == Nakaayi Dorcus yavutse ku ya 27 Nyakanga 2019 mu [[Karere ka Mpigi]], Uganda.<ref name="watchdog"/><ref name="showbiz"/> Yatangiye amashuri abanza ku Upendo Christian School hanyuma yinjira Kibibi Junior School mu [[Karere ka Butambala]], aho yigira.<ref name="showbiz"/><ref name="edge"/> Nakaayi ni umwana wa gatatu mu muryango wabo.<ref name="watchdog"/> == Umwuga == Dorcus yatangiye gukina binyuze mu birimo by’ubwigenge by’aho hantu mu 2024 mbere yo kugaragara mu makinamico ya televiziyo.<ref name="watchdog"/><ref name="kampalareport"/> Harimo ''No Time'' (Sezoni ya Mbere n’Iya Kabiri), ''Omunanfusi'' na ''Jealous (S.1)'' izwi kandi nka ''Obujja'', byose byerekana kuri Makula TV na Makula Kika.<ref name="watchdog"/><ref name="showbiz"/><ref name="edge"/> Gahunda ye yo gufata amafilime yateguwe hagereranywa n’ikarita y’ishuri kugira ngo uburezi bugume ari bwo butandukanye.<ref name="showbiz"/><ref name="edge"/><ref name="watchdog"/> == Ibyegeranyo == {{Reflist}} [[Icyiciro:Abakinnyi ba filime b’u Uganda]] [[Icyiciro:Abavutse mu 2019]] 8raomyj12qlr25xy9pm3j6thd19n6qi 0 23584 142394 2026-10-17T08:54:22Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503010|Lisinopril]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=432833853|drug_name=|INN=|image=Lisinopril structure.svg|width=|alt=Structural formula of lisinopril|image2=Lisinopril zwitterion 3D ball.png|width2=|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the lisinopril zwitterion|caption=Chemical structure of lisinopril|type=<!-- empty --> <!-- Names -->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|l|aɪ|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ə|p|r|ɪ|l}}, {{respell|ly|SIN|ə-pril}}|tradename=Prinivil,<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label">{{cite web | title=Prinivil- lisinopril tablet | website=DailyMed | date=4 November 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f6f3c339-2c9d-4d07-14a1-6d6c7daf26c6 | access-date=27 February 2020 | archive-date=28 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228023025/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f6f3c339-2c9d-4d07-14a1-6d6c7daf26c6 | url-status=live }}</ref> Zestril,<ref name="Zestril FDA Label" /> Qbrelis,<ref name="Qbrelis FDA Label" /> others<ref name=Brands>{{cite web |title=Lisinopril |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/lisinopril.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223163854/https://www.drugs.com/international/lisinopril.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|synonyms=<small>(2''S'')-1-[(2''S'')-6-amino-2-<nowiki/>{[(1''S'')-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]amino}hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid</small>|IUPAC_name=(2''S'')-1-[(2''S'')-6-amino-2-<nowiki>[[</nowiki>(1''S'')-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid <!-- Clinical data -->|class=[[ACE inhibitor]]|uses=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[heart failure]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]]<ref name=AHFS2018/>|side_effects=Headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, rash<ref name=AHFS2018/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=D|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Lisinopril Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 October 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisinopril.html | access-date=27 February 2020 | archive-date=28 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228030151/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/lisinopril.html | url-status=live }}</ref>|pregnancy_US=N|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|pregnancy_category=not recommended<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|By mouth]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=10 mg<ref name=WHO2020DDD>{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C09AA03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611064009/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C09AA03 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=|addiction_liability=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|lisinopril}}|MedlinePlus=a692051 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled-->|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=POM|legal_UK_comment=<ref>{{cite web | title=Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc) | website=Lisinopril 10mg Tablet | date=13 November 2019 | url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5809/smpc | access-date=27 February 2020 | archive-date=28 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228030150/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5809/smpc | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Prinivil FDA Label" /><ref name="Zestril FDA Label">{{cite web | title=Zestril- lisinopril tablet | website=DailyMed | date=31 October 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a95727ae-2bf1-e675-4a36-71043a8af3b8 | access-date=5 August 2020 | archive-date=23 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923135321/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a95727ae-2bf1-e675-4a36-71043a8af3b8 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Qbrelis FDA Label">{{cite web | title=Qbrelis- lisinopril solution | website=DailyMed | date=31 March 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9f6e4e57-a489-4b36-b093-b93865d3717c | access-date=5 August 2020 | archive-date=11 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111170237/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9f6e4e57-a489-4b36-b093-b93865d3717c | url-status=live }}</ref>|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=Lisinopril|licence_US=Lisinopril|licence_CA=<!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) -->|licence_EU=yes <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=approx. 25%, but wide range between individuals (6 to 60%)|protein_bound=0|metabolism=None|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=12 hours<ref name=Katzung2021/>|excretion=Eliminated unchanged in urine <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=21|H=31|N=3|O=5|SMILES=C1CC(N(C1)C(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(CCC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)O)C(=O)O|StdInChI=1S/C21H31N3O5/c22-13-5-4-9-16(19(25)24-14-6-10-18(24)21(28)29)23-17(20(26)27)12-11-15-7-2-1-3-8-15/h1-3,7-8,16-18,23H,4-6,9-14,22H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)/t16-,17-,18-/m0/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-BZSNNMDCSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=}}'''Lisinopril''' ni umuti wo mu bwoko bwa angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ukoreshwa mu kuvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, [[kunanirwa k'umutima]], ndetse no nyuma [[Indwara y'umutima|y'indwara z'umutima]].<ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112194428/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ubusanzwe ni uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura, nubwo ku bantu b'abirabura imiti igabanya umuvuduko wa kalisiyumu cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa thiazide ikora neza.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ikoreshwa kandi mu gukumira ibibazo by'impyiko ku bantu barwaye diyabete.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Lisinopril ifatwa n'umunwa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka zuzuye zishobora gufata ibyumweru bine kugira ngo ziboneke.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, isereri, kumva unaniwe, inkorora, isesemi, no kurwara ibisebe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, ibibazo by'umwijima, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, na angioedema.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyose cyo gutwita kuko ishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Lisinopril ikora mu kubuza sisitemu ya renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.<ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Benowitz|first=Neal L.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|pages=183-185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=11. Antihypertensive agents|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Lisinopril yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1978, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1987.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3527607495|page=467|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikiguzi cyo kugurisha ku kwezi cyari munsi y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.70 mu 2018.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu Bwongereza byatwaye NHS amafaranga agera kuri ₤10 ku kwezi mu 2018.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=170|edition=76}}</ref> Mu 2017, ni wo muti wakunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 104.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Lisinopril – Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228053540/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Nyakanga 2016, umuti wa lisinopril wo mu kanwa wemejwe gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril)|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=29 July 2016|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409104601/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qrjvchr28mpt4fuvnqnf46leistvjjg 142395 142394 2026-10-17T08:56:03Z Stevenndori289 10902 Lisinopril 142395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lisinopril 3D spacefill.png|thumb|Lisinopril]] '''Lisinopril''' ni umuti wo mu bwoko bwa angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ukoreshwa mu kuvura umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, [[kunanirwa k'umutima]], ndetse no nyuma [[Indwara y'umutima|y'indwara z'umutima]].<ref name="AHFS2018">{{Cite web|title=Lisinopril Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112194428/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lisinopril.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku muvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, ubusanzwe ni uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura, nubwo ku bantu b'abirabura imiti igabanya umuvuduko wa kalisiyumu cyangwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa thiazide ikora neza.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ikoreshwa kandi mu gukumira ibibazo by'impyiko ku bantu barwaye diyabete.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Lisinopril ifatwa n'umunwa.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka zuzuye zishobora gufata ibyumweru bine kugira ngo ziboneke.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, isereri, kumva unaniwe, inkorora, isesemi, no kurwara ibisebe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, ibibazo by'umwijima, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, na angioedema.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyose cyo gutwita kuko ishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Lisinopril ikora mu kubuza sisitemu ya renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.<ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Benowitz|first=Neal L.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|pages=183-185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=11. Antihypertensive agents|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Lisinopril yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1978, yemererwa gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1987.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3527607495|page=467|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130459/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA467|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikiguzi cyo kugurisha ku kwezi cyari munsi y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.70 mu 2018.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2018-12-19|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230344/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-12-19/g7bs-ahj4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu Bwongereza byatwaye NHS amafaranga agera kuri ₤10 ku kwezi mu 2018.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=170|edition=76}}</ref> Mu 2017, ni wo muti wakunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni 104.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Lisinopril – Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|date=23 December 2019|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228053540/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lisinopril|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Nyakanga 2016, umuti wa lisinopril wo mu kanwa wemejwe gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Drug Approval Package: Qbrelis (lisinopril)|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=29 July 2016|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409104601/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/208401Orig1s000_toc.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 94ohayi7wyxmdnt9ghqinbi2lz9lt45 0 23585 142396 2026-10-17T08:57:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457191|Sodium_nitrite_(medical_use)]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|drug_name=Sodium nitrite|INN=|alt=|type=<!-- empty --> <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=<!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A/B1/B2/B3/C/D/X -->|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_US=C|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=not established<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V03AB08 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000239/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V03AB08 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|pro|sodium-nitrite-injection}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_AU_comment=|legal_CA=<!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_DE=<!-- Anlage I, II, III -->|legal_NZ=<!-- Class A, B, C -->|legal_UN=<!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV-->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC/Rx-only/Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=<!-- Free text --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!-- Chemical and physical data -->|SMILES=N(=O)[O-].[Na+]|StdInChI=1S/HNO2.Na/c2-1-3;/h(H,2,3);/q;+1/p-1|StdInChIKey=LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M}}'''Sodium nitrite''' ikoreshwa nk'umuti hamwe na sodium thiosulfate mu kuvura uburozi bwa cyanide.<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=65}}</ref> Bigirwa inama gusa mu gihe habayeho uburozi bukomeye bwa cyanide.<ref name="UK2017">{{Cite web|title=Sodium Nitrite Solution for Injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/32282|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184748/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/32282|archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> Ku bantu bafite uburozi bwa cyanide na carbon monoxide, uburozi bwa sodium thiosulfate ubwabwo bukunze kuba bwiza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baren|first=Jill M.|title=Pediatric Emergency Medicine|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416000877|page=1018|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA1018|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172656/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wpvux6RS-jsC&pg=PA1018|archive-date=2017-01-16|df=}}</ref> Itangwa mu guterwa buhoro buhoro mu mitsi.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi, kuribwa umutwe, guhumeka nabi, guta ubwenge no kuruka.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Abantu bafite indwara z'umutima bagomba kwitabwaho cyane.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Igipimo cya methemoglobini mu bantu kigomba gusuzumwa buri gihe mu gihe cyo kuvurwa.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Nubwo bitarasuzumwa neza mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]], hari ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bigaragaza ingaruka zishobora kugaragara ku mwana.<ref name="Pro2017" /> Bivugwa ko sodium nitrite ikora mu gukora methemoglobini hanyuma igafata cyanide bityo ikayikura muri mitochondria.<ref name="Pro2017">{{Cite web|title=Sodium Nitrite Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-nitrite-injection.html|website=www.drugs.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118044431/https://www.drugs.com/pro/sodium-nitrite-injection.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref> Sodium nitrite yatangiye gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu myaka ya 1920 na 1930.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dart|first=Richard C.|title=Medical Toxicology|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781728454|page=172|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA172|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172601/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA172|archive-date=2017-01-16|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bryan|first=Nathan S.|last2=Loscalzo|first2=Joseph|title=Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781607616160|page=226|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=CDkkwVV4aMQC&pg=PA226|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173748/https://books.google.ca/books?id=CDkkwVV4aMQC&pg=PA226|archive-date=2017-01-16|df=}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Igiciro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hamwe na sodium thiosulfate ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 110.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gasco|first=L|last2=Rosbolt|first2=MB|last3=Bebarta|first3=VS|title=Insufficient stocking of cyanide antidotes in US hospitals that provide emergency care|journal=Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics|date=April 2013|volume=4|issue=2|pages=95–102|pmid=23761707|doi=10.4103/0976-500x.110875|pmc=3669589}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 0y5iz9i70bynd5v7a89ahrrievx0r2z 0 23586 142397 2026-10-17T08:58:50Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457346|Refeeding_syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Refeeding_syndrome|synonym=|image=Starved Vietnamese man, 1966.JPEG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Starvation from one month in a [[Viet Cong]] prison camp in 1966.|pronounce=|field=[[Gastroenterology]]|symptoms=Weakness, decreased breathing, [[ataxia|poor coordination]], confusion, [[seizures]], [[heart arrythmia]]s<ref name=Stat2021/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Eating disorder|Eating disorders]], [[alcoholism]], post surgery, chronic [[malnutrition]], [[bariatric surgery]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]<ref name=Stat2021/>|diagnosis=Based on history and blood tests after ruling out other possible causes<ref name=Stat2021/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Gradual reintroduction of calories, vitamin and mineral supplements<ref name=Stat2021/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Unclear<ref name=Stat2021/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo kongera kugaburira abana''' ni indwara ishobora kubaho nyuma yo kongera kurya nyuma y'igihe kirekire umuntu atarya.<ref name="Stat2021">{{Cite journal|last=Persaud-Sharma|first=D|last2=Saha|first2=S|last3=Trippensee|first3=AW|title=Refeeding Syndrome|date=January 2021|pmid=33232094|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Bishobora kandi kubaho no mu mirire mu buryo bw'imirire [[Imirire y'ababyeyi|yose ya parenteral]].<ref name="Stat2021" /> Bishobora gutuma fosifate nkeya, manyeziyumu nkeya, potasiyumu nkeya, na thiamine nkeya.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibi bishobora gutera intege nke, kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero, kudahuza neza kw'imikorere y'umubiri, urujijo, gucika intege, no [[Arrhythmia|kurwara umutima]].<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo ibibazo byo kurya, ubusinzi, nyuma yo kubagwa, [[imirire mibi]] idakira, kubagwa ibibari, n'indwara zo mu mara ziterwa no kubyimba.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo kwiyongera kw'isukari mu maraso bigatuma urugero rwa insuline rwiyongera bigatuma uturemangingo twinjiza potasiyumu na fosifate.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku kugabanuka k'urugero rwa fosifate, potasiyumu, cyangwa manyeziyumu mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Indwara yoroheje ni ukugabanuka kwa 10 kugeza kuri 20%, indwara iringaniye igabanukaho 20 kugeza kuri 30%, naho indwara ikomeye igabanukaho kurenza 30%.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Kuvura ni ukwiyongera buhoro buhoro kwa karori.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Mu masaha 24 ya mbere, ni ngombwa gukoresha kcal 10 kugeza kuri 20/kg cyangwa se nturenze kimwe cya kabiri cy'ingufu umuntu akeneye.<ref name="Stat2021" /> [[Vitamini B1|Inyongeramusaruro za Thiamine]] bigomba gutangwa hakiri kare.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Inyongeramusaruro za Potasiyumu, fosifeta, kalisiyumu na manyeziyumu nazo zikunze gusabwa.<ref name=Meh2008>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J |title=Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1495–8 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18583681 |pmc=2440847 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a301 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18583681 |access-date=2009-02-24 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |date=2021-08-29 }}</ref> Electrolyte zigomba gupimwa buri masaha 12 ku ikubitiro.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Inshuro indwara yo kongera kugaburira abana ntabwo iramenyekana neza.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwagaragaje ko igipimo kiri hagati ya 0.5% na 18% mu bantu bari mu bitaro.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibisobanuro bya none by'iyi ndwara byatangiye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Nubwo bimeze gutyo, hari byinshi byasobanuwe mbere ku bantu bapfa nyuma yo kurya nyuma y’inzara mu mateka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Santo|first=Natale G|last2=Bisaccia|first2=Carmela|last3=Phillips|first3=Malcolm E|last4=De Santo|first4=Luca S|title=Refeeding syndrome as described in 1507 by Antonio Benivieni in Florence|journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation|date=11 December 2020|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfaa295|pmid=33313827}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] f30l83nuk9t61ocwgppaob9g9iwanm4 142398 142397 2026-10-17T08:59:47Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara yo kongera kugaburira 142398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Clinicians in Intensive Care Unit.jpg|thumb|Indwara yo kongera kugaburira]] '''Indwara yo kongera kugaburira abana''' ni indwara ishobora kubaho nyuma yo kongera kurya nyuma y'igihe kirekire umuntu atarya.<ref name="Stat2021">{{Cite journal|last=Persaud-Sharma|first=D|last2=Saha|first2=S|last3=Trippensee|first3=AW|title=Refeeding Syndrome|date=January 2021|pmid=33232094|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Bishobora kandi kubaho no mu mirire mu buryo bw'imirire [[Imirire y'ababyeyi|yose ya parenteral]].<ref name="Stat2021" /> Bishobora gutuma fosifate nkeya, manyeziyumu nkeya, potasiyumu nkeya, na thiamine nkeya.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibi bishobora gutera intege nke, kugabanuka k'ubuhumekero, kudahuza neza kw'imikorere y'umubiri, urujijo, gucika intege, no [[Arrhythmia|kurwara umutima]].<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ingorane birimo ibibazo byo kurya, ubusinzi, nyuma yo kubagwa, [[imirire mibi]] idakira, kubagwa ibibari, n'indwara zo mu mara ziterwa no kubyimba.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo kwiyongera kw'isukari mu maraso bigatuma urugero rwa insuline rwiyongera bigatuma uturemangingo twinjiza potasiyumu na fosifate.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku kugabanuka k'urugero rwa fosifate, potasiyumu, cyangwa manyeziyumu mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Indwara yoroheje ni ukugabanuka kwa 10 kugeza kuri 20%, indwara iringaniye igabanukaho 20 kugeza kuri 30%, naho indwara ikomeye igabanukaho kurenza 30%.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Kuvura ni ukwiyongera buhoro buhoro kwa karori.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Mu masaha 24 ya mbere, ni ngombwa gukoresha kcal 10 kugeza kuri 20/kg cyangwa se nturenze kimwe cya kabiri cy'ingufu umuntu akeneye.<ref name="Stat2021" /> [[Vitamini B1|Inyongeramusaruro za Thiamine]] bigomba gutangwa hakiri kare.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Inyongeramusaruro za Potasiyumu, fosifeta, kalisiyumu na manyeziyumu nazo zikunze gusabwa.<ref name=Meh2008>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J |title=Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1495–8 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18583681 |pmc=2440847 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a301 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18583681 |access-date=2009-02-24 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829031106/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1495.long |date=2021-08-29 }}</ref> Electrolyte zigomba gupimwa buri masaha 12 ku ikubitiro.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Inshuro indwara yo kongera kugaburira abana ntabwo iramenyekana neza.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwagaragaje ko igipimo kiri hagati ya 0.5% na 18% mu bantu bari mu bitaro.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibisobanuro bya none by'iyi ndwara byatangiye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Nubwo bimeze gutyo, hari byinshi byasobanuwe mbere ku bantu bapfa nyuma yo kurya nyuma y’inzara mu mateka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Santo|first=Natale G|last2=Bisaccia|first2=Carmela|last3=Phillips|first3=Malcolm E|last4=De Santo|first4=Luca S|title=Refeeding syndrome as described in 1507 by Antonio Benivieni in Florence|journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation|date=11 December 2020|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfaa295|pmid=33313827}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 6xwewlqn47tosk02ymke3uxw5dcv2w3 0 23587 142399 2026-10-17T09:01:04Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503342|Methotrexate]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Methotrexate''' ( '''MTX''' ), yahoze izwi nka '''amethopterin''', ni umuti uvura kanseri y'imiti kandi ugabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methotrexate.html|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 Aug 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008130258/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methotrexate.html|archive-date=2016-10-08}} </ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri, [[Gutwitira hanze ya nyababyeyi|gutwita hanze y'urugo]], no mu gukuramo inda kwa muganga.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ubwoko bwa kanseri ikoreshwa harimo [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]], kanseri y'amaraso, [[Kanseri yo mu bihaha|kanseri y'ibihaha]], kanseri ya kanseri y'imitsi, indwara yo mu gihe cyo gutwita, na kanseri y'ibihaha.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ubwoko bw'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri ikoreshwamo harimo [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], [[Rumatisime ya rubagimpande|rubagimpande]], na Crohn's disease.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa inshinge.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, kumva umunaniro, umuriro, ibyago byinshi byo kwandura, umubare muke w'uturemangingo tw'amaraso yera, no kwangirika k'uruhu mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara y'umwijima, indwara y'ibihaha, lymphoma, n'uduheri twinshi tw'uruhu.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Abantu bavurwa igihe kirekire bagomba gupimwa buri gihe ingaruka mbi.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ntabwo ari byiza mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ku bafite ibibazo by'impyiko, hashobora kuba ngombwa ko bagabanya dose.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ikora mu kubuza umubiri gukoresha aside folike.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Methotrexate yakozwe mu 1947, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu kuvura kanseri, kuko yari ifite uburozi buke ugereranyije n’ubuvuzi bwakoreshwaga icyo gihe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470015520|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA251|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216080949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA251|archive-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> Mu 1956 yatanze uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura kanseri yateye.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Today's anti-cancer tools are ever better wielded|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21728780-they-are-sharper-too-todays-anti-cancer-tools-are-ever-better-wielded|access-date=16 September 2017|work=[[The Economist]]|date=14 September 2017|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515011418/https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21728780-they-are-sharper-too-todays-anti-cancer-tools-are-ever-better-wielded|url-status=live}} </ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}</ref> Methotrexate iboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ntabwo bihenze.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=156-157|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku isoko mu 2014 mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.06 na 0.36 ku munsi ku ifishi ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate Sodium|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=510&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611150720/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=510&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ukwezi gusanzwe ko kuvurwa kugura hagati y'amadolari 25 na 50.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=464}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 117 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni esheshatu.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methotrexate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708062053/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methotrexate|url-status=live}} </ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 7wai1uc9cr7as7hshlut8qq8y7yuqg1 142400 142399 2026-10-17T09:04:11Z Stevenndori289 10902 Methotrexate 142400 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:RECALLED – Methotrexate Sodium, USP, 25 mg-mL, 40 mL vial injectable vials (8770223502).jpg|thumb|Methotrexate]] '''Methotrexate''' ( '''MTX''' ), yahoze izwi nka '''amethopterin''', ni umuti uvura kanseri y'imiti kandi ugabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methotrexate.html|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 Aug 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008130258/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methotrexate.html|archive-date=2016-10-08}} </ref> Ikoreshwa mu kuvura [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri, [[Gutwitira hanze ya nyababyeyi|gutwita hanze y'urugo]], no mu gukuramo inda kwa muganga.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ubwoko bwa kanseri ikoreshwa harimo [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]], kanseri y'amaraso, [[Kanseri yo mu bihaha|kanseri y'ibihaha]], kanseri ya kanseri y'imitsi, indwara yo mu gihe cyo gutwita, na kanseri y'ibihaha.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ubwoko bw'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri ikoreshwamo harimo [[umukoresha:Doc James/Psoriasis|psoriasis]], [[Rumatisime ya rubagimpande|rubagimpande]], na Crohn's disease.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ishobora gutangwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa inshinge.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, kumva umunaniro, umuriro, ibyago byinshi byo kwandura, umubare muke w'uturemangingo tw'amaraso yera, no kwangirika k'uruhu mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara y'umwijima, indwara y'ibihaha, lymphoma, n'uduheri twinshi tw'uruhu.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Abantu bavurwa igihe kirekire bagomba gupimwa buri gihe ingaruka mbi.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ntabwo ari byiza mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ku bafite ibibazo by'impyiko, hashobora kuba ngombwa ko bagabanya dose.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ikora mu kubuza umubiri gukoresha aside folike.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Methotrexate yakozwe mu 1947, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu kuvura kanseri, kuko yari ifite uburozi buke ugereranyije n’ubuvuzi bwakoreshwaga icyo gihe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sneader|first=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470015520|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA251|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216080949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA251|archive-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> Mu 1956 yatanze uburyo bwa mbere bwo kuvura kanseri yateye.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Today's anti-cancer tools are ever better wielded|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21728780-they-are-sharper-too-todays-anti-cancer-tools-are-ever-better-wielded|access-date=16 September 2017|work=[[The Economist]]|date=14 September 2017|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515011418/https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21728780-they-are-sharper-too-todays-anti-cancer-tools-are-ever-better-wielded|url-status=live}} </ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}</ref> Methotrexate iboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ntabwo bihenze.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=156-157|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Igiciro cyo kugurisha ku isoko mu 2014 mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri hagati y'amadolari y'Amerika 0.06 na 0.36 ku munsi ku ifishi ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate Sodium|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=510&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611150720/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=510&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}} </ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ukwezi gusanzwe ko kuvurwa kugura hagati y'amadolari 25 na 50.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=464}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 117 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni esheshatu.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Methotrexate - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methotrexate|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708062053/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methotrexate|url-status=live}} </ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ga9iporikmngfoqhcx19nlmjs2zozd9 0 23588 142401 2026-10-17T09:05:22Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501299|Colchicine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Colchicine''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya goutte n'indwara ya Behçet.<ref name="Ann2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shekelle PG, Newberry SJ, FitzGerald JD, Motala A, O'Hanlon CE, Tariq A, Okunogbe A, Han D, Shanman R|display-authors=6|title=Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=1|pages=37–51|date=January 2017|pmid=27802478|doi=10.7326/M16-0461|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=27 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101545/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sch2011">{{Cite book|last=Schachner|first=Lawrence A.|last2=Hansen|first2=Ronald C.|title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780723436652|page=177|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091604/https://books.google.de/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku ndwara ya goutte, ntabwo ikundwa cyane kuruta imiti igabanya ubukana bwa NSAID cyangwa steroid.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Izindi ngamba zirimo kwirinda indwara ya pericarditis n'indwara y'imitsi yo mu muryango ya Mediterane.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hutchison|first=Stuart J.|title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781416052746|page=58|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091054/https://books.google.de/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kurwara igifu, cyane cyane iyo umuntu afashe dose nyinshi.<ref name="NPS2010">{{Cite web|publisher=National Prescribing Service, Australia|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine|date=14 May 2010|title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions|access-date=14 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine|archive-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uturemangingo tw'amaraso no kwangirika kwa rhabdomyolysis.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Umutekano w'ikoreshwa ry'iyi mashini mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ntuzwi neza mu gihe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[konsa]] bisa n'aho nta kibazo.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1085–1086|edition=76}}</ref> Kugabanya urugero rw'ibinini bishobora gutera urupfu.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Colchicine ikora mu kugabanya ububyimbirwe binyuze mu buryo butandukanye.<ref name="Dal2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR|author-link=Nicola Dalbeth|title=Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout|journal=Clinical Therapeutics|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1465–79|date=October 2014|pmid=25151572|doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017|url=https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(14)00457-3/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2018-08-19|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828043437/https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918%2814%2900457-3/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Colchicine, mu ishusho ya crocus yo mu gihe cy'umuhindo, yakoreshejwe kuva mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu mu kuvura kubyimba kw'ingingo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wall|first=Wilson John|title=The Search for Human Chromosomes: A History of Discovery|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319263366|page=88|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091444/https://books.google.de/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|url-status=live}}</ref> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1961.<ref name="Daily2019">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine capsule|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026|website=DailyMed|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090948/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, ibicuruzwa by'ukwezi bitwara NHS amapawundi 7 kugeza mu 2019 mu gihe muri Kanada ari amapawundi 10 kugeza mu 2021.<ref name="BNF76" /><ref name="CFPC2021">{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#299 Cardiovascular prevention trials: Now calling colchicine to the stand|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp299/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=14 June 2023|date=4 October 2021|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325141029/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp299/|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 252.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 201 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061227/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ini537c68ngknmzgvzq3f7tgxb7oyiv 142402 142401 2026-10-17T09:06:53Z Stevenndori289 10902 Colchicine 142402 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Colchicine.png|thumb|Colchicine]] '''Colchicine''' ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya goutte n'indwara ya Behçet.<ref name="Ann2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shekelle PG, Newberry SJ, FitzGerald JD, Motala A, O'Hanlon CE, Tariq A, Okunogbe A, Han D, Shanman R|display-authors=6|title=Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=1|pages=37–51|date=January 2017|pmid=27802478|doi=10.7326/M16-0461|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=27 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101545/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sch2011">{{Cite book|last=Schachner|first=Lawrence A.|last2=Hansen|first2=Ronald C.|title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780723436652|page=177|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091604/https://books.google.de/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku ndwara ya goutte, ntabwo ikundwa cyane kuruta imiti igabanya ubukana bwa NSAID cyangwa steroid.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Izindi ngamba zirimo kwirinda indwara ya pericarditis n'indwara y'imitsi yo mu muryango ya Mediterane.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hutchison|first=Stuart J.|title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781416052746|page=58|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091054/https://books.google.de/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kurwara igifu, cyane cyane iyo umuntu afashe dose nyinshi.<ref name="NPS2010">{{Cite web|publisher=National Prescribing Service, Australia|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine|date=14 May 2010|title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions|access-date=14 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine|archive-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uturemangingo tw'amaraso no kwangirika kwa rhabdomyolysis.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Umutekano w'ikoreshwa ry'iyi mashini mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] ntuzwi neza mu gihe kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[konsa]] bisa n'aho nta kibazo.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=1085–1086|edition=76}}</ref> Kugabanya urugero rw'ibinini bishobora gutera urupfu.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Colchicine ikora mu kugabanya ububyimbirwe binyuze mu buryo butandukanye.<ref name="Dal2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR|author-link=Nicola Dalbeth|title=Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout|journal=Clinical Therapeutics|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1465–79|date=October 2014|pmid=25151572|doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017|url=https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(14)00457-3/fulltext|doi-access=free|access-date=2018-08-19|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828043437/https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918%2814%2900457-3/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Colchicine, mu ishusho ya crocus yo mu gihe cy'umuhindo, yakoreshejwe kuva mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu mu kuvura kubyimba kw'ingingo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wall|first=Wilson John|title=The Search for Human Chromosomes: A History of Discovery|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319263366|page=88|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091444/https://books.google.de/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|url-status=live}}</ref> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1961.<ref name="Daily2019">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine capsule|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026|website=DailyMed|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090948/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, ibicuruzwa by'ukwezi bitwara NHS amapawundi 7 kugeza mu 2019 mu gihe muri Kanada ari amapawundi 10 kugeza mu 2021.<ref name="BNF76" /><ref name="CFPC2021">{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#299 Cardiovascular prevention trials: Now calling colchicine to the stand|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp299/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=14 June 2023|date=4 October 2021|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325141029/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp299/|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 252.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 201 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Colchicine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061227/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lq93bxt9pvgean7pz5j5s8xhs8nmbas 0 23589 142403 2026-10-17T09:07:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500557|Avascular_necrosis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Avascular necrosis|synonym=Osteonecrosis,<ref name=NIH2015/> bone infarction,<ref name=nawazkhan>{{cite web | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387545-overview | work = eMedicine Specialties | title = Bone Infarct | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100304130416/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387545-overview |archive-date=4 March 2010 | url-status = live | first1 = Ali Nawaz | last1 = Khan | first2 = Mohammed Jassim | last2 = Al-Salman | first3 = Muthusamy | last3 = Chandramohan | first4 = Sumaira | last4 = MacDonald | first5 = Charles Edward | last5 = Hutchinson }}</ref> aseptic necrosis,<ref name=NIH2015/> ischemic bone necrosis<ref name=NIH2015/>|image=Head of femur avascular necrosis.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Femoral head|Head of the femur]] showing a flap of [[cartilage]] due to avascular necrosis ([[osteochondritis dissecans]]). Specimen removed during [[total hip replacement]] surgery.|pronounce=|field=[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]]|symptoms=[[Arthralgia|Joint pain]], decreased ability to move<ref name=NIH2015/>|complications=[[Osteoarthritis]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|onset=Gradual<ref name=NIH2015/>|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=[[Bone fracture]]s, [[joint dislocation]]s, [[alcoholism]], high dose [[corticosteroids|steroids]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]], [[tissue biopsy|biopsy]]<ref name=NIH2015/>|differential=[[Osteopetrosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease|Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome]], [[sickle cell disease]]<ref name=NORD2009/>|prevention=|treatment=Medication, not walking on the affected leg, stretching, surgery<ref name=NIH2015/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~15,000 per year (US)<ref name=Fer2018/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara yo mu mitsi''' ( '''AVN''' ), yitwa kandi '''osteonecrosis''' cyangwa '''ihungabana ry'amagufwa''', ni urupfu rw'imitsi y'amagufwa bitewe no kubura kw'amaraso . Mu ntangiriro, hashobora kuba nta bimenyetso bihari.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Osteonecrosis/default.asp|website=NIAMS|language=en|date=October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040514/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Osteonecrosis/default.asp|archive-date=9 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Buhoro buhoro ububabare bw'ingingo bushobora kugaragara, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kugenda.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kugwa kw'igufwa cyangwa igice cy'ingingo cyegereye.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ibintu bikunze gutera ingaruka ni inzoga nyinshi n'imisemburo ya steroide nyinshi.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Conway|first=Richard|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=482|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|language=en|chapter=19. Bone disease|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024153/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ngaruka zirimo kuvunika amagufwa, gucika kw'ingingo, indwara ya sickle cell, lupus, no kwibira mu mazi ya SCUBA.<ref name="Kumar2020" /> Iyo ndwara ishobora no kubaho nta mpamvu igaragara.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Igufwa rikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni femur.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Izindi mbuga zikunze kugaragara zirimo igufwa ryo hejuru ry'ukuboko, ivi, urutugu, n'akaguru.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe amashusho ya muganga nka X-ray, CT scan, cyangwa MRI.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ni gake cyane hashobora gukoreshwa biopsy.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, kudakora ku kuguru kwangiritse, kunanura imitsi no kubagwa. Akenshi kubagwa biba ngombwa kandi bishobora kuba birimo gukuramo core decompression, osteotomy, grafting foromaje, cyangwa gusimbuza ingingo.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Abantu bagera ku 15.000 bandura buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Fer2018" /> Abantu bafite hagati y'imyaka 30 na 50 ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2009">{{Cite web|title=Osteonecrosis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/osteonecrosis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=8 August 2017|date=2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219101821/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/osteonecrosis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=166|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809042055/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|archive-date=9 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] np3gxrrriyfhyhx0ko3d1cvzb6a5p3c 142404 142403 2026-10-17T09:09:37Z Stevenndori289 10902 Necrosis y'imitsi 142404 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Head of femur avascular necrosis.jpg|thumb|Necrosis y'imitsi]] '''Indwara yo mu mitsi''' ( '''AVN''' ), yitwa kandi '''osteonecrosis''' cyangwa '''ihungabana ry'amagufwa''', ni urupfu rw'imitsi y'amagufwa bitewe no kubura kw'amaraso . Mu ntangiriro, hashobora kuba nta bimenyetso bihari.<ref name=NIH2015>{{cite web|title=Questions and Answers about Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Osteonecrosis/default.asp|website=NIAMS|language=en|date=October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040514/https://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Osteonecrosis/default.asp|archive-date=9 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Buhoro buhoro ububabare bw'ingingo bushobora kugaragara, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kugenda.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kugwa kw'igufwa cyangwa igice cy'ingingo cyegereye.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ibintu bikunze gutera ingaruka ni inzoga nyinshi n'imisemburo ya steroide nyinshi.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Conway|first=Richard|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=482|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|language=en|chapter=19. Bone disease|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024153/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ngaruka zirimo kuvunika amagufwa, gucika kw'ingingo, indwara ya sickle cell, lupus, no kwibira mu mazi ya SCUBA.<ref name="Kumar2020" /> Iyo ndwara ishobora no kubaho nta mpamvu igaragara.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Igufwa rikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni femur.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Izindi mbuga zikunze kugaragara zirimo igufwa ryo hejuru ry'ukuboko, ivi, urutugu, n'akaguru.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe amashusho ya muganga nka X-ray, CT scan, cyangwa MRI.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Ni gake cyane hashobora gukoreshwa biopsy.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo imiti, kudakora ku kuguru kwangiritse, kunanura imitsi no kubagwa. Akenshi kubagwa biba ngombwa kandi bishobora kuba birimo gukuramo core decompression, osteotomy, grafting foromaje, cyangwa gusimbuza ingingo.<ref name=NIH2015 /> Abantu bagera ku 15.000 bandura buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="Fer2018" /> Abantu bafite hagati y'imyaka 30 na 50 ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa n'iyi ndwara.<ref name="NORD2009">{{Cite web|title=Osteonecrosis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/osteonecrosis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=8 August 2017|date=2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219101821/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/osteonecrosis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="Fer2018">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=166|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809042055/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|archive-date=9 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] i9zekjat9qamr03u5wolxqk56tk9qjw 0 23590 142405 2026-10-17T09:10:31Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500348|Aneurysm]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Aneurysm|synonym=Aneurism|image=Aneurysem.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Angiography of an aneurysm in a brain artery. The aneurysm is the large bulge in the center of the image.|pronounce=|field=[[Vascular surgery]]|symptoms=None, [[headache]], [[abdominal pain]], [[back pain]], [[circulatory shock]]<ref name=Heart2021/>|complications=[[thrombosis|Clot formation]], rupture<ref name=Mer2021Pt/>|onset=Older age<ref name=Mer2021Pt/>|duration=|types=[[aortic aneurysm|Aorta]] (AA), [[cerebral aneurysm|brain]], [[popliteal artery aneurysm|popliteal artery]], [[mesenteric artery]], [[coronary artery aneurysm|coronary artery]], [[splenic artery]]<ref name=Heart2021/><ref name=Mer2021Pt/>|causes=|risks=[[family history (medicine)|Family history]], [[high blood pressure]], [[high cholesterol]], smoking, injury of the artery<ref name=Heart2021/>|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]]<ref name=Heart2021/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Lifestyle changes, surgery<ref name=Heart2021/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Brain ~4%,<ref name=Mer2021Brain>{{cite web |title=Brain Aneurysms - Neurologic Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/stroke/brain-aneurysms |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-CA |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506051541/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/stroke/brain-aneurysms |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506051541/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/neurologic-disorders/stroke/brain-aneurysms |date=6 May 2021 }}</ref> aorta ~2.5%<ref name=Mer2021AAA>{{cite web |title=Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) - Cardiovascular Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-CA |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307060902/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307060902/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa |date=7 March 2021 }}</ref>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Aneurysm''' ni ikibyimba gisa n'ibendera ry'umuhondo, akenshi, mu mitsi . Akenshi mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso biragaragara. Iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, biterwa n'aho aneurysm iherereye kandi bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe, kubabara mu nda, kubabara umugongo, no guhungabana kw'amaraso.<ref name=Heart2021>{{cite web |title=What is an Aneurysm? |url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |website=www.heart.org |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062454/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062454/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |date=22 January 2021 }}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kurema kw'ibibyimba cyangwa gucika kw'ibibyimba. Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, cholesterol nyinshi, kunywa itabi, no gukomereka k'imitsi y'amaraso. Nubwo imitsi iyo ari yo yose ishobora kugira ingaruka, ikunze kugaragara muri aorta (AA). Izindi ndwara zirimo ubwonko, umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa popliteal, umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa mesenteric, umutsi wo mu mutima, n'umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa splenic.<ref name=Heart2021 /><ref name=Mer2021Pt>{{cite web |title=Aneurysms of Arteries in the Arms, Legs, Heart, and Brain - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-CA |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141337/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141337/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |date=1 March 2021 }}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku isuzuma ry’indwara.<ref name=Heart2021 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho no kubagwa. Igihe kubagwa bisabwe biterwa n'imitsi ivugwa. Gusana AAA muri rusange bigirwa inama ku burebure bwa cm 5, mu gihe aneurysms zo mu bwonko muri rusange zisanwa iyo zifite uburebure bwa mm 7 cyangwa bunini cyangwa zigasaba inzira y'amaraso inyuma . Imitsi yo mu maboko muri rusange isanwa vuba iyo ibonetse mu gihe iyo mu maguru isanwa iyo ingano yayo ibaye inshuro ebyiri.<ref name=Mer2021Pt /> Imitsi y'ubwonko igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 4%, mu gihe imitsi y'amaraso ifata imitsi y'ubwonko igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 2.5%. Abantu bakuze ni bo bashobora kwibasirwa cyane. Ibisobanuro by'ibintu byizewe ko ari aneurysms biboneka mu nyandiko za kera zo mu Misiri no mu Buhinde . Iryo jambo rikomoka kuri [[Template:Lang-grc-gre]], ''aneurysma'', bisobanura "ubugari". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ikvzkwoyev43ouptxrm34frjy9ea5t1 142406 142405 2026-10-17T09:11:14Z Stevenndori289 10902 Aneurysm 142406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dissecting aneurysm 01.jpg|thumb|Aneurysm]] '''Aneurysm''' ni ikibyimba gisa n'ibendera ry'umuhondo, akenshi, mu mitsi . Akenshi mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso biragaragara. Iyo ibimenyetso bigaragaye, biterwa n'aho aneurysm iherereye kandi bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe, kubabara mu nda, kubabara umugongo, no guhungabana kw'amaraso.<ref name=Heart2021>{{cite web |title=What is an Aneurysm? |url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |website=www.heart.org |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062454/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062454/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/aortic-aneurysm/what-is-an-aneurysm |date=22 January 2021 }}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kurema kw'ibibyimba cyangwa gucika kw'ibibyimba. Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, cholesterol nyinshi, kunywa itabi, no gukomereka k'imitsi y'amaraso. Nubwo imitsi iyo ari yo yose ishobora kugira ingaruka, ikunze kugaragara muri aorta (AA). Izindi ndwara zirimo ubwonko, umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa popliteal, umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa mesenteric, umutsi wo mu mutima, n'umutsi wo mu bwoko bwa splenic.<ref name=Heart2021 /><ref name=Mer2021Pt>{{cite web |title=Aneurysms of Arteries in the Arms, Legs, Heart, and Brain - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-CA |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141337/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141337/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/peripheral-arterial-disease/aneurysms-of-arteries-in-the-arms-legs-heart-and-brain |date=1 March 2021 }}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku isuzuma ry’indwara.<ref name=Heart2021 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho no kubagwa. Igihe kubagwa bisabwe biterwa n'imitsi ivugwa. Gusana AAA muri rusange bigirwa inama ku burebure bwa cm 5, mu gihe aneurysms zo mu bwonko muri rusange zisanwa iyo zifite uburebure bwa mm 7 cyangwa bunini cyangwa zigasaba inzira y'amaraso inyuma . Imitsi yo mu maboko muri rusange isanwa vuba iyo ibonetse mu gihe iyo mu maguru isanwa iyo ingano yayo ibaye inshuro ebyiri.<ref name=Mer2021Pt /> Imitsi y'ubwonko igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 4%, mu gihe imitsi y'amaraso ifata imitsi y'ubwonko igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 2.5%. Abantu bakuze ni bo bashobora kwibasirwa cyane. Ibisobanuro by'ibintu byizewe ko ari aneurysms biboneka mu nyandiko za kera zo mu Misiri no mu Buhinde . Iryo jambo rikomoka kuri [[Template:Lang-grc-gre]], ''aneurysma'', bisobanura "ubugari". == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qqgsssjoi0jtutm5exqvh71buxyhip5 0 23591 142407 2026-10-17T09:12:40Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501833|Ephedrine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=464189705|image=Ephedrine enantiomers.svg|width=150|image2=(1S,2R)-Ephedrine molecule from xtal ball.png|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of the (1S,2R)-ephedrine molecule|caption=(−)-(1''R'',2''S'')-ephedrine (top),<br />(+)-(1''S'',2''R'')-ephedrine (center and bottom) <!-- Names -->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-ephedrine.ogg|ᵻ|ˈ|f|ɛ|d|r|ɪ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|f|ᵻ|d|r|iː|n}}|tradename=Bronkaid, Primatene, Akovaz, others|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=''rel''-(''R'',''S'')-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol <!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=A|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=by mouth, [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], [[Subcutaneous administration|SC]]|onset=IV (seconds), IM (10 min to 20 min), by mouth (15 min to 60 min)<ref name=AHFS2016/>|duration_of_action=IV/IM (60 min), by mouth (2 h to 4 h)|defined_daily_dose=50 milligrams (parenteral) treatment different indications<ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01CA26 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110060421/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01CA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>50 mg (by mouth) respiratory conditions treatment<ref name="who1">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03CA02 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809004138/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03CA02 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>50 mg (parenteral) treatment hypotension<ref name="who2">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01CA26 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110060421/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01CA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>8 mg (nasal) treatment nasal congestion<ref name="who3">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R01AA03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912073754/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R01AA03 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|ephedrine}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Schedule VI|legal_UK=P|legal_US=List I OTC|legal_US_comment=and Schedule III ([[Oregon]]) <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=85%|metabolism=minimal [[liver]]|elimination_half-life=3 h to 6 h|excretion=22% to 99% ([[urine]]) <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=10|H=15|N=1|O=1|SMILES=O[C@H](c1ccccc1)[C@@H](NC)C|StdInChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|molecular_weight=165.23|drug_name=Ephedrine}}'''Ephedrine''' ni umuti kandi utera imbaraga.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ephedrine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909053108/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ephedrine.html|archive-date=2017-09-09}}</ref> Ikunze gukoreshwa mu gukumira umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi mu gihe cyo gusinziriza uruti rw'umugongo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Yanakoreshejwe mu kuvura asima, indwara yo kubura ibinure (narcolepsy), n'umubyibuho ukabije ariko si bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuvura.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Nta kamaro gasobanutse neza mu kubyimba izuru.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ishobora gufatwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi, mu mitsi, cyangwa munsi y'uruhu.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Gutangira gukoreshwa mu mitsi bihita byihuta, mu gihe gutera mu mitsi bishobora gufata iminota 20, kandi mu kanwa bishobora gufata isaha kugira ngo bigire ingaruka.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Iyo itewe mu buryo bw'urushinge imara isaha imwe kandi iyo inyowe mu kanwa ishobora kumara amasaha ane.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kugorwa no gusinzira, guhangayika, kuribwa umutwe, kubona ibintu mu buryo butunguranye, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, umutima utera cyane, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kunanirwa kwihagarika.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo gucika imitsi y'amaraso mu bwonko, [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], no guhohoterwa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Nubwo bishobora kuba ari umutekano mu gihe cyo gutwita, ikoreshwa ryayo muri aba bantu ntiryizweho neza.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald G.|last=Briggs|first2=Roger K.|last2=Freeman|first3=Sumner J.|last3=Yaffe|title=Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317080|page=495|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA495|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191457/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA495|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name="PB2016">{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ephedrine.html|access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145931/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ephedrine.html|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].<ref name="PB2016" /> Ephedrine ikora mu kongera imikorere ya α na β adrenergic receptors.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ephedrine yakuweho bwa mbere mu 1885 itangira gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1926.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Debasis Bagchi|editor-last2=Harry G. Preuss|title=Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention|date=2013|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=9781439854266|page=692|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191457/https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=541|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA541|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828074003/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA541|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Igiciro cy'igurishwa ku giciro kinini mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 0.69–1.35 kuri buri dose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=293&searchYear=2014|website=International drug price indicator guide|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125106/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=293&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ntabwo bihenze cyane.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia 2015|edition=deluxe lab-coat|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=162}}</ref> Ubusanzwe iboneka mu bimera byo mu bwoko bwa <nowiki><i id="mwcw">Ephedra</i></nowiki>.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Inyongeramusaruro zirimo ephedrine ntizemewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika,<ref name="AHFS2016" /> usibye izikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo bw'Abashinwa, aho <nowiki><i id="mwfg">má huáng</i></nowiki> igaragara.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] nq0nq0hvv5cpdb1qceuwg1b27yfop82 142408 142407 2026-10-17T09:13:34Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ephedrine 142408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ephedrine MSJ.JPG|thumb|Ephedrine]] '''Ephedrine''' ni umuti kandi utera imbaraga.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ephedrine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909053108/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ephedrine.html|archive-date=2017-09-09}}</ref> Ikunze gukoreshwa mu gukumira umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hasi mu gihe cyo gusinziriza uruti rw'umugongo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Yanakoreshejwe mu kuvura asima, indwara yo kubura ibinure (narcolepsy), n'umubyibuho ukabije ariko si bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuvura.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Nta kamaro gasobanutse neza mu kubyimba izuru.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ishobora gufatwa mu kanwa cyangwa mu guterwa mu mitsi, mu mitsi, cyangwa munsi y'uruhu.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Gutangira gukoreshwa mu mitsi bihita byihuta, mu gihe gutera mu mitsi bishobora gufata iminota 20, kandi mu kanwa bishobora gufata isaha kugira ngo bigire ingaruka.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Iyo itewe mu buryo bw'urushinge imara isaha imwe kandi iyo inyowe mu kanwa ishobora kumara amasaha ane.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kugorwa no gusinzira, guhangayika, kuribwa umutwe, kubona ibintu mu buryo butunguranye, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, umutima utera cyane, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kunanirwa kwihagarika.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye zirimo gucika imitsi y'amaraso mu bwonko, [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], no guhohoterwa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Nubwo bishobora kuba ari umutekano mu gihe cyo gutwita, ikoreshwa ryayo muri aba bantu ntiryizweho neza.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald G.|last=Briggs|first2=Roger K.|last2=Freeman|first3=Sumner J.|last3=Yaffe|title=Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317080|page=495|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA495|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191457/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIgTE4aynrMC&pg=PA495|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name="PB2016">{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ephedrine.html|access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145931/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ephedrine.html|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].<ref name="PB2016" /> Ephedrine ikora mu kongera imikorere ya α na β adrenergic receptors.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ephedrine yakuweho bwa mbere mu 1885 itangira gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1926.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Debasis Bagchi|editor-last2=Harry G. Preuss|title=Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention|date=2013|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=9781439854266|page=692|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191457/https://books.google.com/books?id=6oHRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=541|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA541|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828074003/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA541|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Igiciro cy'igurishwa ku giciro kinini mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 0.69–1.35 kuri buri dose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ephedrine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=293&searchYear=2014|website=International drug price indicator guide|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125106/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=293&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ntabwo bihenze cyane.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia 2015|edition=deluxe lab-coat|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=162}}</ref> Ubusanzwe iboneka mu bimera byo mu bwoko bwa <nowiki><i id="mwcw">Ephedra</i></nowiki>.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Inyongeramusaruro zirimo ephedrine ntizemewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika,<ref name="AHFS2016" /> usibye izikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo bw'Abashinwa, aho <nowiki><i id="mwfg">má huáng</i></nowiki> igaragara.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 2rx0aofsp0kar4vte3q1nuik9szubig 0 23592 142409 2026-10-17T09:14:41Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500574|BCG_vaccine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|image=Mycobacterium bovis BCG ZN.jpg|caption=Microscopic image of the Calmette-Guérin bacillus, [[Ziehl–Neelsen stain]], magnification: 1,000nn <!-- Vaccine data -->|type=vaccine|target=[[Tuberculosis]]|vaccine_type=live <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=<!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=<!-- primary uses -->|side_effects=<!-- common side effects and notable side effects -->|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=C|pregnancy_category=|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=Percutaneous|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=1.8 mg <ref name="who">{{cite web |title=WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index |url=https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AX03 |website=www.whocc.no |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714164009/https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AX03 |url-status=live }}</ref>|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|pro|bcg-vaccine}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=|drug_name=BCG_vaccine}}'''Urukingo rwa''' '''Bacillus Calmette–Guérin''' ( '''BCG''' ) ni urukingo rukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya [[Igitunu|igituntu]].<ref name="WHO2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=BCG vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|date=February 2018|volume=93|issue=8|pages=73–96|pmid=29474026|hdl=10665/260307|author-link=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mu bihugu aho igituntu cyangwa ibibembe bikunze kugaragara, ni byiza ko abana bazima barwara doze imwe gusa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Mu turere aho igituntu kidakunze kugaragara, abana bari mu kaga gakomeye ni bo bonyine bakunze gukingirwa, mu gihe abakekwaho kuba baranduye igituntu bapimwa kandi bakavurwa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Abantu bakuru badafite igituntu batarakingirwa mbere ariko bakunze guhura n’iki cyorezo nabo bashobora kukingirwa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> BCG ifite kandi akamaro mu kurwanya igisebe cya Buruli n'izindi ndwara za mycobacteria zitari iz'igituntu.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Hari igihe ikoreshwa nk'igice cy'ubuvuzi bwa [[kanseri y'uruhago]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=James|last2=Fuge|first2=Oliver|last3=Allchorne|first3=Paula|last4=Vasdev|first4=Nikhil|title=Immunotherapy for bladder cancer|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=7|date=May 2015|pages=65–79|pmid=26000263|pmc=4427258|doi=10.2147/RRU.S63447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Houghton|first=Baerin B.|last2=Chalasani|first2=Venu|last3=Hayne|first3=Dickon|last4=Grimison|first4=Peter|last5=Brown|first5=Christopher S. B.|last6=Patel|first6=Manish I.|last7=Davis|first7=Ian D.|last8=Stockler|first8=Martin R.|title=Intravesical chemotherapy plus bacille Calmette-Guérin in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis|journal=BJU International|date=May 2013|volume=111|issue=6|pages=977–83|pmid=23253618|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11390.x}}</ref> Igipimo cy'uburinzi ku ndwara y'igituntu kiratandukanye kandi uburinzi bumara imyaka makumyabiri.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Mu bana birinda hafi 20% kwandura indwara kandi mu bandura birinda kimwe cya kabiri cyazo kurwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=A|last2=Eisenhut|first2=M|last3=Harris|first3=RJ|last4=Rodrigues|first4=LC|last5=Sridhar|first5=S|last6=Habermann|first6=S|last7=Snell|first7=L|last8=Mangtani|first8=P|last9=Adetifa|first9=I|last10=Lalvani|first10=A|last11=Abubakar|first11=I|title=Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ|date=5 August 2014|volume=349|pages=g4643|pmid=25097193|doi=10.1136/bmj.g4643|pmc=4122754}}</ref> Urukingo rutangwa hakoreshejwe urushinge mu ruhu.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Nta gihamya kigaragaza ko ingero z'inyongera ari ingirakamaro.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye ni gake cyane.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Akenshi habaho gutukura, kubyimba, n'ububabare buke aho watewe inshinge.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Igisebe gito gishobora no kuvuka gifite inkovu nyuma yo gukira.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara cyane kandi zishobora kuba zikomeye ku bantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ntabwo ari byiza kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]].<ref name="WHO2018" /> Urukingo rwakozwe bwa mbere rukomoka kuri ''Mycobacterium bovis'', ikunze kuboneka mu nka.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Nubwo yacitse intege, iracyariho.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Urukingo rwa BCG rwakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buvuzi mu 1921.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Hagati ya 2011 na 2014 igiciro cya bulijanseri cyari hagati ya 0.20 na 1.10$ y'Amerika kuri doze imwe mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vaccine, Bcg|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=788&searchYear=2014|website=ERC|access-date=13 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071918/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=788&searchYear=2014|archive-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura amadolari y'Amerika 100 kugeza 200.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1284057560|page=312}}</ref> Guhera mu 2004, urukingo ruhabwa abana bagera kuri miliyoni 100 buri mwaka ku isi.<ref name="WHO2004">{{Cite journal|date=23 January 2004|title=BCG Vaccine: WHO position paper|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2004/en/wer7904.pdf|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|volume=4|issue=79|pages=25–40|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921165240/http://www.who.int/wer/2004/en/wer7904.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 0mobtwrd9xky19a3q48rq8ccosrbbo6 142410 142409 2026-10-17T09:15:28Z Stevenndori289 10902 urukingo rwa BCG 142410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Réaction inflammatoire BCG lors maladie de kawasaki.png|thumb|urukingo rwa BCG]] '''Urukingo rwa''' '''Bacillus Calmette–Guérin''' ( '''BCG''' ) ni urukingo rukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurwanya [[Igitunu|igituntu]].<ref name="WHO2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=BCG vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|date=February 2018|volume=93|issue=8|pages=73–96|pmid=29474026|hdl=10665/260307|author-link=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mu bihugu aho igituntu cyangwa ibibembe bikunze kugaragara, ni byiza ko abana bazima barwara doze imwe gusa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Mu turere aho igituntu kidakunze kugaragara, abana bari mu kaga gakomeye ni bo bonyine bakunze gukingirwa, mu gihe abakekwaho kuba baranduye igituntu bapimwa kandi bakavurwa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Abantu bakuru badafite igituntu batarakingirwa mbere ariko bakunze guhura n’iki cyorezo nabo bashobora kukingirwa.<ref name="WHO2018" /> BCG ifite kandi akamaro mu kurwanya igisebe cya Buruli n'izindi ndwara za mycobacteria zitari iz'igituntu.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Hari igihe ikoreshwa nk'igice cy'ubuvuzi bwa [[kanseri y'uruhago]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=James|last2=Fuge|first2=Oliver|last3=Allchorne|first3=Paula|last4=Vasdev|first4=Nikhil|title=Immunotherapy for bladder cancer|journal=Research and Reports in Urology|volume=7|date=May 2015|pages=65–79|pmid=26000263|pmc=4427258|doi=10.2147/RRU.S63447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Houghton|first=Baerin B.|last2=Chalasani|first2=Venu|last3=Hayne|first3=Dickon|last4=Grimison|first4=Peter|last5=Brown|first5=Christopher S. B.|last6=Patel|first6=Manish I.|last7=Davis|first7=Ian D.|last8=Stockler|first8=Martin R.|title=Intravesical chemotherapy plus bacille Calmette-Guérin in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis|journal=BJU International|date=May 2013|volume=111|issue=6|pages=977–83|pmid=23253618|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11390.x}}</ref> Igipimo cy'uburinzi ku ndwara y'igituntu kiratandukanye kandi uburinzi bumara imyaka makumyabiri.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Mu bana birinda hafi 20% kwandura indwara kandi mu bandura birinda kimwe cya kabiri cyazo kurwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=A|last2=Eisenhut|first2=M|last3=Harris|first3=RJ|last4=Rodrigues|first4=LC|last5=Sridhar|first5=S|last6=Habermann|first6=S|last7=Snell|first7=L|last8=Mangtani|first8=P|last9=Adetifa|first9=I|last10=Lalvani|first10=A|last11=Abubakar|first11=I|title=Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=BMJ|date=5 August 2014|volume=349|pages=g4643|pmid=25097193|doi=10.1136/bmj.g4643|pmc=4122754}}</ref> Urukingo rutangwa hakoreshejwe urushinge mu ruhu.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Nta gihamya kigaragaza ko ingero z'inyongera ari ingirakamaro.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikomeye ni gake cyane.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Akenshi habaho gutukura, kubyimba, n'ububabare buke aho watewe inshinge.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Igisebe gito gishobora no kuvuka gifite inkovu nyuma yo gukira.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara cyane kandi zishobora kuba zikomeye ku bantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakora neza.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Ntabwo ari byiza kuyikoresha mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]].<ref name="WHO2018" /> Urukingo rwakozwe bwa mbere rukomoka kuri ''Mycobacterium bovis'', ikunze kuboneka mu nka.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Nubwo yacitse intege, iracyariho.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Urukingo rwa BCG rwakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buvuzi mu 1921.<ref name="WHO2018" /> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Hagati ya 2011 na 2014 igiciro cya bulijanseri cyari hagati ya 0.20 na 1.10$ y'Amerika kuri doze imwe mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vaccine, Bcg|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=788&searchYear=2014|website=ERC|access-date=13 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071918/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=788&searchYear=2014|archive-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bigura amadolari y'Amerika 100 kugeza 200.<ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1284057560|page=312}}</ref> Guhera mu 2004, urukingo ruhabwa abana bagera kuri miliyoni 100 buri mwaka ku isi.<ref name="WHO2004">{{Cite journal|date=23 January 2004|title=BCG Vaccine: WHO position paper|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2004/en/wer7904.pdf|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|volume=4|issue=79|pages=25–40|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921165240/http://www.who.int/wer/2004/en/wer7904.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] mcqsgtyutl66yts321qmdcr7aq2c6m2 0 23593 142411 2026-10-17T09:17:11Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456772|Vasectomy]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Birth control|name=Vasectomy|synonyms=Vasoligation; male sterilization|image=Vasectomy diagram-en.svg|width=|caption=Diagram of the anatomy of a vasectomy|bc_type=[[Sterilisation (medicine)|Sterilization]]|date_first_use=1899<ref name=New2019/>|rate_type=Failure|perfect_failure%=0.10|perfect_failure_ref=<ref name=Trus2011>{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last= Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S.|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn = 0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863}} Table 26–1 = <span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220516112543/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.]</span></ref>|typical_failure%=0.15|typical_failure_ref=<ref name=Trus2011/>|duration_effect=Permanent<ref name=Ze2021/>|reversibility=Occasionally<ref name=Ze2021/>|user_reminders=[[Semen analysis]] at 3 months to confirm effectiveness<ref name=Ze2021/>|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=None<ref name=JAMA2018/>|periods=|benefits=Only requires [[local anesthetic|injectable freezing]].<ref name=Ze2021/> Lower cost and safer than [[tubal ligation]].<ref name=Stat2024/><ref name=JAMA2018/>|weight_gain_loss=|risks=[[Hematoma]], [[infection]], [[post-vasectomy pain syndrome|long-term pain]]<ref name=Ze2021/>|medical_notes=}}'''Kuvasectomy''' ni uburyo bwo kubaga abagabo kugira ngo bakureho burundu.<ref name="Ze2021">{{Cite journal|last=Zeitler|first=M|last2=Rayala|first2=B|title=Outpatient Vasectomy: Safe, Reliable, and Cost-effective.|journal=Primary care|date=December 2021|volume=48|issue=4|pages=613-625|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2021.08.001|pmid=34752273}}</ref> Kugira ngo intanga zikore neza, nibura amezi 3 n'amezi 20 birakenewe, ibi bikaba bigomba kwemezwa no gusesengura amasohoro.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Igipimo cy'inanirwa kuri iyi ngingo ni hafi 1 kuri 2.000.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Muri rusange ni uburyo buhoraho bwo kuboneza urubyaro ; ariko, uburyo bwo kugabanya imbyaro burimo guhindura intanga no kugarura intanga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guterateranya intanga mu buryo bwa vitro.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Nubwo muri rusange nta kibazo kirimo, ingaruka mbi ziri hagati ya 1 na 2% zishobora kuba zirimo hematoma cyangwa ubwandu.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Indwara y'ububabare nyuma yo kuva mu ivuriro bishobora kugaragara kugeza kuri 6%.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Ntabwo bihindura imikorere y'imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="JAMA2018">{{Cite journal|last=Fainberg|first=J|last2=Kashanian|first2=JA|title=Vasectomy.|journal=JAMA|date=19 June 2018|volume=319|issue=23|pages=2450|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.6514|pmid=29922830}}</ref> Muri rusange bisaba gukuraho agace ka buri vas deferens no gufunga impera z'intanga ngabo, ibyo bigatuma intanga ngabo zitajya mu gitsina bityo bigatuma intanga ngabo zidakora.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Ubu buryo bukunze gukorerwa kwa muganga ushyushye.<ref name="Ze2021" /><ref name="JAMA2018" /> Amavuta yo kwisiga ashobora gushyirwaho mbere yo gukonjesha hakoreshejwe inshinge.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Umusatsi urakurwaho hanyuma agace gasukurwa.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Udukoko tw’imitsi dushyirwa hafi y’uruhu hagati y’intanga ngabo n’igitsina gabo.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Kugira ngo ugere ku ruhu, uruhu ruri hejuru rushobora gucibwa n'icyuma cyo kuvura cyangwa gufungurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukata ibyuma mu buryo butarimo icyuma cyo kuvura.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Igice cy'umuyoboro w'amazi gikurwaho impera zisigaye zigacibwa cyangwa zigafungwa hanyuma zigatwikwa.<ref name="Ze2021" /> [[Paracetamol|Parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) na NSAIDs bishobora gufatwa ku bubabare.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Guterura ibintu biremereye no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ntibisabwa mu cyumweru kimwe nyuma yaho.<ref name="Ze2021" /><ref name="JAMA2018" /> Ubu buryo bwakozwe bwa mbere mu 1899 na Reginald Harrison.<ref name="New2019">{{Cite book|last=Newton|first=David E.|title=Birth Control: A Reference Handbook|date=2 December 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=979-8-216-05405-4|page=PT148|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Birth_Control/2QXHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT148|language=en|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143554/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Birth_Control/2QXHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT148|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ci2015">{{Cite book|last=Ciment|first=James|title=Social Issues in America: An Encyclopedia|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45971-2|page=4|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Social_Issues_in_America/ru3qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA4|language=en|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143728/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Social_Issues_in_America/ru3qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhera mu 2020, ikoreshwa n'abagore miliyoni 17 bakuze kubyara (1.8%) nk'uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro.<ref name="UN2022">{{Cite book|title=World Family Planning 2022|date=2022|publisher=United Nations|isbn=9789211483765|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2023/Feb/undesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207160031/https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2023/Feb/undesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ni igabanuka rivuye kuri 6% mu 1995.<ref name="UN2022" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ubu buryo muri rusange buhendutse munsi ya 1.000 USD mu 2021; <ref name="Ze2021" /> buhendutse ugereranyije na tubal ligation.<ref name="Stat2024">{{Cite journal|last=Stormont|first=G|last2=Deibert|first2=CM|title=Vasectomy.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2024|pmid=31751094}}</ref> == Iriburiro == [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] i1adz4di9d6m9nf9g8fi0cldwd407o4 142412 142411 2026-10-17T09:18:16Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kuvase (Vasectomy) 142412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Birth control|name=Vasectomy|synonyms=Vasoligation; male sterilization|image=Vasectomy diagram-en.svg|width=|caption=Diagram of the anatomy of a vasectomy|bc_type=[[Sterilisation (medicine)|Sterilization]]|date_first_use=1899<ref name=New2019/>|rate_type=Failure|perfect_failure%=0.10|perfect_failure_ref=<ref name=Trus2011>{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last= Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S.|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn = 0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863}} Table 26–1 = <span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220516112543/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.]</span></ref>|typical_failure%=0.15|typical_failure_ref=<ref name=Trus2011/>|duration_effect=Permanent<ref name=Ze2021/>|reversibility=Occasionally<ref name=Ze2021/>|user_reminders=[[Semen analysis]] at 3 months to confirm effectiveness<ref name=Ze2021/>|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=None<ref name=JAMA2018/>|periods=|benefits=Only requires [[local anesthetic|injectable freezing]].<ref name=Ze2021/> Lower cost and safer than [[tubal ligation]].<ref name=Stat2024/><ref name=JAMA2018/>|weight_gain_loss=|risks=[[Hematoma]], [[infection]], [[post-vasectomy pain syndrome|long-term pain]]<ref name=Ze2021/>|medical_notes=}}'''Kuvasectomy''' ni uburyo bwo kubaga abagabo kugira ngo bakureho burundu.<ref name="Ze2021">{{Cite journal|last=Zeitler|first=M|last2=Rayala|first2=B|title=Outpatient Vasectomy: Safe, Reliable, and Cost-effective.|journal=Primary care|date=December 2021|volume=48|issue=4|pages=613-625|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2021.08.001|pmid=34752273}}</ref> Kugira ngo intanga zikore neza, nibura amezi 3 n'amezi 20 birakenewe, ibi bikaba bigomba kwemezwa no gusesengura amasohoro.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Igipimo cy'inanirwa kuri iyi ngingo ni hafi 1 kuri 2.000.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Muri rusange ni uburyo buhoraho bwo kuboneza urubyaro ; ariko, uburyo bwo kugabanya imbyaro burimo guhindura intanga no kugarura intanga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guterateranya intanga mu buryo bwa vitro.<ref name="Ze2021" /> [[Dosiye:Post-vasectomy.jpg|thumb|Kuvase (Vasectomy)]] Nubwo muri rusange nta kibazo kirimo, ingaruka mbi ziri hagati ya 1 na 2% zishobora kuba zirimo hematoma cyangwa ubwandu.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Indwara y'ububabare nyuma yo kuva mu ivuriro bishobora kugaragara kugeza kuri 6%.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Ntabwo bihindura imikorere y'imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="JAMA2018">{{Cite journal|last=Fainberg|first=J|last2=Kashanian|first2=JA|title=Vasectomy.|journal=JAMA|date=19 June 2018|volume=319|issue=23|pages=2450|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.6514|pmid=29922830}}</ref> Muri rusange bisaba gukuraho agace ka buri vas deferens no gufunga impera z'intanga ngabo, ibyo bigatuma intanga ngabo zitajya mu gitsina bityo bigatuma intanga ngabo zidakora.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Ubu buryo bukunze gukorerwa kwa muganga ushyushye.<ref name="Ze2021" /><ref name="JAMA2018" /> Amavuta yo kwisiga ashobora gushyirwaho mbere yo gukonjesha hakoreshejwe inshinge.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Umusatsi urakurwaho hanyuma agace gasukurwa.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Udukoko tw’imitsi dushyirwa hafi y’uruhu hagati y’intanga ngabo n’igitsina gabo.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Kugira ngo ugere ku ruhu, uruhu ruri hejuru rushobora gucibwa n'icyuma cyo kuvura cyangwa gufungurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukata ibyuma mu buryo butarimo icyuma cyo kuvura.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Igice cy'umuyoboro w'amazi gikurwaho impera zisigaye zigacibwa cyangwa zigafungwa hanyuma zigatwikwa.<ref name="Ze2021" /> [[Paracetamol|Parasetamol]] (acetaminophen) na NSAIDs bishobora gufatwa ku bubabare.<ref name="Ze2021" /> Guterura ibintu biremereye no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ntibisabwa mu cyumweru kimwe nyuma yaho.<ref name="Ze2021" /><ref name="JAMA2018" /> Ubu buryo bwakozwe bwa mbere mu 1899 na Reginald Harrison.<ref name="New2019">{{Cite book|last=Newton|first=David E.|title=Birth Control: A Reference Handbook|date=2 December 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=979-8-216-05405-4|page=PT148|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Birth_Control/2QXHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT148|language=en|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143554/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Birth_Control/2QXHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT148|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ci2015">{{Cite book|last=Ciment|first=James|title=Social Issues in America: An Encyclopedia|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45971-2|page=4|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Social_Issues_in_America/ru3qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA4|language=en|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143728/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Social_Issues_in_America/ru3qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Guhera mu 2020, ikoreshwa n'abagore miliyoni 17 bakuze kubyara (1.8%) nk'uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro.<ref name="UN2022">{{Cite book|title=World Family Planning 2022|date=2022|publisher=United Nations|isbn=9789211483765|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2023/Feb/undesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207160031/https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2023/Feb/undesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ni igabanuka rivuye kuri 6% mu 1995.<ref name="UN2022" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ubu buryo muri rusange buhendutse munsi ya 1.000 USD mu 2021; <ref name="Ze2021" /> buhendutse ugereranyije na tubal ligation.<ref name="Stat2024">{{Cite journal|last=Stormont|first=G|last2=Deibert|first2=CM|title=Vasectomy.|journal=StatPearls|date=January 2024|pmid=31751094}}</ref> == Iriburiro == [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] prbmiar4i220phkw67end1z7eu2230y 0 23594 142413 2026-10-17T09:19:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456857|Treacher_Collins_syndrome]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Treacher_Collins_syndrome|synonym=Treacher Collins–Franceschetti syndrome,<ref name=Bolognia>{{cite book|author1=Rapini, Ronald P.|author2=Bolognia, Jean L.|author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L.|title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis|year=2007|pages=894, 1686|isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1}}</ref> mandibulofacial dysostosis,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11780938|title=I hated seeing my face in the mirror|date=18 November 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=2010-11-18|archive-date=2018-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011224000/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11780938|url-status=live}}</ref> Franceschetti-Zwalen-Klein syndrome<ref name=NORD2016/>|image=TeacherCollinsFront.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Child with Treacher Collins syndrome<ref name=Go2009>{{cite journal|last1=Goel|first1=L|last2=Bennur|first2=SK|last3=Jambhale|first3=S|title=Treacher-collins syndrome-a challenge for anaesthesiologists.|journal=Indian Journal of Anaesthesia|date=August 2009|volume=53|issue=4|pages=496–500|pmid=20640217|pmc=2894488}}</ref>|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]]|symptoms=Deformities of the ears, eyes, cheekbones, chin<ref name=GHR2012/>|complications=[[Shortness of breath|Breathing problems]], [[problems seeing]], [[hearing loss]]<ref name=GHR2012/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Genetic<ref name=GHR2012/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[radiographs|X-rays]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=NORD2016/>|differential=[[Nager syndrome]], [[Miller syndrome]], [[hemifacial microsomia]]<ref name=NORD2016/>|prevention=|treatment=Reconstructive surgery, hearing aids, [[speech therapy]]<ref name=GARD2015/>|medication=|prognosis=Generally normal [[life expectancy]]<ref name=GARD2015/>|frequency=1 in 50,000 people<ref name=GHR2012/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara ya Treacher Collins''' ( '''TCS''' ) ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo tw'amatwi, amaso, amagufwa y'amatako n'akananwa.<ref name="GHR2012">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins syndrome|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=7 November 2017|language=en|date=June 2012|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164632/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Ariko, urugero umuntu agiramo ingaruka rushobora gutandukana kuva ku rugero rworoshye kugeza ku rugero rukomeye.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo byo guhumeka, ibibazo byo kutabona neza, [[Umunwa upfutse n'akanwa gapfutse|gucikamo ibice mu kanwa]] no [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]].<ref name="GHR2012" /> Abagiraho ingaruka muri rusange baba bafite ubwenge busanzwe.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Ubusanzwe TCS ni yo ikoresha autosomal cyane.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Inshuro zirenga kimwe cya kabiri bibaho bitewe n’impinduka nshya aho kuba byararazwe n’ababyeyi b’umuntu.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Utunyangingo tw’umubiri dushobora kuba turimo ''TCOF1'', ''POLR1C'', cyangwa ''POLR1D''.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Isuzuma muri rusange rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso na X-rays, kandi rishobora kwemezwa n'ibizamini bya genetiki.<ref name="NORD2016">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins Syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/treacher-collins-syndrome/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=7 November 2017|date=2016|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220130746/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/treacher-collins-syndrome/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara ya Treacher Collins ntabwo ivurwa.<ref name="GARD2015">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9124/treacher-collins-syndrome|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=7 November 2017|language=en|date=2015|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816051255/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9124/treacher-collins-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora gukemurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga, uburyo bwo kumva, uburyo bwo kuvura indwara, n'ibindi bikoresho bifasha umuntu.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Icyizere cy'ubuzima muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="GARD2015" /> TCS ibaho ku muntu umwe mu bantu 50.000.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Iyi ndwara yitiriwe Edward Treacher Collins, umuganga w’inzobere mu kubaga amaso w’Umwongereza, wasobanuye imiterere yayo y’ingenzi mu 1900.<ref name="Pra2014">{{Cite book|last=R|first=Pramod John|last2=John|first2=Pramod|title=Textbook of Oral Medicine|date=2014|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789350908501|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2020-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912103315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gre2012">{{Cite book|last=Beighton|first=Greta|title=The Man Behind the Syndrome|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447114154|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TGgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sujknbqnwtpytk53zfz62tnks108qcb 142414 142413 2026-10-17T09:20:47Z Stevenndori289 10902 Indwara ya Treacher_Collins 142414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Treacher Collins Syndrome 5.jpg|thumb|Indwara ya Treacher_Collins]] '''Indwara ya Treacher Collins''' ( '''TCS''' ) ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo tw'amatwi, amaso, amagufwa y'amatako n'akananwa.<ref name="GHR2012">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins syndrome|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=7 November 2017|language=en|date=June 2012|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164632/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/treacher-collins-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Ariko, urugero umuntu agiramo ingaruka rushobora gutandukana kuva ku rugero rworoshye kugeza ku rugero rukomeye.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo byo guhumeka, ibibazo byo kutabona neza, [[Umunwa upfutse n'akanwa gapfutse|gucikamo ibice mu kanwa]] no [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]].<ref name="GHR2012" /> Abagiraho ingaruka muri rusange baba bafite ubwenge busanzwe.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Ubusanzwe TCS ni yo ikoresha autosomal cyane.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Inshuro zirenga kimwe cya kabiri bibaho bitewe n’impinduka nshya aho kuba byararazwe n’ababyeyi b’umuntu.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Utunyangingo tw’umubiri dushobora kuba turimo ''TCOF1'', ''POLR1C'', cyangwa ''POLR1D''.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Isuzuma muri rusange rikekwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso na X-rays, kandi rishobora kwemezwa n'ibizamini bya genetiki.<ref name="NORD2016">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins Syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/treacher-collins-syndrome/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=7 November 2017|date=2016|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220130746/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/treacher-collins-syndrome/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara ya Treacher Collins ntabwo ivurwa.<ref name="GARD2015">{{Cite web|title=Treacher Collins syndrome|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9124/treacher-collins-syndrome|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=7 November 2017|language=en|date=2015|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816051255/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9124/treacher-collins-syndrome|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora gukemurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaga, uburyo bwo kumva, uburyo bwo kuvura indwara, n'ibindi bikoresho bifasha umuntu.<ref name="GARD2015" /> Icyizere cy'ubuzima muri rusange ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="GARD2015" /> TCS ibaho ku muntu umwe mu bantu 50.000.<ref name="GHR2012" /> Iyi ndwara yitiriwe Edward Treacher Collins, umuganga w’inzobere mu kubaga amaso w’Umwongereza, wasobanuye imiterere yayo y’ingenzi mu 1900.<ref name="Pra2014">{{Cite book|last=R|first=Pramod John|last2=John|first2=Pramod|title=Textbook of Oral Medicine|date=2014|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=9789350908501|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|access-date=2017-09-17|archive-date=2020-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912103315/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gre2012">{{Cite book|last=Beighton|first=Greta|title=The Man Behind the Syndrome|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447114154|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TGgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] dzugtgnmwcvn7k4rjok0fub1ffyf7wp 0 23595 142415 2026-10-17T09:21:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457106|Tadalafil]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Tadalafil''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Cialis''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Kudafata umurego kw'igitsina cy'umugabo|ikibazo cyo guhagarara k'uburemba]] (ED), hyperplasia y'uburemba (BPH), n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu bihaha.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Tadalafil Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tadalafil.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920021716/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tadalafil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ikinini gifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gutangira kwa muganga akenshi biba mu gihe cy'igice cy'isaha kandi igihe kigera ku masaha 36.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, kubabara imitsi, uruhu rusa n'isesemi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Kwitonda ni ngombwa ku bantu bafite indwara z'umutima n'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zidasanzwe ariko zikomeye zirimo guhagarara igihe kirekire bishobora kwangiza [[Umugabo|igitsina cy'umugabo]], ibibazo byo kutabona no [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil ntiyemerwa ku bantu bafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa nitrovasodilators nka nitroglycerin, kuko ibi bishobora gutuma umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka cyane.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil ni umuti ubuza PDE5 kongera amaraso ajya mu gitsina bitewe n'imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Nanone kandi, bigabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso mu bihaha, bigatuma imitsi yo mu bihaha igabanuka.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2003.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bwongereza.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza byatwaye NHS amafaranga agera kuri 80p kuri dose imwe kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=796|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 1.91.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-05-15|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-05-15/rt4v-78r4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530081510/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-05-15/rt4v-78r4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 282 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tadalafil - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tadalafil|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708065608/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tadalafil|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 70ccec2ou69g1rysiynqm9qyg112mlh 142416 142415 2026-10-17T09:29:31Z Stevenndori289 10902 Tadalafil 142416 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tadalafil - 10 er Blister - T20 - 20mg - Potenzmittel.jpg|thumb|Tadalafil]] '''Tadalafil''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Cialis''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Kudafata umurego kw'igitsina cy'umugabo|ikibazo cyo guhagarara k'uburemba]] (ED), hyperplasia y'uburemba (BPH), n'umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu bihaha.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Tadalafil Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tadalafil.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920021716/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tadalafil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni ikinini gifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gutangira kwa muganga akenshi biba mu gihe cy'igice cy'isaha kandi igihe kigera ku masaha 36.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo kuribwa umutwe, kubabara imitsi, uruhu rusa n'isesemi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Kwitonda ni ngombwa ku bantu bafite indwara z'umutima n'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zidasanzwe ariko zikomeye zirimo guhagarara igihe kirekire bishobora kwangiza [[Umugabo|igitsina cy'umugabo]], ibibazo byo kutabona no [[Ubumuga bwo kutumva|kutumva neza]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil ntiyemerwa ku bantu bafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa nitrovasodilators nka nitroglycerin, kuko ibi bishobora gutuma umuvuduko w'amaraso ugabanuka cyane.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil ni umuti ubuza PDE5 kongera amaraso ajya mu gitsina bitewe n'imibonano mpuzabitsina.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Nanone kandi, bigabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso mu bihaha, bigatuma imitsi yo mu bihaha igabanuka.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Tadalafil yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2003.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Bwongereza.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza byatwaye NHS amafaranga agera kuri 80p kuri dose imwe kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=796|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 1.91.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-05-15|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-05-15/rt4v-78r4|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530081510/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-05-15/rt4v-78r4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 282 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tadalafil - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tadalafil|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708065608/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Tadalafil|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] s48lmc3gevwelvwtl111lmia5rmclb6 0 23596 142417 2026-10-17T09:32:42Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513465|Temazepam]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Temazepam''', igurishwa ku mazina y'ikirango '''cya Restoril''' n'ibindi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Kubura ibitotsi|ibibazo byo gusinzira]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/temazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229165909/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/temazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gukoresha bene ubwo buryo muri rusange bigomba kuba mu gihe kiri munsi y'iminsi icumi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu isaha imwe kandi zimara amasaha umunani.<ref name="Shell2015">{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Shelly Rainforth|last2=RN-BC|first2=Shelly Rainforth Collins|title=Pharmacology and the Nursing Process|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323358286|page=193|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=06A_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08|archive-date=2020-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104204246/https://books.google.ca/books?id=06A_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, guhangayika, urujijo no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kubona ibintu nk'ibi, guhohoterwa, guhangayika no kwiyahura.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Muri rusange ntibisabwa kuyikoresha hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge (opioids).<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iyo igipimo kigabanutse cyane, guhagarika imiti bishobora kubaho.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] ntibyemewe.<ref name="Preg2019">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam (Restoril) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/temazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829084312/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/temazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Temazepam ni benzodiazepine ikora neza kandi ikora ku mutima.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Shell2015" /> Ikora mu kugira ingaruka kuri GABA mu bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Temazapam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1962, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1969.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=537|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA537|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=2020-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102091208/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA537|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £1.40 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=481|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 1.76.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 142 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Temazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004614/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Temazepam|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 9h1ergqe4r4c4xfitt1k0rphihkc7fq 142418 142417 2026-10-17T09:36:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Temazepam 142418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Temazepam 10mg tablets.jpg|thumb|Temazepam]] '''Temazepam''', igurishwa ku mazina y'ikirango '''cya Restoril''' n'ibindi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Kubura ibitotsi|ibibazo byo gusinzira]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/temazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229165909/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/temazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gukoresha bene ubwo buryo muri rusange bigomba kuba mu gihe kiri munsi y'iminsi icumi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka muri rusange zitangira mu isaha imwe kandi zimara amasaha umunani.<ref name="Shell2015">{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Shelly Rainforth|last2=RN-BC|first2=Shelly Rainforth Collins|title=Pharmacology and the Nursing Process|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323358286|page=193|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=06A_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08|archive-date=2020-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104204246/https://books.google.ca/books?id=06A_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gusinzira, guhangayika, urujijo no kuzerera.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kubona ibintu nk'ibi, guhohoterwa, guhangayika no kwiyahura.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Muri rusange ntibisabwa kuyikoresha hamwe n'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'ibiyobyabwenge (opioids).<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iyo igipimo kigabanutse cyane, guhagarika imiti bishobora kubaho.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha iyo miti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] ntibyemewe.<ref name="Preg2019">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam (Restoril) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/temazepam.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829084312/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/temazepam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Temazepam ni benzodiazepine ikora neza kandi ikora ku mutima.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="Shell2015" /> Ikora mu kugira ingaruka kuri GABA mu bwonko.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Temazapam yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imiti mu 1962, itangira gukoreshwa mu buvuzi mu 1969.<ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=537|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA537|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=2020-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102091208/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA537|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £1.40 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=481|edition=76}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi amadolari y'Amerika 1.76.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 142 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni enye.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318234059/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Temazepam - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Temazepam|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412004614/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Temazepam|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ee0okwmhzlj083g2lffwvtr69mlzzh5 0 23597 142419 2026-10-17T09:42:27Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500267|Allergy]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Allergy|synonym=|image=Hives2010.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Hives]] are a common allergic symptom|pronounce=|field=[[Immunology]]|symptoms=[[allergic conjunctivitis|Red eyes]], itchy rash, [[rhinorrhea|runny nose]], [[shortness of breath]], swelling, [[sneezing]]<ref name=NIH2015Sym>{{cite web |title=Environmental Allergies: Symptoms |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=19 June 2015 |date=22 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023408/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023408/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx |date=18 June 2015 }}</ref>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=[[Allergic rhinitis|Hay fever]], [[Food allergy|food allergies]], [[atopic dermatitis]], [[allergic asthma]], [[anaphylaxis]]<ref name=NIH2015Types>{{cite web |title=Types of Allergic Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=17 June 2015 |date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123632/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123632/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergic-diseases-types.aspx |date=17 June 2015 }}</ref>|causes=[[Genetics|Genetic]] and environmental factors<ref name=Kay2000/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, [[skin prick test]], [[blood test]]<ref name=NIH2012pdf/>|differential=[[Food intolerance|Food intolerances]], [[food poisoning]]<ref name=Bah2012/>|prevention=Early exposure to potential allergens<ref name=Sic2014/>|treatment=Avoiding known allergens, medications, [[allergen immunotherapy]]<ref name=NIH2015Imm/>|medication=[[Corticosteroid|Steroids]], [[Antihistamine|antihistamines]], [[epinephrine]], [[mast cell stabilizer]]s, [[antileukotriene]]s<ref name=NIH2015Imm/><ref name=Review09>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simons FE | title = Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 124 | issue = 4 | pages = 625–36; quiz 637–38 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19815109 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025 | url = https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084618/https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 June 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084618/https://secure.muhealth.org/~ed/students/articles/JAClinImmun_124_p0625.pdf |date=27 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Finn |first1=DF |last2=Walsh |first2=JJ |title=Twenty-first century mast cell stabilizers. |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |date=September 2013 |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=23–37 |doi=10.1111/bph.12138 |pmid=23441583 |pmc=3764846}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=May |first1=JR |last2=Dolen |first2=WK |title=Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Review for the Community Pharmacist. |journal=Clinical Therapeutics |date=December 2017 |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=2410–19 |doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.10.006 |pmid=29079387|doi-access=free }}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=Common<ref name=NIH2015Epi>{{cite web |title=Allergic Diseases |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/default.aspx |website=NIAID |access-date=20 June 2015 |date=21 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023404/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023404/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/pages/default.aspx |date=18 June 2015 }}</ref>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Allergie''', izwi kandi nka '''indwara z'ubwivumbure''', ni indwara nyinshi ziterwa no kuba ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bushobora kwanduza ibintu bisanzwe bitangiza ibidukikije.<ref name="Con2007">{{Cite book|last=McConnell|first=Thomas H.|title=The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-7817-5317-3|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429011256/https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}</ref> Izi ndwara zirimo indwara y’ibyatsi, ubwivumbure bw’ibiryo, dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic, asima ifite allergie, na anaphylaxis . Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo amaso atukura, uduheri twinshi, kwitsamura, izuru riva, guhumeka nabi, cyangwa kubyimba. Kutaryoherwa n'ibiryo no kurwara uburozi ni ibintu bitandukanye.<ref name="Bah2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bahna SL|title=Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=89|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=56–60|date=December 2002|pmid=12487206|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2}}</ref> Ibintu bikunze gutera ubwivumbure birimo impongo n'ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Con2007" /> Ibyuma n'ibindi bintu nabyo bishobora guteza ibibazo.<ref name="Con2007" /> Ibiryo, kurumwa n'udukoko, n'imiti ni byo bintu bikunze gutera ingaruka zikomeye.<ref name="Kay2000">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kay AB|title=Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=56|issue=4|pages=843–64|year=2000|pmid=11359624|doi=10.1258/0007142001903481|doi-access=free}}</ref> Iterambere ryabyo riterwa n'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri ndetse n'ibidukikije.<ref name="Kay2000" /> Uburyo bw’ibanze bugizwe n’uturemangingo twa immunoglobulin E (IgE), igice cy’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, buhuza n’ikintu kitera ubwivumbure hanyuma bugahuza n’agace kabugenewe kari ku turemangingo twa mast cyangwa basophil aho gatuma habaho irekurwa ry’ibinyabutabire bitera ububyimbirwe nka histamine . Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku mateka y'ubuzima bw'umuntu. Gusuzuma uruhu cyangwa amaraso bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name=NIH2012pdf>{{cite web |author1=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |title=Food Allergy An Overview |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/Documents/foodallergy.pdf |date=July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Icyakora, ibizamini byagaragaje ko ari byiza bishobora kutagaragaza ko hari ubwivumbure bukomeye kuri iyi ngano.<ref name="Cox2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D|title=Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=101|issue=6|pages=580–92|date=December 2008|pmid=19119701|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7}}</ref> Guhura n'ibintu bishobora gutera ubwivumbure hakiri kare bishobora kuba inzitizi.<ref name="Sic2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sicherer SH, Sampson HA|title=Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=291–307; quiz 308|date=February 2014|pmid=24388012|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura allergie burimo kwirinda ibintu bizwiho gutera allergie no gukoresha imiti nka steroide na antihistamines.<ref name=NIH2015Imm>{{cite web |title=Allergen Immunotherapy |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |access-date=15 June 2015 |date=22 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> Imiti ivura indwara zo mu mutwe (antihistamines) ikunzwe cyane ni imiti idatuma umuntu aruhuka nka [[Loratadine|loratidine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randall|first=Katrina L.|last2=Hawkins|first2=Carolyn A.|title=Antihistamines and allergy|url=29670310|website=Australian Prescriber|access-date=22 November 2021|pages=41–45|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2018.013|date=April 2018}}</ref> Mu gihe cy’ingaruka zikomeye, adrenaline (epinephrine) iterwa mu nganda irasabwa. Kuvura indwara ziterwa n'ubwivumbure bw'umubiri (allergen immunotherapy) , ishyira abantu mu kaga gakomeye kandi gakomeye ku bintu bishobora gutuma umuntu arwara indwara ziterwa n’ubwivumbure, ni ingirakamaro ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’ubwivumbure nk’ibicurane by’ibyatsi ndetse n’ingaruka zo kurumwa n’udukoko.<ref name=NIH2015Imm /> Ikoreshwa ryayo mu ndwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa ntirirasobanutse neza. Allergie ni ikintu gisanzwe. Mu bihugu byateye imbere, abantu bagera kuri 20% bibasirwa na rhinitis y’ubwivumbure,<ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wheatley LM, Togias A|title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=5|pages=456–63|date=January 2015|pmid=25629743|pmc=4324099|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282}}</ref> abantu bagera kuri 6% bafite nibura ubwivumbure bumwe mu biribwa,<ref name="Sic2014" /> naho abagera kuri 20% bafite dermatitis y’ibicurane mu gihe runaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thomsen SF|title=Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment|journal=ISRN Allergy|volume=2014|pages=354250|date=2014|pmid=25006501|pmc=4004110|doi=10.1155/2014/354250}}</ref> Bitewe n'igihugu, abantu bagera kuri 1–18% barwaye asima. Anaphylaxis ibaho hagati ya 0.05–2% by'abantu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie C. Grammer|title=Patterson's Allergic Diseases|date=2012|isbn=978-1-4511-4863-3|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&pg=PA199|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429021327/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&pg=PA199|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cy'indwara nyinshi ziterwa n'ubwivumbure gisa n'aho kirimo kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x}}</ref> Ijambo "allergie" ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere na Clemens von Pirquet mu 1906.<ref name="Kay2000" /><references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] tm34jqeiqz5tpkibk0wlr7oodfcbr1t 142420 142419 2026-10-17T09:44:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 allergique 142420 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Dosiye:Codvid vaccine allergy.jpg|thumb|allergique]]'''Allergie''', izwi kandi nka '''indwara z'ubwivumbure''', ni indwara nyinshi ziterwa no kuba ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bushobora kwanduza ibintu bisanzwe bitangiza ibidukikije.<ref name="Con2007">{{Cite book|last=McConnell|first=Thomas H.|title=The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-7817-5317-3|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429011256/https://books.google.com/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}</ref> Izi ndwara zirimo indwara y’ibyatsi, ubwivumbure bw’ibiryo, dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic, asima ifite allergie, na anaphylaxis . Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo amaso atukura, uduheri twinshi, kwitsamura, izuru riva, guhumeka nabi, cyangwa kubyimba. Kutaryoherwa n'ibiryo no kurwara uburozi ni ibintu bitandukanye.<ref name="Bah2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bahna SL|title=Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=89|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=56–60|date=December 2002|pmid=12487206|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2}}</ref> Ibintu bikunze gutera ubwivumbure birimo impongo n'ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Con2007" /> Ibyuma n'ibindi bintu nabyo bishobora guteza ibibazo.<ref name="Con2007" /> Ibiryo, kurumwa n'udukoko, n'imiti ni byo bintu bikunze gutera ingaruka zikomeye.<ref name="Kay2000">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kay AB|title=Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=56|issue=4|pages=843–64|year=2000|pmid=11359624|doi=10.1258/0007142001903481|doi-access=free}}</ref> Iterambere ryabyo riterwa n'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri ndetse n'ibidukikije.<ref name="Kay2000" /> Uburyo bw’ibanze bugizwe n’uturemangingo twa immunoglobulin E (IgE), igice cy’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, buhuza n’ikintu kitera ubwivumbure hanyuma bugahuza n’agace kabugenewe kari ku turemangingo twa mast cyangwa basophil aho gatuma habaho irekurwa ry’ibinyabutabire bitera ububyimbirwe nka histamine . Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishingiye ku mateka y'ubuzima bw'umuntu. Gusuzuma uruhu cyangwa amaraso bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name=NIH2012pdf>{{cite web |author1=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |title=Food Allergy An Overview |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodAllergy/Documents/foodallergy.pdf |date=July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145206/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/documents/foodallergy.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Icyakora, ibizamini byagaragaje ko ari byiza bishobora kutagaragaza ko hari ubwivumbure bukomeye kuri iyi ngano.<ref name="Cox2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D|title=Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|volume=101|issue=6|pages=580–92|date=December 2008|pmid=19119701|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7}}</ref> Guhura n'ibintu bishobora gutera ubwivumbure hakiri kare bishobora kuba inzitizi.<ref name="Sic2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sicherer SH, Sampson HA|title=Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=133|issue=2|pages=291–307; quiz 308|date=February 2014|pmid=24388012|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura allergie burimo kwirinda ibintu bizwiho gutera allergie no gukoresha imiti nka steroide na antihistamines.<ref name=NIH2015Imm>{{cite web |title=Allergen Immunotherapy |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |access-date=15 June 2015 |date=22 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122922/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx |date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> Imiti ivura indwara zo mu mutwe (antihistamines) ikunzwe cyane ni imiti idatuma umuntu aruhuka nka [[Loratadine|loratidine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randall|first=Katrina L.|last2=Hawkins|first2=Carolyn A.|title=Antihistamines and allergy|url=29670310|website=Australian Prescriber|access-date=22 November 2021|pages=41–45|doi=10.18773/austprescr.2018.013|date=April 2018}}</ref> Mu gihe cy’ingaruka zikomeye, adrenaline (epinephrine) iterwa mu nganda irasabwa. Kuvura indwara ziterwa n'ubwivumbure bw'umubiri (allergen immunotherapy) , ishyira abantu mu kaga gakomeye kandi gakomeye ku bintu bishobora gutuma umuntu arwara indwara ziterwa n’ubwivumbure, ni ingirakamaro ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’ubwivumbure nk’ibicurane by’ibyatsi ndetse n’ingaruka zo kurumwa n’udukoko.<ref name=NIH2015Imm /> Ikoreshwa ryayo mu ndwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa ntirirasobanutse neza. Allergie ni ikintu gisanzwe. Mu bihugu byateye imbere, abantu bagera kuri 20% bibasirwa na rhinitis y’ubwivumbure,<ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wheatley LM, Togias A|title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=5|pages=456–63|date=January 2015|pmid=25629743|pmc=4324099|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282}}</ref> abantu bagera kuri 6% bafite nibura ubwivumbure bumwe mu biribwa,<ref name="Sic2014" /> naho abagera kuri 20% bafite dermatitis y’ibicurane mu gihe runaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thomsen SF|title=Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment|journal=ISRN Allergy|volume=2014|pages=354250|date=2014|pmid=25006501|pmc=4004110|doi=10.1155/2014/354250}}</ref> Bitewe n'igihugu, abantu bagera kuri 1–18% barwaye asima. Anaphylaxis ibaho hagati ya 0.05–2% by'abantu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie C. Grammer|title=Patterson's Allergic Diseases|date=2012|isbn=978-1-4511-4863-3|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&pg=PA199|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429021327/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWdT7W4_N8sC&pg=PA199|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cy'indwara nyinshi ziterwa n'ubwivumbure gisa n'aho kirimo kwiyongera.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x}}</ref> Ijambo "allergie" ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere na Clemens von Pirquet mu 1906.<ref name="Kay2000" /><references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] hpncwurm0vk8u8reqby5cqtc9y5nc7q 0 23598 142421 2026-10-17T09:46:00Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501003|Cannabidiol]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Cannabidiol''' ( '''CBD''' ) ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo [[Sclerosis y'ibibyimba|mu mutwe zifata ibice by'umubiri]], Lennox-Gastaut na Dravet syndrome.<ref name="BNF81">{{Cite book|title=BNF 81: March-September 2021|date=2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0857114105|page=326}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2022">{{Cite web|title=Cannabidiol Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cannabidiol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=7 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027030642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cannabidiol.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Str2021">{{Cite book|last=Strongin|first=Robert M.|last2=Meehan-Atrash|first2=Jiries|last3=Vialpando|first3=Monica|title=Recent Advances in the Science of Cannabis|date=21 November 2021|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-46771-0|page=80|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Recent_Advances_in_the_Science_of_Cannab/lypHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cannabidiol+1940+discovered&pg=PA80|language=en|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111092614/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Recent_Advances_in_the_Science_of_Cannab/lypHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cannabidiol+1940+discovered&pg=PA80|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa hamwe na clobazam.<ref name="BNF81" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="BNF81" /> Ibimenyetso ntibihagije kugira ngo bishyigikire ikoreshwa ryayo mu guhangayika, indwara zo mu mutwe, cyangwa ububabare kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="Black2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L|display-authors=6|title=Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=12|pages=995–1010|date=December 2019|pmid=31672337|pmc=6949116|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8}}</ref><ref name="Mayo2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=VanDolah HJ, Bauer BA, Mauck KF|title=Clinicians' Guide to Cannabidiol and Hemp Oils|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=94|issue=9|pages=1840–1851|date=September 2019|pmid=31447137|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.003|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo gushyukwa, impiswi, umunaniro, gusinzira nabi, no kugira ibisebe.<ref name="BNF81" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'umwijima no kwiyahura.<ref name="PI2022">{{Cite web|title=Epidiolex- cannabidiol solution|website=DailyMed|date=26 August 2020|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194817/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec|url-status=live}}</ref> Gukoresha iyo ndwara mu gihe utwite bishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref name="PI2022" /> Uburyo ikora ntabwo busobanutse neza.<ref name="EPAR2022">{{Cite web|title=Epidyolex EPAR|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|date=24 June 2019|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/epidyolex|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809152037/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/epidyolex|url-status=live}} Text was copied from this source which is copyrighted by the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref> Ntabwo ifite ubushobozi bumwe bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe nk'ubwa tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).<ref name="Camp2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS|title=Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=367|issue=1607|pages=3364–78|date=December 2012|pmid=23108553|pmc=3481531|doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0389|type=Review}}</ref> Cannabidiol yavumbuwe mu 1940.<ref name="Str2021" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2018 no mu Burayi mu 2019.<ref name="PI2022" /><ref name="EPAR2022" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mililitiro 300 z'umuti wa 100 mg/ml zigura hafi 4,600 by'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Epidiolex Prices and Epidiolex Coupons - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/epidiolex|website=GoodRx|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805174445/https://www.goodrx.com/epidiolex|url-status=live}}</ref> Yakozwe mu kimera cya ''Cannabis sativa''.<ref name="Camp2012" /> Hari abantu bayikoresha mu buryo bw'amavuta ya CBD, muri rusange ikaba irimo urugero ruto rwa THC.<ref name="Mayo2019" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 21r6p7kely9etdmkyiafau2ozvyasf0 142422 142421 2026-10-17T09:47:58Z Stevenndori289 10902 Cannabidiol 142422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:CBD gummy bears.jpg|thumb|Cannabidiol]] '''Cannabidiol''' ( '''CBD''' ) ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo [[Sclerosis y'ibibyimba|mu mutwe zifata ibice by'umubiri]], Lennox-Gastaut na Dravet syndrome.<ref name="BNF81">{{Cite book|title=BNF 81: March-September 2021|date=2021|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0857114105|page=326}}</ref><ref name="AHFS2022">{{Cite web|title=Cannabidiol Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cannabidiol.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=7 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027030642/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/cannabidiol.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Str2021">{{Cite book|last=Strongin|first=Robert M.|last2=Meehan-Atrash|first2=Jiries|last3=Vialpando|first3=Monica|title=Recent Advances in the Science of Cannabis|date=21 November 2021|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-46771-0|page=80|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Recent_Advances_in_the_Science_of_Cannab/lypHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cannabidiol+1940+discovered&pg=PA80|language=en|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111092614/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Recent_Advances_in_the_Science_of_Cannab/lypHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cannabidiol+1940+discovered&pg=PA80|url-status=live}}</ref> Ikoreshwa hamwe na clobazam.<ref name="BNF81" /> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="BNF81" /> Ibimenyetso ntibihagije kugira ngo bishyigikire ikoreshwa ryayo mu guhangayika, indwara zo mu mutwe, cyangwa ububabare kugeza mu 2019.<ref name="Black2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L|display-authors=6|title=Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=12|pages=995–1010|date=December 2019|pmid=31672337|pmc=6949116|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30401-8}}</ref><ref name="Mayo2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=VanDolah HJ, Bauer BA, Mauck KF|title=Clinicians' Guide to Cannabidiol and Hemp Oils|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=94|issue=9|pages=1840–1851|date=September 2019|pmid=31447137|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.003|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo gushyukwa, impiswi, umunaniro, gusinzira nabi, no kugira ibisebe.<ref name="BNF81" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo by'umwijima no kwiyahura.<ref name="PI2022">{{Cite web|title=Epidiolex- cannabidiol solution|website=DailyMed|date=26 August 2020|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194817/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec|url-status=live}}</ref> Gukoresha iyo ndwara mu gihe utwite bishobora kwangiza umwana.<ref name="PI2022" /> Uburyo ikora ntabwo busobanutse neza.<ref name="EPAR2022">{{Cite web|title=Epidyolex EPAR|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|date=24 June 2019|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/epidyolex|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809152037/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/epidyolex|url-status=live}} Text was copied from this source which is copyrighted by the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref> Ntabwo ifite ubushobozi bumwe bwo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe nk'ubwa tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).<ref name="Camp2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS|title=Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=367|issue=1607|pages=3364–78|date=December 2012|pmid=23108553|pmc=3481531|doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0389|type=Review}}</ref> Cannabidiol yavumbuwe mu 1940.<ref name="Str2021" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2018 no mu Burayi mu 2019.<ref name="PI2022" /><ref name="EPAR2022" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mililitiro 300 z'umuti wa 100 mg/ml zigura hafi 4,600 by'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Epidiolex Prices and Epidiolex Coupons - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/epidiolex|website=GoodRx|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805174445/https://www.goodrx.com/epidiolex|url-status=live}}</ref> Yakozwe mu kimera cya ''Cannabis sativa''.<ref name="Camp2012" /> Hari abantu bayikoresha mu buryo bw'amavuta ya CBD, muri rusange ikaba irimo urugero ruto rwa THC.<ref name="Mayo2019" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qsveuv2jrr4s39x100v8enqtk2xpx2v 0 23599 142423 2026-10-17T09:50:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501099|Cerebral_aneurysm]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cerebral_aneurysm|synonym=Intracranial aneurysm, brain aneurism, brain aneurysm, cerebral aneurism|image=Cerebellar aneurysm.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Aneurysm of the [[basilar artery]] and the [[vertebral arteries]].|pronounce=|field=[[Interventional radiology]], [[neurosurgery]]|symptoms=None, numbness, pain, inability to move one side of face<ref name=NIH2020/>|complications=[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid bleed]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=30–60 years old<ref name=NIH2020Fact/>|duration=|types=Saccular, fusiform, infectious<ref name=Stat2020/>|causes=|risks=[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]], smoking, [[alcohol misuse]], [[cocaine]], [[head trauma]],[[infectious endocarditis]], [[family history]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|diagnosis=[[Medical imaging]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=[[Arteriovenous malformation|Arteriovenous malformations]], [[vertebral artery dissection]], [[stroke]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=Monitoring for growth, [[endovascular coiling]], [[surgical clipping]]<ref name=Stat2020/><ref name=NIH2020Fact/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=3%<ref name=Stat2020/>|deaths=0.5% of all deaths<ref name=Stat2020/>|named after=}}'''Aneurysm yo mu bwonko''', izwi kandi nka '''aneurysm yo mu bwonko''', ni igihe hari umuyoboro w'amaraso uherereye hafi [[Ubwonko|y'ubwonko]] urimo kwigaragaza.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Jersey|first=AM|last2=Foster|first2=DM|title=Cerebral Aneurysm|date=January 2020|pmid=29939679|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="NIH2020" /> Kenshi na kenshi nta bimenyetso biragaragara.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari igihe umuntu ashobora kugira ibinya, ububabare, cyangwa kunanirwa kwimura uruhande rumwe rw'isura.<ref name="NIH2020">{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Aneurysms Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Information-Page|website=NINDS|access-date=7 December 2020|date=24 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024172639/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Information-Page|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kuva amaraso muri subarachnoid, bigatera umuntu kurwara umutwe cyane.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, kunywa inzoga nyinshi, [[kokayine]], gukomereka mu mutwe, indwara yandura yo mu mutima, n'amateka y'umuryango.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara nyinshi ziterwa n’uturemangingo, nk’indwara y’impyiko ya autosomal dominant polycystic na [[Indwara ya Ehlers-Danlos|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], zifitanye isano n’ibyago byinshi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubwoko burimo udukoko two mu bwoko bwa saccular, fusiform, na infectious.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hakoreshejwe amashusho y’abaganga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ingano, aho umuntu aherereye, n'ubuzima bwe muri rusange.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Muri rusange, ubuvuzi bugirwa inama iyo aneurysm ifite ingano irenga mm 7.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Icyo wakora ku mitsi mito y'amaraso ntabwo kirasobanuka neza kandi ibi bishobora gukurikiranwa byoroshye kugira ngo harebwe uko bikura.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="NIH2020Fact">{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Aneurysms Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Fact-Sheet|website=NINDS|access-date=7 December 2020|date=28 November 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128074852/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Fact-Sheet|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ibi bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga imitsi yo mu nda cyangwa gukata igice cy'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3% nibo bagizweho ingaruka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Igipimo cy’indwara z’abagabo n’abagore kirangana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 30 na 60.<ref name="NIH2020Fact" /> Ni bo batera hafi 0.5% by'impfu zose.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Nyuma yo gucika kw'ivu, ibyago byo gupfa nyuma y'amezi atatu ni 50%.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara yo gucika kw'ubwonko yavuzwe bwa mbere mu 1765.<ref name="Sm2012">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Robert R.|last2=Zubkov|first2=Yuri N.|last3=Tarassoli|first3=Yahgoub|title=Cerebral Aneurysms: Microvascular and Endovascular Management|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-9532-4|page=PT12|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AHMoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=Cerebral+aneurysm+first+described&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ5NOr0bztAhXoFjQIHUHNAIwQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage|language=en|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024754/https://books.google.ca/books?id=AHMoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=Cerebral+aneurysm+first+described&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ5NOr0bztAhXoFjQIHUHNAIwQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5hr1fixmx67bj0hrr0esvfmv1urowdx 142424 142423 2026-10-17T09:52:45Z Stevenndori289 10902 Aneurysm y'ubwonko 142424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Cerebellar aneurysm.png|thumb|Aneurysm y'ubwonko]] '''Aneurysm yo mu bwonko''', izwi kandi nka '''aneurysm yo mu bwonko''', ni igihe hari umuyoboro w'amaraso uherereye hafi [[Ubwonko|y'ubwonko]] urimo kwigaragaza.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Jersey|first=AM|last2=Foster|first2=DM|title=Cerebral Aneurysm|date=January 2020|pmid=29939679|journal=StatPearls}}</ref><ref name="NIH2020" /> Kenshi na kenshi nta bimenyetso biragaragara.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hari igihe umuntu ashobora kugira ibinya, ububabare, cyangwa kunanirwa kwimura uruhande rumwe rw'isura.<ref name="NIH2020">{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Aneurysms Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Information-Page|website=NINDS|access-date=7 December 2020|date=24 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024172639/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Information-Page|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kuva amaraso muri subarachnoid, bigatera umuntu kurwara umutwe cyane.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, kunywa inzoga nyinshi, [[kokayine]], gukomereka mu mutwe, indwara yandura yo mu mutima, n'amateka y'umuryango.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara nyinshi ziterwa n’uturemangingo, nk’indwara y’impyiko ya autosomal dominant polycystic na [[Indwara ya Ehlers-Danlos|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], zifitanye isano n’ibyago byinshi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubwoko burimo udukoko two mu bwoko bwa saccular, fusiform, na infectious.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hakoreshejwe amashusho y’abaganga.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ingano, aho umuntu aherereye, n'ubuzima bwe muri rusange.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Muri rusange, ubuvuzi bugirwa inama iyo aneurysm ifite ingano irenga mm 7.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Icyo wakora ku mitsi mito y'amaraso ntabwo kirasobanuka neza kandi ibi bishobora gukurikiranwa byoroshye kugira ngo harebwe uko bikura.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref name="NIH2020Fact">{{Cite web|title=Cerebral Aneurysms Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Fact-Sheet|website=NINDS|access-date=7 December 2020|date=28 November 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128074852/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Cerebral-Aneurysms-Fact-Sheet|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ibi bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga imitsi yo mu nda cyangwa gukata igice cy'amaraso.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu bagera kuri 3% nibo bagizweho ingaruka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Igipimo cy’indwara z’abagabo n’abagore kirangana.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Bikunze kugaragara cyane ku bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 30 na 60.<ref name="NIH2020Fact" /> Ni bo batera hafi 0.5% by'impfu zose.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Nyuma yo gucika kw'ivu, ibyago byo gupfa nyuma y'amezi atatu ni 50%.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Indwara yo gucika kw'ubwonko yavuzwe bwa mbere mu 1765.<ref name="Sm2012">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Robert R.|last2=Zubkov|first2=Yuri N.|last3=Tarassoli|first3=Yahgoub|title=Cerebral Aneurysms: Microvascular and Endovascular Management|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-9532-4|page=PT12|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AHMoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=Cerebral+aneurysm+first+described&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ5NOr0bztAhXoFjQIHUHNAIwQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage|language=en|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828024754/https://books.google.ca/books?id=AHMoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=Cerebral+aneurysm+first+described&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ5NOr0bztAhXoFjQIHUHNAIwQ6AEwAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sbt8q77tdf3r26427tssumegi8728a2 0 23600 142425 2026-10-17T09:57:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456866|Transient_ischemic_attack]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Transient ischemic attack|synonym=Mini-strokes|image=ICA FMD.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Angiogram]] showing narrowing of the arteries in the neck in a women with a TIA<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arning |first1=C |last2=Grzyska |first2=U |title=Color Doppler imaging of cervicocephalic fibromuscular dysplasia. |journal=Cardiovascular ultrasound |date=2004-07-20 |volume=2 |pages=7 |doi=10.1186/1476-7120-2-7 |pmid=15265239}}</ref>|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]], [[vascular surgery]]|symptoms=Weakness or numbness on one side, sudden [[loss of vision]], difficulty talking or understanding, poor coordination, [[altered mental status|confusion]]<ref name=NINDS2021/>|complications=[[Stroke]]<ref name=Stat2021/>|onset=Sudden<ref name=NINDS2021/>|duration=< 1 hr<ref name=NINDS2021/>|types=|causes=|risks=[[Diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], smoking, [[alcoholism]], [[psychological stress]], lack of exercise<ref name=Stat2021/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and [[medical imaging]]<ref name=East2009/>|differential=[[Bells palsy]], [[migraine]], [[carotid artery dissection]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[syncope]], stroke, [[meningitis]]<ref name=Stat2021/>|prevention=|treatment=Lifestyle changes, medications, surgery<ref name=Stat2021/>|medication=|prognosis=Survival ~ 91% (hospital discharge) 67% (five yr)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gattellari |first1=Melina |last2=Goumas |first2=Chris |last3=Biost |first3=Frances Garden M. |last4=Worthington |first4=John M. |title=Relative Survival After Transient Ischaemic Attack: Results From the Program of Research Informing Stroke Management (PRISM) Study |journal=Stroke |date=January 2012 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=79–85 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636233 |pmid=22076008 |s2cid=16722015 |lay-url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111110191946.htm |doi-access=free }}</ref>|frequency=1 per 1,000 per yr<ref name=Stat2021/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Igitero cy’indwara y’imitsi''' ( '''TIA''' ), kizwi kandi nka '''mini-stroke''', ni igihe gito cy’imikorere mibi y’imitsi iterwa no kubura amaraso atembera neza ( ischemia ) mu gace k’ubwonko cyangwa retina, nta rupfu rw’ingingo.<ref name="East2009">{{Cite journal|last=Easton|first=J. Donald|last2=Saver|first2=Jeffrey L.|last3=Albers|first3=Gregory W.|last4=Alberts|first4=Mark J.|last5=Chaturvedi|first5=Seemant|last6=Feldmann|first6=Edward|last7=Hatsukami|first7=Thomas S.|last8=Higashida|first8=Randall T.|last9=Johnston|first9=S. Claiborne|last10=Kidwell|first10=Chelsea S.|last11=Lutsep|first11=Helmi L.|last12=Miller|first12=Elaine|last13=Sacco|first13=Ralph L.|last14=American Heart Association|last15=American Stroke Association Stroke Council|title=Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists|journal=Stroke|date=June 2009|volume=40|issue=6|pages=2276–2293|doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218|pmid=19423857|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitera ibimenyetso bimwe n'indwara yo mu bwonko, nko kugira intege nke cyangwa kugira ibinya ku ruhande rumwe rw'umubiri, gutakaza amaso mu buryo butunguranye, kugorwa no kuvuga cyangwa kumva imvugo, kudahuza neza kw'ingingo, cyangwa urujijo.<ref name="NINDS2021">{{Cite web|title=Transient Ischemic Attack Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Transient-Ischemic-Attack-Information-Page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082245/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Transient-Ischemic-Attack-Information-Page|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso muri rusange bitangira mu buryo butunguranye kandi bimara igihe kitarenze isaha.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, ubusinzi, stress yo mu mutwe, no kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri.<ref name="Stat2021">{{Cite journal|last=Panuganti|first=KK|last2=Tadi|first2=P|last3=Lui|first3=F|title=Transient Ischemic Attack|date=January 2021|pmid=29083778|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> TIA zifite uburyo busanzwe nk'ubwo gucika kw'imitsi mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibisobanuro byabanje gushingira ku gihe cy'ibimenyetso biri munsi y'amasaha 24; kandi ibisobanuro bishya nta bimenyetso by'indwara y'umutima birimo ku mashusho y'abaganga.<ref name="East2009" /> Ni ikibazo cyihutirwa cy’ubuvuzi.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho nko kureka kunywa itabi no kugabanya inzoga, ndetse n'imiti nka aspirine, [[clopidogrel]], cyangwa imiti igabanya amaraso.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="CFPC2021">{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#291 Early dual antiplatelet therapy after minor stroke: Does it take two to tango?|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp291/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=15 June 2023|date=31 May 2021|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325143424/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp291/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ngamba zirimo gucunga umuvuduko w'amaraso, imiti ya statine, no kugenzura isukari mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ku bantu bafite imitsi yo mu ijosi ifunganye, bashobora kubagwa carotid endarterectomy.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bafite TIA bazagira stroke mu gihe kizaza.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Abantu bagera kuri 2% bigeze kugira TIA kandi umuntu 1 ku bantu 1,000 niwe uba yibasiwe buri mwaka.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Abantu bakuze (barengeje imyaka 60) ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.<ref name="Stat2021" /><ref name="Fer2020" /> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="Fer2020">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2019-06-01|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-67977-0|page=1394|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Clinical_Advisor_2020_E_Book/YxWbDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA1394|language=en|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092857/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Clinical_Advisor_2020_E_Book/YxWbDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA1394|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara za TIA zasobanuwe bwa mbere ahagana mu 400 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates kandi byagaragaye ko ari zo mpamvu zishobora gutera indwara yo mu bwonko nyuma yo gucika intege.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rolak|first=Loren A.|title=Neurology Secrets|date=1993|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|isbn=978-1-56053-056-5|page=398|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Secrets/IOFrAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&dq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&printsec=frontcover|language=en|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092930/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Secrets/IOFrAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&dq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] pis3qzmj73zamaqfljpqm1a7t3zifbj 142426 142425 2026-10-17T09:59:56Z Stevenndori289 10902 Igitero_cy'ischemic_cy'agateganyo 142426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Igitero cy’indwara y’imitsi''' ( '''TIA''' ), kizwi kandi nka '''mini-stroke''', ni igihe gito cy’imikorere mibi y’imitsi iterwa no kubura amaraso atembera neza ( ischemia ) mu gace k’ubwonko cyangwa retina, nta rupfu rw’ingingo.<ref name="East2009">{{Cite journal|last=Easton|first=J. Donald|last2=Saver|first2=Jeffrey L.|last3=Albers|first3=Gregory W.|last4=Alberts|first4=Mark J.|last5=Chaturvedi|first5=Seemant|last6=Feldmann|first6=Edward|last7=Hatsukami|first7=Thomas S.|last8=Higashida|first8=Randall T.|last9=Johnston|first9=S. Claiborne|last10=Kidwell|first10=Chelsea S.|last11=Lutsep|first11=Helmi L.|last12=Miller|first12=Elaine|last13=Sacco|first13=Ralph L.|last14=American Heart Association|last15=American Stroke Association Stroke Council|title=Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists|journal=Stroke|date=June 2009|volume=40|issue=6|pages=2276–2293|doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218|pmid=19423857|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitera ibimenyetso bimwe n'indwara yo mu bwonko, nko kugira intege nke cyangwa kugira ibinya ku ruhande rumwe rw'umubiri, gutakaza amaso mu buryo butunguranye, kugorwa no kuvuga cyangwa kumva imvugo, kudahuza neza kw'ingingo, cyangwa urujijo.<ref name="NINDS2021">{{Cite web|title=Transient Ischemic Attack Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Transient-Ischemic-Attack-Information-Page|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409082245/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Transient-Ischemic-Attack-Information-Page|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibimenyetso muri rusange bitangira mu buryo butunguranye kandi bimara igihe kitarenze isaha.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera indwara birimo diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kunywa itabi, ubusinzi, stress yo mu mutwe, no kutagira imyitozo ngororamubiri.<ref name="Stat2021">{{Cite journal|last=Panuganti|first=KK|last2=Tadi|first2=P|last3=Lui|first3=F|title=Transient Ischemic Attack|date=January 2021|pmid=29083778|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> TIA zifite uburyo busanzwe nk'ubwo gucika kw'imitsi mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ibisobanuro byabanje gushingira ku gihe cy'ibimenyetso biri munsi y'amasaha 24; kandi ibisobanuro bishya nta bimenyetso by'indwara y'umutima birimo ku mashusho y'abaganga.<ref name="East2009" /> Ni ikibazo cyihutirwa cy’ubuvuzi.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo guhindura imibereho nko kureka kunywa itabi no kugabanya inzoga, ndetse n'imiti nka aspirine, [[clopidogrel]], cyangwa imiti igabanya amaraso.<ref name="NINDS2021" /><ref name="CFPC2021">{{Cite web|last=Ton|first=Joey|title=#291 Early dual antiplatelet therapy after minor stroke: Does it take two to tango?|url=https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp291/|website=CFPCLearn|access-date=15 June 2023|date=31 May 2021|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325143424/https://cfpclearn.ca/tfp291/|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ngamba zirimo gucunga umuvuduko w'amaraso, imiti ya statine, no kugenzura isukari mu maraso.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Ku bantu bafite imitsi yo mu ijosi ifunganye, bashobora kubagwa carotid endarterectomy.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abantu bafite TIA bazagira stroke mu gihe kizaza.<ref name="NINDS2021" /> Abantu bagera kuri 2% bigeze kugira TIA kandi umuntu 1 ku bantu 1,000 niwe uba yibasiwe buri mwaka.<ref name="Stat2021" /> Abantu bakuze (barengeje imyaka 60) ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.<ref name="Stat2021" /><ref name="Fer2020" /> Abagabo ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane kurusha abagore.<ref name="Fer2020">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2019-06-01|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-67977-0|page=1394|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Clinical_Advisor_2020_E_Book/YxWbDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA1394|language=en|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092857/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Clinical_Advisor_2020_E_Book/YxWbDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA1394|url-status=live}}</ref> Indwara za TIA zasobanuwe bwa mbere ahagana mu 400 mbere ya Yesu na Hippocrates kandi byagaragaye ko ari zo mpamvu zishobora gutera indwara yo mu bwonko nyuma yo gucika intege.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rolak|first=Loren A.|title=Neurology Secrets|date=1993|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|isbn=978-1-56053-056-5|page=398|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Secrets/IOFrAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&dq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&printsec=frontcover|language=en|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829092930/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Neurology_Secrets/IOFrAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&dq=Transient+ischemic+attack+first+described&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4get9f7q7q3wbhkj0t354mkgd7pbrz9 0 23601 142427 2026-10-17T10:01:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1462077|Vortioxetine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vortioxetine''', igurishwa ku mazina y'ubucuruzi '''ya Trintellix''' na '''Brintellix''' n'andi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Vortioxetine Hydrobromide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vortioxetine-hydrobromide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208143210/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vortioxetine-hydrobromide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kugira umusaruro bifatwa nk'ibisanzwe nk'iby'indi miti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mu Bwongereza, irasabwa gusa ku bantu bataragira uburwayi buhagije ku yindi miti ibiri igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=376|edition=76}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impatwe]] n'isesemi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyahura ku bari munsi y'imyaka 25, [[Indwara ya Serotonin|serotonin syndrome]], kuva amaraso, mania, na SIADH.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Indwara yo kwiyica ishobora kubaho iyo igipimo cyagabanutse vuba.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no [[konsa]] ntabwo byifuzwa muri rusange.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’umusemburo wa serotonin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Uburyo ikora ntabwo busobanutse neza ariko bikekwa ko bifitanye isano no kwiyongera k'urugero rwa serotonin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2013.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £27.72 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi 368.40 USD.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 312 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=Vortioxetine Hydrobromide - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/VortioxetineHydrobromide|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621202749/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/VortioxetineHydrobromide|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 5luxu3xhhtflxuuwwmx9s2clm440uan 142428 142427 2026-10-17T10:02:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Vortioxetine 142428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Trintellix (Vortioxetine), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company.png|thumb|Vortioxetine]] '''Vortioxetine''', igurishwa ku mazina y'ubucuruzi '''ya Trintellix''' na '''Brintellix''' n'andi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ikomeye yo kwiheba.<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Vortioxetine Hydrobromide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vortioxetine-hydrobromide.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208143210/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vortioxetine-hydrobromide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kugira umusaruro bifatwa nk'ibisanzwe nk'iby'indi miti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'imitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mu Bwongereza, irasabwa gusa ku bantu bataragira uburwayi buhagije ku yindi miti ibiri igabanya ubukana bw'indwara.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=376|edition=76}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo [[impatwe]] n'isesemi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kwiyahura ku bari munsi y'imyaka 25, [[Indwara ya Serotonin|serotonin syndrome]], kuva amaraso, mania, na SIADH.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Indwara yo kwiyica ishobora kubaho iyo igipimo cyagabanutse vuba.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Gukoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] no [[konsa]] ntabwo byifuzwa muri rusange.<ref name="BNF76" /> Ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy’umusemburo wa serotonin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Uburyo ikora ntabwo busobanutse neza ariko bikekwa ko bifitanye isano no kwiyongera k'urugero rwa serotonin.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2013.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ku kwezi mu Bwongereza bitwara NHS amafaranga agera kuri £27.72 mu 2019.<ref name="BNF76" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikiguzi cy'iyi ngano ni hafi 368.40 USD.<ref name="NADAC2019">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-02-27|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044447/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-02-27/s7c9-pfa6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 312 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni imwe.<ref name="ref">{{Cite web|title=Vortioxetine Hydrobromide - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/VortioxetineHydrobromide|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621202749/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/VortioxetineHydrobromide|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] gcj7ustmypv1h7xrzphce4vfr8o08bi 0 23602 142429 2026-10-17T10:23:11Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503173|MMR_vaccine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=476995634|image=MMR vaccine.jpg|caption=Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (live) <!-- Combo data -->|type=combo|component1=Measles vaccine|class1=[[Vaccine]]|component2=Mumps vaccine|class2=[[Vaccine]]|component3=Rubella vaccine|class3=[[Vaccine]] <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=M-M-R II, Priorix, Tresivac, others|synonyms=MPR vaccine<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grignolio |first1=Andrea |title=Vaccines: Are they Worth a Shot? |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319681061 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgFkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |access-date=2020-05-22 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417185159/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgFkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref>|IUPAC_name=<!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=Prevents [[measles]], [[mumps]], and [[rubella]] (German measles)<ref name=Mau2005/>|side_effects=[[Fever]], pain or redness at injection site<ref name=CDC2018Vis/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=B2|pregnancy_AU_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{drugs.com|pregnancy|measles-virus-vaccine-mumps-virus-vaccine-rubella-virus-vaccine}}</ref>|pregnancy_US=C|pregnancy_US_comment=<ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" />|breastfeeding=|onset=|duration_of_action=|defined_daily_dose=|typical_dose=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|ppa|measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-vaccine}}|MedlinePlus=a601176 <!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only|DailyMedID=M-M-R|drug_name=MMR_vaccine}}'''Urukingo rwa MMR''' ni urukingo rurinda iseru, [[Indwara z'ibihumyo|mumps]], na rubella (iseru yo mu Budage).<ref name="Vesikari2021">{{Cite book|last=Vesikari|first=Timo|last2=Usonis|first2=Vytautas|editor-last=Vesikari|editor-first=Timo|editor-last2=Damme|editor-first2=Pierre Van|title=Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook|date=2021|publisher=Springer|edition=Second|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-77172-0|pages=79-90|chapter=9. Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&dq=Measles&hl=en|language=en|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111203601/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&dq=Measles&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cya mbere gikunze guhabwa abana bari hagati y'amezi 9 na 15, ikindi gipimo kikaba kiri hagati y'amezi 15 na 6, nibura ibyumweru 4 hagati y'igipimo.<ref name="WHO2017Pos">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|year=2017|volume=92|issue=17|pages=205–27|pmid=28459148|hdl=10665/255149}} </ref> Nyuma yo gupima inshuro ebyiri, 97% by'abantu barindwa iseru, 88% bakirwa indwara ya mumps, na nibura 97% bakirwa indwara ya rubella.<ref name=CDC2018>{{cite web |title=MMR Vaccination What You Should Know Measles, Mumps, Rubella |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |date=26 April 2020 }}</ref> Uru rukingo kandi rurasabwa ku bantu badafite ibimenyetso by’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri,<ref name=CDC2018 /> abafite agakoko gatera SIDA kagenzurwa neza, kandi mu masaha 72 nyuma yo kwandura iseru mu bantu batarakingirwa burundu.<ref name="WHO2017Pos" /> Itangwa binyuze mu gutera imitsi cyangwa munsi y'uruhu.<ref name="BNF82">{{Cite book|title=[[British National Formulary|British National Formulary (BNF)]]|date=September 2021 - March 2022|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85711-413-6|edition=82|pages=1390-1391|chapter=14. Vaccines}}</ref><ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Lampiris|first=Harry W.|last2=maddix|first2=Daniel S.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|page=1229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=Appendix: Vaccines, immune globulins, and other complex biologic products|access-date=2021-12-28|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Urukingo rwa MMR rukoreshwa cyane ku isi yose, aho doze zisaga miliyoni 500 zimaze gutangwa mu bihugu birenga 100 kugeza mu 2001. Indwara ya serumu yahitanye abantu miliyoni 2.6 buri mwaka mbere y’uko inkingo zitangira gukoreshwa.<ref name=EU2018>{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |date=11 September 2018 }}</ref> Ibi byagabanutse bigera ku mfu 122.000 ku mwaka mu 2012, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikennye.<ref name=EU2018 /> Binyuze mu gukingira, kugeza mu 2018, igipimo cy'indwara ya measles muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo kiri hasi cyane.<ref name=EU2018 /> Igipimo cy'indwara cyagaragaye ko cyiyongera mu baturage badakingiwe.<ref name=EU2018 /> Hagati ya 2000 na 2016, gukingira byagabanyije impfu za measles ku kigero cya 84%. Ingaruka mbi muri rusange ziba zoroshye kandi zishira nta muti wihariye wavuwe. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, ubusanzwe iminsi 7 na 10 nyuma yo gukingirwa, ndetse no kurwara uduheri, ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gukingirwa.<ref name="Vesikari2021" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zirimo ububabare cyangwa gutukura aho bateye inshinge.<ref name=CDC2018Vis>{{cite web |title=Vaccine Information Statement Measles-Mumps-Rubella |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |date=3 September 2018 }}</ref> Indwara zikomeye z'ubwivumbure biba ku bantu bagera kuri umwe muri miliyoni.<ref name=CDC2018Vis /> Kubera ko irimo virusi nzima, urukingo rwa MMR ntirwemerwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]], ahubwo rushobora gutangwa mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]] . Uru rukingo ni rwiza gutanga mu gihe kimwe n'izindi nkingo.<ref name=CDC2018Vis /> Kuba uherutse gukingirwa ntabwo byongera ibyago byo kwanduza abandi iseru, mumps, cyangwa rubella.<ref name=CDC2018 /> Gukingirwa ntabwo byongera ibyago byo kurwara autisme.<ref name="Cochrane2020">{{Cite journal|last=Di Pietrantonj|first=C|last2=Rivetti|first2=A|last3=Marchione|first3=P|last4=Debalini|first4=MG|last5=Demicheli|first5=V|title=Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=April 2020|volume=4|page=CD004407|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4|pmid=32309885|pmc=7169657}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S|title=The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine|journal=Cureus|date=3 July 2018|volume=10|issue=7|pages=e2919|doi=10.7759/cureus.2919|pmid=30186724|pmc=6122668}}</ref><ref name="AFP2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S|title=Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality|journal=American Family Physician|date=15 June 2017|volume=95|issue=12|pages=786–794|pmid=28671426}}</ref> Urukingo rwa MMR ni uruvange rwa virusi zisanzwe zo mu bwoko bwa virusi eshatu.<ref name=CDC2018 /> Urukingo rwa MMR rwakozwe na Maurice Hilleman.<ref name="Mau2005">{{Cite journal|title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases|date=July 2005|volume=16|issue=3|pages=225–226|doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002|pmid=16044396}}</ref> Yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoreshwa na Merck mu 1971.<ref name="Good2015" /> Urukingo rwa surua, mumps, na rubella rwari rwarahawe uburenganzira bwo gukingira mu 1963, 1967, na 1969.<ref name="Good2015">{{Cite journal|last=Goodson|first=JL|last2=Seward|first2=JF|title=Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=December 2015|volume=29|issue=4|pages=725–43|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.001|pmid=26610423}}</ref> Inama ku gipimo cya kabiri cyatanzwe mu 1989.<ref name="Good2015" /> Urukingo rwa MMRV runakingira inkoko rushobora gukoreshwa. Urukingo rwa MR, rudafite ubwishingizi ku ndwara ya mumps, narwo rukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe. Mu Bwongereza, dose imwe ya MMR yuzuye mbere itwara NHS hafi £10 guhera mu 2021.<ref name="BNF82" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 85w7sotgvc06y035r7r2rifpixee5kp 142430 142429 2026-10-17T10:25:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 Urukingo rwa MMR 142430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:MMR vaccine.jpg|thumb|Urukingo rwa MMR]] '''Urukingo rwa MMR''' ni urukingo rurinda iseru, [[Indwara z'ibihumyo|mumps]], na rubella (iseru yo mu Budage).<ref name="Vesikari2021">{{Cite book|last=Vesikari|first=Timo|last2=Usonis|first2=Vytautas|editor-last=Vesikari|editor-first=Timo|editor-last2=Damme|editor-first2=Pierre Van|title=Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook|date=2021|publisher=Springer|edition=Second|location=Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-77172-0|pages=79-90|chapter=9. Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&dq=Measles&hl=en|language=en|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111203601/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLg-EAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA79&dq=Measles&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Igipimo cya mbere gikunze guhabwa abana bari hagati y'amezi 9 na 15, ikindi gipimo kikaba kiri hagati y'amezi 15 na 6, nibura ibyumweru 4 hagati y'igipimo.<ref name="WHO2017Pos">{{Cite journal|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|year=2017|volume=92|issue=17|pages=205–27|pmid=28459148|hdl=10665/255149}} </ref> Nyuma yo gupima inshuro ebyiri, 97% by'abantu barindwa iseru, 88% bakirwa indwara ya mumps, na nibura 97% bakirwa indwara ya rubella.<ref name=CDC2018>{{cite web |title=MMR Vaccination What You Should Know Measles, Mumps, Rubella |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |date=26 April 2020 }}</ref> Uru rukingo kandi rurasabwa ku bantu badafite ibimenyetso by’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri,<ref name=CDC2018 /> abafite agakoko gatera SIDA kagenzurwa neza, kandi mu masaha 72 nyuma yo kwandura iseru mu bantu batarakingirwa burundu.<ref name="WHO2017Pos" /> Itangwa binyuze mu gutera imitsi cyangwa munsi y'uruhu.<ref name="BNF82">{{Cite book|title=[[British National Formulary|British National Formulary (BNF)]]|date=September 2021 - March 2022|publisher=BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85711-413-6|edition=82|pages=1390-1391|chapter=14. Vaccines}}</ref><ref name="Katzung2021">{{Cite book|last=Lampiris|first=Harry W.|last2=maddix|first2=Daniel S.|editor-last=Katzung|editor-first=Bertram G.|editor-last2=Trevor|editor-first2=Anthony J.|title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|edition=15th|date=2020|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-1-260-45231-0|page=1229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|language=en|chapter=Appendix: Vaccines, immune globulins, and other complex biologic products|access-date=2021-12-28|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010205018/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vGSzQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Urukingo rwa MMR rukoreshwa cyane ku isi yose, aho doze zisaga miliyoni 500 zimaze gutangwa mu bihugu birenga 100 kugeza mu 2001. Indwara ya serumu yahitanye abantu miliyoni 2.6 buri mwaka mbere y’uko inkingo zitangira gukoreshwa.<ref name=EU2018>{{cite web |title=Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination |url=https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002527/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/prevention-and-control/addressing-misconceptions-measles |date=11 September 2018 }}</ref> Ibi byagabanutse bigera ku mfu 122.000 ku mwaka mu 2012, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikennye.<ref name=EU2018 /> Binyuze mu gukingira, kugeza mu 2018, igipimo cy'indwara ya measles muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo kiri hasi cyane.<ref name=EU2018 /> Igipimo cy'indwara cyagaragaye ko cyiyongera mu baturage badakingiwe.<ref name=EU2018 /> Hagati ya 2000 na 2016, gukingira byagabanyije impfu za measles ku kigero cya 84%. Ingaruka mbi muri rusange ziba zoroshye kandi zishira nta muti wihariye wavuwe. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo umuriro, ubusanzwe iminsi 7 na 10 nyuma yo gukingirwa, ndetse no kurwara uduheri, ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gukingirwa.<ref name="Vesikari2021" /> Izindi ngaruka mbi zirimo ububabare cyangwa gutukura aho bateye inshinge.<ref name=CDC2018Vis>{{cite web |title=Vaccine Information Statement Measles-Mumps-Rubella |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903141726/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html |date=3 September 2018 }}</ref> Indwara zikomeye z'ubwivumbure biba ku bantu bagera kuri umwe muri miliyoni.<ref name=CDC2018Vis /> Kubera ko irimo virusi nzima, urukingo rwa MMR ntirwemerwa mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]], ahubwo rushobora gutangwa mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]] . Uru rukingo ni rwiza gutanga mu gihe kimwe n'izindi nkingo.<ref name=CDC2018Vis /> Kuba uherutse gukingirwa ntabwo byongera ibyago byo kwanduza abandi iseru, mumps, cyangwa rubella.<ref name=CDC2018 /> Gukingirwa ntabwo byongera ibyago byo kurwara autisme.<ref name="Cochrane2020">{{Cite journal|last=Di Pietrantonj|first=C|last2=Rivetti|first2=A|last3=Marchione|first3=P|last4=Debalini|first4=MG|last5=Demicheli|first5=V|title=Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=April 2020|volume=4|page=CD004407|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4|pmid=32309885|pmc=7169657}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S|title=The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine|journal=Cureus|date=3 July 2018|volume=10|issue=7|pages=e2919|doi=10.7759/cureus.2919|pmid=30186724|pmc=6122668}}</ref><ref name="AFP2017">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S|title=Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality|journal=American Family Physician|date=15 June 2017|volume=95|issue=12|pages=786–794|pmid=28671426}}</ref> Urukingo rwa MMR ni uruvange rwa virusi zisanzwe zo mu bwoko bwa virusi eshatu.<ref name=CDC2018 /> Urukingo rwa MMR rwakozwe na Maurice Hilleman.<ref name="Mau2005">{{Cite journal|title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases|date=July 2005|volume=16|issue=3|pages=225–226|doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002|pmid=16044396}}</ref> Yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoreshwa na Merck mu 1971.<ref name="Good2015" /> Urukingo rwa surua, mumps, na rubella rwari rwarahawe uburenganzira bwo gukingira mu 1963, 1967, na 1969.<ref name="Good2015">{{Cite journal|last=Goodson|first=JL|last2=Seward|first2=JF|title=Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=December 2015|volume=29|issue=4|pages=725–43|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.001|pmid=26610423}}</ref> Inama ku gipimo cya kabiri cyatanzwe mu 1989.<ref name="Good2015" /> Urukingo rwa MMRV runakingira inkoko rushobora gukoreshwa. Urukingo rwa MR, rudafite ubwishingizi ku ndwara ya mumps, narwo rukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe. Mu Bwongereza, dose imwe ya MMR yuzuye mbere itwara NHS hafi £10 guhera mu 2021.<ref name="BNF82" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] klmi1ybh8o6f4kymz7kgisnbqiq852g 0 23603 142431 2026-10-17T10:57:11Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501530|Dermatitis]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Dermatitis|synonym=Eczema|image=Dermatitis2015.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A moderate case of dermatitis of the hands|pronounce=|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=[[Itch]]iness, [[erythema|red skin]], rash<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book|last=Nedorost|first=Susan T.|title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447128977|pages=1–3, 9, 13–14|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1|date=2012|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|complications=[[Skin infection]]<ref name=NIH2013/>|onset=Childhood<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/>|duration=|types=|causes=[[Atopic dermatitis]], [[allergic contact dermatitis]], [[irritant contact dermatitis]], [[stasis dermatitis]]<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptom<ref name=Ned2012/>|differential=[[Scabies]], [[psoriasis]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]], [[lichen simplex chronicus]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0323076999|page=Chapter D|edition=2nd}}</ref>|prevention=|treatment=[[Moisturizer|Moisturizers]], [[steroid]] creams, [[antihistamine]]s<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=Mc2012/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=245 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Dermatitis''', izwi kandi nka '''eczema''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zitera kubyimba k'uruhu.<ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=Henry W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-53266-2|pages=2612-2614|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2612|language=en|chapter=409. Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulomatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythema: Eczema|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130743/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2612|url-status=live}}</ref> Izi ndwara zirangwa no gushyuha, uruhu rutukura n'uduheri.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Mu gihe cy'igihe gito, hashobora kubaho udusebe duto, mu gihe mu gihe kirekire uruhu rushobora kubyimba.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Agace k'uruhu karimo gashobora gutandukana kuva ku gato kugeza ku gutwikira umubiri wose.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web|title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema)|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=29 July 2016|date=May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Dermatitis irimo dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic, dermatitis itera allergie, dermatitis itera irritant na dermatitis itera stasis.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013" /> Impamvu nyayo y’iyi ndwara akenshi ntirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Abarwayi bashobora kuba bafite uburibwe, allergie no kugaruka nabi kw'imitsi.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Ubwoko bw'indwara y'uruhu muri rusange buterwa n'amateka y'umuntu n'aho yatewe n'ibisebe.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Urugero, indwara y’uruhu ikunze kugaragara ku maboko y’abantu bakunze kuyatobesha.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa allergie ibaho iyo umuntu ahuye n'ikintu kimutera allergie, bigatuma uruhu rugira allergie nyinshi.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Ubusanzwe kuvura dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic bikoreshwa mu kuvura ibinure n'amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa steroid.<ref name="Mc2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD|title=Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood|journal=BMJ|volume=345|pages=e4770|date=July 2012|pmid=22826585|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4770|url=http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf|hdl=2262/75991|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID|url-status=live}}</ref> Amavuta ya steroid muri rusange agomba kuba afite imbaraga hagati kugeza kuri nyinshi kandi agakoreshwa mu gihe kitarenze ibyumweru bibiri icyarimwe, kuko ingaruka zishobora kubaho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Habif|title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323266079|page=171|edition=6|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Antibiyotike zishobora gukenerwa iyo hari ibimenyetso by'indwara z'uruhu.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Ubusanzwe dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa contact ivurwa hirindwa ibintu bishobora gutera ubwivumbure cyangwa ibintu bitera ubwivumbure.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B|title=Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=74|issue=6|pages=1043–54|date=June 2016|pmid=27185422|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lurati AR|title=Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis|journal=Workplace Health & Safety|volume=63|issue=2|pages=81–7; quiz 88|date=February 2015|pmid=25881659|doi=10.1177/2165079914565351}}</ref> Antihistamines bishobora gufasha mu gusinzira no kugabanya kwiyahura nijoro.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Indwara y'uruhu yibasiye abantu miliyoni 245 ku isi mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'indwara ya atopic dermatitis ni bwo bukunze kugaragara cyane kandi muri rusange butangira mu bwana.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 10–30%.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa contact ikunze kugaragara ku bagore inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagabo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adkinson|first=N. Franklin|title=Middleton's allergy : principles and practice.|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323085939|page=566|edition=8|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Dermatitis ifata abantu bagera kuri 7% mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118441176|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=128.4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indwara yo kubabara mu mutwe irakabije, cyane cyane mu bantu bafite imirimo imwe n'imwe; igipimo nyacyo ntikizwi neza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frosch|first=Peter J.|title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=9783662031049|page=42|edition=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 4v2h47greap1puhymvwj2nonffo2ae8 142432 142431 2026-10-17T11:05:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Uruhu rw'uruhu 142432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dermatitis2015.jpg|thumb|Uruhu rw'uruhu]] '''Dermatitis''', izwi kandi nka '''eczema''', ni itsinda ry'indwara zitera kubyimba k'uruhu.<ref name="Goldman2020">{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=Henry W.|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-53266-2|pages=2612-2614|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2612|language=en|chapter=409. Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulomatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythema: Eczema|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130743/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2612|url-status=live}}</ref> Izi ndwara zirangwa no gushyuha, uruhu rutukura n'uduheri.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Mu gihe cy'igihe gito, hashobora kubaho udusebe duto, mu gihe mu gihe kirekire uruhu rushobora kubyimba.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Agace k'uruhu karimo gashobora gutandukana kuva ku gato kugeza ku gutwikira umubiri wose.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web|title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema)|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=29 July 2016|date=May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Dermatitis irimo dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic, dermatitis itera allergie, dermatitis itera irritant na dermatitis itera stasis.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013" /> Impamvu nyayo y’iyi ndwara akenshi ntirasobanuka neza.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Abarwayi bashobora kuba bafite uburibwe, allergie no kugaruka nabi kw'imitsi.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Ubwoko bw'indwara y'uruhu muri rusange buterwa n'amateka y'umuntu n'aho yatewe n'ibisebe.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Urugero, indwara y’uruhu ikunze kugaragara ku maboko y’abantu bakunze kuyatobesha.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa allergie ibaho iyo umuntu ahuye n'ikintu kimutera allergie, bigatuma uruhu rugira allergie nyinshi.<ref name="Ned2012" /> Ubusanzwe kuvura dermatitis itera indwara ya atopic bikoreshwa mu kuvura ibinure n'amavuta yo mu bwoko bwa steroid.<ref name="Mc2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD|title=Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood|journal=BMJ|volume=345|pages=e4770|date=July 2012|pmid=22826585|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4770|url=http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf|hdl=2262/75991|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID|url-status=live}}</ref> Amavuta ya steroid muri rusange agomba kuba afite imbaraga hagati kugeza kuri nyinshi kandi agakoreshwa mu gihe kitarenze ibyumweru bibiri icyarimwe, kuko ingaruka zishobora kubaho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Habif|title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323266079|page=171|edition=6|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Antibiyotike zishobora gukenerwa iyo hari ibimenyetso by'indwara z'uruhu.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Ubusanzwe dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa contact ivurwa hirindwa ibintu bishobora gutera ubwivumbure cyangwa ibintu bitera ubwivumbure.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B|title=Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=74|issue=6|pages=1043–54|date=June 2016|pmid=27185422|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lurati AR|title=Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis|journal=Workplace Health & Safety|volume=63|issue=2|pages=81–7; quiz 88|date=February 2015|pmid=25881659|doi=10.1177/2165079914565351}}</ref> Antihistamines bishobora gufasha mu gusinzira no kugabanya kwiyahura nijoro.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Indwara y'uruhu yibasiye abantu miliyoni 245 ku isi mu 2015.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'indwara ya atopic dermatitis ni bwo bukunze kugaragara cyane kandi muri rusange butangira mu bwana.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igira ingaruka ku bantu bagera kuri 10–30%.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Dermatitis yo mu bwoko bwa contact ikunze kugaragara ku bagore inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagabo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adkinson|first=N. Franklin|title=Middleton's allergy : principles and practice.|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780323085939|page=566|edition=8|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Dermatitis ifata abantu bagera kuri 7% mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118441176|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=128.4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indwara yo kubabara mu mutwe irakabije, cyane cyane mu bantu bafite imirimo imwe n'imwe; igipimo nyacyo ntikizwi neza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frosch|first=Peter J.|title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=9783662031049|page=42|edition=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 3ampwslykhhbdglggoj4roi5q6wbt49 0 23604 142433 2026-10-17T11:07:24Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479980|Tonsil_stones]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Tonsil stones|synonym=Tonsillolith, tonsillolithiasis, tonsillar stones, chronic caseous tonsillitis|image=Tonsillolith in mouth.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A tonsillolith lodged in the tonsillar crypt|pronounce=|field=[[Otorhinolaryngology]]|symptoms=None, [[bad breath]]<ref name=Fer2014/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=Recurrent [[throat infections]]<ref name=Whi2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=Calcified [[granulomatous disease]], [[mycosis]], [[syphilis]]<ref name=Whi2014/>|prevention=|treatment=None, gargling with salt water, [[tonsillectomy]]<ref name=Fer2014/>|medication=[[Chlorhexidine]]<ref name=Fer2014/>|prognosis=|frequency=Up to 10%<ref name=Fer2014/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Amabuye ya tonsil''', azwi kandi nka '''tonsilloliths''', ni ubutare bw'imyanda iri mu myobo ya tonsil.<ref name="Fer2014">{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=M|last2=Aydin|first2=M|last3=Mickel|first3=J|title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management.|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|date=October 2014|volume=151|issue=4|pages=567–74|doi=10.1177/0194599814544881|pmid=25096359}}</ref><ref name="Ram04">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N|title=Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod|volume=98|issue=1|pages=110–4|date=July 2004|pmid=15243480|doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.11.015}}</ref> Iyo hatashyizwemo amabuye y'agaciro, kuba hari imyanda bizwi nka '''tonsillitis idakira''' ( '''CCT''' ).<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kunuka mu kanwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Muri rusange nta bubabare buhari, nubwo hashobora kubaho kumva ikintu runaka kirimo.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara zo mu muhogo zigaruka kenshi.<ref name="Whi2014">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Stuart C.|last2=Pharoah|first2=Michael J.|title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-09634-8|page=527|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527|language=en|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527|url-status=live}}</ref> Amabuye yo mu tunyangingo akubiyemo biofilm igizwe na [[bagiteri]] zitandukanye.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Nubwo akenshi biba mu tunyangingo twa palatine, bishobora no kugaragara mu tunyangingo two mu rurimi rumwe.<ref name="Ram04" /> Amabuye y'imitsi yanditsweho uburemere kuva kuri 0.3{{nbsp}}g kugeza kuri 42{{nbsp}}g.<ref name="Ram04" /> Bishobora kuboneka mu gihe cyo gufata amashusho y’abaganga kubera izindi mpamvu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Oral Radiology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-1148-9|page=607|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|language=en|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091029/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo amabuye yo mu toni adateye ikibazo umuntu, nta muti ukenewe.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Bitabaye ibyo, gusuka amazi y'umunyu no kuyakuraho n'intoki bishobora kugeragezwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Chlorhexidine ishobora no kugeragezwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ubuvuzi bwo kubaga bushobora kuba burimo gukuraho igice cy'imitsi cyangwa burundu.<ref name="Fer2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong Chung|first=JERE|last2=van Benthem|first2=PPG|last3=Blom|first3=HM|title=Tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy in adults suffering from tonsil-related afflictions: a systematic review.|journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica|date=May 2018|volume=138|issue=5|pages=492–501|doi=10.1080/00016489.2017.1412500|pmid=29241412|doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu bagera ku 10% bafite utubuye tw’imitsi.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Abagabo n'abagore bagira ingaruka kimwe.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Abantu bakuze ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.<ref name="Whi2014" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 6kv7ug7k9o7fapxebxrcd1yqa5o68h2 142434 142433 2026-10-17T11:08:34Z Stevenndori289 10902 Amabuye y'amatoni 142434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Tonsillolith in mouth.jpg|thumb|Amabuye y'amatoni]] '''Amabuye ya tonsil''', azwi kandi nka '''tonsilloliths''', ni ubutare bw'imyanda iri mu myobo ya tonsil.<ref name="Fer2014">{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=M|last2=Aydin|first2=M|last3=Mickel|first3=J|title=Halitosis and the tonsils: a review of management.|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|date=October 2014|volume=151|issue=4|pages=567–74|doi=10.1177/0194599814544881|pmid=25096359}}</ref><ref name="Ram04">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N|title=Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature|journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod|volume=98|issue=1|pages=110–4|date=July 2004|pmid=15243480|doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.11.015}}</ref> Iyo hatashyizwemo amabuye y'agaciro, kuba hari imyanda bizwi nka '''tonsillitis idakira''' ( '''CCT''' ).<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kunuka mu kanwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Muri rusange nta bubabare buhari, nubwo hashobora kubaho kumva ikintu runaka kirimo.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo indwara zo mu muhogo zigaruka kenshi.<ref name="Whi2014">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Stuart C.|last2=Pharoah|first2=Michael J.|title=Oral Radiology - E-Book: Principles and Interpretation|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-09634-8|page=527|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527|language=en|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091021/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Oral_Radiology_E_Book/V7PwAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA527|url-status=live}}</ref> Amabuye yo mu tunyangingo akubiyemo biofilm igizwe na [[bagiteri]] zitandukanye.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Nubwo akenshi biba mu tunyangingo twa palatine, bishobora no kugaragara mu tunyangingo two mu rurimi rumwe.<ref name="Ram04" /> Amabuye y'imitsi yanditsweho uburemere kuva kuri 0.3{{nbsp}}g kugeza kuri 42{{nbsp}}g.<ref name="Ram04" /> Bishobora kuboneka mu gihe cyo gufata amashusho y’abaganga kubera izindi mpamvu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Oral Radiology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-1148-9|page=607|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|language=en|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829091029/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Textbook_of_Oral_Radiology/mO6Z07lHQO4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=tonsillolith+differential&pg=PA607|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyo amabuye yo mu toni adateye ikibazo umuntu, nta muti ukenewe.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Bitabaye ibyo, gusuka amazi y'umunyu no kuyakuraho n'intoki bishobora kugeragezwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Chlorhexidine ishobora no kugeragezwa.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Ubuvuzi bwo kubaga bushobora kuba burimo gukuraho igice cy'imitsi cyangwa burundu.<ref name="Fer2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong Chung|first=JERE|last2=van Benthem|first2=PPG|last3=Blom|first3=HM|title=Tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy in adults suffering from tonsil-related afflictions: a systematic review.|journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica|date=May 2018|volume=138|issue=5|pages=492–501|doi=10.1080/00016489.2017.1412500|pmid=29241412|doi-access=free}}</ref> Abantu bagera ku 10% bafite utubuye tw’imitsi.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Abagabo n'abagore bagira ingaruka kimwe.<ref name="Fer2014" /> Abantu bakuze ni bo bakunze kwibasirwa cyane.<ref name="Whi2014" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] jsbh9flpxpocdhdkxp8sn9xbm8fuzsw 0 23605 142435 2026-10-17T11:11:21Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504105|Paresthesia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Paresthesia|synonym=Paraesthesia, pins and needles, numbness and tingling|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ær|ᵻ|s|ˈ|θ|iː|z|i|ə|,_|-|ʒ|ə}}|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Tingling, pricking, burning, [[numbness]]<ref name=NIH2020/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[Nerve]] compression, [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[stroke]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[transverse myelitis]], [[tumor]]s, [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[lead toxicity]], [[diabetes]], [[Guillain–Barré syndrome|Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[encephalitis]]<ref name=NIH2020/><ref name=Fred2011>{{cite book |last1=FACP |first1=Fred F. Ferri, MD |title=Ferri's Differential Diagnosis: A Practical Guide to the Differential Diagnosis of Symptoms, Signs, and Clinical Disorders |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07699-9 |page=374 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Differential_Diagnosis/pHNlxxrPHNsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Ferri&pg=PA374 |language=en |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205341/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Differential_Diagnosis/pHNlxxrPHNsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Ferri&pg=PA374 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205341/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Ferri_s_Differential_Diagnosis/pHNlxxrPHNsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Ferri&pg=PA374 |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Depends on cause<ref name=NIH2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Common<ref name=NIH2020/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Paresthesia''', izwi kandi nka '''pins and injections''', ni ukumva urimo gucika intege, gutobora, gushya, cyangwa kutabona neza . Bidakunze kugaragara bishobora kuvugwa nk'ubukonje cyangwa kumva umuntu anyaraguritse.<ref name=Lor2015>{{cite book |last1=Loring |first1=David W. |last2=Bowden |first2=Stephen |title=INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536645-7 |page=279 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205342/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205342/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Bibaho nta ruhu rukozweho. Nubwo bishobora kugaragara ahantu hose ku mubiri, akenshi amaboko n'amaguru birabagiraho ingaruka.<ref name=NIH2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page|title=Paresthesia Information Page|publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|work=National Institutes of Health|date=14 June 2018|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220329/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page|archive-date=2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220329/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page |date=11 November 2020 }}</ref> Bishobora kuba igihe gito cyangwa kirekire.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Impamvu ikunze gutera ibihe bigufi ni igitutu ku mitsi . Indwara z'igihe kirekire zishobora guterwa n'indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, ibibyimba, kubura vitamine B12, uburozi bwa lead, diyabete, [[Indwara ya Guillain-Barré|Guillain-Barre syndrome]], cyangwa encephalitis.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, isuzuma, n'ibindi bipimo.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Mu rwego rwo kunoza ubukana bw'iyi ndwara, harimo amavuta ya capsaicin, carbamazepine, cyangwa [[gabapentin]] . Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigiriki "para" risobanura iruhande rwaryo na "aesthesis" risobanura ibyiyumvo. Ijambo "dysesthesia" rifite ibisobanuro bisa; icyakora, bamwe barikoresha gusa iyo bakozweho bivamo kumva kudasanzwe. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sodc5mity3w8sedafebym0njhkpoiz6 142436 142435 2026-10-17T11:12:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Paresthesia 142436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paresthesia''', izwi kandi nka '''pins and injections''', ni ukumva urimo gucika intege, gutobora, gushya, cyangwa kutabona neza . Bidakunze kugaragara bishobora kuvugwa nk'ubukonje cyangwa kumva umuntu anyaraguritse.<ref name=Lor2015>{{cite book |last1=Loring |first1=David W. |last2=Bowden |first2=Stephen |title=INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536645-7 |page=279 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205342/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205342/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/INS_Dictionary_of_Neuropsychology_and_Cl/Vi5mBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Paresthesia+Greek&pg=PA279 |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Bibaho nta ruhu rukozweho. Nubwo bishobora kugaragara ahantu hose ku mubiri, akenshi amaboko n'amaguru birabagiraho ingaruka.<ref name=NIH2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page|title=Paresthesia Information Page|publisher=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|work=National Institutes of Health|date=14 June 2018|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220329/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page|archive-date=2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220329/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paresthesia-Information-Page |date=11 November 2020 }}</ref> Bishobora kuba igihe gito cyangwa kirekire.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Impamvu ikunze gutera ibihe bigufi ni igitutu ku mitsi . Indwara z'igihe kirekire zishobora guterwa n'indwara ya carpal tunnel syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, ibibyimba, kubura vitamine B12, uburozi bwa lead, diyabete, [[Indwara ya Guillain-Barré|Guillain-Barre syndrome]], cyangwa encephalitis.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Gusuzuma indwara bishingiye ku bimenyetso, isuzuma, n'ibindi bipimo.<ref name=NIH2020 /> Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Mu rwego rwo kunoza ubukana bw'iyi ndwara, harimo amavuta ya capsaicin, carbamazepine, cyangwa [[gabapentin]] . Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigiriki "para" risobanura iruhande rwaryo na "aesthesis" risobanura ibyiyumvo. Ijambo "dysesthesia" rifite ibisobanuro bisa; icyakora, bamwe barikoresha gusa iyo bakozweho bivamo kumva kudasanzwe. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] r6qdlduwhh4hgkz49cc2leqhgwc3ycs 0 23606 142437 2026-10-17T11:12:51Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502771|Intracerebral_hemorrhage]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Intracerebral hemorrhage|synonym=Cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, intra-axial hemorrhage, cerebral hematoma, cerebral bleed, brain bleed|image=Intracerebral hemorrage (CT scan).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of a spontaneous intracerebral bleed, leaking into the [[lateral ventricles]]|pronounce=|field=[[Neurosurgery]]|symptoms=[[Headache]], one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, [[decreased level of consciousness]], [[neck stiffness]], [[fever]]<ref name=Hem2015/><ref name=Ca2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[Traumatic brain injury|Brain trauma]], [[brain aneurysm|aneurysm]]s, [[arteriovenous malformation]]s, [[brain tumors]]<ref name=Hem2015/>|risks=[[Hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[amyloidosis]], [[alcoholism]], [[low cholesterol]], [[blood thinners]], [[cocaine]] use<ref name=Ca2012/>|diagnosis=[[CT scan]]<ref name=Hem2015/>|differential=[[Stroke|Ischemic stroke]]<ref name=Hem2015/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Blood pressure]] control, surgery, [[ventricular drain]] <ref name=Hem2015/>|medication=|prognosis=20% good outcome<ref name=Ca2012/>|frequency=2.5 per 10,000 people a year<ref name=Ca2012/>|deaths=44% die within one month<ref name=Ca2012/>|named after=}}'''Kuva amaraso mu bwonko''' ( '''ICH''' ), bizwi kandi nka '''kuva amaraso''' mu bwonko, ni ubwoko bw'amaraso ava mu bwonko cyangwa mu mitsi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naidich|first=Thomas P.|last2=Castillo|first2=Mauricio|last3=Cha|first3=Soonmee|last4=Smirniotopoulos|first4=James G.|title=Imaging of the Brain, Expert Radiology Series,1: Imaging of the Brain|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416050094|page=387|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfZSKldJRwC&pg=PA387|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002094230/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfZSKldJRwC&pg=PA387|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe, intege nke z'uruhande rumwe, kuruka, gucika intege, kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, no kunangira ijosi.<ref name="Ca2012">{{Cite journal|last=Caceres|first=JA|last2=Goldstein|first2=JN|title=Intracranial hemorrhage|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|date=August 2012|volume=30|issue=3|pages=771–94|pmid=22974648|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2012.06.003|pmc=3443867}}</ref> Akenshi ibimenyetso birarushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="Hem2015">{{Cite journal|last=Hemphill JC|first=3rd|last2=Greenberg|first2=SM|last3=Anderson|first3=CS|last4=Becker|first4=K|last5=Bendok|first5=BR|last6=Cushman|first6=M|last7=Fung|first7=GL|last8=Goldstein|first8=JN|last9=Macdonald|first9=RL|last10=Mitchell|first10=PH|last11=Scott|first11=PA|last12=Selim|first12=MH|last13=Woo|first13=D|last14=American Heart Association Stroke Council|last15=Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing|title=Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation|date=July 2015|volume=46|issue=7|pages=2032–60|pmid=26022637|doi=10.1161/str.0000000000000069}}</ref> Umuriro nabyo ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kenshi na kenshi kuva amaraso biba biri mu bwonko no mu mitsi.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Impamvu zirimo gukomereka mu bwonko, imitsi itera amaraso mu bwonko, ubumuga bw'imitsi itera amaraso mu bwonko, [[Kanseri y’ubwonko|n'ibibyimba byo mu bwonko]].<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ibintu bikomeye bishobora gutera kuva amaraso mu buryo butunguranye ni umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso na amyloidosis.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera iyi ndwara zirimo ubusinzi, cholesterol nke, imiti igabanya amaraso, no gukoresha [[kokayine]].<ref name="Ca2012" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe CT scan.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ni ubwoko bw'indwara yo kuva amaraso mu bwonko.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke {{!}} cdc.gov|url=https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=27 December 2020|language=en-us|date=31 January 2020|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627061518/http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo indwara yo mu bwonko ischemic.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bugomba gukorerwa mu cyumba cy’indembe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Amabwiriza agamije kugabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso ukagera kuri systolic 130 kugeza kuri 140&nbsp;mmHg.<ref name="Gre2022">{{Cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Steven M.|last2=Ziai|first2=Wendy C.|last3=Cordonnier|first3=Charlotte|last4=Dowlatshahi|first4=Dar|last5=Francis|first5=Brandon|last6=Goldstein|first6=Joshua N.|last7=Hemphill|first7=J. Claude|last8=Johnson|first8=Ronda|last9=Keigher|first9=Kiffon M.|last10=Mack|first10=William J.|last11=Mocco|first11=J.|last12=Newton|first12=Eileena J.|last13=Ruff|first13=Ilana M.|last14=Sansing|first14=Lauren H.|last15=Schulman|first15=Sam|title=2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke|date=July 2022|volume=53|issue=7|doi=10.1161/STR.0000000000000407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ko|first=SB|last2=Yoon|first2=BW|title=Blood Pressure Management for Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: The Evidence|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=38|issue=6|pages=718–725|doi=10.1055/s-0037-1608777|pmid=29262429}}</ref> Imiti igabanya amaraso igomba guhindurwa uko bishoboka kose kandi isukari yo mu maraso ikaguma ku rugero rusanzwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kubaga kugira ngo hashyirweho umuyoboro w'amazi mu mitsi bishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Hydrocephalus|indwara ya hydrocephalus]] ariko imiti ya corticosteroid ntigomba gukoreshwa.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kubagwa kugira ngo amaraso akurweho ni ingirakamaro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kuva amaraso mu bwonko bifata abantu bagera kuri 2.5 kuri 10.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Bikunze kugaragara ku bagabo n'abantu bakuze.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Abagera kuri 44% by'abanduye bapfa mu kwezi kumwe.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Umusaruro mwiza uboneka hafi 20% by'abahuye n'iki kibazo.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Kuva amaraso mu bwonko byatangiye gutandukanywa n'indwara zo mu bwonko bitewe n'uko amaraso atembera nabi, ibyo bikaba byaritwaga "kuvunika no gufungana", mu 1823.<ref name="Henn2003">{{Cite book|last=Hennerici|first=Michael|title=Imaging in Stroke|date=2003|publisher=Remedica|isbn=9781901346251|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&pg=PA1|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002095126/https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qr1kg1muiv5tvqoarh8a3icycfkgjjv 142438 142437 2026-10-17T11:13:35Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kuva amaraso mu bwonko 142438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:1602 The Hemorrhagic Stroke-02.jpg|thumb|Kuva amaraso mu bwonko]] '''Kuva amaraso mu bwonko''' ( '''ICH''' ), bizwi kandi nka '''kuva amaraso''' mu bwonko, ni ubwoko bw'amaraso ava mu bwonko cyangwa mu mitsi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naidich|first=Thomas P.|last2=Castillo|first2=Mauricio|last3=Cha|first3=Soonmee|last4=Smirniotopoulos|first4=James G.|title=Imaging of the Brain, Expert Radiology Series,1: Imaging of the Brain|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416050094|page=387|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfZSKldJRwC&pg=PA387|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002094230/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfZSKldJRwC&pg=PA387|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa umutwe, intege nke z'uruhande rumwe, kuruka, gucika intege, kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, no kunangira ijosi.<ref name="Ca2012">{{Cite journal|last=Caceres|first=JA|last2=Goldstein|first2=JN|title=Intracranial hemorrhage|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|date=August 2012|volume=30|issue=3|pages=771–94|pmid=22974648|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2012.06.003|pmc=3443867}}</ref> Akenshi ibimenyetso birarushaho kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="Hem2015">{{Cite journal|last=Hemphill JC|first=3rd|last2=Greenberg|first2=SM|last3=Anderson|first3=CS|last4=Becker|first4=K|last5=Bendok|first5=BR|last6=Cushman|first6=M|last7=Fung|first7=GL|last8=Goldstein|first8=JN|last9=Macdonald|first9=RL|last10=Mitchell|first10=PH|last11=Scott|first11=PA|last12=Selim|first12=MH|last13=Woo|first13=D|last14=American Heart Association Stroke Council|last15=Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing|title=Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation|date=July 2015|volume=46|issue=7|pages=2032–60|pmid=26022637|doi=10.1161/str.0000000000000069}}</ref> Umuriro nabyo ni ibisanzwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kenshi na kenshi kuva amaraso biba biri mu bwonko no mu mitsi.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Impamvu zirimo gukomereka mu bwonko, imitsi itera amaraso mu bwonko, ubumuga bw'imitsi itera amaraso mu bwonko, [[Kanseri y’ubwonko|n'ibibyimba byo mu bwonko]].<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ibintu bikomeye bishobora gutera kuva amaraso mu buryo butunguranye ni umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso na amyloidosis.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera iyi ndwara zirimo ubusinzi, cholesterol nke, imiti igabanya amaraso, no gukoresha [[kokayine]].<ref name="Ca2012" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe CT scan.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ni ubwoko bw'indwara yo kuva amaraso mu bwonko.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke {{!}} cdc.gov|url=https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=27 December 2020|language=en-us|date=31 January 2020|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627061518/http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara zishobora kugaragara nk'izo zirimo indwara yo mu bwonko ischemic.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bugomba gukorerwa mu cyumba cy’indembe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Amabwiriza agamije kugabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso ukagera kuri systolic 130 kugeza kuri 140&nbsp;mmHg.<ref name="Gre2022">{{Cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Steven M.|last2=Ziai|first2=Wendy C.|last3=Cordonnier|first3=Charlotte|last4=Dowlatshahi|first4=Dar|last5=Francis|first5=Brandon|last6=Goldstein|first6=Joshua N.|last7=Hemphill|first7=J. Claude|last8=Johnson|first8=Ronda|last9=Keigher|first9=Kiffon M.|last10=Mack|first10=William J.|last11=Mocco|first11=J.|last12=Newton|first12=Eileena J.|last13=Ruff|first13=Ilana M.|last14=Sansing|first14=Lauren H.|last15=Schulman|first15=Sam|title=2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association|journal=Stroke|date=July 2022|volume=53|issue=7|doi=10.1161/STR.0000000000000407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ko|first=SB|last2=Yoon|first2=BW|title=Blood Pressure Management for Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: The Evidence|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=38|issue=6|pages=718–725|doi=10.1055/s-0037-1608777|pmid=29262429}}</ref> Imiti igabanya amaraso igomba guhindurwa uko bishoboka kose kandi isukari yo mu maraso ikaguma ku rugero rusanzwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kubaga kugira ngo hashyirweho umuyoboro w'amazi mu mitsi bishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura [[Hydrocephalus|indwara ya hydrocephalus]] ariko imiti ya corticosteroid ntigomba gukoreshwa.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kubagwa kugira ngo amaraso akurweho ni ingirakamaro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.<ref name="Hem2015" /> Kuva amaraso mu bwonko bifata abantu bagera kuri 2.5 kuri 10.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Bikunze kugaragara ku bagabo n'abantu bakuze.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Abagera kuri 44% by'abanduye bapfa mu kwezi kumwe.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Umusaruro mwiza uboneka hafi 20% by'abahuye n'iki kibazo.<ref name="Ca2012" /> Kuva amaraso mu bwonko byatangiye gutandukanywa n'indwara zo mu bwonko bitewe n'uko amaraso atembera nabi, ibyo bikaba byaritwaga "kuvunika no gufungana", mu 1823.<ref name="Henn2003">{{Cite book|last=Hennerici|first=Michael|title=Imaging in Stroke|date=2003|publisher=Remedica|isbn=9781901346251|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&pg=PA1|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002095126/https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6be-FhMxEC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 3e8kbez4gg1cibr5dmf7vugu8tbqhqd 0 23607 142439 2026-10-17T11:14:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513796|Rickets]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Rickets|synonym=|image=XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Radiograph|X-ray]] of a two-year-old with rickets, with a marked [[genu varum|bowing of the femur]]s and decreased bone [[Opacity (optics)|density]]|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɪ|k|ᵻ|t|s}}|field=[[Pediatrics]], [[rheumatology]]|symptoms=[[Bowed legs]], [[stunted growth]], bone pain, large forehead, trouble sleeping<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=NORD2005/>|complications=[[Bone fractures]], [[muscle spasms]], [[scoliosis|abnormally curved spine]], [[intellectual disability]]<ref name=NORD2005/>|onset=Childhood<ref name=NORD2005/>|duration=|types=Phosphopenic, calcipenic<ref name="Chanchlani2020">{{cite journal |last1=Chanchlani |first1=Rahul |last2=Nemer |first2=Paul |last3=Sinha |first3=Rajiv |last4=Nemer |first4=Lena |last5=Krishnappa |first5=Vinod |last6=Sochett |first6=Etienne |last7=Safadi |first7=Fayez |last8=Raina |first8=Rupesh |title=An Overview of Rickets in Children |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=11 April 2020 |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=980–990 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.025 |pmid=32647755 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335963/ |issn=2468-0249 |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215001935/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335963/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215001935/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335963/ |date=15 December 2021 }}</ref>|causes=Diet without enough [[vitamin D]] or [[calcium]], too little sun exposure, dark skin, exclusive [[breastfeeding]] without supplementation, [[celiac disease]], certain [[genetic condition]]s<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=NORD2005/><ref name=Cre2017/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Blood tests]], [[Radiographs|X-rays]]<ref name=NIH2013/>|differential=[[Fanconi syndrome]], [[scurvy]], [[Lowe syndrome]], [[osteomalacia]]<ref name=NORD2005/>|prevention=Vitamin D supplements for exclusively-breastfed babies<ref name=AO2010/>|treatment=[[Vitamin D]] and [[calcium]]<ref name=NIH2013/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=Relatively common ([[Middle East]], Africa, Asia)<ref name=Cre2017/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Rickets''' ni indwara ituma amagufwa y'abana adakomera cyangwa yoroshye. Ibimenyetso birimo amaguru ahetamye, kugorana gukura, kubabara amagufwa, agahanga kanini, no kugorwa no gusinzira.<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Rickets|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=19 December 2017|language=en|date=2013|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052726/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052726/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kuvunika kw'amagufwa, imitsi icikagurika, [[Indwara ya Scoliose|umugongo ugoramye ku buryo budasanzwe]], cyangwa [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]].<ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name=NORD2005>{{cite web|title=Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=19 December 2017|date=2005|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004165652/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004165652/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/ |date=4 October 2017 }}</ref> Impamvu ikunze gutera indwara ya rickets ni ukubura vitamine D. Ibi bishobora guterwa no kurya indyo idafite vitamine D ihagije, uruhu rwijimye, kutagira izuba ryinshi, [[konsa]] umwana gusa nta nyongera ya vitamine D, indwara ya celiac, n'izindi ndwara zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ibindi bintu bishobora kuba birimo kalisiyumu cyangwa fosifore idahagije.<ref name="Cre2017">{{Cite journal|last=Creo|first=AL|last2=Thacher|first2=TD|last3=Pettifor|first3=JM|last4=Strand|first4=MA|last5=Fischer|first5=PR|title=Nutritional rickets around the world: an update.|journal=Paediatrics and International Child Health|date=May 2017|volume=37|issue=2|pages=84–98|doi=10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170|pmid=27922335}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro budafite ubuziranenge ku gice cyo gukura.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Conway|first=Richard|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=483-484|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA483|language=en|chapter=19. Bone disease|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212121519/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA483|url-status=live}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bipimo by'amaraso bigasangamo kalisiyumu nkeya, fosifore nkeya, na fosifore ya alkaline nyinshi hamwe na X-rays.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Kwirinda abana bonsa gusa ni inyongeramusaruro za Vitamine D. Bitabaye ibyo, ubuvuzi buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Iyo umuntu arwaye indwara yo kubura vitamine D, ubusanzwe avurwa na vitamine D na kalisiyumu.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ibi muri rusange bitanga impinduka mu byumweru bike.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ubusembwa bw'amagufwa nabwo bushobora kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name=AO2010>{{cite web|title=Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS|url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/|access-date=19 December 2017|date=September 2010|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052808/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052808/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/ |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> Rimwe na rimwe hashobora kubagwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ubumuga bw'amagufwa.<ref name="JAAOSGlobal">{{Cite journal|last=EL-Sobky|first=TA|last2=Samir|first2=S|last3=Baraka|first3=MM|last4=Fayyad|first4=TA|last5=Mahran|first5=MA|last6=Aly|first6=AS|last7=Amen|first7=J|last8=Mahmoud|first8=S|title=Growth modulation for knee coronal plane deformities in children with nutritional rickets: A prospective series with treatment algorithm.|journal=JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews|date=1 January 2020|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'indwara busanzwe bukenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.<ref name=AO2010 /> Rickets ikunze kugaragara mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, muri Afurika no muri Aziya.<ref name="Cre2017" /> Muri rusange ntibikunze kugaragara muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi, uretse mu matsinda amwe n'amwe y'abantu bake.<ref name=NORD2005 /><ref name="Cre2017" /> Bitangira mu bwana, akenshi hagati y'amezi 3 na 18.<ref name="Cre2017" /> Igipimo cy'indwara kirangana ku bagabo no ku bagore.<ref name=NORD2005 /> Ingero z'ibyo bivugwa ko ari indwara ya rickets zavuzwe kuva mu kinyejana cya 1,<ref name="Raj2003" /> kandi iyo ndwara yari ikwirakwiriye mu bwami bw'Abaroma . Iyi ndwara yari isanzwe mu kinyejana cya 20.<ref name="Raj2003">{{Cite journal|last=Rajakumar|first=K|title=Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective.|journal=Pediatrics|date=August 2003|volume=112|issue=2|pages=e132–5|pmid=12897318|doi=10.1542/peds.112.2.e132|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura bwa mbere bwari bukubiyemo gukoresha amavuta y'umwijima w'ifi ya cod.<ref name="Raj2003" /> == Iriburiro == [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] rpm0epjs1xs5yuzfgamk5ehlkn1y0fy 142440 142439 2026-10-17T11:15:05Z Stevenndori289 10902 Rickets 142440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rickets wrist.jpg|thumb|Rickets]] '''Rickets''' ni indwara ituma amagufwa y'abana adakomera cyangwa yoroshye. Ibimenyetso birimo amaguru ahetamye, kugorana gukura, kubabara amagufwa, agahanga kanini, no kugorwa no gusinzira.<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web|title=Rickets|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets|website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|access-date=19 December 2017|language=en|date=2013|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052726/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052726/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5700/rickets |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kuvunika kw'amagufwa, imitsi icikagurika, [[Indwara ya Scoliose|umugongo ugoramye ku buryo budasanzwe]], cyangwa [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]].<ref name=NIH2013 /><ref name=NORD2005>{{cite web|title=Rickets, Vitamin D Deficiency|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=19 December 2017|date=2005|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004165652/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004165652/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/rickets-vitamin-d-deficiency/ |date=4 October 2017 }}</ref> Impamvu ikunze gutera indwara ya rickets ni ukubura vitamine D. Ibi bishobora guterwa no kurya indyo idafite vitamine D ihagije, uruhu rwijimye, kutagira izuba ryinshi, [[konsa]] umwana gusa nta nyongera ya vitamine D, indwara ya celiac, n'izindi ndwara zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ibindi bintu bishobora kuba birimo kalisiyumu cyangwa fosifore idahagije.<ref name="Cre2017">{{Cite journal|last=Creo|first=AL|last2=Thacher|first2=TD|last3=Pettifor|first3=JM|last4=Strand|first4=MA|last5=Fischer|first5=PR|title=Nutritional rickets around the world: an update.|journal=Paediatrics and International Child Health|date=May 2017|volume=37|issue=2|pages=84–98|doi=10.1080/20469047.2016.1248170|pmid=27922335}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro budafite ubuziranenge ku gice cyo gukura.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Conway|first=Richard|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|pages=483-484|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA483|language=en|chapter=19. Bone disease|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212121519/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA483|url-status=live}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bipimo by'amaraso bigasangamo kalisiyumu nkeya, fosifore nkeya, na fosifore ya alkaline nyinshi hamwe na X-rays.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Kwirinda abana bonsa gusa ni inyongeramusaruro za Vitamine D. Bitabaye ibyo, ubuvuzi buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru. Iyo umuntu arwaye indwara yo kubura vitamine D, ubusanzwe avurwa na vitamine D na kalisiyumu.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ibi muri rusange bitanga impinduka mu byumweru bike.<ref name=NIH2013 /> Ubusembwa bw'amagufwa nabwo bushobora kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name=AO2010>{{cite web|title=Rickets - OrthoInfo - AAOS|url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/|access-date=19 December 2017|date=September 2010|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052808/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052808/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rickets/ |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> Rimwe na rimwe hashobora kubagwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ubumuga bw'amagufwa.<ref name="JAAOSGlobal">{{Cite journal|last=EL-Sobky|first=TA|last2=Samir|first2=S|last3=Baraka|first3=MM|last4=Fayyad|first4=TA|last5=Mahran|first5=MA|last6=Aly|first6=AS|last7=Amen|first7=J|last8=Mahmoud|first8=S|title=Growth modulation for knee coronal plane deformities in children with nutritional rickets: A prospective series with treatment algorithm.|journal=JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews|date=1 January 2020|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ubwoko bw'indwara busanzwe bukenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.<ref name=AO2010 /> Rickets ikunze kugaragara mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, muri Afurika no muri Aziya.<ref name="Cre2017" /> Muri rusange ntibikunze kugaragara muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi, uretse mu matsinda amwe n'amwe y'abantu bake.<ref name=NORD2005 /><ref name="Cre2017" /> Bitangira mu bwana, akenshi hagati y'amezi 3 na 18.<ref name="Cre2017" /> Igipimo cy'indwara kirangana ku bagabo no ku bagore.<ref name=NORD2005 /> Ingero z'ibyo bivugwa ko ari indwara ya rickets zavuzwe kuva mu kinyejana cya 1,<ref name="Raj2003" /> kandi iyo ndwara yari ikwirakwiriye mu bwami bw'Abaroma . Iyi ndwara yari isanzwe mu kinyejana cya 20.<ref name="Raj2003">{{Cite journal|last=Rajakumar|first=K|title=Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective.|journal=Pediatrics|date=August 2003|volume=112|issue=2|pages=e132–5|pmid=12897318|doi=10.1542/peds.112.2.e132|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uburyo bwo kuvura bwa mbere bwari bukubiyemo gukoresha amavuta y'umwijima w'ifi ya cod.<ref name="Raj2003" /> == Iriburiro == [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] pfr3dblg1dl43e57yrvm9kwp1ozco18 0 23608 142441 2026-10-17T11:16:29Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500094|Abscess]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Abscess|synonym={{Lang-lat|Abscessus}}|image=Five day old Abscess.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Five-day-old infected [[epidermal inclusion cyst]]. The black spot is a keratin plug which connects with the underlying cyst.|pronounce=|field=[[General surgery]], [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]], [[dermatology]]|symptoms=Redness, pain, swelling<ref name=NEJM2014/>|complications=|onset=Rapid|duration=|types=|causes=[[Pathogenic bacteria|Bacterial infection]] (often [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]])<ref name=NEJM2014/>|risks=[[Drug injection|Intravenous drug use]]<ref name=Langrod2007/>|diagnosis=[[Ultrasound]], [[CT scan]]<ref name=NEJM2014/><ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/>|differential=[[Cellulitis]], [[sebaceous cyst]], [[necrotising fasciitis]]<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Incision and drainage]]<ref name="ACEPfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians |author1-link = American College of Emergency Physicians |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Emergency Physicians |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[Choosing Wisely|ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |access-date = January 24, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |archive-date = March 7, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |date=March 7, 2014 }}</ref>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~1% per year (United States)<ref name=Taira2009/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Igisebe''' ni uruhurirane rw'amashyira yishyize mu ngingo z'umubiri. Ibimenyetso by'ibibyimba birimo gutukura, ububabare, ubushyuhe, no kubyimba.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal |last=Singer |first=Adam J. |last2=Talan |first2=David A. |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=Mar 13, 2014 |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–47 |pmid=24620867 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |date=2014-10-30 }}</ref> Kubyimba bishobora kumva ko byuzuye amazi iyo bikandagiwe.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Agace k'umutuku gakunze kurenga ku kubyimba.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book|last=Elston|first=Dirk M.|title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin.|date=2009|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=9781840765144|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Karubuncle n'ibibyimba ni ubwoko bw'ibibyimba akenshi biba birimo uduce tw'umusatsi, aho karubuncle ziba nini.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 120|edition=8th|chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> Akenshi biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.<ref name="Cox2007">{{Cite book|last=Cox|first=Carol Turkington, Jeffrey S. Dover; medical illustrations, Birck|title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders|date=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780816075096|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Akenshi ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bwa bagiteri bugira uruhare mu kwandura kumwe.<ref name="El2009" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu tundi duce twinshi tw’isi, bagiteri ikunze kugaragara cyane ni ''Staphylococcus aureus irwanya methicillin'' . Ni gake cyane, udukoko dushobora gutera ibibyimba; ibi bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp137" /> Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hashingiwe ku kuntu risa kandi ryemezwa no kuricamo.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Ultrasound Gufata amashusho bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu gihe indwara idasobanutse neza.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Mu bibyimba bikikije ikibuno, computer tomography (CT) ishobora kuba ingenzi kugira ngo harebwe ubwandu bwimbitse.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp137">{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th|chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura ibibyimba byinshi by'uruhu cyangwa ingingo zoroshye ni ukubikata no kubikuramo amazi. Bigaragara ko hari inyungu zimwe na zimwe zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ; nubwo gukoresha iyo miti bifitanye isano n'ingaruka mbi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vermandere|first=M|last2=Aertgeerts|first2=B|last3=Agoritsas|first3=T|last4=Liu|first4=C|last5=Burgers|first5=J|last6=Merglen|first6=A|last7=Okwen|first7=PM|last8=Lytvyn|first8=L|last9=Chua|first9=S|last10=Vandvik|first10=PO|last11=Guyatt|first11=GH|last12=Beltran-Arroyave|first12=C|last13=Lavergne|first13=V|last14=Speeckaert|first14=R|last15=Steen|first15=FE|title=Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=6 February 2018|volume=360|pages=k243|pmid=29437651|pmc=5799894|doi=10.1136/bmj.k243}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bike bigaragaza ko nta gupfunyika umwobo usigayemo gaze nyuma yo gusohora amazi. Gufunga iki kibonobono nyuma yo kugikuramo amazi aho kugisiga gifunguye bishobora kwihutisha gukira hatabayeho kongera ibyago byo kugaruka kw'igisebe. Gukuramo amabyi ukoresheje urushinge akenshi ntibihagije.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Ibibyimba by'uruhu birakunze kugaragara kandi byarushijeho kwiyongera mu myaka ya vuba aha. Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukoresha imiti mu mitsi, aho igipimo cyavuzwe ko kiri hejuru cyane kigera kuri 65% mu bayikoresha.<ref name="Langrod2007">{{Cite book|last=Langrod|first=Pedro Ruiz, Eric C. Strain, John G.|title=The substance abuse handbook|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781760454|page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Mu 2005 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu miliyoni 3.2 bagiye mu ishami ryita ku barwayi barwaye ikibyimba.<ref name="Taira2009">{{Cite journal|last=Taira|first=BR|last2=Singer, AJ|last3=Thode HC, Jr|last4=Lee, CC|title=National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses: 1996 to 2005.|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=Mar 2009|volume=27|issue=3|pages=289–92|pmid=19328372|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.027}}</ref> Muri Ositaraliya, abantu bagera ku 13.000 barwariye mu bitaro mu 2008 bafite iyo ndwara.<ref name="Vas2012">{{Cite journal|last=Vaska|first=VL|last2=Nimmo, GR|last3=Jones, M|last4=Grimwood, K|last5=Paterson, DL|title=Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations: 1999-2008.|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=Jan 2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=93–96|pmid=21553298|doi=10.1007/s10096-011-1281-3}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qt0tx20jy9qhh0jh0527m6yvwf2a6bu 142442 142441 2026-10-17T11:17:30Z Stevenndori289 10902 Igisebe 142442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Five day old Abscess.jpg|thumb|Igisebe]] '''Igisebe''' ni uruhurirane rw'amashyira yishyize mu ngingo z'umubiri. Ibimenyetso by'ibibyimba birimo gutukura, ububabare, ubushyuhe, no kubyimba.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal |last=Singer |first=Adam J. |last2=Talan |first2=David A. |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=Mar 13, 2014 |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–47 |pmid=24620867 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |date=2014-10-30 }}</ref> Kubyimba bishobora kumva ko byuzuye amazi iyo bikandagiwe.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Agace k'umutuku gakunze kurenga ku kubyimba.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book|last=Elston|first=Dirk M.|title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin.|date=2009|publisher=Manson Pub.|location=London|isbn=9781840765144|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Karubuncle n'ibibyimba ni ubwoko bw'ibibyimba akenshi biba birimo uduce tw'umusatsi, aho karubuncle ziba nini.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 120|edition=8th|chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> Akenshi biterwa n'ubwandu bwa bagiteri.<ref name="Cox2007">{{Cite book|last=Cox|first=Carol Turkington, Jeffrey S. Dover; medical illustrations, Birck|title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders|date=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780816075096|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Akenshi ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bwa bagiteri bugira uruhare mu kwandura kumwe.<ref name="El2009" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu tundi duce twinshi tw’isi, bagiteri ikunze kugaragara cyane ni ''Staphylococcus aureus irwanya methicillin'' . Ni gake cyane, udukoko dushobora gutera ibibyimba; ibi bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp137" /> Ubusanzwe isuzuma rikorwa hashingiwe ku kuntu risa kandi ryemezwa no kuricamo.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Ultrasound Gufata amashusho bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu gihe indwara idasobanutse neza.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Mu bibyimba bikikije ikibuno, computer tomography (CT) ishobora kuba ingenzi kugira ngo harebwe ubwandu bwimbitse.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp137">{{Cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th|chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura ibibyimba byinshi by'uruhu cyangwa ingingo zoroshye ni ukubikata no kubikuramo amazi. Bigaragara ko hari inyungu zimwe na zimwe zo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ; nubwo gukoresha iyo miti bifitanye isano n'ingaruka mbi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vermandere|first=M|last2=Aertgeerts|first2=B|last3=Agoritsas|first3=T|last4=Liu|first4=C|last5=Burgers|first5=J|last6=Merglen|first6=A|last7=Okwen|first7=PM|last8=Lytvyn|first8=L|last9=Chua|first9=S|last10=Vandvik|first10=PO|last11=Guyatt|first11=GH|last12=Beltran-Arroyave|first12=C|last13=Lavergne|first13=V|last14=Speeckaert|first14=R|last15=Steen|first15=FE|title=Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=6 February 2018|volume=360|pages=k243|pmid=29437651|pmc=5799894|doi=10.1136/bmj.k243}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bike bigaragaza ko nta gupfunyika umwobo usigayemo gaze nyuma yo gusohora amazi. Gufunga iki kibonobono nyuma yo kugikuramo amazi aho kugisiga gifunguye bishobora kwihutisha gukira hatabayeho kongera ibyago byo kugaruka kw'igisebe. Gukuramo amabyi ukoresheje urushinge akenshi ntibihagije.<ref name=NEJM2014 /> Ibibyimba by'uruhu birakunze kugaragara kandi byarushijeho kwiyongera mu myaka ya vuba aha. Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo gukoresha imiti mu mitsi, aho igipimo cyavuzwe ko kiri hejuru cyane kigera kuri 65% mu bayikoresha.<ref name="Langrod2007">{{Cite book|last=Langrod|first=Pedro Ruiz, Eric C. Strain, John G.|title=The substance abuse handbook|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781760454|page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Mu 2005 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu miliyoni 3.2 bagiye mu ishami ryita ku barwayi barwaye ikibyimba.<ref name="Taira2009">{{Cite journal|last=Taira|first=BR|last2=Singer, AJ|last3=Thode HC, Jr|last4=Lee, CC|title=National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses: 1996 to 2005.|journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=Mar 2009|volume=27|issue=3|pages=289–92|pmid=19328372|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.027}}</ref> Muri Ositaraliya, abantu bagera ku 13.000 barwariye mu bitaro mu 2008 bafite iyo ndwara.<ref name="Vas2012">{{Cite journal|last=Vaska|first=VL|last2=Nimmo, GR|last3=Jones, M|last4=Grimwood, K|last5=Paterson, DL|title=Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations: 1999-2008.|journal=[[European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases]]|date=Jan 2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=93–96|pmid=21553298|doi=10.1007/s10096-011-1281-3}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] poree6nc0fpvsy7h50rgchagsh5gz2j 0 23609 142443 2026-10-17T11:18:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501724|Dystonia]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Dystonia|synonym=|image=Dystonia2010.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with medication-induced dystonia|pronounce=|field=[[Neurology]]|symptoms=Slow repetitive movements, abnormal postures, pain, [[tremor]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|complications=[[Contracture|Contractures]], [[degenerative disc disease]]<ref name=BMJ2022/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Inherited; birth injury; head trauma; medication; infection; toxins<ref name=NINDS2023/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], blood tests<ref name=BMJ2022/>|differential=[[Huntington]], [[Parkinson]], [[Wilson's disease]][[cerebral palsy]], [[psychological]]<ref name=BMJ2022/>|prevention=|treatment=Medication, [[physical therapy]], [[botulinum toxin]] injection, [[deep brain stimulation]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|medication=[[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergics]], [[dopamine agonists]]<ref name=NINDS2023/>|prognosis=|frequency=Relatively common<ref name=AANS2023/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Dystonia''' ni indwara yo kwimuka aho kwifata kw'imitsi bidaturutse ku bushake bitera kwimuka buhoro buhoro cyangwa kwifata mu buryo budasanzwe.<ref name="NINDS2023">{{Cite web|title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bal2018">{{Cite journal|last=Balint|first=B|last2=Mencacci|first2=NE|last3=Valente|first3=EM|last4=Pisani|first4=A|last5=Rothwell|first5=J|last6=Jankovic|first6=J|last7=Vidailhet|first7=M|last8=Bhatia|first8=KP|title=Dystonia.|journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers|date=20 September 2018|volume=4|issue=1|pages=25|doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6|pmid=30237473}}</ref> Hari n'ubwo bubabare cyangwa gutigita bishobora kubaho.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Muri bimwe, ibimenyetso bigaragara gusa iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri, afite stress, cyangwa ananiwe.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba cyangwa guhangayika.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Bishobora kuragwa n'ababyeyi, cyangwa bigaterwa n'imvune yavutse, gucika imitsi, ubwandu, uburozi bwa lisansi, uburozi bwa CO, ndetse n'ingaruka mbi z'imiti imwe n'imwe nka antidopaminergic agents.<ref name="NINDS2023" /><ref name="BMJ2022">{{Cite web|title=Dystonia|website=BMJ Best Practice|url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/|access-date=2020-05-21|url-access=subscription|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha ibice bimwe na bimwe [[Ubwonko|by'ubwonko]], akenshi ganglia y'ibanze.<ref name="NINDS2023" /><ref name="BMJ2022" /> Ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro nka generalized, focal, multifocal, segmental, cyangwa hemidystonia; cyangwa bitewe n'igice cy'umubiri cyagizweho ingaruka nka cervical, blepharospasm, stripping, na dystonia y'umucuranzi.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Gusuzuma bishobora kuba birimo gupima imiterere y’umubiri, MRI, no gupima amaraso.<ref name="BMJ2022" /> Iyo bibayeho bitewe n'imiti, guhagarika imiti bishobora gutuma umuntu akira neza.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Bitabaye ibyo, ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo imiti nka anticholinergics, benzodiazepines cyangwa dopaminergic agents ; inshinge za botulinum toxin ; ubuvuzi bw'umubiri ; cyangwa kubagwa, nko gukangura ubwonko mu buryo bwimbitse.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Indwara ya Dystonia yibasira abantu bagera ku 250.000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="AANS2023">{{Cite web|title=Dystonia – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatment|url=https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia|website=www.aans.org|access-date=17 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216222426/https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia|url-status=live}}</ref> Ntibikunze kugaragara cyane nk'indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa no gutitira no gucika intege (movement disorders) hamwe na Parkinson.<ref name="AANS2023" /> Imyaka yose ishobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="AANS2023" /> Iryo jambo ryahimbwe mu 1911.<ref name="Bal2014">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000114|pmid=24978640|title=Dystonia|journal=Current Opinion in Neurology|volume=27|issue=4|pages=468–76|year=2014|last=Balint|first=Bettina|last2=Bhatia|first2=Kailash P.}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] d0g7roeqkqmp8sv9qbh5vk3xoqxgvwt 142444 142443 2026-10-17T11:19:19Z Stevenndori289 10902 Dystonia 142444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Dystonia2010.JPG|thumb|Dystonia]] '''Dystonia''' ni indwara yo kwimuka aho kwifata kw'imitsi bidaturutse ku bushake bitera kwimuka buhoro buhoro cyangwa kwifata mu buryo budasanzwe.<ref name="NINDS2023">{{Cite web|title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bal2018">{{Cite journal|last=Balint|first=B|last2=Mencacci|first2=NE|last3=Valente|first3=EM|last4=Pisani|first4=A|last5=Rothwell|first5=J|last6=Jankovic|first6=J|last7=Vidailhet|first7=M|last8=Bhatia|first8=KP|title=Dystonia.|journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers|date=20 September 2018|volume=4|issue=1|pages=25|doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6|pmid=30237473}}</ref> Hari n'ubwo bubabare cyangwa gutigita bishobora kubaho.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Muri bimwe, ibimenyetso bigaragara gusa iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri, afite stress, cyangwa ananiwe.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwiheba cyangwa guhangayika.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Bishobora kuragwa n'ababyeyi, cyangwa bigaterwa n'imvune yavutse, gucika imitsi, ubwandu, uburozi bwa lisansi, uburozi bwa CO, ndetse n'ingaruka mbi z'imiti imwe n'imwe nka antidopaminergic agents.<ref name="NINDS2023" /><ref name="BMJ2022">{{Cite web|title=Dystonia|website=BMJ Best Practice|url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/|access-date=2020-05-21|url-access=subscription|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/|url-status=live}}</ref> Uburyo bw'ibanze bukoresha ibice bimwe na bimwe [[Ubwonko|by'ubwonko]], akenshi ganglia y'ibanze.<ref name="NINDS2023" /><ref name="BMJ2022" /> Ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro nka generalized, focal, multifocal, segmental, cyangwa hemidystonia; cyangwa bitewe n'igice cy'umubiri cyagizweho ingaruka nka cervical, blepharospasm, stripping, na dystonia y'umucuranzi.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Gusuzuma bishobora kuba birimo gupima imiterere y’umubiri, MRI, no gupima amaraso.<ref name="BMJ2022" /> Iyo bibayeho bitewe n'imiti, guhagarika imiti bishobora gutuma umuntu akira neza.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Bitabaye ibyo, ubuvuzi bushobora kuba burimo imiti nka anticholinergics, benzodiazepines cyangwa dopaminergic agents ; inshinge za botulinum toxin ; ubuvuzi bw'umubiri ; cyangwa kubagwa, nko gukangura ubwonko mu buryo bwimbitse.<ref name="NINDS2023" /> Indwara ya Dystonia yibasira abantu bagera ku 250.000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="AANS2023">{{Cite web|title=Dystonia – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatment|url=https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia|website=www.aans.org|access-date=17 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216222426/https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia|url-status=live}}</ref> Ntibikunze kugaragara cyane nk'indwara zo mu mutwe ziterwa no gutitira no gucika intege (movement disorders) hamwe na Parkinson.<ref name="AANS2023" /> Imyaka yose ishobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka.<ref name="AANS2023" /> Iryo jambo ryahimbwe mu 1911.<ref name="Bal2014">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000114|pmid=24978640|title=Dystonia|journal=Current Opinion in Neurology|volume=27|issue=4|pages=468–76|year=2014|last=Balint|first=Bettina|last2=Bhatia|first2=Kailash P.}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 272cshc4gdy06u5d0087fzmq28dejcr 0 23610 142445 2026-10-17T11:20:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457038|Septic_shock]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Septic_shock|synonym=|image=Gabriel Metsu - La Fille malade.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''The Sick Girl'' by [[Gabriël Metsu]]|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Early''': Temperature > {{convert|38|C|F|1}}, [[fast heart rate]], [[narrow pulse pressure]]<ref name=ATLS2018>{{cite book|title=ATLS - Advanced Trauma Life Support - Student Course Manual|date=2018|publisher=American College of Surgeons|isbn=78-0-9968262|pages=51|edition=10}}</ref><ref name=Stat2020/><br>'''Worsens''': Confusion, [[cyanosis|bluish skin]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Infection<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=[[Diabetes]], [[cancer]], [[liver disease|liver]] or [[kidney problems]], [[corticosteroid]] use, [[burns]], poor immune function, extremes of age<ref name=Stat2020/>|diagnosis=Based on MAP < 65 mmHg and lactate < 2 mmol/L despite [[intravenous fluids|fluids]]<ref name=LF2020>{{cite web |title=Sepsis Definitions and Diagnosis • LITFL • CCC Sepsis |url=https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/ |website=Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog |access-date=5 January 2021 |date=3 November 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118001932/https://litfl.com/sepsis-definitions-and-diagnosis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|differential=Other types of [[circulatory shock|shock]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[adrenal crisis]], drug overdose<ref name=ATLS2018 /><ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=[[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]], removing infected tissue, [[intravenous fluids]], [[norepinephrine (medication)|norepinephrine]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=Risk > 40%<ref name=Sing2016/>|named after=}}Ubwoko bw'ubwandu bukunze kugaragara ni [[bagiteri]], aho ubwandu bwa bagiteri butagira garama bugaragara muri 62% by'abanduye naho ubwandu bwa bagiteri butagira garama bugaragara muri 47%.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=S|last2=Heffner|first2=AC|title=Septic Shock|date=January 2020|pmid=28613689|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Mu bihe biri munsi ya 5% by'abarwayi , virusi cyangwa udukoko tuba turimo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubwandu ni ibihaha (42%), amaraso (21%), n'inkari (10%), nubwo kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi aho hantu hatazwi neza.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera sepsis birimo diyabete, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], ibibazo by'umwijima cyangwa impyiko, ikoreshwa rya corticosteroids, ubushye, imikorere mibi y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ndetse n'imyaka ikabije.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ni ubwoko bw'ihungabana rikwirakwira.<ref name="ITLS2018">{{Cite book|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|pages=175|edition=8}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo uburyo bwo kuvura hakiri kare hifashishijwe intego, hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko, gukuramo ingirangingo zanduye, amazi yo mu mitsi, n'imiti itera imitsi nka norepinephrine.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Izindi ngamba zishobora kuba zirimo guhumeka hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga na kortikosteroidi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Sepsis ikomeye ibaho ku bantu bagera ku 750.000 (300 kuri 100.000) buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ronco|first=Claudio|last2=Bellomo|first2=Rinaldo|last3=Kellum|first3=John A.|title=Critical Care Nephrology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-4252-5|page=831|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jos2013">{{Cite book|last=FCCM|first=Joseph E. Parrillo, MD|last2=MS|first2=R. Phillip Dellinger, MD|title=Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-08929-6|page=339|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka zo gupfa zirenze 40% kandi bamwe mu barokotse basigarana ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire.<ref name="Sing2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC|display-authors=6|title=The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=8|pages=801–10|date=February 2016|pmid=26903338|pmc=4968574|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0287}}</ref><ref name="Jos2013" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lssqev6q12kpdlq23pm1iorbp6hnetl 142446 142445 2026-10-17T11:21:33Z Stevenndori289 10902 Ihungabana ry'amazi 142446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Trombocitopenia 01.JPG|thumb|Ihungabana ry'amazi]] Ubwoko bw'ubwandu bukunze kugaragara ni [[bagiteri]], aho ubwandu bwa bagiteri butagira garama bugaragara muri 62% by'abanduye naho ubwandu bwa bagiteri butagira garama bugaragara muri 47%.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=S|last2=Heffner|first2=AC|title=Septic Shock|date=January 2020|pmid=28613689|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Mu bihe biri munsi ya 5% by'abarwayi , virusi cyangwa udukoko tuba turimo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ahantu hakunze kugaragara ubwandu ni ibihaha (42%), amaraso (21%), n'inkari (10%), nubwo kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi aho hantu hatazwi neza.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera sepsis birimo diyabete, [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]], ibibazo by'umwijima cyangwa impyiko, ikoreshwa rya corticosteroids, ubushye, imikorere mibi y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, ndetse n'imyaka ikabije.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ni ubwoko bw'ihungabana rikwirakwira.<ref name="ITLS2018">{{Cite book|title=International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|isbn=978-1292-17084-8|pages=175|edition=8}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo uburyo bwo kuvura hakiri kare hifashishijwe intego, hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko, gukuramo ingirangingo zanduye, amazi yo mu mitsi, n'imiti itera imitsi nka norepinephrine.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Izindi ngamba zishobora kuba zirimo guhumeka hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga na kortikosteroidi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Sepsis ikomeye ibaho ku bantu bagera ku 750.000 (300 kuri 100.000) buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ronco|first=Claudio|last2=Bellomo|first2=Rinaldo|last3=Kellum|first3=John A.|title=Critical Care Nephrology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-4252-5|page=831|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053548/https://books.google.ca/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&pg=PA831|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jos2013">{{Cite book|last=FCCM|first=Joseph E. Parrillo, MD|last2=MS|first2=R. Phillip Dellinger, MD|title=Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-08929-6|page=339|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|language=en|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829053812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NXuzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingaruka zo gupfa zirenze 40% kandi bamwe mu barokotse basigarana ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire.<ref name="Sing2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC|display-authors=6|title=The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=8|pages=801–10|date=February 2016|pmid=26903338|pmc=4968574|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0287}}</ref><ref name="Jos2013" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 38uwxkblfws9mbnaqu0of65efxfm8lz 0 23611 142447 2026-10-17T11:22:39Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503725|Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug class|name=<!-- omit to use page name -->|image=200mg ibuprofen tablets.jpg|alt=|caption=Coated 200 mg tablets of generic [[ibuprofen]], a common NSAID <!-- Class identifiers -->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|n|s|ɛ|d}} {{respell|EN|sed}}|stem=-profen, -butazone, -bufen, -fenamic acid, -oxicam, -metacin, -nixin<ref>{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=32 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }}</ref>|synonyms=Cyclooxygenase inhibitor,<ref name=Lip1987>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipfert P, Seitz R, Arndt JO | title = Studies of local anesthetic action on natural spike activity in the aortic nerve of cats | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–3 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3813081 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-198702000-00016 | publisher = Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | quote = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). }}</ref> cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor,<ref name=Lip1987/> nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) <!-- Clinical data -->|use=[[Analgesic|Pain]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]]<ref name=Hitch2019/><ref name=Gh2021/>|side effects=[[Peptic ulcer disease|Stomach ulcers]], [[heart attack]], [[high blood pressure]], [[kidney disease]]<ref name=Gh2021/>|types='''Non-selective:''' [[Ibuprofen]], [[naproxen]], [[ketorolac]]<ref name=Gh2021/><br>'''[[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]]''': [[Celecoxib]], [[rofecoxib]]<ref name=Gh2021/>|subtypes=|interactions=[[Corticosteroid|Steroids]], [[anticoagulants]], [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]<ref name=Hitch2019/>|mode_of_action=|mechanism_of_action=|biological_target=[[Cyclooxygenase-1|COX-1]] and [[Cyclooxygenase-2|COX-2]]<ref name=Hitch2019/>|chemical_class=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|drug-class|nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents}}|medicinenet=|rxlist=|video1=}}'''Imiti igabanya ububabare idakoresha steroide''' ( '''NSAIDs''' ) ni ubwoko bw'imiti ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura ububabare, umuriro, no kubyimba.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=168|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gh2021">{{Cite journal|last=Ghlichloo|first=I|last2=Gerriets|first2=V|title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)|date=January 2021|pmid=31613522|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Aspirine ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukumira [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]] cyangwa indwara zo mu bwonko . Bishobora gufatwa mu kanwa, mu guterwa inshinge, mu gusigwa ku ruhu, cyangwa mu buryo bwo gukamura.<ref name="Gh2021" /> Bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Ku bantu bafite ibyago byo kugira ibibazo byo mu gifu, bashobora gufatwa hamwe n'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa pompe ya proton.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibisebe byo mu gifu, [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, n'indwara z'impyiko.<ref name="Gh2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM|title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data|journal=BMJ|volume=357|pages=j1909|date=May 2017|pmid=28487435|pmc=5423546|doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK|title=Peptic ulcer disease|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10094|pages=613–624|date=August 2017|pmid=28242110|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7|s2cid=4547048}}</ref> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya asima n'uduheri . Ntibikwiye gufatwa mu mezi 3 ya nyuma yo gutwita.<ref name=Drugs2021>{{cite web |title=List of Common NSAIDs + Uses, Types & Side Effects |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=27 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |date=17 April 2021 }}</ref> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ibidatoranywa n'ibidatoranywa bya COX-2.<ref name="Gh2021" /> Nubwo imiti itoranya COX-2 ishobora kugira ibyago bike byo kubabara mu gifu, ifite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara z'umutima.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Zikora mu kubuza imikorere ya enzymes za cyclooxygenase ( COX-1 cyangwa COX-2 ).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> NSAID ya mbere yari aspirine, yatangiye gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1899, nubwo mbere yakoreshejwe mu buryo bw'igishishwa cy'umukungugu.<ref name=His2020>{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Stewart |title=Who Invented Underpants?: The Weird Trivia of Human Invention, from Fire to Fast Food (and Everything In Between) |date=2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-64604-097-1 |page=58 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |language=en |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Ibi byakurikiwe na [[ibuprofen]] mu myaka ya 1960 na naproxen mu myaka ya 1970. Inyinshi muri zo ziraboneka nk'imiti isanzwe kandi ntabwo ihenze cyane.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Zimwe muri zo zishobora no kugurwa ukoresheje ikarita (OTC).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Parasetamol ntabwo ifatwa nk'umuti urwanya indwara zo mu mutwe (NSAID). == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] lu4d15x6ajyza1nwv9y7qcfg8bps9cj 142448 142447 2026-10-17T11:23:39Z Stevenndori289 10902 Umuti_utari_umuti_urwanya_ububyimbirwe 142448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug class|name=<!-- omit to use page name -->|image=200mg ibuprofen tablets.jpg|alt=|caption=Coated 200 mg tablets of generic [[ibuprofen]], a common NSAID <!-- Class identifiers -->|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|n|s|ɛ|d}} {{respell|EN|sed}}|stem=-profen, -butazone, -bufen, -fenamic acid, -oxicam, -metacin, -nixin<ref>{{cite book |title=The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances |date=2011 |publisher=WHO |page=32 |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712181144/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/StemBook_2011_Final.pdf |date=2018-07-12 }}</ref>|synonyms=Cyclooxygenase inhibitor,<ref name=Lip1987>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipfert P, Seitz R, Arndt JO | title = Studies of local anesthetic action on natural spike activity in the aortic nerve of cats | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–3 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3813081 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-198702000-00016 | publisher = Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | quote = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). }}</ref> cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor,<ref name=Lip1987/> nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) <!-- Clinical data -->|use=[[Analgesic|Pain]], [[fever]], [[inflammation]]<ref name=Hitch2019/><ref name=Gh2021/>|side effects=[[Peptic ulcer disease|Stomach ulcers]], [[heart attack]], [[high blood pressure]], [[kidney disease]]<ref name=Gh2021/>|types='''Non-selective:''' [[Ibuprofen]], [[naproxen]], [[ketorolac]]<ref name=Gh2021/><br>'''[[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor|COX-2 selective]]''': [[Celecoxib]], [[rofecoxib]]<ref name=Gh2021/>|subtypes=|interactions=[[Corticosteroid|Steroids]], [[anticoagulants]], [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]<ref name=Hitch2019/>|mode_of_action=|mechanism_of_action=|biological_target=[[Cyclooxygenase-1|COX-1]] and [[Cyclooxygenase-2|COX-2]]<ref name=Hitch2019/>|chemical_class=<!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|drug-class|nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents}}|medicinenet=|rxlist=|video1=}}'''Imiti igabanya ububabare idakoresha steroide''' ( '''NSAIDs''' ) ni ubwoko bw'imiti ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura ububabare, umuriro, no kubyimba.<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=168|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gh2021">{{Cite journal|last=Ghlichloo|first=I|last2=Gerriets|first2=V|title=Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)|date=January 2021|pmid=31613522|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Aspirine ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukumira [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]] cyangwa indwara zo mu bwonko . Bishobora gufatwa mu kanwa, mu guterwa inshinge, mu gusigwa ku ruhu, cyangwa mu buryo bwo gukamura.<ref name="Gh2021" /> Bishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na [[Paracetamol|parasetamol]] (acetaminophen).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Ku bantu bafite ibyago byo kugira ibibazo byo mu gifu, bashobora gufatwa hamwe n'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa pompe ya proton.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> [[Dosiye:Xenbucin.svg|thumb|Umuti_utari_umuti_urwanya_ububyimbirwe]] Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo ibisebe byo mu gifu, [[Indwara y'umutima|indwara z'umutima]], umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, n'indwara z'impyiko.<ref name="Gh2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM|title=Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data|journal=BMJ|volume=357|pages=j1909|date=May 2017|pmid=28487435|pmc=5423546|doi=10.1136/bmj.j1909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lanas A, Chan FK|title=Peptic ulcer disease|journal=Lancet|volume=390|issue=10094|pages=613–624|date=August 2017|pmid=28242110|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7|s2cid=4547048}}</ref> Izindi ngaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo indwara ya asima n'uduheri . Ntibikwiye gufatwa mu mezi 3 ya nyuma yo gutwita.<ref name=Drugs2021>{{cite web |title=List of Common NSAIDs + Uses, Types & Side Effects |url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=27 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417144555/https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-agents.html |date=17 April 2021 }}</ref> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ibidatoranywa n'ibidatoranywa bya COX-2.<ref name="Gh2021" /> Nubwo imiti itoranya COX-2 ishobora kugira ibyago bike byo kubabara mu gifu, ifite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara z'umutima.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Zikora mu kubuza imikorere ya enzymes za cyclooxygenase ( COX-1 cyangwa COX-2 ).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> NSAID ya mbere yari aspirine, yatangiye gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu 1899, nubwo mbere yakoreshejwe mu buryo bw'igishishwa cy'umukungugu.<ref name=His2020>{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Stewart |title=Who Invented Underpants?: The Weird Trivia of Human Invention, from Fire to Fast Food (and Everything In Between) |date=2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-64604-097-1 |page=58 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |language=en |access-date=2021-04-27 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191048/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Who_Invented_Underpants/q_f1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA58 |date=2021-08-28 }}</ref> Ibi byakurikiwe na [[ibuprofen]] mu myaka ya 1960 na naproxen mu myaka ya 1970. Inyinshi muri zo ziraboneka nk'imiti isanzwe kandi ntabwo ihenze cyane.<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Zimwe muri zo zishobora no kugurwa ukoresheje ikarita (OTC).<ref name="Hitch2019" /> Parasetamol ntabwo ifatwa nk'umuti urwanya indwara zo mu mutwe (NSAID). == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ms064zhs2q5lul9j3imnajlj0twg0hc 0 23612 142449 2026-10-17T11:25:45Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1508480|Kidney_failure]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Kidney failure|synonym=Renal failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stage 5 chronic kidney disease<ref name=Che2005/>|image=Hemodialysismachine.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A [[hemodialysis]] machine which is used to replace the function of the kidneys|pronounce=|field=[[Nephrology]]|symptoms=[[pedal edema|Leg swelling]], feeling tired, loss of appetite, confusion<ref name=NIH2017/>|complications='''Acute''': [[Uremia]], [[high blood potassium]], [[volume overload]]<ref name=Blak2010/><br>'''Chronic''': [[Cardiovascular disease|Heart disease]], high blood pressure, [[anemia]]<ref name=Li2012/><ref name=MP2017/>|onset=|duration=|types=[[Acute kidney injury|Acute kidney failure]], [[chronic kidney failure]]<ref name=Hop2017/>|causes='''Acute''': [[Hypotension|Low blood pressure]], blockage of the [[urinary tract]], certain medications, [[rhabdomyolysis|muscle breakdown]], and [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]].<ref name=Hop2017/><br>'''Chronic''': [[diabetic nephropathy|Diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[polycystic kidney disease]]<ref name=Hop2017/>|risks=|diagnosis='''Acute''': [[Oliguria|Decreased urine production]], increased [[serum creatinine]]<ref name=Blak2010/><br>'''Chronic''':[[Assessment of kidney function|Glomerular filtration rate]] (GFR) < 15<ref name=Che2005/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment='''Acute''': Depends on the cause<ref name=Clat2010/><br>'''Chronic''': [[Hemodialysis]], [[peritoneal dialysis]], [[kidney transplant]]<ref name=NIH2017/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency='''Acute''': 3 per 1,000 per year<ref name=Fer2018Acute/><br>'''Chronic''': 1 per 1,000 (US)<ref name=Che2005/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Kunanirwa kw'impyiko''', bizwi kandi nk'indwara '''y'impyiko yo mu cyiciro cya nyuma''', ni indwara aho impyiko zigira imikorere iri munsi ya 15% by'ibisanzwe.<ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727235126/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunanirwa kw'impyiko bishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'intege nke z'impyiko, zikura vuba kandi zishobora gukemuka; n'intege nke z'impyiko zidakira, zikura buhoro buhoro kandi akenshi ntizishobora gusubizwa inyuma.<ref name="Hop2017">{{Cite web|title=What is renal failure?|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474|website=Johns Hopkins Medicine|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618054600/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474/|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubyimba amaguru, kumva unaniwe, [[kuruka]], kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kwitiranya ibintu.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Ingorane zo kunanirwa gukabije no kudakora neza zirimo uremia, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, no kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.<ref name="Blak2010">{{Cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Sara|title=Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781846289378|page=19|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&pg=PA19|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222123248/https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zo kudakora neza zirimo kandi indwara z'umutima, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, no [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]].<ref name="Li2012">{{Cite journal|title=Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease|year=2012|last=Liao|first=Min-Tser|last2=Sung|first2=Chih-Chien|last3=Hung|first3=Kuo-Chin|last4=Wu|first4=Chia-Chao|last5=Lo|first5=Lan|last6=Lu|first6=Kuo-Cheng|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|volume=2012|pages=1–5|pmid=22919275|pmc=3420350|doi=10.1155/2012/691369}}</ref><ref name="MP2017">{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://medlineplus.gov/kidneyfailure.html|website=MedlinePlus|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704221738/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Impamvu zitera impyiko gucika intege cyane zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, kuziba kw'inzira y'inkari, imiti imwe n'imwe, kwangirika kw'imitsi, na hemolytic uremic syndrome.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Impamvu zitera impyiko kudakora neza zirimo diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, indwara ya nephrotic, n'indwara y'impyiko ya polycystic.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Gusuzuma indwara yo gucika intege mu buryo bwihuse akenshi bishingiye ku bintu bitandukanye nko kugabanuka k'umusaruro w'inkari cyangwa kwiyongera kwa creatinine mu maraso.<ref name="Blak2010" /> Gusuzuma indwara idakira biterwa n'igipimo cyo kuyungurura glomerular (GFR) kiri munsi ya 15 cyangwa hakenewe ubuvuzi bwo gusimbuza impyiko.<ref name="Che2005">{{Cite book|last=Cheung|first=Alfred K.|title=Primer on Kidney Diseases|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1416023127|page=457|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&pg=PA457|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051050/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&pg=PA457|url-status=live}}</ref> Bingana kandi n'indwara y'impyiko idakira yo mu cyiciro cya 5.<ref name="Che2005" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura indwara yangiritse buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="Clat2010">{{Cite book|last=Clatworthy|first=Menna|title=Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405189903|page=28|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&pg=PA28|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052946/https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuvura indwara idakira bishobora kuba birimo hemodialysis, dialysis ya peritoneal, cyangwa gusimbuza impyiko.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Hemodialysis ikoresha imashini iyungurura amaraso hanze y'umubiri.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Muri dialyse ya peritoneal amazi runaka ashyirwa mu nda hanyuma akavomwa, ibi bigasubirwamo inshuro nyinshi ku munsi.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Gutera impyiko bikubiyemo kubagwa no gushyira impyiko y'undi muntu hanyuma ugafata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kugira ngo wirinde kwangwa.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Izindi ngamba zisabwa mu ndwara zidakira zirimo gukomeza gukora cyane no guhindura imirire ku buryo bwihariye.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, gutsindwa gukabije bibasira abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 1,000 ku mwaka.<ref name="Fer2018Acute">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=37|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053217/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunanirwa gukabije bibaho ku muntu umwe ku bantu 1.000, abantu 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka.<ref name="Che2005" /><ref name="Fer2018ESKD">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=294|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053032/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|url-status=live}}</ref> Gutsindwa byihuse akenshi bikunze gusubizwa inyuma mu gihe gutsindwa by’igihe kirekire akenshi atari ko bigenda.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Iyo abantu benshi bafite indwara zidakira bavuwe neza bashobora gukomeza gukora.<ref name="NIH2017" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 9387v18amrv7w90cbzw7ui6vu6a4h72 142450 142449 2026-10-17T11:27:29Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kunanirwa kw'impyiko 142450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hemodialysismachine.jpg|thumb|Kunanirwa kw'impyiko]] '''Kunanirwa kw'impyiko''', bizwi kandi nk'indwara '''y'impyiko yo mu cyiciro cya nyuma''', ni indwara aho impyiko zigira imikorere iri munsi ya 15% by'ibisanzwe.<ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727235126/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunanirwa kw'impyiko bishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'intege nke z'impyiko, zikura vuba kandi zishobora gukemuka; n'intege nke z'impyiko zidakira, zikura buhoro buhoro kandi akenshi ntizishobora gusubizwa inyuma.<ref name="Hop2017">{{Cite web|title=What is renal failure?|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474|website=Johns Hopkins Medicine|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618054600/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474/|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubyimba amaguru, kumva unaniwe, [[kuruka]], kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kwitiranya ibintu.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Ingorane zo kunanirwa gukabije no kudakora neza zirimo uremia, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, no kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.<ref name="Blak2010">{{Cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Sara|title=Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781846289378|page=19|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&pg=PA19|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222123248/https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingorane zo kudakora neza zirimo kandi indwara z'umutima, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, no [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]].<ref name="Li2012">{{Cite journal|title=Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease|year=2012|last=Liao|first=Min-Tser|last2=Sung|first2=Chih-Chien|last3=Hung|first3=Kuo-Chin|last4=Wu|first4=Chia-Chao|last5=Lo|first5=Lan|last6=Lu|first6=Kuo-Cheng|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|volume=2012|pages=1–5|pmid=22919275|pmc=3420350|doi=10.1155/2012/691369}}</ref><ref name="MP2017">{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://medlineplus.gov/kidneyfailure.html|website=MedlinePlus|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704221738/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Impamvu zitera impyiko gucika intege cyane zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, kuziba kw'inzira y'inkari, imiti imwe n'imwe, kwangirika kw'imitsi, na hemolytic uremic syndrome.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Impamvu zitera impyiko kudakora neza zirimo diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, indwara ya nephrotic, n'indwara y'impyiko ya polycystic.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Gusuzuma indwara yo gucika intege mu buryo bwihuse akenshi bishingiye ku bintu bitandukanye nko kugabanuka k'umusaruro w'inkari cyangwa kwiyongera kwa creatinine mu maraso.<ref name="Blak2010" /> Gusuzuma indwara idakira biterwa n'igipimo cyo kuyungurura glomerular (GFR) kiri munsi ya 15 cyangwa hakenewe ubuvuzi bwo gusimbuza impyiko.<ref name="Che2005">{{Cite book|last=Cheung|first=Alfred K.|title=Primer on Kidney Diseases|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1416023127|page=457|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&pg=PA457|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051050/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&pg=PA457|url-status=live}}</ref> Bingana kandi n'indwara y'impyiko idakira yo mu cyiciro cya 5.<ref name="Che2005" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura indwara yangiritse buterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.<ref name="Clat2010">{{Cite book|last=Clatworthy|first=Menna|title=Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405189903|page=28|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&pg=PA28|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052946/https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuvura indwara idakira bishobora kuba birimo hemodialysis, dialysis ya peritoneal, cyangwa gusimbuza impyiko.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Hemodialysis ikoresha imashini iyungurura amaraso hanze y'umubiri.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Muri dialyse ya peritoneal amazi runaka ashyirwa mu nda hanyuma akavomwa, ibi bigasubirwamo inshuro nyinshi ku munsi.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Gutera impyiko bikubiyemo kubagwa no gushyira impyiko y'undi muntu hanyuma ugafata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kugira ngo wirinde kwangwa.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Izindi ngamba zisabwa mu ndwara zidakira zirimo gukomeza gukora cyane no guhindura imirire ku buryo bwihariye.<ref name="NIH2017" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, gutsindwa gukabije bibasira abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 1,000 ku mwaka.<ref name="Fer2018Acute">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=37|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053217/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> Kunanirwa gukabije bibaho ku muntu umwe ku bantu 1.000, abantu 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka.<ref name="Che2005" /><ref name="Fer2018ESKD">{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=294|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053032/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294|url-status=live}}</ref> Gutsindwa byihuse akenshi bikunze gusubizwa inyuma mu gihe gutsindwa by’igihe kirekire akenshi atari ko bigenda.<ref name="Hop2017" /> Iyo abantu benshi bafite indwara zidakira bavuwe neza bashobora gukomeza gukora.<ref name="NIH2017" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] itqousx911inc5jq13467zbs082j8n9 0 23613 142451 2026-10-17T11:28:32Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500225|Albinism_in_humans]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Albinism|synonym=Achromia, achromasia, achromatosis|image=Albinisitic man portrait.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A boy with albinism|pronounce=albino ({{IPAc-en|uk|æ|l|ˈ|b|iː|n|oʊ}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/albino |title=albino |work=Random House Dictionary |date=2017 |via=Dictionary.Reference.com |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090208/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/albino |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090208/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/albino |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|us|æ|l|ˈ|b|aɪ|n|oʊ}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/albino |title=American Pronunciation of ''albino'' |work=Macmillan Dictionary |date=2017 |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042015/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/albino |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042015/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/albino |date=11 November 2017 }}</ref>|field=[[Dermatology]]|symptoms=Pale skin, eyes, and hair<ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=Vision problems, [[sunburn]]s, [[skin cancer]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=Present at birth<ref name=Stat2020/>|duration=|types=OCA1 to 7, OA1, syndromic<ref name=Stat2020/>|causes=Genetic mutation<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on an [[physical examination|examination]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|differential=[[Piebaldism]], [[vitiligo]], [[phenylketonuria]], [[homocystinuria]], [[kwashiorkor]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=Sun protection, screening for skin cancer, frequent [[eye exams]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|medication=|prognosis=Life expectancy may be similar to general population<ref name=Stat2020/>|frequency=1 in 20,000<ref name=Stat2020/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Ubuswa bw'ubuswa''' bubaho igihe umuntu avuka kandi burangwa no kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso mu buryo busesuye cyangwa buto.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Federico|first=JR|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=K|title=Albinism|date=January 2020|pmid=30085560|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Bifitanye isano n'ibibazo byo kureba birimo kugabanuka k'ubuhanga bwo kureba, ubushobozi bwo kubona urumuri, kubura ubushobozi bwo kureba neza, amakosa yo kugaragara mu maso, na nystagmus.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu kandi bakunze kwibasirwa n'izuba ndetse na [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri y'uruhu]].<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuswa bw'ubuswa buterwa n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa gukwirakwiza melanin bugabanuka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Nibura impinduka 7 zitandukanye za autosomal recessive mutations zishobora gutera albino kandi iyi ndwara nayo igaragara mu ndwara zitandukanye zirimo Hermansky-Pudlak na Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=J.|last2=De Domenico|first2=I.|last3=Ward|first3=D. M.|doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce|title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Hematology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=22–29|date=2008|pmid=18043242|s2cid=43243529}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hashingiwe ku isuzuma kandi bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uturemangingo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo kurinda izuba ubuzima bwose nko gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda, imiti irinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara, no kwirinda urumuri rwa UV.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma kanseri y'uruhu byibuze buri mwaka, byumvikana ko melanoma izaba ibara ry'umutuku aho kuba umukara.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma amaso kenshi nabyo birasabwa.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hafi umuntu 1 kuri 20.000 yibasiwe n’iki kibazo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Isuzugurwa Isuzugurwa iboneka mu bice byinshi by'isi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Iri jambo rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''albus'' risobanura "umweru".<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] n7mrptkwp4varefwtub3do0dp5w0eat 142452 142451 2026-10-17T11:32:07Z Stevenndori289 10902 Albinism_mu_bantu 142452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Albinisitic man portrait.jpg|thumb|Albinism_mu_bantu]] '''Ubuswa bw'ubuswa''' bubaho igihe umuntu avuka kandi burangwa no kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso mu buryo busesuye cyangwa buto.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Federico|first=JR|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=K|title=Albinism|date=January 2020|pmid=30085560|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Bifitanye isano n'ibibazo byo kureba birimo kugabanuka k'ubuhanga bwo kureba, ubushobozi bwo kubona urumuri, kubura ubushobozi bwo kureba neza, amakosa yo kugaragara mu maso, na nystagmus.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu kandi bakunze kwibasirwa n'izuba ndetse na [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri y'uruhu]].<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuswa bw'ubuswa buterwa n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa gukwirakwiza melanin bugabanuka.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Nibura impinduka 7 zitandukanye za autosomal recessive mutations zishobora gutera albino kandi iyi ndwara nayo igaragara mu ndwara zitandukanye zirimo Hermansky-Pudlak na Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.<ref name="Stat2020" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=J.|last2=De Domenico|first2=I.|last3=Ward|first3=D. M.|doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce|title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Hematology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=22–29|date=2008|pmid=18043242|s2cid=43243529}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hashingiwe ku isuzuma kandi bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uturemangingo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo kurinda izuba ubuzima bwose nko gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda, imiti irinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara, no kwirinda urumuri rwa UV.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma kanseri y'uruhu byibuze buri mwaka, byumvikana ko melanoma izaba ibara ry'umutuku aho kuba umukara.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma amaso kenshi nabyo birasabwa.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Hafi umuntu 1 kuri 20.000 yibasiwe n’iki kibazo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Isuzugurwa Isuzugurwa iboneka mu bice byinshi by'isi.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Iri jambo rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''albus'' risobanura "umweru".<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] dt48hlgdv5f7lt63qk3klzt78mobru6 0 23614 142453 2026-10-17T11:38:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458552|Donepezil]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donepezil''', igurishwa nk'izina ry'ubucuruzi '''rya Aricept''' n'andi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura [[umukoresha:Doc James/Indwara ya Alzheimer|indwara ya Alzheimer]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=4 February 2019|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726092537/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisa nkaho bitanga inyungu nto mu mikorere y'ubwonko n'ubushobozi bwo gukora.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Birks JS, Harvey RJ|title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD001190|date=June 2018|pmid=29923184|pmc=6513124|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3}}</ref> Icyakora, gukoresha ibi biyobyabwenge ntibyagaragaye ko bihindura uko indwara igenda ikura.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment|title=Dementia – Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review|date=June 2008|pmid=28876770|journal=Dementia -- Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bugomba guhagarikwa niba nta nyungu igaragara.<ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book|ref={{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }}|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=300|edition=76}}</ref> Ifatwa mu kanwa.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, gusinzira nabi, gukabya, impiswi, kumva unaniwe, no kuribwa mu mitsi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /><ref name="BNF76" /> Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo [[Arrhythmia|imitsi idasanzwe y'umutima]], kugorwa no kuva inkari mu ruhago, no gucika intege.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Donepezil ni umuti ubuza acetylcholinesterase gukora neza kandi ntaho uhuriye n'indi miti irwanya kolinesterase.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Donepezil yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name="BNF76" /> Mu Bwongereza, mu kwezi, serivisi zitangwa n’ikigo cya NHS zitwara amafaranga agera kuri £0.52 mu 2019. Igiciro cy'iyi ngano muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kingana n'amadolari y'Amerika 1.38.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-01-30|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-01-30/2c5s-3kst|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=4 February 2019|language=en|quote=0.04978 (per tablet)|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085904/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-01-30/2c5s-3kst|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 127 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshanu.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ref3">{{Cite web|title=Donepezil Hydrochloride – Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DonepezilHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061330/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DonepezilHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 41hc9udoh8uh3manhbaqu4dajpsr5ap 0 23615 142454 2026-10-17T11:41:17Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1481925|Stillbirth]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stillbirth|synonym=Fetal death, fetal demise<ref name=NIH2014Def/>|image=File:Nuchal edema in Down Syndrome Dr. W. Moroder.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Ultrasound]] is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk.|pronounce=|field=[[Obstetrics]]|symptoms=[[Fetal]] death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of [[pregnancy]]<ref name=NIH2014Def/><ref name=WHO2016/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Often unknown, [[pregnancy complications]]<ref name=NIH2014Def/><ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=NIH2014Cau/>|risks=Mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of [[assisted reproductive technology]], first pregancy<ref name=NIH2014Risk/>|diagnosis=No fetal movement felt, [[ultrasound]]<ref name=NIH2014Diag/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Induction of labor]], [[dilation and evacuation]]<ref name=NIH2014Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2.6 million (1 for every 45 births)<ref name=WHO2016/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Gutwita umwana upfuye''' bisobanurwa nk'urupfu rw'umwana uri [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|mu nda]] nyuma y'ibyumweru 20 cyangwa 28, bitewe n'aho byaturutse.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|title=Stillbirths|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035346/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Bituma umwana avuka adafite ibimenyetso by'ubuzima.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Kubyara umwana wapfuye bishobora gutuma umubyeyi yumva afite icyaha cyangwa agahinda.<ref name="Rob2014" /> Iri jambo ritandukanye no gukuramo inda, ari byo gutakaza inda mbere y’igihe, no kubyara umwana ari muzima, aho umwana avuka ari muzima, nubwo yapfa nyuma gato.<ref name="Rob2014">{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=GE|title=Pregnancy loss.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=January 2014|volume=28|issue=1|pages=169–78|pmid=24047642|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012}}</ref> Akenshi impamvu iba itazwi.<ref name="NIH2014Def" /> Impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo ingorane zo gutwita nko kuba umwana ataragera mu nda no kubyara, ibibazo byo mu nda cyangwa mu mugongo, ibibazo byo kuvukana, indwara nka [[Marariya|malariya]] na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], ndetse n'ubuzima bubi bw'umubyeyi.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="NIH2014Cau">{{Cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lawn2016">{{Cite journal|last=Lawn|first=Joy E|last2=Blencowe|first2=Hannah|last3=Waiswa|first3=Peter|last4=Amouzou|first4=Agbessi|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Hogan|first6=Dan|last7=Flenady|first7=Vicki|last8=Frøen|first8=J Frederik|last9=Qureshi|first9=Zeshan U|last10=Calderwood|first10=Claire|last11=Shiekh|first11=Suhail|last12=Jassir|first12=Fiorella Bianchi|last13=You|first13=Danzhen|last14=McClure|first14=Elizabeth M|last15=Mathai|first15=Matthews|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|journal=The Lancet|volume=387|issue=10018|year=2016|pages=587–603|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kuba umubyeyi w’imyaka irenga 35, kunywa itabi, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara, no gutwita bwa mbere.<ref name="NIH2014Risk">{{Cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Gupfa kw'umwana bishobora gukeka ko umwana yapfuye iyo nta ngaruka z'umwana urimo kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> Kwemeza ni ugukoresha ultrasound.<ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{Cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Ku isi yose, kwirinda abana benshi bapfa barashoboye iyo habayeho uburyo bwiza bwo kubungabunga ubuzima.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|title=Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series|journal=The Lancet|date=Jan 2016|url=http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154237/http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abana bapfa bavuka mu gihe cyo kubyara, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kurusha ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Bitabaye ibyo, bitewe n'igihe inda igeze, imiti ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutangira kubyara cyangwa ubwoko bw'ubuganga buzwi nka dilation and evacuation bushobora gukorwa.<ref name="NIH2014Tx">{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers manage stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Nyuma yo kubyara umwana wapfuye, abagore baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara undi mwana; icyakora, inda nyinshi zikurikiraho ntabwo zigira ibibazo nk'ibyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> [[Indwara y'agahinda|Ihungabana]], igihombo cy'amafaranga, no gusenyuka kw'imiryango ni ingorane zizwi.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ku isi yose mu 2015 habayeho abana bapfa bavuka bagera kuri miliyoni 2.6 nyuma y'ibyumweru 28 batwite (hafi 1 kuri buri mwana 45).<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="NIH2014Epi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|title=How common is stillbirth?|date=23 September 2014|website=NICHD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131327/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, cyane cyane muri Aziya y'Epfo no muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kuri buri mwana 167 uvuka, umwana umwe uvuka yapfuye.<ref name="NIH2014Epi" /> Igipimo cy'abana bapfa bavuka cyaragabanutse, nubwo cyagabanutse buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya 2000.<ref name="Dra2016">{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Elizabeth S.|last2=Manktelow|first2=Bradley N.|last3=Smith|first3=Lucy|last4=Rubayet|first4=Sayed|last5=Hirst|first5=Jane|last6=Neuman|first6=Melissa|last7=King|first7=Carina|last8=Osrin|first8=David|last9=Prost|first9=Audrey|date=2016-02-06|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=387|issue=10018|pages=587–603|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|issn=0140-6736|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828031155/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] ns102atqau2npfjag3iybdtttons9mm 142455 142454 2026-10-17T11:43:10Z Stevenndori289 10902 Kubyara umwana upfuye 142455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gutwita umwana upfuye''' bisobanurwa nk'urupfu rw'umwana uri [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|mu nda]] nyuma y'ibyumweru 20 cyangwa 28, bitewe n'aho byaturutse.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|title=Stillbirths|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035346/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|archive-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Bituma umwana avuka adafite ibimenyetso by'ubuzima.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Kubyara umwana wapfuye bishobora gutuma umubyeyi yumva afite icyaha cyangwa agahinda.<ref name="Rob2014" /> Iri jambo ritandukanye no gukuramo inda, ari byo gutakaza inda mbere y’igihe, no kubyara umwana ari muzima, aho umwana avuka ari muzima, nubwo yapfa nyuma gato.<ref name="Rob2014">{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=GE|title=Pregnancy loss.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=January 2014|volume=28|issue=1|pages=169–78|pmid=24047642|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012}}</ref> Akenshi impamvu iba itazwi.<ref name="NIH2014Def" /> Impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo ingorane zo gutwita nko kuba umwana ataragera mu nda no kubyara, ibibazo byo mu nda cyangwa mu mugongo, ibibazo byo kuvukana, indwara nka [[Marariya|malariya]] na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], ndetse n'ubuzima bubi bw'umubyeyi.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="NIH2014Cau">{{Cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lawn2016">{{Cite journal|last=Lawn|first=Joy E|last2=Blencowe|first2=Hannah|last3=Waiswa|first3=Peter|last4=Amouzou|first4=Agbessi|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Hogan|first6=Dan|last7=Flenady|first7=Vicki|last8=Frøen|first8=J Frederik|last9=Qureshi|first9=Zeshan U|last10=Calderwood|first10=Claire|last11=Shiekh|first11=Suhail|last12=Jassir|first12=Fiorella Bianchi|last13=You|first13=Danzhen|last14=McClure|first14=Elizabeth M|last15=Mathai|first15=Matthews|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|journal=The Lancet|volume=387|issue=10018|year=2016|pages=587–603|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kuba umubyeyi w’imyaka irenga 35, kunywa itabi, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara, no gutwita bwa mbere.<ref name="NIH2014Risk">{{Cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Gupfa kw'umwana bishobora gukeka ko umwana yapfuye iyo nta ngaruka z'umwana urimo kugaragara.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> Kwemeza ni ugukoresha ultrasound.<ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{Cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Ku isi yose, kwirinda abana benshi bapfa barashoboye iyo habayeho uburyo bwiza bwo kubungabunga ubuzima.<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|title=Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series|journal=The Lancet|date=Jan 2016|url=http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154237/http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abana bapfa bavuka mu gihe cyo kubyara, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kurusha ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Bitabaye ibyo, bitewe n'igihe inda igeze, imiti ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutangira kubyara cyangwa ubwoko bw'ubuganga buzwi nka dilation and evacuation bushobora gukorwa.<ref name="NIH2014Tx">{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers manage stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Nyuma yo kubyara umwana wapfuye, abagore baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara undi mwana; icyakora, inda nyinshi zikurikiraho ntabwo zigira ibibazo nk'ibyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> [[Indwara y'agahinda|Ihungabana]], igihombo cy'amafaranga, no gusenyuka kw'imiryango ni ingorane zizwi.<ref name="Lancet2016" /> Ku isi yose mu 2015 habayeho abana bapfa bavuka bagera kuri miliyoni 2.6 nyuma y'ibyumweru 28 batwite (hafi 1 kuri buri mwana 45).<ref name="WHO2016" /><ref name="NIH2014Epi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|title=How common is stillbirth?|date=23 September 2014|website=NICHD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131327/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, cyane cyane muri Aziya y'Epfo no muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara.<ref name="WHO2016" /> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kuri buri mwana 167 uvuka, umwana umwe uvuka yapfuye.<ref name="NIH2014Epi" /> Igipimo cy'abana bapfa bavuka cyaragabanutse, nubwo cyagabanutse buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya 2000.<ref name="Dra2016">{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Elizabeth S.|last2=Manktelow|first2=Bradley N.|last3=Smith|first3=Lucy|last4=Rubayet|first4=Sayed|last5=Hirst|first5=Jane|last6=Neuman|first6=Melissa|last7=King|first7=Carina|last8=Osrin|first8=David|last9=Prost|first9=Audrey|date=2016-02-06|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=387|issue=10018|pages=587–603|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|issn=0140-6736|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828031155/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1t2jr2e6qokhbp4zpbl64emrj7c0km2 0 23616 142456 2026-10-17T11:44:26Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504313|Phentermine]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug}}'''Phentermine''' ( <nowiki><u id="mwKw">phen</u></nowiki> yl - <nowiki><u id="mwLQ">ter</u></nowiki> tiary-butyl a <nowiki><u id="mwLw">mine</u></nowiki> ), igurishwa ku izina rya '''Ionamin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo uvure umubyibuho ukabije . Ifatwa mu kanwa kugeza ku byumweru bike.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Phentermine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=13 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |date=7 June 2019 }}</ref> Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike ingaruka nziza ntizikibaho.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Iraboneka kandi nk'umuti uvanze wa phentermine/topiramate . Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gutera k'umutima vuba, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kubura ibitotsi, isereri no kubura ituze. Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu bihaha, indwara z'umutima ziterwa n'imitsi, ndetse no gukoresha nabi imiti ikoreshwa nabi.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] . Ntibyemewe gukoresha hamwe na SSRI cyangwa MAO inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Ikora nk'umuti ugabanya inzara bitewe nuko ari umuti utera CNS gutera imbaraga.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Mu rwego rwa shimi, phentermine ni amphetamine yasimbuwe.<ref name="Hag2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ|title=Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants|journal=Trends Plant Sci.|volume=17|issue=7|pages=404–412|date=2012|pmid=22502775|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004}}</ref> Phentermine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1959. Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa ku kwezi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kingana n'amadolari y'Amerika 2.55. Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 210 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri. Phentermine yakuwe ku isoko mu Bwongereza mu 2000 mu gihe umuti uvanze wa fen-phen, wari ugizwe na wo, wakuwe ku isoko mu 1997 kubera ingaruka mbi.<ref name="Bag2012">{{Cite book|last=Bagchi|first=Debasis|last2=Preuss|first2=Harry G.|title=Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, Second Edition|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439854259|page=314|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&pg=PA314|language=en|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183659/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 1ec5pm6koxmmomnffhqwnn3lpiucuma 142457 142456 2026-10-17T11:45:18Z Stevenndori289 10902 Fentermine 142457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Phentermine tablet.jpg|thumb|Fentermine]] '''Phentermine''' ( <nowiki><u id="mwKw">phen</u></nowiki> yl - <nowiki><u id="mwLQ">ter</u></nowiki> tiary-butyl a <nowiki><u id="mwLw">mine</u></nowiki> ), igurishwa ku izina rya '''Ionamin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo uvure umubyibuho ukabije . Ifatwa mu kanwa kugeza ku byumweru bike.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Phentermine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=13 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |date=7 June 2019 }}</ref> Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike ingaruka nziza ntizikibaho.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Iraboneka kandi nk'umuti uvanze wa phentermine/topiramate . Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gutera k'umutima vuba, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kubura ibitotsi, isereri no kubura ituze. Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu bihaha, indwara z'umutima ziterwa n'imitsi, ndetse no gukoresha nabi imiti ikoreshwa nabi.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]] . Ntibyemewe gukoresha hamwe na SSRI cyangwa MAO inhibitors.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Ikora nk'umuti ugabanya inzara bitewe nuko ari umuti utera CNS gutera imbaraga.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Mu rwego rwa shimi, phentermine ni amphetamine yasimbuwe.<ref name="Hag2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ|title=Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants|journal=Trends Plant Sci.|volume=17|issue=7|pages=404–412|date=2012|pmid=22502775|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004}}</ref> Phentermine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1959. Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.<ref name=AHFS2019 /> Igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa ku kwezi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kingana n'amadolari y'Amerika 2.55. Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 210 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri. Phentermine yakuwe ku isoko mu Bwongereza mu 2000 mu gihe umuti uvanze wa fen-phen, wari ugizwe na wo, wakuwe ku isoko mu 1997 kubera ingaruka mbi.<ref name="Bag2012">{{Cite book|last=Bagchi|first=Debasis|last2=Preuss|first2=Harry G.|title=Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, Second Edition|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439854259|page=314|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&pg=PA314|language=en|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183659/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] k1a9udrhbr5yn1b2xzr9p5akwtfcb6j 0 23617 142458 2026-10-17T11:46:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468076|Lymphedema]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Lymphedema|synonym=Lymphoedema, lymphatic edema, lymphatic obstruction, lymphatic insufficiency|image=Lymphödem.JPG|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Lower extremity lymphedema|pronounce=|field=[[Angiology|Vascular medicine]], [[physical medicine and rehabilitation]], [[plastic surgery]]|symptoms=[[edema|Swelling]], discomfort, heaviness, [[joint stiffness]], skin thickening<ref name=Grad2017a/><ref name=Stat2020/>|complications=[[Infection]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[lymphangiosarcoma]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=|duration=|types=Stage 0 to 3<ref name=Grad2017a/>|causes=[[Cancer]], [[parasitic infection]]s, [[genetic disorder]]s<ref name=Stat2020/>|risks=[[Obesity]]<ref name=PQI2021>{{cite web |title=Lymphedema (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/lymphedema/lymphedema-hp-pdq |website=www.cancer.gov |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en |date=30 June 2008 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030241/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/healthprofessional/page3 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030241/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/lymphedema/healthprofessional/page3 |date=6 April 2015 }}</ref>|diagnosis=[[Medical diagnosis|Based on symptoms]]<ref name=Grad2017a/>|differential=[[Lipodystrophy]], [[Chronic venous insufficiency|venous insufficiency]], [[heart failure]], [[kidney problems]], [[cirrhosis]]<ref name=Grad2017a/><ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=Compression therapy, good skin care, [[exercise]], [[manual lymphatic drainage]]<ref name=Grad2017a/><ref name=PQI2021 />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=~200 million<ref name=Grad2017b/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Lymphedema''' ni ukubyimba kw'aho hantu bitewe n'uko sisitemu y'imitsi yangiritse.<ref name="Grad2017a">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=995–1006|date=December 2017|pmid=29132859|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara, kuremererwa, gukomera kw'ingingo, no kubyimba k'uruhu.<ref name="Grad2017a" /><ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Sleigh|first=BC|last2=Manna|first2=B|title=Lymphedema|date=July 2020|pmid=30725924|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, indwara yo mu mitsi yo mu bwonko iteye ubwoba, na lymphangiosarcoma.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Akenshi ikunze kubaho bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa indwara ziterwa n'udukoko ( lymphatic filariasis ), ariko ishobora no kugaragara mu ndwara nyinshi ziterwa n'uturemangingo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo birimo umubyibuho ukabije . Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo uruhererekane rw'ububyimbirwe na fibrosis.<ref name="Grad2017b">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1009–1020|date=December 2017|pmid=29132848|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso, nyuma y’uko izindi mpamvu zishobora kuyitera zitabonetse.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Nubwo nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bushobora kongera umusaruro.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Ibi bikunze kuba birimo kuvura indwara zo gukanda, kwita ku ruhu neza, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no gusohora amazi mu mubiri hakoreshejwe intoki (MLD), bizwi nka "combined decongestive therapy".<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora kandi kuba ingirakamaro. Utunyangingo tw'imitsi ntacyo bimaze.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Ubusanzwe kubaga bikoreshwa gusa ku bantu batavuwe hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Lymphedema yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi yose.<ref name="Grad2017b" /> Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="Grad2017b" /> Abagore 1 kuri 5 barokotse [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]] na 40% by'abagore barwaye kanseri y'abagore barwara lymphedema.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Impamvu ziterwa n’uturemangingo ntizikunze kugaragara cyane, zigaragara ku muntu umwe ku bantu 100.000.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe mu mateka ya kera . == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] o4b9hq4q0zyn575txehmq4ixhwszr6h 142459 142458 2026-10-17T11:46:43Z Stevenndori289 10902 Lymphedema 142459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lymphedema.jpg|thumb|Lymphedema]] '''Lymphedema''' ni ukubyimba kw'aho hantu bitewe n'uko sisitemu y'imitsi yangiritse.<ref name="Grad2017a">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=995–1006|date=December 2017|pmid=29132859|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021}}</ref> Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara, kuremererwa, gukomera kw'ingingo, no kubyimba k'uruhu.<ref name="Grad2017a" /><ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Sleigh|first=BC|last2=Manna|first2=B|title=Lymphedema|date=July 2020|pmid=30725924|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, indwara yo mu mitsi yo mu bwonko iteye ubwoba, na lymphangiosarcoma.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Akenshi ikunze kubaho bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa indwara ziterwa n'udukoko ( lymphatic filariasis ), ariko ishobora no kugaragara mu ndwara nyinshi ziterwa n'uturemangingo.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo birimo umubyibuho ukabije . Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo uruhererekane rw'ububyimbirwe na fibrosis.<ref name="Grad2017b">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1009–1020|date=December 2017|pmid=29132848|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022}}</ref> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso, nyuma y’uko izindi mpamvu zishobora kuyitera zitabonetse.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Nubwo nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bushobora kongera umusaruro.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Ibi bikunze kuba birimo kuvura indwara zo gukanda, kwita ku ruhu neza, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no gusohora amazi mu mubiri hakoreshejwe intoki (MLD), bizwi nka "combined decongestive therapy".<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora kandi kuba ingirakamaro. Utunyangingo tw'imitsi ntacyo bimaze.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Ubusanzwe kubaga bikoreshwa gusa ku bantu batavuwe hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.<ref name="Grad2017a" /> Lymphedema yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi yose.<ref name="Grad2017b" /> Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.<ref name="Grad2017b" /> Abagore 1 kuri 5 barokotse [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]] na 40% by'abagore barwaye kanseri y'abagore barwara lymphedema.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Impamvu ziterwa n’uturemangingo ntizikunze kugaragara cyane, zigaragara ku muntu umwe ku bantu 100.000.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe mu mateka ya kera . == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 735c3zvp80vkqzgevnjzl15gds3920w 0 23618 142460 2026-10-17T11:49:13Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513771|Phenylketonuria]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Phenylketonuria|synonym=Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, PAH deficiency, Følling disease<ref name=NIH2016/>|image=L-Phenylalanin - L-Phenylalanine.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[Phenylalanine]]|pronounce=|field=[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]]|symptoms=Without treatment [[intellectual disability]], [[seizure]]s, behavioral problems, [[mental disorder]]s, musty smell<ref name=NIH2016/>|complications=|onset=At birth<ref name=NIH2013Tx/>|duration=|types=Classic, variant<ref name=NIH2016/>|causes=[[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[autosomal recessive]])<ref name=NIH2016/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Newborn screening|Newborn screening program]]s in many countries<ref name=Al2015/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[diet (nutrition)|Diet]] low in foods that contain phenylalanine, special supplements<ref name=NIH2013Tx/>|medication=[[Sapropterin|Sapropterin dihydrochloride]],<ref name=NIH2013Tx/> [[pegvaliase]]<ref name=FDA2018Sub>{{cite web |title=Press Announcements - FDA approves a new treatment for PKU, a rare and serious genetic disease |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm608835.htm |website=www.fda.gov |access-date=9 December 2018 |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423072118/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm608835.htm |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423072118/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm608835.htm |date=23 April 2019 }}</ref>|prognosis=Normal health with treatment<ref name=NIH2000/>|frequency=~1 in 12,000 newborns<ref name=Bern2015/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''Phenylketonuria''' ( '''PKU''' ) ni ikosa rivukanwa mu mikorere y'umubiri rituma aside amine phenylalanine igabanuka mu mikorere y'umubiri.<ref name="Al2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Al Hafid N, Christodoulou J|title=Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments|journal=Translational Pediatrics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=304–17|date=October 2015|pmid=26835392|pmc=4728993|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.07}}</ref> Iyo idavuwe, indwara ya PKU ishobora gutera [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]], ibicurane, ibibazo by'imyitwarire, [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|n'ibibazo byo mu mutwe]] . Bishobora kandi gutuma uruhu runuka cyane kandi rukamera nk'uruhu rwerurutse.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=phenylketonuria|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=12 September 2016|date=September 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria|archive-date=27 July 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria |date=27 July 2016 }}</ref> Umwana wavutse ku mubyeyi wavuwe nabi na PKU ashobora kugira ibibazo by'umutima, umutwe muto, no kuvukana ibiro bike.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Phenylketonuria ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo tw'umubiri umuntu avukana n'ababyeyi be.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Biterwa n'impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya ''PAH'', bigatuma urugero rwa enzyme ya phenylalanine hydroxylase rugabanuka.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Ibi bituma ubwiyongere bwa phenylalanine mu ndyo bugera ku rugero rushobora kuzana uburozi.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Ni autosomal recessive, bivuze ko kopi zombi za gene zigomba guhinduka kugira ngo indwara irusheho kuba nziza.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi, PKU ya kera na PKU isanzwe, bitewe n'uko hari imikorere ya enzyme ikomeza.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Abafite kopi imwe ya gene yahinduwe mu buryo busanzwe nta bimenyetso bagira. Ibihugu byinshi bifite gahunda zo gupima abana bavutse ku barwayi bavutse.<ref name="Al2015" /> Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe indyo irimo ibiryo bike birimo fenilalanine n'inyongeramusaruro zidasanzwe.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=What are common treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=2013-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=5 October 2016 }}</ref> Abana bagomba gukoresha formula yihariye irimo amashereka make.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Indyo igomba gutangira vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kuvuka kandi igakomeza ubuzima bwose. Abantu basuzumwe hakiri kare kandi bagakomeza indyo yuzuye bashobora kugira ubuzima bwiza n'igihe cy'ubuzima busanzwe.<ref name=NIH2000>{{cite web|title=National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Phenylketonuria: Screening and Management|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=October 16–18, 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx |date=5 October 2016 }}</ref> Ingufu zigenzurwa binyuze mu gupima amaraso buri gihe. Umuti wa sapropterin dihydrochloride ushobora kugira akamaro kuri bimwe.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Phenylketonuria yibasira umwana umwe mu bana 12.000.<ref name="Bern2015">{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Laurie E.|last2=Rohr|first2=Fran|last3=Helm|first3=Joanna R.|title=Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319146218|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Abagabo n'abagore bagira ingaruka kimwe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marcdante|first=Karen|last2=Kliegman|first2=Robert M.|title=Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323226981|page=150|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Iyi ndwara yavumbuwe mu 1934 na Ivar Asbjørn Følling, akamaro k'imirire kagenwe mu 1953.<ref name="Kal2010">{{Cite book|last=Kalter|first=Harold|title=Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789048188208|pages=89–92|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo Nubwo bitanga icyizere, bisaba inyigo nyinshi cyane kuva mu 2014. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] sb57fzejtc9bmxkkc193d1y3hlyem3y 142461 142460 2026-10-17T11:50:21Z Stevenndori289 10902 Phenylketonuria 142461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phenylketonuria''' ( '''PKU''' ) ni ikosa rivukanwa mu mikorere y'umubiri rituma aside amine phenylalanine igabanuka mu mikorere y'umubiri.<ref name="Al2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Al Hafid N, Christodoulou J|title=Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments|journal=Translational Pediatrics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=304–17|date=October 2015|pmid=26835392|pmc=4728993|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.07}}</ref> Iyo idavuwe, indwara ya PKU ishobora gutera [[Handicap mental|ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]], ibicurane, ibibazo by'imyitwarire, [[Indwara zo mu mutwe|n'ibibazo byo mu mutwe]] . Bishobora kandi gutuma uruhu runuka cyane kandi rukamera nk'uruhu rwerurutse.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=phenylketonuria|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=12 September 2016|date=September 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria|archive-date=27 July 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727233812/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria |date=27 July 2016 }}</ref> Umwana wavutse ku mubyeyi wavuwe nabi na PKU ashobora kugira ibibazo by'umutima, umutwe muto, no kuvukana ibiro bike.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Phenylketonuria ni indwara iterwa n'uturemangingo tw'umubiri umuntu avukana n'ababyeyi be.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Biterwa n'impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya ''PAH'', bigatuma urugero rwa enzyme ya phenylalanine hydroxylase rugabanuka.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Ibi bituma ubwiyongere bwa phenylalanine mu ndyo bugera ku rugero rushobora kuzana uburozi.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Ni autosomal recessive, bivuze ko kopi zombi za gene zigomba guhinduka kugira ngo indwara irusheho kuba nziza.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi, PKU ya kera na PKU isanzwe, bitewe n'uko hari imikorere ya enzyme ikomeza.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Abafite kopi imwe ya gene yahinduwe mu buryo busanzwe nta bimenyetso bagira. Ibihugu byinshi bifite gahunda zo gupima abana bavutse ku barwayi bavutse.<ref name="Al2015" /> Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe indyo irimo ibiryo bike birimo fenilalanine n'inyongeramusaruro zidasanzwe.<ref name=NIH2013Tx>{{cite web|title=What are common treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=2013-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=5 October 2016 }}</ref> Abana bagomba gukoresha formula yihariye irimo amashereka make.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Indyo igomba gutangira vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kuvuka kandi igakomeza ubuzima bwose. Abantu basuzumwe hakiri kare kandi bagakomeza indyo yuzuye bashobora kugira ubuzima bwiza n'igihe cy'ubuzima busanzwe.<ref name=NIH2000>{{cite web|title=National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Phenylketonuria: Screening and Management|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=October 16–18, 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx |date=5 October 2016 }}</ref> Ingufu zigenzurwa binyuze mu gupima amaraso buri gihe. Umuti wa sapropterin dihydrochloride ushobora kugira akamaro kuri bimwe.<ref name=NIH2013Tx /> Phenylketonuria yibasira umwana umwe mu bana 12.000.<ref name="Bern2015">{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Laurie E.|last2=Rohr|first2=Fran|last3=Helm|first3=Joanna R.|title=Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319146218|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Abagabo n'abagore bagira ingaruka kimwe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marcdante|first=Karen|last2=Kliegman|first2=Robert M.|title=Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323226981|page=150|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Iyi ndwara yavumbuwe mu 1934 na Ivar Asbjørn Følling, akamaro k'imirire kagenwe mu 1953.<ref name="Kal2010">{{Cite book|last=Kalter|first=Harold|title=Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789048188208|pages=89–92|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA89|archive-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo Nubwo bitanga icyizere, bisaba inyigo nyinshi cyane kuva mu 2014. == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] qbmjfsotihlc1ntudubhxivzosdbcqi 0 23619 142462 2026-10-17T11:51:20Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1473728|Hypospadias]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Hypospadias|synonym=pronounce = {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|p|oʊ|ˈ|s|p|eɪ|d|i|ə|s}}<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypospadias Entry "hypospadias"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212203255/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypospadias |date=2020-12-12 }} in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922151722/https://www.merriam-webster.com/ |date=2017-09-22 }}''.</ref><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989 as {{IPA|/hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}~{{IPA|/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}</ref>|image=Hypospadias-lg.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Different types of hypospadias|pronounce=|field=[[Urology]], [[medical genetics]]|symptoms=[[Urethra]] opens near the [[glans|head of the penis]], along the shaft of the penis, or near the [[scrotum]]<ref name=CDC2021/>|complications=Decreased [[fertility]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|onset=Present at birth<ref name=CDC2021/>|duration=|types=Distal (subcoronal), middle (midshaft), posterior (penoscrotal)<ref name=CDC2021/><ref name=Stat2020/>|causes=Generally unknown<ref name=CDC2021/>|risks=Family history, mother > 35, [[fertility treatments]], certain hormones<ref name=CDC2021/><ref name=Stat2020/>|diagnosis=[[physical examination|Examination]]<ref name=CDC2021/>|differential=[[Disorders of sex development]]<ref name=Stat2020/>|prevention=|treatment=Surgery<ref name=CDC2021/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1 in 200 males<ref name=CDC2021/>|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}'''Hypospadias''' ni indwara ivuka aho urethra idafunguka ku mpera y'igitsina [[Umugabo|cy'umugabo]].<ref name="CDC2021">{{Cite web|title=Facts about Hypospadias {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/hypospadias.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=21 January 2021|language=en-us|date=4 December 2019|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210080052/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/hypospadias.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahubwo ifunguka hafi y'umutwe w'igitsina gabo, ku ruhande rw'igitsina gabo, cyangwa hafi y'amasaro.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Hashobora kandi kuba hari uruhu rw'imbere inyuma kurusha imbere y'igitsina gabo.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Donaire|first=AE|last2=Mendez|first2=MD|title=Hypospadias|date=January 2020|pmid=29489236|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Izindi ngorane zishobora kuba zirimo igitsina cy'umugabo gifite imiterere igoramye cyangwa intanga zidakura.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uburumbuke.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Impamvu muri rusange ntabwo izwi.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, ababyeyi barengeje imyaka 35 igihe batwite, uburyo bwo kubyara, n'imisemburo imwe n'imwe.<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Bishobora kandi kuba kimwe mu bigize indwara zitandukanye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorerwa mu isuzuma umuntu akivuka.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Igabanyijemo ubwoko butatu bwa distal (subcoronal), hagati (midshaft), n'inyuma (penoscrotal).<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu benshi barwaye hypospadias bavurwa no kubagwa.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ibi muri rusange bikorwa iyo umwana afite amezi 3 kugeza kuri 18.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Abanduye ntibagomba [[Gusiramura|gukebwa]].<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ifata umugabo umwe kuri 200 bavutse muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi, nubwo ishobora kuba idakunze kugaragara mu bindi bice by'isi.<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Ni ikibazo cya kabiri gikunze kugaragara mu gihe abagabo babyara nyuma y’intanga ngore zidakura.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] d568z5xp01ni0831vs2yt3d8ro1a1zg 142463 142462 2026-10-17T11:52:35Z Stevenndori289 10902 Hypospadias 142463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Hypospadias3.jpg|thumb|Hypospadias]] '''Hypospadias''' ni indwara ivuka aho urethra idafunguka ku mpera y'igitsina [[Umugabo|cy'umugabo]].<ref name="CDC2021">{{Cite web|title=Facts about Hypospadias {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/hypospadias.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=21 January 2021|language=en-us|date=4 December 2019|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210080052/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/hypospadias.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahubwo ifunguka hafi y'umutwe w'igitsina gabo, ku ruhande rw'igitsina gabo, cyangwa hafi y'amasaro.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Hashobora kandi kuba hari uruhu rw'imbere inyuma kurusha imbere y'igitsina gabo.<ref name="Stat2020">{{Cite journal|last=Donaire|first=AE|last2=Mendez|first2=MD|title=Hypospadias|date=January 2020|pmid=29489236|journal=StatPearls}}</ref> Izindi ngorane zishobora kuba zirimo igitsina cy'umugabo gifite imiterere igoramye cyangwa intanga zidakura.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kugabanuka k'uburumbuke.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Impamvu muri rusange ntabwo izwi.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, ababyeyi barengeje imyaka 35 igihe batwite, uburyo bwo kubyara, n'imisemburo imwe n'imwe.<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Bishobora kandi kuba kimwe mu bigize indwara zitandukanye.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorerwa mu isuzuma umuntu akivuka.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Igabanyijemo ubwoko butatu bwa distal (subcoronal), hagati (midshaft), n'inyuma (penoscrotal).<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Abantu benshi barwaye hypospadias bavurwa no kubagwa.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ibi muri rusange bikorwa iyo umwana afite amezi 3 kugeza kuri 18.<ref name="CDC2021" /> Abanduye ntibagomba [[Gusiramura|gukebwa]].<ref name="CDC2021" /> Ifata umugabo umwe kuri 200 bavutse muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Burayi, nubwo ishobora kuba idakunze kugaragara mu bindi bice by'isi.<ref name="CDC2021" /><ref name="Stat2020" /> Ni ikibazo cya kabiri gikunze kugaragara mu gihe abagabo babyara nyuma y’intanga ngore zidakura.<ref name="Stat2020" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] aejo29uz7n9hre8lvl3xpu8x7n9ycbk 0 23620 142464 2026-10-17T11:53:49Z Stevenndori289 10902 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496154|Stomach_cancer]] to:rw #mdwikicx 142464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stomach cancer|synonym=Gastric cancer|image=Adenocarcinoma of the stomach.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A [[stomach ulcer]] that was diagnosed as cancer on [[biopsy]] and surgically removed|pronounce=|field=[[Oncology]]|symptoms='''Early''': [[Heartburn]], upper abdominal pain, [[nausea]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]].<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/><br>'''Later''': [[Weight loss]], [[jaundice|yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes]], [[vomiting]], [[Dysphagia|difficulty swallowing]], [[Melena|blood in the stool]]<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/>|complications=|onset=Over years<ref name=WCR2014/>|duration=|types=Gastric carcinomas, [[lymphoma]], [[mesenchymal tumor]]<ref name=WCR2014/>|causes=''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', [[genetics]]<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=ChangParsonnet2010/>|risks=Smoking, dietary factors such as [[pickled vegetables]], [[obesity]]<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=pmid24011243/>|diagnosis=[[Biopsy]] done during [[endoscopy]]<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/>|differential=|prevention=[[Mediterranean diet]], stopping smoking<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=NCI2014Prevent/>|treatment=Surgery, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[targeted therapy]]<ref name=NCI2014TxPt/>|medication=|prognosis=[[Five-year survival rate]]:<br>< 10% (advanced cases),<ref name = WJG14/><br/>32% (US),<ref name=SEER2020/> 71% (Japan)<ref name=Jap2011/>|frequency=3.5 million (2015)<!-- prevalence --><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=783,000 (2018)<ref name=Bray2018/>|named after=}}'''Kanseri yo mu gifu''', izwi kandi nka '''kanseri yo mu gifu''', ni [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ituruka mu gice cy'igifu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704181619/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach|archive-date=4 July 2014|date=January 1980}}</ref> Inyinshi mu ndwara za kanseri yo mu gifu ni kanseri yo mu gifu, zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butandukanye bw’indwara harimo na kanseri yo mu gifu.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 5.4}}</ref> Lymphoma na mesenchymal tumors nabyo bishobora kugaragara mu gifu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ibimenyetso bya mbere bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa mu gifu, kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kubura ubushake bwo kurya.<ref name="NCI2014TxPt">{{Cite web|title=Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bizakurikiraho bishobora kuba birimo kugabanya ibiro, guhinduka umuhondo k'uruhu n'umweru by'amaso, [[kuruka]], kugorwa no kumira no kuva amaraso mu gitereko n'ibindi.<ref name="NCI2014TxPt" /> Kanseri ishobora gukwirakwira mu gifu ikagera no mu bindi bice by'umubiri, cyane cyane umwijima, ibihaha, amagufwa, igice cyo hagati cy'inda n'uturemangingo tw'amaraso.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruddon|first=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195175431|page=223|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni ubwandu buterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''[[Helicobacter pylori|ya Helicobacter pylori]]'', ikaba ifata abantu barenga 60% by'abayirwaye.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="ChangParsonnet2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang AH, Parsonnet J|title=Role of bacteria in oncogenesis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=23|issue=4|pages=837–57|date=October 2010|pmid=20930075|pmc=2952975|doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sim|first=edited by Fiona|last2=McKee|first2=Martin|title=Issues in public health|date=2011|publisher=Open University Press|location=Maidenhead|isbn=9780335244225|page=74|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&pg=PA74|archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> Ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa ''H. pylori'' bufite ibyago byinshi kurusha ubundi.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Kunywa itabi, ibintu bitera imirire nko kurya imboga zishaje n'umubyibuho ukabije ni ibindi bintu bishobora gutera ikibazo.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="pmid24011243">{{Cite journal|vauthors=González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T|title=Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects|journal=Helicobacter|volume=18|issue=Suppl 1|pages=34–8|date=September 2013|pmid=24011243|doi=10.1111/hel.12082}}</ref> Hafi 10% by'abarwayi bavuka mu miryango, naho hagati ya 1% na 3% by'abarwayi bavuka mu miryango bitewe n'indwara ziterwa n'uko umuntu avukana n'ababyeyi be nka kanseri y'igifu ikwirakwira mu buryo bw'umwimerere.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Akenshi, kanseri yo mu gifu ikura buhoro buhoro mu myaka myinshi.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa biopsy mu gihe cyo gupima indwara hakoreshejwe endoscope.<ref name="NCI2014TxPt" /> Ibi bikurikirwa n'isuzuma rya muganga kugira ngo hamenyekane niba indwara yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri.<ref name="NCI2014TxPt" /> [[Ubuyapani]] na [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|Koreya y'Epfo]], ibihugu bibiri bifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy'iyi ndwara, biri gupima kanseri yo mu gifu.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Indyo yo mu karere ka Mediterane igabanya ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'igifu, kimwe no guhagarika kunywa itabi.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="NCI2014Prevent" /> Hari ibimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ko kuvura ''H. pylori'' bigabanya ibyago byo mu gihe kizaza.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="NCI2014Prevent">{{Cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-02-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704195947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Iyo kanseri yo mu gifu ivuwe hakiri kare, ishobora gukira.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kubaga, imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri, ubuvuzi bushingiye ku mirasire n'uburyo bwo kuvura hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.<ref name="NCI2014TxPt" /><ref name="Wagner17">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S|title=Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD004064|date=August 2017|pmid=28850174|pmc=6483552|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4}}</ref> Iyo ivuwe itinze, ubuvuzi bwo kugabanya ububabare bushobora kugirwa inama.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa lymphoma bushobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ''H. pylori''.<ref name="St2010">{{Cite journal|last=Stathis|first=A|last2=Bertoni|first2=F|last3=Zucca|first3=E|title=Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type.|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=September 2010|volume=11|issue=13|pages=2141–52|doi=10.1517/14656566.2010.497141|pmid=20586708}}</ref> Ibisubizo akenshi biba bibi, aho igipimo cy’ubuzima bw’imyaka itanu mu bihugu by’Iburengerazuba bw’isi ku barwayi bageze mu za bukuru kiba kiri munsi ya 10%.<ref name="WJG14" /> Ibi ahanini biterwa nuko abantu benshi bafite iyi ndwara bagaragaza indwara zikomeye.<ref name="WJG14">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, Lieto E, Ciardiello F, De Vita F|title=Treatment of gastric cancer|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1635–49|date=February 2014|pmid=24587643|pmc=3930964|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635}}</ref> Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kubaho kw'imyaka itanu ni 31.5%,<ref name="SEER2020">{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|title=Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207080443/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu gihe muri Koreya y'Epfo birenga 65% naho mu Buyapani birenga 70%, bimwe mu biterwa n'ingufu zo gusuzuma.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name="Jap2011">{{Cite web|title=がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計：[国立がん研究センター　がん登録・統計]|url=https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|website=ganjoho.jp|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063111/https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ku isi yose, kanseri yo mu gifu ni yo ya gatanu ku isonga mu ndwara za kanseri ikaba n'intandaro ya gatatu y'impfu ziturutse kuri kanseri, ikaba igize 7% by'abayirwaye na 9% by'impfu.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Mu 2018, byagaragaye vuba mu bantu miliyoni 1.03 kandi byahitanye abantu 783.000.<ref name="Bray2018">{{Cite journal|last=Bray|first=F|last2=Ferlay|first2=J|last3=Soerjomataram|first3=I|last4=Siegel|first4=RL|last5=Torre|first5=LA|last6=Jemal|first6=A|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|date=November 2018|volume=68|issue=6|pages=394–424|doi=10.3322/caac.21492|pmid=30207593|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|doi-access=free|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|url-status=live}}</ref> Mbere y’imyaka ya 1930, mu bice byinshi by’isi, harimo n’ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere mu Burengerazuba bw’isi, ni cyo cyari intandaro y’impfu nyinshi zikomoka kuri kanseri.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hochhauser|first=Jeffrey Tobias, Daniel|title=Cancer and its management|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781444306378|page=259|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&pg=PA259|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915182348/https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&pg=PA259|archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Khleif|first=Edited by Roland T. Skeel, Samir N.|title=Handbook of cancer chemotherapy|date=2011|publisher=Wolter Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317820|page=127|edition=8th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&pg=PA127|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918163929/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&pg=PA127|archive-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> Kuva icyo gihe, igipimo cy'impfu cyaragabanutse mu bice byinshi by'isi.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa no kurya ibiryo bike birimo umunyu n'ibiryo bivanze n'amazi bitewe n'iterambere rya firigo nk'uburyo bwo kubika ibiryo bishya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=edited by Rhonda J.|last2=Spiegel|first2=David|title=Cancer, culture, and communication|date=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=New York|isbn=9780306478857|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731/page/n157 139]|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731}}</ref> Kanseri yo mu gifu ikunze kugaragara cyane muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba no mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Ikunze kugaragara inshuro ebyiri ku bagabo kurusha ku bagore.<ref name="WCR2014" /> == Iriburiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] 8om1fwcnw12e9u9pn81wj3kcvptkt1h