World Medical Association

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      <text bytes="12183" sha1="bdlxf1mdm6muqrtcl8hl9ycdtn2vgtf" xml:space="preserve">'''Ishyirahamwe ry'Abaganga kw'Isi''' ('''WMA''') ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry'igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y'imiryango y'abaganga b'umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye, bityo 
[[Dosiye:Intramurosjf9916_38.JPG|thumb|Inyubako y'ihuriro ry'abaganga ku isi]]
rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose.  ryatangijwe kuwa 18 Nzeri 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;wma.net&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/history/|title=History|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ,rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b'ingaga z'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye 114 muri 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/members/members-list-printable/|title=Members' List|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.wma.net/news-post/wma-general-assembly-6&lt;/ref&gt; ndetse n'Abaganga barenga miliyoni 10.

Irishyirahamwe (WMA) ritanga urubuga kubanyamuryango baryo rwo kuvugana bisanzuye, bagakorana, kugirango bagere kumikorere inoze kandi y'ubunyamwuga no kongera ubunyamwuga bw'isanzuye ku baganga ku isi yose. imikoranire, WMA afite intego yo koroshya imikoranire, kwita kubarwayi ndetse ahantu hafite ubuzima, bongera imibereho myiza y'abantu bose ku isi.
[[Dosiye:WMA_Constituent_Members.svg|thumb|Ikarita yerekana ibihugu bigize ihuriro ry'abaganga ku isi]]

== Intego ==
Intego ya WMA ni ugukorera inyokumuntu mu guharanira kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myigishirize y'ibijyanye n'ubuvuzi , ubumenyi buhagije kubuvuzi, ubuvuzi bunoze  no guhabwa serivisi z'ubuvuzi nziza ku bantu bose ku isi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/|title=About the WMA|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Irishyirahamwe cg umuryango (WMA) washinzwe ku wa 18 Nzeri 1947, Ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu 27 bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y'iri shyirahamwe i [[Paris]]. uy' umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy'umuryango w'abaganga w'abongereza mu 1945 , mu nama yabereye i London kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b'abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n'intambara y'isi yose II.

Mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw'amafaranga buturuka mu b'anyamuryango , mu 1948 , inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa WMA mu mujyi wa New York mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n'umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n'ibindi bigo b'iwushamikiyeho. ubunyamabanga bw'iri shyirahamwe WMA bwagumye New york kugeza mu 1974 igihe ku mpamvu z'umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya Geneve nk'umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga (WHO,ILO,ICN,ISSA,etc.) bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa Ferney-voltaire. Abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y'umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa &quot;World Medical Assembly&quot; Inama Rusange 1962. 

Kuva Muntangiriro WMA yagaragaje kwita cyane [[medical ethics|k'ubuvuzi bunoze]]  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose , ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi. n'isesengura ry'amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya Hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya II mu 1948 i Geneva . inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita &quot;[[declaration of geneva|inyandiko y'i Geneve]].&quot;

Nanone mu nama rusange ya II raporo ku &quot;ibyaha by'intamabara n'ubuvuzi&quot; yarakiriwe. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y'ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange III mu 1949.

Na Nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri , WMA yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi, ibyaha byakozwe n'abaganga mu bihe by'intambara,   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n'ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n;'amategeko agenga umwuga w'ubuvuzi. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu 1952, akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z'ishyirahamwe WMA n'amakuru yayo agezweho.

== Ubuyobozi ==

=== Inteko rusange ===
Ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe WMA ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n'abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga, abofosiye n'abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga (associate members).

=== Urugaga ===
Inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari twoː Afurika, Asiya, Uburayi, Amerika y'abalatino, Amerika y'amajyaruguru na Pasifika. iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi (President) buri mwaka, ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n'ibirori. Umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango.

Buri myaka ibiri, ururgaga rwa WMA, ukuyemo abayobozi(Presidents) batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki. nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by'umuryango, umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n'urugaga.

== Ubunyamabanga ==
Ubunyamabanga bw'ishyirahamwe buherereye in Ferney-Voltaire, [[Ubufaransa|France]], iruhande n'umujyi wa Geneva.

== Indimi zikoreshwa ==
[[icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]], n'icyesipanyol  Unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n'ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora.

== Ubunyamuryango ==
[[File:WMA_Constituent_Members_-_World_Map.svg|thumb|ishusho igaragaza abanyamuryango 114]]
WMA ifite ibyiciro by'abanyamuryango bikurikira
* '''Abanyamuryango shingiro'''ː ahanini bashingiye kubanyamuryango bamashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye ku isi
* '''Abanyamuryango bigengaː''' aba ni abaganga baba abanyamuryango ba WMA bitanyuze mu mashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu byabo , bafite uburenganzira bwo gutora ndetse no kuba mu nama y'inteko rusange binyuze bu bo ubwabo bitoraniriza ngo babahagararire.
Andi makuru y'abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano ([https://www.wma.net/who-we-are/members/ WMA Membership]):

== Imishinga ==
WMA ikora ku bintu bitandukanye,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/&lt;/ref&gt; Ibyigenzi ni:
* Ubuvugizi
* Ubugenzuzi bw'umwuga
* Inzego z'ubuzima
* Uburenganzira bwa muntu
* Ubuzima rusange
Mu bijyanye no kunoza imikorere ,WMA Ifite inyandiko nyinshi n'imyanzuro yemejwe n'inteko rusange byose bigerageza kuha umurongo amashyirahamwe y'abaganga mu bihugu imbere, leta zitandukanye ndetse n'imiryango ku isi yose. ingingo nyinshi zizweho nk'uburenganzira bw'abarwayi, ubushakashatsi ku bantu , kwita kubarwayi n'inkomere mu bihe by'amakimbirane, itotezwa ry'imfungwa, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, kubomeza urubyaro no guhumana kw'ikirere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/|title=Medical Ethics|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WMA ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira:
* Uburezi bujyanye n'ubuvuzi
* Gutegura abazakora mu bijyanye na serivisi z'ubuzima
* Ubwirinzi bw'abarwayi
* Imiyoborere no guteza imbere umwuga
* Ubuvugizi ku baganga n'uburenganzira bw'abarwayi
* Ubuzima n'ubwirinzi mu kazi
* Demokarasi mu mashyirahamwe mashya y'abaganga
* Amabwiriza y'ubuzima bw'abaturange 
* Imishinga nk'iyo kugabanya itabi n'y'inkingo
WMA ukora kandi kuri gahunda z'uburezi nka &quot;prison medicine course&quot;(kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti), amasomo kubijyanye n'igituntu kigikatu, ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya George Mason na International Society for Microbial Resistance

== Ibyashyizwe ahagaragara ==
Zimwe munyandiko z'amategeko n'ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi WMA (zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wma.net/publications/|title=Publications|date=4 May 2017|work=wma.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga [https://www.wma.net/publications/ website]. Murizo harimo:
* The World Medical Journal
* The WMA Medical Ethics Manual
* The World Medical and Health Policy Journal
* Caring Physicians of the World
* Toolkits
* Background Documents

== Imibanire izwi ==
Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y'ubuvuzi n'amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y'ubucuruzi. nubwo byose bitarimo, uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y'ishyirahamwe rya WMA ndetse n'imikoranire. 

=== Aho Bigishiriza (WMA Cooperating Centers) ===
* Center for Global Health and Medical Diplomacy, University of North Florida on Medical leadership and Medical Diplomacy
* Center for the Study of International Medical Policies and Practices - CSIMPP, George-Mason-University, Fairfax, Virginia on Microbial resistance and development of public (health) policy
* Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Tübingen
* Institut de droit de la santé, Université de Neuchâtel, Suisse
* Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Wiltwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

=== Abafatanya Bikorwa ===
* Bayer Pharmaceuticals
* Eli Lilly and Company
* GlaxoSmithKline
* Pfizer, Inc.

=== Imyigishirize ===
* Health Sciences Online HSO
* Health InterNetwork (HINARI)

=== Imiryango Mpuzamahanga ===
* Amnesty International - AI
* International Federation of Associations of Pharmaceutical Physicians - IFAPP
* International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers &amp; Associations IFPMA
* International Hospital Federation - IHF
* International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims - IRCT
* Physicians for Human Rights - PHR
* International Society for Health and Human Rights - ISHHR
* World Health Editors’ Network - WHEN
* Public Service International - PSI
* World Self-Medication Industry - WSMI

=== Abanyeshuri biga ubuganga ===
* International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations - IFMSA

=== Umuryango w'abarwayi ===
* International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations - IAPO

=== Imiryango y'umwuga ===
* World Health Professions Alliance - WHPA
* World Dental Federation - FDI
* International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP
* International Council of Nurses - ICN
* Guidelines International Network - G-I-N
* International Confederation of Midwives - ICM
* International Council of Medical Scientific Organizations CIOMS
* International Federation of Physiotherapists - WCPT
* Medical Women’s International Association - MWIA
* World Federation for Medical Education - WFME
* World Psychiatric Association - WPA
* World Veterinary Association  - WVA (MOU mutually signed by the WVA and WMA on 12 October 2012)
* One Health Initiative
* Red Cross/Red Crescent
* International Committee of the Red Cross - ICRC
* The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - IFRC

=== Imiryango y'uturere ===
* African Medical Association - AfMA
* Confederation of Medical Associations of Asia and Oceania - CMAAO
* Conference of the Central and East European Chambers
* European Forum of Medical Associations and EFMA/WHO
* Forum of Ibero-American Medical Associations - FIEME
* Medical Association of South East Asian Nations - MASEAN
* Medical Confederation of Latin-America and the Caribbean - CONFEMEL
* Standing Committee of European Physicians - CPME
WMA aft umubkano  n'umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima World Health Organization (WHO), n'umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|United Nations]] nets n'udushami two dutandukanye twita k'ubuzima.

IOther examples of relationships are the Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the International Organization for Migration (IMO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

== Kubindi wareba ==
* Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
* Declaration of Geneva
* Declaration of Helsinki
* Declaration of Tokyo. Guidelines for Physicians Concerning Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Relation to Detention and Imprisonment
* International Code of Medical Ethics
* Standing Committee of European Doctors
* World Health Professions Alliance (WHPA)
* World Health Organization (WHO)

== Inkomoko ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Izindi Mbuga ==
* &lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.wma.net Official website]&lt;/span&gt;{{Official website|www.wma.net}}
* [https://www.wma.net/policy/ Handbook of WMA Policies]</text>
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    <title>Inanc Ciftci</title>
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      <text bytes="1813" sha1="1s9cboy27qix7o8dhu3i846t995z9g2" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:INANC_CIFTCI.jpg|thumb|INANC CIFTCI]]
'''Inanc Ciftci''' wavukiye mu murwa mukuru wa Turikiya, Ankara kuya 22 Mata 1971, yavutse afite inzozi zo kuzakora ibijyanye nubucuruzi. inzozi ze zaje kuba impamo ubwo Inanc Ciftci yararangije amashuri muri kaminuza yo muri Istanbul. mu mwaka wa 1989 akaba yaratangiye gukora ubucuruzi mu bihugu bigiye bitandukanye ku Isi.
Bwana Inanc Ciftci ubwo yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi
Mu mwaka wa 1997, Inanc Ciftci yashinze sosiyete yitwa Inanc Telecom Communication Service ikora ibijyanye nitumanaho ndetse nikoranabuhanga aho iyi sosiyete yarifite inzobere zisaga 134.
Nyuma yaho asuye u Rwanda mu kwezi kwa Kamena, 2011 agashimishwa naho u Rwanda rugeze rwiyubaka ndetse akishimira icyerekezo igihugu gifite, Inanc Ciftci yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi ndetse aba umwe mubashoramari bashinze Kaminuza ya Kigali (University of Kigali).
Mu mwaka wa 2011, inama yabaminisitiri yarateranye yemeza ko bwana Inanc Ciftci ahagararira inyungu zu Rwanda muri Istanul, Turkey.
Mr. Inanc Ciftci (iburyo) ari kumwe numuyobozi wikigo cyIgihugu cyIterambere, [[Clare Akamanzi]]
Inanc Ciftci yashishikarije abashoramari bo muri Turikiya gushora imari mu Rwanda ndetse abereka ko nta gihombo na kimwe bagira mu gihe bahashoye amafaranga. Ku ikubitiro, abashoramari 15 baturutse muri Turikiya bahise bashora imari mu bijyanye nubukerarugendo, ubuzima, ubwubatsi nibijyanye ningufu zamashanyarazi.
U Rwanda narwo rukaba rutarasiganwe namahirwe yo gukorera ubucuruzi muri Turikiya, dore ko abacuruzi babanyarwanda bari kumwe na Minisitiri wububanyi namahanga wu Rwanda, Madame [[Louise Mushikiwabo]] berekeje Istanbul mu mpera zumwaka wa 2011 mu kureba amahirwe u Rwanda rufite mu kuba Abanyarwanda bahakorera ubucuruzi ndetse no koherezayo ibikorerwa mu Rwanda.</text>
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      <text bytes="82762" sha1="tlu7tlw57os860z0tmhinpesy12mzn4" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] 
'''Welcome to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]]'''!

As you may have discovered already, a significant proportion of the contributors to this site know little or no Kinyarwanda. We hope you will contribute, no matter what your language skills are. Feel free to contact me for guidance.

'''Enjoy'''!

--'' [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Deborahjay|Talk]]) 12:09, 5 May 2020 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;''

== Comment heading and signature ==

To improve the comment you wrote on [[User talk:WikiBayer]], I suggest the following in Edit source mode: 
* For the Level 2 heading (between the paired equals signs: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;== . ==&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', replace the dot ''&lt;small&gt;(a placeholder in my edit) &lt;/small&gt;'' with a heading. This separates your new comment from what precedes it, and will appear in the Table of Contents on this page.
* Always remember to sign your comments on Talk pages. Recommended: four tilde signs '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', which adds your linked User name and User talk page, and the date/time stamp. The same information appears in the page's Edit history (Reba amateka), which is the source I used to fill in the earlier missing signature.
Another thought: see [[User:WikiBayer]]'s user page, especially the &quot;Babel boxes&quot; that show languages and proficiency level. Since '''rw''' doesn't appear, it's possible you might want to repeat your message in English on that Talk page - though Google Translate (which I used) seems reliable. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:31, 5 May 2020 (UTC)''

== Overview article for developing a small Wikipedia ==

Take a look at this article in Meta-Wiki: '''[[:m:Manual for small and new Wikipedias|Manual for small and new Wikipedias]]'''. Here today in RW WP I focused on the Science/Biology pages of the Vital articles, and then wrote on the Talk page with some links. (My ordinary edits were quite repetitive, as the Edit summaries show.) ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:49, 17 July 2020 (UTC)''
:I really appreciate, this let me take a lot at it [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 19:20, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

== Model edits ==

I just made a number of changes to the [[Akarere ka Kayonza]] page which you can study and use as a model. They're all in one edit with a condensed Edit summary:
[https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akarere_ka_Kayonza&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=72541&amp;oldid=72538 (click here to view)]. Hope this helps! ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:47, 18 July 2020 (UTC)''
:Wow thanks a lot that model looks more better than the previous version [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 20:44, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

== Page name needed ==

Preparing to import the page '''[[:w:List of Rwandans]]''' from the English Wikipedia. What page name to use here? ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 17:11, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''
&lt;br&gt;
These are the needed translations: 
* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people) = [[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda. = Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda.
I'll use these to create a page in the RW WP with the content from the EN WP. Improvements can of course be made later. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 18:08, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''

==Translations==

* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people): lisite y'Abanyarwanda
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda : Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda
[[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:41, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

:Thank you for the above. As you'll see the new page '''[[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]''' has English section headings and descriptions from the source WP page. Those need translation into Kinyarwanda. You might also add descriptions for notable people in red (who have no page yet), and of course add notable Rwandan people who are missing from the list. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 11:20, 28 July 2020 (UTC)''

:(From previous section): '''See also:''' [[Category talk:Umuntu#Two subcategories needed]] for two more en:rw translation requests. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:19, 27 July 2020 (UTC)''

== New User needs guidance ==

Greetings, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro]]! Recently I've noticed edits by '''[[User:Cnyirahabihirwe123]]''' that show a need for guidance: 
* Some Edit summaries use the #WPWP and #WPWPRW hashtags but no image was added
* See new pages she's created - I can help with format but not to check for proper page naming, content and categories. 
At this point I'm suggesting a speaker of iKinyarwanda be involved. I'll be glad to help follow up. ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:11, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''&lt;br&gt;
'''Edited to add''': I wrote [[User talk:Cnyirahabihirwe123#The WPWP hashtags in Edit summary|this]] on her User talk page. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:21, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''

: Greetings Mrs.[[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]], I am going to follow up and engage her on the above issues to give her a proper guidance. Thanks alot.... [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 00:24, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021 ==

[[File:Affiliations Committee logo black.svg|border|thumb|[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom) logo]]

&lt;!--T:1--&gt;
''This is an [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|update]] from the [[:m:Affiliations Committee|Wikimedia Affiliations Committee]]. [[:m:Affiliations Committee/MassMessages/Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021|Translations]] are available.''

This is a final Call for Candidates for the June 2021 '''[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' election. 

If you are interested in running, please post your application and follow '''all four steps''' [[:m:Affiliations Committee/Candidates/June 2021|on the nomination page]] '''by 30 June 2021 23:59 hours UTC'''.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share this with them and encourage them to consider it. If you have any questions about this process or the requirements, please email '''affcom@wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline or reach out to any of [[:m:Affiliations_Committee#who-we-are|the current members]]. 

On behalf of the AffCom elections committee,

--- [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 14:37, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
  
 ==Feedback==
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ,thanks for the ALERT ,am wondering if a member of an affiliate group, whose recognition application is still in the pipeline is allowed to apply too?[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:40, 23 June 2021 (UTC)


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== According to your email ==

&lt;!-- &gt; Hello [[Eihel]], i hope you are doing well? I am a wikipedian from Rwanda ,kindly asking for your help in improving the home page for rw.wikipedia.org ,,,,,,Thanks a lot --&gt;

Hello Ndahiro derrick,

All main pages are protected as you can see [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangiriro&amp;action=info here]. Only administrators can modify them and I am not an administrator, on any project or globally. Moreover, I do not speak Kinyarwanda. So I am not very helpful.
You can ask someone who speaks the language to help you. As a first step, you can also ask for help from a global administrator.

Cordially. —[[Umukoresha:Eihel|Eihel]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Eihel|talk]]) 12:08, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] ==

Mwaramutse! Please look at [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] and tell me what you think. I have adapted it from [https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lle:Ovdasiidu se.wikipedia.org]. I have used some imigongo images so please let me know if these are not appropriate (since I do not know the culture well) and I can change them.
*Content = [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]]
*formatting = [[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css]]
[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 12:54, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Greetings,[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]], I have looked at it, It is so impressive, cant wait to see the final results,,, Be blessed ````

== Campaigns Product Update #1 ==

* '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: [[Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team#Office%20Hours|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours]] 
* '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: [[Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration]] . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. 
* '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:'''
** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103s&amp;ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103]
** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY 

'''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature.

Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or to unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers  

The Campaign Product Team
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== Campaigns Product Update #2 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.]

:Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project.

:[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']]

*'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&amp;t=751s '''here'''.]

*'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team.

'''What is next?'''

:'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}.

:'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme &quot;'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''&quot;. Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. 

:We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021.  We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. 

:'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. 


''Invite  other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!''


The Campaign Product Team
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:26, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for candidates - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for candidates - January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for new members!

The main role of the AffCom is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and update the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees as well as advise them on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

The committee consists of five to fifteen members, selected at least once every year, to serve two-year terms. 

Being a part of the AffCom requires communication with volunteers all over the world, negotiating skills, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to understand legal texts. We look for a mix of different skill sets in our members. 

;Responsibilities

* Availability of up to 5-8 hours per month

* Participate in monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings

* Commitment to carry out assigned tasks in a given time.

* Facilitate and support communications

* Affiliate Support and growth

;;Required and Recommended Abilities, Skills, Knowledge for Affiliations Committee Members
Strong interpersonal relationship among members of the committee and also with the Wikimedia community members. Across all committee members, there are additional relevant skills as well as requirements which help to support the committee and its sustainability which include both required and relevant general skills
 
;;;Required
* Fluency in English
* Availability of up to 5 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings.
* Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.
* Strong track record of effective collaboration
*  International orientation
 
;;;Relevant for all members
* Public Communications (English writing and speaking skills)
* Skills in other languages are a major plus.
* Understanding of the structure and work of affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
* Documentation practices
* Interviewing experience
* Experience with, or in, an active affiliate is a major plus.
* Teamwork: Project and people management skills to coordinate and collaborate with different parties on a shared plan and see it through to completion.
* Problem-Solving: Ability to evaluate various solutions, consider multiple interests and points of view,  revisit unresolved issues, seek compromise and work and communicate across languages and cultures.
  
Given the expectations for maintaining the course in 2022 and preparing for potential 2022 transitions as part of the Movement Strategy implementation process, it is important that we are also clear about two different skill sets critical to committee support at this time. The first skillset is oriented to understanding affiliate dynamics and organizational development patterns to successfully process affiliate applications for recognition; the other is oriented to conflict prevention and intervention support for affiliates in conflict.
  
;;;Relevant to Affiliate Recognitions
* Administration &amp; Attention to detail
* Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
* Awareness of the affiliates ecosystem and models and understanding of community building, organizational development, and group dynamics
 
;;;Relevant to Conflict Prevention &amp; Intervention
* Communication skills for active listening, clear instruction and turn-taking. 
* Stress Management skills for maintaining patience and positivity 
* Emotional intelligence to maintain awareness of emotions of oneself and others to practice empathy, impartiality, and mutual respect.
* Facilitation, negotiation, and mediation skills to guide diverse individuals and groups toward cooperation.
* Ability to work within a team 
 
Do you have relevant skills and interest to support movement affiliates? 

We are looking for people who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee members will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 member selection process will include a public review and comment period and  a self-assessment survey for candidates to share their skills and their experience. This self-assessment information  will help the committee to identify the skill sets relevant and supportive to our affiliate support processes. We invite you to apply for membership to the committee and join us in supporting the affiliates. The data shared in the self-assessment will only be made available to the committee and the relevant staff support. The nomination, candidate Q&amp;A, and endorsements will still take place posted on Meta for public review at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|January 2022 page]]. Here the global community is welcome to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.

Once the nomination window closes 31 January 2022, the sitting members who are not candidates for re-election in this cycle will deliberate and then vote, taking into account all inputs from the meta page, self-assessment, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and committee member discussion. 

A final decision will be made in late-February 2022, with new members to be notified for onboarding in February.

;How to apply

If you are interested in joining the committee, please:

'''Step 1'''. Post your application [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|on the nomination page]] by '''31 January 2022'''. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant education, experience, abilities, skills, knowledge, availability, and motivation for joining the committee.

'''Step 2'''. Complete the '''self-assessment survey''' between '''January 1, 2021''' and '''January 31, 2021.'''

* The privacy statement that applies to the survey can be found [[foundation:AffCom_Elections_Self-Assessment_Survey_Privacy_Statement|here]].
* '''''NOTE:''' The survey will take 15 mins. Please do not close your browser. If you need a break, you are advised to keep the browser open. In case of losing the link, please reach out to mkaur-ctr{{at}}wikimedia.org''
* This survey must be completed before Steps 3 &amp; 4, as it will provide more background as to the type of work and expectations of members of AffCom.

'''Step 3'''. Answers the following questions:

* '''''NOTE:'''''  Questions 1-3 are required for all candidates.

* Question 4 &amp; 5 should be answered by those interested in joining  the Recognitions subcommittee. 
* Question 6 &amp; 7 should be answered by those interested in joining the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee. 
* If you are willing to nominate yourself for both subcommittees, answer all questions.

# What roles have you served across any Wikimedia projects and affiliates that you think have prepared you for this role?
# AffCom members need to manage time, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and diverse situations across the global movement. How do you envision managing these?
# Members of AffCom serve on one of two subcommittees: Recognitions OR Conflicts Intervention. Which one of these are you most interested in serving on?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think makes a group of Wikimedians ready to function together as an affiliate?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think are the benefits and responsibilities of functioning as formal affiliates?
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe your experience working with conflicts resolution.
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe how you have helped build consensus and support diversity.

'''Step 4'''. Once you have completed the above, send an email announcing your application to '''affcom{{@}}wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me and/or the committee as a whole. We are happy to chat or have a webinar call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for advisors - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for advisors 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for advisors!

The main role of the Affiliations Committee is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and advise the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

We are looking for advisors who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee advisors selected will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

AffCom advisors can engage with the committee in a variety of capacities:
;Consultant
Individuals with extensive movement experience can be engaged as Consultants for specific cases or initiatives by AffCom.
;Trainer
Individuals with specific expertise may be engaged for short-term projects for training AffCom or Affiliates. They might also lead the Capacity Building initiatives for AffCom or affiliates.
;Observer
AffCom can request specific or all advisors to act as an observer in different cases to ensure neutrality &amp; compliance with guidelines.
;AffCom Support
'''Development of Policies:''' While advisors cannot create legally binding policies for the committee, they can help create policies that provide direction and support for the committee.

'''Planning and Implementing Community Relations:''' The advisors are long-term wikimedians &amp; also include influential community leaders who can be effective at spreading the word about initiatives and services.

'''Supporting Subcommittees:''' The advisors can support subcommittees that have assigned tasks in specific areas.

'''Other Tasks:''' Advisors can be engaged to address a specific need. Such engagements are usually short-lived and are disbanded as soon as their specific goals are met. 


;Key skills

We look for a healthy mix of different skill sets in our advisors, including the following key skills and experience:
# Strong understanding of the structure and work of Wikimedia affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
# Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
# Availability of up to 2 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly two-hour voice/video meeting
# International orientation and ability to work and communicate with other languages and cultures.
# Knowledge of different legal systems and experience in community building and organizing are a plus.
# Fluency in English is required; skills in other languages are a major plus.
# Experience with or in an active Wikimedia affiliate is a major plus.
# Strong track record of effective collaboration (such as evidenced skills at facilitation, mediation, negotiation, and so forth) is a major plus.
# Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 advisors selection process will include a public review and comment period. All applications must be posted on Meta between '''January 01 and January 31, 2022''' at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022| the nomination page]], and the community will be invited to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.  At the end of the nomination period, the applications will be voted on by the members of the committee, taking into account comments put forward by the committee's members, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and the community. A final decision will be made in February 2022, with new advisors expected to begin later that month.

;How to apply

If you are interested in advising the committee, please submit your candidacy on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|the nomination page]] between January 01 to January 31, 2022. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant experience, skills, and motivation for joining the committee as an advisor.
# The advisor role you would like to serve
# Answers to the following three questions:
## How do you think affiliates work best together to partner on effective projects and initiatives?
## What do you see as the role of affiliates in the Wikimedia movement in the next three years?
## What do you feel you will bring as an advisor to the committee that makes you a uniquely qualified candidate?

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact the committee. We are happy to chat or have a phone call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:17, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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:Thanks a lot for the notice , am sharing this with my felllow Wikimedians in Rwanda …regards [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 14:26, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Member &amp; Advisor Elections - Final Reminder for January 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Member &amp; Advisor elections final reminder for January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

This is a friendly reminder that the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – which is responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing and sustaining Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is seeking new members and advisors! The deadline to post your application on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|Member nomination page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|Advisor nomination]] is 31 January 2022.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share  and encourage them to consider applying. If you have any questions please email affcom@wikimedia.org before the application deadline or reach out to any of the current members. Good luck to all the candidates!

On behalf of the committee,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 17:32, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Campaigns Product Update #3 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! 

We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces.

*'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the  registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]].

*'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. 

::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype].
::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). 
 
*'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. 

'''What is next?'''
:'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]]

:In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can.

Thank you!


'''The Campaign Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
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== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour  to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. 

Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!

:Date: '''March 31, 2022'''
:Time: 15:00 UTC
:Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320

You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes.

Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting.

Thank you.


'''The Campaign Product Team'''


[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:37, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
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== A Barnstar for You ==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|100px]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; |'''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |You have contributed immensely to our community (online and offline) and this is my way of saying thank you.[[Umukoresha:MrTallBoy|MrTallBoy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MrTallBoy|talk]]) 19:27, 6 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
|}

:Thanks a lot  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:31, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Stefania Turkewich ==

Thank you for this, Ndahiro derrick! [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 19:51, 23 Kamena 2022 (UTC)

:Hello Ndahiro derrick, Can you proofread the additions I've made, and improve their language, when you can find the time?  Thank you for all of this!  [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 09:48, 30 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
::Sure, Let me take a look  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:32, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test ==

Hello Subscribers!

[[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to:

* Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer)

* Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer)

* Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer)

* Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant)

You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates:

* Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC'''

* Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC'''

These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature.

Thank you!

&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|talk]]) 06:12, 18 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!


The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']].

You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. 

We look forward to your participation. 

Thank you.


Best,

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']]

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)
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:Well received [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 15:52, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

==Merchandise Giveaway Nomination – Successful==

[[File:BlueIEditShirt-plainBackground.jpeg|A Wikimedia t-shirt!|150px|right|link=]]
Hey Ndahiro derrick,

You have been [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways/Nominations/Ndahiro derrick|successfully nominated]] to receive a free t-shirt from the Wikimedia Foundation through our [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways|Merchandise Giveaway program]]. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work! Please email us at merchandise@wikimedia.org and we will send you full details on how to accept your free shirt. Thanks!

''On behalf of the Merchandise Giveaway program,''

-- [[Umukoresha:Janbery|janbery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Janbery|talk]]) 23:04, 31 Kanama 2022 (UTC)

== Campaigns Product Update #4 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!
 
We are excited to share our updates:

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Event Registration v0'''&lt;/div&gt;

:We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. 

:'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. 

:[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form].  

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Organizer Lab'''&lt;/div&gt; Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''.  The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. 
:[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]!  
&lt;br&gt;
'''What's Next''':

*'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']&lt;br&gt;

*'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations.
&lt;br&gt;
----
'''Community Feedback''':
&lt;center&gt;''&quot;Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system&quot;'' &lt;br&gt; - French Organizer &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''&lt;br&gt; - Arabic Organizer &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
----
&lt;br&gt;
Thank you!


'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:30, 21 Nzeri 2022 (UTC)
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== Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. &lt;br&gt;

In V1, the following new features will be includedː
* Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone
* Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered
* Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Office Hour Sessions''':&lt;/u&gt;
* '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
* '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
:[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] 
&lt;br&gt;
These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili.  Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']]  if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Thank you.

'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
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== Organizer Tools Office Hours &amp; Event Discovery Project ==

('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') &lt;small&gt; {{int:please-translate}} &lt;/small&gt;.

[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are:

We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours &amp; upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:'''

*'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''')   
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili
*'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). 
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili

'''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''.  This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''.

; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! 
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]])   19:54, 24 Nzeri 2023 (UTC)

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia &amp; Education User Group]]

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
'''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]]

'''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]]

'''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]]

'''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 Mata 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 Nyakanga 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]]

Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 Gashyantare 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 26 Mata 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:25, 5 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized &amp; announced September 2025]]
 
Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]]
 
AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]
 
AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]]
 
AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]]

AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025)

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Notice of expiration of your sysop right ==

&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission &quot;sysop&quot; (Administrators) will expire on 2026-03-07 14:55:15. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. &lt;i&gt;In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]&lt;/i&gt; [[Umukoresha:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 28 Gashyantare 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;

== Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 ==

We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''.
=== About the General Assembly ===
The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to:
* Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work.
* Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem.
* Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input.

=== How to participate ===
Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you.
* '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]'''
[[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]]

Looking forward to your participation,

Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 werurwe 2026 (UTC)

''&lt;small&gt;You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]&lt;/small&gt;''

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== Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 ==

[[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]]
The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''.

The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals:

* '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic
* '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&amp;A)
* '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics)
* '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged

Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on:
* Potential impact and expected outcomes
* Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas

Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission.

'''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]'''

For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com

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== Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --&gt;

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

[[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]]

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] 

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]]
 
Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]]

New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]]

Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]]

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC)
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== Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! ==

The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes.

You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact.

The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.'''

'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]'''

The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals.

Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub.

Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org.

Sincerely, 

Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 Kanama 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Welcome to Wiki Project Med!  ==
{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
| [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]]
|
Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].
We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

*Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.
*Add suitable categories.
*Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.
*Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.
*After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. 

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team

|} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:55, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for a warm welcome. This is part of Wikimedia Community User Group Rwanda's goal to bridge the gap on Hlealth related info in kinyarwanda. We look forward to partnership with the WikiMed Foundation. [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 11:38, 9 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

== News (April-September 2026) ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- News (April-September 2026) --&gt;

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Wikimedia-logo-update-2016.svg|220px|right|thumb|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;2026 is Wikimedia Affiliations Committee's 20th Anniversary&lt;/div&gt;]]

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|On '''August 26''', the Affiliations Committee (''AffCom'') announced the extension of the pause on new affiliate recognition, which began in August 2025.]] The extension follows the Wikimedia Foundation's decision to extend the feedback period for the [[:m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations|&quot;Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations&quot;]] proposal, giving communities and affiliates more time to share input.

AffCom Movement Contributions: [[Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#AffCom Movement Contributions|Throughout the past quarter, AffCom continued to engage in conversations across the Wikimedia Movement, particularly where discussions touched on the pause on recognition or where the committee’s experience could contribute to broader Movement conversations.]]

AffCom Administration: [[Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#AffCom Administration|The Wikimedia Affiliations Committee has new Officers and Advisors]]

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:30, 17 October 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>tlu7tlw57os860z0tmhinpesy12mzn4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142479</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Buszmail</username>
        <id>18037</id>
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      <text bytes="82747" sha1="k3hdffe7ydagiky2m1kvxmnbmxq21fn" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|]] 
'''Welcome to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]]'''!

As you may have discovered already, a significant proportion of the contributors to this site know little or no Kinyarwanda. We hope you will contribute, no matter what your language skills are. Feel free to contact me for guidance.

'''Enjoy'''!

--'' [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Deborahjay|Talk]]) 12:09, 5 May 2020 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;''

== Comment heading and signature ==

To improve the comment you wrote on [[User talk:WikiBayer]], I suggest the following in Edit source mode: 
* For the Level 2 heading (between the paired equals signs: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;== . ==&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', replace the dot ''&lt;small&gt;(a placeholder in my edit) &lt;/small&gt;'' with a heading. This separates your new comment from what precedes it, and will appear in the Table of Contents on this page.
* Always remember to sign your comments on Talk pages. Recommended: four tilde signs '''&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', which adds your linked User name and User talk page, and the date/time stamp. The same information appears in the page's Edit history (Reba amateka), which is the source I used to fill in the earlier missing signature.
Another thought: see [[User:WikiBayer]]'s user page, especially the &quot;Babel boxes&quot; that show languages and proficiency level. Since '''rw''' doesn't appear, it's possible you might want to repeat your message in English on that Talk page - though Google Translate (which I used) seems reliable. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:31, 5 May 2020 (UTC)''

== Overview article for developing a small Wikipedia ==

Take a look at this article in Meta-Wiki: '''[[:m:Manual for small and new Wikipedias|Manual for small and new Wikipedias]]'''. Here today in RW WP I focused on the Science/Biology pages of the Vital articles, and then wrote on the Talk page with some links. (My ordinary edits were quite repetitive, as the Edit summaries show.) ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:49, 17 July 2020 (UTC)''
:I really appreciate, this let me take a lot at it [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 19:20, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

== Model edits ==

I just made a number of changes to the [[Akarere ka Kayonza]] page which you can study and use as a model. They're all in one edit with a condensed Edit summary:
[https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akarere_ka_Kayonza&amp;type=revision&amp;diff=72541&amp;oldid=72538 (click here to view)]. Hope this helps! ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 12:47, 18 July 2020 (UTC)''
:Wow thanks a lot that model looks more better than the previous version [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 20:44, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

== Page name needed ==

Preparing to import the page '''[[:w:List of Rwandans]]''' from the English Wikipedia. What page name to use here? ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 17:11, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''
&lt;br&gt;
These are the needed translations: 
* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people) = [[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda. = Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda.
I'll use these to create a page in the RW WP with the content from the EN WP. Improvements can of course be made later. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 18:08, 24 July 2020 (UTC)''

==Translations==

* List of Rwandans (or: List of Rwandan people): lisite y'Abanyarwanda
* This is a list of notable people from Rwanda : Iyi ni lisite y'abantu b'ibyamamare mu Rwanda
[[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:41, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

:Thank you for the above. As you'll see the new page '''[[Lisite y'Abanyarwanda]]''' has English section headings and descriptions from the source WP page. Those need translation into Kinyarwanda. You might also add descriptions for notable people in red (who have no page yet), and of course add notable Rwandan people who are missing from the list. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 11:20, 28 July 2020 (UTC)''

:(From previous section): '''See also:''' [[Category talk:Umuntu#Two subcategories needed]] for two more en:rw translation requests. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 14:19, 27 July 2020 (UTC)''

== New User needs guidance ==

Greetings, [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro]]! Recently I've noticed edits by '''[[User:Cnyirahabihirwe123]]''' that show a need for guidance: 
* Some Edit summaries use the #WPWP and #WPWPRW hashtags but no image was added
* See new pages she's created - I can help with format but not to check for proper page naming, content and categories. 
At this point I'm suggesting a speaker of iKinyarwanda be involved. I'll be glad to help follow up. ''-- Cheers, [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:11, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''&lt;br&gt;
'''Edited to add''': I wrote [[User talk:Cnyirahabihirwe123#The WPWP hashtags in Edit summary|this]] on her User talk page. ''-- [[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]] ([[User talk:Deborahjay|talk]]) 08:21, 25 August 2020 (UTC)''

: Greetings Mrs.[[User:Deborahjay|Deborahjay]], I am going to follow up and engage her on the above issues to give her a proper guidance. Thanks alot.... [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 00:24, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021 ==

[[File:Affiliations Committee logo black.svg|border|thumb|[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom) logo]]

&lt;!--T:1--&gt;
''This is an [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|update]] from the [[:m:Affiliations Committee|Wikimedia Affiliations Committee]]. [[:m:Affiliations Committee/MassMessages/Final Call for Candidates for AffCom - June 2021|Translations]] are available.''

This is a final Call for Candidates for the June 2021 '''[[:m:Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' election. 

If you are interested in running, please post your application and follow '''all four steps''' [[:m:Affiliations Committee/Candidates/June 2021|on the nomination page]] '''by 30 June 2021 23:59 hours UTC'''.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share this with them and encourage them to consider it. If you have any questions about this process or the requirements, please email '''affcom@wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline or reach out to any of [[:m:Affiliations_Committee#who-we-are|the current members]]. 

On behalf of the AffCom elections committee,

--- [[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 14:37, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
  
 ==Feedback==
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ,thanks for the ALERT ,am wondering if a member of an affiliate group, whose recognition application is still in the pipeline is allowed to apply too?[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 10:40, 23 June 2021 (UTC)


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== According to your email ==

&lt;!-- &gt; Hello [[Eihel]], i hope you are doing well? I am a wikipedian from Rwanda ,kindly asking for your help in improving the home page for rw.wikipedia.org ,,,,,,Thanks a lot --&gt;

Hello Ndahiro derrick,

All main pages are protected as you can see [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangiriro&amp;action=info here]. Only administrators can modify them and I am not an administrator, on any project or globally. Moreover, I do not speak Kinyarwanda. So I am not very helpful.
You can ask someone who speaks the language to help you. As a first step, you can also ask for help from a global administrator.

Cordially. —[[Umukoresha:Eihel|Eihel]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Eihel|talk]]) 12:08, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

== [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] ==

Mwaramutse! Please look at [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] and tell me what you think. I have adapted it from [https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lle:Ovdasiidu se.wikipedia.org]. I have used some imigongo images so please let me know if these are not appropriate (since I do not know the culture well) and I can change them.
*Content = [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]]
*formatting = [[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css]]
[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 12:54, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Greetings,[[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]], I have looked at it, It is so impressive, cant wait to see the final results,,, Be blessed ````

== Campaigns Product Update #1 ==

* '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: [[Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team#Office%20Hours|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours]] 
* '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: [[Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration]] . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. 
* '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:'''
** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103s&amp;ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&amp;t=1103]
** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY 

'''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature.

Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or to unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers  

The Campaign Product Team
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== Campaigns Product Update #2 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.]

:Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project.

:[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']]

*'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&amp;t=751s '''here'''.]

*'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team.

'''What is next?'''

:'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}.

:'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme &quot;'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''&quot;. Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. 

:We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021.  We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. 

:'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. 


''Invite  other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!''


The Campaign Product Team
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:26, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for candidates - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for candidates - January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for new members!

The main role of the AffCom is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and update the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees as well as advise them on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

The committee consists of five to fifteen members, selected at least once every year, to serve two-year terms. 

Being a part of the AffCom requires communication with volunteers all over the world, negotiating skills, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to understand legal texts. We look for a mix of different skill sets in our members. 

;Responsibilities

* Availability of up to 5-8 hours per month

* Participate in monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings

* Commitment to carry out assigned tasks in a given time.

* Facilitate and support communications

* Affiliate Support and growth

;;Required and Recommended Abilities, Skills, Knowledge for Affiliations Committee Members
Strong interpersonal relationship among members of the committee and also with the Wikimedia community members. Across all committee members, there are additional relevant skills as well as requirements which help to support the committee and its sustainability which include both required and relevant general skills
 
;;;Required
* Fluency in English
* Availability of up to 5 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly one and two-hour voice/video meetings.
* Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.
* Strong track record of effective collaboration
*  International orientation
 
;;;Relevant for all members
* Public Communications (English writing and speaking skills)
* Skills in other languages are a major plus.
* Understanding of the structure and work of affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
* Documentation practices
* Interviewing experience
* Experience with, or in, an active affiliate is a major plus.
* Teamwork: Project and people management skills to coordinate and collaborate with different parties on a shared plan and see it through to completion.
* Problem-Solving: Ability to evaluate various solutions, consider multiple interests and points of view,  revisit unresolved issues, seek compromise and work and communicate across languages and cultures.
  
Given the expectations for maintaining the course in 2022 and preparing for potential 2022 transitions as part of the Movement Strategy implementation process, it is important that we are also clear about two different skill sets critical to committee support at this time. The first skillset is oriented to understanding affiliate dynamics and organizational development patterns to successfully process affiliate applications for recognition; the other is oriented to conflict prevention and intervention support for affiliates in conflict.
  
;;;Relevant to Affiliate Recognitions
* Administration &amp; Attention to detail
* Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
* Awareness of the affiliates ecosystem and models and understanding of community building, organizational development, and group dynamics
 
;;;Relevant to Conflict Prevention &amp; Intervention
* Communication skills for active listening, clear instruction and turn-taking. 
* Stress Management skills for maintaining patience and positivity 
* Emotional intelligence to maintain awareness of emotions of oneself and others to practice empathy, impartiality, and mutual respect.
* Facilitation, negotiation, and mediation skills to guide diverse individuals and groups toward cooperation.
* Ability to work within a team 
 
Do you have relevant skills and interest to support movement affiliates? 

We are looking for people who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee members will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 member selection process will include a public review and comment period and  a self-assessment survey for candidates to share their skills and their experience. This self-assessment information  will help the committee to identify the skill sets relevant and supportive to our affiliate support processes. We invite you to apply for membership to the committee and join us in supporting the affiliates. The data shared in the self-assessment will only be made available to the committee and the relevant staff support. The nomination, candidate Q&amp;A, and endorsements will still take place posted on Meta for public review at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|January 2022 page]]. Here the global community is welcome to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.

Once the nomination window closes 31 January 2022, the sitting members who are not candidates for re-election in this cycle will deliberate and then vote, taking into account all inputs from the meta page, self-assessment, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and committee member discussion. 

A final decision will be made in late-February 2022, with new members to be notified for onboarding in February.

;How to apply

If you are interested in joining the committee, please:

'''Step 1'''. Post your application [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|on the nomination page]] by '''31 January 2022'''. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant education, experience, abilities, skills, knowledge, availability, and motivation for joining the committee.

'''Step 2'''. Complete the '''self-assessment survey''' between '''January 1, 2021''' and '''January 31, 2021.'''

* The privacy statement that applies to the survey can be found [[foundation:AffCom_Elections_Self-Assessment_Survey_Privacy_Statement|here]].
* '''''NOTE:''' The survey will take 15 mins. Please do not close your browser. If you need a break, you are advised to keep the browser open. In case of losing the link, please reach out to mkaur-ctr{{at}}wikimedia.org''
* This survey must be completed before Steps 3 &amp; 4, as it will provide more background as to the type of work and expectations of members of AffCom.

'''Step 3'''. Answers the following questions:

* '''''NOTE:'''''  Questions 1-3 are required for all candidates.

* Question 4 &amp; 5 should be answered by those interested in joining  the Recognitions subcommittee. 
* Question 6 &amp; 7 should be answered by those interested in joining the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee. 
* If you are willing to nominate yourself for both subcommittees, answer all questions.

# What roles have you served across any Wikimedia projects and affiliates that you think have prepared you for this role?
# AffCom members need to manage time, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and diverse situations across the global movement. How do you envision managing these?
# Members of AffCom serve on one of two subcommittees: Recognitions OR Conflicts Intervention. Which one of these are you most interested in serving on?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think makes a group of Wikimedians ready to function together as an affiliate?
#If you are interested in serving on the Recognitions subcommittee, what do you think are the benefits and responsibilities of functioning as formal affiliates?
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe your experience working with conflicts resolution.
#If you are interested in serving on the Conflicts Intervention subcommittee, please describe how you have helped build consensus and support diversity.

'''Step 4'''. Once you have completed the above, send an email announcing your application to '''affcom{{@}}wikimedia.org''' before the application deadline.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me and/or the committee as a whole. We are happy to chat or have a webinar call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Call for advisors - January 2022 ==

''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Call for advisors 2022|Translations]] are available.''

The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – the committee responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is looking for advisors!

The main role of the Affiliations Committee is to guide groups of volunteers that are interested in forming Wikimedia affiliates. We review applications from new groups, answer questions and provide advice about the different Wikimedia affiliation models and processes, review affiliate bylaws for compliance with requirements and best practices, and advise the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees on issues connected to chapters, thematic organizations and Wikimedia user groups.

We are looking for advisors who are excited by the challenge of empowering volunteers to get organized and form communities that further our mission around the world. In exchange, committee advisors selected will gain the experience of supporting their world-wide colleagues to develop their communities as well as personal development in guiding organizational development, facilitating affiliate partnerships, and professional communications.

AffCom advisors can engage with the committee in a variety of capacities:
;Consultant
Individuals with extensive movement experience can be engaged as Consultants for specific cases or initiatives by AffCom.
;Trainer
Individuals with specific expertise may be engaged for short-term projects for training AffCom or Affiliates. They might also lead the Capacity Building initiatives for AffCom or affiliates.
;Observer
AffCom can request specific or all advisors to act as an observer in different cases to ensure neutrality &amp; compliance with guidelines.
;AffCom Support
'''Development of Policies:''' While advisors cannot create legally binding policies for the committee, they can help create policies that provide direction and support for the committee.

'''Planning and Implementing Community Relations:''' The advisors are long-term wikimedians &amp; also include influential community leaders who can be effective at spreading the word about initiatives and services.

'''Supporting Subcommittees:''' The advisors can support subcommittees that have assigned tasks in specific areas.

'''Other Tasks:''' Advisors can be engaged to address a specific need. Such engagements are usually short-lived and are disbanded as soon as their specific goals are met. 


;Key skills

We look for a healthy mix of different skill sets in our advisors, including the following key skills and experience:
# Strong understanding of the structure and work of Wikimedia affiliates and the Wikimedia Foundation.
# Readiness to participate in political discussions on the role and future of affiliates, models of affiliation, and similar topics.
# Availability of up to 2 hours per week, and the time to participate in a monthly two-hour voice/video meeting
# International orientation and ability to work and communicate with other languages and cultures.
# Knowledge of different legal systems and experience in community building and organizing are a plus.
# Fluency in English is required; skills in other languages are a major plus.
# Experience with or in an active Wikimedia affiliate is a major plus.
# Strong track record of effective collaboration (such as evidenced skills at facilitation, mediation, negotiation, and so forth) is a major plus.
# Willingness to use one's real name in committee activities (including contacts with current and potential affiliates) when appropriate.

;Selection process

As a reflection of our commitment to openness, transparency, and bilateral engagement with the Wikimedia community, the 2022 advisors selection process will include a public review and comment period. All applications must be posted on Meta between '''January 01 and January 31, 2022''' at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022| the nomination page]], and the community will be invited to provide comments and feedback about each candidate.  At the end of the nomination period, the applications will be voted on by the members of the committee, taking into account comments put forward by the committee's members, advisors, Wikimedia Foundation staff and board liaisons, and the community. A final decision will be made in February 2022, with new advisors expected to begin later that month.

;How to apply

If you are interested in advising the committee, please submit your candidacy on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|the nomination page]] between January 01 to January 31, 2022. Your application must include the following information:
# Your full name and Wikimedia username
# A statement describing your relevant experience, skills, and motivation for joining the committee as an advisor.
# The advisor role you would like to serve
# Answers to the following three questions:
## How do you think affiliates work best together to partner on effective projects and initiatives?
## What do you see as the role of affiliates in the Wikimedia movement in the next three years?
## What do you feel you will bring as an advisor to the committee that makes you a uniquely qualified candidate?

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact the committee. We are happy to chat or have a phone call with anyone about our work if this helps them decide to apply. Please distribute this call among your networks, and do apply if you are interested!

On behalf of the committee,

--[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 13:17, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
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:Thanks a lot for the notice , am sharing this with my felllow Wikimedians in Rwanda …regards [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 14:26, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== Affiliations Committee (AffCom) Member &amp; Advisor Elections - Final Reminder for January 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Translations/Member &amp; Advisor elections final reminder for January 2022|Translations]] are available.''

This is a friendly reminder that the '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]]''' – which is responsible for guiding volunteers in establishing and sustaining Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups – is seeking new members and advisors! The deadline to post your application on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Candidates/January 2022|Member nomination page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/Advisors/2022|Advisor nomination]] is 31 January 2022.

If you know somebody you think may be interested, please share  and encourage them to consider applying. If you have any questions please email affcom@wikimedia.org before the application deadline or reach out to any of the current members. Good luck to all the candidates!

On behalf of the committee,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:FULBERT|FULBERT]] ([[User talk:FULBERT|talk]]) 17:32, 25 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Campaigns Product Update #3 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! 

We are excited to share our updates:

*'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces.

*'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the  registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]].

*'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. 

::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;scaling=min-zoom&amp;page-id=1472%3A36710&amp;starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&amp;show-proto-sidebar=1&amp;hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype].
::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&amp;_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). 
 
*'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. 

'''What is next?'''
:'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]]

:In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can.

Thank you!


'''The Campaign Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
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== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour  to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. 

Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!

:Date: '''March 31, 2022'''
:Time: 15:00 UTC
:Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320

You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes.

Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting.

Thank you.


'''The Campaign Product Team'''


[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:37, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
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== A Barnstar for You ==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]|[[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar.gif|100px]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; |'''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; |You have contributed immensely to our community (online and offline) and this is my way of saying thank you.[[Umukoresha:MrTallBoy|MrTallBoy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MrTallBoy|talk]]) 19:27, 6 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
|}

:Thanks a lot  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:31, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Stefania Turkewich ==

Thank you for this, Ndahiro derrick! [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 19:51, 23 Kamena 2022 (UTC)

:Hello Ndahiro derrick, Can you proofread the additions I've made, and improve their language, when you can find the time?  Thank you for all of this!  [[Umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nicola Mitchell|talk]]) 09:48, 30 Kamena 2022 (UTC)
::Sure, Let me take a look  [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 08:32, 2 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test ==

Hello Subscribers!

[[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to:

* Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer)

* Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer)

* Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer)

* Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant)

You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates:

* Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC'''

* Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC'''

These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature.

Thank you!

&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:IBrazal (WMF)|talk]]) 06:12, 18 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

== Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers!


The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']].

You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. 

We look forward to your participation. 

Thank you.


Best,

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']]

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)
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:Well received [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 15:52, 21 Nyakanga 2022 (UTC)

==Merchandise Giveaway Nomination – Successful==

[[File:BlueIEditShirt-plainBackground.jpeg|A Wikimedia t-shirt!|150px|right|link=]]
Hey Ndahiro derrick,

You have been [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways/Nominations/Ndahiro derrick|successfully nominated]] to receive a free t-shirt from the Wikimedia Foundation through our [[:meta:Merchandise giveaways|Merchandise Giveaway program]]. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work! Please email us at merchandise@wikimedia.org and we will send you full details on how to accept your free shirt. Thanks!

''On behalf of the Merchandise Giveaway program,''

-- [[Umukoresha:Janbery|janbery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Janbery|talk]]) 23:04, 31 Kanama 2022 (UTC)

== Campaigns Product Update #4 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!
 
We are excited to share our updates:

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Event Registration v0'''&lt;/div&gt;

:We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. 

:'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. 

:[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form].  

*&lt;div style = &quot;text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;&gt;'''Organizer Lab'''&lt;/div&gt; Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''.  The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. 
:[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]!  
&lt;br&gt;
'''What's Next''':

*'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']&lt;br&gt;

*'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations.
&lt;br&gt;
----
'''Community Feedback''':
&lt;center&gt;''&quot;Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system&quot;'' &lt;br&gt; - French Organizer &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''&lt;br&gt; - Arabic Organizer &lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
----
&lt;br&gt;
Thank you!


'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:30, 21 Nzeri 2022 (UTC)
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== Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 ==

Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers!

The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. &lt;br&gt;

In V1, the following new features will be includedː
* Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone
* Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered
* Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;'''Office Hour Sessions''':&lt;/u&gt;
* '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
* '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom]
:[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] 
&lt;br&gt;
These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili.  Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']]  if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Thank you.

'''The Campaigns Product Team'''
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== Organizer Tools Office Hours &amp; Event Discovery Project ==

('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') &lt;small&gt; {{int:please-translate}} &lt;/small&gt;.

[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are:

We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours &amp; upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:'''

*'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''')   
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili
*'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). 
**Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili

'''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''.  This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''.

; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! 
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]])   19:54, 24 Nzeri 2023 (UTC)

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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia &amp; Education User Group]]

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
'''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]]

'''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]]

'''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]]

'''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:56, 18 Mata 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 15 Nyakanga 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]]

Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:55, 7 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]]

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:04, 5 Gashyantare 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;
Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 26 Mata 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]]
&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]]

Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]]

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]

AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]]

Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:25, 5 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
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== Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized &amp; announced September 2025]]
 
Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]]
 
AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]]
 
AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]]
 
AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]]

AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025)

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC)
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== Notice of expiration of your sysop right ==

&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission &quot;sysop&quot; (Administrators) will expire on 2026-03-07 14:55:15. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. &lt;i&gt;In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]&lt;/i&gt; [[Umukoresha:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 28 Gashyantare 2026 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;

== Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 ==

We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''.
=== About the General Assembly ===
The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to:
* Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work.
* Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem.
* Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input.

=== How to participate ===
Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you.
* '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]'''
[[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]]

Looking forward to your participation,

Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 werurwe 2026 (UTC)

''&lt;small&gt;You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]&lt;/small&gt;''

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== Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 ==

[[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]]
The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''.

The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals:

* '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic
* '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&amp;A)
* '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics)
* '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged

Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on:
* Potential impact and expected outcomes
* Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas

Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission.

'''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]'''

For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com

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== Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --&gt;

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]].

[[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]]

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] 

AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]]
 
Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]]

New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]]

Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]]

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! ==

The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes.

You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact.

The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.'''

'''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]'''

The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals.

Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub.

Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org.

Sincerely, 

Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 Kanama 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Welcome to Wiki Project Med!  ==
{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
| [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]]
|
Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].
We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

*Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.
*Add suitable categories.
*Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.
*Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.
*After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. 

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team

|} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:55, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you for a warm welcome. This is part of Wikimedia Community User Group Rwanda's goal to bridge the gap on Hlealth related info in kinyarwanda. We look forward to partnership with the WikiMed Foundation. [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 11:38, 9 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

== Affiliations Committee News (April-September 2026) ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;small&gt;''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Wikimedia-logo-update-2016.svg|220px|right|thumb|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;2026 is Wikimedia Affiliations Committee's 20th Anniversary&lt;/div&gt;]]

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:1;&quot;&gt;

Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|On '''August 26''', the Affiliations Committee (''AffCom'') announced the extension of the pause on new affiliate recognition, which began in August 2025.]] The extension follows the Wikimedia Foundation's decision to extend the feedback period for the [[:m:Updating the ecosystem of Wikimedia organizations/Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations|&quot;Recognition and Funding for Movement Organizations&quot;]] proposal, giving communities and affiliates more time to share input.

AffCom Movement Contributions: [[m:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#AffCom Movement Contributions|Throughout the past quarter, AffCom continued to engage in conversations across the Wikimedia Movement, particularly where discussions touched on the pause on recognition or where the committee’s experience could contribute to broader Movement conversations.]]

AffCom Administration: [[m:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9#AffCom Administration|The Wikimedia Affiliations Committee has new Officers and Advisors]]

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; &quot;&gt;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 9|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:30, 17 October 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>k3hdffe7ydagiky2m1kvxmnbmxq21fn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyirambangutse Brigitte</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142509</id>
      <parentid>137235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T09:16:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="1253" sha1="q38vyc2ywdfe0rcic3wc0qpb2b6nx80" xml:space="preserve">== Dr Nyirambangutse Brigitte ==
Dr Nyirambangutse n'umwarimukazi mw'ishuri ry'ibinyabuzima  muri kaminuza yu [[Rwanda]],

Akaba n'umuyobozi wungirije w'ikigo cy'indashyikirwa 

Mu binyabuzima no gucunga  umutungo kamere byakiriwe na kaminuza y'u[[Rwanda]]. 

== Dr Nyirambangutse ni muntu ki? ==
Dr Nyirambangutse Brigitte yavutse mumwaka wa 1982 akabari Umunyarwandakazi utuye mu gihugu  

Cy'u Rwanda&lt;ref&gt;https://gggi.org/staff/dr-brigitte-nyirambangutse/&lt;/ref&gt; . Dr Nyirambangutse akaba ari umuhanga mu bidukikije ,afite Uburambe bw' imyaka6 mu bijyanye n' ihindagurika ry' ikirere n'umwaka 1 w' Uburambe akorana n'ikigo cya Global Growth institute mu Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/director/14528809/DR-BRIGITTE-NYIRAMBANGUTSE&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brigitte-Nyirambangutse&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ese Dr Nyirambangutse avuga indimi zingahe?? ==
Dr Nyirambangutse Brigitte avuga indimi 3

_Ikinyarwanda

_[[Icyongereza]]

_[[Igifaransa]]

== Amashuri yize.    ==
Dr Nyirambangutse Brigitte yigiye amashuri ye muri,Scotland, mu bwongereza no muri Sweden.

Akaba afite kandi impamyabumenyi ya PHD mu bumenyi bwa kamere ndetse no mu bidukikije, 

Akaba Ari n'umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bw'ibidukikije.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amagaju Fc</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="2639" sha1="dyq0f6y8dg6o4jy0h0vvqsytiszbyor" xml:space="preserve">== [[FERWAFA|Uko yashinzwe]] ==
Iyi ni imwe mu makipe ya mbere afite amateka maremare kandi ashaje cyane mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda. Yashinzwe ahagana mumwaka 1935.: Amagaju FC yashinzwe n’Umutware ''Rutaremara'' ubwo yari amaze kugabirwa ubutware bw’Intara cyangwa ubutware bwa Bufundu (ubu akaba ari mu [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Karere ka Nyamagabe]] mu Ntara y'Amajypfo mucyahoze ari Gikongoro). Umupira w'amaguru muri icyo gihe wari umaze kumenyekana mu gihugu binyuze mu mashuri, cyane cyane ababyirukaga n'abigaga i Kabgayi bigishwaga n'abamisiyoneri b'abazungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://ingenzinyayo.com/2018/09/13/ikipe-amagaju-fc-niyo-ifite-imyaka-myinshiariko-ntacyerekezo-igiraizira-ikiizazahurwa-nande/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ibigwi n'amateka ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Mu mateka y’umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda, Amagaju FC ntabwo ari ikipe izwiho gutwara ibikombe  bya shampiyona y'ikiciro cyambere, ahubwo ibigwi byayo bishingiye ku mateka yayo maremare, kuba kera yaratsindaga amakipe akomeye nka [[Rayon sports fc|Rayon sport]], Mukura Victory Sports,Kiyovu Sports ndetse na Panthères Noires Kigali yaje gusenywa bityo  Amagaju  bikayaviramo kwitwa &quot;Inkuba Zesa&quot;, no kuba ari yo kipe ya mbere mu Rwanda yahimbiwe indirimbo iyirata ibigwi ariyo &quot;Dore Inganji Iturutse i Bufundu&quot;, yahimbwe na Musenyeri [[Aloys Bigirumwami]], ishingiye ku kurata ibigwi by'ikipe n'imihigo yayo.

== Bamwe mubayiyoboye ==

== ''Paul Nshimyumuremyi'' Ni we Perezida w'Amagaju FC ucyuye igihe kandi umaze imyaka itari mike ayiyobora, harimo n’igihe yayifashaga kuzamuka mu Cyiciro cya Mbere (Rwanda Premier League) mu mwaka wa 2023. mubandi bayiyoboye harimo ''Munyantwali Alphonse'' wari umuyobozi wakarere ka Nyamagabe. Ni we muyobozi uzwi cyane wabyutse izina ry’Amagaju FC ubwo yari Meya w'Akarere ka Nyamagabe (nyuma yaje kuba Guverineri w'Intara y'Amajyepfo, ubu akaba ari na Perezida wa FERWAFA). ==

== Ukoyiteguye umwaka wimikino ==
Nyuma y’uko mu ntangiriro z’umwaka ikipe itandukanye n’umutoza Niyongabo Amars wari umaze imyaka ibiri n'igice, Amagaju FC yinjiye mu cyerekezo gishya cyo gushaka abatoza bafite amashagaga nka Sghir Hammadi hamwe n'abatoza bunganira barimo [Imurora Hakizimana Japhet] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/amagaju-fc-yabonye-abakinnyi-bashya-n-umutoza-bavuye-i-burundi&lt;/ref&gt;Komite y’iyi kipe ikunze kwibanda kuzana  abakinnyi bafite imbaraga bakura mu bihugu bituranye nka u Burundi na DR Congo, ndetse n'abakinnyi bakiri bato mu gihugu kugira ngo hubakwe urwego rurambye kandi ruzigamye mu bukungu bw'ikipe. 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Imikino (Rwanda)]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igiti cy'umuravumba</title>
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        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="4328" sha1="ml6in37guo33xkq83a1cw7n0uyhl0gq" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Tetradenia riparia IMG 8751.jpg|thumb|Igiti cy'umuravumba]]
[[Dosiye:Tetradenia riparia, Louwsburg.jpg|thumb|Uruyange rw'Umuravumba]]
[[Dosiye:Gardenology.org-IMG 2238 rbgs11jan.jpg|left|thumb]]
Igiti cy'umuravumba ni [[ikimera]] abanyarwanda bazi kuva kera, ku buryo hari n’imvugo abantu bakoresha iyo bashaka kumvikanisha ko umuntu azwi cyane bakagira bati :&quot;Kanaka ni kizwi na bose nk’umuravumba.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://lavierebelle.org/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227131427/https://lavierebelle.org/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umuti: ===

* Umuntu arwaye inkorora ashobora gufata utubabi dukeya akaduhekenya, akamira amazi yatwo, gusa akirinda kuwukoresha ari mwinshi kuko wamutera ikindi kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mwWwvR7BT0&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Dosiye:Iboza riparia2.jpg|thumb|Igiti cy'umuravumba]]Ikindi kandi ngo umuravumba ukoreshwa hagendewe ku hantu wameze, kuko umuravumba wo ku gasi ngo urakara cyane ku buryo n’uwukoresheje aba akwiriye kwitwararika agakoresha muke ugereranyije n’umuravumba uterwa mu ngo z’abantu. Umuravumba kandi ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa, kuko imiti ikomoka ku bimera ivura indwara zifata mu nzira z’ubuhumekero, imyinshi muri yo iba ivura n’indwara zo mu kanwa, kuko izo ndwara zigirana isano rimwe na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thinkbig.rw/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia-ni-umuti-utangaje/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227131425/https://thinkbig.rw/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia-ni-umuti-utangaje/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Umuravumba.jpg|thumb|amababi y'umuravumba]]Uyu ni umuti abantu bose bakagombye kumenya gukoresha bityo abantu bakajya bivura indwara zoroheje nk'inkorora ibicurane kubabara mu gatuza kubera gukororaIcyakora kuwukoresha byakurinda indwara zikomeye nka sinusites, angines, asima, gapfura, bronchites, ikirimi, ibikweto n'izindi zifata imyanya y'ubuhumekero&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thinkbig.rw/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia-ni-umuti-utangaje/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227131425/https://thinkbig.rw/umuravumba-tetradenia-riparia-ni-umuti-utangaje/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uko utunganywa: ===
'''A.''' Ku nkorora y'abana n'abakuru

1. Toranya ibibabi byeze 2 by'umuravumba ubyoze neza.

2. Bishyire mu rukoma uhambirize ko ikirere cy'ingabo kibisi

3. Shyira munsi y'imbabura cg mu ziko ukomeze kugenzura ko ushya uwurinde gushirira

Ku bakoresha gaz kd batabasha kubona urukoma washaka ibibabi nka 4 noneho ukabitunganya byose maze ukabigerekeranya ukabirambika hejuru y'umufuniko w'isafuriya utetse. Komeza ubyubike, ubyubure kugeza bihiye neza maze ukuremo 2 by'imbere abe ari byo gukoresha iby'inyuma ubite.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

4. Bikimara gushya karaba neza uvugute ibyo bibabi ugenda ukandira ku kiyiko cg mu gakombe gasukuye neza.

=== Uko unyobwa ===

* 1/4 cy&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;akayiko ku mwana muto uzi kurya (+8months) mu gitondo na nimugoroba

* 1/2 cy'akayiko ku mwana mukuru uri hejuru y'imyaka 5

Akayiko kose ku muntu mukuru. Uyu muti uzirana no kuwufatana n'indi miti cyane cyane iya kizungu. Kirazira rwose kuwufatanya n'indi miti Wawushyira kandi mu gikoma cy'ibinyameke kitarimo amata icyo gihe wanawunywa nta cyo urwaye mu rwego rwo kwikingira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;


'''B.''' Ku ndwara nka Gapfura, Angines, Ibikweto, Ikirimi, ufata bya bibabi bimaze gushya ukabisigaho [[ubuki]] bw'umwimerere maze ukinjiza mu muhogo ugakuba. Ibi biba byiza iyo bikozwe na muganga uzi neza aho agomba guhara (gukuba mu mihogo).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''C.''' Ku ndwara y'umutwe udakira

Bya bibabi babikandira mu mikanana 2 mu buryo bungana maze umurwayi akararama bakamusuka uwo muti mu mazuru agakomeza kurarama kugeza yumvise ko ugeze mu nda uciye mu kamironko ( pharynx)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibyatsi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umwenya</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3128" sha1="e1wsym521o3w7pd4m0bqwo1wv54q330" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) 1.jpg|thumb|Umwenya]]
[[Dosiye:Camellia sinensis (DITSL).JPG|thumb|224x224px|umwenya]]
[[Dosiye:Sapium japonicum2.jpg|thumb]]
Umwenya, Umwenya ni [[ikimera]] gikoreshwa cyane kuva mu bakurambere bohambere ba banyarwanda, aho benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko kivura, kuko na wo nikimwe n’[[Igiti cy'umuravumba|umuravumba]], umwenya uvura inkorora,hakoreshejwe amababi yawo.Kubera ko umwenya ari umuti uvura kandi utarura,  ubu hari abantu bahitamo gukoresha umwenya mu cyayi mu mwanya w’amajyani, kugira ngo bashobore kubona ibyiza by’icyo kimera mu buzima bwabo. Umwenya na wo uvura indwara zo mu kanwa, ugafasha abantu kutanuka mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umuti ===

* [[Dosiye:Ocimum basilicum Sweet Basil, Common Basil, Thai Basil at Wayanad 2019 (1).jpg|thumb|Umwenya]]Umwenya kandi ukora kimwe n’utundi twatsi twitwa ‘Ubwunyu bwa nyamanza,’ na bwo abakurambere babuhaga abana ngo babuhekenye, bugatuma bahumura neza mu kanwa. Ikindi ubwunyu bwa nyamanza bumara ngo ni ukuvura ubugendakanwa ku bana. Umwenya kandi Abanyarwanda bawukoresha nk’uko bakoreshaga icyatsi cyitwa “ Icyumwa” na cyo bagikoreshaga boza amenyo bigatuma bagira impumuro nziza mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S34q_OZyLDE&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umwenya ababyeyi bawukoresha bavura inkorora abana. Nibyo koko uyu ni umuti w'inkorora n'ibicurane. Gusa ku mwana utaratangira kurya ntibyemewe kumuha Imiti y'ibyatsi (ni kimwe nuko wamugaburira). Uhekenya amababi ukamira amazi cyangwa ugakora icyayi cyawo.
* Numuti urwanya diabetes ,umuvuduko w'amaraso.
* Ku bagabo kimwe n'abagore ni umuti wongera iruba (ubushake bwo gutera akabariro).
* Uyu ni umuti urinda imitsi ukanatuma [[ubwonko]] bukora neza.
* Amavuta awuvuyemo yica mikorobi nyinshi ndetse ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko anarinda malaria. (Uburyo amavuta akorwa tuzabivugaho).
* [[Dosiye:Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) 01.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Umwenya]]Kuwutera hafi y'urugo bikumira imibu n'udusimba duto twatera indwara.&lt;ref&gt;https://rwandamagazine.com/ubuzima/article/ibyiciro-4-by-abantu-batemerewe-kunywa-no-gukoresha-tangawizi&lt;/ref&gt;
* Urwanya guhitwa niyo haba hazamo amaraso ukawukoresha gatatu ku munsi birakira (mu gihe bitatewe na amibe)
* Ni umuti uzimya umuriro ukanavura umutwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://rugwi.wordpress.com/2019/07/08/umwenya-ni-kinyobwa-gishya-gikorwa-na-ibyiza-byiwacu-ese/&lt;/ref&gt;
* Urinda ukanavura kuruka n'isesemi.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubuzima/article/musanze-imiti-gakondo-ya-miliyoni-zisaga-35-yangijwe-amavuriro-gakondo&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kuwunywa birinda umwijima kwangirika kuko bifasha gusohora imyanda mu mubiri.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201506081047.html&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ni umuti mwiza w'igifu kirimo ibisebe. Ucanira ibibabi n'imizi mu mazi ukanywa agakombe kabiri ku munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibyatsi]]</text>
      <sha1>e1wsym521o3w7pd4m0bqwo1wv54q330</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kokombure</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="4844" sha1="f2yjyx7dxwmmd8jdwb92dlpjf5he3ub" xml:space="preserve">Kurya Kokombure ni byiza cyane ku buzima bw’umuntu,cyane cyane kuyirya nka salade kuko ibasha kurinda umubiri w’umuntu indwara nyinshi zirimo n’iz’akarande.
[[Dosiye:Cucumbers 1.jpg|thumb|urubuto rwa kokombure]]

== Ibyo wamenya kuri Kokombure ==
[[Dosiye:Komkommer Cucumis sativus 'Melita'.jpg|thumb|ubwoko bwa kokombre|294x294px]]
[[Dosiye:Korean cucumber 1.jpg|thumb|Ubuhinzi bwa kokombure|224x224px]]
Bimwe mubyo Imana yaremye ntabwo tujya dusobanukirwa nuko twabyivurisha kandi yarabiduhaye ahubwo tukabifata uko bitari bigatuma duhura n’uburwayi twiteye bamwe bayita urubuto abandi bakayita imboga biterwa nuko ushaka kuyirya ,Cocombre (soma kokombure) cg cucumber mu [[Icyongereza|cyongereza]], ni rumwe mu mbuto zifatiye runini ubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Ni mu gihe kuko ikize ku ntungamubiri, imyunyungugu na vitamini zitandukanye zifasha umubiri mu mikorere myiza buri munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rebero.co.rw/2018/07/16/urubuto-rwa-kokombure-ku-ubuzima-bwacu-na-kamaro-karwo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301145613/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2018/07/16/urubuto-rwa-kokombure-ku-ubuzima-bwacu-na-kamaro-karwo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Nubwo kokombure ikunda kenshi kubarwa mu cyiciro cy’imboga, siko biri kuko ari imbuto. Kokombure zibarizwa mu muryango umwe na watermelon kimwe n’ibihaza, witwa cucurbitacease.Hari impamvu nyinshi ugomba kurya kokombure kenshi (ubishoboye buri munsi)kuko ikize kuri vitamini K, za B zitandukanye, C n’imyunyu ngugu itandukanye, biguha ubushobozi bwo kwirinda indwara nyinshi zitandukanye zirimo izibasira umutima.Kokombure ikungahaye kuri polyphenols, zigabanya cyane ibyago byo kurwara [[kanseri y’ibere]], iya prostate, iy’umura, ndetse n’iyi mirerantanga. Kokombure kandi inakize ku zindi ntungamubiri zitwa cucurbitacins, zifitemo ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article2467 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2020-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108152048/http://www.agasaro.com/spip.php?article2467 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;kokombure ifasha umubiri kutagira umwuma cyane cyane mu bihe by’izuba. Udusate twa kokombure watugereranya n’ikirahuri cy’amazi,Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibiyigize birinda kubyimbirwa, binafasha uruhu kugumana itoto, ikarinda iminkanyari no gusohora imyanda mu mubiri.Kokombure zikungahaye ku bintu 2 by’ingenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y’igifu; amazi na fibre. Kurya kokombure nka salade cg se kuyikoramo umutobe, bishobora kuguha igipimo gikwiriye ukeneye buri munsi cya fibres. Niba ukunda kugira ikibazo cy’ikirungurira ugomba kumenya ko kunywa amazi menshi ari uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya aside iba yabaye nyinshi mu gifu, ibi kokombure ishobora kubigufashamo.Uruhu rwa kokombure rukungahaye cyane kuri fibres, zifasha cyane mu igogora ry’ibiryo no kwihutisha ibiryo mu rwungano ngogozi bigatuma bisohoka vuba, bityo bikakurinda kwituma impatwe.Niba ujya ugira ikibazo cyo guhumura nabi mu kanwa, kokombure yagufasha cyane. Ufata agace gakase kayo ukagashyira mu kanwa mu gice cyo hejuru, bifasha kwirukana [[bagiteri]] zitera impumuro mbi. Kurya kokombure bizwiho na none kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gifu; iyi akaba ari imvano ya mbere y’impumuro mbi mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Kokombure ifasha mu kurwanya ububyimbirwe mu mubiri, irwanya kuribwa mu ngingo, goute na rubagimpande.Kokombure izwiho gufasha mu gusa neza k’uruhu, gukomera kw’inzara n’imisatsi, irinda kuma kw’iminwa no ku bari n’abategarugori izwiho kongera ububobere bwabo.Kokombure ni isoko nziza ya potasiyumu, iyi igabanya umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso. Urugero rukwiye rwa potasiyumu mu mubiri yaba imbere mu turemangingo cg hanze yatwo, ni ingenzi mu mikorere myiza y’umutima.
[[Dosiye:Vegetables and Fruits served sliced on various plates.jpg|thumb|cucumber|227x227px]]

== Kokombure ikungahaye kuri Vitamini ==

* [[Dosiye:Cucumbers, illustration from The Encyclopedia of Food by Artemas Ward.jpg|thumb|Kokombure]]kokombure igizwe na vitamin nyinshi zirimo vitamini B , vitamini B1, vitamini B5, na vitamini B7 (biotin). Izi zose zikaba zigira umumaro ukomeye mu guhangana n’umunaniro ukabije.Iyi yose ni imimaro y’ingenzi ku buzima bw’umuntu,yo kurya kokombure ariko ukayirya nka salade nibwo iba ishobora gukora iyi mirimo yose twavuze kandi ubuzima bw’umuntu bukarushaho kumererwa neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Kokombure gufasha ubwonko gukora neza; umuntu ukunda kurya kokombure aba arinda ubwonko bwe kwangirika ndetse no kwibasirwa n’indwara zifata ubwonko kuko igira icyitwa ‘’fisetin’’ ifasha ubwonko gukora neza. 

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibimera]]</text>
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        <id>17008</id>
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*[[Dosiye:HCl_molecule_model-VdW_surface.svg|thumb|HCl acide yo mugifu]]
*[[Dosiye:Interior_of_the_stomach_after_poisoning_with_prussic_acid_Wellcome_L0061580.jpg|thumb|Igifu]]


Aside nke mu gifu (izwi nka hypochlorhydia cg achlorhydia) irangwa n’igabanuka cg  kutagira na gacye mu gifu; bishobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye umubiri. Iki kibazo kibasira abantu benshi ku isi, kandi umubare munini baracyirengagiza.

Bitandukanye n’ibyo benshi bibwira, kugugara (kumva utumbye mu nda cg indigestion) ahanini biterwa n’aside nke mu gifu.

== Akamaro k’aside yo mu gifu ==
Aside yo mu gifu izwi nka acide chlorhydrique/hydrochloric acid (Hcl) ni aside y’ingenzi ifasha igifu ibintu bitandukanye;

* Gusya no gucagagura proteyine izihinduramo intungamubiri z’ingenzi (amino acids) umubiri ukenera ngo ubashe kubaho.
* Gufasha igifu kunyuramo ibyo wariye, ntibigumemo gusa. Iyo ibi bidashobotse niho utangira kumva ikirungurira.
* Gutuma mu gifu hahoramo isuku no kwica [[bagiteri]] mbi n’izindi mikorobe ushobora kuba wariye.
* Gutuma urwagashya n’amara mato ashobora gukora enzymes zitabazwa mu gusya ibiryo ndetse n’igikoma cya bile, byose bisya ibinyasukari, ibinure ndetse na proteyine turya.

Gukomeza kurya indyo mbi igizwe n’ibiryo byahinduwe cg binyuzwa mu nganda (processed foods) cyane bituma ibibazo mu rwungano ngogozi ndetse n’urw’ubwirinzi birushaho kwiyongera. Nuko indwara ziterwa n’imikorere mibi y’umubiri zigatangira kukwibasira.

== Ibimenyetso by’aside nke mu gifu ==
Bimwe mu bimenyetso rusange bigaragara ni:

* Kumva ibyuka no gutumba cyane mu nda nyuma yo kurya
* Ikirungurira (usibye ko cyo gishobora no guterwa n’aside nyinshi nanone)
* Kwituma impatwe, kugugara cg impiswi
* Kuribwa (ukumva ushaka kwishima) mu mwoyo
* Gutakaza imisatsi (ku bagore)
* Guhorana indwara zituruka ku miyege
* Allergies (cg ubwivumbure bw’umubiri) ku bintu byinshi bitandukanye
* Guhorana umunaniro udashira
* Kumagara uruhu
* Kugira ubutare bucye mu mubiri
* Igabanuka cyane rya vitamin B12
* Gucukuka, gushishuka no kuvunika kw’inzara
* Kuzana ibiheri mu maso
* Indwara nyinshi zitangira kwibasira umubiri.

== Ibibazo biterwa n’aside nke mu gifu ==
Kugira aside nke mu gifu bitera ibibazo byinshi umubiri, hari ibyo ubona ako kanya ariko hari n’ibindi bigenda biza gacye gacye;

=== Kutabasha gusya ibiryo neza ===

* naho waba urya ibikungahaye kuri zo cyane. Iyo umubiri uzibuze bitera ibibazo bikomeye 2;

# Imyanda yirundira ku bwinshi mu mara, bikaba byagutera uburwayi bukomeye
# Igogorwa rikozwe nabi rya proteyine rituma amaraso aba aside cyane, kuko na proteyine ubwazo ari aside. Iyo amaraso abaye aside, bituma agerageza gushaka imyunyungugu ahantu hose mu mubiri, kugira ngo asubirane ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuba alkaline (cg basic).

Ibi byo bibyara ikibazo gihoraho; aside nke mu gifu igatera ibura ry’imyunyungugu mu mubiri nabyo bigatera amaraso kuba aside cyane. Bigahora bisimburana gutyo gutyo.

Iyo amaraso amaze kuba aside cyane bitera kwiyongera kwa cortisol (umusemburo wa stress no kwica indi misemburo), ibi bihita bitera kuzamuka kw’isukari mu maraso. Kwiyongera kwa cortisol bitera ibibazo 2 bikomeye;

# Ihindura imyitwarire yawe; ugahora urakaye cg ufite umunabi
# Imvubura za adrenals (zikora cortisol, adrenaline n’indi misemburo yo mu bwoko bwa steroid) zirananirwa cyane. DHEA (uyu ni umusemburo wo mu bwoko bwa steroid) utera itoto uhagarara gukorwa, nuko bigatera gusaza imburagihe.

=== Kutinjiza vitamin B12 ===

* Igifu kugira ngo kibashe kwinjiza iyi vitamin ni uko kigomba kuba gifite aside ihagije. Iyi ni vitamin umubiri udafite ubushobozi bwo kwikorera.

=== Indiri ya mikorobe mugifu ===
Ibi bitera indwara nyinshi mu rwungano ngogozi, kuko aside ikora mu kwica bagiteri mbi no kurinda ko zahakurira iba yagabanutse cg idahari.

=== Kutabasha kwinjiza intungamubiri ===
Izi ntungamubiri iyo zibuze, imikorere myiza y’umubiri iragabanuka, ingingo zigatangira gukora gacye, bikongera gusaza cyane. Niho indwara ziterwa n’imikorere mibi y’umubiri nka [[kanseri]], indwara z’umutima n’izindi zigabanya ubushobozi bw’ubwonko zitangira kuza.

=== Ibyago byo kwibasirwa na kanseri ===

* Kugira mikorobe mbi (cyane cyane bagiteri n’imiyege) nyinshi bituma agahu ko ku gifu kagenda kangirika bikongera ibyago byo kwibasirwa n’iyi kanseri

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/aside-nke-mu-gifu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301172540/https://umutihealth.com/aside-nke-mu-gifu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

*</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusozi wa Gisenyi</title>
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      <text bytes="1978" sha1="ift63dr0hknjb8cokfti025ohyw5h7d" xml:space="preserve">Umujyi wa Gisenyi, uri mu Karere ka [[Rubavu]] iri mu mijyi itandatu yatoranyijwe izunganira Kigali. izwiho kuba umujyi wo kwidagaduriramo, ndetse ukanashyuha. Uretse kuba umujyi w’ubucuruzi, ufite n’ibice nyaburanga bifasha abantu kwishimisha no kuruhuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/dutemberane-mu-bice-nyaburanga-numusozi-wa-gisenyi.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327093714/https://ar.umuseke.rw/dutemberane-mu-bice-nyaburanga-numusozi-wa-gisenyi.hmtl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umusozi wa Rubavu(Gisenyi) ni umusozi w’amateka uhagararaho ukareba umujyi wa Rubavu na Goma nk’uyicayemo.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/ibidukikije/ibimera/article/bimwe-mu-bitatse-umusozi-wa-rubavu-warwaniweho-intambara-ya-mbere-y-isi&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere ==
Umusozi wa Gisenyi, ubu umaze kugirwa umusozi w’ubukerarugendo ku bufatanye na Koperative Inshongore y’Inkeragutabara hamwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije (REMA) n’ikigo cy’igihugu cyimakaza iterambere (RDB).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Umusozi wa Gisenyi ubumbatiye amateka menshi, arimo ashingiye ku buvumo (abacunga uyu musozi bavuga ko batarahashyira umuhanda ku buryo abantu bahagera) ngo bwifashishijwe n’Umujenerali w’Umudage, ubwo barwana n’Ababiligi bari muri DR Congo mu ntambara ya mbere y’Isi, ndetse hagwa abasirikare benshi cyane.

Aha ngo [[Abadage]] barahakunda kuko hafite aho hahuriye n’amateka yabo nk’uko tubikesha Ndagijimana Innocent, umwe mu bagize Koperative Inshongore.

Uyu musozi kandi wakunze kujya wifashishwa n’ingabo z’u Rwanda.

Uyu musozi uzengurutswe n’agahanda k’ibilometero 11 ushobora kugendamo n’amaguru gusa, ukora Siporo cyangwa uri gutembera.

Iyo uri hejuru uba ushobora kureba neza Umujyi wa Gisenyi, [[ikiyaga cya Kivu]] n’Umujyi wa Goma muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo munsi yawe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reba ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wheelchair Australian rules football</title>
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      <text bytes="2277" sha1="942c530bcfja8zndvnc1owf1853t38z" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Football pictogram.svg|thumb|Wheelchair Australian rules football]]
[[Dosiye:Craigholme Sports Complex.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair football]]
[[Dosiye:ItaliaCampioniDelMondoCalcioBalilla2013.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair football players]]
Umukino w'ambere w'ateguwe w'abamugaye muri Australiya, amategeko y'umupira w'amaguru yakinwe m'ukigo cya RAAF i Adelaide, Ositaraliya yepfo ku ya 8 Ugushyingo 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartigan |first=Brian |date=8 November 2015 |title=First officially organised wheelchair Aussie Rules |url=http://www.contactairlandandsea.com/2015/11/08/wheelchair-aussie-reules/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=Contact - Air, Land and Sea}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Umukino wari urimo m' itsinda ry’abasirikare bakomeretse bo muri Ositaraliya (ADF) bakomeretse mu kigo cy’abasirikare ba Darwin cy’abasirikare ba Darwin hamwe n’ikipe y’imikino y’ubumuga ya Ositaraliya (DSA) igizwe n’abakinnyi baturutse muri Ositaraliya yepfo. Umukino wateguwe na ADF, Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru muri Ositaraliya na DSA. Amanota yanyuma yari: Ikipe ya DSA 16.8.104 yatsinze ikipe ya ADF 14.5.89. &lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot; /&gt;

Muri Mata 2015, igikomangoma Harry mu gihe yasuraga Darwin, [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]] yazamuye uyu mukino mushya yitabira umukino w’ibimuga AFL.  Umukino warimo abasirikare ba Ositaraliya bakomeretse. &lt;ref name=&quot;harry&quot; /&gt;

Ugushyingo 2015, hari gahunda yo gushyiraho shampiyona y'igihugu. 

== Amategeko ==
Amategeko y'umukino afite aho ahuriye n'amategeko ya AFL k'umategeko ya Australiya [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] kandi harimo: 

* Umukino utangirana no gutera umupira hagati yikibuga.
* Ingingo esheshatu ku ntego, n'ingingo imwe inyuma.
* Gutera imigeri bisimbuzwa imipira, na ballball isimbuzwa gutera hasi.
* Umupira utukura wa Sherrin ukoreshwa, hamwe umukino ugabanyijemo kane.
* Umukino ukinirwa ku kibuga cya basketball hamwe na positike ya plastike kuri buri mpera yurukiko.
* Abakinnyi batanu gusa muri buri kipe barashobora kuba mukibuga umwanya uwariwo wose.
* Ikipe igabanijwe inyuma, hagati no imbere ariko imbere gusa ni bo bashobora gutsinda.

== Reba kandi ==

* Imikino y'abamugaye
* Intebe yimikino ya rugby
* Rugby

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UMUTARE GABY</title>
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      <text bytes="2846" sha1="sxyg3qie9fqrpdmd7k7nirm5bel0rok" xml:space="preserve">Nyuma y’igihe gito umuririmbyi Umutare Gaby ashinze urugo n’umukunzi we, Joyce Nzere bagahita bajya gutura muri Australia ,arakomeza gushimangira urwo yakunze uyu mufasha we bivugwa ko amurusha imyaka icyenda y’amavuko.

Ku mbuga nkoranyambaga Umutare akoresha nka Facebook na Instagram umunsi ku wundi arasakaza amafoto n’ubutumwa bitandukanye arata umukunzi we basezeranye kubana nk’umugabo n’umugore mu bibi no mu byiza.

Yavuze iby’urukundo rwe n’umukunzi we asingiza ndetse n’andi avuga icyo (...)

Nyuma y’igihe gito umuririmbyi Umutare Gaby ashinze urugo n’umukunzi we, Joyce Nzere bagahita bajya gutura muri Australia ,arakomeza gushimangira urwo yakunze uyu mufasha we bivugwa ko amurusha imyaka icyenda y’amavuko.

Ku mbuga nkoranyambaga Umutare akoresha nka Facebook na Instagram umunsi ku wundi arasakaza amafoto n’ubutumwa bitandukanye arata umukunzi we basezeranye kubana nk’umugabo n’umugore mu bibi no mu byiza.

Yavuze iby’urukundo rwe n’umukunzi we asingiza ndetse n’andi avuga icyo umukunzi we avuze kuri we.Gaby yagize ati '':“Buri nkuru y’urukundo iba ari nziza, ariko Iy’urukundo rwanjye nawe yandutiye izindi zose mwamikazi wanjye.”''

Benshi mu babonye ubu butumwa bwa Gaby bakomeje kugenda babugarukaho bikomeye,bamwe bamwifuriza ishya n’ihirwe, abandi bamwereka ko bishimiye uburyo abanyemo n’umukunzi we.

Hari uwavuze ko bitewe n’ukuntu Gaby abanye n’umukunzi we bishobora gutuma n’abasaza bakwifuza gusubira mu busore bakongera gushaka .Yagize ati:''“Ryoherwa n’uwo muteteri umutendeza ngohe, abasaza bagashya mu nda ngo icyabasubiza ubusore bakongera bagashaka”.''

Aba bombi bakunze gushyira hanze amafoto basohakanye, bari ku [[igare]] cyangwa se batembereye mu misozi miremire.

Umutare yamenyekanye mu ndirimbo zirimo ‘Nkwegukane’, ‘Ntunkangure’, ‘Urangora’, ‘Ayo Bavuga’, ‘Mesa Kamwe’, ‘Ukunda nde’ n’izindi. Ni umwe mu bahanzi bane bashya binjiye bwa mbere mu irushanwa rya Primus Guma Guma Super Star 6 iherutse gusorezwa i Kigali muri 2016.

Uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] yarushinganye n’Umunyarwandakazi witwa Joyce Nzere [Yiga ibijyanye n’icungamutungomuri Kaminuza ya Canberra] usanzwe utuye muri Australia.

Umutare Gaby yavutse kuwa wa 5 Gicurasi 1990, ni umwe mu baririmbyi bamenyekanye mu myaka itatu ishize [kuko yatangiye kuririmba ku giti cye muri 2014] bakagaragaza imbaraga mu buryo bwihariye.

Kuwa 26 Gashyantare 2017, UMURYANGO wasohoye inkuru ivuga ku bukwe bw’Umutare na Joyce ndetse ko bagomba kujya gutura muri Australia.Icyo gihe Umutare yabihakanye yivuye inyuma kugeza ubwo umunsi wageze w’ubukwe anafata icyemezo cyo kujya gutura by’iteka muri Australia.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uko-umutare-abayeho-nyuma-yo-kurushinga-na-joyce-batuye-muri-australia-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hirwa dinah</title>
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      <text bytes="676" sha1="hm7xle9n4l09m9sojoim8hq617z24vg" xml:space="preserve">Hirwa Dinah Bruce ni umu mama wa bana babiri n'umugabo umwe yavukiye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y'Amajyepfo]], [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru|Akarere ka nyaruguru]], mu murenge wa Ruramba, akagari ka Ruramba, umudugudu wa Ruramba. afite ababyeyi bombi papa na mama. afite abavandimwe bane abakobwa babiri na bahungu babiri. amashuri abanza n' ikiciro cya mashuri ya mbere cya mashuri abanza ya yize mu rwunge rw'amashuri umwamikazi mariya(marie renne) kiri mu murenge wa ruramba, ikicirro cya kabiri cya mashuri yisumbuye acyiga murwunge rwa mashuri nyamyumba ishami ry'imibare, ubukungu na mudasobwa. Dinah ari gusoza kaminuza mu bijyane n'imibare, mudasobwa ndetse no kubyigisha.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inyandiko</title>
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'''Philippe Kayibanda'''    yavutse  tariki 21/11/1977,arubatse afite umugore n'abana 4 , afite impamyabushobozi y'icyiciro cya 3 muri MHA (Masters of Hospital and Healthcare Administration)  yakuye muri university of Rwanda  ndetse afite impamyabushobozi y'icyiciro cya 2 yakuye muri Mount Kenya University   mu ishami rya  General Nursing.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Philippe Kayibanda   yakoranye n'Imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n'ibigo by'ubuzima  binyuranye mu Rwanda  mu rwego rwo guteza imbere  urwego rw'ubuzima hazamurwa ireme rya service z'ubuzima no guteza imbere  serivise z'ubuzima bw'umwana n'umubyeyi &lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/ikirezi01/?locale=en_GB&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.intrahealth.org/vital/rwandas-nurses-communicate-protect-themselves-and-their-clients&lt;/ref&gt; ,byongeye kandi yagiye akora imirimo inyuranye y'ubukorerabushake mubijyanye no guteza imbere umwuga w'abakora ubuforomo mubigo by'ubuvuzi  ,guteza imbere  ibikorwa by'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge  no guteza imbere uburere n'uburezi n'impano by'umwana binyuze  gutera inkunga ibikorwa bya Ikirezi kevine.

Philippe Kayibanda  akorera Jhpiego  kuva mu kwezi kwa 10 (October ,2023) Kugeza ubu aho  ashinzwe Ubuzima bw'umwana no Gukurikirana Malaria (Child Health and Malaria)  mu turere  twa Musanze ,Gakenke ,Ngororero ,Rutsiro na [[Rubavu]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva  mu kwezi kwa 12 /2018  kugeza mukwezi kwa 6/2023   (Dec 2018 - Jun 2023) yakoreye World Vision Rwanda ashinzwe Patient Voice mu mushinga &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;USAID Ingobyi Activity &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; muturere twa  [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|Rwamagana]] ,Bugesera,Ngoma,Gatsibo na Nyagatare.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva  mu kwezi kwa 9 /2016   kugeza mukwezi kwa 7/2018 yakoreye Jhpiego ashinzwe  guhuza ibikorwa by'umushinga  wa USAID (MCSP)  mukarere ka Kamonyi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;

Philippe Kayibanda yabaye umuyobozi w'ibigo by'ubuvuzi  binyuranye mu Karere ka Bugesera  (Mareba Hc kuva 2/2005 kugeza 1/2010 na  Kamabuye Hc kuva mu kwezi kwa 3 / 2012 - 9/ 2016)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippe-kayibanda-49534218/details/experience/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amata</title>
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Ijambo '''“amata”''' ni ijambo ry’Ikirundi n’Ikinyarwanda rifite agaciro gakomeye mu buzima bw’abantu, cyane cyane mu mirire no mu muco. Dore amakuru arambuye kuri iri jambo:

{{stub}}
----

=== 🥛 1. Ibisobanuro by’ijambo “amata” ===

* '''Amata''' ni '''ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka''', cyangwa izindi nyamaswa z’amata nka: ihene, intama, ingamiya, n’ingwejwe.
* Mu Kinyarwanda, “amata” ni ijambo riri mu '''bwinshi'''; ijambo ry’'''umwimerere''' ryarwo mu rwego rw’umwe ni '''amase''', '''amata y’inka''', cyangwa '''icyansi''' (bitewe n'uko ukoreshwa mu mvugo).

----

=== 🥣 2. Uko amata akoreshwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Imikoreshereze
!Ibisobanuro
|-
|'''Kunywa amata'''
|Gufata amata nk’ikiribwa cy’umwimerere.
|-
|'''Gukamisha amata'''
|Gukamura amata mu nka cyangwa izindi nyamaswa.
|-
|'''Guteka amata'''
|Amata ashobora gutekwa cyangwa gutunganywa mu buryo butandukanye (nk’ay’amata y’amashu, ay’ifu, ay'igikoma, n'ibindi).
|-
|'''Gukoramo ibindi biribwa'''
|Amata akorwamo: '''amavuta''', '''fromage (cheese)''', '''yoghurt''', '''amavuta y’inka''', n'ibindi.
|}
----

=== 🧬 3. Agaciro k’amata mu mirire ===

* Amata ni isoko ikomeye ya:
** '''Calcium''' (ifasha amagufa gukomera),
** '''Proteyine''' (ifasha mu bwubatsi bw’umubiri),
** '''Vitamini D''', '''B12''', n’izindi.
* Yifashishwa cyane mu mirire y’abana, [[Umugore|abagore]] batwite n’abonsa, ndetse n’abantu bose bashaka kugira ubuzima bwiza.

----

=== 🐄 4. Amata mu muco nyarwanda ===

* Mu muco wa Kinyarwanda, amata afite agaciro gakomeye:
** Bayatanga nk’ikirango cy’urukundo n’icyubahiro ku bashyitsi.
** Inka n’amata bifatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ubumwe n’amahoro.
** Haririmbwa, haterwa imigani n’imivugo bijyanye n’amata:
*** ''“Amata meza ntiyivugira”'' – bivuga ko ibiza ntibimenyekanisha, ahubwo bigaragarira mu bikorwa.
*** ''“Umwana utaragira amata ntiyamenya akamaro kayo”'' – bivuga ko utagize amahirwe ntamenya agaciro kayo.

----

=== 📝 Mu ncamake: ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ijambo
!Amata
|-
|Ubwoko
|Izina ry'ibintu (plural)
|-
|Ibisobanuro
|Ibinyobwa bivuye mu nka n’izindi nyamaswa z'amata
|-
|Agaciro
|Mu mirire, ubuzima, n’umuco
|-
|Ikoreshwa
|Kunywa, guteka, gukora ibindi biribwa
|-
|Muri kamere
|Akungahaye kuri calcium, protein, vitamini
|}
----Amata ni ikinyobwa gifite uburyohe bwiza kandi bufitiye umubiri w'umuntu akamaro. Akenshi amata avamwo amata y'inka, ariko hashobora gukoreshwa n'amata y'izindi nyamaswa nk'ihene cyangwa intama. amata aba afite intungamubiri nyinshi nka karisiyumu,vitamini D,hamwe n'ibinyamasukari bya Lactose.&lt;ref&gt;https://copilot.microsoft.com/chats/2a6gAgPsVM4GBySmH4HPg&lt;/ref&gt;

kubera ibyiza byinshi bifitiye umubiri akamaro,Amata ni ikinyobwa kimenyerewe cyane kandi kigira uruhare rukomeye mu mirire y'abantu.

== Akamaro k'amata mu mubiri w'umuntu ==
- Ibinure bigize amata ni ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umubiri ugira imbaraga, umubiri ushobora gukora imisemburo,mukurinda umubiri n'ingingo ziwugize,gufasha umubiri guhangana n'ubukonje ndetse no gufasha vitamin zisaba ibinure kugirango zikore neza.

-Isukari iboneka mu mata (yitwa Lactose),ituma umubiri ubona imbaraga zo gukora.
[[Dosiye:Glass of Milk (33657535532).jpg|thumb|Amata]]
-Proteyine ziboneka mu mata zifasha umubiri mu kongera ubudahangarwa,gusana ahangiritse no gukomeza imikorere myiza y'umubiri.Izi ntungamubiri kandi zifasha mu gukomeza imikaya n'amagufa.

-Akomeza imikaya y'amaso no kubona neza, gukungahara kuri Vitamin A biyaha ubushobozi bwo gukomeza amenyo n'amagufa ndetse no kugira uruhu rwiza.Vitamin A inafasha mu kurwanya indwara yo kutabona neza nijoro.

-Vitamin B12; ifasha mu mikorere myiza y'ubwonko n'urwungano rw'imyakura(nervous system) no gukora uturemangigo tw'amaraso dutukura, ibi byose ibifatanya na Vitamin B6, iyi ikongeraho kuvana uburozi mu mwijima. B12 ni igenzi cyane mu mikorere myiza y'umutima, ibibazo byo gusinzira, Diyabete n'ibindi bibazo byo mu mutwe.

-Vitamin B2 (riboflavin); ifasha umubiri kwinjiza ubutare bityo bikarinda indwara yo kubura amaraso (anemia).

-Vitamin B3 (niacin); ifasha umutima gukora neza no kugabanya cholesterol mbi mu mubiri, ifasha kandi urwungano rw’imyakura, ngogozi (imikorere myiza y’urwungano ngogozi iyifitanya na vitamin B1 cg thiamine), uruhu, umusatsi n’amaso.

-Vitamin B5 iba mu mata ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa n’aho ingingo zihurira, igafasha mu mikorere myiza y’umutima. Igafasha mu gukora uturemangingo dufasha mu ihanahana ry’amakuru ku bwonko.
[[Dosiye:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|Amata]]
-Folate irinda indwara yo kubura amaraso no gutuma inda-ibyara (uterus) ikura nezaVitamin D, ifasha umubiri kwinjiza kalisiyumu. Inafasha mu kuringaniza imyunyungugu nka kalisiyumu na fosifore mu mubiri, ikanarinda indwara zituma umubiri wirwanya ubwawo (autoimmune diseases). Vitamin D inafasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza.
-Kalisiyumu na manyesiyumu, iyi myunyungugu ifasha mu gukomeza amagufa kimwe n’amenyo. Manyesiyumu ifasha kandi umubiri guhinduramo ibyo turya imbaraga umubiri ukoresha no gukora ingingo zisimbura izishaje. Fosifore nayo ifasha umubiri gukomeza amagufa n’amenyo no gutuma umwijima ukora neza.
-Potasiyumu ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso no gutuma umutima ukora neza.
-Zinc ifasha mu gukora ubwirinzi bukomeye, gukura no gusana uturemangingo, gukiza ibisebe kimwe no kwinjiza mu mubiri ibinyamasukari tuba twariye
Selenium, ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’urwungano rurinda umubiri kubera ubushobozi n’ingufu iki kinyabutabire gifite, inarinda kandi imvubura ya thyroid (haba ingoto).
-Choline, ni intungamubiri z’ingenzi amata afite, afasha mu gusinzira, gukoresha imikaya, kwiga no gufata mu mutwe.
Iki kinyabutabire gifasha mu mikorere myiza y’uturemangingo, no gukwirakwiza amakuru k’ubwonko, ifasha kandi mu kwinjiza ibinure mu mubiri no kugabanya ububyimbirwe bukabije.&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/menya-akamaro-k-amata-ku-mubiri-w-umuntu&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingaruka z'amata kuri bamwe ===
Hari abo amata atera ikibazo, kizwi nka lactose intolerance. Kuri aba bantu umubiri wabo uba ubura enzymes ihindura isukari iva mu mata, igakoreshwa mu mubiri. Abantu bafite iki kibazo iyo banyweye amata abamerera nabi; bagira ibyuka byinshi mu mara, kumva inda yuzuye no guhitwa. Abantu bafite iki kibazo bagomba kunywa amata atarimo lactose, cg bagafata inyongera zituma bagira lactose mbere yo kunywa amata.
Allergie cg kugira ubwivumbure budasanzwe ku mata, iki ni ikibazo kiba kiri mu miterere y’ubwirinzi bw’umubiri wawe. Abantu bafite iki kibazo barangwa no guhumeka biruhije, gufuruta, kumererwa nabi mu gifu, kuruka no guhitwa igihe banyweye amata.

Kugira potasiyumu na fosifore nyinshi mu mubiri, nazo ziri ku bwinshi mu mata, si byiza ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’impyiko. Iyo impyiko zidashoboye gusohora iyi myunyungugu mu gihe iba yabaye myinshi bishobora guteza ikibazo gikomeye.

Kalisiyumu nyinshi nayo si nziza mu mubiri, ishobora gutera ibibazo bya constipation, kugira utubuye mu mpyiko cg imikorere mibi yazo. Iyi kalisiyumu ishobora no kujya mu mijyana ikaba yatera indwara ku mutima.

Guha amata y’inka umwana utarageza umwaka 1 ntago ari byiza. Aya mata y’inka ugereranyije n’amashereka aba arimo ubutare (fer) bucye, bishobora gutera ibibazo byo kuva mu rwungano ngogozi bitewe no kugira ikigero cy’ubutare gike.

Amata y’inka zimwe na zimwe aba arimo imisemburo kimwe n’imiti (irimo za antibiyotike) n’ibindi bitandukanye izo nka zihabwa. Ibi byose bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bwa muntu n’indwara zibasira [[ubwonko]] kimwe na [[kanseri]] zitandukanye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Gisozi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="4104" sha1="k2lclv7jtiwg7dl6qoofrtnllznxm4t" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 006.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi-kigali]]
Urwibutso rwa Gisozi ni [[urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]. Ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abasaga ibihumbi 250 y'abazize jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. ruherereye ku musozi wa Gisozi,urwibutso rwa Kigali ni rumwe mu zubatswe ku ikubitiro nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuko mu 1994 aribwo umusozi wa Gisozi watoranyijwe ngo imibiri y’abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi iharuhukire. Uru rwibutso ruherereye mu Murenge wa Gisozi, [[Akarere ka Gasabo]].&lt;ref&gt;Gisozi, Murambi, Nyamata na Bisesero: Ibyo wamenya kuri izi nzibutso ziri mu murage w’Isi wa UNESCO - ICK News&lt;/ref&gt; Uru rwibutso rwubatse mu rwego rwo gufasha abarokotse Jenoside n'abandi bantu bose kuzirikana ku mateka y'icyo gihe,no gukomeza kwigisha isi yose ku ngaruka zayo.&lt;ref&gt;Microsoft Copilot: Your AI companion&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dosiye:Wiki Indaba 2022 Viste des Wikimédiens au mémorial du génocide de Kigali au Rwanda 14.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi-kigali]]

=== Nyuma y'ivugururwa ry'urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi Abanyarwanda barasabwa kurushaho kurusura ===
Ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali ruri ku Gisozi bufatanyije n’inshuti zarwo, basabye [[abanyarwanda]] kutirara bareka gusura inzibutso za Jenoside, kubera urwitwazo ko baba barazisuye cyangwa ko ntaho babona ho kwibukira ku Gisozi.

Umuryango mpuzamahanga wa Aegis Trust wita ku rwibutso rwo ku Gisozi, watangaje ko ibyumba byo kwigiramo ububi bwa Jenoside, ndetse n’ikibanza cyo kwicaramo, kumva no kureba ibikorwa bijyanye no kwibuka (Amphitheatre), byamaze kubakwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nyuma y’aho Urwibutso rwa Gisozi ruvugururiwe Abanyarwanda barasabwa kurushaho kurusura - Kigali Today&lt;/ref&gt;

“Uru rwibutso ntirugomba guhagararira gusa ku kwerekana amateka, ahubwo twashatse ko ayo mateka [agomba kuba amateka y’isi], yaba umusingi w’ibihe byiza bizaza; niyo mpamvu hubatswe iyi ‘amphitheatre’, kuko iyo hazaga abantu barenze 1,000 baburaga aho bicara, bikaba ngombwa ko basimburana”, nk’uko umuyobozi wa Aegis Trust, Freddy Mutanguha yabitangaje.
[[Dosiye:Wiki Indaba 2022 Viste des Wikimédiens au mémorial du génocide de Kigali au Rwanda 10.jpg|thumb|''Abantu bagiye gusura Urwibutso'']]
‘Amphitheatre’ yo ku Gisozi (ikibanza kigizwe n’intebe zubatswe n’amabuye) ngo ishobora kwakira abantu bagera kuri 5,000 icyarimwe, bakareba, bakumva inyigisho, imikino n’ibindi bagezwaho n’abantu bari imbere yabo, mu gikono gikozwe mu byuma kihateretse.

Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo rugiye kubakirwa kandi ikigo mpuzamahanga kibikwamo inyandiko zivuga kuri Jenoside zagiye ziba ku isi; ku buryo ngo abavuye mu bihugu bitandukanye bajya baza kuhigira amasomo yo gukumira Jenoside n’ubundi bugome bukorerwa ikiremwamuntu, nk’uko Mutangana yabisobanuye.
[[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 025.jpg|thumb|''Amwe mu mazina y'abazize Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi muri mata1994'']]
Muri iki gihe abanyarwanda basura urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo baragabanutse basigara batarenga 50% bavuye kuri 70% y’abazaga mu myaka ibiri ishize; ibyo bigaterwa n’uko benshi ngo biyumvisha ko basuye urwo rwibutso inshuro nyinshi, n’ubwo Mutangana ngo atirengagiza ikibazo cy’amikoro make kuri bamwe.

Abadepite Mutesi Anita na Jean Marie Vianney Gatabazi bo mu ihuriro rigize inshuti z’u rwibutso mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda, bamenyesha ko kwibuka bitazigera bireka gukorwa, bagasaba abanyarwanda kutirara no kutumva ko gusura urwibutso rimwe bihagije.

“Abanyarwanda bagomba guhora baza hano gusura urwibutso, bakumva impamvu Jenoside yabaye kugirango itazongera kubaho; uretse ko hari benshi bataranasobanukirwa uko Jenoside yabaye”, Depite Mutesi.

Nyuma yo kubaka Amphitheatre ku Gisozi, abakozi ba banki za COGEBANKI na ACCESS baje kuhibukira, banatera inkunga izo nyubako zitararangira neza, aho Cogebanki yatanze ibihumbi 20 by’amadolari, Acces itanga ibihumbi 10 by’amadolari, yiyongera ku zindi nkunga izo banki zivuga ko zagiye zifashisha urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi.&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umurenge wa Murama</title>
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'''Umurenge wa Murama''' uherereye mu '''Karere ka Kayonza''', mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u Rwanda. Ni umwe mu mirenge ikomeye muri aka karere, kandi ufite ibikorwa byinshi by'ubukungu, ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi, uburezi, n'iterambere mu bice bitandukanye. Dore amwe mu makuru ajyanye n'umurenge wa Murama:&lt;ref&gt;umurenge wa murama mu karere ka kayonza&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1. Aho uherereye: ===

* Umurenge wa '''Murama''' uherereye mu karere ka '''Kayonza''', kandi ni umwe mu mirenge iri mu gice cy'iburasirazuba bw'akarere. Uyu murenge uhana imbibi n'imirenge nka '''Nyamirama''', '''Mukarange''', '''Rukomo''', ndetse n'imirenge yo mu bice bitandukanye bya Kayonza.
* Murama ni ahantu heza, hafite ahantu ho gutura ndetse n'imihanda myiza ihuza n'indi mirenge n'ibice bitandukanye by'akarere.

=== 2. Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi: ===

* '''Ubuhinzi''' ni kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi mu murenge wa Murama. Abaturage bakora ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, ibishyimbo, imyumbati, imbuto, ndetse n'ibihingwa by’icyatsi. Murama ni ahantu hatoranyijwe cyane mu buhinzi, aho abaturage bafite uburyo bwo kubona isoko ryiza ry'ibyo bahinga.
* '''Ubworozi''' nabwo bufite uruhare runini muri uyu murenge, aho abaturage borora amatungo atandukanye, harimo inka, intama, n'ihene, bigatuma ubukungu bw'abaturage bubasha kwiyongera.

=== 3. Imiyoborere n'Ibikorwa by'ubuyobozi: ===

* '''Ibiro by'umurenge:''' Umurenge wa Murama ufite ibiro by'umurenge aho abaturage bashobora kubona serivisi zitandukanye, gukemura ibibazo by’ubuyobozi, no kubona ubufasha muri gahunda zitandukanye.
* '''Imiyoborere myiza:''' Mu murenge wa Murama, ubuyobozi bugenda bushingira ku kwita ku mibereho y’abaturage, gukora imishinga y'iterambere, no kugera ku ntego z'iterambere rirambye.

=== 4. Uburezi: ===

* '''Amashuri:''' Umurenge wa Murama ufite amashuri abanza, aho abana biga. Hari kandi amashuri yisumbuye atandukanye mu murenge, aho urubyiruko rwiga mu mashuri asanzwe cyangwa mu mashuri yigisha imyuga.
* '''Imfashanyigisho:''' Abaturage n'abana bakora uko bashoboye ngo bagere ku burezi bufite ireme. Hari gahunda nyinshi z'uburezi zifasha abaturage mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere uburezi bw'abana n’urubyiruko.

=== 5. Ibikorwa by'ubuzima: ===

* '''Ibigo nderabuzima:''' Umurenge wa Murama ufite ibigo by'ubuvuzi (ibigo nderabuzima) bitandukanye, byita ku buzima bw’abaturage. Ibi bigo bitanga serivisi z’ubuzima zirimo ubuvuzi bw’ibanze, kwita ku bana, n'ubuzima rusange.
* '''Serivisi z'ubuzima:''' Abaturage ba Murama barashishikarizwa gukoresha serivisi z'ubuvuzi, kugira ngo barusheho kugira imibereho myiza, by'umwihariko mu bijyanye n'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n'ubuzima rusange.

=== 6. Imihanda n'Ibikorwaremezo: ===

* '''Imihanda:''' Umurenge wa Murama ufite imihanda myiza ifasha abaturage n'abagenzi kugera ku bice bitandukanye by'akarere ka Kayonza. Ibi bituma boroherwa no gutambuka hagati y'imirenge no kugera ku isoko.
* '''Ibikorwaremezo:''' Hari ibikorwa byinshi by'ibikorwaremezo muri uyu murenge, birimo amashanyarazi, amazi meza, hamwe n'ibikorwa by'iterambere byunganira ubuzima bw'abaturage.

=== 7. Iterambere ry'ubukungu: ===

* '''Imishinga y'iterambere:''' Umurenge wa Murama ufite imishinga inyuranye igamije kongera umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, guteza imbere ubworozi, ndetse no gufasha abaturage kugira ubuzima bwiza. Hari gahunda zo guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ubukungu, aho abaturage bafashwa kwiteza imbere mu bijyanye n’ubucuruzi n’ubuhinzi.
* '''Ubucuruzi:''' Murama ni ahantu hasanzwe haboneka amasoko, aho abaturage bashobora kugurisha ibicuruzwa byabo kandi bakabona ibikoresho bakeneye mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.

=== 8. Imishinga y'Iterambere n'Ubukerarugendo: ===

* '''Iterambere ry'ubukerarugendo:''' Nubwo Murama itaba ahantu hazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, ariko hari amahirwe yo kuzamura ubukerarugendo ku rwego rw'imbere mu gihugu. Ubuhinzi n'ubworozi byihariye muri uyu murenge byaba byateza imbere ubukerarugendo bw'imbere mu gihugu.

=== 9. Imibereho Myiza n'Uburinganire: ===

* Umurenge wa Nyamirama ukora cyane ku birebana no kwimakaza uburinganire n’imibereho myiza, aho hari gahunda zinyuranye zigamije guteza imbere [[Umugore|abagore]], urubyiruko, n’abatishoboye mu bice bitandukanye.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uburenganzira bw'umugore n'umwangavu muri Qatar</title>
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      <id>142518</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="6159" sha1="jkiumx2iyoxt64ptkzfarbh89zrt7s3" xml:space="preserve">= Intangiriro =
Qatar, igihugu giherereye mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, cyagiye kigaragaza ubushake bwo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'umugore n'umwangavu mu myaka yashize. Nubwo hari intambwe zatewe, hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Women Qatar Gender Data Portal |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Uburenganzira bw’Umugore muri Qatar ==

=== Uburenganzira bwo Guhitamo Umugabo ===
Mu mategeko ya Qatar, umugore asabwa uruhushya rw'umugabo we kugira ngo ashobore gushyingirwa. Ibi bituma umugore adafite ubwigenge mu guhitamo uwo azashakana na we &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Girls Not Brides - Qatar |url=https://childmarriagedata.org/country-profiles/qatar/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Girls Not Brides}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Uburenganzira bwo Gukora ===
[[Umugore|Abagore]] bo muri Qatar bafite uburenganzira bwo gukora, ariko hari imirimo imwe n'imwe basabwa uruhushya rwo kuyikora, cyane cyane mu nzego za Leta &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Bank Qatar Gender Data Portal |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Uburenganzira bwo Kwiga ===
Abagore bafite uburenganzira bwo kwiga, kandi hari gahunda zitandukanye ziteza imbere ireme ry'uburezi bw'abagore, harimo no kubaha amahirwe angana n'abagabo mu mashuri makuru n'amakuru &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO International Day of Girls and Women in Science - Qatar |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/2023-international-day-girls-and-women-science-qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Imibare y’Uburezi bw’Abagore ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Uburinganire mu mashuri muri Qatar (2023)
!Urwego
!Abahungu (%)
!Abakobwa (%)
|-
|Incuke (ECD)
|52
|48
|-
|Amashuri abanza
|51
|49
|-
|Ayisumbuye
|53
|47
|-
|Amakuru/University
|55
|45
|}

== Uburenganzira bw’Umwangavu muri Qatar ==

=== Uburezi bw’Abakobwa ===
Abakobwa bafite amahirwe angana n'abahungu mu burezi, kandi hari gahunda zihariye zo guteza imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa, harimo no kubaha amahirwe yo kwiga mu mashuri yisumbuye n'amakuru &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UNICEF Qatar 2023 MICS Survey |url=https://mics.unicef.org/news/just-released-qatar-2023-mics-survey-findings-and-snapshots |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku Gitsina ===
Nubwo Qatar yashyizeho amategeko arengera abakobwa, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikigaragara mu muryango, rikaba rikeneye gukumirwa no guhanwa &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2023: Qatar |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Uburinganire mu Mirimo ===
Abakobwa bafite amahirwe angana n'abahungu mu mirimo, ariko hakiri imbogamizi mu kugera ku myanya y'ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi bwo guhitamo imirimo bakunda &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Economic Times Qatar Women's Labor Market |url=https://hrme.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/qatar-leads-the-arab-world-in-womens-labor-market-empowerment-key-unga-highlights/124087365 |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Imibare y’Abagore mu Mirimo n’Ubuyobozi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Abagore mu mirimo n'ubuyobozi muri Qatar (2023)
!Igice
!Abagore (%)
!Abagabo (%)
|-
|Inteko Ishinga Amategeko
|4.4
|95.6
|-
|Imirimo y’ubuyobozi mu nzego za Leta
|16
|84
|-
|Imirimo ishingiye ku gice cy’akazi
|30
|70
|}

== Imibare y’Ubushakashatsi n’Imibereho y’Abakobwa ==

* Abagore bamara 8.2% by'igihe cyabo mu mirimo itishyurwa, mu gihe abagabo bamara 2.2% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Bank Qatar Gender Data Portal |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Abakobwa bafite hagati y’imyaka 15 na 19 batwaye abana 6 ku 1,000 muri Qatar mu mwaka wa 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Girls Not Brides - Qatar |url=https://childmarriagedata.org/country-profiles/qatar/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Girls Not Brides}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* Ibyo kwiga by’abakobwa byiyongereye ku kigero cya 20% mu myaka 10 ishize, byagaragaza intambwe mu burezi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Women Qatar Gender Data Portal |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Gahunda n’Inzira zo Guteza Imbere Uburenganzira ==

=== Gahunda za Leta ===
Leta ya Qatar yashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, harimo gahunda zo kubaha amahirwe angana mu burezi, mu mirimo, no mu nzego za Leta &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Qatar Strategic Plan 2030 - Women’s Empowerment Initiatives |url=https://www.qatar2030.gov.qa/women-empowerment |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=State of Qatar}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Inkunga z’Imiryango Mpuzamahanga ===
Imiryango mpuzamahanga nka UN Women, [[UNICEF]], na Human Rights Watch ikorana na Leta ya Qatar mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, binyuze mu bikorwa byo kubaha amahirwe angana no kurwanya ihohoterwa &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Women Qatar Gender Data Portal |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/qatar |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=UN Women}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Imbogamizi n’Inzira zo Kuzirwanya ==
Nubwo hari intambwe zatewe, hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, harimo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, imbogamizi mu kugera ku myanya y'ubuyobozi, no kutagira uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo bashakana &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Amnesty International Qatar Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwanzuro ==
Qatar yashyizeho amategeko n'amabwiriza agamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, ariko hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza ayo mategeko. Gukomeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda ziteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa bizafasha kugera ku ntego yo kubaha amahirwe angana n'abagabo mu nzego zose.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umutungo kamere wa Mageragere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142499</id>
      <parentid>126612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T09:10:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="396" sha1="453ry7lqjd7uhtijhbg6o0qpkxfl57a" xml:space="preserve">Mageragere ni umwe mu mirenge 10 igize [[akarere ka Nyarugenge]], ari yo: Gitega, Kanyinya, Kigali, Kimisagara, Mageragere, Muhima, Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Nyarugenge, Rwezamenyo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/akarere/menya-akarere&lt;/ref&gt;

Umurenge wa Mageragere ufite [[Akagari|utugari]] 7 ari two: Kankuba, Nyarufunzo, Kavumu, Ntungamo, Runzenze, Nyarurenzi, Mataba.


== Amashakiro: ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spiro</title>
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    <id>21406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142492</id>
      <parentid>126931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya ingingo: imiterere, infobox, inyandiko zizewe, amahuza n'ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="3973" sha1="7bzovs4lbiybr0sz4b5pe064mkie81e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above   = Spiro
| label1  = Ubwoko
| data1   = Ikigo cy'ubucuruzi cyigenga
| label2  = Urwego
| data2   = [[Moto]] z'amashanyarazi, guhinduranya bateri
| label3  = Yatangiye ibikorwa
| data3   = 2022 ([[Togo]] na [[Bene]])
| label4  = Umuyobozi mukuru
| data4   = Kaushik Burman
| label5  = Ibihugu ikoreramo
| data5   = [[Togo]], [[Bene]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Ubugande]], [[Nijeriya]]
| label6  = Urubuga
| data6   = [https://www.spironet.com spironet.com]
}}
'''Spiro''' ni ikigo cy'ubucuruzi gikorera muri [[Afurika]], gikora kandi gicuruza [[moto]] z'amashanyarazi, kikanatanga serivisi yo guhinduranya bateri (''battery swapping'') ku bamotari.

Gikorera mu bihugu bitandatu by'Afurika, harimo n'[[Rwanda]], aho cyatangiye ibikorwa mu 2023. Kigamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu bwikorezi no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku [[Ibidukikije|bidukikije]].

== Amateka ==
Spiro yatangiye ibikorwa byayo muri [[Togo]] na [[Bene]] mu 2022, maze mu 2023 igera muri [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Ubugande]] na [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Höije |first=Katarina |date=2024-05-30 |title=TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2024: Spiro |url=https://time.com/6980333/spiro/ |work=TIME |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi wayo mukuru ni Kaushik Burman.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; /&gt; Muri Gicurasi 2024, ikinyamakuru ''TIME'' cyayishyize ku rutonde rw'ibigo 100 bifite ijambo rikomeye ku isi (''TIME100 Most Influential Companies''); icyo gihe yari ifite moto z'amashanyarazi zigera ku 14 000.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; /&gt;

Mu Kwakira 2025, Spiro yabonye ishoramari rya miliyoni 100 z'amadolari y'Amerika, harimo miliyoni 75 zatanzwe n'ikigega FEDA cya Banki Nyafurika y'Ubucuruzi bw'Ibyoherezwa mu Mahanga (Afreximbank).&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Kingsley |date=2025-10-23 |title=FEDA leads $100m investment to expand regional electric mobility |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/feda-leads-100m-investment-to-expand-regional-electric-mobility/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa mu Rwanda ==
Mu Rwanda, ibiro bya Spiro biri i Remera–Giporoso, mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;spiro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Presence |url=https://www.spironet.com/contact-us |website=Spiro |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nzeri 2025, Spiro yamuritse imideli mishya ya moto, Ekon 450M1 na Ekon 450M2, iteranyirizwa mu gihugu kandi ku giciro kiri hasi ugereranyije n'iyabanje.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ntarindwa |first=Frank |date=2025-09-08 |title=Spiro launches sleeker, safer new e-bike models at lower cost |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/29529/news/featured/spiro-launches-sleeker-safer-new-e-bike-models-at-lower-cost |work=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku wa 14 Kanama 2026, yamuritse moto nshya, EKON M1 V3, yakorewe imisozi n'imihanda igoye yo mu Rwanda, mu imurikagurisha ry'i [[Gikondo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nyandwi |first=Charles |date=2026-08-15 |title=Spiro unveils new e-motorcycle built for Rwanda's tough terrain |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/38192/news/featured/spiro-unveils-new-e-motorcycle-built-for-rwandas-tough-terrain |work=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Nyakanga 2026, Spiro yari ifite mu Rwanda moto z'amashanyarazi zirenga 28 000 na sitasiyo zirenga 300 zo guhinduranya bateri, harimo eshatu nini i Kigali; yari imaze no guha akazi abantu barenga 3 000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Sam |date=2026-07-02 |title=Spiro Builds Rwanda's Largest Electric Mobility Ecosystem in Just Three Years |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2026/07/spiro-builds-rwandas-largest-electric-mobility-ecosystem-in-just-three-years/ |work=KT Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Moto]]
* [[Ibidukikije]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.spironet.com Urubuga rwemewe rwa Spiro] (mu Cyongereza)

{{Stub}}

[[Ikiciro:Moto]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bernard Bahati</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Kunoza ingingo (wikification): infobox, imiterere y'ubuzima, inyandiko zemewe zigenzuwe, gukuraho ibitavuga isoko, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="5222" sha1="80kvklit3j35atg0rqgstsds1961bnm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Bernard Bahati
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation = Umurezi, umushakashatsi, umuyobozi
| title = Umuyobozi Mukuru wa [[NESA]]
| term = Kuva muri Gashyantare 2021
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Stockholm (PhD)&lt;br /&gt;Kaminuza ya Witwatersrand (MEd)
| employer = [[NESA]]
| known_for = Umuyobozi Mukuru wa mbere wa NESA
}}
'''Bernard Bahati''' ni umurezi n'umushakashatsi w'Umunyarwanda mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga mu burezi. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2021 ni Umuyobozi Mukuru (''Director General'') w'Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ibizamini n'Ubugenzuzi bw'Amashuri ([[NESA]]), akaba ari we muyobozi wa mbere w'icyo kigo.

Mbere yaho yari umwarimu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. Afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Stockholm muri [[Suwede]].

== Ubuzima ==

=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Bahati yatangiye umwuga we ari umwarimu mu mashuri abanza.&lt;ref name=&quot;nesa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About NESA |url=https://www.nesa.gov.rw/1/about-nesa |website=National Examination and School Inspection Authority (NESA) |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yize icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza (''Master of Education'' mu ikoranabuhanga mu burezi no kwiga hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga) muri Kaminuza ya Witwatersrand i Johannesburg muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nesa&quot; /&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2019 yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa n'imikorere y'ibigo (''Department of Computer and Systems Sciences'') rya Kaminuza ya Stockholm muri [[Suwede]]. Igitabo cy'ubushakashatsi bwe, ''Technology-enhanced formative assessment in higher education: An intervention design of scaffolding student self-regulated learning'', kigaruka ku buryo ikoranabuhanga ryafasha mu isuzuma rihoraho (''formative assessment'') ry'abanyeshuri ba kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;these&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bahati |first=Bernard |title=Technology-enhanced formative assessment in higher education: An intervention design of scaffolding student self-regulated learning |url=https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/1204 |website=University of Rwanda Digital Repository |publisher=Stockholm University, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences |date=2019-02-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umwuga ===
Bahati yabaye umwarimu muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]],&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education institutions get new bosses |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/education-institutions-get-new-bosses |website=IGIHE |date=2021-02-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyuma aba Umuyobozi ushinzwe kunoza imyigishirize n'imyigire (''Director of Teaching and Learning Enhancement'') muri iyo kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;nesa&quot; /&gt; Ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanda ku ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga mu kwigisha no kwiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;nesa&quot; /&gt;

Inama y'Abaminisitiri yo ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2021 yamushyize ku mwanya w'Umuyobozi Mukuru wa NESA, ikigo gishya cyari kimaze gushyirwaho n'itegeko ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta mu Ukwakira 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |title=Cabinet Appoints Senior Officials in the Newly Formed Education Institutions |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/02/cabinet-appoints-senior-officials-in-the-newly-formed-education-institutions/ |website=KT Press |date=2021-02-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot; /&gt; NESA yatangiye imirimo ku wa 1 Werurwe 2021; ishinzwe gutegura no gukoresha ibizamini bya Leta by'amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye n'ay'imyuga (TVET), ndetse no kugenzura ireme ry'uburezi mu mashuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;newtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Niwe |first=Liesse |title=Examinations boss tips candidates on finals |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186671/News/examinations-boss-tips-candidates-on-finals |website=The New Times |date=2021-06-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahati ni we wayoboye ishyirwaho ry'icyo kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nesa&quot; /&gt;

Nk'umuyobozi wa NESA, akurikirana imigendekere y'ibizamini bya Leta n'ishyirwa ry'abanyeshuri mu mashuri. Muri Nzeri 2023, yibukije abayobozi b'amashuri yo mu [[Kigali]] ko gushyira abanyeshuri mu mashuri (''placement and orientation'') ari inshingano za NESA yonyine, abasaba kutivanga muri uwo murimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;headteachers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director-General of NESA Warns Headteachers Against Interference in Placement and Orientation |url=https://www.nesa.gov.rw/online-services/director-general-of-nesa-warns-headteachers-against-interference-in-placement-and-orientation |website=NESA |date=September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Gashyantare 2026 yari akiri Umuyobozi Mukuru wa NESA.&lt;ref name=&quot;guidelines2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025/2026 National Examinations Registration Guidelines |url=https://www.nesa.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/NESA/Announcements/2025_2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines/2025-2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines_Signed.pdf |website=NESA |date=2026-02-24 |format=PDF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[NESA]]
* [[Uburezi mu Rwanda]]
* [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.nesa.gov.rw/1/about-nesa Umwirondoro wa Dr Bernard Bahati ku rubuga rwa NESA] (mu Cyongereza)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahati, Bernard}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwita Izina Abana b'Ingagi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>142504</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="3674" sha1="az5wm62xwaueaz5vyfry7ioenuye5vz" xml:space="preserve">Mu muco nyarwanda, umwana uvutse ahabwa izina, guha izina inyamaswa ni ukuziha agaciro, no kuzirinda kugirango zidacika.Ni Umuhango ubera mu kinigi mu karere ka Musanze hafi na pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga isanzwe ibarizwamo ingagi. Ni umuhango umaze imyaka irenga 20, hakaba hamaze kwitwa abana b’ingagi barenga 395. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.akageranationalparkrwanda.org/kwita-izina/ Kwita Izina | Rwanda's Gorilla Naming Ceremony | Rwanda Safaris]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyo twamenya k'Umuhango wo Kwita Izina ==
Kwita izina byatangiye mu mwaka wa 2005. Kwita Izina umuhango ubera mu Kinigi ku birenge by’ibirunga.Kwita izina,  Umuhango witabiriwe na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]]. Kwita Izina (2005), Izina Byishimo, izina ry’umwana w’ingagi ryiswe na  Perezida Paul Kagame ku nshuro ya mbere.Kwita Izina ,umuhango witabirwa n’umufasha wa Perezida wa Repuburika Jeanette Kagame rimwe na rimwe.Kwita Izina wabaye umuhango ngirakamaro ku isi mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Kwita Izina, Umuhango witabirwa n’abantu bakomeye bavuye hirya no hino ku isi; abashakashatsi, abashoramari, abayobozi b’ibigo, abahanzi, abakinnyi, ibyamamare mu ngeri zitandukanye.. Kwita Izina mu mwaka wa 2008 k'Inshuro 4 ,umuhango witabiriwe na Craig Hatkoff umuyobozi wa Wildlife Direct, umwanditsi wa Owen and Mzee. We n’umukobwa we bise izina Mushya umwana w’ingagi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://new.igihe.com/rwanda-to-name-40-baby-gorillas-at-kwita-izina-2025/ Rwanda to name 40 baby gorillas at Kwita Izina 2025 – IGIHE English]&lt;/ref&gt;Kwita Izina ,n'umuhango wanitabiriwe n’umuhanzi Oliver Ngoma muri 2008.Kwita Izina ,biliyoni 12, 58 zimaze gutangwa mu gufasha abaturage baturiye pariki mu mishanga, kubaka amashuri, kubaka amavuriro, n’ibiraro. Kwita Izina 2017,umuhango witabiriwe na Mugisha Benjamin ([[The Ben]]) yise izina Uruyange umwana w’ingagi. Uwomwaka Kwita Izina ,n'umuhango wanitabiriwe na Turahirwa Moise (Co Founder:Moshions) yise izina Kwanda.Kwita izina 2019 inshuro ya 15, witabiriwe na Amina Mohammed (Umunyamabanga wungirije w’umuryango w’Abibumye yise izina Ingoga umwana w’ingagi.Kwita izina uwo mwaka, n'umuhango witabiriwe na Meddy, yise izina Inkoramutima umwana w’ingagi. Kwita Izina 2021 k'unshuro ya 17,umuhango wabereye ku ikoranabuhanga kubera icyorezo cya COVID19. Kwita Izina 2022 (Inshuro 18), wabaye tariki ya 2 Nzeri 2022, Igikomangoma cya Walles  Charles Philip Arhur George yise izina Ubwuzuzane. Umwana wo mu muryango Muhoza.&lt;ref&gt;[https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/urwibutso-kuri-bimwe-mu-byamamare-ku-isi-byitabiriye-kwita-izina-mu-myaka-19-ishize-147353 Urwibutso kuri bimwe mu byamamare ku Isi byitabiriye Kwita Izina | InyaRwanda.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwita Izina 2022 (Inshuro 18) ,umuhango witabiriwe na Didier Drogba yise izina Ishami umwana w’ingagi. Kwita Izina 2022 uwo mwaka ,umuhango witabiriwe na [[Louise Mushikiwabo]] (OIF) yise izina Turikumwe, umwana wo mu muryango Ntambara. Kwita Izina 2023 ku nshuro ya 19, umuhango witabiriwe na Dr Zurab Pololikashvili uyobora UNWTO, wise izina Inshingano umwana w’ingagi. Kwita Izina, umuhango uha agaciro inyamaswa z’ingagi zirimo gucika ku isi ziba muri Pariki y’igihugu y’ibirunga. Kwita Izina uwo mwaka ,n'umuhango witabiriwe na Mme Audrey Azoulay,(umuyobozi wa UNESCO) yise izina Ikirango umwana w’ingagi. Kwita Izina ,umuhango wo guha agaciro, abaturage baturiye pariki, abavura inyamaswa, abakora mu gusigasira ibidukikije, abashakashatsi, abarinda n’abacunga parki n’abandi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/umuhango-wo-kwita-izina-wasubitswe Umuhango wo ‘Kwita Izina’ wasubitswe - IGIHE.com]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kevin Kade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142511</id>
      <parentid>136548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T09:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="974" sha1="j814ova91rueeviruwr18u640h4npmg" xml:space="preserve">Kevin Kade ni umwe mu banyarwanda b'abahanzi bagezweho kandi bakomeje kwamamara. Amazina ye bwite yahawe n'ababyeyi be ni Richard Ngabo, yavutse taliki 23 Nzeri 2000, avukira i [[Gikondo]] i Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;https://kevinkade.rf.gd/about-example-2/?i=1&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Amateka ye ==
Kevin Kade ni umuhanzi uzwi cyane mu njyana ya AFRO FUSION, AFRO BEAT na R&amp;B. Yatangiye urugendo rwe rw'ubuhanzi akiri muto cyane, atangira kubyina afite imyaka 4, naho kuririmba abitangira afite imyaka 5.Yakuze akunda umuziki bitewe n'umuryango we wari uw'abakunzi b'umuziki ndetse anaterwa imbaraga n'ibyamamare mpuzamahanga nka [[Michael Jackson]] na Chris Brown.&lt;ref&gt;https://kevinkade.rf.gd/about-example-2/?i=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indirimbo ze ==
Ndi ready, Sikosa, Nyiragongo, Bebe, Nyanja, Munda, Nana,Tiana,Wankandi, Umuana, Pyramid, Amayoga, Kao.&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/rw/amakuru/kevin-kade-yasohoye-indirimbo-ya-gatanu-kuri-album-ateguza-iyakorewe-muri-kenya-video-101586&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdourahamane Tiani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142501</id>
      <parentid>140636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T09:11:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142501</origin>
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      <text bytes="27122" sha1="3eowror4golhf01nkh0v05cmyogjh0x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Abdourahamane Tiani
| image         = Abdourahamane Tiani in 2024 (cropped).png
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Abdourahamane Tiani mu 2024
| birth_date    = 1964
| birth_place   = Toukounous, Filingué, [[Nigeri]]
| nationality   = Umunyanijeri
| alma_mater    = Ishuri rikuru ry'abofisiye rya Thiès ([[Senegali]])
| occupation    = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Perezida w'Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Kurengera Igihugu (CNSP, kuva 2023)
| title         = Perezida wa Nigeri
| term          = Kuva ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025 (umukuru w'igihugu kuva ku wa 28 Nyakanga 2023)
| predecessor   = Mohamed Bazoum
| party         = Nta shyaka (yigenga)
}}
'''Abdourahamane Tiani''' (rimwe na rimwe yandikwa '''Tchiani''' mu binyamakuru byo mu Burengerazuba; yavutse mu 1964 i Toukounous, mu karere ka Filingué, muri [[Nigeri]]) ni umusirikare n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyanijeri, akaba Perezida wa Nigeri kuva mu 2025. Afite ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo (''général d'armée'').

Kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2023, yayoboye ingabo zirinda Perezida wa Repubulika. Muri Nyakanga 2023, yahiritse ku butegetsi Perezida Mohamed Bazoum, ayobora Akanama k'Igihugu gashinzwe Kurengera Igihugu (''Conseil national pour la sauvegarde de la patrie'', CNSP), agatsiko k'abasirikare kafashe ubutegetsi. Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu.

Ku butegetsi bwe, Nigeri yavuye mu Muryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO), ishinga Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES) hamwe na [[Mali]] na [[Burukina Faso]], yirukana ingabo z'[[Ubufaransa]] n'iza [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], kandi yegera [[Uburusiya]]. Akunzwe na benshi mu gihugu kubera imvugo ye irwanya ubukoloni bushya kandi iharanira ubumwe bw'Afurika, ariko ubutegetsi bwe bufatwa nk'ubw'igitugu.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Abdourahamane Tiani yavutse mu 1964&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dix choses à savoir sur le général Tiani, le putschiste qui tient Mohamed Bazoum en otage |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1470284/politique/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-general-tiani-le-putschiste-qui-tient-mohamed-bazoum-en-otage/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2023-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Abdourahamane Tiani est le nouveau président du Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-66339288 |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters-ousted&quot;&gt;{{cite news |language=en |last1=Aksar |first1=Moussa |last2=Balima |first2=Boureima |title=The Niger general who ousted a president he was meant to protect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-general-who-ousted-president-he-was-meant-protect-2023-07-31/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-07-31 |access-date=2025-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu muryango w'Abahawusa&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's coup leader General Tchiani: The ex-UN peacekeeper who seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430115 |website=BBC |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akomoka i Toukounous, mu Ntara ya Tillabéri&lt;ref name=&quot;kalangou&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du Général de Brigade TIANI Abdourahamane |url=https://www.studiokalangou.org/99224-biographie-general-brigade-tiani-abdourahamane |website=Studio Kalangou |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2025-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, akarere k'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu gakunze kuvamo abasirikare benshi b'ingabo za Nigeri&lt;ref name=&quot;ajwho&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Omar Tchiani, the suspected brain behind Niger coup? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/who-is-omar-tchiani-the-suspected-brain-behind-niger-coup |website=Al Jazeera |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yize amashuri abanza iwabo i Toukounous, akomereza muri ''Collège d'enseignement général'' (CEG) ya Filingué&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bio express : Le général de brigade Tiani Abdourahamane, officier patriote et souverainiste |url=https://anp.ne/bio-express-le-general-de-brigade-tiani-abdourahamane-officier-patriote-et-souverainiste/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2024-07-05 |access-date=2026-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;, arangiriza amashuri yisumbuye i [[Niamey]], ahakura impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye (baccalauréat série D) mu 1984. Uwo mwaka, yinjiye mu gisirikare, yiga mu Ishuri rikuru ry'abofisiye rya Thiès, muri [[Senegali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Daniel |first=Serge |title=Le général Tchiani, nouvel homme fort du Niger à l'épreuve du pouvoir |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230728-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-tchiani-nouvel-homme-fort-du-niger-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A9preuve-du-pouvoir |website=RFI |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Urugendo mu gisirikare ===
Mbere yo kuyobora ingabo zirinda Perezida, yayoboye ingabo mu ntara za Zinder, Agadez na Diffa, aho yarwanyaga icuruzwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-bio&quot; /&gt;. Yahawe amahugurwa y'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka i Montpellier mu [[Ubufaransa]], i Benguerir muri Maroke n'i Koulikoro muri [[Mali]], ndetse no muri ''College of International Security Affairs'' (CISA) i Washington, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kalangou&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-nomin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger: le général Tchiani, chef de la junte, procède à de nouvelles nominations au sein de l'armée |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230805-niger-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-tchiani-chef-de-la-junte-proc%C3%A8de-%C3%A0-de-nouvelles-nominations-au-sein-de-l-arm%C3%A9e |website=RFI |date=2023-08-05 |access-date=2023-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 1989, ni we musirikare mukuru wa mbere wageze ahaguye indege ya UTA Flight 772 mu butayu bwa Ténéré, abiherwa umudari&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters-who&quot;&gt;{{cite news |language=en |last1=Aksar |first1=Moussa |last2=Sithole-Matarise |first2=Emelia |title=Who is Niger's new leader, Abdourahamane Tiani? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-is-nigers-new-leader-abdourahamane-tiani-2023-07-28/ |work=Reuters |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yakoze kandi mu butumwa bwo kubungabunga amahoro bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Côte d'Ivoire, muri Sudani no muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=en |title=Five Things We Know About Niger's New Military Leader |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-29/niger-coup-who-is-abdourahamane-tiani-general-says-he-s-replacing-bazoum |work=Bloomberg |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ndetse no mu Ngabo zihuriweho n'ibihugu byinshi (''Force multinationale mixte'') zashyizweho na Nigeri, Cadi, [[Nijeriya]] na Kameruni kurwanya Boko Haram&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2&quot; /&gt;.

Mu 2011, Perezida Mahamadou Issoufou yamugize umuyobozi w'ingabo zirinda Perezida, maze aba umwe mu bamwizeraga cyane&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-bio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Abdourahamane Tiani, le général qui a pris le pouvoir au Niger ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230729-qui-est-abdourahamane-tiani-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-qui-a-pris-le-pouvoir-au-niger |website=France 24 |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;; mu 2018, Issoufou yamuzamuye ku ipeti rya Jenerali wa burigade&lt;ref name=&quot;kalangou&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2015, yashinjwe kugira uruhare mu mugambi wo guhirika Issoufou, ariko ahakana ibyo aregwa imbere y'urukiko&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger coup: Abdourahmane Tchiani declares himself leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66337767 |work=BBC |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2021, ni we wayoboye umutwe waburijemo umugambi wa kudeta, ubwo itsinda ry'abasirikare ryageragezaga gufata ingoro ya perezida, habura iminsi ibiri ngo Issoufou ahererekanye ubutegetsi n'uwamusimbuye watowe mu buryo bwa demokarasi, Mohamed Bazoum&lt;ref name=&quot;ajwho&quot; /&gt;. Muri Mata 2021, Bazoum yamugumishije ku mwanya we&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le général Abdourahamane Tiani se déclare à la tête du groupe à l'origine du coup d'Etat en cours |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/07/28/niger-le-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-se-declare-a-la-tete-du-groupe-a-l-origine-du-coup-d-etat-en-cours_6183718_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tiani yagize uruhare mu kuburizamo imigambi ibiri ya kudeta yari igamije Bazoum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : qui est le général Tchiani, l'homme de l'ombre qui a pris la tête du pays ? |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/niger/niger-qui-est-le-general-tchiani-lhomme-de-lombre-qui-a-pris-la-tete-du-pays-777db3d8-2d52-11ee-9ed4-23979a02fab5 |website=Ouest-France |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mbere y'uko na we amuhirika.

== Ku butegetsi ==
=== Kudeta ya 2023 ===
Ku wa 26 Nyakanga 2023, Tiani yategetse abasirikare barinda Perezida gufunga Bazoum mu nzu ye y'i Niamey&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/soldiers-nigers-presidential-guard-blockade-presidents-office-security-sources-2023-07-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bazoum yari ateganya kumukura ku mwanya we: nk'uko abamwegereye babivuga, yari yarabyemeje mu nama y'abaminisitiri yo ku wa 24 Nyakanga, kuko umubano wabo wari warazambye&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's president vows democracy will prevail after mutinous soldiers detain him and declare a coup |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-mutinous-soldiers-attempted-coup-2efab1649bea7d89b14dbc9432f5f819 |website=AP News |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger army general declares himself country's new leader |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/niger-army-general-declares-himself-countrys-new-leader-1.1690598862297 |website=Gulf News |date=2023-07-29 |access-date=2023-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyirukanwa rye n'ivugurura ry'ingabo zirinda Perezida byari biteganyijwe ku wa 27 Nyakanga 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le général Tchiani, un &quot;homme à poigne&quot; à la tête du Niger |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/le-general-tchiani-un-homme-poigne-la-tete-du-niger-2661531 |website=TV5Monde |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva icyo gihe, Bazoum n'umugore we Hadiza bafungiwe mu gice kimwe cy'inzu ya perezida.

Ku wa 28 Nyakanga 2023, nyuma y'iminsi ibiri y'imishyikirano mu ngabo&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-bio&quot; /&gt;, Tiani yagaragaye kuri televiziyo y'igihugu nka perezida wa CNSP&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=en |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |last2=Saley |first2=Omar Hama |title=Head of Presidential Guard Claims Power in Niger Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/world/africa/niger-coup-general-omar-tchiani.html |work=The New York Times |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2026-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup d'État au Niger: première apparition du général Tiani en tant que «président du CNSP» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20230728-niger-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-abdourahamane-tchiani-a-pris-la-parole-en-tant-que-pr%C3%A9sident-du-conseil-national-pour-la-sauvegarde-de-la-patrie-un-cnsp-%C3%A0-l-origine-d-un-coup-d-%C3%A9tat |website=RFI |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yavuze ko kudeta yakozwe kugira ngo hirindwe &quot;irimbuka rigenda buhoro buhoro kandi ridashobora kwirindwa&quot; ry'igihugu, ashinja Bazoum guhisha &quot;ukuri gukomeye&quot; kw'igihugu, yise &quot;ikirundo cy'abapfuye, abavuye mu byabo, ugusuzugurwa n'agahinda&quot;. Yanenze kandi ko ingamba z'umutekano za guverinoma nta musaruro zatanze&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's General Abdourahamane Tchiani declared new leader following coup (state TV) |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230728-niger-s-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-declared-new-leader-following-coup-state-tv |website=France 24 |date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;.

Ku wa 4 Kanama 2023, yakoze impinduka za mbere mu ngabo: hafi abagaba bakuru bose b'ingabo basimbuwe, abamwegereye n'inshuti ze bazamurwa mu ntera&lt;ref name=&quot;rfi-nomin&quot; /&gt;. Ku wa 7 Kanama 2023, yagize Ali Lamine Zeine, wahoze ari Minisitiri w'Imari, Minisitiri w'Intebe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=fr |title=Niger : Ali Lamine Zeine nommé premier ministre par les putschistes, une émissaire américaine reconnaît des discussions « difficiles » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/07/coup-d-etat-au-niger-une-delegation-officielle-du-mali-et-du-burkina-a-niamey-en-solidarite_6184710_3212.html |work=Le Monde |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger: les putschistes nomment un premier ministre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/niger-les-putschistes-nomment-un-premier-ministre-20230808 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-08-08 |access-date=2023-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ijoro ryo ku wa 9 Kanama 2023, mbere gato y'inama idasanzwe ya CEDEAO yerekeye Nigeri, CNSP yashyizeho guverinoma y'inzibacyuho&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : voici la liste des membres du gouvernement de Transition |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19415-officiel-voici-la-liste-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-transition.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze ku wa 11 Kanama ayobora inama ya mbere y'abaminisitiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le Chef de l'Etat Abdourahamane Tchiani préside le premier conseil des ministres élargi aux membres du CNSP |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19420-niger-le-chef-de-l-etat-abdourahamane-tchiani-preside-le-premier-conseil-des-ministres-elargi-aux-membres-du-cnsp.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umubano na CEDEAO ===
CEDEAO yasubije kuri iyo kudeta ishyiraho ibihano bikaze kurusha ibindi byose yigeze gufatira igihugu kinyamuryango: gufunga imipaka yose na Nigeri, guhagarika ihererekanya ry'amafaranga no gufatira umutungo w'igihugu mu mabanki yo hanze, isaba ko Bazoum asubizwa ku butegetsi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Obasi |first=Nnamdi |title=ECOWAS, Nigeria and the Niger Coup Sanctions: Time to Recalibrate |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/cmt/africa/sahel/niger/ecowas-nigeria-and-niger-coup-sanctions-time-recalibrate |website=International Crisis Group |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2026-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 19 Kanama 2023, mu ijambo yagejeje ku baturage, Tiani yatangaje ibiganiro by'igihugu bihuriweho na bose n'inzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Message à la nation du Président du CNSP : le général Tiani annonce la convocation d'un dialogue inclusif pour décider des grandes orientations de la transition |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19446-message-a-la-nation-du-president-du-cnsp-le-general-tiani-annonce-la-convocation-d-un-dialogue-inclusif-pour-decider-des-grandes-orientations-de-la-transition.html |website=ActuNiger |access-date=2023-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yamaganye ibihano bya CEDEAO, avuga ko &quot;binyuranyije n'amategeko kandi bitarimo ubumuntu&quot;; CEDEAO yo yanze iyo nzibacyuho y'imyaka itatu, isaba ko ubutegetsi buhita bushyikirizwa abasivili&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger coup leader Gen Tchiani promises to handover power in three years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66562765 |work=BBC News |date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2026-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwo munsi, intumwa za CEDEAO zari i Niamey zahuye n'agatsiko k'abasirikare ndetse na Bazoum wahiritswe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Situation politique au Niger : les émissaires de la CEDEAO se sont entretenus avec le général Tiani et l'ancien Président Bazoum |url=https://actuniger.com/politique/19447-situation-politique-au-niger-les-emissaires-de-la-cedeao-se-sont-entretenus-avec-le-general-tiani-et-l-ancien-president-bazoum.html |website=ActuNiger}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni bwo bwa nyuma bahuye na we.

Nigeri imaze kuva muri CEDEAO hamwe na Mali na Burkina Faso mu 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Juntas and Moscow reshaping Sahel alliances |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/reshaping-sahel-alliances/ |website=GIS Reports |date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uwo muryango wakuyeho ibihano kubera impamvu z'ubutabazi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Asadu |first=Chinedu |title=West Africa bloc lifts coup sanctions on Niger in a new push for dialogue to resolve tensions |url=https://apnews.com/article/west-africa-ecowas-niger-mali-burkina-faso-abuja-ae53abf8464dce5487cd7a3d73e0a9c0 |website=AP News |date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2026-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel n'ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Tiani yahuye n'abayobozi ba Mali na Burkina Faso, biyemeza gufatanya mu by'umutekano no muri politiki mu rwego rw'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel (AES)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Asadu |first=Chinedu |title=A newly formed alliance between coup-hit countries in Africa's Sahel is seen as tool for legitimacy |url=https://apnews.com/article/sahel-coups-niger-tchiani-mali-burkina-faso-insecurity-e96627c700aa4fcf8d060dd9d2d16667 |website=AP News |date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2026-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ryabaye Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu (''Confédération'') muri Nyakanga 2024. Ingabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'iz'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi zavuye mu gihugu, maze Nigeri yegera Uburusiya; abacancuro b'itsinda rya Wagner boherejwe gufasha Nigeri kurwanya inyeshyamba z'abajihadi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Elidad |first=Addo |title=Shifting Sands: The Sahel's Pivot from Paris to Moscow |url=https://euroculturer.eu/2024/02/19/shifting-sands-the-sahels-pivot-from-paris-to-moscow |website=The Euroculturer |date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu Ukuboza 2024, Tiani yashinje Ubufaransa na [[Nijeriya]] gufatanya n'imitwe y'inyeshyamba kugira ngo bahungabanye ubutegetsi bwa Nigeri, ashinja kandi Nijeriya kwangiza umuyoboro wa peteroli ugana muri [[Bene]]; Nijeriya yahakanye ibyo birego&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Akinpelu |first=Yusuf |title=Nigeria denies colluding with France to destabilise Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpq9x94gj2no |website=BBC |date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Kuba Perezida wa Repubulika ===
[[File:Abdourahamane Tiani at the 2025 National Assembly opening ceremony.png|thumb|Tiani mu muhango wo gutangiza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2025]]
Kuva ku wa 15 kugeza ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2025, habaye inama nkuru y'ivugurura ry'igihugu (''assises de la refondation''). Yasabye ko Tiani agirwa Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu ishobora kongerwa, ahabwa ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo, yemeza itegeko ry'ivugurura (''charte de la refondation'') kandi isaba ko amashyaka ya politiki aseswa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Niger, le putschiste Tchiani se voit offrir un &quot;mandat&quot; de cinq ans renouvelable |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-au-niger-le-putschiste-tchiani-se-voit-offrir-un-mandat-de-cinq-ans-renouvelable_228089 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-02-24 |access-date=2025-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 26 Werurwe 2025, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu, imbere y'uwahoze ari Perezida Mahamadou Issoufou n'intumwa z'Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel. Uwo munsi, yazamuwe ku ipeti rya Jenerali w'ingabo, ashyira umukono ku itegeko nshinga ry'inzibacyuho, maze asesa amashyaka yose ya politiki&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : le général Tiani au pouvoir au moins pour les cinq prochaines années |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1672307/politique/niger-le-general-tiani-au-pouvoir-au-moins-pour-les-cinq-prochaines-annees/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2025-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |website=AP News |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger coup leader Abdourahamane Tchiani sworn in as president for five years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c241e115161o |website=BBC |date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Abasesenguzi bavuga ko politiki ye y'imbere mu gihugu ifite intego eshatu z'ingenzi: kuvugurura igisirikare, guteza imbere ubukungu (harimo kugabanya kwishingikiriza kuri uraniyumu binyuze mu gushora imari mu buhinzi, ibikorwa remezo n'ingufu zisubira), no kurwanya ruswa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Powelton |first=Frédéric |title=Portrait d'un président : Abdourahamane Tchiani du Niger |url=https://sahel-intelligence.com/34404-portrait-dun-president-abdourahamane-tchiani-du-niger.html |website=Sahel Intelligence |date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2025-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Politiki y'imibereho myiza ===
Tiani akurikiza politiki ishyigikira imigenzo gakondo. Yakuyeho itegeko No 2015-36 rirwanya icuruzwa ry'abimukira, ryabuzaga ivangura rishingiye ku mpamvu zitandukanye harimo n'icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Niger : Le CNSP abroge la loi sur le trafic illicite de migrants |url=https://anp.ne/niger-le-cnsp-abroge-la-loi-sur-le-trafic-illicite-de-migrants/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2026-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kamena 2026, igitabo gishya cy'amategeko ahana cyashyizeho igifungo cy'imyaka 5 kugeza ku 10 ku bakora ubutinganyi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |language=en |title=Niger military junta introduces new penal code criminalizing homosexuality with 5-10 years in prison |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-homosexuality-criminalized-penal-code-junta-459e5bf803c32a0bc1c709d14aa3b070 |work=AP News |date=2026-06-12 |access-date=2026-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |last=Adamou |first=Hamza Harouna |title=Le Niger criminalise la Pratique LGBTQIA+ dans le pays |url=https://anp.ne/le-niger-criminalise-la-pratique-lgbtqia-dans-le-pays/ |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |date=2026-06-12 |access-date=2026-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Itegeko nshinga ry'inzibacyuho ryo mu 2025 ryagize [[Igihawusa]] ururimi rw'igihugu, [[Igifaransa]] kigabanyirizwa agaciro&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |title=Niger downgrades French as it distances from its colonial past with a new official language |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/niger-downgrades-french-as-it-distances-from-its-colonial-past-with-a-new-official/xl6ldbr |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2026-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Politiki y'ubukungu ===
Muri Ukwakira 2023, ibihano n'ihagarikwa ry'inkunga mpuzamahanga byatumye Nigeri iba kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi. Agatsiko k'abasirikare kagabanyije ingengo y'imari ya 2023 ho 40 %. Nijeriya, yahaga Nigeri 71 % by'amashanyarazi yayo mbere ya kudeta, yahagaritse kuyaha, ku buryo muri Ukwakira 2023 ikigo cya Leta Nigelec cyabashaga gutanga hagati ya kimwe cya kane na kimwe cya kabiri cy'amashanyarazi akenewe mu gihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=World Bank, WFP Study: Niger's Coup Left Economy in Tatters |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/niger-coup-hits-economy-/7332733.html |website=Voice of America |date=2023-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2024, hashyizweho itegeko rishya ryatumye amafaranga akoreshwa mu gisirikare atagengwa n'amategeko y'amasoko ya Leta, bigatuma kugura intwaro no gukoresha abacancuro byihuta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Tschörner |first=Lisa |title=Came to Stay: Niger's Military Junta Consolidates its Power |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/mta-spotlight-36-came-to-stay-nigers-military-junta-consolidates-its-power |website=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kamena 2024, ubutegetsi bwambuye ikigo cy'Abafaransa Orano uruhushya rwo gucukura uraniyumu mu kirombe cya Imouraren, kimwe mu binini ku isi, maze nyuma y'iminsi mike gitangaza ko icyo kirombe gisubijwe mu mutungo rusange wa Leta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Niger putsch: How security and economic perceptions changed in a year |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/insight/niger-putsch-how-security-and-economic-perceptions-changed-in-a-year-18201667 |website=TRT Afrika}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umugambi wa kudeta wo mu 2026 ===
Muri Kanama 2026, abasirikare bigometse bagerageje guhirika Tiani i Niamey. Visi-perezida wa CNSP, Salifou Modi, yatangaje kuri televiziyo y'igihugu ko uwo mugambi waburijwemo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |last=Sanou |first=Oumarou |title=Mutiny in Niger: Russia, AES and the Limits of Propaganda |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1525290/mutiny-in-niger-russia-aes-and-the-limits-of.html |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=2026-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Isura ye mu ruhame ==
Mu gihugu, hakwirakwijwe poropaganda n'indirimbo zimushyigikira&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Niger, le coup d'État inspire les musiciens |url=https://www.africaradio.com/actualite-102047-au-niger-le-coup-d-etat-inspire-les-musiciens |website=Africa Radio |date=2023-08-25 |access-date=2026-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umushakashatsi Taiwo Adeagbo avuga ko Abahawusa, ari bo benshi muri Nigeri, batashyigikiraga Bazoum kubera inkomoko ye y'Abarabu ba Ouled Slimane, maze bakaba abayoboke ba Tiani kubera imvugo ye ishingiye ku bwoko no ku rubanda&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The Politics of Populism, Ethnic Polarization, and the recent Military coups in West African countries: A focus on Niger and Mali |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/the-politics-of-populism-ethnic-polarization-and-the-recent-military-coups-in-west-african-countries-a-focus-on-niger-and-mali/ |website=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |access-date=2026-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Tiani arubatse, akaba afite abana batanu&lt;ref name=&quot;kalangou&quot; /&gt;. Avuga Igifaransa, Igihawusa, Ikizarma [[Icyongereza|n'Icyongereza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdourahamane Tchiani CV |url=https://www.studiokalangou.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Adobe-Scan-28-juil.-2023-3.pdf |website=Studio Kalangou |date=2023 |access-date=2025-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Imidari n'ibihembo ==
* Grand officier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu (''Ordre national'') rwa Nigeri (2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot; /&gt;
* Commandeur w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2018)
* Officier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2010)
* Chevalier w'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa Nigeri (2004)
* Officier w'Urwego rw'Ishimwe (''Ordre du Mérite'') rwa Nigeri (2001)
* Grand-croix y'Urwego rw'Igihugu rwa [[Mali]] (2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Distinction du Président de la République au Mali : Le Général d'Armée Abdourahamane Tiani élevé à la dignité de Grand-Croix de l'Ordre National du Mali |url=https://www.lesahel.org/distinction-du-president-de-la-republique-au-mali-le-general-darmee-abdourahamane-tiani-eleve-a-la-dignite-de-grand-croix-de-lordre-national-du-mali/ |website=Le Sahel |date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Ibrahim Traoré]]
* [[Assimi Goïta]]

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Abdourahamane Tiani}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Nigeri]]</text>
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| name          = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
| image         = Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Ismaïl Omar Guelleh mu 2018
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1947|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Dire Dawa, [[Etiyopiya]]
| nationality   = Umunyajibuti
| occupation    = Umunyapolitiki
| known_for     = Umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Perezida Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999)
| title         = Perezida wa Jibuti
| term          = Kuva ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999
| predecessor   = Hassan Gouled Aptidon
| party         = Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès (RPP)
| spouse        = Kadra Mahamoud Haid
| children      = 4
}}
'''Ismaïl Omar Guelleh''' (mu Gisomali: ''Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle''; mu Cyarabu: إسماعيل عمر جيله; wavutse ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 1947 i Dire Dawa, muri [[Etiyopiya]]), akunze kwitwa '''IOG''', ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyajibuti, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya [[Jibuti]] kuva mu 1999.

Yatorewe bwa mbere mu 1999 nk'uwatoranyijwe ngo asimbure nyirarume Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wari uyoboye Jibuti kuva igihugu kibona ubwigenge mu 1977. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2005, 2011, 2016, 2021 na 2026, mu matora abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bakunze kwanga kwitabira bavuga ko arimo uburiganya bukabije. Afatwa n'imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ibihugu bimwe by'amahanga nk'umunyagitugu.

== Ubuzima ==
Ismaïl Omar Guelleh yavukiye i Dire Dawa, muri Etiyopiya, mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw'Abamamassan bo mu Bisa (''Issas''), igice cy'Abasomali gikomeye muri politiki&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de son Excellence, Monsieur Ismaël Omar Guelleh - Le blog de Soutien au President Ismael Omar Guelleh |url=http://aveciog.canalblog.com/archives/2007/12/11/7200282.html |website=aveciog.canalblog.com |date=2007-12-11 |access-date=2018-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5rs8UkMj64C&amp;dq=guelleh%2C+Issa+Mamassan&amp;pg=PA182 |website=United States Department of State |date=August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se, Omar Guelleh, yari umwe mu barimu ba mbere b'abenegihugu mu myaka ya 1930, nyuma akorera ikigo cy'inzira ya gari ya moshi ihuza Jibuti na Addis-Abeba, cyari gifite icyicaro i Dire Dawa&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;. Yize mu ishuri rya Korowani i Dire Dawa, hanyuma mu ishuri ry'Abafaransa Charles-de-Foucauld i Jibuti&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;.

Mu 1965, afite imyaka 18, yatangiye gukora mu nzego z'iperereza z'ubutegetsi bw'Abafaransa, kuko yavugaga Icyamuhariki, Igisomali, [[Icyarabu]], [[Igifaransa]], Igitaliyani [[Icyongereza|n'Icyongereza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tirthankar Chanda |title=Djibouti : le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=Rfi.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1974, yahagaritswe ku kazi kuko yakekwagaho guha amakuru abaharaniraga ubwigenge&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Quand Ismaïl Omar Guelleh est entré dans la police française – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/446439/politique/ismail-omar-guelleh-entre-police-francaise/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yinjiye mu ishyaka ''Ligue populaire africaine pour l'indépendance'' (LPAI) ryayoborwaga na Hassan Gouled Aptidon&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti: le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh en 12 dates |url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20160407-djibouti-ismail-omar-guelleh-iog-presidentielle-terrorisme-defense-usn-balbala |website=RFI |date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Urugendo muri politiki ==
Mu 1977, yari mu ntumwa zaganiriye n'Ubufaransa ku bwigenge bw'igihugu, bwatangajwe ku wa 27 Kamena 1977. Perezida mushya, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, yamugize umuyobozi w'ibiro bye, umwanya yamazeho imyaka irenga 20&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Roger East |title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ismail+guelleh&amp;pg=PA141 |website=Routledge |date=2014-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yayoboye kandi inzego z'umutekano n'iperereza, bimuhesha izina ry'&quot;umugabo ukomeye&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu président avec 98,58 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210410-djibouti-isma%C3%AFl-omar-guelleh-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-98-58-des-voix-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidence |website=france24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yari umunyamuryango w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, ''Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès'' (RPP), kuva ryashingwa mu 1979.

Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, umutwe w'inyeshyamba ''Front pour la restauration de l'unité et de la démocratie'' (FRUD) wagaragaye mu majyaruguru y'igihugu. Guelleh, wagize uruhare mu biganiro byo gushyiraho amashyaka menshi, yabashije gucamo ibice FRUD, ariko kongera umubare w'abasirikare kuva ku 3 000 ukagera ku 15 000 byashyize igihugu mu bibazo by'imari, bituma gisaba ubufasha Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI).

== Perezida wa Jibuti ==
=== Manda ya mbere n'iya kabiri (1999–2011) ===
Ku wa 4 Gashyantare 1999, Gouled Aptidon yatangaje ko azava ku butegetsi, maze RPP itoranya Guelleh kuba umukandida wayo&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Veteran ruler Guelleh re-elected Djibouti leader for fifth term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/10/veteran-ruler-guelleh-re-elected-djibouti-leader-for-fifth-term |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 9 Mata 1999, yatsinze amatora ku majwi 74,02 %, atsinda Moussa Ahmed Idriss&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Proclamation du Président de la République de Djibouti par le Conseil Constitutionnel |url=http://www.presidence.dj/page274.html |website=Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816044615/http://www.presidence.dj/page274.html |archive-date=2007-08-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/djibouti/gouvernement/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;; atangira imirimo ku wa 8 Gicurasi 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sudan: President holds weekend talks with Ethiopia |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=6536 |website=IRIN News |date=1999-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nzeri 1999, Moussa Ahmed Idriss yarafashwe ashinjwa &quot;guca intege ingabo&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Horn of Africa: Monthly Review |url=http://www.ocha-eth.org/Archive/DownloadableReports/hoa1099.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme |date=1999 |access-date=2009-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukuboza 2000, yirukanye umuyobozi wa polisi y'igihugu, Yacin Yabeh, bituma abapolisi bamushyigikiye bigomeka ariko ntibabigereho&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Witnesses describe 'coup attempt' |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=949 |website=IRIN News |date=2000-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 12 Gicurasi 2001, igice cya FRUD cyari gisigaye kirwana cyasinye amasezerano y'amahoro, bisoza amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko yari amaze igihe kirekire&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot; /&gt;.

Kuva mu 2000, yakurikije politiki yo guteza imbere ubukungu, harimo kwegurira abikorera imicungire y'icyambu cya Jibuti, cyahawe ikigo DP World cyo muri Dubai ku wa 1 Kamena 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Olivier Caslin |title=Présidentielle à Djibouti : Ismaïl Omar Guelleh face à lui-même |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1139264/politique/presidentielle-a-djibouti-iog-face-a-lui-meme/ |website=jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti, une nouvelle porte de l'Afrique ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2010-2-page-73.htm |website=Www.cairn.info |date=2010-02-01 |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kaminuza ya mbere ya Jibuti yafunguwe mu 2000.

Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2005, ni we mukandida wenyine wiyamamaje, maze atsinda; yarahiriye manda ya kabiri ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2005, avuga ko ari yo ya nyuma&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=No challengers for Guelleh as presidential campaign kicks off |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=53628 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=54298 |website=IRIN News |date=2005-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyamara mu Mata 2010, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yahinduye Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo abashe kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Depuis 2000, onze chefs d’Etat africains ont changé leur Constitution pour rester au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/12/24/depuis-2000-onze-chefs-d-etat-africains-ont-change-leur-constitution-pour-rester-au-pouvoir_6023936_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2020-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Djibouti lawmakers remove term limits |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/djibouti-lawmakers-remove-term-limits-1.480653 |website=Reuters |date=2010-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;, bitera imyigaragambyo yahashywe, abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barafungwa&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=&quot;The Notion of Spring Does Not Exist in the Arab world&quot;: Djibouti's President Ismail Guelleh Wards off the Arab Spring |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-notion-of-spring-does-not-exist-in-the-arab-world-djiboutis-president-ismail-guelleh-wards-off-the-arab-spring/ |website=Jamestown |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=William Davison |title=Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-03-11/djibouti-forces-arrest-opposition-leaders-scuppering-protests |website=Bloomberg |date=2011-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya gatatu kugeza ku ya gatandatu (kuva 2011) ===
Ku wa 8 Mata 2011, yongeye gutorwa mu cyiciro cya mbere ku majwi 80,6 %; Human Rights Watch yashidikanyije ku bunyangamugayo bw'ayo matora, kuko abayobozi b'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bari barafunzwe kabiri mbere y'amatora&lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13024117 |website=BBC News |date=2011-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Djibouti: Allow Peaceful Protests |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/04/04/djibouti-allow-peaceful-protests |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2011-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2014, bivugwa ko umwe mu barinzi be yamurasheho mu muhango wabereye ku kibuga cy'indege, ariko ntiyamufata&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti President Unharmed After Shooting Leaves Three Injured |url=http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/djibouti-president-unharmed-after-shooting-leaves-three-injured/ |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827003630/http://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/djibouti-president-unharmed-after-shooting-leaves-three-injured/ |archive-date=2014-08-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu matora yo ku wa 8 Mata 2016, yatsinze ku majwi 86,28 %; mbere y'amatora, itsinda ry'abanyamakuru ba BBC ryarafashwe rirukanwa mu gihugu&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : face à une opposition muselée, le président Ismaïl Omar Guelleh réélu haut la main |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20160409-djibouti-president-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu-mandat-cinq-ans |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh wins fourth term |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35995628 |website=BBC News |date=2016-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti's Guelleh clinches fourth term with landslide win |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20160409-djibouti-president-guelleh-clinches-fourth-term-with-landslide-win |website=France 24 |date=2016-04-09 |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 9 Mata 2021, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 98,58 %, atangira manda ya gatanu ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président sortant de Djibouti, Ismaël Omar Guelleh, réélu |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/10/le-president-sortant-de-djibouti-ismael-omar-guelleh-reelu_6076262_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |date=2021-04-10 |access-date=2021-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Djibouti : inauguration du cinquième mandat d’Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1173056/politique/djibouti-inauguration-du-cinquieme-mandat-dismail-omar-guelleh/ |website=www.jeuneafrique.com |date=2021-05-16 |access-date=2021-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kamena 2021, yategetse ko abaturage n'abanyamahanga baba muri Jibuti bakingirwa COVID-19 ku gahato&lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Djibouti makes COVID-19 vaccination compulsory |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/djibouti-makes-covid-19-vaccination-compulsory/2281266 |website=www.aa.com.tr |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 10 Mata 2026, yatorewe manda ya gatandatu ku majwi 97,81 %, ararahira ku wa 9 Gicurasi 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is reelected for a sixth term |url=https://apnews.com/article/djibouti-election-guelleh-56800757f1108c104adb4bdc5ae880fa |website=AP |date=2026-04-11 |access-date=2026-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti President Ismaïl Guelleh sworn in as region pushes for economic integration |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2026-05-09-djibouti-president-sworn-in-as-region-pushes-for-economic-integration |website=The Star |date=2026-05-09 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Isesengura ry'ubutegetsi bwe ==
=== Imiyoborere ===
Ku butegetsi bwe, yashyize abo mu muryango we mu myanya ikomeye ya politiki n'ubukungu: umugore we, Kadra Mahamoud Haid, afatwa nka visi-perezida mu buryo bufatika, abakobwa be bombi bafite uruhare runini mu bujyanama no mu bucuruzi, naho murumuna we Saad Omar Guelleh ayobora icyambu cya Jibuti&lt;ref name=&quot;E43&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Comment Ismaïl Omar Guelleh gouverne en famille avec Kadra, Naguib, Saad et les autres |url=https://www.africaintelligence.fr/insiders/djibouti/2015/06/19/comment-ismail-omar-guelleh-gouverne-en-famille-avec-kadra-naguib-saad-et-les-autres/108078582-be1 |website=Africa Intelligence |date=2015-06-19 |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ubutumwa bwa ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bwo mu 2004 bwavuze ko Jibuti ari &quot;umujyi-gihugu w'ubucuruzi ugenzurwa n'umuntu umwe, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=In Djibouti, A Dictator Clings to Power and Extends Suffering |url=http://www.vanguardafrica.com/africawatch/2021/4/19/in-djibouti-a-dictator-clings-to-power-and-extends-suffering |website=Vanguard Africa |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2020, Reporters sans frontières yashyize Jibuti ku mwanya wa 176 kuri 179 mu bwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru, ivuga ko hari &quot;iterabwoba ku itangazamakuru&quot;. Raporo ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yo mu 2020 ku burenganzira bwa muntu yavuze ku bwicanyi bunyuranyije n'amategeko, iyicarubozo n'ikumirwa rikomeye ry'ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga&lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/djibouti/ |website=United States Department of State |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umubano n'Ubushinwa n'ubukungu ===
Guelleh yakoresheje aho igihugu cye giherereye mu buryo bw'ingenzi, ashora imari myinshi mu byambu n'ibikorwa remezo by'ubwikorezi&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;. Kuva mu 2013, yegereye [[Ubushinwa]], bwashinze ikigo cya gisirikare cyo mu mazi muri Jibuti mu 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=China's Djibouti naval base increasing its power |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/16/chinas-djibouti-naval-base-increasing-its-power/ |website=East Asia Forum |date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yifuza kugira Jibuti &quot;Singapuru ya Afurika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Edmund Blair |title=China to start work soon on naval base in Djibouti - Guelleh |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-djibouti-china-idUKKCN0VB1Z6 |website=Reuters |date=2016-02-02 |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gashyantare 2018, yambuye ku iteka rya perezida ikigo DP World uburenganzira bwo gucunga ikigo cy'ibikoresho bya Doraleh, akabuha ikigo cya Leta&lt;ref name=&quot;E58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/de2d4d88-1867-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 |website=Financial Times |date=2018-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;; mu 2020, Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw'ubukemurampaka rwa Londres rwemeje ko icyo cyemezo kinyuranyije n'amategeko, ariko Jibuti iranga&lt;ref name=&quot;E60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/ruling-by-london-tribunal-says-djibouti-acted-illegally |website=The Maritime Executive |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Costas Paris |title=Djibouti Rejects Court Ruling to Hand Back Container Terminal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/djibouti-rejects-court-ruling-to-hand-back-container-terminal-11579296713 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=2020-01-17 |access-date=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nubwo ubukungu bwazamutse, ubushomeri bukomeje kuba bwinshi, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko: mu 2015, bwari 39 %&lt;ref name=&quot;E62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Economic Transformation in Djibouti |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/437351549918326165/pdf/djibouti-scd-english-version-final-approved-vlogo-02062019-636852600790519539.pdf |website=World Bank Group |date=October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Urubanza rwa Borrel ===
Kuva mu 2004, urubanza rw'umucamanza w'Umufaransa Bernard Borrel, wapfiriye muri Jibuti mu 1995, rwazambije umubano n'Ubufaransa, kuko umupfakazi we, Élisabeth Borrel, yashinjaga Perezida Guelleh kuba umwe mu bategetse iyicwa rye. Muri Gashyantare 2007, umucamanza w'Umufaransa yasabye kumwumva nk'umutangabuhamya, ariko Minisiteri y'Ubutabera y'Ubufaransa ivuga ko adashobora guhatirwa gutanga ubuhamya kubera ubudahangarwa bwe.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yashakanye na Kadra Mahamoud Haid, bafitanye abana bane&lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’enquête sur les &quot;biens mal acquis&quot; de Djibouti s'accélère |url=https://www.challenges.fr/monde/l-enquete-sur-les-biens-mal-acquis-de-djibouti-accelere_811120 |website=www.challenges.fr |date=2022-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 25 Mutarama 2019, Ubuhinde bwamuhaye umudari wa Padma Vibhushan, kubera uruhare rwe mu guhungisha Abahinde muri Yemeni&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Why awarding Padma Vibhushan to Djibouti President matters to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-awarding-padma-vibhushan-to-djibouti-president-matters-to-india/articleshow/67702436.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=2019-01-26 |access-date=2020-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Ismail Omar Guelleh}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Jibuti]]</text>
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    <title>Bola Tinubu</title>
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      <text bytes="37873" sha1="fx6jsojoieo051auf9p81vzoux2o3eu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Bola Tinubu
| image = Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Bola Tinubu
| birth_date = 29 Werurwe 1952
| birth_place = Lagos, [[Nijeriya]]
| nationality = Umunyanijeriya
| alma_mater = Chicago State University
| occupation = Umucungamari, umunyapolitiki
| known_for = Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007)
| title = Perezida wa [[Nijeriya]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023
| predecessor = Muhammadu Buhari
| party = All Progressives Congress (APC)
| spouse = Oluremi Tinubu
| children = 6
}}
'''Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu''' (yavutse ku ya 29 Werurwe 1952 i Lagos) ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Nijeriya]], Perezida wa 16 w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023. Mbere yaho, yabaye senateri wa Lagos y'Iburengerazuba mu gihe cya Repubulika ya Gatatu (1992–1993), hanyuma aba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2007. Nyuma y'amashuri y'icungamari muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], yakoreye ibigo bikomeye birimo Mobil, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yahungiye mu mahanga ku butegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Sani Abacha, aharanira kugaruka kwa demokarasi. Nyuma yo kuva ku mwanya wa guverineri, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu ishingwa ry'ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC) mu 2013, maze atsinda amatora ya perezida ya 2023. Ku butegetsi bwe, yakuyeho inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli kandi avugurura cyane politiki y'ubukungu, ariko ahura n'ibirego byinshi bya ruswa n'impaka ku byavuye mu matora.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri ==
Tinubu yavukiye i Lagos mu muryango w'Abayisilamu b'ubwoko bw'Abayoruba &lt;ref name=&quot;E8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Okeri Ngutjinazo |title=Who is Bola Tinubu, Nigeria's new president? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-nigerias-new-president-bola-tinubu/a-64851330 |website=Deutsche Welt |date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=AFP et Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni umuhungu wa Abibatu Mogaji, wari ''Ìyál'ọ́jà'' (umuyobozi w'abacuruzikazi) wa Lagos. Amasoko yizewe yemeza ko yavutse mu 1952 &lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jason Burke |title='Godfather of Lagos' is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian |date=2023-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nubwo abatavuga rumwe na we bavuga ko akuze kurushaho, kandi amasoko amwe akagaragaza ko imyaka ye itigeze yemezwa neza &lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Richard Assheton |title=Nigerian presidential candidate 'proves he's fit for office' — on exercise bike |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/africa/article/nigerian-presidential-candidate-proves-hes-fit-for-office-on-exercise-bike-fhq7z7l7p}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ikechukwu Amaechi |title=Tinubu and the certificate scandal that refuses to die |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/tinubu-and-the-certificate-scandal-that-refuses-to-die/ |website=Vanguard |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya St. John's i Aroloya, muri Lagos, hanyuma muri Children Home School i Ibadan &lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bola Tinubu Biography: Life Story and Age Accomplishments of Asiwaju |url=https://buzznigeria.com/bola-tinubu/ |website=buzznigeria.com |date=2022-07-27 |access-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1975, yagiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, yiga muri Richard J. Daley College i Chicago hanyuma muri Chicago State University, aho yize icungamari n'imicungire. Yakoze imirimo itandukanye, nko koza amasahani, kurinda nijoro no gutwara tagisi, kugira ngo abone amafaranga y'ishuri &lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu - Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020125/http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1979, yarangije amasomo ahabwa impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu bucuruzi n'imiyoborere, afite amanota y'icyubahiro (''summa cum laude'') &lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Vincent Ufuoma |title=Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2022-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Adesomoju Ade |title=Chicago varsity confirms Tinubu's graduation, identity, inconsistent on certificate submitted to INEC |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/630920-chicago-varsity-confirms-tinubus-graduation-identity-inconsistent-on-certificate-submitted-to-inec.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2025-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga mbere ya politiki ==
Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri, Tinubu yabaye umucungamari mu bigo by'Abanyamerika Arthur Andersen, Deloitte na GTE Services Corporation &lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=My Profile |url=http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |website=Asiwaju Bola Tinubu |access-date=2009-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020125/http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=How I made my first million dollars in America - Bola Tinubu reveals |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/How-I-made-my-first-million-dollars-in-America-Bola-Tinubu-reveals-1573562 |website=GhanaWeb |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117014343/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/How-I-made-my-first-million-dollars-in-America-Bola-Tinubu-reveals-1573562 |archive-date=2022-11-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yimukiye i Londres, aho yakoreye Mobil Oil UK, hanyuma mu myaka ya 1980 aba umuyobozi mukuru akaba n'umubitsi muri Mobil Producing Nigeria &lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Barnaby Phillips |title=Lagos hopes for change |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/281895.stm |website=BBC News |date=1999-02-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=My education, career at Deloitte, Mobil, others - Tinubu |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/06/30/my-education-career-at-deloitte-mobil-others-tinubu/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2024-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yaje kureka ako kazi kugira ngo yinjire muri politiki byuzuye &lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Olatunji Ololade |title=Tinubu: President-elect against all odds |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-president-elect-against-all-odds/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2024-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Intangiriro y'umwuga wa politiki ==
Tinubu yatangiye politiki mu 1991, yinjira mu Ishyaka rya Demokarasi Gisosiyalisiti (SDP), anashyigikira kandidatire ya Moshood Abiola &lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu's house of war |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubus-house-of-war |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=The Nation |title=Tinubu, June 12 and NADECO |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tinubu-june-12-and-nadeco/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-06-12 |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1992, yatorewe kuba senateri uhagarariye Lagos y'Iburengerazuba; muri Sena, yayoboye komisiyo ishinzwe amabanki, imari n'ingengo y'imari &lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=YORUBA LEADERSHIP: THE CAP AND THE SHOES FIT ASIWAJU BOLA TINUBU |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/ajiboye/050408.html |website=NigeriaWorld |date=2008-05-04 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nyuma y'iseswa ry'ibyavuye mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 12 Kamena 1993, yabaye umwe mu bashinze ihuriro riharanira demokarasi rya National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), ryasabaga ko demokarasi igaruka kandi Abiola akemerwa nk'uwatsinze ayo matora &lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=247ureports |title=From NADECO To 2027: How Rejection Rewrote The Histories Of Tinubu, Reno Omokri, Fani-Kayode, And Bwala |url=https://247ureports.com/2026/04/from-nadeco-to-2027-how-rejection-rewrote-the-histories-of-tinubu-reno-omokri-fani-kayode-and-bwala/ |website=247 Ureports |date=2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'ifatwa ry'ubutegetsi na Jenerali Sani Abacha &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Olagunju B. B. |title=Most Comprehensive Tinubu interview about his early life, struggles abroad, against military, governorship, others - |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/10/17/most-comprehensive-tinubu-interview-about-his-early-life-struggles-abroad-against-military-governorship-others/ |website=The NEWS |date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2023-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Tinubu yafashwe kenshi, arafungwa, aterwa ubwoba, bimuhatira guhunga igihugu. Yamaze mu buhungiro kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, akomeza guharanira demokarasi ari muri NADECO, agaruka nyuma y'urupfu rwa Abacha &lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jide Ajani |title=They labelled me military mole in NADECO for nothing – Bucknor Akerele |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/10/they-labelled-me-military-mole-in-nadeco-for-nothing-%E2%80%94-bucknor-akerele/ |website=Vanguard |date=2009-10-10 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos (1999–2007) ==
Mu matora ya 1999, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze y'ishyaka Alliance for Democracy (AD) &lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=DURO ADESEKO |title=Why the military toppled Shagari |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/dec/20/national-20-12-2008-02.htm |website=The Sun |date=2008-12-20 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze muri Mutarama 1999 atorerwa kuba Guverineri wa Leta ya Lagos &lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=PDP's insatiable thirst |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html |website=The Sun |date=2009-10-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;; yatangiye imirimo ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1999. Mu 2003, yongeye gutorwa, aba guverineri wenyine wa AD wongeye gutorwa mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu, mu gihe izindi ntara zose zo muri ako karere zegukanywe n'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya PDP &lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Olusola Balogun |title=One-party state: Who will stop PDP? |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/sept/06/powergame-06-09-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-09-06 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku butegetsi bwe, yashimiwe guhangana n'umubyigano w'imodoka mu mihanda, kunoza ikusanywa ry'imyanda no kurwanya ibyaha by'ubugizi bwa nabi bukoranye ubuhanga, kandi yatangije imishinga minini y'ibikorwa remezo &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Jason Burke |title=‘Godfather of Lagos’ is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/24/godfather-of-lagos-is-the-man-to-beat-in-pivotal-nigerian-election |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahawe ibihembo byinshi, birimo icya guverineri mwiza muri Nijeriya mu 2000 &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=FEMI BABAFEMI |title=New road opens up Ijegun community |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2005/june/29/citysun-29-06-2005-002.htm |website=The Sun |date=2005-06-29 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagiranye amakimbirane akomeye na guverinoma nkuru ya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'inzego 37 nshya z'ibanze muri Lagos; ayo makimbirane yatumye guverinoma nkuru ifatira amafaranga yagenewe izo nzego, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ruza gutegeka ko asubizwa &lt;ref name=&quot;E31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=21 years after, Lagos Assembly to scrap 37 LCDAs created by Tinubu in major overhaul |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/10/17/21-years-after-lagos-assembly-to-scrap-37-lcdas-created-by-tinubu-in-major-overhaul/ |website=P.M. News |access-date=2026-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tinubu and His Lifelong Ambition |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/25/tinubu-and-his-lifelong-ambition/ |website=This Day |access-date=2023-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Manda ye yarangiye ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2007, asimburwa na Babatunde Fashola, wari umuyobozi w'ibiro bye &lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=OLUSOLA BALOGUN |title=2011: South West politicians to watch |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=RAZAQ BAMIDELE |title=The making of Lagos AC |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2006-10-13 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nubwo atari akiri guverineri, Tinubu yakomeje kugira ijambo rikomeye muri politiki ya Lagos, cyane cyane mu guhitamo abamusimbura &lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : qui sera le prochain gouverneur de Lagos ? |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/481380/politique/nigeria-qui-sera-le-prochain-gouverneur-de-lagos/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2017-10-11 |access-date=2018-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni yo mpamvu akunze kwitwa « Umubyeyi wa batisimu wa Lagos » (''Godfather of Lagos'') &lt;ref name=&quot;E158&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu: The Flawed Progressive |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/0201/03/05/tinubu-the-flawed-progressive/ |website=This Day |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hagati ya 2007 na 2023 ==
Nyuma y'itsinzi ya PDP mu matora ya 2007, Tinubu yagize uruhare mu biganiro byo guhuza amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi &lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=GOBERT EMERSON Jr., TAIWO AMODU and DURO ADESEKO |title=Mega party, mega confusion |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/apr/11/politics-11-04-2009-001.htm |website=The Sun |date=2009-04-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gashyantare 2013, yari umwe mu bashinze ishyaka rya All Progressives Congress (APC), ryavutse ku ihuzwa ry'amashyaka akomeye atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi &lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Amaechi, 4 other PDP govs, nPDP join APC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/amaechi-4-other-pdp-govs-npdp-join-apc/ |website=Vanguard |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E49&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Update: ACN, ANPP, APGA, CPC merge into new party, APC – Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/119162-update-acn-anpp-apga-cpc-merge-into-new-party-apc.html |website=Premium Times |date=2013-02-07 |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2014, yashyigikiye kandidatire ya Muhammadu Buhari &lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari wins APC presidential primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/buhari-wins-apc-presidential-primaries/ |website=Vanguard |date=2014-12-11 |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;; yifuzaga kuba umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida, ariko uwo mwanya uhabwa Yemi Osinbajo, inshuti ye &lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Buhari formally presents Osinbajo as APC presidential running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173435-breaking-buhari-formally-presents-osibanjo-apc-presidential-running-mate.html |website=Premium Times |date=2014-12-17 |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2015, Buhari yatsinze amatora, bwa mbere perezida uri ku butegetsi muri Nijeriya atsindwa n'umukandida w'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi &lt;ref name=&quot;E52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Muhammadu Buhari's Presidential Victory in Nigeria |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/muhammadu-buharis-presidential-victory-nigeria |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tinubu yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi utemewe ku mugaragaro wa APC &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Governors, Tinubu, Akande back Oshiomhole for APC chairmanship seat |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/governors-tinubu-akande-back-oshiomhole-for-apc-chairmanship-seat/ |website=The Guardian |date=2018-06-13 |access-date=2018-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu reveals who made him Lagos Governor in 1999, says he's not a bastard |url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/04/04/tinubu-reveals-made-lagos-governor-1999-says-hes-not-bastard/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;; muri Gashyantare 2018, Buhari yamushinze kuyobora komite y'ubwiyunge y'iryo shyaka, kugira ngo akemure amakimbirane yari arimo &lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The Tinubu test |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12257/The_Tinubu_test |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2018-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Cracks spread in APC alliance |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12337/Cracks_spread_in_APC_alliance |website=Africa Confidential |date=2018-06-01 |access-date=2018-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora ya 2023 ===
Ku ya 10 Mutarama 2022, Tinubu yatangaje ko aziyamamariza umwanya wa perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;E55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Olufemi Atoyebi |title=Tinubu: Why I believe I'll win presidency in 2023 |url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-why-i-believe-ill-win-presidency-in-2023 |website=TheCable |date=2022-01-16 |access-date=2022-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 8 Kamena 2022, yatsinze amatora y'ibanze ya APC n'amajwi 1 271, atsinda Visi-Perezida Yemi Osinbajo na Rotimi Amaechi &lt;ref name=&quot;E58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Hillary Essein |title=BREAKING: Bola Tinubu, Jagaban of Borgu, clinches APC presidential ticket |url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-bola-tinubu-jagaban-of-borgu-clinches-apc-presidential-ticket/ |website=Peoples Gazette |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2022-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria : l’ancien gouverneur de Lagos, Bola Tinubu, remporte la primaire du parti au pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/06/08/presidentielle-au-nigeria-l-ex-gouverneur-de-lagos-bola-tinubu-remporte-la-primaire-du-parti-au-pouvoir_6129404_3212.html |website=Le Monde et AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yahisemo Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida we ku mwanya wa visi-perezida.

Ku ya 1 Werurwe 2023, komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yatangaje ko Tinubu yatsinze amatora ya perezida ku cyiciro cya mbere, n'amajwi 8 794 726 (36,6%), arusha Atiku Abubakar wa PDP (6 984 520) na Peter Obi w'Ishyaka ry'Abakozi (6 101 533) &lt;ref name=&quot;E59&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BREAKING: INEC declares Tinubu winner of presidential election |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-tinubu-winner-of-presidential-election/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BREAKING: I'll be your servant, Tinubu promises Nigerians |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ill-be-your-servant-tinubu-promises-nigerians/ |website=The Punch |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/ |date=March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Bola Tinubu succède à Buhari à la tête de la première économie d’Afrique |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/leadership/2023-03-01/nigeria-bola-tinubu-succede-a-buhari-a-la-tete-de-la-premiere-economie-d-afrique-953663.html |website=La Tribune |access-date=2023-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ayo matora yaranzwe n'ibirego byo kugura amajwi, gutera ubwoba abatora, ibitero ku biro by'itora n'uburiganya &lt;ref name=&quot;E62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=CDD releases preliminary report on polls, alleges voter suppression |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/cdd-releases-preliminary-report-on-polls-alleges-voter-suppression/ |website=The Nation |date=2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E63&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Esther Blankson |title=#NigeriaElections2023: NHRC releases malpractices, vote-buying statistics |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriaelections2023-nhrc-releases-malpractices-vote-buying-statistics/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-02-28 |access-date=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abakandida batatu bakomeye batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi banze ibyavuye mu matora, basaba ko asubirwamo &lt;ref name=&quot;E69&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2023 elections: EU faults INEC, says process distorted, lacks transparency |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency/ |website=Vanguard |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E73&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ishola Oludare |title=Full text of Obasanjo's message on 2023 presidential election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/full-text-of-obasanjos-message-on-2023-presidential-election/ |website=Daily Post |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Liza Fabbian, Moïse Gomis et Amélie Tulet |title=Présidentielle au Nigeria: Bola Tinubu déclaré vainqueur par la Commission électorale |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230301-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-nigeria-bola-tinubu-obtient-le-plus-grand-nombre-de-voix |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Nijeriya ==
Tinubu yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Nijeriya ku ya 29 Gicurasi 2023 ku kibuga cya Eagle Square i Abuja, mu muhango witabiriwe n'abakuru b'ibihugu benshi &lt;ref name=&quot;E83&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Tope Alabi |title=FULL LIST: FG releases timetable for Tinubu, Shettima swearing-in |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-fg-releases-timetable-for-tinubu-shettima-swearing-in/ |website=The Punch |date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E85&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=World leaders, others attend Tinubu's inauguration today |url=https://dailytrust.com/world-leaders-others-attend-tinubus-inauguration-today/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2023, yatorewe kuyobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO) &lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Afrique Nigéria Le président nigérian, Bola Tinubu, choisi pour diriger la Cedeao |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/07/10/le-president-nigerian-bola-tinubu-choisi-pour-diriger-la-cedeao_6181246_3212.html |website=Le Monde avec AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amavugurura y'ubukungu ===
Mu ijambo yavuze arahira, Tinubu yatangaje ivanwaho ry'inkunga leta yatangaga ku bikomoka kuri peteroli &lt;ref name=&quot;E87&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Bakare Majeed |title=Fuel Subsidy is gone — Tinubu declares |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/601239-fuel-subsidy-is-gone-tinubu-declares.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibyo byateje izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro bya lisansi, maze ihuriro ry'abakozi (NLC) rihamagarira imyigaragambyo, nyuma iza guhagarikwa kubera ibiganiro na guverinoma &lt;ref name=&quot;E88&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Dennis Erezi |title=Nigeria's petrol subsidy removal takes effect as fuel price jumps over N500 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigerias-petrol-subsidy-removal-takes-effect-as-fuel-price-jumps-over-n500/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E89&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Felix Onuah |title=Nigeria's main union to suspend strike over petrol subsidy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-court-stops-labour-unions-strike-over-petrol-subsidy-2023-06-05/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-05 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Iyo nkunga yatwaraga leta hafi miliyari 10 z'amadolari ku mwaka, kandi ivanwaho ryayo ryashimwe na Banki y'Isi &lt;ref name=&quot;E90&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=World Bank affirms that Tinubu's economic reforms could save Nigeria N3.9 trillion ($5.10 billion) this year |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/world-bank-affirms-that-tinubus-economic-reforms-could-save-nigeria-n39-trillion/8tm2q82 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E91&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigerian petrol prices reach record high after subsidy removal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/18/nigerian-petrol-prices-reach-record-high-after-subsidy-removal |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2023-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 9 Kamena 2023, yahagaritse ku mirimo Godwin Emefiele, guverineri wa Banki Nkuru ya Nijeriya, wahise afatwa na polisi y'ubutasi &lt;ref name=&quot;E92&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Ayodeji Adegboyega |title=UPDATED: Tinubu suspends Emefiele as CBN Governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/603540-updated-tinubu-suspends-emefiele-as-cbn-governor.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E94&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Macdonald Dzirutwe |title=Nigeria's security agency detains suspended central bank governor |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-security-agency-detains-suspended-central-bank-governor-statement-2023-06-10/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'iminsi itanu, banki nkuru yakuyeho imbogamizi ku ivunjisha, bituma ifaranga rya ''naira'' rigera ku gaciro karyo kari hasi kurusha ibindi byose &lt;ref name=&quot;E101&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Chijioke Ohuocha |title=Nigeria allows naira to drop more than 36% on official market |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/nigeria-allows-naira-drop-more-than-36-official-market-2023-06-14/ |website=Reuters |date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amavugurura ye y'ubukungu, akunze kwitwa ''Tinubunomics'', afatwa nk'akomeye kurusha ayabayeho kuva demokarasi yagaruka &lt;ref name=&quot;E103&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The return of SAP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/the-return-of-sap |website=TheCable |date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=A Comparative Analysis Of Tinubunomics Reforms And IMF Conditionalities For Loan (1) |url=https://independent.ng/a-comparative-analysis-of-tinubunomics-reforms-and-imf-conditionalities-for-loan-1/ |website=Independent |date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umutekano n'ubuyobozi ===
Ku ya 19 Kamena 2023, yagize Nuhu Ribadu Umujyanama mu by'Umutekano w'Igihugu, maze asimbuza abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo zose n'inzego z'umutekano &lt;ref name=&quot;E113&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nuhu Ribadu: Profile of new National Security Adviser |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/605501-nuhu-ribadu-profile-of-new-national-security-adviser.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E115&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu sacks military chiefs, IGP, Customs boss, names replacements with Ribadu as NSA |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/605484-breaking-tinubu-sacks-military-chiefs-igp-customs-boss-names-replacements-with-ribadu-as-nsa.html |website=Premium Times |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwo munsi kandi, yasheshe inama z'ubuyobozi z'ibigo byose bya leta &lt;ref name=&quot;E120&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tinubu dissolves boards of all MDAs |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-tinubu-dissolves-boards-of-all-mdas/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu mpera za Nzeri 2025, ubutasi bwa gisirikare bwavumbuye umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi bwe; abasirikare 16 barafashwe, kandi umutambagiro wa gisirikare w'umunsi w'ubwigenge wo ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2025 urasubikwa &lt;ref name=&quot;E124&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E127&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nigerian Defence Intelligence Detains Brigadier-General, Other Officers Over Alleged Coup Plot To Overthrow President Tinubu - Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/18/exclusive-nigerian-defence-intelligence-detains-brigadier-general-other-officers-over |website=saharareporters.com |access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E128&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=Nigerian military begins probe of officers detained for alleged coup plot |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/828881-nigerian-military-begins-probe-of-officers-detained-for-alleged-coup-plot.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Igisirikare cyabanje guhakana ayo makuru, kivuga ko ifatwa ryabo ryari irya disipulini &lt;ref name=&quot;E129&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria denies officers arrested over coup plot |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251018-nigeria-denies-officers-arrested-over-coup-plot |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2025, Tinubu yasimbuje abayobozi bakuru b'ingabo &lt;ref name=&quot;E136&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Yakubu Mohammed |title=UPDATED: Weeks after alleged coup plot, Tinubu changes military chiefs |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/830467-updated-weeks-after-alleged-coup-plot-tinubu-changes-military-chiefs.html |website=Premium Times |date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu Ugushyingo 2025, Perezida [[Donald Trump]] wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yashinje Nijeriya kunanirwa kurinda Abakristo ihohoterwa, ategeka ingabo z'Amerika kwitegura ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri icyo gihugu &lt;ref name=&quot;E137&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens to go into Nigeria 'guns-a-blazing' over attacks on Christians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/01/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution |website=The Guardian |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E138&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Trump threatens military action in Nigeria over Christian persecution claims |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/11/01/g-s1-96215/trump-nigeria-christian-persecution-claims |website=NPR |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tinubu yahakanye ibyo birego, avuga ko guverinoma ye irinda abaturage bose hatitawe ku idini &lt;ref name=&quot;E141&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump threatens US military action in Nigeria over treatment of Christians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/trump-says-christians-face-existential-threat-nigeria-adds-country-watch-list-2025-10-31/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2025, ku busabe bwa guverinoma ya Nijeriya, Amerika yagabye igitero ku mutwe wa Leta ya Kisilamu (''État islamique'') mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu &lt;ref name=&quot;E142&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=US launches strike against Islamic State militants in northwest Nigeria |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-launches-strikes-against-islamic-state-militants-northwest-nigeria-trump-says-2025-12-25/ |date=2025-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga nka perezida rwabaye i Paris, mu [[Ubufaransa]], muri Kamena 2023, yitabiriye inama mpuzamahanga ku bijyanye n'imari &lt;ref name=&quot;E143&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The Paris visit and President Tinubu's new allies |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-paris-visit-and-president-tinubus-new-allies/ |website=Daily Trust |date=2023-06-26 |access-date=2023-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2023, nyuma ya kudeta yabereye muri [[Nigeri]], yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy'ubutabazi bwa gisirikare, maze abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi barabinenga &lt;ref name=&quot;E145&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria's President Tinubu faces backlash over military intervention in Niger |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66430113 |website=BBC News |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2023-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E146&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Aanu Adeoye |title=Nigerian threats to Niger junta undone by fierce domestic opposition |url=https://www.ft.com/content/45737ce5-1adb-4c57-bba1-e63713265e6a |website=Financial Times |date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukuboza 2025, yemereye ingabo za Nijeriya gutabara [[Bene]], nyuma y'igerageza rya kudeta ryibasiye Perezida Patrice Talon &lt;ref name=&quot;E147&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Benin's foiled coup: How it unfolded and what we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/8/benins-foiled-coup-how-it-unfolded-and-what-we-know |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora ya 2027 ===
Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2025, ishyaka rya APC ryamutanze nk'umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida ya 2027 &lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Nigeria : Tinubu obtient le soutien de son parti pour la présidentielle 2027 |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2025/05/23/nigeria-tinubu-obtient-le-soutien-de-son-parti-pour-la-presidentielle-2027/ |website=Africanews |date=2025-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Komisiyo y'amatora (INEC) yemeje kandidatire ye, hamwe na Kashim Shettima nk'umukandida ku mwanya wa visi-perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;E149&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Nosakhale Akhimien |title=INEC Publishes Final List Of Presidential Candidates For 2027 Election [FULL LIST] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/09/12/inec-publishes-final-list-of-presidential-candidates-for-2027-election/ |website=Channels Television |date=2026-09-12 |access-date=2026-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibirego bya ruswa ==
Mu 1993, leta y'Amerika yafatiriye amafaranga yari kuri konti ze muri Amerika, ivuga ko hari impamvu zifatika zo gukeka ko akomoka ku icuruzwa rya heroyine; Tinubu yumvikanye na leta y'Amerika, yemera gutakaza amadolari agera ku 460 000 &lt;ref name=&quot;E164&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=William Clowes |title=Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations |website=Bloomberg News |date=2022-06-22 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E165&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Nduka Orjinmo |title=Bola Tinubu - the 'godfather' who is Nigeria's president-elect |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61732548 |website=BBC News |date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2023-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mata 2007, guverinoma nkuru yamujyanye imbere y'urukiko rushinzwe imyitwarire y'abayobozi (''Code of Conduct Tribunal''), imushinja gukoresha konti 16 zo mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe &lt;ref name=&quot;E167&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Bola Tinubu's Looting Of Lagos exposed |url=http://www.newsofthepeople-ng.com/bola-tinubus-looting-of-lagos-exposed/ |website=News of the People |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2018-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;; urubanza rwaje guteshwa agaciro ku mpamvu za tekiniki &lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Ise-Oluwa Ige |title=FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mutarama 2009, komisiyo ishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha by'ubukungu (EFCC) yamuhanaguyeho ibyaha byo kunyereza umutungo no kwezwa kw'amafaranga &lt;ref name=&quot;E168&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Atika Balal |title=Vmobile Sale – Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html |website=Daily Trust |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2009-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Nigeria: Vmobile Sale - Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Tinubu ni Umuyisilamu &lt;ref name=&quot;E177&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors |website=The Economist |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1987, yashakanye na Oluremi Tinubu, wahoze ari senateri uhagarariye Lagos yo Hagati &lt;ref name=&quot;E172&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senator Oluremi Tinubu: The Change that was Expected is not the Change that is being Experienced Now – BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2016/01/senator-oluremi-tinubu-the-change-that-was-expected-is-not-the-change-that-is-being-experienced-now/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |date=2016-01-26 |access-date=2017-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Kareemot Salami |title=Oluremi Tinubu: Nigeria first lady biography |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c729w8e921go |date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;; bafitanye abana batatu. Afite kandi abandi bana batatu yabyaye mbere &lt;ref name=&quot;E174&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Golden Madu |title=Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children |url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html |website=DNB Africa |date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2023-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;; umwe muri bo, Jide Tinubu, yapfiriye i Londres ku ya 31 Ukwakira 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;E176&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=My son, Jide died of cardiac arrest – Bola Tinubu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/son-died-cardiac-arrest-bola-tinubu/ |website=Vanguard |date=2017-11-03 |access-date=2018-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Afite amazina abiri y'icyubahiro gakondo: ''Asiwaju'' wa Lagos na ''Jagaba'' wa Borgu &lt;ref name=&quot;E177&quot; /&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Nijeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</title>
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      <text bytes="24543" sha1="gwz0d491d3j3yhgoyyxub4si5rj6789" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
| image = His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
| birth_date = 29 Ugushyingo 1955
| birth_place = Jalalaqsi, intara ya Hiiraan, [[Somaliya]]
| nationality = Umunyasomaliya
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Bhopal (Barkatullah University), University for Peace
| occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Somaliya]]
| term = 2012–2017; kuva ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022
| predecessor = Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo »
| party = Union for Peace and Development Party
| spouse = Qamar Ali Omar
| children = 7
}}
'''Hassan Sheikh Mohamud''' (mu Gisomali: ''Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud''; yavutse ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1955 i Jalalaqsi, mu ntara ya Hiiraan) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'umwarimu wa kaminuza wa [[Somaliya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva mu 2022, nyuma yo kuba yarakiyoboye bwa mbere kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2017. Mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki, yari umwarimu akaba n'umuyobozi muri SIMAD University, kaminuza yafatanyije gushinga i [[Mogadishu]]. Mu 2012, yatorewe n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuba perezida, maze ikinyamakuru ''Time'' kimushyira mu bantu 100 bavuga rikijyana ku isi mu 2013. Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'ibitero by'umutwe wa al-Shabaab no kunengwa kubera ruswa n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ububasha. Yatsinzwe mu 2017, ashinga ishyaka rya Union for Peace and Development, maze yongera gutorwa mu 2022. Mu 2026, kongererwa igihe kwa manda ye byateje impaka zikomeye.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri ==
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yavukiye mu ntara ya Hiiraan &lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2023-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se akomoka mu muryango w'Abagaal, umwe mu miryango migari y'Abahawiye, naho nyina akomoka mu muryango wa Hawadle &lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The New President of Somaliland, who is Hassan Sheikh Mahmoud? |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/31546 |website=Al Shahid |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2013-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye iwabo &lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Somalia's new president profiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1978, yimukiye i Mogadishu, aho yize imyaka itatu mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubumenyingiro, abona impamyabumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga mu 1981 &lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile of Somalia's Newly Elected President |url=http://dissidentnation.com/profile-of-somalias-newly-elected-president/ |website=Dissident Nation |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud - Resume |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/profile-somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ |website=Raxanreeb |access-date=2012-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 1986, yagiye mu [[Ubuhinde]], yiga muri Kaminuza ya Bhopal (ubu yitwa Barkatullah University), aharangiriza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master'') mu burezi bw'ubumenyingiro mu 1988 &lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2001, yakurikiye amasomo y'ubuhuza n'ubwiyunge muri Eastern Mennonite University, muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]] &lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Bonnie Price Lofton |title=President of Somalia Welcomed Home as Alumnus of EMUs Summer Peacebuilding Institute |url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2014/08/president-of-somalia-welcomed-home-as-alumnus-of-emus-summer-peacebuilding-institute/ |website=EMU |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2014-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukwakira 2022, yamuritse [[igitabo]] cy'ubushakashatsi bw'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) mu mahoro, imiyoborere n'iterambere muri University for Peace, aba perezida wa mbere wa Somaliya ubikoze ari ku butegetsi &lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Candidate Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Wins Somalia's Presidential Election |url=https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |website=University for Peace |date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010125915/https://www.upeace.org/noticias/upeace-doctoral-candidate-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-wins-somalias-presidential-election |archive-date=2023-10-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hassan Mohamud becomes Somalia's first sitting president to earn PhD |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188400/hassan_mohamud_becomes_somalia_s_first_sitting_president_to_earn_phd.aspx |website=Hiiraan Online |date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2022-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga mbere ya politiki ==
Hassan yabanje kuba umwarimu mu ishuri ry'ubumenyingiro rya Lafole, hanyuma mu 1984 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ryigisha abarimu b'ubumenyingiro rishamikiye kuri Kaminuza y'Igihugu ya Somaliya, aba umuyobozi w'ishami mu 1986 &lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali election of Hassan Sheikh a 'great step' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19557884 |website=BBC |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ubwo intambara y'abenegihugu yadukaga mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1990, yagumye muri Somaliya, aba umujyanama w'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta n'ibigo by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye &lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot; /&gt;. Kuva mu 1993 kugeza mu 1995, yari umukozi ushinzwe uburezi muri [[UNICEF]] mu majyepfo no hagati mu gihugu. Mu 1999, yafatanyije gushinga ikigo cy'imicungire n'ubuyobozi (SIMAD) i Mogadishu, cyaje kuba SIMAD University, akibera umuyobozi kugeza mu 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Mahmoud Mohamed |title=Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates |url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/08/17/feature-02 |website=Sabahi |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yigishije kandi ikoranabuhanga muri Kaminuza ya Mogadishu &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalia: Profile of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209110514.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2011, yashinze ishyaka rya Peace and Development Party (PDP), maze muri Mata 2011 aritorerwa kuriyobora &lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Nasongo Willy |title=Somalia: new independent political party leader |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/20024 |website=Alshahid |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2012-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2012, yabaye umudepite mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko nshya ya Leta Yunze Ubumwe ya Somaliya &lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot; /&gt;.

== Manda ya mbere (2012–2017) ==
=== Itorwa ===
Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2012, abadepite bamutoreye kuba Perezida wa Somaliya &lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910 |website=Reuters |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cy'amatora, Perezida Sharif Sheikh Ahmed wari ku butegetsi yabaye uwa mbere n'amajwi 64, Hassan akurikiraho n'amajwi 60 &lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia: Sheikh Sharif vs Newcomer Sheikh Mahamoud in Final Round of Presidential Elections |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209101222.html |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;; mu cyiciro cya kabiri, Hassan yatsinze Sharif ku majwi 190 kuri 79 &lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/09/10/97001-20120910FILWWW00718-somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : élection surprise d'un universitaire peu connu à la présidence |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/somalie-election-surprise-d-un-universitaire-peu-connu-a-la-presidence-10-09-2012-1504725_24.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia Federal Parliament elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as President |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095606/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Federal_Parliament_elects_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud_as_President.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nubwo habayeho ibirego bya ruswa n'igurwa ry'amajwi, Sharif yemeye ibyavuye mu matora &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=IISS |title=Strategic Survey 2013: The Annual Review of World Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vau7EAAAQBAJ |website=Taylor &amp; Francis |date=2023-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Itorwa rye ryashimwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'Umuryango w'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe &lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia's President-elect widely hailed |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |website=Xinhua |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811171048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-09/11/c_131843573.htm |archive-date=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku ya 16 Nzeri 2012 &lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42900&amp;Cr=Somali&amp;Cr1= |website=UN News Centre |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2012-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2012 agira Abdi Farah Shirdon Minisitiri w'Intebe &lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali president names political newcomer as PM -diplomats |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |website=Reuters |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217195634/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6E8L60GZ20121006 |archive-date=2014-12-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibitero byamwibasiye ===
Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2012, iminsi ibiri nyuma yo gutorwa, abiyahuzi n'abantu bitwaje intwaro bagabye igitero kuri hoteli Jazeera i Mogadishu, aho yari ari mu nama n'intumwa z'amahanga; Hassan ntiyakomeretse, akomeza ijambo rye imbere y'abanyamakuru &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia: Newly elected President Hassan and foreign dignitaries survive multiple bomb blasts |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917212452/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Newly_elected_President_Hassan_and_foreign_dignitaries_survive_multiple_bomb_blasts.shtml |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |title=Shabaab suicide bombers attack new Somali president, Kenyan foreign minister |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |website=Long War Journal |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914182652/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/09/shabaab_suicide_bombers_attack.php |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gabe Joselow |title=Suicide Bombers Target New Somali President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/new-somali-president-safe-after-explosion/1506278.html |website=Voice of America |date=2012-09-12 |access-date=2012-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umutwe wa al-Shabaab wigambye icyo gitero &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot; /&gt;. Ku ya 3 Nzeri 2013, igisasu cyaturikiye hafi y'imodoka zari ziherekeje perezida i Merca &lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali President Unhurt in Bomb Attack |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-president-unhurt-in-bomb-attack/1742168.html |website=VOA News |date=2013-09-03 |access-date=2013-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2015, abarwanyi ba al-Shabaab bishe mwishywa we, Dr Liban Osman, i Mogadishu &lt;ref name=&quot;E36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali president's nephew killed in al-Shabab attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34465949 |website=BBC News |date=2015-10-07 |access-date=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 2025, al-Shabaab yongeye kugerageza kumwica ikoresheje ibisasu byatezwe ku muhanda hafi y'ingoro ya Villa Somalia &lt;ref name=&quot;E37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-bomb-attack-president-safe-2025-03-18/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Politiki y'imbere mu gihugu ===
Ubutegetsi bwe bwashyize imbere guteza imbere serivisi z'ibanze nk'ubuzima n'uburezi, no kongera kubaka ibikorwa remezo birimo icyambu n'ikibuga cy'indege cya Mogadishu, imihanda, amashuri n'ibitaro &lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2013-2015 - Somalia - Addendum to Country Brief |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/2013-2015-somalia-addendum-to-country-brief-34904 |website=AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK |date=2013-12-23 |access-date=2013-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Guverinoma ye yasabye ko hakurwaho igihano cyo kubuza Somaliya kugura intwaro, cyari cyarashyizweho n'Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano ka Loni mu 1992, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zibashe guhangana n'inyeshyamba z'abiyitirira Isilamu &lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UN set to ease Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/un-set-to-ease-somalia-arms-embargo/story-fn3dxix6-1226587316101 |website=The Australian |date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Majid Ahmed |title=Somalia: Continuance of Arms Embargo Threatens Security Gains in Somalia |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302210071.html |website=Sabahi |date=2013-02-20 |access-date=2013-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Icyo gihano cyaroroshejwe by'agateganyo mu 2013, maze ku ya 5 Werurwe 2014 Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano kemeza ko iryo yoroshya rikomeza &lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UN to lift Somalia arms embargo |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-163309-UN-to-lift-Somalia-arms-embargo |website=The News |date=2013-03-05 |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808082522/https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |archive-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/06/un-security-council-extends-arms-embargo-somalia-eight-months/ |website=Horseed Media |date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2014-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mata 2013, yasubukuye ibiganiro by'ubwiyunge na Somaliland, [[intara]] yiyomoye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, abisinyira i Ankara, muri Turukiya, na Perezida wa Somaliland Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo &lt;ref name=&quot;E48&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia: Hassan and President Silanyo meet in Turkey |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-04-13 |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114340/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Hassan_and_President_Silanyo_meet_in_Turkey_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2013, guverinoma ye yasinye amasezerano y'ubwiyunge n'ubuyobozi bwigenga bwa Jubaland i Addis Abeba, muri [[Etiyopiya]].

Manda ye ya mbere yaranzwe n'amakimbirane n'abaminisitiri b'intebe be: mu Ugushyingo 2013, yasabye Abdi Farah Shirdon kwegura, maze abadepite batangiza icyifuzo cyo kumweguza &lt;ref name=&quot;E55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia: Prime Minister asked to step down |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025544/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Prime_Minister_asked_to_step_down_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somali PM to face vote this week |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |website=Garowe Online |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030320/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali-PM-to-face-vote-this-week_printer.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;; mu 2014, yagiranye andi makimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ku bijyanye n'ivugurura rya guverinoma &lt;ref name=&quot;E68&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breaking: Somali PM reshuffles his cabinet |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=5280 |website=Goobjoog |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E70&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SOMALIA: President Hassan says PM's cabinet reshuffle is &quot;null and void&quot; |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |website=Raxanreeb |date=2014-10-25 |access-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205423/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-president-hassan-says-pms-cabinet-reshuffle-is-null-and-void/ |archive-date=2014-11-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ntangiriro za 2016, ubutegetsi bwe bwagenzuraga igice gito cyane cy'igihugu, kandi ntiyabashije gukemura ikibazo cya Somaliland. Mu 2017, yatsinzwe amatora na Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmaajo » &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hassan Cheikh Mohamoud élu président |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1299684/somalie-hassan-cheikh-mohamoud-elu-president-officiel.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Manda ya kabiri (kuva mu 2022) ==
Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2022, Hassan yongeye gutorwa kuba perezida, atsinda ku cyiciro cya gatatu Perezida Farmaajo wari ku butegetsi, wari waramutsinze mu 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E110&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yiyemeje kugarura umutekano muri Somaliya &lt;ref name=&quot;E111&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Former Somali president returns to power, vows to return Somalia to stability |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/africa/somalia-elects-new-president-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze arahira ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2022. Ku ya 15 Kamena 2022, yagize Hamza Abdi Barre Minisitiri w'Intebe &lt;ref name=&quot;E112&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Abdi Sheikh |title=Somali president nominates Barre as prime minister after delayed elections |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somali-president-nominates-barre-prime-minister-after-delayed-elections-2022-06-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2024, mu makimbirane ku matora y'intara ya Jubaland, umucamanza wo muri iyo ntara yasohoye impapuro zo kumuta muri yombi, amushinja ubugambanyi no gushaka guteza intambara; guverinoma nkuru na yo yasohoye impapuro zo guta muri yombi Perezida wa Jubaland, Ahmed Madobe &lt;ref name=&quot;E115&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia and Jubaland issue warrants of arrest for their respective leaders |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/11/28/somalia-and-jubaland-issue-warrants-of-arrest-for-their-respective-leaders/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2026, mu kiganiro na Al Jazeera, yamaganye iyemezwa rya Somaliland nk'igihugu kigenga ryakozwe na Isirayeli, avuga ko ari ukwivanga mu bibazo by'igihugu cye kandi ko Somaliya itazemera ko Isirayeli ishyira ikigo cya gisirikare muri Somaliland &lt;ref name=&quot;E113&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's interference, rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/somalias-mohamud-slams-israels-interference-rejects-base-on-somaliland |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2026-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E114&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalia's Mohamud slams Israel's 'interference', rejects base on Somaliland |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/somalia-mohamud-slams-israel-interference-050457571.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=2026-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2026, nubwo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bavugaga ko manda ye irangiye uwo munsi, yatangaje ko Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe ryongereye manda ya perezida kuva ku myaka ine ikagera ku myaka itanu, bityo manda ye ikazarangira ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2027 &lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Somalie : le gouvernement annonce une  période de transition  à la fin d’un mandat présidentiel sans élections à l’horizon |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/15/somalie-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-periode-de-transition-a-la-fin-d-un-mandat-presidentiel-sans-elections-a-l-horizon_6689489_3212.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Impaka ==
Manda ye ya mbere yanenzwe cyane kubera ruswa ikabije, kubuza itangazamakuru ubwisanzure no gukoresha nabi ububasha. Itsinda ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kugenzura Somaliya ryashinje ubutegetsi bwe guha intwaro al-Shabaab, kandi raporo yo mu 2013 yavuze ko hari umugambi wo kunyereza umutungo wa leta &lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Moulid Hujale |title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president |website=Al Jazeera |date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2024-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E116&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Mohamud Ali |title=Hassan Sheikh Mohamud: Who is Somalia's new leader? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19556383 |website=BBC News |date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2024-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Werurwe 2023, yagize umukobwa we, Jehan Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, umujyanama we mu bibazo mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba byarateje impaka, ndetse ambasaderi wa Somaliya muri Arabiya Sawudite yegura avuga ko yasuzuguwe n'abo hafi ya perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;E117&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Najib Ahmed |title=Somalia: State-building as the elite's perverse incentive |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/09/somalia-state-building-as-the-elites-perverse-incentive/ |website=African Arguments |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E118&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Somalia's president appoints daughter as foreign affairs advisor |url=https://somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalias-president-appoints-daughter-as-foreign-affairs-advisor/ |website=Somali Guardian |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2023, umuhungu we, Mohammed Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, yagonze umumotari w'Umunyaturukiya i Istanbul, ari mu modoka y'ambasade ya Somaliya; uwo mumotari yapfuye ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Turquie: le fils du président somalien s'enfuit après un accident mortel |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2023/12/09/turquie-le-fils-du-president-somalien-senfuit-apres-un-accident-mortel/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E119&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=İstanbul'da motokuryenin ölümüne neden olan Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu ifadesi alınmadan Türkiye'yi terketti |url=https://www.voaturkce.com/a/istanbul-da-motokuryenin-olumune-neden-somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-ifadesi-alinmadan-turkiye-yi-terk-etti-/7390477.html |website=voaturkce.com |date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E121&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=tr |title=Somali Cumhurbaşkanı'nın oğlu hakkında soruşturma |url=https://www.anadolugazete.com.tr/genel/somali-cumhurbaskaninin-oglu-hakkinda-sorusturma-1276g.htm |website=Anadolu Gazete |date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Urukiko rwabanje kumukatira igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri n'igice, nyuma gihindurwa ihazabu &lt;ref name=&quot;E123&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Turkey fines Somali president's son after courier's death in crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67998448 |date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud yashakanye na Qamar Ali Omar, bafitanye abana barindwi &lt;ref name=&quot;E15&quot; /&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Somaliya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hakainde Hichilema</title>
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      <text bytes="18967" sha1="ihd3mewfrauwkhojp832wah5u1pjtct" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Hakainde Hichilema
| image = Hakainde Hichilema 2022 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Hakainde Hichilema mu 2022
| birth_date = 4 Kamena 1962
| birth_place = Akarere ka Monze, [[Zambiya]]
| nationality = Umunyazambiya
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Zambiya, Kaminuza ya Birmingham
| occupation = Umucuruzi, umworozi, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Zambiya]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021
| predecessor = Edgar Lungu
| party = United Party for National Development (UPND)
| spouse = Mutinta Hichilema
| children = 3
}}
'''Hakainde Hichilema''' (yavutse ku ya 4 Kamena 1962), uzwi cyane ku nyuguti « '''HH''' » no ku izina rya « '''Bally''' », ni [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], umworozi akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa [[Zambiya]], Perezida wa karindwi w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 24 Kanama 2021. Ayobora ishyaka rya United Party for National Development (UPND) kuva mu 2006. Yabaye umuyobozi w'ibigo by'ubugenzuzi bw'imari Coopers and Lybrand na Grant Thornton muri Zambiya, mbere yo kwinjira muri politiki. Yatsinzwe amatora ya perezida inshuro eshanu, harimo aya 2015 n'aya 2016 yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito. Mu 2017, yafunzwe amezi ane ashinjwa ubugambanyi, ifungwa ryamaganywe cyane mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Yatsinze amatora ya 2021 ku cyiciro cya mbere, yongera gutorwa mu 2026.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'umwuga ==
Hichilema yavukiye mu mudugudu wo mu karere ka Monze, ku ya 4 Kamena 1962. Yahawe buruse yo kwiga muri Kaminuza ya Zambiya, ayirangiza mu 1986 afite impamyabumenyi mu bukungu n'imicungire y'ubucuruzi, hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (MBA) mu mari n'ingamba z'ubucuruzi muri Kaminuza ya Birmingham, mu Bwongereza &lt;ref name=&quot;E3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Biography: Hakainde Hichilema |url=http://hh-zambia.com/about/ |website=HH Zambia |access-date=2015-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa Coopers and Lybrand Zambia kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1998, hanyuma uwa Grant Thornton Zambia kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2006 &lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=HH's curriculum vitae |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/09/19/hhs-curriculum-vitae/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2008-09-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni umwe mu bantu bakize muri Zambiya, kandi ni uwa kabiri mu borozi b'inka benshi mu gihugu &lt;ref name=&quot;E68&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Aislinn Laing |title=Africa needs leaders to run countries like CEOs, Zambia's opposition leader says |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11354142/Africa-needs-leaders-to-run-countries-like-CEOs-Zambias-opposition-leader-says.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-19 |access-date=2015-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
Mu 2006, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Anderson Mazoka, Hichilema yatorewe kuyobora ishyaka rya UPND, ndetse n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, United Democratic Alliance (UDA). Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2006, ashyigikiwe n'uwahoze ari Perezida Kenneth Kaunda, yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi agera kuri 25%. Mu matora yo mu 2008, yakurikiye urupfu rwa Perezida Levy Mwanawasa, yongeye kuba uwa gatatu n'amajwi 19,7% &lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia to hold presidential by-election on Oct.30 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013184327/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/10/content_9890454.htm |archive-date=2008-10-13 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2009, UPND yagiranye amasezerano n'ishyaka rya Patriotic Front rya Michael Sata, ariko asenyuka mu 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition alliance splits ahead of poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-politics-idAFLDE72A13H20110311/ |website=Reuters |date=2011-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu matora ya perezida yo muri Mutarama 2015, yatsinzwe na Edgar Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito cy'amajwi 27 757 (1,66%), maze avuga ko ayo matora yaranzwe n'uburiganya &lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia opposition cries foul as Edgar Lungu wins presidential election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/11367373/Zambia-opposition-cries-foul-as-Lungu-wins-presidential-election.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Hakainde Hichilema |title=Edgar Lungu steals election |url=http://hh-zambia.com/blog/edgar-lungu-steals-election/ |website=hh-zambia.com |date=2015-01-24 |access-date=2015-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2016, yongeye gutsindwa na Lungu ku kinyuranyo gito (47,6% kuri 50,4%) &lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365 |website=BBC News |date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2016-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ifungwa ryo mu 2017 ===
Ku ya 11 Mata 2017, abapolisi binjiye ku ngufu iwe, baramufata, ashinjwa ubugambanyi no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi, nyuma y'uko imodoka zari zimuherekeje zivugwaho kwanga guha inzira iz'umukuru w'igihugu &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=reuters.com |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2021-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader charged with trying to overthrow government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-politics-idUSKBN17K22J?il=0 |website=Reuters |date=2017-04-18 |access-date=2017-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema released |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40945825 |website=BBC News |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abenshi babonaga ko icyo cyari ikosa ryo mu muhanda gusa, kidashobora gufatwa nk'ubugambanyi &lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hakainde Hichilema's treason trial puts Zambia at crossroads |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40020950 |website=BBC News |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2021-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=The day road rage led to a treason charge in Zambia, as democracy falters in Africa |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-zambia-opposition-treason-2017-htmlstory.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=2017-05-30 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abapolisi bakoresheje imbaraga z'umurengera, bangiza inzu ye kandi bakubita abakozi be &lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia : Police used excessive force to arrest HH and five others-Amnesty International |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/02/27/police-used-excessive-force-arrest-hh-five-others-amnesty-international/ |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cops Rob Millions Of Kwacha From Hichilema's Residence In Midnight Raid |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/12/cops-rob-millions-kwacha-hichilemas-residence-midnight-raid/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-12 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma, Hichilema yavuze ko yafunzwe wenyine iminsi umunani nta biryo, nta mazi kandi akorerwa iyicarubozo &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC World News - HARDtalk, Hakainde Hichilema |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/n3ct2km6 |website=BBC |access-date=2021-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ifungwa rye ryamaganywe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi, abepiskopi Gatolika ba Zambiya ndetse n'abanyapolitiki bo muri Afurika y'Epfo &lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Catholic Bishops condemn HH arrest, say Zambia is now a dictatorship |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/04/23/catholic-bishops-condemn-hh-arrest-say-zambia-is-now-a-dictatorship/ |date=2017-04-23 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=USA denounces brutal arrest of Hichilema |url=https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |website=Zambian Watchdog |date=2017-04-13 |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063555/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/usa-denounces-brutal-arrest-of-hichilema/ |archive-date=2020-10-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=US, EU Condemn Hichilema Arrest, Treason Charge |url=https://zambiareports.com/2017/04/14/us-eu-condemn-hichilema-arrest-treason-charge/ |website=Zambia Reports |date=2017-04-14 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Malema compares Zambia leader to apartheid rulers |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malema-compares-zambia-leader-to-apartheid-rulers-20170730 |website=News24 |access-date=2018-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwahoze ari Perezida wa Nijeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa Commonwealth, Patricia Scotland, bamusuye muri gereza &lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Former Nigerian President Obasanjo goes to visit HH in prison – Mwebantu |url=https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043156/https://mwebantu.com/2017/08/05/former-nigerian-president-obasanjo-goes-to-visit-hh-in-prison/comment-page-1/ |archive-date=2018-03-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Secretary-General meets Zambian president and opposition leader |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |website=The Commonwealth |date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818175409/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-meets-zambian-president-and-opposition-leader |archive-date=2021-08-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mu gihe Perezida Lungu yatangaje ibihe bidasanzwe &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Abdi Latif Dahir |title=One of Africa's most stable democracies just declared a state of emergency |url=https://qz.com/africa/1022493/zambias-president-declares-state-of-emergency-and-sparked-authoritarian-rule-concerns/ |website=Quartz |date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2021-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 16 Kanama 2017, ibyaha yashinjwaga byavanyweho, maze ararekurwa, ibyo byakiranwa ibyishimo mu gihugu hose &lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambia: HH walks to freedom as the state enters nolle prosequi in the treason case |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/08/16/hh-walks-freedom-state-enters-nolle-prosequi-treason-case/ |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=DPP drops HH case – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/dpp-drops-hh-case/ |access-date=2019-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Kristen Van Schie |title=Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema released from jail to jubilant reception, more popular than ever |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-17-zambia-hakainde-hichilema-released-from-jail-to-jubilant-reception-more-popular-than-ever/ |website=Daily Maverick |date=2017-08-16 |access-date=2025-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Ukwakira 2017, umuryango Friedrich Naumann wamuhaye igihembo cy'ubwisanzure muri Afurika (''Africa Freedom Award'') &lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=HH conferred with Africa Freedom Award |url=http://zambia24.com/news/2017/10/29/hh-conferred-with-africa-freedom-award/ |website=zambia24.com |access-date=2017-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu Ugushyingo 2017, inyandiko zizwi nka ''Paradise Papers'' zagaragaje ko yari umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'ubucukuzi AfNat Resources, cyanditswe muri Bermuda, igihugu kizwiho kudasoresha cyane &lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=offshoreleaks.icij.org |access-date=2021-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : UPND Leader Hakainde Hichilema named in Paradise Papers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/11/07/upnd-leader-hakainde-hichilema-named-paradise-papers/ |access-date=2021-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;; amakuru nk'ayo yari yaragaragaye no mu nyandiko za ''Panama Papers''&lt;ref name=&quot;E71&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Hakainde Sammy Hichilema: ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database |url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/stories/hakainde-sammy-hichilema |website=Offshore Leaks Database |access-date=2021-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Zambiya ==
Mu matora yo ku ya 12 Kanama 2021, Hichilema yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 59%, arusha Perezida Lungu wari ku butegetsi amanota arenga makumyabiri &lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |website=news.trust.org |access-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/ |archive-date=2021-08-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E46&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Chris Mfula |title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Zambiya ku ya 24 Kanama 2021, kuri sitade ya National Heroes i [[Lusaka]], afite Mutale Nalumango nka visi-perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Hakainde Hichilema, opposant historique, prend les rênes de la Zambie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/zambie-l-opposant-historique-hakainde-hichilema-investi-president-24-08-2021-2439894_24.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2021-08-24 |access-date=2021-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia : Hakainde Hichilema is president of the Republic of Zambia |url=https://www.freiheit.org/sub-saharan-africa/hakainde-hichilema-president-republic-zambia |website=Freiheit |date=2021-08-26 |access-date=2025-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Avuga ko ari « umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza » igihugu, akora ingendo nyinshi zo kumenyekanisha ubukungu bwa Zambiya mu mahanga &lt;ref name=&quot;E56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's developing international relations |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/zambias-developing-international-relations/introduction |website=Chatham House |access-date=2025-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gicurasi 2022, yashimiye ishoramari rinini mu bucukuzi bw'umuringa n'ubwa nikeli &lt;ref name=&quot;E54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=President Hichilema delivers keynote at Mining Indaba - African Mining Market |url=https://africanminingmarket.com/president-hichilema-delivers-keynote-at-mining-indaba/13152/ |date=2022-05-09 |access-date=2025-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi Zambiya isinyana na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] amasezerano yo guteza imbere inganda za batiri z'amashanyarazi &lt;ref name=&quot;E52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia: The first year of a Hichilema foreign policy |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/08/zambia-first-year-hichilema-foreign-policy |website=Chatham House |date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2025-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2022, we na Perezida wa Tanzaniya, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], bemeranyije kuvugurura umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wa TAZARA &lt;ref name=&quot;E55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tanzania, Zambia agree to upgrade Tazara to SGR level |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-zambia-agree-to-upgrade-tazara-to-sgr-level-3901174 |website=The Citizen |date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2025-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri uwo mwaka, Zambiya yatoye yamagana igitero cy'Uburusiya muri Ukraine mu Muryango w'Abibumbye &lt;ref name=&quot;E52&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2022, yitabiriye inama y'abakuru b'ibihugu bya Commonwealth i Kigali, mu [[Rwanda]] &lt;ref name=&quot;E56&quot; /&gt;.

Mu Ukwakira 2024, yirukanye abacamanza batatu b'Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;E57&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Kathy Short |title=Zambian president fires 3 constitutional court judges |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zambian-president-fires-3-constitutional-court-judges/7837785.html |website=Voice of America |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2026-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema warns sleepy ministers against 'indulgence' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39jlpnk7pvo |website=BBC |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 4 Kamena 2026, yasinye itegeko rituma uburezi bw'ubuntu buba uburenganzira buhoraho &lt;ref name=&quot;E60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Education Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/12930 |website=Parliament of Zambia |date=2026-06-04 |access-date=2026-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu matora rusange ya 2026, yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 60,5%, imbere ya Brian Mundubile wagize 37,9% &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Zambie: le président Hakainde Hichilema a prêté serment pour un second mandat |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20260901-zambie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-hakainde-hichilema-a-pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-serment-pour-un-second-mandat |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia's president Hichilema wins re-election with big economic promises |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20260818-zambia-president-hichilema-wins-re-election-with-big-economic-promises |website=France24 |date=2026-08-18 |access-date=2026-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Zambia’s Hichilema wins second term as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/18/zambias-hichilema-wins-second-term-as-president |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2026-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'amatora, abanyapolitiki benshi batavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, barimo Mundubile, barafunzwe bashinjwa ubugambanyi, naho umunyapolitiki Mutotwe Kafwaya yicirwa mu gikorwa cya polisi &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot; /&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Hichilema yashakanye na Mutinta, bafitanye abana batatu &lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot; /&gt;. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero ry'Abadiventisiti b'Umunsi wa Karindwi &lt;ref name=&quot;E66&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=HH: I am not a Masonist, I am Christian and a church elder at SDA |url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/12/24/not-masonist-christian-church-elder-sda-hh/ |website=Lusaka Times |date=2014-12-24 |access-date=2015-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E67&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Noel Sibanda |title=Adventist Master Guide Hakainde Hichilema Is the New President of Zambia |url=https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |website=Adventist News Network |date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825004952/https://adventist.news/news/adventist-master-guide-hakainde-hichilema-is-the-new-president-of-zambia |archive-date=2021-08-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Zambiya]]</text>
      <sha1>ihd3mewfrauwkhojp832wah5u1pjtct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Stevenndori289</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>23278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142483</id>
      <parentid>140947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:38:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Your translations */ thanks and advice on translation quality and red links</comment>
      <origin>142483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2842" sha1="ilrcwv7l3idg858li89utfepev45nnd" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to Wiki Project Med! ==
{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
| [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]]
|
Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].
We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

*Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.
*Add suitable categories.
*Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.
*Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.
*After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. 

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team

|} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:54, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Well Received !! [[Umukoresha:Stevenndori289|Stevenndori289]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Stevenndori289|talk]]) 17:23, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)
== Your translations ==
Hello Stevenndori289,

First of all, thank you very much for your contributions to the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. Your translations of medical articles help make reliable information available in Kinyarwanda, and that work is truly valuable.

To make your articles even more useful to readers, I would like to encourage you on two points:
# '''Quality of the translations''': please reread each article carefully before publishing. Check that the text reads as natural, correct Kinyarwanda (not a word-for-word or machine translation), that the medical terms are consistent, and that the title, infobox and categories are properly translated.
# '''Red links''': please keep red links to a strict minimum. Only link to articles that already exist on rw.wikipedia; otherwise, leave the word as plain text (or create the missing article first). Too many red links make an article harder to read.

Thank you again for your commitment, and do not hesitate to contact me if you need any help. 
[[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 23:38, 17 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ilrcwv7l3idg858li89utfepev45nnd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142496</id>
      <parentid>142483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T08:17:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Your translations */ Subiza</comment>
      <origin>142496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3089" sha1="6b84l808qoz5hf5c6l630xz175rli46" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to Wiki Project Med! ==
{| cellspacing=&quot;8&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#EAF2FF; border:1px solid #4a0000;&quot;
| [[File:Medical translation.svg|250x250px]]
|
Hi '''{{PAGENAME}}'''!

Thank you for your recent contributions to [[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:Wiki_Project_Med_Foundation|Wiki Project Med]].
We are glad to have you as part of our translation task force, helping make reliable medical information accessible to more people worldwide, both online and offline.

Please check this onboarding course [https://sites.google.com/wikiprojectmed.org/mdwiki-onboarding-course/] to learn more about our translation process.

'''After every translation, please ensure the following steps are done:'''

*Confirm that you have chosen the best title or properly translated the title.
*Add suitable categories.
*Check that the infobox is correctly translated and complete.
*Make sure you have followed your language-specific Wikipedia guidelines.
*After publishing your translation, if you receive any comments from the reviewers please reply and coordinate with them.

Following this checklist helps us collaborate positively and effectively with local Wikipedia reviewers. If you have any questions or need support, please feel free to get in touch. 

Thank you for contributing your time and skills to this important work.

-- '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' Team

|} [[Umukoresha:CeylonChingu|CeylonChingu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:CeylonChingu|talk]]) 16:54, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Well Received !! [[Umukoresha:Stevenndori289|Stevenndori289]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Stevenndori289|talk]]) 17:23, 7 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)
== Your translations ==
Hello Stevenndori289,

First of all, thank you very much for your contributions to the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. Your translations of medical articles help make reliable information available in Kinyarwanda, and that work is truly valuable.

To make your articles even more useful to readers, I would like to encourage you on two points:
# '''Quality of the translations''': please reread each article carefully before publishing. Check that the text reads as natural, correct Kinyarwanda (not a word-for-word or machine translation), that the medical terms are consistent, and that the title, infobox and categories are properly translated.
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[[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 23:38, 17 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Thank you so much for your consitency advice.If there is any opportunity in Wikmed forward it to me to connect up more. [[Umukoresha:Stevenndori289|Stevenndori289]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Stevenndori289|talk]]) 08:17, 18 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hepatite B</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>142362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:45:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, ibice (Ibimenyetso, Uko yandura, Isuzuma, Kwirinda, Kuvura, Ikwirakwira, Amateka), imibare ya OMS 2024, inyandiko zivuguruwe</comment>
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      <text bytes="11914" sha1="jqc0x4o50s2hld6jocl87htkcfioc32" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Hepatite B
| image = Hepatitis-B virions.jpg
| caption = Virusi za hepatite B zirebewe muri mikorosikopi y'ikoranabuhanga (microscope électronique)
| field = Indwara zandura, ubuvuzi bw'umwijima
| symptoms = Akenshi nta bimenyetso; uruhu ruhinduka umuhondo, umunaniro, inkari zijimye, ububabare bwo mu nda
| complications = Cirrhose, [[kanseri]] y'umwijima
| onset = Iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 180
| duration = Igihe gito cyangwa kirekire
| causes = Virusi ya hepatite B (HBV), ikwirakwizwa n'amaraso n'amatembabuzi y'umubiri
| risks = Imiti iterwa mu mitsi, imibonano mpuzabitsina, dialyse, kubana n'umuntu wanduye
| diagnosis = Gupima amaraso
| prevention = Urukingo rwa hepatite B
| treatment = Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi (tenofovir, entecavir, interferon), gusimbuza umwijima
| frequency = Miliyoni 240 (2024)
| deaths = Miliyoni 1,1 (2024)
}}
'''Hepatite B''' ni indwara yandura iterwa na virusi ya hepatite B (HBV), yibasira [[umwijima]]. Ni bumwe mu bwoko bwa [[hepatite]] iterwa na virusi, kandi ishobora gutera ubwandu bw'igihe gito cyangwa ubwandu budakira. Abenshi nta bimenyetso bagaragaza, ariko ubwandu budakira bushobora gutera cirrhose na [[kanseri]] y'umwijima.

Iyi virusi yandura binyuze mu [[amaraso]] cyangwa amatembabuzi y'umubiri, cyane cyane ku mwana mu gihe cyo kuvuka. Indwara yirindwa hakoreshejwe urukingo kuva mu 1982. Mu 2024, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 240 ku isi bari bafite hepatite B idakira.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Bishobora gutera indwara z’ubwandu bw’igikatu n’ubwandu buhoraho.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2026-07-28|access-date=2026-10-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu ntangiriro nta bimenyetso bigaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu ndwara zikabije, bamwe bashobora kurwara vuba cyane, bakaruka, uruhu rw'umuhondo, umunaniro, inkari z'umukara n'ububabare bwo mu nda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Akenshi ibi bimenyetso bimara ibyumweru bike kandi ni gake cyane ubwandu bwa mbere butera urupfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Bishobora gufata iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 180 kugira ngo ibimenyetso bitangire.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu bandura ahagana mu gihe cyo kuvuka, 90% barwara {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} idakira mu gihe abatageze kuri 10% by'abandura nyuma y'imyaka itanu barwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|access-date=2011-11-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211154904/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/b/bfaq.htm#transmission|archive-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abenshi mu bafite indwara zidakira nta bimenyetso baba bafite; icyakora, cirrhose na kanseri y'umwijima bishobora kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kurwara cirrhose cyangwa kanseri y'umwijima bibaho hafi 25% by'abafite indwara zidakira.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

== Uko yandura ==
[[Virusi]] ya hepatite B ni imwe muri virusi eshanu z’ingenzi za hepatite hamwe na A, [[Hepatite C|C]], D, na E.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127102520/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi virusi ikwirakwira iyo umuntu ahuye n'amaraso yanduye cyangwa amazi yo mu mubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Kwandura indwara mu gihe cyo kuvuka cyangwa mu gihe cyo guhura n'amaraso y'abandi mu bwana ni bwo buryo bukunze gukoreshwa cyane mu kwandura indwara ya Hepatite B mu turere iyo ndwara ikunze kugaragaramo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Mu turere aho iyi ndwara idakunze kugaragara, gukoresha imiti iterwa mu mitsi no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ni byo bintu bikunze kwanduriramo abantu benshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Izindi mpamvu zishobora gutera ibyago zirimo gukora mu buvuzi, guterwa amaraso, dialyse, kubana n'umuntu wanduye, gutembera mu bihugu aho igipimo cy'ubwandu kiri hejuru, no kuba mu kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|access-date=4 November 2014|date=July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109161444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis B FAQs {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher=CDC|access-date=9 October 2023|language=en-us|date=30 March 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190235/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhepatitis%2Fb%2Fbfaq.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|title=Primary Care Management of Hepatitis B – Quick Reference (HBV-QR)|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=3 November 2025|date=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724080337/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/primary-care-management-hepatitis-b-quick-reference.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gushushanya tatouage no gushushanya acupuncture byatumye habaho umubare munini w’abantu barwaye mu myaka ya za 1980; icyakora, ibi byagiye bigabanuka cyane bitewe no kunoza uburyo bwo gusukura ibikoresho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Thomas HC|title=Viral Hepatitis|year=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118637302|page=83|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803072124/https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA83|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virusi {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} ntishobora kwanduzwa no gufatana amaboko, gusangira ibikoresho byo kuriramo, gusomana, guhoberana, gukorora, kwitsamura, cyangwa konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2022&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Ubwandu bushobora kumenyekana nyuma y'iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 60 nyuma yo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe isuzuma ryemezwa no gupima amaraso kugira ngo harebwe ibice bimwe na bimwe bya virusi ndetse no kureba niba hari ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri burwanya virusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

== Kwirinda ==
Abana bavutse ku babyeyi barwaye hepatite B bashobora guhabwa immunoglobulin ya hepatite B n'urukingo igihe bavuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldman2020hepatitis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rosene-Montella|first=Karen|editor-last=Goldman|editor-first=Lee|editor-last2=Schafer|editor-first2=Andrew I.|title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-55087-1|pages=1587-1588|edition=26th|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587|language=en|chapter=226. Common medical problems in pregnancy|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045301/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] usaba inkingo ku munsi wa mbere w’ubuzima niba bishoboka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Hakenewe izindi doze ebyiri cyangwa eshatu nyuma kugira ngo zigire ingaruka nziza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Uru rukingo rukora hafi 95% by'igihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ibihugu bigera ku 180 byatanze uru rukingo nk'igice cya gahunda z'igihugu kugeza mu 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Will2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Williams R|title=Global challenges in liver disease|journal=Hepatology|volume=44|issue=3|pages=521–526|year=2006|pmid=16941687|doi=10.1002/hep.21347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birasabwa kandi ko amaraso yose apimwa hepatite B mbere yo guterwa amaraso, kandi [[agakingirizo]] kagakoreshwa mu kwirinda kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura ==
Mu gihe cyo kwandura ubwandu bwa mbere, kwitabwaho bishingiye ku bimenyetso umuntu afite.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku bantu barwaye indwara zidakira, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka tenofovir, entecavir, cyangwa interferon ishobora kuba ingirakamaro; icyakora, iyi miti irahenze.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Gusimbuza umwijima rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa ku ndwara ya cirrhose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye isi bamaze kwandura mu gihe kimwe mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Ku isi yose mu 2019, hari abantu miliyoni 296 barwaye indwara ya hepatite B, aho buri mwaka hagaragaye abantu bashya miliyoni 1.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016–2021: actions for impact.|date=2021|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-002707-7|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|language=en|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923125723/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impfu 820.000 zanditswe mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt; Mu 2024, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima wagereranyije ko abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 240 bari bafite hepatite B idakira, abandura bashya bakaba hafi ibihumbi 900 buri mwaka, naho impfu zikaba hafi miliyoni 1,1, ahanini zitewe na cirrhose na kanseri y'umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2023&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere tw’Iburengerazuba bwa Pasifika no muri Afurika; abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 bose hamwe bakaba baribasiwe n’iyi ndwara mu 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt; Mu 2019, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 14 bagizweho ingaruka n’iki cyorezo mu karere k’i Burayi na miliyoni 5 muri Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt; Nanone kwandura [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA|virusi itera SIDA]], [[hepatite C]], cyangwa hepatite D ni ibintu bisanzwe aho hepatite B ikunze kugaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot; /&gt; Serivisi zo gupima no gukumira indwara ya Hepatite B zakunze kugira ingaruka mbi mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2021&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka ==
Mbere byari bizwi nka &quot;hepatitis yo mu maraso&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barker1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM|title=Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=276|issue=10|pages=841–844|year=1996|pmid=8769597|doi=10.1001/jama.276.10.841}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwandu bwakomeje kwirindwa hakoreshejwe inkingo kuva mu 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTGPH2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mutsaerts|first=Eleanor A. M. L.|last2=Madhi|first2=Shabir A.|editor-last=Detels|editor-first=Roger|editor-last2=Karim|editor-first2=Quarraisha Abdool|editor-last3=Baum|editor-first3=Fran|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|page=587|edition=7th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587|language=en|chapter=11.3. Immunisation and vaccination|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=03q_EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA587#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Hepatite]]
* [[Hepatite C]]
* [[Umwijima]]
* [[Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23581</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:02:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: agasanduku k'amakuru, ibice, gukosora ubusobanuro (si mu bwonko), Inyandiko/Reflist, ifoto, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="12522" sha1="pdiujllsgqrb13qs5kpq29p6piu0j1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse
| synonyms      = ''Deep vein thrombosis'' (DVT)
| image         = Deep vein thrombosis of the right leg.jpg
| caption       = DVT mu kuguru kw'iburyo: kubyimba no gutukura
| field         = Ubuvuzi bw'imitsi n'amaraso
| symptoms      = Ububabare, kubyimba, gutukura no kwaguka kw'imitsi mu gice cyafashwe
| complications = Ikibumbe cy'amaraso mu bihaha (''pulmonary embolism''), ''post-thrombotic syndrome'', kongera kurwara
| risks         = Kubagwa, gusaza, [[kanseri]], umubyibuho ukabije, kumara igihe kirekire udahaguruka, imiti y'imisemburo yo kuboneza urubyaro, gutwita, uruhererekane
| diagnosis     = ''Ultrasound'', isuzuma rya ''D-dimer'', amanota ya Wells
| prevention    = Kugenda kenshi, kwirinda umubyibuho ukabije, imiti igabanya kuvura kw'amaraso, ''aspirine''
| treatment     = Imiti igabanya kuvura kw'amaraso (''anticoagulants'')
| medication    = Rivaroxaban, apixaban, heparin, warfarin
| frequency     = 5–11% by'abantu barwara VTE mu buzima bwabo
}}
'''Gutera kw'imitsi mu buryo bwimbitse''' (mu Cyongereza ''deep vein thrombosis'', DVT) ni indwara iterwa n'ikibumbe cy'amaraso (''thrombus'') kirema mu mitsi yimbitse ijyana amaraso ku mutima, akenshi mu [[amaguru]] cyangwa mu kibuno. Ishobora gutera ububabare, kubyimba no gutukura kw'igice cyafashwe, ariko rimwe na rimwe nta bimenyetso igaragaza. Ingorane yayo ikomeye ni uko ikibumbe gishobora kwimukira mu bihaha (''pulmonary embolism'', PE). DVT na PE bigize indwara imwe yitwa ''venous thromboembolism'' (VTE).

Isuzumwa ahanini hakoreshejwe ''ultrasound'', ikavurwa n'imiti igabanya kuvura kw'[[amaraso]] (''anticoagulants''). Ibyago byayo byiyongera uko umuntu asaza, nyuma yo kubagwa, ku barwaye [[kanseri]], cyangwa iyo umuntu amara igihe kirekire adahaguruka.

== Ibimenyetso n'ingorane ==
DVT ni ikibumbe cy'amaraso kirema mu mitsi yimbitse, akenshi mu maguru cyangwa mu kibuno.&lt;ref name=&quot;Overview&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba ububabare, kubyimba, gutukura no kwaguka kw'imitsi mu gice cyafashwe, ariko bamwe nta bimenyetso bagira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kruger2019&quot; /&gt; Bigereranywa ko 4–10% bya DVT bifata amaboko.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017UEDVT&quot; /&gt;

Ingorane ikunze kubaho vuba ni uko igice cy'ikibumbe gitandukana, kikanyura mu ruhande rw'iburyo rw'[[umutima]], kikaziba umutsi ujyana amaraso mu bihaha (''pulmonary embolism''). Mu gihe kirekire, DVT ishobora gutera ''post-thrombotic syndrome'': ububabare, kubyimba, kumva ukuguru kuremereye, uburyaryate ndetse n'ibisebe mu bihe bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt; VTE yongera kugaruka ku bagera kuri 30% mu myaka icumi ikurikira iya mbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'ibyongera ibyago ==
Ikibumbe cy'amaraso kirema iyo amaraso adatembera neza, iyo amaraso arushaho kuvura vuba, cyangwa iyo urukuta rw'umutsi rwangiritse.&lt;ref name=&quot;PDMM&quot; /&gt; Ibyongera ibyago birimo kubagwa vuba aha, gusaza, kanseri, umubyibuho ukabije, amateka y'umuntu cyangwa ay'umuryango we ya VTE, ibikomere, kumara igihe kirekire udahaguruka, imiti y'imisemburo yo kuboneza urubyaro, [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] n'igihe gikurikira kubyara, ndetse n'indwara ya ''antiphospholipid syndrome''.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;

Uruhererekane rusobanura hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibyago. Muri izo mpamvu harimo [[Ubwoko bwamaraso|ubwoko bw'amaraso]] butari O, kubura antithrombin, poroteyine C cyangwa poroteyine S, n'ihinduka rya ''factor V Leiden'' na ''prothrombin G20210A''.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019loci&quot; /&gt;

== Gusuzuma ==
[[Dosiye:Ultrasonography of deep vein thrombosis of the femoral vein -annotated.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|''Ultrasound'' yerekana ikibumbe cy'amaraso mu mutsi w'ikibero]]
Umuntu ukekwaho DVT abanza gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe amanota yo guhanura nk'aya Wells. Isuzuma ry'amaraso rya ''D-dimer'' rifasha gukuraho iyo ndwara cyangwa kwerekana ko hakenewe andi masuzuma. Isuzuma ryemezwa ahanini na ''ultrasound'' y'imitsi ikekwaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura no kwirinda ==
Kuvura bikorwa ahanini n'imiti igabanya kuvura kw'amaraso (''anticoagulants''), nka rivaroxaban, apixaban na warfarin. Gutangira warfarin bisaba indi miti ikora ako kanya, akenshi inshinge za heparin.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013Keeling&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Tran&quot; /&gt;

Kwirinda muri rusange ni ukwirinda umubyibuho ukabije no gukomeza gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri. Nyuma yo kubagwa, kubyuka no kugenda hakiri kare kandi kenshi ni uburyo bwo kwirinda budafite ingaruka mbi. Ku babagwa bafite ibyago byinshi, hakoreshwa imiti igabanya kuvura kw'amaraso cyangwa ''aspirine'', hamwe n'ibikoresho bikanda amaguru hakoreshejwe umwuka (''intermittent pneumatic compression'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Surgery&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwizwa ==
Abantu bagera kuri 5–11% barwara VTE mu buzima bwabo, kandi iyo ndwara irushaho kuboneka uko imyaka yiyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijfering&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Twenty&quot; /&gt; Abafite imyaka 65 kuzamura bafite ibyago byikubye inshuro 15 ugereranyije n'abafite imyaka 40 cyangwa munsi yayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elderly&quot; /&gt; Amakuru ahari ahanini yakusanyijwe mu [[Burayi]] no muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zakai2011&quot; /&gt; abakomoka muri [[Aziya]] n'Abanyamerika bakomoka mu bihugu bivuga Icyesipanyolo bafite ibyago bike ugereranyije n'abazungu cyangwa abirabura.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Overview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Phillippe HM|title=Overview of venous thromboembolism|journal=The American Journal of Managed Care|volume=23|issue=20 Suppl|pages=S376–S382|date=December 2017|pmid=29297660|url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Kruger2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ|title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=11|pages=516–524|date=June 2019|pmid=31155730|doi=10.5694/mja2.50201|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2017UEDVT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A|title=Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=114|issue=14|pages=244–249|date=April 2017|pmid=28446351|pmc=5415909|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2017EURO&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M|display-authors=6|title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=39|issue=47|pages=4208–4218|date=December 2018|pmid=28329262|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2016Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH|title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis|volume=41|issue=1|pages=3–14|date=January 2016|pmid=26780736|pmc=4715842|doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PDMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stone J, Hangge P, Albadawi H, Wallace A, Shamoun F, Knuttien MG, Naidu S, Oklu R|display-authors=6|title=Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management|journal=Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy|volume=7|issue=Suppl 3|pages=S276–S284|date=December 2017|pmid=29399531|pmc=5778510|doi=10.21037/cdt.2017.09.01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;EGRF&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C|title=Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Venous Thromboembolism|journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis|volume=42|issue=8|pages=808–820|date=November 2016|pmid=27764878|pmc=5146955|doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2019loci&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P|display-authors=6|title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=51|issue=11|pages=1574–1579|date=November 2019|pmid=31676865|pmc=6858581|doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3|url=http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128193422/http://kooperberg.fhcrc.org/papers/2019klarin.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2013Keeling&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Keeling D, Alikhan R|title=Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=161|issue=6|pages=755–63|date=June 2013|pmid=23531017|doi=10.1111/bjh.12306|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Tran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H|display-authors=6|title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=210|issue=5|pages=227–235|date=March 2019|pmid=30739331|doi=10.5694/mja2.50004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2019Surgery&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, Dentali F, Francis CW, Garcia DA, Kahn SR, Rahman M, Rajasekhar A, Rogers FB, Smythe MA, ((Tikkinen KAO)), Yates AJ, Baldeh T, Balduzzi S, Brożek JL, Ikobaltzeta IE, Johal H, Neumann I, Wiercioch W, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Schünemann HJ, Dahm P|display-authors=6|title=American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients|journal=Blood Advances|volume=3|issue=23|pages=3898–3944|date=December 2019|pmid=31794602|pmc=6963238|doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lijfering&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lijfering WM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC|title=Risk factors for venous thrombosis - current understanding from an epidemiological point of view|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=149|issue=6|pages=824–33|date=June 2010|pmid=20456358|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08206.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wells PS, Ihaddadene R, Reilly A, Forgie MA|title=Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism: 20 Years of Progress|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=168|issue=2|pages=131–140|date=January 2018|pmid=29310137|doi=10.7326/M17-0291}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Elderly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faller N, Limacher A, Méan M, Righini M, Aschwanden M, Beer JH, Frauchiger B, Osterwalder J, Kucher N, Lämmle B, Cornuz J, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Matter CM, Husmann M, Banyai M, Staub D, Mazzolai L, Hugli O, Rodondi N, Aujesky D|display-authors=6|title=Predictors and Causes of Long-Term Mortality in Elderly Patients with Acute Venous Thromboembolism: A Prospective Cohort Study|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=130|issue=2|pages=198–206|date=February 2017|pmid=27742261|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.008|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Zakai2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zakai NA, McClure LA|title=Racial differences in venous thromboembolism|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|volume=9|issue=10|pages=1877–82|date=October 2011|pmid=21797965|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04443.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Amaraso]]
* [[Umutima]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Deep Vein Thrombosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/deepveinthrombosis.html |website=MedlinePlus |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |language=en}}

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Indwara ya Chagas</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya ingingo: imiterere y'ibice, infobox, amafoto, inyandiko zivuguruye (WHO 2026), gukuraho amakosa y'inyandiko n'amahuza atariho</comment>
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      <text bytes="8413" sha1="awrerilwzon77qj5t326yrfys6gwpks" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Indwara ya Chagas
| synonyms      = American trypanosomiasis
| image         = Trypanosoma cruzi in a blood smear.jpg
| caption       = Udukoko twa ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' mu [[amaraso]] tubonwa na mikorosikopi
| field         = Indwara zandura
| symptoms      = Umuriro, kubyimba kw'inturugunyu, kuribwa umutwe
| complications = [[Kunanirwa k'umutima]], kwaguka k'umuhogo cyangwa k'urura runini
| causes        = ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' ikwirakwizwa n'udukoko dusomana
| diagnosis     = Kubona agakoko, ADN yako cyangwa antibodies mu maraso
| prevention    = Kurandura udukoko dusomana, gusuzuma amaraso yo guterwa
| medication    = Benznidazole, nifurtimox
| frequency     = Abagera kuri miliyoni 8
| deaths        = Abarenga 10 000 ku mwaka
}}
'''Indwara ya Chagas''', izwi kandi nka ''American trypanosomiasis'', ni indwara yo mu turere dushyuha iterwa n'agakoko ''Trypanosoma cruzi''. Ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'udukoko twa ''Triatominae'', tuzwi nka « udukoko dusomana ». Mu ntangiriro, ibimenyetso akenshi ntibigaragara cyangwa biba byoroheje, ariko nyuma y'imyaka myinshi indwara ishobora kwangiza [[umutima]] n'urwungano ngogozi.

Bivugwa ko abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8 banduye, cyane cyane muri [[Megizike]], Amerika yo Hagati na [[Amerika y’Epfo]], kandi ihitana abarenga 10 000 buri mwaka. Yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu 1909 n'umuganga w'Umunyaburezile Carlos Chagas, ari na we yitiriwe.

== Uko yandura ==
[[File:Triatoma infestans - ZSM.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|''Triatoma infestans'', kamwe mu dukoko dusomana dukwirakwiza indwara]]
''Trypanosoma cruzi'' ikunze kwandurira mu bantu no mu zindi nyamaswa iyo zirumwe n'udukoko dusomana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|title=DPDx&amp;nbsp;– Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet|date=30 April 2019|access-date=10 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905010437/https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trypanosomiasisAmerican/|archive-date=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara ishobora kandi kwandurira mu guterwa amaraso, mu guterwa ingingo, mu kurya ibiryo byanduye, no kuva kuri nyina kugeza ku mwana we atwite cyangwa avuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Agakoko gafata ubwoko burenga 150 bw'inyamaswa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ento2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Capinera JL|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402062421|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&amp;pg=PA824 824]|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibimenyetso ==
Ibimenyetso birahinduka uko ubwandu bugenda. Mu cyiciro cya mbere, kimara nk'amezi abiri, ibimenyetso akenshi ntibigaragara cyangwa bikaba byoroheje: umuriro, kubyimba kw'inturugunyu, kuribwa [[umutwe]], cyangwa kubyimba aho umuntu yarumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Nyuma yaho, abantu binjira mu cyiciro cy'indwara idakira, akenshi idatanga ibimenyetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma y'imyaka 10 kugeza kuri 30, kugeza kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy'abanduye barwara indwara z'umutima, zishobora gutuma [[Kunanirwa k'umutima|umutima unanirwa]]. Umwe ku icumi agira ingorane zo mu [[igifu|rwungano ngogozi]] (nko kwaguka k'umuhogo cyangwa k'urura runini), iz'imitsi cyangwa zombi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt;

== Gusuzuma ==
Mu cyiciro cya mbere, indwara isuzumwa hashakishwa agakoko mu maraso hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi, cyangwa hashakishwa ADN yako hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa ''polymerase chain reaction'' (PCR).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara idakira ivumburwa no kubona antibodies za ''T. cruzi'' mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gua2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Guarner J|title=Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite|journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology|date=May 2019|volume=36|issue=3|pages=164–9|doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008|pmid=31006555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwirinda no kuvura ==
Kwirinda bibanda ku kurandura udukoko dusomana no kwirinda kurumwa natwo, urugero hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko cyangwa inzitiramibu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA|title=Chagas disease|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9723|pages=1388–402|date=April 2010|pmid=20399979|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindi ngamba zirimo gusuzuma amaraso n'ingingo bigiye guterwa abandi, no gusuzuma abana bavutse ku babyeyi banduye. Kugeza mu 2026, nta rukingo ruraboneka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt;

Ubwandu bwa vuba buvurwa n'imiti ya benznidazole cyangwa nifurtimox, ikora neza iyo itanzwe hakiri kare, ariko imbaraga zayo zikagabanuka uko umuntu amaze igihe kinini yanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Iyo ikoreshejwe mu ndwara idakira, ishobora gutinza cyangwa gukumira ibimenyetso bya nyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi miti ikunze gutera ingaruka mbi (indwara z'uruhu, kurakara mu gifu, ibimenyetso by'imitsi) ku bantu bakuru bagera kuri 40%, kandi ntihabwa abagore batwite cyangwa abafite ibibazo by'impyiko cyangwa umwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Imiti mishya n'inkingo z'igerageza biracyakorwaho ubushakashatsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rios2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rios LE, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Pacheco AO, Zago MP, Garg NJ|title=Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=200|year=2019|pages=105168|issn=0001-706X|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vermelho2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vermelho AB, Rodrigues GC, Supuran CT|title=Why hasn’t there been more progress in new Chagas disease drug discovery?|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery|volume=15|issue=2|year=2019|pages=145–158|issn=1746-0441|doi=10.1080/17460441.2020.1681394}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikwirakwizwa ==
Indwara ya Chagas iboneka cyane cyane mu bihugu 21 byo muri Amerika y'Epfo n'iyo Hagati, ariko ubwandu bwabonetse mu bihugu 44. Abantu barenga miliyoni 100 bafite ibyago byo kwandura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Abenshi mu barwayi ni abakene,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rassi2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J|title=American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=June 2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–91|pmid=22632639|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi abenshi ntibazi ko banduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gua2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Guarner J|title=Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite|journal=Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology|date=May 2019|volume=36|issue=3|pages=164–9|doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008|pmid=31006555}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwimukira bw'abaturage bwatumye iboneka no mu bindi bihugu, birimo ibyo mu [[Uburayi]] na [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bern C|title=Chagas' disease|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=373|issue=5|pages=456–66|date=July 2015|pmid=26222561|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410150|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'indwara zo mu turere dushyuha zirengagijwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka ==
Iyi ndwara yasobanuwe bwa mbere ku muntu ku wa 14 Mata 1909 n'umuganga w'Umunyaburezile ([[Burezile]]) Carlos Chagas, ari na we yitiriwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt; Kuva mu 2019, tariki ya 14 Mata yizihizwa nk'Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w'Indwara ya Chagas.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot; /&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
File:Chagoma.jpg|Kubyimba aho umuntu yarumwe
File:Heart pathology Chagas disease.JPG|Umutima wangijwe n'indwara
File:Carlos Chagas.png|Carlos Chagas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis) |website=World Health Organization |date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-10-17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika]]
* [[Malariya]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chagas}}
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Kunanirwa kw'impyiko</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
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| name = Kunanirwa kw'impyiko
| image = Hemodialysismachine.jpg
| caption = Imashini ya hemodialysis
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'impyiko (néphrologie)
| symptoms = Kubyimba amaguru, umunaniro, kuruka, kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kwitiranya ibintu
| complications = Uremia, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, indwara z'umutima, kubura amaraso
| types = Gukabije (vuba) n'udakira (buhoro buhoro)
| causes = Diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kuziba kw'inzira y'inkari, imiti imwe n'imwe
| diagnosis = Creatinine mu maraso, igipimo cya GFR kiri munsi ya 15
| treatment = Hemodialysis, dialyse ya peritoneal, gusimbuza impyiko
}}
'''Kunanirwa kw'impyiko''' (mu Gifaransa ''insuffisance rénale'', mu Cyongereza ''kidney failure''), bizwi kandi nk'indwara '''y'impyiko yo mu cyiciro cya nyuma''', ni indwara aho impyiko zigira imikorere iri munsi ya 15% by'ibisanzwe. Ishobora kuza vuba (kunanirwa gukabije) cyangwa buhoro buhoro (kunanirwa kudakira). Ivurwa hakoreshejwe dialyse cyangwa gusimbuza impyiko.

== Ibimenyetso n'ingorane ==
Kunanirwa kw'impyiko bishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'intege nke z'impyiko, zikura vuba kandi zishobora gukemuka; n'intege nke z'impyiko zidakira, zikura buhoro buhoro kandi akenshi ntizishobora gusubizwa inyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hop2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is renal failure?|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474|website=Johns Hopkins Medicine|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618054600/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474/|archive-date=18 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubyimba amaguru, kumva unaniwe, [[kuruka]], kubura ubushake bwo kurya, no kwitiranya ibintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727235126/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zo kunanirwa gukabije no kudakora neza zirimo uremia, potasiyumu nyinshi mu maraso, no kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amaraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blak2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Sara|title=Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9781846289378|page=19|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&amp;pg=PA19|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222123248/https://books.google.ca/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&amp;pg=PA19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zo kudakora neza zirimo kandi indwara z'umutima, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, no [[Anemie|kubura amaraso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease|year=2012|last=Liao|first=Min-Tser|last2=Sung|first2=Chih-Chien|last3=Hung|first3=Kuo-Chin|last4=Wu|first4=Chia-Chao|last5=Lo|first5=Lan|last6=Lu|first6=Kuo-Cheng|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|volume=2012|pages=1–5|pmid=22919275|pmc=3420350|doi=10.1155/2012/691369}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MP2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kidney Failure|url=https://medlineplus.gov/kidneyfailure.html|website=MedlinePlus|access-date=11 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704221738/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Impamvu zitera impyiko gucika intege cyane zirimo umuvuduko muke w'amaraso, kuziba kw'inzira y'inkari, imiti imwe n'imwe, kwangirika kw'imitsi, na hemolytic uremic syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hop2017&quot; /&gt; Impamvu zitera impyiko kudakora neza zirimo diyabete, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, indwara ya nephrotic, n'indwara y'impyiko ya polycystic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hop2017&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara yo gucika intege mu buryo bwihuse akenshi bishingiye ku bintu bitandukanye nko kugabanuka k'umusaruro w'inkari cyangwa kwiyongera kwa creatinine mu maraso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blak2010&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara idakira biterwa n'igipimo cyo kuyungurura glomerular (GFR) kiri munsi ya 15 cyangwa hakenewe ubuvuzi bwo gusimbuza impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Che2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cheung|first=Alfred K.|title=Primer on Kidney Diseases|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1416023127|page=457|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&amp;pg=PA457|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051050/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&amp;pg=PA457|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bingana kandi n'indwara y'impyiko idakira yo mu cyiciro cya 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;Che2005&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura ==
Kuvura kunanirwa gukabije kw'impyiko biterwa n'impamvu nyamukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clat2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Clatworthy|first=Menna|title=Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781405189903|page=28|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&amp;pg=PA28|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052946/https://books.google.ca/books?id=55VOagYjaVkC&amp;pg=PA28|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuvura indwara idakira bishobora kuba birimo hemodialysis, dialysis ya peritoneal, cyangwa gusimbuza impyiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt; Hemodialysis ikoresha imashini iyungurura amaraso hanze y'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt; Muri dialyse ya peritoneal amazi runaka ashyirwa mu nda hanyuma akavomwa, ibi bigasubirwamo inshuro nyinshi ku munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt; Gutera impyiko bikubiyemo kubagwa no gushyira impyiko y'undi muntu hanyuma ugafata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kugira ngo wirinde kwangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt; Izindi ngamba zisabwa mu ndwara zidakira zirimo gukomeza gukora cyane no guhindura imirire ku buryo bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kunanirwa gukabije kw'impyiko kwibasira abantu bagera kuri 3 ku bantu 1,000 ku mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018Acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=37|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053217/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 000, abantu 3 ku bantu 10.000 bashya barwara iyi ndwara buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Che2005&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fer2018ESKD&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ferri|first=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=294|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA294|language=en|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2017-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053032/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA294|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo abantu benshi bafite indwara zidakira bavuwe neza bashobora gukomeza gukora.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Anemie]]
* [[Kuruka]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0k3uowx2kb9z8k9xgdobllr6kgy1l2i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyamweru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142487</id>
      <parentid>142452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
      <origin>142487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2732" sha1="007m6x7neppefqlstaor6nqet3e60xt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Albinism
| image = Albinisitic man portrait.jpg
| caption = Umugabo ufite albinism
| field = Indwara z'uruhu, indwara z'amaso
| symptoms = Kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso; ibibazo byo kureba
| complications = Kwibasirwa n'izuba, kanseri y'uruhu
| onset = Akivuka
| causes = Impinduka mu turemangingo (autosomal recessive)
| diagnosis = Isuzuma ry'umubiri, ibizamini by'uturemangingo
| treatment = Kurinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara
| frequency = Umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000
}}
'''Albinism''' ni ikibazo umuntu avukana, kirangwa no kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso mu buryo bwuzuye cyangwa igice. Iterwa n'impinduka mu turemangingo zigabanya melanin, kandi ijyana n'ibibazo byo kureba ndetse n'ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'uruhu. Yibasira hafi umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Albinism ifitanye isano n'ibibazo byo kureba birimo nystagmus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Federico|first=JR|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=K|title=Albinism|date=January 2020|pmid=30085560|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu kandi bakunze kwibasirwa n'izuba ndetse na [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri y'uruhu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Albinism iterwa n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa gukwirakwiza melanin bugabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Nibura impinduka 7 zitandukanye za autosomal recessive mutations zishobora gutera albino kandi iyi ndwara nayo igaragara mu ndwara zitandukanye zirimo Hermansky-Pudlak na Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=J.|last2=De Domenico|first2=I.|last3=Ward|first3=D. M.|doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce|title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Hematology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=22–29|date=2008|pmid=18043242|s2cid=43243529}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hashingiwe ku isuzuma kandi bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Kwitabwaho n'ikwirakwira ==
Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo kurinda izuba ubuzima bwose nko gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda, imiti irinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara, no kwirinda urumuri rwa UV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma kanseri y'uruhu byibuze buri mwaka, byumvikana ko melanoma izaba ibara ry'umutuku aho kuba umukara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma amaso kenshi nabyo birasabwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Hafi umuntu 1 kuri 20.000 yibasiwe n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''albus'' risobanura &quot;umweru&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>007m6x7neppefqlstaor6nqet3e60xt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142488</id>
      <parentid>142487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Albinism mu bantu]] to [[Nyamweru]]</comment>
      <origin>142487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2732" sha1="007m6x7neppefqlstaor6nqet3e60xt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Albinism
| image = Albinisitic man portrait.jpg
| caption = Umugabo ufite albinism
| field = Indwara z'uruhu, indwara z'amaso
| symptoms = Kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso; ibibazo byo kureba
| complications = Kwibasirwa n'izuba, kanseri y'uruhu
| onset = Akivuka
| causes = Impinduka mu turemangingo (autosomal recessive)
| diagnosis = Isuzuma ry'umubiri, ibizamini by'uturemangingo
| treatment = Kurinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara
| frequency = Umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000
}}
'''Albinism''' ni ikibazo umuntu avukana, kirangwa no kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso mu buryo bwuzuye cyangwa igice. Iterwa n'impinduka mu turemangingo zigabanya melanin, kandi ijyana n'ibibazo byo kureba ndetse n'ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'uruhu. Yibasira hafi umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Albinism ifitanye isano n'ibibazo byo kureba birimo nystagmus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Federico|first=JR|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=K|title=Albinism|date=January 2020|pmid=30085560|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu kandi bakunze kwibasirwa n'izuba ndetse na [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri y'uruhu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Albinism iterwa n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa gukwirakwiza melanin bugabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Nibura impinduka 7 zitandukanye za autosomal recessive mutations zishobora gutera albino kandi iyi ndwara nayo igaragara mu ndwara zitandukanye zirimo Hermansky-Pudlak na Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=J.|last2=De Domenico|first2=I.|last3=Ward|first3=D. M.|doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce|title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Hematology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=22–29|date=2008|pmid=18043242|s2cid=43243529}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hashingiwe ku isuzuma kandi bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Kwitabwaho n'ikwirakwira ==
Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo kurinda izuba ubuzima bwose nko gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda, imiti irinda izuba, indorerwamo z'umukara, no kwirinda urumuri rwa UV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma kanseri y'uruhu byibuze buri mwaka, byumvikana ko melanoma izaba ibara ry'umutuku aho kuba umukara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma amaso kenshi nabyo birasabwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Hafi umuntu 1 kuri 20.000 yibasiwe n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iri jambo rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''albus'' risobanura &quot;umweru&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>007m6x7neppefqlstaor6nqet3e60xt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142490</id>
      <parentid>142488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:54:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza amagambo: ubumuga bw'uruhu / nyamweru</comment>
      <origin>142490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2944" sha1="4o2d09s5cuf9qoz8x6vqlvxqxm0dp25" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Nyamweru (ubumuga bw'uruhu)
| image = Albinisitic man portrait.jpg
| caption = Umugabo ufite ubumuga bw'uruhu
| field = Indwara z'uruhu, indwara z'amaso
| symptoms = Kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso; ibibazo byo kureba
| complications = Kwibasirwa n'izuba, kanseri y'uruhu
| onset = Akivuka
| causes = Impinduka mu turemangingo (autosomal recessive)
| diagnosis = Isuzuma ry'umubiri, ibizamini by'uturemangingo
| treatment = Kurinda izuba, amavuta arinda izuba, indorerwamo z'izuba
| frequency = Umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000
}}
'''Nyamweru''' cyangwa '''ubumuga bw'uruhu''' (mu Gifaransa ''albinisme'', mu Cyongereza ''albinism'') ni ikibazo umuntu avukana, kirangwa no kutagira ibara ry'uruhu, umusatsi n'amaso mu buryo bwuzuye cyangwa igice. Buterwa n'impinduka mu turemangingo zigabanya melanin, kandi bujyana n'ibibazo byo kureba ndetse n'ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'uruhu. Bwibasira hafi umuntu 1 ku bantu 20.000.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Ubumuga bw'uruhu bufitanye isano n'ibibazo byo kureba birimo nystagmus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Federico|first=JR|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=K|title=Albinism|date=January 2020|pmid=30085560|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu kandi bakunze kwibasirwa n'izuba ndetse na [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu|kanseri y'uruhu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Ubumuga bw'uruhu buterwa n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa gukwirakwiza melanin bugabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Nibura ubwoko 7 bw'impinduka z'uturemangingo (autosomal recessive) bushobora gutera ubumuga bw'uruhu, kandi iyi ndwara nayo igaragara mu ndwara zitandukanye zirimo Hermansky-Pudlak na Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=J.|last2=De Domenico|first2=I.|last3=Ward|first3=D. M.|doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce|title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Hematology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=22–29|date=2008|pmid=18043242|s2cid=43243529}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bikorwa hashingiwe ku isuzuma kandi bishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibizamini by'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Kwitabwaho n'ikwirakwira ==
Ubuvuzi bukubiyemo kurinda izuba ubuzima bwose nko gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda, imiti irinda izuba, indorerwamo z'izuba, no kwirinda urumuri rwa UV.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma kanseri y'uruhu byibuze buri mwaka, byumvikana ko melanoma izaba ibara ry'umutuku aho kuba umukara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma amaso kenshi nabyo birasabwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Hafi umuntu 1 kuri 20.000 yibasiwe n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ijambo ''albinisme'' rikomoka ku [[Ikilatini|ijambo ry'ikilatini]] ''albus'' risobanura &quot;umweru&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Kanseri yo mu ruhu]]
* [[Ubumuga]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>4o2d09s5cuf9qoz8x6vqlvxqxm0dp25</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donepezil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142486</id>
      <parentid>142453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
      <origin>142486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3834" sha1="2cxg4pcyvdzk7j246ggdk3hrlrvozxc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Donepezil
| image = Donepezil enantiomers skeletal formulas labelled.svg
| image2 = Donepezil enantiomers ball-and-stick models from xtal 2013.png
| tradename = Aricept n'indi
| routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa
}}
'''Donepezil''', igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi rya '''Aricept''' n'andi, ni umuti ukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya Alzheimer. Ifatwa mu kanwa. Yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.

== Ikoreshwa mu buvuzi ==
Bisa nkaho bitanga inyungu nto mu mikorere y'ubwonko n'ubushobozi bwo gukora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Birks JS, Harvey RJ|title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD001190|date=June 2018|pmid=29923184|pmc=6513124|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyakora, gukoresha uyu muti ntibyagaragaye ko bihindura uko indwara igenda ikura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment|title=Dementia – Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review|date=June 2008|pmid=28876770|journal=Dementia -- Caring, Ethics, Ethnical and Economical Aspects: A Systematic Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubuvuzi bugomba guhagarikwa niba nta nyungu igaragara.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref={{harvid | BNF76 |2018 }}|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=300|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ifatwa mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Donepezil Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil-hydrochloride.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=4 February 2019|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726092537/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/donepezil-hydrochloride.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingaruka n'uko ikora ==
Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi, gusinzira nabi, impiswi, kumva unaniwe, no kuribwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo kugorwa no kuva inkari mu ruhago, no gucika intege.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Donepezil ni umuti ubuza acetylcholinesterase gukora neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt;

== Amateka ==
Donepezil yemerewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2019&quot; /&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNF76&quot; /&gt; 52 mu 2019. 38.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NADAC as of 2019-01-30|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-01-30/2c5s-3kst|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=4 February 2019|language=en|quote=0.04978 (per tablet)|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085904/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2019-01-30/2c5s-3kst|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 127 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Donepezil Hydrochloride – Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DonepezilHydrochloride|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708061330/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DonepezilHydrochloride|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Arrhythmia]]

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2cxg4pcyvdzk7j246ggdk3hrlrvozxc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kubyara umwana upfuye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142485</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
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      <text bytes="8483" sha1="tn7ld7o65l4d005b693up1fqgpeg5gu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Kubyara umwana upfuye
| image = Nuchal edema in Down Syndrome Dr. W. Moroder.jpg
| caption = Ultrasound ikoreshwa mu kwemeza urupfu rw'umwana uri mu nda
| field = Ububyaza n'indwara z'abagore
| symptoms = Urupfu rw'umwana uri mu nda nyuma y'ibyumweru 20 cyangwa 28
| causes = Akenshi ntizimenyekana; malariya, syphilis, ibibazo byo kuvukana
| risks = Umubyeyi urengeje imyaka 35, kunywa itabi, ibiyobyabwenge
| diagnosis = Ultrasound
| treatment = Imiti itangiza kubyara, dilation and evacuation
| frequency = Miliyoni 2,6 (2015)
}}
'''Kubyara umwana upfuye''' bisobanurwa nk'urupfu rw'umwana uri [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|mu nda]] nyuma y'ibyumweru 20 cyangwa 28, bitewe n'aho byaturutse. Akenshi impamvu yabyo ntimenyekana. Mu 2015, ku isi habayeho abana bagera kuri miliyoni 2,6 bavutse bapfuye, cyane cyane muri Aziya y'Epfo no muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara.

== Ibisobanuro ==
Umwana avuka adafite ibimenyetso by'ubuzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|title=Stillbirths|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035346/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/stillbirth/en/|archive-date=2016-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubyara umwana wapfuye bishobora gutuma umubyeyi yumva afite icyaha cyangwa agahinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rob2014&quot; /&gt; Iri jambo ritandukanye no gukuramo inda, ari byo gutakaza inda mbere y’igihe, no kubyara umwana ari muzima, aho umwana avuka ari muzima, nubwo yapfa nyuma gato.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rob2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=GE|title=Pregnancy loss.|journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology|date=January 2014|volume=28|issue=1|pages=169–78|pmid=24047642|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Akenshi impamvu iba itazwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo ibibazo byo kuvukana, indwara nka [[Marariya|malariya]] na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], ndetse n'ubuzima bubi bw'umubyeyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Cau&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are possible causes of stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawn2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lawn|first=Joy E|last2=Blencowe|first2=Hannah|last3=Waiswa|first3=Peter|last4=Amouzou|first4=Agbessi|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Hogan|first6=Dan|last7=Flenady|first7=Vicki|last8=Frøen|first8=J Frederik|last9=Qureshi|first9=Zeshan U|last10=Calderwood|first10=Claire|last11=Shiekh|first11=Suhail|last12=Jassir|first12=Fiorella Bianchi|last13=You|first13=Danzhen|last14=McClure|first14=Elizabeth M|last15=Mathai|first15=Matthews|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|journal=The Lancet|volume=387|issue=10018|year=2016|pages=587–603|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago birimo kuba umubyeyi w’imyaka irenga 35, kunywa itabi, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kubyara, no gutwita bwa mbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Risk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the risk factors for stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byemezwa hakoreshejwe ultrasound.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How is stillbirth diagnosed?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwirinda no kwitabwaho ==
Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abana bapfa bavuka mu gihe cyo kubyara, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kurusha ibihugu byateye imbere.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Bitewe n'igihe inda igeze, imiti ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutangira kubyara cyangwa ubwoko bw'ubuganga buzwi nka dilation and evacuation bushobora gukorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How do health care providers manage stillbirth?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo kubyara umwana wapfuye, abagore baba bafite ibyago byinshi byo kubyara undi mwana; icyakora, inda nyinshi zikurikiraho ntabwo zigira ibibazo nk'ibyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stillbirth: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=4 October 2016|date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indwara y'agahinda|Ihungabana]], igihombo cy'amafaranga, no gusenyuka kw'imiryango ni ingorane zizwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series|journal=The Lancet|date=Jan 2016|url=http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154237/http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
Ku isi yose mu 2015 habayeho abana bapfa bavuka bagera kuri miliyoni 2.6 nyuma y'ibyumweru 28 batwite (hafi 1 kuri buri mwana 45).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|title=How common is stillbirth?|date=23 September 2014|website=NICHD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131327/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, cyane cyane muri Aziya y'Epfo no muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kuri buri mwana 167 uvuka, umwana umwe uvuka yapfuye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014Epi&quot; /&gt; Igipimo cy'abana bapfa bavuka cyaragabanutse, nubwo cyagabanutse buhoro buhoro kuva mu myaka ya 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dra2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Elizabeth S.|last2=Manktelow|first2=Bradley N.|last3=Smith|first3=Lucy|last4=Rubayet|first4=Sayed|last5=Hirst|first5=Jane|last6=Neuman|first6=Melissa|last7=King|first7=Carina|last8=Osrin|first8=David|last9=Prost|first9=Audrey|date=2016-02-06|title=Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=387|issue=10018|pages=587–603|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5|issn=0140-6736|pmid=26794078|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828031155/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5/fulltext|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Marariya]]
* [[Mburugu]]
* [[Imihango y'umugore utwite]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>tn7ld7o65l4d005b693up1fqgpeg5gu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fentermine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142482</id>
      <parentid>142457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
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      <text bytes="2675" sha1="t76dwod92ekukq4gmeiq5rttoj57exx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug
| drug_name = Phentermine
| image = Phentermine tablet.jpg
| caption = Ibinini bya phentermine
| tradename = Ionamin n'indi
| routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa
}}
'''Phentermine''', igurishwa ku izina rya '''Ionamin''' n'indi, ni umuti ukoreshwa hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo uvure umubyibuho ukabije. Ifatwa mu kanwa kugeza ku byumweru bike. Yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1959.

== Ikoreshwa mu buvuzi ==
Phentermine ikoreshwa mu kuvura umubyibuho ukabije, hamwe n'imirire n'imyitozo ngororamubiri, kandi ifatwa mu kanwa kugeza ku byumweru bike. Iraboneka kandi nk'umuti uvanze wa phentermine/topiramate.

== Ingaruka n'ibibujijwe ==
Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo gutera k'umutima vuba, umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso, kubura ibitotsi, isereri no kubura ituze. Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso mu bihaha.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Phentermine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=13 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607035024/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/phentermine.html |date=7 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|cyo gutwita]] cyangwa [[konsa]]. Ntibyemewe gukoresha hamwe na SSRI cyangwa MAO inhibitors.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; 

== Amateka ==
Phentermine yemejwe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1959. Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019 /&gt; 55. Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 210 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni ebyiri. Phentermine yakuwe ku isoko mu Bwongereza mu 2000 mu gihe umuti uvanze wa fen-phen, wari ugizwe na wo, wakuwe ku isoko mu 1997 kubera ingaruka mbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bag2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bagchi|first=Debasis|last2=Preuss|first2=Harry G.|title=Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, Second Edition|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439854259|page=314|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&amp;pg=PA314|language=en|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183659/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pvE3I22KhNoC&amp;pg=PA314|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Tirzepatide]]

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lymphedema</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142480</id>
      <parentid>142459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya: infobox, incamake idafite inyandiko, ibice, inyandiko, Reba kandi</comment>
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      <text bytes="3582" sha1="7ky70erh345wsas01crd0vbzmnqolr8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Lymphedema
| image = Lymphedema.jpg
| caption = Lymphedema ku maguru
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'imitsi, kanseri
| symptoms = Kubyimba, kuremererwa, kubabara, gukomera kw'uruhu
| complications = Kwandura, lymphangiosarcoma
| causes = Kanseri n'uburyo ivurwa, lymphatic filariasis, impamvu z'uturemangingo
| risks = Umubyibuho ukabije
| diagnosis = Bishingiye ku bimenyetso
| treatment = Combined decongestive therapy, kwita ku ruhu, imyitozo ngororamubiri, kubagwa
| frequency = Abantu miliyoni 200 ku isi
}}
'''Lymphedema''' ni ukubyimba kw'aho hantu bitewe n'uko sisitemu y'imitsi yangiritse. Akenshi iterwa na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa n'indwara ya lymphatic filariasis. Nta muti uyikiza uhari, ariko ubuvuzi bushobora kugabanya ibimenyetso. Yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Ibindi bimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara, kuremererwa, gukomera kw'ingingo, no kubyimba k'uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=995–1006|date=December 2017|pmid=29132859|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sleigh|first=BC|last2=Manna|first2=B|title=Lymphedema|date=July 2020|pmid=30725924|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, indwara yo mu mitsi yo mu bwonko iteye ubwoba, na lymphangiosarcoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Akenshi ikunze kubaho bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa indwara ziterwa n'udukoko (lymphatic filariasis), ariko ishobora no kugaragara mu ndwara nyinshi ziterwa n'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo birimo umubyibuho ukabije. Uburyo bw'ibanze bukubiyemo uruhererekane rw'ububyimbirwe na fibrosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017b&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1009–1020|date=December 2017|pmid=29132848|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso, nyuma y’uko izindi mpamvu zishobora kuyitera zitabonetse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura ==
Nubwo nta muti uhari, ubuvuzi bushobora kongera umusaruro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt; Ibi bikunze kuba birimo kuvura indwara zo gukanda, kwita ku ruhu neza, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no gusohora amazi mu mubiri hakoreshejwe intoki (MLD), bizwi nka &quot;combined decongestive therapy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt; Imyitozo ngororamubiri ishobora kandi kuba ingirakamaro. Utunyangingo tw'imitsi ntacyo bimaze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe kubaga bikoreshwa gusa ku bantu batavuwe hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
Lymphedema yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017b&quot; /&gt; Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017b&quot; /&gt; Abagore 1 kuri 5 barokotse [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]] na 40% by'abagore barwaye kanseri y'abagore barwara lymphedema.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Impamvu ziterwa n’uturemangingo ntizikunze kugaragara cyane, zigaragara ku muntu umwe ku bantu 100.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe mu mateka ya kera.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara Ya Kanseri]]
* [[Kanseri y’ibere]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7ky70erh345wsas01crd0vbzmnqolr8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142481</id>
      <parentid>142480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gukuraho interuro zahinduwe nabi</comment>
      <origin>142481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3216" sha1="pk99h2jehr5nmk7xo2yh29ykaohkwof" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Lymphedema
| image = Lymphedema.jpg
| caption = Lymphedema ku maguru
| field = Ubuvuzi bw'imitsi, kanseri
| symptoms = Kubyimba, kuremererwa, kubabara, gukomera kw'uruhu
| complications = Kwandura, lymphangiosarcoma
| causes = Kanseri n'uburyo ivurwa, lymphatic filariasis, impamvu z'uturemangingo
| risks = Umubyibuho ukabije
| diagnosis = Bishingiye ku bimenyetso
| treatment = Combined decongestive therapy, kwita ku ruhu, imyitozo ngororamubiri, kubagwa
| frequency = Abantu miliyoni 200 ku isi
}}
'''Lymphedema''' ni ukubyimba kw'igice cy'umubiri bitewe n'uko sisitemu y'imitsi yangiritse. Akenshi iterwa na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa n'indwara ya lymphatic filariasis. Nta muti uyikiza uhari, ariko ubuvuzi bushobora kugabanya ibimenyetso. Yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara, kuremererwa, gukomera kw'ingingo, no kubyimba k'uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Diagnostic workup and management|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=995–1006|date=December 2017|pmid=29132859|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sleigh|first=BC|last2=Manna|first2=B|title=Lymphedema|date=July 2020|pmid=30725924|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingorane zishobora kuba zirimo kwandura, na lymphangiosarcoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'isuzuma ==
Akenshi ikunze kubaho bitewe na [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] n'uburyo ivurwa cyangwa indwara ziterwa n'udukoko (lymphatic filariasis), ariko ishobora no kugaragara mu ndwara nyinshi ziterwa n'uturemangingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ikibazo birimo umubyibuho ukabije. Gusuzuma indwara muri rusange bishingiye ku bimenyetso, nyuma y’uko izindi mpamvu zishobora kuyitera zitabonetse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt;

== Kuvura ==
Ubuvuzi bukunze kuba burimo kwita ku ruhu neza, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, no gusohora amazi mu mubiri hakoreshejwe intoki (MLD), bizwi nka &quot;combined decongestive therapy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe kubaga bikoreshwa gusa ku bantu batavuwe hakoreshejwe izindi ngamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017a&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
Lymphedema yibasira abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 200 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017b&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Grada AA, Phillips TJ|title=Lymphedema: Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1009–1020|date=December 2017|pmid=29132848|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagore ni bo bibasirwa cyane kurusha abagabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grad2017b&quot; /&gt; Abagore 1 kuri 5 barokotse [[Kanseri y’ibere|kanseri y'ibere]] na 40% by'abagore barwaye kanseri y'abagore barwara lymphedema.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Impamvu ziterwa n’uturemangingo ntizikunze kugaragara cyane, zigaragara ku muntu umwe ku bantu 100.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2020&quot; /&gt; Iyo mimerere yasobanuwe mu mateka ya kera.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara Ya Kanseri]]
* [[Kanseri y’ibere]]

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pk99h2jehr5nmk7xo2yh29ykaohkwof</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phenylketonuria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142476</id>
      <parentid>142461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:07:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, ifoto, ibice, gukosora imvugo, inkomoko (MedlinePlus), ihuza ry'imbere, ibyiciro</comment>
      <origin>142476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6802" sha1="astnn62vr2h8l1smu2dsf1y6w7zyivd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Phenylketonuria
| image = Phenylketonuria testing.jpg
| caption = Gufata amaraso ku mwana w'ibyumweru bibiri kugira ngo hapimwe PKU
| synonyms = Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, indwara ya Følling
| field = Genetike y'[[ubuvuzi]], ubuvuzi bw'abana, [[imirire]]
| symptoms = Iyo idavuwe: [[ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]], igicuri, ibibazo by'imyitwarire, impumuro idasanzwe
| onset = Ivuka
| duration = Ubuzima bwose
| types = Isanzwe (classic), yoroheje (variant)
| causes = Uruhererekane (autosomal recessive)
| diagnosis = Gupima abana bakimara kuvuka
| treatment = Indyo irimo phenylalanine nke, inyongeramirire zidasanzwe
| medication = Sapropterin dihydrochloride
| prognosis = Icyizere cy'ubuzima gisanzwe iyo ivuwe hakiri kare
| frequency = Umwana 1 ku bana 12.000
}}
'''Phenylketonuria''' ('''PKU''') ni indwara y'uruhererekane umuntu avukana, ituma umubiri udashobora gusenya neza aside amine yitwa phenylalanine. Iyo idavuwe, ishobora gutera [[ubumuga bwo mu mutwe]], igicuri, ibibazo by'imyitwarire n'[[indwara zo mu mutwe]].

Ivurwa hakoreshejwe indyo irimo phenylalanine nke, itangira vuba nyuma yo kuvuka igakomeza ubuzima bwose. Yavumbuwe mu 1934 n'umuganga w'[[Noruveje|Umunyanoruveje]] Ivar Asbjørn Følling.

== Ibimenyetso ==
Iyo idavuwe, PKU ishobora gutera ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, igicuri, ibibazo by'imyitwarire n'indwara zo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Al Hafid N, Christodoulou J|title=Phenylketonuria: a review of current and future treatments|journal=Translational Pediatrics|volume=4|issue=4|pages=304–17|date=October 2015|pmid=26835392|pmc=4728993|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishobora kandi gutuma umubiri ugira impumuro idasanzwe, kandi uruhu n'umusatsi bikeruruka kurusha iby'abandi bo mu muryango.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenylketonuria|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/phenylketonuria/|website=MedlinePlus Genetics|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|date=2023-04-25|access-date=2026-10-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umwana wavutse ku mubyeyi urwaye PKU utubahiriza indyo ashobora kuvukana ibibazo by'[[umutima]], umutwe muto (microcephaly) n'ibiro bike.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu ==
[[File:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|left|upright|Uko indwara ya autosomal recessive iragwa]]
PKU ni indwara y'uruhererekane umwana aragwa n'ababyeyi be.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Iterwa n'ihinduka (mutation) rya gene ya ''PAH'', bigatuma enzyme ya phenylalanine hydroxylase igabanuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Ibi bituma phenylalanine ituruka mu biryo yiyongera mu mubiri kugeza ku rugero rw'uburozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Ni autosomal recessive: kugira ngo umuntu arware, kopi zombi za gene zigomba kuba zarahindutse; abafite kopi imwe gusa yahindutse nta bimenyetso bagira.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi: PKU isanzwe (classic), ikomeye kurusha, na PKU yoroheje (variant), aho enzyme igikora igice.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

== Isuzuma ==
Ibihugu byinshi bifite gahunda zo gupima abana bakimara kuvuka kugira ngo PKU imenyekane hakiri kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2015&quot; /&gt;

== Ubuvuzi ==
Ubuvuzi bukorwa hakoreshejwe indyo irimo ibiryo bike birimo phenylalanine n'inyongeramirire zidasanzwe.&lt;ref name=NIH2013Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=What are common treatments for phenylketonuria (PKU)?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=2013-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005121620/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibiryo bikungahaye kuri poroteyine nk'[[amata]], [[Igi|amagi]], [[inyama]], amafi n'ibishyimbo biragabanywa, kimwe n'isukari y'ubukorano yitwa aspartame.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013Tx&quot; /&gt; Impinja zihabwa amata y'ifu yihariye ashobora kuvangwa n'amashereka make.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013Tx&quot; /&gt; Indyo igomba gutangira vuba bishoboka nyuma yo kuvuka kandi igakomeza ubuzima bwose; urugero rwa phenylalanine mu [[amaraso]] rugenzurwa buri gihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013Tx&quot; /&gt; Umuti wa sapropterin dihydrochloride ushobora gufasha bamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013Tx&quot; /&gt;

Abasuzumwe hakiri kare bakubahiriza indyo bashobora kugira ubuzima bwiza n'icyizere cy'ubuzima gisanzwe.&lt;ref name=NIH2000&gt;{{cite web|title=National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Phenylketonuria: Screening and Management|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|website=NICHD|access-date=12 September 2016|date=October 16–18, 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005002837/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/pages/sub3.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2014, ubuvuzi bwa gene (gene therapy) bwatangaga icyizere ariko bwari bugikeneye ubushakashatsi bwinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2015&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwira ==
PKU yibasira umwana umwe mu bana bagera ku 12.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bern2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Laurie E.|last2=Rohr|first2=Fran|last3=Helm|first3=Joanna R.|title=Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases: Lessons from Metabolic University|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319146218|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA91|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=q1LMCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA91|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abahungu n'abakobwa bayirwara ku rugero rumwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcdante|first=Karen|last2=Kliegman|first2=Robert M.|title=Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323226981|page=150|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA150|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsY0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA150|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
PKU yavumbuwe mu 1934 n'umuganga w'Umunyanoruveje Ivar Asbjørn Følling; akamaro k'imirire mu kuyivura kamenyekanye mu 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kal2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kalter|first=Harold|title=Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9789048188208|pages=89–92|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&amp;pg=PA89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911010922/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&amp;pg=PA89|archive-date=2017-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web|title=Phenylketonuria|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/phenylketonuria/|website=MedlinePlus Genetics|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|title=Phenylketonuria (PKU)|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pku|website=NICHD|language=en}}

[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>astnn62vr2h8l1smu2dsf1y6w7zyivd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hypospadias</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142475</id>
      <parentid>142463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, inkomoko zivuguruwe (CDC 2024, StatPearls, MedlinePlus), imiterere, amafoto, nta nkomoko mu iriburiro</comment>
      <origin>142475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4670" sha1="64ls3qu2s7z8vc2vvqhu1o4lk030iu5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Hypospadias
| image         = Diagram-of-commonly-used-classifications-of-hypospadias-based-on-location-of-urethral.png
| caption       = Aho umwenge w'inkari ushobora kuba uri ku gitsina gabo
| field         = Ubuvuzi bw'urwungano rw'inkari (urologie)
| symptoms      = Umwenge w'inkari utari ku mpera y'igitsina, igitsina kigoramye
| complications = Fistula, kwifunga k'umwenge nyuma yo kubagwa
| onset         = Akivuka
| types         = Distal (subcoronal), hagati (midshaft), inyuma (penoscrotal)
| causes        = Ntizwi ku benshi
| risks         = Amateka y'umuryango, nyina ufite imyaka 30 kuzamura, umubyibuho ukabije, imisemburo ya progestin
| diagnosis     = Isuzuma ry'umubiri umwana akivuka
| treatment     = [[Ubuvuzi|Kubagwa]] hagati y'amezi 3 na 18
| frequency     = Umwe ku bahungu 150 (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika)
}}
'''Hypospadias''' ni ubumuga [[umwana]] w'umuhungu avukana, aho umwenge wa ''urethra'' (umuyoboro usohora inkari) udafunguka ku mpera y'[[Umugabo|igitsina gabo]], ahubwo ukaba munsi yacyo: hafi y'umutwe wacyo, ku giti cyacyo cyangwa hafi y'agasaho k'intanga.

Impamvu zayo ntizizwi ku bantu benshi. Abenshi bavurwa no kubagwa bakiri bato, hagati y'amezi 3 na 18. Ni ubumuga bwa kabiri bukunze kugaragara ku bahungu bavuka, nyuma y'intanga zitamanutse (''cryptorchidie'').

== Ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:Hypospadias3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Hypospadias igaragara hafi]]
Umwenge w'inkari uba munsi y'igitsina gabo aho kuba ku mpera yacyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Igitsina gishobora kugorama, kandi uruhu rwo hejuru (''prépuce'') rukaba rutwikiriye uruhande rwo hejuru gusa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt; Iyo hypospadias ikomeye, umwana ashobora kugira ingorane zo kunyara ahagaze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medline&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'ibyago ==
Ku bana benshi, impamvu ntizwi. Hypospadias ivuka iyo igitsina gikura nabi hagati y'icyumweru cya 8 n'icya 14 cyo gutwita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Ibyongera ibyago birimo amateka y'umuryango, nyina ufite imyaka 30 kuzamura, umubyibuho ukabije wa nyina, gusama hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga, n'imiti y'imisemburo ya progestin mbere cyangwa mu gihe cyo gutwita.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt; Ishobora kandi kuba kimwe mu bigize izindi ndwara zivukanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt;

== Gusuzuma n'ubwoko ==
Isuzuma rikorwa mu isuzuma ry'umubiri umwana akivuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Hypospadias igabanywa hakurikijwe aho umwenge uri:&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''distal''' cyangwa ''subcoronal'': hafi y'umutwe w'igitsina (hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abarwayi);
* '''hagati''' (''midshaft''): ku giti cy'igitsina;
* '''inyuma''' (''penoscrotal''): aho igitsina gihurira n'agasaho k'intanga, cyangwa kure yaho.

== Kuvura ==
Abenshi bavurwa no kubagwa, akenshi hagati y'amezi 3 na 18, rimwe na rimwe mu byiciro byinshi. Kubaga bishobora kwimura umwenge, kugorora igitsina no gusana uruhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Abana bafite hypospadias ntibagomba [[Gusiramura|gukebwa]] mbere yo kubagwa, kuko uruhu rwo hejuru rushobora gukenerwa mu gusana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Nyuma yo kubagwa hashobora kuvuka ingorane nka ''fistula'' (umwenge mushya unyuramo inkari), kwifunga k'umwenge cyangwa k'umuyoboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt; Abenshi bagira ubuzima busanzwe bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina bamaze kuba bakuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medline&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwizwa ==
Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], hafi umwe ku bahungu 150 avukana hypospadias.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot; /&gt; Mu [[Burayi]], nko muri Danimarike, igipimo kiri hagati ya 0,5 % na 0,8 %; ishobora kuba idakunze kugaragara mu bindi bice by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Hypospadias |url=https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/hypospadias.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2024-11-19 |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Donaire |first1=Alvaro E. |last2=Mendez |first2=Magda D. |title=StatPearls |chapter=Hypospadias |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482122/ |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29489236 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Medline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hypospadias |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001286.htm |website=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Gusiramura]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Hypospadias |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001286.htm |website=MedlinePlus |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hypospadias}}
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kanseri y'igifu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142465</id>
      <parentid>142464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T11:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kanseri y'igifu</comment>
      <origin>142465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10902" sha1="m3013lxi805wgxxo0wqlm8ybbv0vpvj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Infiltrative (poorly cohesive) gastric cancer.jpg|thumb|Kanseri y'igifu]]
'''Kanseri yo mu gifu''', izwi kandi nka '''kanseri yo mu gifu''', ni [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ituruka mu gice cy'igifu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704181619/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach|archive-date=4 July 2014|date=January 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyinshi mu ndwara za kanseri yo mu gifu ni kanseri yo mu gifu, zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butandukanye bw’indwara harimo na kanseri yo mu gifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 5.4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lymphoma na mesenchymal tumors nabyo bishobora kugaragara mu gifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere bishobora kuba birimo kuribwa mu gifu, kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kubura ubushake bwo kurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bizakurikiraho bishobora kuba birimo kugabanya ibiro, guhinduka umuhondo k'uruhu n'umweru by'amaso, [[kuruka]], kugorwa no kumira no kuva amaraso mu gitereko n'ibindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Kanseri ishobora gukwirakwira mu gifu ikagera no mu bindi bice by'umubiri, cyane cyane umwijima, ibihaha, amagufwa, igice cyo hagati cy'inda n'uturemangingo tw'amaraso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ruddon|first=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195175431|page=223|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni ubwandu buterwa na [[bagiteri]] ''[[Helicobacter pylori|ya Helicobacter pylori]]'', ikaba ifata abantu barenga 60% by'abayirwaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChangParsonnet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang AH, Parsonnet J|title=Role of bacteria in oncogenesis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=23|issue=4|pages=837–57|date=October 2010|pmid=20930075|pmc=2952975|doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sim|first=edited by Fiona|last2=McKee|first2=Martin|title=Issues in public health|date=2011|publisher=Open University Press|location=Maidenhead|isbn=9780335244225|page=74|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&amp;pg=PA74|archive-date=17 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa ''H. pylori'' bufite ibyago byinshi kurusha ubundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Kunywa itabi, ibintu bitera imirire nko kurya imboga zishaje n'umubyibuho ukabije ni ibindi bintu bishobora gutera ikibazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24011243&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T|title=Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects|journal=Helicobacter|volume=18|issue=Suppl 1|pages=34–8|date=September 2013|pmid=24011243|doi=10.1111/hel.12082}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hafi 10% by'abarwayi bavuka mu miryango, naho hagati ya 1% na 3% by'abarwayi bavuka mu miryango bitewe n'indwara ziterwa n'uko umuntu avukana n'ababyeyi be nka kanseri y'igifu ikwirakwira mu buryo bw'umwimerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Akenshi, kanseri yo mu gifu ikura buhoro buhoro mu myaka myinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa biopsy mu gihe cyo gupima indwara hakoreshejwe endoscope.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Ibi bikurikirwa n'isuzuma rya muganga kugira ngo hamenyekane niba indwara yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; [[Ubuyapani]] na [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|Koreya y'Epfo]], ibihugu bibiri bifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy'iyi ndwara, biri gupima kanseri yo mu gifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

Indyo yo mu karere ka Mediterane igabanya ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'igifu, kimwe no guhagarika kunywa itabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Prevent&quot; /&gt; Hari ibimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ko kuvura ''H. pylori'' bigabanya ibyago byo mu gihe kizaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Prevent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-02-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704195947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional|archive-date=4 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo kanseri yo mu gifu ivuwe hakiri kare, ishobora gukira.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Uburyo bwo kuvura bushobora kuba burimo uburyo bwo kubaga, imiti ivura indwara ya kanseri, ubuvuzi bushingiye ku mirasire n'uburyo bwo kuvura hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wagner17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S|title=Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD004064|date=August 2017|pmid=28850174|pmc=6483552|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo ivuwe itinze, ubuvuzi bwo kugabanya ububabare bushobora kugirwa inama.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa lymphoma bushobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ''H. pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;St2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stathis|first=A|last2=Bertoni|first2=F|last3=Zucca|first3=E|title=Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type.|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=September 2010|volume=11|issue=13|pages=2141–52|doi=10.1517/14656566.2010.497141|pmid=20586708}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibisubizo akenshi biba bibi, aho igipimo cy’ubuzima bw’imyaka itanu mu bihugu by’Iburengerazuba bw’isi ku barwayi bageze mu za bukuru kiba kiri munsi ya 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJG14&quot; /&gt; Ibi ahanini biterwa nuko abantu benshi bafite iyi ndwara bagaragaza indwara zikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJG14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, Lieto E, Ciardiello F, De Vita F|title=Treatment of gastric cancer|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1635–49|date=February 2014|pmid=24587643|pmc=3930964|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kubaho kw'imyaka itanu ni 31.5%,&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|title=Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts|website=SEER|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207080443/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu gihe muri Koreya y'Epfo birenga 65% naho mu Buyapani birenga 70%, bimwe mu biterwa n'ingufu zo gusuzuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jap2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計：[国立がん研究センター　がん登録・統計]|url=https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|website=ganjoho.jp|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063111/https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku isi yose, kanseri yo mu gifu ni yo ya gatanu ku isonga mu ndwara za kanseri ikaba n'intandaro ya gatatu y'impfu ziturutse kuri kanseri, ikaba igize 7% by'abayirwaye na 9% by'impfu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2018, byagaragaye vuba mu bantu miliyoni 1.03 kandi byahitanye abantu 783.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bray|first=F|last2=Ferlay|first2=J|last3=Soerjomataram|first3=I|last4=Siegel|first4=RL|last5=Torre|first5=LA|last6=Jemal|first6=A|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|date=November 2018|volume=68|issue=6|pages=394–424|doi=10.3322/caac.21492|pmid=30207593|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|doi-access=free|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233225/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Global-cancer-statistics-2018%3A-GLOBOCAN-estimates-Bray-Ferlay/83ab5cf89399bca5449f4a7baf1b1b3c2e1178c7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbere y’imyaka ya 1930, mu bice byinshi by’isi, harimo n’ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere mu Burengerazuba bw’isi, ni cyo cyari intandaro y’impfu nyinshi zikomoka kuri kanseri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hochhauser|first=Jeffrey Tobias, Daniel|title=Cancer and its management|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781444306378|page=259|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&amp;pg=PA259|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915182348/https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&amp;pg=PA259|archive-date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Khleif|first=Edited by Roland T. Skeel, Samir N.|title=Handbook of cancer chemotherapy|date=2011|publisher=Wolter Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317820|page=127|edition=8th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&amp;pg=PA127|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918163929/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&amp;pg=PA127|archive-date=18 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuva icyo gihe, igipimo cy'impfu cyaragabanutse mu bice byinshi by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa no kurya ibiryo bike birimo umunyu n'ibiryo bivanze n'amazi bitewe n'iterambere rya firigo nk'uburyo bwo kubika ibiryo bishya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=edited by Rhonda J.|last2=Spiegel|first2=David|title=Cancer, culture, and communication|date=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=New York|isbn=9780306478857|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731/page/n157 139]|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanseri yo mu gifu ikunze kugaragara cyane muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba no mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara inshuro ebyiri ku bagabo kurusha ku bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142477</id>
      <parentid>142465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T22:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya ingingo: infobox, ibice, amafoto, inyandiko zivuguruwe (GLOBOCAN 2022, SEER), iriburiro ritagira inyandiko</comment>
      <origin>142477</origin>
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      <text bytes="12959" sha1="3zosw6ge9vb3sdstmasga275zbkcvmv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Kanseri y'igifu
| synonyms      = Kanseri yo mu gifu; ''stomach cancer'', ''gastric cancer''
| image         = Adenocarcinoma of the stomach.jpg
| caption       = Igifu cyafashwe na kanseri (''adenocarcinoma'')
| field         = Ubuvuzi bw'urwungano ngogozi, ubuvuzi bwa kanseri
| symptoms      = Mbere: kuribwa mu gifu, kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi, kubura ubushake bwo kurya. Nyuma: kugabanuka kw'ibiro, umuhondo ku ruhu no mu maso, kuruka amaraso, kugorwa no kumira
| onset         = Ikura buhoro buhoro mu myaka myinshi
| types         = ''Carcinoma'', ''lymphoma'', ibibyimba bya ''mesenchyme''
| causes        = ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'', uruhererekane
| risks         = Kunywa [[Igikamba|itabi]], imirire (imboga zibitswe mu munyu), umubyibuho ukabije
| diagnosis     = ''Biopsy'' ikorwa mu gihe cy'''endoscopy''
| prevention    = Indyo yo mu karere ka Mediterane, kutanywa itabi
| treatment     = Kubaga, imiti ya kanseri (''chimiothérapie''), imirasire, ubuvuzi bugamije
| prognosis     = Kubaho imyaka itanu: munsi ya 10% (iyo yageze kure), 39,8% (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika)
| frequency     = 968 350 (2022)
| deaths        = 659 853 (2022)
}}
'''Kanseri y'igifu''' (mu cyongereza ''stomach cancer'' cyangwa ''gastric cancer''), izwi kandi nka kanseri yo mu gifu, ni [[Indwara Ya Kanseri|kanseri]] ituruka ku gahu k'imbere k'igifu, iterwa no gukura bidasanzwe kw'uturemangingo. Impamvu yayo ikunze kugaragara ni ubwandu bwa [[bagiteri]] ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''. Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni nko kuribwa mu gifu, kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kubura ubushake bwo kurya.

Isuzumwa hakoreshejwe ''biopsy'' ifatwa mu gihe cya ''endoscopy''. Ivurwa no kubagwa, imiti ya kanseri n'imirasire; iyo itahuwe hakiri kare ishobora gukira. Ku isi, ni imwe muri kanseri eshanu zikunze kugaragara, ikaba ikunze kwibasira cyane [[Aziya]] y'Iburasirazuba n'[[Burayi]] bw'Iburasirazuba.

== Ubwoko n'ibimenyetso ==
[[Dosiye:Infiltrative (poorly cohesive) gastric cancer.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Igifu cyakuwemo binyuze mu kubaga, kigaragaza kanseri y'igifu]]
Inyinshi muri kanseri z'igifu ni ''carcinoma'' (cyane cyane ''adenocarcinoma'') zituruka ku turemangingo tw'agahu k'imbere k'igifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCIdef&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; ''Lymphoma'' n'ibibyimba bya ''mesenchyme'' nabyo bishobora kugaragara mu gifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere bishobora kuba kuribwa mu gifu, kubabara mu nda yo hejuru, isesemi no kubura ubushake bwo kurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Nyuma hashobora kuza kugabanuka kw'ibiro, guhinduka umuhondo k'uruhu n'umweru w'amaso, [[kuruka]] amaraso, kugorwa no kumira no kugaragara kw'amaraso mu musarani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Kanseri ishobora kuva mu gifu igakwirakwira mu bindi bice by'umubiri, cyane cyane [[umwijima]], ibihaha, amagufwa, agahu gatwikiriye inda imbere n'imvubura z'amatembabuzi (''lymph nodes'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruddon2007&quot; /&gt;

== Impamvu n'ibyago ==
Impamvu ikunze kugaragara ni ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori'', bugaragara ku barwayi barenga 60%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChangParsonnet2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Issues2007&quot; /&gt; Ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa ''H. pylori'' bufite ibyago byinshi kurusha ubundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Kunywa itabi, imirire (nko kurya imboga zibitswe mu munyu) n'umubyibuho ukabije byongera ibyago.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24011243&quot; /&gt; Hafi 10% by'abarwayi bafite abo mu muryango bayirwaye, naho hagati ya 1% na 3% bayiterwa n'indwara z'uruhererekane.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Akenshi kanseri y'igifu ikura buhoro buhoro mu myaka myinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

== Gusuzuma ==
Gusuzuma iyi ndwara bikorwa akenshi hafatwa agace k'urugingo (''biopsy'') mu gihe cya ''endoscopy''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; Hakurikiraho ibindi bizamini byerekana niba yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt; [[Ubuyapani]] na [[Koreya y’Amajyepfo|Koreya y'Epfo]], ibihugu bibiri bifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy'iyi ndwara, bisuzuma abaturage kugira ngo iyi kanseri itahurwe hakiri kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

== Kwirinda no kuvura ==
Indyo yo mu karere ka Mediterane no kureka itabi bigabanya ibyago byo kurwara kanseri y'igifu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Prevent&quot; /&gt; Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko kuvura ubwandu bwa ''H. pylori'' bigabanya ibyago mu gihe kizaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Prevent&quot; /&gt;

Iyo kanseri y'igifu ivuwe hakiri kare, ishobora gukira.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ubuvuzi bushobora kuba kubaga, imiti ya kanseri (''chimiothérapie''), imirasire n'ubuvuzi bugamije (''targeted therapy'').&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wagner17&quot; /&gt; Iyo itahuwe itinze, hatangwa ubuvuzi bugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ubwoko bumwe bwa ''lymphoma'' y'igifu bushobora kuvurwa no kurandura ''H. pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;St2010&quot; /&gt;

Akenshi iyi ndwara irangira nabi: mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba, abarwayi bafite kanseri yageze kure barenga imyaka itanu bari munsi ya 10%, kuko abenshi bayitahura yaramaze gukomera.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJG14&quot; /&gt; Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], abarwayi bagera kuri 39,8% barenza imyaka itanu,&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER&quot; /&gt; mu gihe muri Koreya y'Epfo barenga 65% naho mu Buyapani barenga 70%, ahanini bitewe n'isuzuma rikorwa hakiri kare.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jap2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ikwirakwizwa ==
Ku isi yose, kanseri y'igifu ni imwe muri kanseri zikunze kugaragara n'izica abantu benshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot; /&gt; Mu 2022, abantu 968 350 bayirwaye bwa mbere, ihitana abantu 659 853.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2022&quot; /&gt; Mbere y'imyaka ya 1930, mu bice byinshi by'isi, harimo n'ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere by'Iburengerazuba, ni yo yari intandaro ya mbere y'impfu zikomoka kuri kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancermgmt&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook&quot; /&gt; Kuva icyo gihe, igipimo cy'impfu cyaragabanutse mu bice byinshi by'isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ibi bikekwa ko biterwa no kugabanuka kw'ibiryo birimo [[umunyu]] mwinshi n'ibibitswe mu munyu, bitewe n'iterambere rya firigo mu kubika ibiryo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Culture&quot; /&gt; Ikunze kugaragara cyane muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba, igakurikirwa n'Uburayi bw'Iburasirazuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt; Ifata abagabo inshuro ebyiri kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot; /&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
File:Diagram showing the T stages of stomach cancer CRUK 374.svg|Ibyiciro (T) bya kanseri y'igifu
File:Gastric adenocarcinoma.jpg|''Adenocarcinoma'' y'igifu ibonwa na mikorosikopi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;NCIdef&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Stomach Cancer? |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en |access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|pages=Chapter 5.4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014TxPt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ruddon2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ruddon|first=Raymond W.|title=Cancer biology|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195175431|page=223|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&amp;pg=PA223|archive-date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ChangParsonnet2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang AH, Parsonnet J|title=Role of bacteria in oncogenesis|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=23|issue=4|pages=837–57|date=October 2010|pmid=20930075|pmc=2952975|doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Issues2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Sim|editor-first=Fiona|editor-last2=McKee|editor-first2=Martin|title=Issues in public health|date=2011|publisher=Open University Press|location=Maidenhead|isbn=9780335244225|page=74|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&amp;pg=PA74|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&amp;pg=PA74|archive-date=17 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24011243&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T|title=Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects|journal=Helicobacter|volume=18|issue=Suppl 1|pages=34–8|date=September 2013|pmid=24011243|doi=10.1111/hel.12082}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2014Prevent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-prevention-pdq |website=NCI|access-date=1 July 2014|date=2014-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Wagner17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S|title=Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD004064|date=August 2017|pmid=28850174|pmc=6483552|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;St2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stathis|first=A|last2=Bertoni|first2=F|last3=Zucca|first3=E|title=Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type.|journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy|date=September 2010|volume=11|issue=13|pages=2141–52|doi=10.1517/14656566.2010.497141|pmid=20586708}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WJG14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, Lieto E, Ciardiello F, De Vita F|title=Treatment of gastric cancer|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1635–49|date=February 2014|pmid=24587643|pmc=3930964|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SEER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html |website=SEER, National Cancer Institute |language=en |access-date=2026-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jap2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計 (国立がん研究センター　がん登録・統計)|url=https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|language=ja|website=ganjoho.jp|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063111/https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014Epi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-9283204299|chapter=Chapter 1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Cancermgmt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Tobias|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Hochhauser|first2=Daniel|title=Cancer and its management|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781444306378|page=259|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&amp;pg=PA259|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915182348/https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&amp;pg=PA259|archive-date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last1=Skeel|editor-first1=Roland T.|editor-last2=Khleif|editor-first2=Samir N.|title=Handbook of cancer chemotherapy|date=2011|publisher=Wolter Kluwer|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781608317820|page=127|edition=8th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&amp;pg=PA127|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918163929/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&amp;pg=PA127|archive-date=18 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Culture&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last1=Moore|editor-first1=Rhonda J.|editor-last2=Spiegel|editor-first2=David|title=Cancer, culture, and communication|date=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=New York|isbn=9780306478857|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731/page/n157 139]|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bray2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bray |first1=Freddie |last2=Laversanne |first2=Mathieu |last3=Sung |first3=Hyuna |last4=Ferlay |first4=Jacques |last5=Siegel |first5=Rebecca L. |last6=Soerjomataram |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jemal |first7=Ahmedin |date=2024-04-04 |title=Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries |journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=229–263 |language=en |doi=10.3322/caac.21834 |pmid=38572751 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Indwara Ya Kanseri]]
* [[Helicobacter pylori]]
* [[Kanseri yo mu bihaha]]
* [[Kanseri y’ibere]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach Stomach Cancer] – ''National Cancer Institute'' (mu cyongereza)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanseri y'igifu}}
[[Ikiciro:Kanseri]]
[[Ikiciro:Indwara]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umukoresha:Bpacifique/Roots of Rwanda</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>23621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142466</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bpacifique</username>
        <id>17160</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;==  '''The History of Rwanda: Prehistoric ,and Present Rwanda'''                       == Rwanda's history can be understood through two important period: mainly prehistoric and present Rwanda. Each period is marked with culture and ways people live and interact with each other.  We are going to see in general how people lived married and ways of justice throughout the two period in Rwanda.  == THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1134" sha1="s38x69cljb3cwqk5fgpgijtk3aoql1p" xml:space="preserve">==  '''The History of Rwanda: Prehistoric ,and Present Rwanda'''                       ==
Rwanda's history can be understood through two important period: mainly prehistoric and present Rwanda. Each period is marked with culture and ways people live and interact with each other.

We are going to see in general how people lived married and ways of justice throughout the two period in Rwanda.

== THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD                                                                                ==
In this Prehistoric period we will talk about time before([https://www.rwandaonline.rw/about-rwanda/history/ from 1400 where history says Rwanda was founded)] and after independence till 1994. In this paragraph we will see how people lived, married, and how their ways to justice.

== THE PRESENT PERIOD                                                                            ==
In the Present period we will talk about things or ways of Rwandan from 1995 to present day. In this paragraph though we shall discuss what changed and its benefits and harms if any. We shall see also what rwandans have done to preserve the culture.</text>
      <sha1>s38x69cljb3cwqk5fgpgijtk3aoql1p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142467</id>
      <parentid>142466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ABITONDA Alain Germain</username>
        <id>19154</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Traditional Gacaca Courts</comment>
      <origin>142467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2070" sha1="9l9kfmglbu2mp2rsjs4xy8pfa53o7i1" xml:space="preserve">==  '''The History of Rwanda: Prehistoric ,and Present Rwanda'''                       ==
Rwanda's history can be understood through two important period: mainly prehistoric and present Rwanda. Each period is marked with culture and ways people live and interact with each other.

We are going to see in general how people lived married and ways of justice throughout the two period in Rwanda.

== THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD                                                                                ==
In this Prehistoric period we will talk about time before([https://www.rwandaonline.rw/about-rwanda/history/ from 1400 where history says Rwanda was founded)] and after independence till 1994. In this paragraph we will see how people lived, married, and how their ways to justice.

=== GACACA COURTS ===
Traditional Gacaca Courts developed as a community based way of resolving disputes in Rwanda. The exact origins are difficult to date, and the system changed over time particularly during colonial rule.

The purpose of Gacaca Courts was to restore peace and harmony between people and families. They handled cases including land disputes, cattle, marriage, loans, property and other local disagreement. The respected community members who helped the parties to reach an agreement were &quot;judges&quot; or &quot;mediators&quot;. The procedures that were used involved people in a dispute who explained their sides before the community or a council, whereby the community role was to help establish what happened and find a solution. the main punishments were usually focused on compensation, settlement and repairing relationships, so the main objective of the Gacaca Court was to reconcile the parties and restore social harmony. 

== THE PRESENT PERIOD                                                                            ==
In the Present period we will talk about things or ways of Rwandan from 1995 to present day. In this paragraph though we shall discuss what changed and its benefits and harms if any. We shall see also what rwandans have done to preserve the culture.</text>
      <sha1>9l9kfmglbu2mp2rsjs4xy8pfa53o7i1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142468</id>
      <parentid>142467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T16:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Davin16</username>
        <id>17289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added relevant information</comment>
      <origin>142468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2858" sha1="1zde8ltr25l861cvy3dtrvo1yc9o18p" xml:space="preserve">==  '''The History of Rwanda: Prehistoric ,and Present Rwanda'''                       ==
Rwanda's history can be understood through two important period: mainly prehistoric and present Rwanda. Each period is marked with culture and ways people live and interact with each other.

We are going to see in general how people lived married and ways of justice throughout the two period in Rwanda.

== THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD                                                                                ==
In this Prehistoric period we will talk about time before([https://www.rwandaonline.rw/about-rwanda/history/ from 1400 where history says Rwanda was founded)] and after independence till 1994. In this paragraph we will see how people lived, married, and how their ways to justice.

=== GACACA COURTS ===
Traditional Gacaca Courts developed as a community based way of resolving disputes in Rwanda. The exact origins are difficult to date, and the system changed over time particularly during colonial rule.

The purpose of Gacaca Courts was to restore peace and harmony between people and families. They handled cases including land disputes, cattle, marriage, loans, property and other local disagreement. The respected community members who helped the parties to reach an agreement were &quot;judges&quot; or &quot;mediators&quot;. The procedures that were used involved people in a dispute who explained their sides before the community or a council, whereby the community role was to help establish what happened and find a solution. the main punishments were usually focused on compensation, settlement and repairing relationships, so the main objective of the Gacaca Court was to reconcile the parties and restore social harmony. 

== THE PRESENT PERIOD                                                                            ==
In the Present period we will talk about things or ways of Rwandan from 1995 to present day. In this paragraph though we shall discuss what changed and its benefits and harms if any. We shall see also what rwandans have done to preserve the culture.

== UMUCO NYARWANDA (PRESENT DAY) ==
Modern Rwandan culture, known as Umuco Nyarwanda , is a combination of traditional rwandan values and modern ways of life. It has evolved through changes in governance, economic activities, religion and beliefs, marriage and family life, and the administration of justice. Today, Rwanda is a modern country that promotes unity, development, equality, responsibility, and respect for the law while preserving important cultural values. Modern Rwandan society is influenced by education, technology, urbanization, globalization, and the participation of citizens in national development. Although many traditional practices continue to influence daily life, Rwandans have adopted new ideas and systems that respond to the needs of contemporary society.</text>
      <sha1>1zde8ltr25l861cvy3dtrvo1yc9o18p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142471</id>
      <parentid>142468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Roots of Rwanda]] to [[Umukoresha:Bpacifique/Roots of Rwanda]] without leaving a redirect: Subirwa mu mbanzirizamushinga (brouillon) by'umwanditsi</comment>
      <origin>142468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2858" sha1="1zde8ltr25l861cvy3dtrvo1yc9o18p" xml:space="preserve">==  '''The History of Rwanda: Prehistoric ,and Present Rwanda'''                       ==
Rwanda's history can be understood through two important period: mainly prehistoric and present Rwanda. Each period is marked with culture and ways people live and interact with each other.

We are going to see in general how people lived married and ways of justice throughout the two period in Rwanda.

== THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD                                                                                ==
In this Prehistoric period we will talk about time before([https://www.rwandaonline.rw/about-rwanda/history/ from 1400 where history says Rwanda was founded)] and after independence till 1994. In this paragraph we will see how people lived, married, and how their ways to justice.

=== GACACA COURTS ===
Traditional Gacaca Courts developed as a community based way of resolving disputes in Rwanda. The exact origins are difficult to date, and the system changed over time particularly during colonial rule.

The purpose of Gacaca Courts was to restore peace and harmony between people and families. They handled cases including land disputes, cattle, marriage, loans, property and other local disagreement. The respected community members who helped the parties to reach an agreement were &quot;judges&quot; or &quot;mediators&quot;. The procedures that were used involved people in a dispute who explained their sides before the community or a council, whereby the community role was to help establish what happened and find a solution. the main punishments were usually focused on compensation, settlement and repairing relationships, so the main objective of the Gacaca Court was to reconcile the parties and restore social harmony. 

== THE PRESENT PERIOD                                                                            ==
In the Present period we will talk about things or ways of Rwandan from 1995 to present day. In this paragraph though we shall discuss what changed and its benefits and harms if any. We shall see also what rwandans have done to preserve the culture.

== UMUCO NYARWANDA (PRESENT DAY) ==
Modern Rwandan culture, known as Umuco Nyarwanda , is a combination of traditional rwandan values and modern ways of life. It has evolved through changes in governance, economic activities, religion and beliefs, marriage and family life, and the administration of justice. Today, Rwanda is a modern country that promotes unity, development, equality, responsibility, and respect for the law while preserving important cultural values. Modern Rwandan society is influenced by education, technology, urbanization, globalization, and the participation of citizens in national development. Although many traditional practices continue to influence daily life, Rwandans have adopted new ideas and systems that respond to the needs of contemporary society.</text>
      <sha1>1zde8ltr25l861cvy3dtrvo1yc9o18p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Bpacifique</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>23622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142472</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Roots of Rwanda yimuriwe mu mushinga */ new section</comment>
      <origin>142472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1104" sha1="4nfwg4bq9vbmojxzrfz6iag0lhpfrko" xml:space="preserve">== Roots of Rwanda yimuriwe mu mushinga ==
Muraho Bpacifique, murakoze ku musanzu wanyu kuri Wikipedia y'Ikinyarwanda.

Urupapuro '''Roots of Rwanda''' rwimuriwe mu mwanya wanyu bwite nk'umushinga (''brouillon''): [[Umukoresha:Bpacifique/Roots of Rwanda]]. Impamvu: rwanditse mu Cyongereza aho kuba mu Kinyarwanda, rumeze nk'inyandiko y'ishuri (''we are going to see…'') aho kuba ingingo ya kiriziklopediya, kandi nta nkomoko (references) rufite.

Mushobora gukomeza kurunoza aho ruri: kurwandika mu Kinyarwanda, gukoresha imvugo idafite aho ibogamiye, no gushyiraho inkomoko zizewe. Nirumara kunozwa, mushobora kunsaba ko rwasubizwa mu mwanya w'ingingo.

''English:'' The page ''Roots of Rwanda'' has been moved to your user space as a draft because it is written in English, reads like an essay rather than an encyclopedia article, and has no sources. Feel free to improve it there (in Kinyarwanda, neutral tone, reliable references) and ask me to move it back once ready. [[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 21:59, 17 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4nfwg4bq9vbmojxzrfz6iag0lhpfrko</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142473</id>
      <parentid>142472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T21:59:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Impamvu: nta nkomoko, ubwamamare ntibugaragazwa</comment>
      <origin>142473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1039" sha1="l994js7tyal1y264ot42te6lf6nxmjd" xml:space="preserve">== Roots of Rwanda yimuriwe mu mushinga ==
Muraho Bpacifique, murakoze ku musanzu wanyu kuri Wikipedia y'Ikinyarwanda.

Urupapuro '''Roots of Rwanda''' rwimuriwe mu mwanya wanyu bwite nk'umushinga (''brouillon''): [[Umukoresha:Bpacifique/Roots of Rwanda]]. Impamvu:
* '''Nta nkomoko''' (references) zizewe zishyigikira ibyanditswe.
* '''Ubwamamare bw'ingingo ntibugaragazwa''' (notability): nta nkomoko zigenga zerekana ko iyi ngingo ikwiye kugira urupapuro rwayo muri kiriziklopediya.

Mushobora gukomeza kurunoza aho ruri, mushyiraho inkomoko zizewe kandi zigenga. Nirumara kunozwa, mushobora kunsaba ko rwasubizwa mu mwanya w'ingingo.

''English:'' The page ''Roots of Rwanda'' has been moved to your user space as a draft because it lacks sources and the notability of the subject is not established. Feel free to improve it there with reliable, independent references and ask me to move it back once ready. [[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 21:59, 17 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l994js7tyal1y264ot42te6lf6nxmjd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>23623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142484</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:39:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutangiza urupapuro rw'ibiganiro</comment>
      <origin>142484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="373" sha1="a5xsvheidfvsastjdh6vi6k3hdzz1ro" xml:space="preserve">Murakaza neza ku rupapuro rwanjye rw'ibiganiro! Andika ubutumwa bwawe mu gice gishya, kandi ushyireho umukono wawe (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

''Welcome to my talk page! Please start a new section for your message and sign it with &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''

''Bienvenue sur ma page de discussion ! Merci d'ouvrir une nouvelle section et de signer avec &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;.''</text>
      <sha1>a5xsvheidfvsastjdh6vi6k3hdzz1ro</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albinism mu bantu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23624</id>
    <redirect title="Nyamweru" />
    <revision>
      <id>142489</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T23:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Albinism mu bantu]] to [[Nyamweru]]</comment>
      <origin>142489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="78cvoxbwl8hc5c20e5rzh0m55b947kx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nyamweru]]</text>
      <sha1>78cvoxbwl8hc5c20e5rzh0m55b947kx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro:Bernard Bahati</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>23625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gusobanura impamvu iyi ngingo yemerwa (notability)</comment>
      <origin>142494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2655" sha1="3dpvjkrvav1qmh8zhggj5752t0s0bv6" xml:space="preserve">== Kwemerwa kw'iyi ngingo (admissibilité / notability) ==
Iyi ngingo yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo igume kuri Wikipedia, kubera impamvu zikurikira:

# '''Umwanya w'ubuyobozi ku rwego rw'igihugu''' : Dr Bernard Bahati ni Umuyobozi Mukuru (''Director General'') wa mbere wa [[NESA]], ikigo cya Leta cyashyizweho n'itegeko, gishinzwe ibizamini bya Leta byose (amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye na TVET) n'ubugenzuzi bw'amashuri yose mu Rwanda. Yashyizweho n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri yo ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Appoints Senior Officials in the Newly Formed Education Institutions |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/02/cabinet-appoints-senior-officials-in-the-newly-formed-education-institutions/ |website=KT Press |date=2021-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education institutions get new bosses |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/education-institutions-get-new-bosses |website=IGIHE |date=2021-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Inkuru mu binyamakuru byigenga''' : ishyirwaho rye ryatangajwe na KT Press na IGIHE; ''The New Times'' yagiranye na we ikiganiro cyihariye (10 Kamena 2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Examinations boss tips candidates on finals |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186671/News/examinations-boss-tips-candidates-on-finals |website=The New Times |date=2021-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi itangazamakuru ry'igihugu rimuvuga buri mwaka mu gihe cy'ibizamini bya Leta n'itangazwa ry'amanota.
# '''Igihe amaze ku mwanya''' : amaze imyaka irenga itanu ayobora NESA (aracyari ku mwanya muri Gashyantare 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025/2026 National Examinations Registration Guidelines |url=https://www.nesa.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/NESA/Announcements/2025_2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines/2025-2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines_Signed.pdf |website=NESA |date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;); si umwanya w'agateganyo.
# '''Ingaruka ku gihugu cyose''' : ibyemezo by'ikigo ayobora bigira ingaruka ku banyeshuri bose bakora ibizamini bya Leta n'amashuri yose yo mu Rwanda.
# '''Inzira y'amashuri n'ubushakashatsi igenzurwa''' : impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) yo muri Kaminuza ya Stockholm (2019, ISBN 978-91-7797-592-2), yahoze ari umwarimu n'umuyobozi muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]].

Icyitonderwa: inkomoko nyinshi ni iz'ubuyobozi (NESA) cyangwa amatangazo y'ishyirwaho. Byaba byiza hongewemo izindi nkuru zigenga zimwibandaho. Amakuru atari afite isoko (NCST, ubushakashatsi kuri Facebook, &quot;Comprehensive Assessment&quot;) yakuweho mu gihe cyo kunoza ingingo.

=== Inyandiko ===
{{Reflist}}

[[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 00:01, 18 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3dpvjkrvav1qmh8zhggj5752t0s0bv6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142495</id>
      <parentid>142494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T00:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gusobanura impamvu iyi ngingo yemerwa (notability)</comment>
      <origin>142495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2631" sha1="h9hezl62ut640jo3a9nihz5qc45yo2b" xml:space="preserve">== Kwemerwa kw'iyi ngingo (admissibilité / notability) ==
Iyi ngingo yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo igume kuri Wikipedia, kubera impamvu zikurikira:

# '''Umwanya w'ubuyobozi ku rwego rw'igihugu''' : Dr Bernard Bahati ni Umuyobozi Mukuru (''Director General'') wa mbere wa [[NESA]], ikigo cya Leta cyashyizweho n'itegeko, gishinzwe ibizamini bya Leta byose (amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye na TVET) n'ubugenzuzi bw'amashuri yose mu Rwanda. Yashyizweho n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri yo ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Appoints Senior Officials in the Newly Formed Education Institutions |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/02/cabinet-appoints-senior-officials-in-the-newly-formed-education-institutions/ |website=KT Press |date=2021-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education institutions get new bosses |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/education-institutions-get-new-bosses |website=IGIHE |date=2021-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Inkuru mu binyamakuru byigenga''' : ishyirwaho rye ryatangajwe na KT Press na IGIHE; ''The New Times'' yagiranye na we ikiganiro cyihariye (10 Kamena 2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Examinations boss tips candidates on finals |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186671/News/examinations-boss-tips-candidates-on-finals |website=The New Times |date=2021-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi itangazamakuru ry'igihugu rimuvuga buri mwaka mu gihe cy'ibizamini bya Leta n'itangazwa ry'amanota.
# '''Igihe amaze ku mwanya''' : amaze imyaka irenga itanu ayobora NESA (aracyari ku mwanya muri Gashyantare 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025/2026 National Examinations Registration Guidelines |url=https://www.nesa.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/NESA/Announcements/2025_2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines/2025-2026_National_Examinations_Registration_Guidelines_Signed.pdf |website=NESA |date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;); si umwanya w'agateganyo.
# '''Ingaruka ku gihugu cyose''' : ibyemezo by'ikigo ayobora bigira ingaruka ku banyeshuri bose bakora ibizamini bya Leta n'amashuri yose yo mu Rwanda.
# '''Inzira y'amashuri n'ubushakashatsi igenzurwa''' : impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (PhD) yo muri Kaminuza ya Stockholm (2019), yahoze ari umwarimu n'umuyobozi muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]].

Icyitonderwa: inkomoko nyinshi ni iz'ubuyobozi (NESA) cyangwa amatangazo y'ishyirwaho. Byaba byiza hongewemo izindi nkuru zigenga zimwibandaho. Amakuru atari afite isoko (NCST, ubushakashatsi kuri Facebook, &quot;Comprehensive Assessment&quot;) yakuweho mu gihe cyo kunoza ingingo.

=== Inyandiko ===
{{Reflist}}

[[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 00:01, 18 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>h9hezl62ut640jo3a9nihz5qc45yo2b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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