Ukwezi

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    <title>Ukwezi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:59:30Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Ingingo yerekeye ukwezi ko mu kirere (Moon): imbonerahamwe, inyandiko, amafoto; urutonde rw'amezi rwimuriwe kuri [[Ukwezi (igihe)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3509" sha1="3a79974qoq6atx9n0v5xn1pujzft0sn" xml:space="preserve">{{Hatnote|Iyi ngingo ivuga ku kwezi ko mu kirere. Ku gihe cy'iminsi 28 kugeza kuri 31, reba [[Ukwezi (igihe)]].}}
{{Infobox
| above = Ukwezi
| image = [[Dosiye:FullMoon2010.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Ukwezi kuzuye (2010)
| label1 = Ubwoko
| data1 = Icyogajuru kamere cy'[[Isi]]
| label2 = Intera igereranyije n'Isi
| data2 = km 384 400
| label3 = Umurambararo
| data3 = km 3 475
| label4 = Uburemere (masse)
| data4 = kg 7,35 × 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;
| label5 = Igihe cyo kuzenguruka Isi
| data5 = Iminsi 27,3
| label6 = Igihe cy'ibyiciro byako
| data6 = Iminsi 29,5
| label7 = Gravite ku butaka
| data7 = 1,62 m/s²
}}
'''Ukwezi''' (ikimenyetso: [[Dosiye:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]) ni icyogajuru kamere kimwe rukumbi cy'[[Isi]], kukaba kuyizenguruka. Ntikugira urumuri rwako: kumurika nijoro kubera ko kugarura urumuri rw'[[Izuba]]. Iyo kurebewe ku Isi, gusa n'aho kungana n'Izuba, nyamara mu by'ukuri ni guto cyane kuruta Izuba, ndetse kukaba guto kuruta Isi.

Ukwezi kuzenguruka Isi mu minsi igera kuri 27, kandi buri gihe kukayereka uruhande rumwe. Ibyiciro byako bigaruka hafi buri minsi 29,5; ni yo mpamvu ijambo « ukwezi » rikoreshwa no ku [[Ukwezi (igihe)|gihe kigabanya umwaka]].

== Imiterere ==
[[Dosiye:Ukwezi.jpg|thumb|left|Ukwezi mu kirere cy'u Rwanda mu gitondo]]
Ukwezi kuri ku ntera igereranyije ya km 384 400 uvuye ku Isi, kandi kugenda kwigizayo hafi santimetero 2,5 buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasafacts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moon Facts |url=https://science.nasa.gov/moon/facts/ |website=NASA Science |publisher=NASA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurambararo wako ni km 3 475, ni ukuvuga munsi ya kimwe cya gatatu cy'ubugari bw'Isi; gravite ku butaka bwako ni 1,62 m/s², hafi kimwe cya gatandatu cy'iyo ku Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moon Fact Sheet |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html |website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |publisher=NASA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abahanga bemeza ko Ukwezi kwavutse nyuma y'uko ikintu kingana n'umubumbe Mars kigonganye n'Isi mu myaka miliyari ishize: ibisigazwa by'ibyo bintu byombi byishyize hamwe biba Ukwezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasafacts&quot; /&gt;

== Ibyiciro by'ukwezi ==
Ukwezi kuzenguruka Isi mu minsi 27,3, kandi kwizunguruka mu gihe kingana n'icyo; ni yo mpamvu buri gihe kwereka Isi uruhande rumwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasafacts&quot; /&gt; Uko kuzenguruka Isi, igice kimurikiwe n'Izuba tubona kigenda gihinduka: iyo ukwezi kuzuye, uruhande tubona rwose ruba rumurikiwe n'Izuba; iyo ari ukwezi gushya, urwo ruhande ruba ruri mu mwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasafacts&quot; /&gt; Ibyo byiciro bigaruka buri minsi 29,53.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot; /&gt;

== Ingendo zo ku Kwezi ==
Ku wa 20 Nyakanga 1969, mu rugendo Apollo 11 rw'ikigo cy'Abanyamerika NASA, Neil Armstrong yabaye umuntu wa mbere wakandagiye ku Kwezi, akurikirwa na Buzz Aldrin.&lt;ref name=&quot;apollo11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apollo 11 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/apollo-11/ |website=NASA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingendo za Apollo zazanye ku Isi kg 382 z'amabuye n'ubutaka byo ku Kwezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasafacts&quot; /&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Full moon partially obscured by atmosphere.jpg|Ukwezi kurebewe mu isanzure (NASA, 1999)
Partial_Lunar_Eclipse_2021_November_19_-_Near_Maximum_from_Jayapura,_Indonesia.jpg|Ubwirakabiri bw'ukwezi (2021)
Break_09_(15336186874).jpg|Ukwezi kurasa
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Izuba]]
* [[Isi]]
* [[Ukwezi (igihe)]]

[[Ikiciro:Imibumbe]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikirere]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umukoresha:B.Scalling/Ubumenyamuntu</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Sciences humaines]] to [[Umukoresha:B.Scalling/Ubumenyamuntu]] without leaving a redirect: Inyandiko itaruzura neza: yimuriwe mu mwanya w'umwanditsi nk'umushinga</comment>
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      <text bytes="2190" sha1="bs8z7kvgmr9l8x70luqi54m0ge8qhb6" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Bibliothèque_ENIB_-_Espace_Sciences_Humaines_et_Sociales.JPG|thumb|300px|Isomero ry'ibitabo bivuga ku nkuru za Sciences Humaines et Sociales]]
[[Dosiye:Portable radio Olympic-401, by Mykola Lebid (1977).jpg|thumb|300px|isakazamajwi]]

[[Ubushakashatsi]] bugaragaza ko indirimbo cyangwa umuziki biri mu bintu bishobora kugufasha mu gihe wigunze. Si ukwigunga gusa ahubwo n'iyo waba ufite agahinda gakabije [https://www.linkedin.com/in/honor%C3%A9-biko-104739149?originalSubdomain=rw Honoré Biko] ni we wavuze ati:&quot;Ubuzima bwanjye ntago bwari bworoshye kuva mu bwana, gusa ku rundi ruhande byaje kumfasha ngera aho nkura mba umugabo, nza kujya mu rukundo uneo nakunze umukobwa ku rwego bitigeze bimbaho na rimwe. Gutandukana nawe byari agahinda gakomeye cyane kurusha kamwe nakuriyemo nita ko ari byo byari bigoye kurusha ibindi byose ku isi.&quot;


[[Umuziki]] hari uburyo yafashamo umuntu ukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Healthline [https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-music#:~:text=Music's%20effects%20on%20the%20body,engaged%20in%20a%20repetitive%20task. ngibi] bimwe mubyo umuziki wafasha:

&lt;u&gt;Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe &amp; Amarangamutima Amabwiriza&lt;/u&gt;: [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda|Umuziki]] ugabanya urugero rwa cortisol no guhangayika, gufasha abantu gutunganya, kurekura intimba, no gucunga imihangayiko. Ikora nk'uguhunga bishobora guhindura imyumvire no guteza imbere kuruhuka.

&lt;u&gt;Ubuzima bw'umubiri&lt;/u&gt;: Kumva umuziki biashobora guhindura umuvuduko w'amaraso no guhumeka, kugabanya umunaniro, no kongera kwihangana. Ikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kuvura kugira ngo ifashe mu gucunga ububabare no kugarura kwibuka, cyane cyane ku barwayi bo guta umutwe.

&lt;u&gt;Kumenya &amp; Umusaruro Byongerewe&lt;/u&gt;: Umuziki utezimbere kwibanda, kwibuka, hamwe nibikorwa by'ubwenge. Itera ubwonko, bushobora gufasha kongera kuba maso no kunoza ibitekerezo mugihe cyakazi cyangwa kwiga.

&lt;u&gt;Guhuza [[Imibereho yurubyiruko|Imibereho]] &amp; Guhuza&lt;/u&gt;: Umuziki ukora nka &quot;kole mbonezamubano,&quot; ituma abantu bahuza binyuze mu bitaramo cyangwa gucuranga mu matsinda. Ifasha kugabanya irungu kandi ikomeza umuryango.

&lt;u&gt;Iterambere ry'umuntu&lt;/u&gt;: Kwiga gucuranga bitera indero, kwihangana, no kwihangana.</text>
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    <title>Urwibutso rwa Camp Kigali</title>
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        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Kuyobora kuri [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="50" sha1="73sth5cwcmspsgps2v9pqavap6rd3zq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Intangiriro</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo y'icyumweru: more plants fill the empty space next to the image column (hidden when columns stack)</comment>
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      <text bytes="29342" sha1="fmdswpyt87jvexoxth1pxk97oyz5v4f" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Portail:Arts|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Portail:Sciences|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Portail:Société|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Portail:Technologies|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:2 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Ibindi bimera: byuzuza umwanya usigaye iruhande rw'ishusho; ibitagiramo umwanya birahishwa --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 0;min-height:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|2}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|3}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|4}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC&quot;&gt;✨ Ingingo ziherutse &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Intangiriro|action=purge}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#C99700;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;⟳ Vugurura&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ingingo-ziherutse&quot; style=&quot;max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;
{{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fmdswpyt87jvexoxth1pxk97oyz5v4f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142532</id>
      <parentid>142524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guhindura amahuza y'amarembo (Portail: → Wikipedia:Irembo/)</comment>
      <origin>142532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29484" sha1="2kyizrxbtvag4ady5m3bmv3prmrnqpk" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikamo ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo itunguranye&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:2 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Ibindi bimera: byuzuza umwanya usigaye iruhande rw'ishusho; ibitagiramo umwanya birahishwa --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 0;min-height:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|2}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|3}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|4}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC&quot;&gt;✨ Ingingo ziherutse &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Intangiriro|action=purge}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#C99700;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;⟳ Vugurura&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ingingo-ziherutse&quot; style=&quot;max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;
{{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyirasafari Espérance</title>
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      <text bytes="4372" sha1="luakw3gi1jrpwipy5uuztr3tjf34azv" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Dosiye:Espérance Nyirasafari.jpg|thumb|Nyirasafari Espérance]]
'''Nyirasafari Espérance'''  ni umunyamategeko akaba n'umunyapolitiki mu [[Rwanda]], akaba umwe muri ba Visi Perezida ba Sena y'u [[Rwanda]], guhera ku ya 17 Ukwakira 2019&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/politiki/amakuru/article/nyirasafari-esperance-wari-minisitiri-w-umuco-na-siporo-yagizwe-senateri&lt;/ref&gt;.  Yashyizweho muri Sena na Perezida w'u [[Rwanda]], ku ya 22 Nzeri 2019&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/who-who-new-senate&lt;/ref&gt;. 
Mbere yibyo, yabaye [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|minisitiri]] muri Minisiteri ya [[Umukino|Siporo]] n’umuco, kuva ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018,  kugeza ku ya 22 Nzeri 2019&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/85878/minisitiri-nyirasafari-esperance-yakiriye-mu-biro-bye-miss-iradukunda-liliane-ugiye-kwitab-85878.html&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mbere yibyo, kuva 5 Ukwakira 2016 kugeza 18 Ukwakira 2018, yari Minisitiri w’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/nyirasafari-raises-red-flag-over-increasing-teenage-pregnancies&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Amavu n'amavuko ==
Espérance yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] ku babyeyi  babanyarwanda; bombi bishwe muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] muri 1994, akiri muto .&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20211118150107/https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&amp;L=2&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=3679&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;cHash=3e5ed2fc3b1e62f38ca97aa432a1f3d3&lt;/ref&gt; Nyirasafari Espérance ni umubyeyi wubatse akaba nyina w’abana bane barimo abahungu batatu n’umukobwa umwe, Nyirasafari yanabaye umudepite mu nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/nyirasafari-esperance-wagizwe-minisitiri-mushya-wa-siporo-numuco-ni-muntu-ki/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/senateri-nyirasafari-yitandukanyije-n-imyumvire-y-abakono-abitabiriye-iyimikwa&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Umwuga ==
Mu 2009, yabaye umunyamabanga uhoraho muri minisiteri y’ubutabera mu [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201105130229.html&lt;/ref&gt;.  , ku ya 5 Ukwakira 2016, bivugwa ko yari umwe mu bagize [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Inteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda]] &lt;ref&gt;https://peoplepill.com/people/esperance-nyirasafari&lt;/ref&gt;.  Yasimbuye [[Diane Gashumba]] aba minisitiri muri Migeprof, wabaye Minisitiri w’ubuzima mu [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/politiki/amakuru/article/nyirasafari-esperance-wari-minisitiri-w-umuco-na-siporo-yagizwe-senateri&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ryo ku ya 31 Kanama 2017, Espérance Nyirasafari yagumanye inshingano ze muri Migeprof&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/214047&lt;/ref&gt;.  Nka minisitiri  ashyigikiye kubahana hagati y’abashakanye kugira ngo bateze imbere umuryango&lt;ref&gt;https://rwanda.unfpa.org/en/news/gender-equality-human-right-%E2%80%93-celebrating-women%E2%80%99s-day&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018, Espérance Nyirasafari yagizwe Minisitiri w’imikino n’umuco&lt;ref&gt;https://www.minisports.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=9083&amp;cHash=eab184d32afbce78a24ccea469263161&lt;/ref&gt;.  Yinjiye muri guverinoma ivuguruye ya Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] wagabanije abagize guverinoma kuva kuri 31 bakagera kuri 26. Inama y'Abaminisitiri ni [[Umugore|abagore]] 50%, ikora u [[Rwanda]], hamwe na [[Etiyopiya]], ibihugu bibiri bya [[Afurika]] byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabo&lt;ref&gt;https://www.migeprof.gov.rw/news-detail/honorable-solina-nyirahabimana-sworn-in-as-new-gender-and-family-promotion-minister&lt;/ref&gt;.  
[[Dosiye:Espérance_Nyirasafari_2013-07-01_(35426418905)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Espérance Nyirasafari 2013-07-01 (35426418905) (cropped)]]

== Umuntu ku giti cye ==
Espérance Nyirasafari numubyeyi wubatse. Nyirasafari yigeze kuba umushinjacyaha mukuru wa Repubulika.  Espérance Nyirasafari yavuze ko yakoze amahano kubera kwitabira umuhango w'iyimikwa ry’umutware w’Abakono, mu nyandiko yatangaje kuri Twitter isaba imbabazi Perezida [[Paul Kagame]]. Kuko abarizwa mu Ishyaka rya FPR-Inkotanyi . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/ckkxlkr3d25o&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Politiki y'urwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco-Tourism Park</title>
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        <username>Bella chania</username>
        <id>19167</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>IMYANDIKIRE</comment>
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      <text bytes="4159" sha1="6njq1zeirh3inp2yhbp2d5bjns8s5wi" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Outside of Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Kigali Nyandungu]]
[[Dosiye:Umusambi.jpg|thumb|Umusambi]]
'''Icyanya cy'ubukerarugendo mu gishanga cya Nyandungu''' ni parike y’ubukerarugendo [[Rwanda|y’u Rwanda]]  gifite  hegitari 134 iri hagati y’Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]] na Kicukiro gifasha  abantu gukora ingendo muri bishimira ahantu nyaburanga n’inyamaswa zo mu cyanya  cya Nyandungu &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/exploring-breathtaking-nyandungu-eco-tourism-park&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=131&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=66&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;cHash=dd9e160e53c74b52f9c8c9084bb1a36b |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211185216/https://kigalicity.gov.rw/index.php?id=131&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=66&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;cHash=dd9e160e53c74b52f9c8c9084bb1a36b |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . iki cyanya cyashizweho n'ibintu by'ingenzi nk'ibidendezi by'imitako, ibiti by'ubwoko bwinshi, ubusitani bw'ibiti  bivamo imiti, inzira nyabagendwa,ahatangirwa amafunguro(resitora), ikigo cy'amakuru n'izindi serivise zo kwidagadura hagamijwe kubungabunga ibidukikije, kwigisha abagenzi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y'abaturage byashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ikigo gishinzwe imicungire y’ibidukikije mu [[Rwanda]] ( RWANDA EMVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHOLITY (REMA) muri 2020 . &lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202201270082.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fonerwa.org/nyandungu-urban-wetland-eco-tourism-park |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809161153/http://www.fonerwa.org/nyandungu-urban-wetland-eco-tourism-park |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150852/https://www.isangostar.rw/ibyegeranyo/tuhamenye/article/tuhamenye-nyandungu-wetland-eco |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;RWANDA: Nyandungu Ecotourism Park opens in Kigali | Afrik 21&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:Nature and Cloud view in Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park.jpg|thumb|Nyandungu urban wetland]]

== Amateka ==
Mu mwaka w’ 2015 ni bwo hatekerejwe umushinga wo guhindura iki gishanga no kukigarurira ubuzima kikitwa icyanya cy’Ubukerarugendo bubungabunga Ibidukikije.Iki gishanga kiri ahazwi nko kuri 15 hagati y’[[Akarere ka Kicukiro]] n’aka Gasabo, gahunda yo kugitunganya yatangiye muri 2017,gishowemo asaga miliyari eshanu z’amafaranga y’u [[Rwanda]], yo kugitunganya kugira ngo kibe cyakorwamo n’ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo. Muri icyo Cyanya hagaragara urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, harimo ibiti by’amoko atandukanye birimo n’ibivamo imiti nk’umuravumba, igicuncu n’umubirizi kandi hari amoko y’inyoni arenga 70&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nyandungu wetland plan_2012.pdf - Rwanda Environment ... &lt;nowiki&gt;https://rema.gov.rw&lt;/nowiki&gt; › rema_doc › publications&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Iterambere ===
nyuma yo gusobanikirwa ko ibishanga ari umutungo kamere w'igihugu kandi ko bifashweneza byavamo kongera umusaruro w'igihugu ndetse nabagituye mu mujyi wa kigali bimwe mubishanga 

byaho byaratunganyijwe bigirwa icyanya ndaburanga kuburyyo ubu iki gishanga kiri muri bimwe mu bishanga byo mu [[Rwanda]] bisurwa naba mukerarugendo benshi muri [[Kigali]] kandi bikinjiza akayabo

k'amafaranga atari make.
[[Dosiye:Nyandungu park.jpg|thumb|Nyandungu Park]]

== Umusaruro  icyanya cya Nyandungu ==
Hari akamaro kenshi kitezweho ubu katangiye kugararagara  mu kubungabunga ibidukikije no kongera ubwiza.

* Kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima muri icyo cyanya cya Nyandungu.
* Gukurura ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku bidukikije.
* Nibindi...........................&lt;ref&gt;Tuhamenye : Nyandungu Wetland Eco-Tourism Park .|. Isango Star&lt;/ref&gt;

== references ==
{{reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Pariki Nasiyonali]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]</text>
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    <title>Inyandikorugero:Infobox settlement</title>
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      <comment>Guhindura amazina y'imirongo mu Kinyarwanda (Aho biherereye, Abaturage, Igiteranyo, Ubuso, Ubutumburuke, Ubucucike…)</comment>
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  --&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage&lt;!--
        --&gt;|image={{{image_skyline|}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px&lt;!--
        --&gt;|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --&gt;
| rowclass19 = mergedtoprow
| class19 = maptable
|  data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}
|{{Infobox settlement/columns
| 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|125px|100x100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Flag|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100x100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100x100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption-link&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}}}
| 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}|
{{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}}
 |border = infobox
 |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}}
 |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}}
 |float = center
 |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}}
 |default_width = 250
 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}}
 |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}}
 |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }}
 |marksize =6
 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}&lt;!-- pin is outside the map --&gt; 
 |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}}
}}
}} }}
}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Etymology*** --&gt;
| rowclass20 = mergedtoprow
|  data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|Etymology: {{{etymology}}} }}
&lt;!-- ***Nickname*** --&gt;
| rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|Nickname(s):]]|Nickname(s):}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|Nicknames:]]|Nicknames:}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-nickname nickname&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|parse_links=1|no_and=1|{{{nickname|}}}|||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list]]}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Motto*** --&gt;
| rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|Motto(s):]]|Motto(s):}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|Mottoes:]]|Mottoes:}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-nickname nickname&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{motto|}}}|||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list]]}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Anthem*** --&gt;
| rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|Anthem:]]|Anthem:}} {{{anthem}}}}}
&lt;!-- ***Map*** --&gt;
| rowclass24 = mergedtoprow
|  data24 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
}}}}
| rowclass25 = mergedrow
|  data25 = {{#if:{{{image_map1|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map1}}}|size={{{mapsize1|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt1|}}}|title={{{map_caption1|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption1|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;{{{map_caption1}}}&lt;/div&gt;}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --&gt;
| rowclass26 = mergedtoprow
|  data26 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}|
{{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}}
 |border = infobox
 |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}}
 |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}||{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}}}}
 |float = center
 |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}
 |default_width = 250
 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}}
 |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}}
 |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}}
 |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
 |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }}
 |marksize =6
 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}&lt;!-- pin is outside the map --&gt; 
 |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}}
}}
}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Coordinates*** --&gt;
| rowclass27 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map1|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|{{#if:{{{grid_position|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}}}
|  data27 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}
  |Aho biherereye{{#if:{{{coor_pinpoint|{{{coor_type|}}}}}}|&amp;#32;({{{coor_pinpoint|{{{coor_type|}}}}}})}}: {{#invoke:ISO 3166|geocoordinsert|nocat=true|1={{{coordinates|}}}|country={{{subdivision_name|}}}|subdivision1={{{subdivision_name1|}}}|subdivision2={{{subdivision_name2|}}}|subdivision3={{{subdivision_name3|}}}|type=city{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{population_total}}}|R}}+1}}||({{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}|R}})}}}} }}{{{coordinates_footnotes|}}} }}

| rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map1|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}}
| label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&amp;nbsp;position}}
|  data28 = {{{grid_position|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Subdivisions*** --&gt;
| rowclass29 = mergedtoprow
| label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}}
|  data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }}

| rowclass30 = mergedrow
| label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}}
|  data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }}

| rowclass31 = mergedrow
| label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}}
|  data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }}

| rowclass32 = mergedrow
| label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}}
|  data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }}

| rowclass33 = mergedrow
| label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}}
|  data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }}

| rowclass34 = mergedrow
| label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}}
|  data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }}

| rowclass35 = mergedrow
| label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}}
|  data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }}

&lt;!--***Established*** --&gt;
| rowclass36 = mergedtoprow
| label36 = {{{established_title}}}
|  data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }}

| rowclass37 = mergedrow
| label37 = {{{established_title1}}}
|  data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }}

| rowclass38 = mergedrow
| label38 = {{{established_title2}}}
|  data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }}

| rowclass39 = mergedrow
| label39 = {{{established_title3}}}
|  data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }}

| rowclass40 = mergedrow
| label40 = {{{established_title4}}}
|  data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }}

| rowclass41 = mergedrow
| label41 = {{{established_title5}}}
|  data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }}

| rowclass42 = mergedrow
| label42 = {{{established_title6}}}
|  data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }}

| rowclass43 = mergedrow
| label43 = {{{established_title7}}}
|  data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }}

| rowclass44 = mergedrow
| label44 = {{{extinct_title}}}
|  data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }}

| rowclass45 = mergedrow
| label45 = Yashinzwe na
|  data45 = {{{founder|}}}

| rowclass46 = mergedrow
| label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]]
|  data46 = {{{named_for|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Seat of government and subdivisions within the settlement*** --&gt;
| rowclass47 = mergedtoprow
| label47 = {{#if:{{{seat_type|}}}|{{{seat_type}}}|Seat}}
|  data47 = {{{seat|}}}

| rowclass48 = mergedrow
| label48 = {{#if:{{{seat1_type|}}}|{{{seat1_type}}}|Former seat}}
|  data48 = {{{seat1|}}}

| rowclass49 = mergedrow
| label49 = {{#if:{{{seat2_type|}}}|{{{seat2_type}}}|Former seat}}
|  data49 = {{{seat2|}}}

| rowclass51 = {{#if:{{{seat|}}}{{{seat1|}}}{{{seat2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label51 = {{#if:{{{parts_type|}}}|{{{parts_type}}}|Boroughs}}
|  data51 = {{#if:{{{parts|}}}{{{p1|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{{parts_style|}}}|para
  |&lt;b&gt;{{{parts|}}}{{#if:{{both|{{{parts|}}}|{{{p1|}}}}}|&amp;#58;&amp;nbsp;|}}&lt;/b&gt;{{comma separated entries|{{{p1|}}}|{{{p2|}}}|{{{p3|}}}|{{{p4|}}}|{{{p5|}}}|{{{p6|}}}|{{{p7|}}}|{{{p8|}}}|{{{p9|}}}|{{{p10|}}}|{{{p11|}}}|{{{p12|}}}|{{{p13|}}}|{{{p14|}}}|{{{p15|}}}|{{{p16|}}}|{{{p17|}}}|{{{p18|}}}|{{{p19|}}}|{{{p20|}}}|{{{p21|}}}|{{{p22|}}}|{{{p23|}}}|{{{p24|}}}|{{{p25|}}}|{{{p26|}}}|{{{p27|}}}|{{{p28|}}}|{{{p29|}}}|{{{p30|}}}|{{{p31|}}}|{{{p32|}}}|{{{p33|}}}|{{{p34|}}}|{{{p35|}}}|{{{p36|}}}|{{{p37|}}}|{{{p38|}}}|{{{p39|}}}|{{{p40|}}}|{{{p41|}}}|{{{p42|}}}|{{{p43|}}}|{{{p44|}}}|{{{p45|}}}|{{{p46|}}}|{{{p47|}}}|{{{p48|}}}|{{{p49|}}}|{{{p50|}}}}}
  |{{#if:{{{p1|}}}|{{Collapsible list|title={{{parts|}}}|expand={{#switch:{{{parts_style|}}}|coll=|list=y|{{#if:{{{p6|}}}||y}}}}|1={{{p1|}}}|2={{{p2|}}}|3={{{p3|}}}|4={{{p4|}}}|5={{{p5|}}}|6={{{p6|}}}|7={{{p7|}}}|8={{{p8|}}}|9={{{p9|}}}|10={{{p10|}}}|11={{{p11|}}}|12={{{p12|}}}|13={{{p13|}}}|14={{{p14|}}}|15={{{p15|}}}|16={{{p16|}}}|17={{{p17|}}}|18={{{p18|}}}|19={{{p19|}}}|20={{{p20|}}}|21={{{p21|}}}|22={{{p22|}}}|23={{{p23|}}}|24={{{p24|}}}|25={{{p25|}}}|26={{{p26|}}}|27={{{p27|}}}|28={{{p28|}}}|29={{{p29|}}}|30={{{p30|}}}|31={{{p31|}}}|32={{{p32|}}}|33={{{p33|}}}|34={{{p34|}}}|35={{{p35|}}}|36={{{p36|}}}|37={{{p37|}}}|38={{{p38|}}}|39={{{p39|}}}|40={{{p40|}}}|41={{{p41|}}}|42={{{p42|}}}|43={{{p43|}}}|44={{{p44|}}}|45={{{p45|}}}|46={{{p46|}}}|47={{{p47|}}}|48={{{p48|}}}|49={{{p49|}}}|50={{{p50|}}}}}
    |{{{parts}}}
    }}
  }} }}

&lt;!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --&gt;
| rowclass52 = mergedtoprow
| header52 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}}{{{governing_body|}}}{{{leader_name|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}}{{{leader_name2|}}}{{{leader_name3|}}}{{{leader_name4|}}}|Ubuyobozi&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{government_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;!-- ***Government*** --&gt;
| rowclass53 = mergedrow
| label53 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Ubwoko
|  data53 = {{{government_type|}}}

| rowclass54 = mergedrow
| label54 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Body
| class54 = agent
|  data54 = {{{governing_body|}}}

| rowclass55 = mergedrow
| label55 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title}}}
|  data55 = {{#if:{{{leader_title|}}}|{{{leader_name|}}} {{#if:{{{leader_party|}}}|({{Polparty|{{{subdivision_name}}}|{{{leader_party}}}}})}}}}
| rowclass56 = mergedrow
| label56 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title1}}}
|  data56 = {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}|{{{leader_name1|}}}}}
| rowclass57 = mergedrow
| label57 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title2}}}
|  data57 = {{#if:{{{leader_title2|}}}|{{{leader_name2|}}}}}
| rowclass58 = mergedrow
| label58 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title3}}}
|  data58 = {{#if:{{{leader_title3|}}}|{{{leader_name3|}}}}}
| rowclass59 = mergedrow
| label59 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{leader_title4}}}
|  data59 = {{#if:{{{leader_title4|}}}|{{{leader_name4|}}}}}

| rowclass60 = mergedrow
| label60 = {{{government_blank1_title}}}
|  data60 = {{#if:{{{government_blank1|}}}|{{{government_blank1|}}}}}
| rowclass61 = mergedrow
| label61 = {{{government_blank2_title}}}
|  data61 = {{#if:{{{government_blank2|}}}|{{{government_blank2|}}}}}
| rowclass62 = mergedrow
| label62 = {{{government_blank3_title}}}
|  data62 = {{#if:{{{government_blank3|}}}|{{{government_blank3|}}}}}
| rowclass63 = mergedrow
| label63 = {{{government_blank4_title}}}
|  data63 = {{#if:{{{government_blank4|}}}|{{{government_blank4|}}}}}
| rowclass64 = mergedrow
| label64 = {{{government_blank5_title}}}
|  data64 = {{#if:{{{government_blank5|}}}|{{{government_blank5|}}}}}
| rowclass65 = mergedrow
| label65 = {{{government_blank6_title}}}
|  data65 = {{#if:{{{government_blank6|}}}|{{{government_blank6|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --&gt;
&lt;!-- ***Area*** --&gt;
| rowclass66 = mergedtoprow
| header66 = {{#if:{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_ha|}}}{{{area_urban_acre|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_ha|}}}{{{area_rural_acre|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_ha|}}}{{{area_metro_acre|}}}{{{area_blank1_km2|}}}{{{area_blank1_ha|}}}{{{area_blank1_acre|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
 |{{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}
   |&lt;!-- displayed below --&gt;
   |Ubuso&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
  }}
 }}

| rowclass67 = {{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}|mergedtoprow|mergedrow}}
| label67 = {{#if:{{both|{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;|1}}|{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}}}
  |Ubuso&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
  |&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{total_type|}}}|{{{total_type}}}|{{#if:{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}|{{#if:{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}|Umujyi}}|Igiteranyo}}}}
  }}
|  data67 = {{#if:{{{area_total_km2|}}}{{{area_total_ha|}}}{{{area_total_acre|}}}{{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_total_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_total_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_total_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_total_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_total_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#switch:{{{dunam_link|}}}||on|total=on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass68 = mergedrow
| label68 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Ubutaka
|  data68 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_land_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_land_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_land_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_land_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|land|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
| rowclass69 = mergedrow
| label69 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Amazi
|  data69 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_water_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_water_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_water_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_water_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|water|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }} {{#if:{{{area_water_percent|}}}| &amp;nbsp;{{{area_water_percent}}}%}}}}
| rowclass70 = mergedrow
| label70 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Mu mujyi&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_urban_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data70 = {{#if:{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_ha|}}}{{{area_urban_acre|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_urban_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_urban_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_urban_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|urban|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass71 = mergedrow
| label71 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Mu cyaro&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_rural_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data71 = {{#if:{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_ha|}}}{{{area_rural_acre|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_rural_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_rural_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_rural_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|rural|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
| rowclass72 = mergedrow
| label72 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Metro&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{area_metro_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data72 = {{#if:{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_ha|}}}{{{area_metro_acre|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_metro_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_metro_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_metro_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|metro|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}
&lt;!-- ***Area rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass73 = mergedrow
| label73 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data73 = {{{area_rank|}}}

| rowclass74 = mergedrow
| label74 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{area_blank1_title}}}
|  data74 = {{#if:{{{area_blank1_km2|}}}{{{area_blank1_ha|}}}{{{area_blank1_acre|}}}{{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_blank1_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_blank1_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_blank1_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|blank1|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass75 = mergedrow
| label75 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{area_blank2_title}}}
|  data75 = {{#if:{{{area_blank2_km2|}}}{{{area_blank2_ha|}}}{{{area_blank2_acre|}}}{{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/areadisp
   |km2  ={{{area_blank2_km2|}}}
   |ha   ={{{area_blank2_ha|}}}
   |acre ={{{area_blank2_acre|}}}
   |sqmi ={{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
   |dunam={{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
   |link ={{#ifeq:{{{dunam_link|}}}|blank2|on}}
   |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
   |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
 }}}}

| rowclass76 = mergedrow
| label76 = &amp;nbsp;
|  data76 =  {{{area_note|}}}

&lt;!-- ***Dimensions*** --&gt;
| rowclass77 = mergedtoprow
| header77 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| rowclass78 = mergedrow
| label78 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Length
|  data78 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}
 | {{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |km  ={{{length_km|}}}
      |mi  ={{{length_mi|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

| rowclass79 = mergedrow
| label79 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Width
|  data79 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |km  ={{{width_km|}}}
      |mi  ={{{width_mi|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

&lt;!-- ***Elevation*** --&gt;
| rowclass80 = mergedtoprow
| label80 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Ubutumburuke]]|Ubutumburuke}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data80 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}

| rowclass81 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label81 = Highest&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data81 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}
 |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_max_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}
&lt;!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass82 = mergedrow
| label82 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data82 =  {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }}

| rowclass83 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}}
| label83 = Lowest&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data83 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}
  |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp
      |m   ={{{elevation_min_m|}}}
      |ft  ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}}
      |pref={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }} }}
&lt;!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass84 = mergedrow
| label84 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data84 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Population*** --&gt;
| rowclass85 = mergedtoprow
| label85 = Abaturage&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{population_as_of|}}}|{{nbsp}}({{{population_as_of}}})}}{{{population_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data85 = {{#if:{{{population|}}}
  | {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population}}}|,|}}}}
  | {{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
    | {{#if:{{{population_total|}}}
      | {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}}}
      }}
    }}
  }}

| rowclass86 = mergedtoprow
| header86 = {{#if:{{{population|}}}
  |
  |{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
     |
     |{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_blank1|}}}{{{population_blank2|}}}{{{population_est|}}}
       |Population&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{population_as_of|}}}|{{nbsp}}({{{population_as_of}}})}}{{{population_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
      }}
    }}
  }}

| rowclass87 = mergedrow
| label87 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{total_type|}}}|{{{total_type}}}|{{#if:{{{population_metro|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}{{{area_metro_km2|}}}{{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_urban_km2|}}}{{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_rural_km2|}}}{{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}|{{#if:{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}|Umujyi}}|Igiteranyo}}}}
|  data87 = {{#if:{{{population|}}}
  |
  |{{#ifeq:{{{total_type}}}|&amp;nbsp;
     |
     |{{#if:{{{population_total|}}}
       | {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_total}}}|,|}}}}
      }}
    }}
  }}

| rowclass88 = mergedrow
| label88 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Estimate&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;({{{pop_est_as_of}}}){{{pop_est_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data88 = {{#if:{{{population_est|}}}|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_est}}}|,|}}}} }}

&lt;!-- ***Population rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass89 = mergedrow
| label89 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data89 = {{{population_rank|}}}

| rowclass90 = mergedrow
| label90 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Ubucucike
|  data90 = {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_total|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_total|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_total_dunam|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_total_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_total_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_total_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_total_sq_mi|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

&lt;!-- ***Population density rank*** --&gt;
| rowclass91 = mergedrow
| label91 = &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Rank
|  data91 = {{{population_density_rank|}}}

| rowclass92 = mergedrow
| label92 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Mu mujyi&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_urban_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data92 = {{#if:{{{population_urban|}}}| {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_urban}}}|,|}}}} }}

| rowclass93 = mergedrow
| label93 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Ubucucike&amp;nbsp;mu&amp;nbsp;mujyi
|  data93 = {{#if:{{{population_density_urban_km2|}}}{{{population_density_urban_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_urban|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_urban_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_urban_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_urban|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_urban_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_urban_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_urban_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_urban_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_urban_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass94 = mergedrow
| label94 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Mu cyaro&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_rural_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data94 = {{#if:{{{population_rural|}}}|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_rural}}}|,|}}}}}}

| rowclass95 = mergedrow
| label95 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Ubucucike&amp;nbsp;mu&amp;nbsp;cyaro
|  data95 = {{#if:{{{population_density_rural_km2|}}}{{{population_density_rural_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_rural|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_rural_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_rural_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_rural|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_rural_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_rural_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_rural_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_rural_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_rural_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass96 = mergedrow
| label96 =&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;[[Metropolitan area|Metro]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_metro_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data96 = {{#if:{{{population_metro|}}}| {{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_metro}}}|,|}}}} }}

| rowclass97 = mergedrow
| label97 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Metro&amp;nbsp;density
|  data97 =  {{#if:{{{population_density_metro_km2|}}}{{{population_density_metro_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_metro|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_metro_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_metro_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_metro|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_metro_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_metro_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_metro_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_metro_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_metro_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass98 = mergedrow
| label98 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{population_blank1_title|}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_blank1_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data98 = {{#if:{{{population_blank1|}}}|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_blank1}}}|,|}}}}}}

| rowclass99 = mergedrow
| label99 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_blank1_title|}}}|{{{population_blank1_title}}} density|Ubucucike}}
|  data99 =  {{#if:{{{population_density_blank1_km2|}}}{{{population_density_blank1_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_blank1|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_blank1_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_blank1|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_blank1_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_blank1_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_blank1_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_blank1_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_blank1_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass100 = mergedrow
| label100 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{population_blank2_title|}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{population_blank2_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|  data100 = {{#if:{{{population_blank2|}}}|{{formatnum:{{replace|{{{population_blank2}}}|,|}}}}}}

| rowclass101 = mergedrow
| label101 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_blank2_title|}}}|{{{population_blank2_title}}} density|Ubucucike}}
|  data101 = {{#if:{{{population_density_blank2_km2|}}}{{{population_density_blank2_sq_mi|}}}{{{population_blank2|}}}
   |{{infobox_settlement/densdisp
      |/km2 ={{{population_density_blank2_km2|}}}
      |/sqmi={{{population_density_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
      |pop  ={{{population_blank2|}}}
      |ha   ={{{area_blank2_ha|}}}
      |km2  ={{{area_blank2_km2|}}}
      |acre ={{{area_blank2_acre|}}}
      |sqmi ={{{area_blank2_sq_mi|}}}
      |dunam={{{area_blank2_dunam|}}}
      |pref ={{{unit_pref}}}
      |name ={{{subdivision_name}}}
    }}}}

| rowclass102 = mergedrow
| label102 = &amp;nbsp;
|  data102 = {{{population_note|}}}

| rowclass103 = mergedtoprow
| label103 = {{#if:{{{population_demonym|}}}|[[Demonym|Demonym(s)]]|{{#if:{{{population_demonyms|}}}|[[Demonym]]s}}}}
|  data103 = {{if empty|{{{population_demonym|}}}|{{{population_demonyms|}}}}}{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{population_demonym|}}}|||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list]]}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Demographics 1*** --&gt;
| rowclass104 = mergedtoprow
| header104 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{{demographics_type1}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{demographics1_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| rowclass105 = mergedrow
| label105 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title1}}}
|  data105 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title1|}}}|{{{demographics1_info1|}}}}}}}
| rowclass106 = mergedrow
| label106 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title2}}}
|  data106 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title2|}}}|{{{demographics1_info2|}}}}}}}
| rowclass107 = mergedrow
| label107 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title3}}}
|  data107 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title3|}}}|{{{demographics1_info3|}}}}}}}
| rowclass108 = mergedrow
| label108 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title4}}}
|  data108 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title4|}}}|{{{demographics1_info4|}}}}}}}
| rowclass109 = mergedrow
| label109 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title5}}}
|  data109 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title5|}}}|{{{demographics1_info5|}}}}}}}
| rowclass110 = mergedrow
| label110 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title6}}}
|  data110 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title6|}}}|{{{demographics1_info6|}}}}}}}
| rowclass111 = mergedrow
| label111 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title7}}}
|  data111 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title7|}}}|{{{demographics1_info7|}}}}}}}
| rowclass112 = mergedrow
| label112 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title8}}}
|  data112 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title8|}}}|{{{demographics1_info8|}}}}}}}
| rowclass113 = mergedrow
| label113 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title9}}}
|  data113 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title9|}}}|{{{demographics1_info9|}}}}}}}
| rowclass114 = mergedrow
| label114 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics1_title10}}}
|  data114 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type1|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics1_title10|}}}|{{{demographics1_info10|}}}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Demographics 2*** --&gt;
| rowclass115 = mergedtoprow
| header115 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{{demographics_type2}}}&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;{{{demographics2_footnotes|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
| rowclass116 = mergedrow
| label116 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title1}}}
|  data116 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title1|}}}|{{{demographics2_info1|}}}}}}}
| rowclass117 = mergedrow
| label117 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title2}}}
|  data117 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title2|}}}|{{{demographics2_info2|}}}}}}}
| rowclass118 = mergedrow
| label118 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title3}}}
|  data118 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title3|}}}|{{{demographics2_info3|}}}}}}}
| rowclass119 = mergedrow
| label119 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title4}}}
|  data119 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title4|}}}|{{{demographics2_info4|}}}}}}}
| rowclass120 = mergedrow
| label120 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title5}}}
|  data120 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title5|}}}|{{{demographics2_info5|}}}}}}}
| rowclass121 = mergedrow
| label121 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title6}}}
|  data121 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title6|}}}|{{{demographics2_info6|}}}}}}}
| rowclass122 = mergedrow
| label122 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title7}}}
|  data122 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title7|}}}|{{{demographics2_info7|}}}}}}}
| rowclass123 = mergedrow
| label123 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title8}}}
|  data123 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title8|}}}|{{{demographics2_info8|}}}}}}}
| rowclass124 = mergedrow
| label124 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title9}}}
|  data124 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title9|}}}|{{{demographics2_info9|}}}}}}}
| rowclass125 = mergedrow
| label125 = &amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;{{{demographics2_title10}}}
|  data125 = {{#if:{{{demographics_type2|}}}
 |{{#if:{{{demographics2_title10|}}}|{{{demographics2_info10|}}}}}}}


&lt;!-- ***Time Zones*** --&gt;
| rowclass126 = mergedtoprow
| header126 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|Time zone]]s|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|Time zone]]}}|}}

| rowclass127 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
|  label127 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|Time zone]]s|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|Time zone]]}}}}}}
|  data127 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}}
 |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}
 |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}
 }} 
| rowclass128 = mergedrow
| label128 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data128 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}
     |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}}
     |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}
    }}

| rowclass129 = mergedrow
| label129 = {{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}| {{{timezone2_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data129 = {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset2|{{{utc_offset2|}}} }}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset2|{{{utc_offset2}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|({{{timezone2}}})}}
   |{{{timezone2|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass130 = mergedrow
| label130 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data130 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset2_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset2_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone2_DST|}}}|({{{timezone2_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{timezone2_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass131 = mergedrow
| label131 = {{#if:{{{timezone3_location|}}}| {{{timezone3_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data131 = {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset3|{{{utc_offset3|}}} }}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset3|{{{utc_offset3}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone3|}}}|({{{timezone3}}})}}
   |{{{timezone3|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass132 = mergedrow
| label132 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data132 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset3_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset3_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone3_DST|}}}|({{{timezone3_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{timezone3_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass133 = mergedrow
| label133 = {{#if:{{{timezone4_location|}}}| {{{timezone4_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data133 = {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset4|{{{utc_offset4|}}} }}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset4|{{{utc_offset4}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone4|}}}|({{{timezone4}}})}}
   |{{{timezone4|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass134 = mergedrow
| label134 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data134 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset4_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset4_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone4_DST|}}}|({{{timezone4_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{timezone4_DST|}}}
    }}

| rowclass135 = mergedrow
| label135 = {{#if:{{{timezone5_location|}}}| {{{timezone5_location|}}}|&lt;nowiki /&gt;}}
|  data135 = {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{utc_offset5|{{{utc_offset5|}}} }}}
   |[[UTC{{{utc_offset5|{{{utc_offset5}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone5|}}}|({{{timezone5}}})}}
   |{{{timezone5|}}}
   }}
 }}
| rowclass136 = mergedrow
| label136 = &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])&lt;/span&gt;
|  data136 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset5_DST|}}}|[[UTC{{{utc_offset5_DST|}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone5_DST|}}}|({{{timezone5_DST|}}})}}
     |{{{timezone5_DST|}}}
    }}

&lt;!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --&gt;
| rowclass137 = mergedtoprow
| label137 = {{{postal_code_type}}}
| class137 = adr
|  data137 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;{{{postal_code}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}}}

| rowclass138 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label138 = {{{postal2_code_type}}}
| class138 = adr
|  data138 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;{{{postal2_code}}}&lt;/div&gt;}} }} }}

&lt;!-- ***Area Code(s)*** --&gt;
| rowclass139 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label139 = {{#if:{{{area_code_type|}}}|{{{area_code_type}}}|{{#if:{{{area_code|}}}|[[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]|{{#if:{{{area_codes|}}}|[[Telephone numbering plan|Area codes]]}}}}}}
|  data139 = {{if empty|{{{area_code|}}}|{{{area_codes|}}}}}{{#if:{{{area_code_type|}}}{{{area_codes|}}}||{{Main other|{{Pluralize from text|any_comma=1|parse_links=1|{{{area_code|}}}|||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list]]}}}}}}

&lt;!-- Geocode--&gt;
| rowclass140 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}{{{area_code|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label140 = [[Geocode]]
| class140 = nickname
|  data140 = {{{geocode|}}}

&lt;!-- ISO Code--&gt;
| rowclass141 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label141 = [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 code]]
| class141 = nickname
|  data141 = {{{iso_code|}}}

&lt;!-- Vehicle registration plate--&gt;
| rowclass142 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label142 = {{#if:{{{registration_plate_type|}}}|{{{registration_plate_type}}}|[[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]}}
|  data142 = {{{registration_plate|}}}

&lt;!-- Other codes --&gt;
| rowclass143 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|{{{registration_plate|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label143 = {{{code1_name|}}}
| class143 = nickname
|  data143 = {{#if:{{{code1_name|}}}|{{{code1_info|}}}}}

| rowclass144 = {{#if:{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|1}}}}{{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|1}}}}}}{{{area_code|}}}{{{geocode|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|{{{registration_plate|}}}|{{{code1_name|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}}
| label144 = {{{code2_name|}}}
| class144 = nickname
|  data144 = {{#if:{{{code2_name|}}}|{{{code2_info|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --&gt;
| rowclass145 = mergedtoprow
| label145 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}
|  data145 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass146 = mergedrow
| label146 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}
|  data146 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass147 = mergedrow
| label147 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}
|  data147 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass148 = mergedrow
| label148 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}
|  data148 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass149 = mergedrow
| label149 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}
|  data149 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass150 = mergedrow
| label150 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}
|  data150 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass151 = mergedrow
| label151 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}
|  data151 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass152 = mergedrow
| label152 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}
|  data152 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}}

| rowclass153 = mergedtoprow
| label153 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}}
|  data153 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass154 = mergedrow
| label154 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}}
|  data154 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass155 = mergedrow
| label155 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}}
|  data155 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass156 = mergedrow
| label156 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}}
|  data156 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass157 = mergedrow
| label157 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}}
|  data157 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass158 = mergedrow
| label158 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}}
|  data158 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass159 = mergedrow
| label159 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}}
|  data159 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}}

| rowclass160 = mergedrow
| label160 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}}
|  data160 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Website*** --&gt;
| rowclass161 = mergedtoprow
| label161 = Urubuga
|  data161 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}}

| class162 = maptable
| data162 = {{#if:{{{module|}}}|{{{module}}}}}

&lt;!-- ***Footnotes*** --&gt;
| belowrowclass = mergedtoprow
| below = {{{footnotes|}}}
}}&lt;!-- Check for unknowns
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox settlement]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y
| alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_blank1_acre | area_blank1_dunam | area_blank1_ha | area_blank1_km2 | area_blank1_sq_mi | area_blank1_title | area_blank2_acre | area_blank2_dunam | area_blank2_ha | area_blank2_km2 | area_blank2_sq_mi | area_blank2_title | area_code | area_code_type | area_codes | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_dunam | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_metro_acre | area_metro_dunam | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rural_acre | area_rural_dunam | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_dunam | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_dunam | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_dunam | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_alt | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | caption | code1_info | code1_name | code2_info | code2_name | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | demographics_type1 | demographics_type2 | demographics1_footnotes | demographics1_info1 | demographics1_info10 | demographics1_info2 | demographics1_info3 | demographics1_info4 | demographics1_info5 | demographics1_info6 | demographics1_info7 | demographics1_info8 | demographics1_info9 | demographics1_title1 | demographics1_title10 | demographics1_title2 | demographics1_title3 | demographics1_title4 | demographics1_title5 | demographics1_title6 | demographics1_title7 | demographics1_title8 | demographics1_title9 | demographics2_footnotes | demographics2_info1 | demographics2_info10 | demographics2_info2 | demographics2_info3 | demographics2_info4 | demographics2_info5 | demographics2_info6 | demographics2_info7 | demographics2_info8 | demographics2_info9 | demographics2_title1 | demographics2_title10 | demographics2_title2 | demographics2_title3 | demographics2_title4 | demographics2_title5 | demographics2_title6 | demographics2_title7 | demographics2_title8 | demographics2_title9 | dimensions_footnotes | dunam_link | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | footnotes | founder | geocode | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | government_blank1_title | government_blank1 | government_blank2_title | government_blank2 | government_blank2_title | government_blank3 | government_blank3_title | government_blank3 | government_blank4_title | government_blank4 | government_blank5_title | government_blank5 | government_blank6_title | government_blank6 | grid_name | grid_position | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map1 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | length_km | length_mi | map_alt | map_alt1 | map_caption | map_caption1 | mapsize | mapsize1 | module | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_name | other_name | p1 | p10 | p11 | p12 | p13 | p14 | p15 | p16 | p17 | p18 | p19 | p2 | p20 | p21 | p22 | p23 | p24 | p25 | p26 | p27 | p28 | p29 | p3 | p30 | p31 | p32 | p33 | p34 | p35 | p36 | p37 | p38 | p39 | p4 | p40 | p41 | p42 | p43 | p44 | p45 | p46 | p47 | p48 | p49 | p5 | p50 | p6 | p7 | p8 | p9 | parts | parts_style | parts_type | pop_est_as_of | pop_est_footnotes | population | population_as_of | population_blank1 | population_blank1_footnotes | population_blank1_title | population_blank2 | population_blank2_footnotes | population_blank2_title | population_demonym | population_demonyms | population_density_blank1_km2 | population_density_blank1_sq_mi | population_density_blank2_km2 | population_density_blank2_sq_mi | population_density_km2 | population_density_metro_km2 | population_density_metro_sq_mi | population_density_rank | population_density_rural_km2 | population_density_rural_sq_mi | population_density_sq_mi | population_density_urban_km2 | population_density_urban_sq_mi | population_est | population_footnotes | population_metro | population_metro_footnotes | population_note | population_rank | population_rural | population_rural_footnotes | population_total | population_urban | population_urban_footnotes | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | timezone3 | timezone3_DST | timezone3_location | timezone4 | timezone4_DST | timezone4_location | timezone5 | timezone5_DST | timezone5_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset3 | utc_offset3_DST | utc_offset4 | utc_offset4_DST | utc_offset5 | utc_offset5_DST | website | width_km | width_mi
}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check
| template = Infobox settlement
| cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using infobox settlement with conflicting parameters}}
| population; population_total
| image_size; imagesize
| image_alt; alt
| image_caption; caption
}}&lt;!-- Wikidata
--&gt;{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}}
 |[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with the wikidata parameter]]
}}{{main other|&lt;!-- Missing country
--&gt;{{#if:{{{subdivision_name|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with missing country]]}}&lt;!-- No map
--&gt;{{#if:{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map1|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with no map]]}}&lt;!-- Image_map1 without image_map
--&gt;{{#if:{{{image_map1|}}}|{{#if:{{{image_map|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with image_map1 but not image_map]]}}}}&lt;!-- No coordinates
--&gt;{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}||[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{type|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{settlement_type|a}}}|{{{settlement_type|b}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with ignored type]]|}}|}}&lt;!-- Ignored type parameter
--&gt;{{#if:{{{embed|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox settlement with embed]]}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kdl93ff6cijxhopo8hxvfwqq3ce1w86</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iradukunda Jean Bertrand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142590</id>
      <parentid>135534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:12:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bella chania</username>
        <id>19167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
      <origin>142590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="991" sha1="b6ld6vq75s69myzgfzp5sctbq4t37un" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:FormatFactoryDSC 0415.jpg|thumb|Iradukunda Jean Bertrand]]
Iradukunda Jean Bertrand w'imyaka 26, wakiniraga [[Gasogi United]], akaza gutangazwa nk’umukinnyi mushya wa Township Rollers yo muri [[Botswana]], akaba yatandukanye na [[APR FC]] muri 2016 yerekeza muri [[Bugesera Fc|Bugesera FC]] yakiniye umwaka umwe ahita yerekeza muri [[Police Fc|Police FC]] nayo ayikinira umwaka umwe, muri 2018 yerekeje muri Mukura VS ayikinira imyaka 2 maze muri 2020 yayivuyemo yerekeza muri Gasogi United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/bahagaze-gute/article/iradukunda-jean-bertrand |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-17 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180719/https://igihe.com/bahagaze-gute/article/iradukunda-jean-bertrand |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/imikino/article/iradukunda-jean-bertrand-yerekeje-mu-ikipe-ikomeye-muri-botswana&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba siporo]]</text>
      <sha1>b6ld6vq75s69myzgfzp5sctbq4t37un</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Women Foundation Ministries</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bella chania</username>
        <id>19167</id>
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      <text bytes="2023" sha1="q9gad3q8ckhbfcn59qg13iqdpu5t7ja" xml:space="preserve">Women Foundation Ministries cyangwa se Nobel Family Church ni itorero ryatangijwe  [[Mignone Alice Kabera|Apotre Mignone]]''',''' Ubundi ababyeyi be bamwise '''[[Umunezero Alice]]''' ariko baza kumuhimba '''[[Mignone Alice Kabera|Mignone]],''' ni umugore wa [[Eric Kabera]] wamamaye muri sinema nyarwanda babyaranye abana batatu, .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/42042/women-foundation-ministries-noble-family-church-ku-nshuro-ya-gatanu-yateguye-umunsi-wo-gushima-imana-thanksgivig-in-action-2012--42042.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uko byaje ==
Apotre Mignone Ati '''“''' Yaje mu ishusho y’umuntu iramvugisha hanyuma irambwira ngo ndashaka ko ujya kumpera [[Umugore|abagore]] amaboko. Numvaga ibyo bintu bidasobanutse hanyuma ndireba ndebye ayanjye nsanga nayo ni ibice, irambwira iti ‘singira iyi nkoni (isobanura ubutware) noneho negerejeho ya maboko yanjye y’ibice mbona araje noneho ndafata, arambwira ngo genda iyi nkoni uyikoze kuri buri mugore wese ubona”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hose.rw/kuva-mu-kabyiniro-kugera-mu-rusengero-urugendo-rwo-gukizwa-kwa-apotre-mignone-kabera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172846/https://hose.rw/kuva-mu-kabyiniro-kugera-mu-rusengero-urugendo-rwo-gukizwa-kwa-apotre-mignone-kabera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abagore ==
Apotre Mignone Imana yamutumye  guha abagore mu buryo butatu harimo mu buryo bw’umwuka (kwigisha ijambo ry’Imana), mu buryo bw’amarangamutima (komora ibikomere) no mu bifatika, Nyuma y’imyaka itandatu agize iyerekwa, dore ko yari asanzwe ibyerekeye ubujyanama, Apotre Mignone yashyizeho gahunda y’amasengesho yo [[ku wa gatanu]] ahereye ku ntebe 25 bagenda baguka kugeza babonye aho bakorera habo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Urusengero ==
Apotre Mignone  Ni we watangije umuryango witwa Women Foundation Ministries hamwe n’urusengero rwitwa &quot;Nobel Family Church&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Amadini n'amatorero]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sebanani Andre</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="6745" sha1="pxczgoo8oytc26q9fcj52x92ysbom04" xml:space="preserve">Sebanani André yari [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGGKLB7A8l6hz8zcvM7-rHQ umuhanzi, umunyamakuru, n'umucuranzi]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-n-ibigwi-bya-sebanani-andre-wishwe-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi&lt;/ref&gt;  ukundwa cyane ndetse ugikundwa na benshi n’ubwo atakiriho. Indirimbo nka ’Urabaruta’, ’Karimi ka shyari’, ’Zuba ryanjye’, ’Urwo ngukunda ni cyimeza’, ’Mama Munyana’, ’Nkumbuye umwana twareranywe’, ’Susuruka’ yaririmbanye n’umufasha we n’izindi ziri mu rwibutso rukomeye yasigiye Abanyarwanda n’abandi.

== Amateka ==

=== Ubuzima bwite ===
Nyakwigendera [https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/amwe-mu-mateka-y-umuhanzi-sebanani-wazize-jenoside Sebanani André]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/amwe-mu-mateka-y-umuhanzi-sebanani-wazize-jenoside&lt;/ref&gt; wishwe muri [https://web.archive.org/web/20220930195924/https://igihe.wikirwanda.org/news.php?groupid=15&amp;news_cat_id=97&amp;news_id=11912 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.wikirwanda.org/news.php?groupid=15&amp;news_cat_id=97&amp;news_id=11912 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930195924/https://igihe.wikirwanda.org/news.php?groupid=15&amp;news_cat_id=97&amp;news_id=11912 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;yari yaravutse mu 1952, avukira mu cyahoze ari Komini Kigoma Perefegitura ya Gitarama, ubu akaba ari mu arere ka Nyanza, [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y’Amajyepfo]].

Tariki ya 01 Nzeli 1979 ni bwo Sebanani Andre yashakanye na Mukamulisa Anne Marie,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; babyarana abana bane ari bo: Sheja Eliane, wavutse mu 1981, Damarara Diane, wavutse mu 1984, Shyengo Frida, wavutse mu 1985 na Songa Aristide ariwe bucura wavutse mu 1988, ndetse uyu bucura nyina akaba [https://web.archive.org/web/20220930194959/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urwibutso-kuri-bamwe-mu-bahanzi-bazize-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994 yaravugaga ko atazi se neza]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urwibutso-kuri-bamwe-mu-bahanzi-bazize-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930194959/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/urwibutso-kuri-bamwe-mu-bahanzi-bazize-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuko agize imyaka ibiri mu 1990, Sebanani yahise afungwa mu bo Leta yariho yitaga ibyitso by’inkotanyi.

=== Amashuri yize ===
[https://touchrwanda.tumblr.com/post/172791150886/kwibuka-24-amateka-yumuhanzi-sebanani-andr%C3%A9 Amashuri yisumbuye yayize]&lt;ref&gt;https://touchrwanda.tumblr.com/post/172791150886/kwibuka-24-amateka-yumuhanzi-sebanani-andr%C3%A9&lt;/ref&gt; i Shyogwe nyuma aza gukomereza muri “Collège Officiel de Kigali: COK” gusa yaje kwirukanwa mu ishuri ajya gukora ubucungamari muri TRAFIPRO i Kabgayi.

== Uko yamenyekanye ==
Yamenyekanye cyane mu ikinamico zitandukanye yakinanye ubuhanga n’ubu izo kinamico abantu baracyazikunda. Zimwe mu ikinamico azwimo ni iyitwa “Nzashira ingurugunzu nkiri [[ingagi]]”; “Icyanzu cy’Imana (Uwera)”, n’izindi. [https://ubuvanganzo.blog4ever.com/articles/urutonde-rw-abahanzi Nyakwigendera Sebanani]&lt;ref&gt;https://ubuvanganzo.blog4ever.com/articles/urutonde-rw-abahanzi&lt;/ref&gt; yaje gukora kuri Radiyo Rwanda muri gahunda ya “Discothèque-Phonotèque” ya Radiyo Rwanda, [https://www.ikirundi.org/indirimbo/inyarwanda/sebanani-andre akora muri gahunda yari ijyanye n’urwenya]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ikirundi.org/indirimbo/inyarwanda/sebanani-andre&lt;/ref&gt; “[[Ubuvanganzo]] bw’umwimerere nyarwanda”, kandi yari umukinnyi w’ikinamico mu itorero “Indamutsa”.

=== Uko yakoze tangazamakuru ===
Nk’uko tubikesha icyahoze ari Inama y’Igihugu y’Itangazamakuru, Sebanani yaje gukora kuri Radiyo Rwanda muri gahunda zitandukanye zirimo: “Discothèque-Phonotèque” ya Radiyo Rwanda, Urwenya” Ubuvanganzo bw’umwimerere Nyarwanda”, Umukinnyi w’ikinamico mu itorere “Indamutsa”.

== Urukundo Sebanani Andre n'Umufasha we ==
Kubera urukundo rwamurangagwaho byatumye umufasha we amutura [https://web.archive.org/web/20220930195000/https://m.madrivervideo.com/track/andre-sebanani.html indirimbo]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://m.madrivervideo.com/track/andre-sebanani.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930195000/https://m.madrivervideo.com/track/andre-sebanani.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; y’urwibutso yise “Uracyariho”. Mukakalisa wari wagize amahirwe yo kurokoka Jenoside ariko akaba [https://web.archive.org/web/20220930194958/https://ar.umuseke.rw/umugore-wa-sebanani-andre-yitabye-imana-azize-hepatite-c.hmtl yaraje guhitanwa n’indwara]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/umugore-wa-sebanani-andre-yitabye-imana-azize-hepatite-c.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930194958/https://ar.umuseke.rw/umugore-wa-sebanani-andre-yitabye-imana-azize-hepatite-c.hmtl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; muri Nzeli 2015, yavugaga ko iyi ndirimbo yayikoze mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ko n’ubwo Sebanani yavuye mu bamukunda, ariko ko bakimuzirikana kandi ko [https://www.rwandamagazine.com/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-ya-sebanani-andre-ukiri-mu-mitima-ya-benshi umuhanzi adapfa kuko ibihangano bye]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/imyidagaduro/article/amateka-ya-sebanani-andre-ukiri-mu-mitima-ya-benshi&lt;/ref&gt; bituma aguma mu mitima y’abari bamuzi aho usanga abantu benshi bamwibukira mu ndirimbo ze ndetse n’amakinamico atandukanye.

[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Umugore-w-umuhanzi-Sebanani-Andre-yitabye-Imana Uyu mufasha we]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Umugore-w-umuhanzi-Sebanani-Andre-yitabye-Imana&lt;/ref&gt; yakomezaga avuga ko kuba Sebanani atakiriho bitavuze ko yazimye kuko yasize abana baseruka mu izina rye, kandi ngo yapfuye mu buryo bw’umubiri ariko roho ye iracyari kumwe n’umuryango we ari na yo mpamvu yamutuye iyo ndirimbo.

== Izindi mpano Sebanani yari afite ==
[https://open.spotify.com/album/22gEQOCbTkpHUJwID8jXBJ Sebanani kandi yari afite impano]&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/album/22gEQOCbTkpHUJwID8jXBJ&lt;/ref&gt; yo kwicurangira akoresheje ibyuma bya kizungu nka piano, gitari kuvuza ingoma n’ibindi. Mu mwaka wa 1973 ni bwo yinjiye mu itsinda (orchestre) ryitwaga “Vox Populi” nyuma yaho Sebanani na bagenzi be batangije orchestre “Impala” yakunzwe ndetse kugeza n’ubu igikungwa na benshi, kuva icyo gihe ngo banahise bamuha akazina k’akabyiniriro ka “Pépé la Rose”.

== Reba hano ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Izuba</title>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, amakuru akosowe (umurambararo, uburemere), inkomoko nshya (NASA, CNES), amafoto, ibiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="3805" sha1="9musngwee1luk7llq1tna0lf9mq4k82" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| above = Izuba
| image = [[File:The Sun in white light.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Izuba rifotowe mu rumuri rwera (2019), hagaragara utubara twijimye (taches solaires)
| header1 = Imiterere
| label2 = Ubwoko | data2 = Inyenyeri y'umuhondo (G2 V)
| label3 = Umurambararo | data3 = Ibirometero miliyoni 1,4
| label4 = Intera n'Isi | data4 = Ibirometero miliyoni 150
| label5 = Imyaka | data5 = Imyaka miliyari 4,6
| label6 = Ibiyigize | data6 = Idorojene na heliyumu
| label7 = Ubushyuhe bw'inyuma | data7 = Hafi 5 500 °C
| label8 = Ubushyuhe bw'imbere | data8 = Hafi miliyoni 15 °C
| label9 = Kwizunguruka | data9 = Iminsi 25 (ku mukandara) – 36 (ku mpera)
}}
'''Izuba''' (ikimenyetso: [[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]; mu Gifaransa ''Soleil'', mu Cyongereza ''Sun'') ni [[inyenyeri]] iri hagati mu kirere cy'imibumbe yacu (''système solaire''). Ni yo nyenyeri iri hafi y'[[Isi]] kurusha izindi, kandi ni yo itanga [[urumuri]] n'[[ubushyuhe]] bituma ubuzima bushoboka ku Isi.

Izuba ni umupira munini w'imyuka igizwe ahanini na idorojene na heliyumu. Ryavutse mu myaka miliyari 4,6 ishize, rikaba rigeze hafi mu kigero cy'igihe cyaryo cyo kubaho.

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Izuba rirenga.pjp.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Izuba rirenga]]
Izuba ni inyenyeri yo mu bwoko bwa G2 V, bita « inyenyeri y'umuhondo » (''naine jaune''). Rigizwe ahanini n'imyuka ya idorojene (''hydrogène'') na heliyumu (''hélium'').&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sun: Facts |url=https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/ |website=NASA Science |publisher=NASA |date=2026-09-17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Soleil |url=https://cnes.fr/dossiers/soleil |website=CNES |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umurambararo waryo ungana n'ibirometero miliyoni 1,4, ni ukuvuga hafi incuro 110 umurambararo w'Isi. Izuba ryonyine rifite hafi 99,8 % by'uburemere bwose bw'ikirere cy'imibumbe yaryo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnes&quot; /&gt; Riri ku ntera y'ibirometero miliyoni 150 uvuye ku Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;

Ubushyuhe bw'inyuma y'izuba (''photosphère'') bugera hafi kuri 5 500 °C, naho mu mutima waryo bukagera kuri miliyoni 15 °C. Igice cyaryo cyo hejuru (''couronne'') gishobora kugira ubushyuhe bwa miliyoni 2 °C. Izuba ryizunguruka mu minsi hafi 25 ku mukandara waryo, n'iminsi 36 ku mpera zaryo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;

== Urumuri n'ibara ==
Urumuri rw'izuba ni urukurikirane rw'udushashi duto cyane dutwara ingufu.&lt;ref name=&quot;jw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Ubwiza&quot; bw'inyenyeri |url=https://wol.jw.org/rw/wol/d/r127/lp-yw/102012047 |website=Nimukanguke! |date=February 2012 |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku jisho, izuba rigaragara ari umweru kuko rivanga imirasire y'amabara yose; ku manywa y'ihangu risa n'umuhondo werurutse. Iyo rirasa cyangwa rirenga, urumuri rwaryo runyura mu kirere kirekire, ubururu n'icyatsi bigatatanywa, maze izuba rikagaragara ari icunga cyangwa umutuku. Ni na yo mpamvu ijuru risa n'ubururu.&lt;ref name=&quot;jw&quot; /&gt; Urumuri rw'izuba ni rwo rutera [[umukororombya]].

== Ejo hazaza ==
Izuba rigeze hafi hagati mu buzima bwaryo. Mu myaka miliyari nyinshi iri imbere, rizabyimba ribe « inyenyeri nini itukura » (''géante rouge''), rishobora kumira [[Umubumbe wa Venus|Venusi]], Merikuri ndetse wenda n'Isi, hanyuma rihinduke « inyenyeri ntoya yera » (''naine blanche'').&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
File:Izuba riserutse.jpg|Izuba rirasa
File:Christmas Eve Sun (31460091150).png|Izuba rifotowe mu rumuri rwa H-alpha
File:The sun and the moon in South New Brighton's beach, New Zealand.jpg|Izuba n'ukwezi (Nouvelle-Zélande)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Inyenyeri]]
* [[Isi]]
* [[Ukwezi]]
* [[Umubumbe wa Venus]]
* [[Umubumbe wa Mars]]

{{Commonscat|Sun}}

[[Ikiciro:Ikirere]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibyiza bya siporo</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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[[Dosiye:Anna_Cockrell_by_Jenaragon94_-_2018_02.jpg|thumb|siporo yo kwiruka ]]
Siporo nkuko tumaze kubibona kenshi ifasha umubiri cyane mu kwirinda no kurwanya indwara zitandukanye ndetse no kugira imibereho itunganye. Buri wese akeneye imyitozo ngorora mubiri hatitawe ku myaka, igitsina ndetse nicyo waba ukora, buri wese yayishobora kandi ni ingenzi mu buzima.

Urashaka kumererwa neza, kugira imbaraga nyinshi ndetse no kubaho igihe kirekire?

Igisubizo nta kindi ni ugukora imyitozo ngorora mubiri (sport)

== Ibyiza byo gukora siporo ==

=== 1. Sport igufasha gucunga no kugira ibiro bikwiye ===
Imyitozo ngorora mubiri ikurinda kwiyongera ibiro cyane, ikaguha ibiro bikwiye. Mu gihe cy’imyitozo umubiri ukoresha imbaraga bikagufasha gutwika ibinure; ibi bikakurinda umubyibuho utajyanye nuko uteye.

=== 2. Sport igufasha kumererwa neza mu mubiri ===
Mu gihe wumva ufite ibibazo byinshi, wigunze, cg wumva ubabaye, utamerewe neza mu mubiri cg ufite stress; mu gihe cy’imyitozo ibi byose birashira. Kuko mu gihe cy’imyitozo [[ubwonko]] busohora imisemburo ituma wishima ukarushaho kumererwa neza.

Muri macye sport igabanya stress, ikakongerera kwigirira icyizere, ndetse no kwishimira uko uteye.

=== 3. Sport ifasha mu kurwanya indwara nyinshi zikomeye ===
Indwara z’umutima (umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso, guhagarara k’umutima, gufungana k’ udutsi dutwara amaraso, n’izindi) zibasiye abantu benshi muri ibi bihe turimo, diyabete ya 2, kwigunga gukabije (depression), indwara nyinshi z’imitsi ndetse n’umugongo ushobora kugabanya ibyago byo kuba wazandura ukoresha umubiri wawe imyitozo ngorora mubiri ikwiye. Siporo ifasha amaraso gutembera neza, no gusukura imiyoboro y’amaraso ivanamo imyanda ishobora guteza ziriya ndwara twavuze haruguru.

=== 4. Siporo ifasha gusinzira neza ===
Niba ugira ikibazo cyo gusinzira bikugoye, uryama ushikagurika cg uryamira cyane; imyitozo ngorora mubiri igufasha kuruhuka neza ugasinzira igihe gikwiye, bikongerera umusaruro mu gihe cyo gukora. Gusa si byiza gukora sport amasaha yo kuryama yegereje (nibura amasaha 3 mbere yo kuryama) kuko nabwo bishobora kugutera kubura ibitotsi rimwe na rimwe

=== 5. Siporo ikongerera ingufu mu gihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina ===
Mu gihe wumva utagira akabaraga cg wumva udashimisha umukunzi wawe uko bikwiye mu buriri, imyitozo ngorora mubiri ishobora kugufasha kongera ubushake n’imbaraga.

Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gukora imyitozo ku bagore bibongerera ubushake bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, mu gihe ku bagabo bakora sport badakunze kugira ikibazo cyo kurangiza vuba cg cyo kubura ubushake bwo gushimisha [[Umugore|abagore]] babo. (Ibi natwe turabihamya; kuko mu bantu benshi bagiye batugana bafite iki kibazo benshi muri bo batubwiye ko gukora sport byabafashije cyane batiriwe bakoresha imiti. Nawe niba ufite icyo kibazo byagufasha cyane)

=== 6. Sport yongera ibyishimo n’ubusabane ===
Siporo n’imyitozo ngorora mubiri bigufasha gusabana, kwishimira abandi no kumenyana n’abantu bashya. Ibi byose bikurinda kwigunga, kuba wenyine cg kwiheba, bituma ubuzima bwawe muri sosiyete burushaho kuba bwiza.

== Ibindi ==
''Ushobora gukora sport iyariyo yose wifuza yaba; gukina umupira, kwiruka, basketball, volleyball, koga, kunyonga igare, kugenda n’amaguru wihuta, yoga, gusimbuka umugozi, kugorora ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri, kujya muri gym tonic, pompage, guterura ibyuma n’izindi zose wifuza.''

Icyiza nuko iyo bikurambiye ubivaho ugatangira ibindi gutyo gutyo.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/gukora-siporo/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224204217/https://umutihealth.com/gukora-siporo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.umuringa.net/ibyiza-7-byo-gukora-imyitozo-ngororamubiri-isanzwe/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224220204/https://www.umuringa.net/ibyiza-7-byo-gukora-imyitozo-ngororamubiri-isanzwe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mubuzima.com/wp-content/cache/all/kwirukanka/index.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224220204/https://mubuzima.com/wp-content/cache/all/kwirukanka/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rfe760oeboa0xs0twr2vctsih14shi4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akamaro k'imizabibu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="4440" sha1="5ftqntp1f10wusfzgvv422kfex1xhjj" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Close_up_grapes.jpg|thumb|Imizabibu ifite ibara ryijimye ]]
[[Dosiye:Fresh_Grape.jpg|thumb|Ubundi bwoko bw'  Imizabibu]]
Imizabibu ni imbuto zizwi kuva kera kandi zifite amateka atandukanye meza. Izi mbuto ziboneka mu mabara anyuranye ariko azwi cyane ni izisa na mauve, n’umutuku gusa habaho n’izifite ibara ry’icyatsi cyeruruka.

Mu mizabibu dusangamo intungamubiri zinyuranye ari zo zigira izi mbuto ingirakamaro cyane ku buzima bwacu bwa minsi yose.
[[Dosiye:Grape_Garden_-_Jowshan_(2023).jpg|thumb|Umurima w'imizabibu ]]

== Ibyo dusangamo ==
Mu mizabibu dusangamo:

* Vitamini A, [[Vitamini C]], Vitamini B6 na B9,ndetse na Vitamini K
* Potassium
* Calcium
* Ubutare
* Phosphore
* Umuringa
* Manganese
* Magnesium
* Selenium

Si ibyo gusa kandi kuko tunasangamo flavonoid na fibre byose bikaba bifitiye akamaro kanini umubiri wacu

== Akamaro ==

=== Asima ===
Izwiho kuba ifite ingufu zo guhangana na asimakubera ikize kuri vitamin C. si ibyo gusa kuko kuba ifasha mu kongera amazi mu mubiri, ituma mu bihaha hahehera nuko ibibazo bya asima bikoroha.

=== Amagufa ===
Nkuko twabibonye mu mizabibu harimo imyunyungugu inyuranye nk’umuringa, ubutare na manganese. Iyi myunyungugu yose akamaro kayo k’ingenzi ni ugukomeza amagufa. Gukoresha ibikomoka ku mizabibu rero bifasha mu kurwanya indwara zikunze gufata abageze mu zabukuru zigahekenya amagufa. By’umwihariko manganese ifasha mu ikorwa rya collagen no gutuma poroteyine zikoreshwa neza.
[[Dosiye:Abhar-iran.JPG|thumb|Imizabibu ]]

=== Umutima ===
Imizabibu ituma igipimo cya Nitric Oxide mu maraso kizamuka ibi bigafasha mu kubuza amaraso kwipfundika, akaba yaza kuvura. Ku bw’ibyo imizabibu ni imbuto nziza wakoresha mu kurinda indwara zinyuranye z’umutima. Kandi kuba harimo flavonoids bituma igipimo cya cholesterol kigabanyuka na byo bikarinda indwara z’umutima ndetse bikanafasha mu gusohora uburozi mu maraso.

=== Migraine ===
Iyi ni indwara y’umutwe w’uruhande rumwe. Kunywa umutobe w’imizabibu ni ingenzi mu guhangana n’ubu burwayi. Ni byiza kuwunywa mu gitondo ukibyuka, nta kindi uvanzemo yewe nta n’amazi ushyizemo. Nyamara kandi kunywa divayi itukura (ikorwa nayo mu mizabibu) bishobora kugutera uyu mutwe. Si byo gusa kuko ibitera uyu mutwe ni byinshi kandi uyu mutobe w’imizabibu uvura hatitawe ku cyaguteye uyu mutwe.

=== Kwituma impatwe ===
Mu mizabibu dusangamo amasukari na cellulose ndetse na za aside ibi byose iyo bihuye bifasha mu kurwanya kwituma impatwe. Si ibyo gusa kuko binafasha mu koroshya kuribwa mu nda biterwa n’igogorwa rigenda nabi. Mu mizabibu habonekamo fibres zifasha mu igogorwa no gutuma wituma neza. Gusa niba uri guhitwa uzirinde izi mbuto kuko zaguhuhura.

=== Umunaniro ===
Imizabibu y’icyatsi iba irimo ubutare bwinshi ugereranyije n’iyifite andi mabara. Umutobe wayo ni ingenzi ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy’ubutare bucye nk’abakirutse indwara, inkomere, ababazwe, [[Umugore|abagore]] batwite kuko nibo baba bakeneye ubutare kurenza abandi. Twongereho ngo ni imizabibu y’icyatsi cyeruruka kuko iyijimye ntabwo ifite ubutare bwinshi. Ubu butare rero nibwo umubiri uba ukeneye kugirango uhangane n’ikibazo cy’umunaniro kuko iyo ubutare bubaye bwinshi, umwuka wa oxygen winjira ari mwinshi nuko ingufu z’umubiri zikiyongera.

=== Diyabete ===
Ubushakashatsi bwa vuba bwagaragaje ko gukamura igishishwa cy’imizabibu ugakuramo umutobe (igishishwa gusa) uwo mutobe ugira akamaro mu kugabanya igipimo cy’isukari mu maraso nuko bigafasha mu guhangana na diyabete.
[[Dosiye:انگور_گلخانه_ای.jpg|thumb|Ibiti by'imizabibu]]

=== Impyiko ===
Mu mpyiko hakorerwa akazi gakomeye ko kuyungurura amaraso yose aba mu mubiri wacu. Imizabibu izwiho kugabanya uric acid ndetse ikanafasha kugabanya kuremererwa ku mpyiko. Iyi uric acid kandi iyo ibaye nyinshi yibika mu ngingo ikaba ariyo akenshi itera indwara ya goute.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yegob.rw/sobanukirwa-akamaro-imizabibu-idufitiye-ku-buzima/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225120114/https://yegob.rw/sobanukirwa-akamaro-imizabibu-idufitiye-ku-buzima/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/imizabibu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225120112/https://umutihealth.com/imizabibu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5ftqntp1f10wusfzgvv422kfex1xhjj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahantu waruhukira muri Kigali</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="5525" sha1="8uvo0qb83k86o02ribfqmf5avb8iap3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;[[Dosiye:Nyandungupark.jpg|thumb|Nyandungu Park ahantu ho kuruhukira.]]&lt;/center&gt;
[[Dosiye:Nyandungu park.jpg|thumb|'''Nyandungu Park''' ahantu heza ho gutembera no kuruhukira.]]


Ushobora kuba utagira akazi kenshi cyangwa se ukora buri munsi (full time), gusa uko byagenda kose, ukeneye umwanya wo kuruhuka ukagarura imbaraga mbere yo gusubira mu kazi mu cyumweru gitaha.

Bigusaba kuruhuka mu mpera z’icyumweru, kandi burya uburyo bwiza bwabyo si ukuryama nk’uko bamwe bajya babyibeshyaho. Gutembera, kwicara ahantu hatuje ukitekerezaho bigufasha guhindura ibitekerezo kurushaho.

Ni yo mpamvu ugomba kumenya ahantu heza wasura cyangwa se wasohokera mu mpera z'icyumweru ukagabanya umunaniro wo mu mibyizi. 

== Aho wasohokera ==
Ahantu wasohokera mu mpera z'icyumweru hamwe n’umuryango, inshuti cyangwa umukunzi:

=== Inzora Rooftop Café ===
Niba ushaka ahantu wajya kuruhukira wenyine, ugasoma [[igitabo]] uri kunywa ikawa, ureba hirya no hino muri Kigali, Inzora Rooftop Café yaba amahitamo meza.

Inzora iherereye ku Kacyiru mu Ikirezi Bookstore, ni ahantu heza ku bakunda gusoma ibitabo. Menu yabo iba ikubiyemo amafunguro agenewe abadakunda inyama (Vegetarian food) nubwo abazirya nabo batibagiranye.

=== Gate 10 ===
Iyo usohokanye n’umuntu bwa mbere cyane cyane mutaziranye, hari igihe mushobora kubura ingingo muganira. Biba byiza kujya ahantu hari ibintu byabaha icyo muganira ku buryo bworoshye.

Gate 10 rero ni amahitamon meza. Iyi restaurant iherereye ku Kimihurura. Iyo uhageze usanganirwa n’imitako ifite igisobanuro gikomeye mu mateka.

=== Saray Spa ===
Waba ushaka massage, ibishashara cyangwa kwita ku ruhu rwo mu maso? Muri iyi Spa iba muri Kigali Marriott Hotel ushobora kubibona byose ukaruhuka nyuma y’akazi kenshi.

Massage ifasha umuntu kuruhura umubiri, nta mpamvu yo kuba ufite imyaka 30 ariko umuntu yakubona akagira ngo uri umusaza wa 50 kubera iminkanyari igutamirije mu gahanga!

Ibiciro byo muri Saray Spa bijyana n’icyo ushaka. Ntabwo ari ahantu ho kwisukirwa na buri wese mu biciro, gusa wagerageza nibura inshuro imwe.

=== Brachetto ===
Niba uri umukunzi wa Vino, wagerageza Brachetto, iherereye ku Kacyiru.

Brachetto ni restaurant y’Abataliyani ikora ibintu bigezweho kandi bikoranye ubuhanga.

Bafite Vino nyinshi zituruka mu Butaliyani, u Bufaransa n’izo muri Afuruka y’Epfo. Ni ahantu heza wasohokanira n’inshuti zawe ariko uzibuke kwitwaza menshi kuko ntihorohera ikofi.

=== Inema Art Center ===
[[Dosiye:Inema Art Center.jpg|thumb|175x175px|Inema Art Center]]
Niba ushaka gusura ahantu muri weekend ukareba ibikorwa by’ubugeni, Inema Art Center hakunezeza.

Inema Art Center iherereye ku Kacyiru. Uhasanga ibikorwa bitandukanye nko gushushanya, Gallery, wakora Yoga kandi ukanezezwa n’ababyinnyi baho. Ushobora kuhasura uri kumwe n’inshuti, umugabo cyangwa umugore wawe cyangwa n’umukunzi wawe.

=== Spiderman Game Center ===
Abana muri iyi minsi bakunze cyane Spiderman, nibakubwira ko bashaka gusohoka uzabajyane kuri Spiderman Game Center i Masaka.

Ntihahenze kandi hari imikino myinshi ishimisha abana. Bajya bavuga ngo “iyo umwana yishimye n’umubyeyi aba yishimye”.

=== Kigali Golf Resort And Villas ===
[[Dosiye:Golf Course (213635061).jpeg|thumb|187x187px|Kigali Golf Resort.]]
Niba ukunda umukino wa golf cyangwa se ukaba utaranawukina, muri iyi weekend uzasure Kigali Golf Resort and Villas iherereye i Nyarutarama.

Ni ahantu heza kandi hari amahumbezi. Ushobora kwiyandikisha ukajya ujyayo igihe uboneye umwanya. Byagufasha kandi kwiyungura ubumenyi muri uyu mukino no kumenya n’abantu bashya.

Weekend yatangiye, kora budget uhamagare inshuti mugire ibihe byiza uko mwifashe.

=== Monaco Café ===
Aha ni ahantu benshi bamenyereye gusohokera cyane ko ari mu mujyi rwagati dore ko ari mu nyubako izwi nka T2000, aha hazwi cyane mu kugira amafunguro meza ndetse bakanerekana imipira ku ma televiziyo ya rutura cyane ko ariho ha mbere bagira televiziyo nini mu Rwanda, iyi bakaba bayerekaniraho umupira uhuza Real Madrida na PSG kimwe n’indi mikino ihari dore ko umwe mu myihariko aha hantu hagira harimo nio kuba hazwiho kwerekana imipira myinshi kandi icyarimwe arinayo mpamvu benshi bakunda kuhasohokera. Usibye ko aha arinahantu hasanzwe hakunze gusohokera abakundana no kuri iyi nshuro ntawabura guhamya ko ari ahantu heza ho gusohokana umukunzi.

=== Excellent Restaurant ===
“Excellent Restaurant” ni restora iri i Nyamirambo imbere ya Saint André muri Etage hejuru, ikaba iri ari ahantu heza ho gusohokera kuko uhicara witegereza ibyiza bitatse Umujyi wa Kigali.

Iyi restora iri mu nyubako ya CENAKULUM, ikorerwamo n’abandi bantu bazwi mu Rwanda nk’umuhanzi [[King James]] ufitemo “Alimentation”, rwiyemezamirimo Sina Gérard n’abandi.

== Reba ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.impamba.com/2020/09/24/nyamirambo-muri-excellent-restaurant-ni-ahantu-heza-wasohokera/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226111758/http://www.impamba.com/2020/09/24/nyamirambo-muri-excellent-restaurant-ni-ahantu-heza-wasohokera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;http://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/ahantu-ushobora-kuruhukira-muri-weekend-i-kigali&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/ahantu/Kigali-iri-ku-mwanya-wa-gatanu-w-ahantu-heza-ho-gutemberera-muri-2020-Urutonde-Amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/80423/ahantu-hanyuranye-ho-gusohokana-umukunzi-muri-kigali-kuri-uy-80423.html&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibibabi by'umubirizi</title>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="3540" sha1="iuh6xxvb2ow4yi8w567t72a6hyk9bbp" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ifoto yumubirizi.jpg|thumb|Igiti cy'umubirizi|221x221px]]
Umubirizi ni [[ikimera]] kizwi mu muco w'abanyarwanda benshi, kandi kikaba kivura indwara zitandukanye.  asobanura ko umubirizi uvura ububabare, umuntu ababara nk’umutwe akaba yawunywa ukamufasha, ariko cyane cyane kuwukandisha mu gihe umuntu yavunitse cyangwa afite amavunane atandukanye. Ikindi kandi imizi y’umubirizi na yo hari uko bayitegura bakayivanga n’imizi y’ibindi biti, hanyuma bagasabika, ubundi ikavura inzoka zo mu nda z’abana .ni [[igiti]] usanga kizwi n’abantu benshi kandi gikunze kuboneka ahantu hose hari ibihuru. Gusa abenshi bazi umubirizi nk’umuti w’inzoka zo mu nda, hakaba n’abakunda kuwushyira mu mazi bagiye kuhira amatungo kuko ngo bituma anywa neza kandi ukayagirira akamaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/ubuvuzi/article/ibi-bimera-bifite-ibanga-mu-buvuzi-gakondo&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://genesisbizz.com/Menya-Zimwe-mu-Ndwara-umubirizi-uvura |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227135428/https://genesisbizz.com/Menya-Zimwe-mu-Ndwara-umubirizi-uvura |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umuti ===

* [[Dosiye:Vernonia amygdalina 01.jpg|thumb|Amababi y'umubirizi|179x179px]]Bashobora no gusekura ibibabi byawo,bagakoresha umutobe wabyo mu kuvura inzoka z’abana, ariko cyane cyane umuti ukozwe mu mizi yawo, ni wo ugira imbaraga cyane, kandi ukanabikika igihe kirekire ugereranyije n’uw’ibibabi kuko wo ugaga vuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/umubirizi-uzwiho-kuvura-inzoka-zo-mu-nda-burya-uvura-n-izindi-ndwara&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umubirizi uzwiho kuba urura, ndetse buri gice cy’umubirizi kirarura (ibibabi, igihimba, imizi), ariko ubwo burure bwawo ngo ni bwo bugirira umubiri akamaro, kuko biwuvura ububabare butandukanye. Umubirizi rero ngo ufite ibyiza byinshi ku buzima bw’umuntu ku buryo byaba byiza, umuntu agiye awukoresha kenshi kugira ngo abone ibyiza byawo uko bikwiriye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Dosiye:Vernonia amygdalina plant.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Ibibabi by' umubirizi]]Mu byiza by’umubirizi harimo kandi kuba utuma umwijima ukora neza, kandi ngo umwijima ugira akamaro gakomeye mu mibereho myiza y’umuntu. N’umuntu watangiye kugira ibibazo by’umwijima ngo ashobora kunywa amazi y’akazuyazi arimo umubirizi bikamufasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMyESeTcixQ&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umubirizi kandi wifitemo ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibinure bibi ‘cholestérol’ mu mubiri. Iyo ibyo binure bibi bibaye byinshi mu mubiri ngo bishobora gutera indwara ya Alzheimer ijyana n’ibibazo by’ubwonko budakora neza, ndetse n’indwara z’umutima zitandukanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Umubirizi kandi ufasha mu kurinda [[kanseri y’ibere]], kuko bimwe mu bifasha kwirinda kanseri y’ibere harimo guhorana ibiro biringaniye no kugira umurimo w’imbaraga (activité physique) umuntu akora. Kandi umubirizi ufasha mu kugabanya ibiro no gutuma bitiyongera ku bafite ibiringaniye, kuko wongera icyitwa ‘metabolisme, kigira uruhare rukomeye mu kugenzura ibiro by’umuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230227135432/https://www.agakiza.org/Nubwo-benshi-bakerensa-kwivuza-amibe-iyo-itavuwe-ishobora-no-kugera-mu-bwonko.html&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Vernoni (Vernonia amygdalina) 02.jpg|thumb|umubirizi|161x161px]]

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibyatsi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imibare</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, interuro ngufi, gukosora ikinyarwanda, inyandiko z'ibimenyetso 12, amafoto n'ibyiciro; gukuramo amatangazo yamamaza</comment>
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      <text bytes="9213" sha1="e3zzggby2e0djjlvyr4flat0zn25991" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = Imibare
| image = [[Dosiye:Maya.svg|220px|alt=Imibare y'Abamaya]]
| caption = Uko Abamaya bandikaga imibare
| label1 = Mu Cyongereza
| data1 = ''Mathematics''
| label2 = Inkomoko y'izina
| data2 = Ikigereki ''máthēma'' (« icyigwa »)
| label3 = Amashami y'ingenzi
| data3 = Ibiharuro&lt;br /&gt;Jewometiri&lt;br /&gt;Aljebure&lt;br /&gt;Isesengura&lt;br /&gt;Ibarurishamibare
| label4 = Ibyiciro (MSC2020)
| data4 = 63
| label5 = Abahanga bazwi
| data5 = Euclide, Al-Khwarizmi, Newton, Leibniz, Euler, Gauss
| label6 = Ikoreshwa
| data6 = [[Fizike]], ubwubatsi, [[ubuvuzi]], imari, ikoranabuhanga
}}
'''Imibare''' ni ubumenyi bwiga imibare n'ingano. Yiga kandi imiterere y'ibintu, umwanya n'impinduka. Amashami yayo y'ingenzi ni ibiharuro, jewometiri, aljebure n'isesengura.

Imibare ishingiye ku bihamya. Buri teworemu (''theorem'') igomba kwemezwa. Yemezwa hashingiwe ku mahame y'ibanze yitwa aksiyome (''axioms''). Imibare ikoreshwa muri [[fizike]], mu bwubatsi, mu [[ubuvuzi]], mu by'imari no mu ikoranabuhanga.

Imibare ya mbere yanditswe yabonetse muri Mezopotamiya no muri [[Misiri]] ya kera. Yateye imbere mu [[Ubugereki]], mu [[Ubuhinde]], mu isi ya [[Islamu]] no mu [[Burayi]]. Ubu yigwa ku isi hose.

== Inkomoko y'izina ==
Mu [[Ikinyarwanda]], ''imibare'' ni ubwinshi bw'ijambo ''umubare''. Mu ndimi nyinshi z'i [[Burayi]], izina ry'ubu bumenyi rikomoka mu [[Ikigereki]]. Ni ''mathematics'' mu [[Icyongereza]], ''mathématiques'' mu [[Igifaransa]]. Ijambo ry'Ikigereki ''máthēma'' (μάθημα) risobanura « icyigwa » cyangwa « ubumenyi ». Rikomoka ku nshinga ''manthánein'', « kwiga ».&lt;ref name=&quot;etym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=mathematics (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mathematics |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo ry'[[Ikilatini]] ''mathematica'' rikomoka kuri ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'', « ubuhanga bw'imibare ».&lt;ref name=&quot;etym&quot; /&gt;

== Amashami y'imibare ==
Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 16, imibare yari igizwe n'ibiharuro na jewometiri. Aljebure n'isesengura byavutse mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17. Uyu munsi, urutonde mpuzamahanga MSC2020 rugabanya imibare mu byiciro by'ibanze 63.&lt;ref name=&quot;msc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mathematics Subject Classification 2020 (MSC2020) |url=https://msc2020.org/ |publisher=Mathematical Reviews ; zbMATH |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibiharuro n'inyigisho y'imibare ===
Ibiharuro byiga ibikorwa by'ibanze: guteranya, gukuramo, gukuba no kugabanya. Inyigisho y'imibare (''number theory'') yiga imiterere y'imibare. Ibibazo bimwe byoroshye kuvuga ariko bigoye gukemura. Urugero ni teworemu ya nyuma ya Pierre de Fermat. Fermat yayivuze mu 1637. Andrew Wiles yabonye igihamya cyayo mu 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;wiles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chappell |first=Bill |title=Professor Who Solved Fermat's Last Theorem Wins Math's Abel Prize |url=https://www.wbez.org/news/2016/03/17/professor-who-solved-fermats-last-theorem-wins-maths-abel-prize |website=WBEZ (NPR) |date=2016-03-17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jewometiri ===
Jewometiri ni rimwe mu mashami ya kera y'imibare. Yiga imirongo, inguni, inziga n'ibindi bishushanyo. Yavutse ku byari bikenewe mu gupima [[ubutaka]] no mu bwubatsi. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 mbere ya Yezu Kirisitu, Euclide yanditse igitabo ''Ibice'' (''Elements''). Iki gitabo cyamaze imyaka igera ku 2 000 ari ishingiro ry'inyigisho z'imibare.&lt;ref name=&quot;euclid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |title=Euclid of Alexandria |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Euclid/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics |publisher=University of St Andrews |date=January 1999 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu kinyejana cya 17, [[René Descartes]] yatangije uburyo bwo kugaragaza akadomo hakoreshejwe imibare. Ubu buryo bwahuje aljebure na jewometiri. Mu kinyejana cya 19 havutse jewometiri nshya, nka topolojiya (''topology'').

=== Aljebure ===
Aljebure ni ubuhanga bwo gukemura ingereranyo (''equations''). Izina ryayo rikomoka ku ijambo ry'[[Icyarabu]] ''al-jabr''. Ryakoreshejwe na Al-Khwarizmi mu kinyejana cya 9, mu mutwe w'igitabo cye.&lt;ref name=&quot;khwarizmi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Lucy |title=Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra |url=https://www.historyhit.com/al-khwarizmi-the-father-of-algebra/ |website=History Hit |date=2022-05-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 16, François Viète yatangiye gukoresha inyuguti mu mwanya w'imibare itazwi.

=== Isesengura ===
Isesengura (''calculus'') ryiga impinduka n'imikorere (''functions''). Ryatangijwe mu kinyejana cya 17 na Isaac Newton na Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Buri wese yarikoze ku giti cye. Mu kinyejana cya 18, Leonhard Euler yaryaguye cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;euler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |title=Leonhard Euler |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Euler/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics |publisher=University of St Andrews |date=September 1998 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Andi mashami ===
* '''Imibare y'ibintu bibarika''' (''discrete mathematics''): ifitanye isano ya hafi n'ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa.
* '''Lojike n'inyigisho y'amaseti''' (''logic'', ''set theory''): byiga ishingiro ry'imibare. Mu 1931, Kurt Gödel yagaragaje ko hari amagambo y'ukuri adashobora kwemezwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;godel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Juliette |title=Kurt Gödel |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2025-09-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Ibarurishamibare n'igenamahirwe''' (''statistics'', ''probability''): bikoreshwa mu gusesengura amakuru.
* '''Imibare y'ikoranabuhanga''' (''computational mathematics''): ikemura ibibazo hifashishijwe mudasobwa.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Plimpton 322.jpg|thumb|left|''Plimpton 322'', akabaho k'[[ibumba]] k'i Babiloni (ahagana mu 1800 mbere ya Yezu Kirisitu).]]
Imibare yavuye ku kubara, gupima no gusobanura imiterere y'ibintu.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Jeremy John |title=Mathematics |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2026-10-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyandiko za mbere z'imibare zabonetse muri Mezopotamiya no muri [[Misiri]] ya kera. Yakoreshwaga mu gusoresha, mu bucuruzi no mu bwubatsi. Abanyababiloni babaraga bashingiye kuri 60.&lt;ref name=&quot;babylon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |title=Babylonian numerals |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics |publisher=University of St Andrews |date=December 2000 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni yo mpamvu isaha igizwe n'iminota 60.

Guhera mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yezu Kirisitu, imibare yabaye ubumenyi bwihariye mu [[Ubugereki]] bwa kera. Abahanga bazwi ni Pitagora, Euclide na Arikimede. Mu [[Ubuhinde]] havutse uburyo bwo kwandika imibare bushingiye ku myanya n'icumi, harimo na [[0|zeru]]. Ubu buryo bwageze ku Barabu, hanyuma bugera i [[Burayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;india&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |title=Indian numerals |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics |publisher=University of St Andrews |date=November 2000 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 9 n'icya 10, abahanga bo mu isi ya [[Islamu]] bateje imbere aljebure.

Guhera mu kinyejana cya 16, imibare yateye imbere vuba mu Burayi. Abahanga bazwi ni Viète, Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler na Carl Friedrich Gauss. Mu kinyejana cya 20 havutse amashami mashya menshi.

== Imibare mu Rwanda ==
Ikigo Nyafurika cy'Ubumenyi mu Mibare (''African Institute for Mathematical Sciences'', AIMS) gifite ishami mu [[Rwanda]]. Iryo shami ryafunguwe i [[Kigali]] ku wa 27 Kanama 2016. Ryakiriye abanyeshuri ba mbere 44 baturutse mu bihugu 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;aims&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AIMS Rwanda welcome its first students |url=https://aims.ac.rw/aims-rwanda-welcome-its-first-students/ |website=AIMS Rwanda |date=2016-08-29 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku wa 3 Mata 2017, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yatangije icyicaro gikuru cya AIMS i Kigali. Cyari cyimuwe kivuye muri Afurika y'Epfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Continental Sciences Centre of Excellence Launched in Rwanda |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2017/04/continental-sciences-centre-of-excellence-launched-in-rwanda/ |website=KT Press |date=2017-04-03 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Dosiye:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|Igice cy'igitabo ''Ibice'' cya Euclide
Dosiye:The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (English).png|Igitabo cya Al-Khwarizmi (mu Cyongereza)
Dosiye:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|René Descartes
Dosiye:Leonhard Euler.jpg|Leonhard Euler
Dosiye:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|Carl Friedrich Gauss
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[0]]
* [[Fizike]]
* [[Uburezi]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://aims.ac.rw/ AIMS Rwanda] (mu Cyongereza)
* [https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/ MacTutor History of Mathematics] (mu Cyongereza)

{{Commonscat|Mathematics}}

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    <title>Uburezi</title>
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      <text bytes="34266" sha1="emnvlq9bz33dfle7xg8hj1x2cgb66lw" xml:space="preserve">== Uburezi ==
Ni igikorwa gifatika kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe, nko guhererekanya ubumenyi cyangwa gutsimbataza ubumenyi n'imico. Izi ntego zishobora kubamo iterambere ryo gusobanukirwa, gushyira mu gaciro, ubugwaneza, no kuba inyangamugayo. Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira uruhare rw'ibitekerezo binegura kugirango batandukane uburezi nuburere. Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya tewolojiya basaba ko uburezi butera imbere umunyeshuri mu gihe abandi bahitamo ubusobanuro butabogamye bwijambo. Muburyo butandukanye gato, uburezi bushobora nanone kwerekeza kubikorwa, ariko kubicuruzwa byiyi nzira: imitekerereze n'imitekerereze ifitwe n'abantu bize. Uburezi bwatangiye nko guhererekanya umurage ndangamuco kuva ku gisekuru kugera ku kindi. Uyu munsi, intego z'uburezi zigenda zikubiyemo ibitekerezo bishya nko kubohoza abiga, ubumenyi bukenewe muri societe igezweho, kubabarana, hamwe n'ubumenyi bugoye bw'imyuga.
[[Dosiye:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri mato ]]
Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, uhereye hejuru: Inyigisho mu ishami ry’ubuhanga bw’ibinyabuzima, kaminuza ya tekinike ya Tchèque, i Prague, muri Repubulika ya Ceki; Abana bo mu ishuri bicaye mu gicucu cy’ubusitani i Bamozai, hafi ya Gardez, [[Intara]] ya Paktia, Afuganisitani; Abanyeshuri bitabiriye amarushanwa ya Robo Yambere, Washington, D.C.; Uburezi bwabana bato binyuze muri USAID muri Ziway, Etiyopiya

Ubwoko bwuburezi busanzwe bugabanyijemo uburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nuburyo butemewe. Uburezi busanzwe bubera mubigo byuburezi n’amahugurwa, mubisanzwe byubatswe nintego ni intego zinyigisho, kandi imyigire isanzwe iyobowe n'umwarimu. Mu turere twinshi, amashuri yemewe ni itegeko kugeza ku myaka runaka kandi ubusanzwe igabanyijemo ibyiciro byuburezi nkincuke, amashuri abanza nayisumbuye. Uburezi budasanzwe bubaho nk'inyongera cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwiga bisanzwe. Irashobora gutunganywa hakurikijwe gahunda yuburezi, ariko muburyo bworoshye, kandi mubisanzwe ibera mubaturage, aho bakorera cyangwa mumiryango itegamiye kuri leta. Ubwanyuma, uburezi budasanzwe bubaho mubuzima bwa buri munsi, mumuryango, uburambe ubwo aribwo bwose bugira ingaruka zifatika muburyo umuntu atekereza, yumva, cyangwa ibikorwa bishobora gufatwa nkuburere, bwaba butabigambiriye cyangwa nkana. Mu myitozo hariho gukomeza kuva muburyo bwemewe cyane kugeza kubimenyerewe cyane, kandi imyigire idasanzwe irashobora kugaragara mubice bitatu byose. Kurugero, amashuri yo murugo arashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nkibidasanzwe cyangwa bisanzwe, bitewe nimiterere.
[[Dosiye:Life_education_in_the_parts.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza ]]
Hatitawe ku gushiraho, uburyo bwuburezi burimo kwigisha, amahugurwa, kuvuga inkuru, kuganira, nubushakashatsi buyobora. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bwitwa pedagogy. Uburezi bushyigikiwe na filozofiya zitandukanye, inyigisho hamwe na gahunda zubushakashatsi bufatika.

Hariho ingamba zo kuvugurura uburezi, nko kuzamura ireme n’ubushobozi bw’uburezi biganisha ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri no gukemura ibibazo neza muri sosiyete igezweho cyangwa ejo hazaza muri rusange, cyangwa uburyo bwuburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburenganzira bwo kwiga bwemejwe na guverinoma zimwe na zimwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. [A] Urugero, ku ya 24 Mutarama ni umunsi mpuzamahanga w’uburezi. Ku rwego rwa Loni, imyaka myinshi yo kwizihiza no mu myaka mirongo byahariwe uburezi, [4] nk'umwaka mpuzamahanga w'uburezi mu 1970. Uburezi nabwo ni imwe mu ntego 17 z’isi yose, aho gahunda z’isi zigamije kugera ku ntego irambye y’iterambere rirambye 4, iteza imbere uburezi bufite ireme kuri bose.

== Ibisobanuro ==
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ibisobanuro byuburezi

Ibisobanuro byinshi byuburezi byatanzwe nabatekinisiye bo mubice bitandukanye. [6] [7] [8] Benshi bemeza ko uburezi ari igikorwa kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane ihererekanyabumenyi. Ariko akenshi bashiramo izindi ntego, nko gutsimbataza ubuhanga n'imico. [9] [6] [10] Ariko, hariho ukutumvikana gukomeye kubyerekeye imiterere nyayo yuburezi usibye ibi biranga rusange. Dukurikije imyumvire imwe, ni inzira ibaho cyane cyane nko mumashuri, kwigisha, no kwiga. [11] [12] [7] Abandi barabyumva ntabwo ari inzira ahubwo nkibikorwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa bizanwa niyi nzira. Kuri iki gitekerezo, uburezi nicyo abantu bize bafite, ni ukuvuga imitekerereze n'imitekerereze biranga. [11] [12] [7] Ariko, iryo jambo rishobora kandi kwerekeza ku nyigisho y’amasomo yuburyo bukoreshwa mu gihe cyo kwigisha no kwiga, ndetse n’ibigo by’imibereho bigira uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa. Etymologique, ijambo &quot;uburezi&quot; rikomoka ku ijambo ry'ikilatini ēducātiō (&quot;Ubworozi, kurera, kurera&quot;) kuva ēducō (&quot;Ndigisha, ndatoza&quot;) rifitanye isano n'izina ēdūcō (&quot;Ndabayobora , Nsohora; Ndahaguruka, Nshiraho &quot;) kuva ē- (&quot; kuva, hanze &quot;) na dūcō (&quot; Nyobora, Nyobora &quot;). [13]
[[Dosiye:Western_Education_in_Northern_Nigeria_03.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza]]
Bamwe mu bashakashatsi, nka R. S. Peters, batanze ibisobanuro nyabyo mu kwandika ibikenewe kandi bihagije mu burezi, urugero: (1) bireba n guhererekanya ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa; . Ibigeragezo nkibi bisa akenshi bigenda neza muburyo bwo kwerekana uburere bwa paradigatike ariko byakiriwe kunengwa nubwo bimeze bityo, mubisanzwe muburyo bwikigereranyo cyihariye kidasabwa. [15] [16] [7] Izi ngorane zatumye abahanga mu bya tewolojiya batezimbere imyumvire idasobanutse ishingiye kumiryango. Ibi bivuze ko uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi busa nubundi nubwo budakeneye gusangira ibintu byingenzi biranga bose. [6] [17] [18] Iki gitekerezo gishobora kandi guhuzwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko ubusobanuro bwijambo &quot;uburezi&quot; bushingiye ku miterere bityo bikaba bishobora gutandukana bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa. [7] Kugira igitekerezo gisobanutse neza icyo iryo jambo risobanura ni ngombwa kubibazo bitandukanye: birakenewe kumenya no kubiganiraho hamwe no kumenya uburyo bwo kubigeraho no kubipima. [19] [20] [21]

Hano hari ukutumvikana mubitabo byigisha niba uburezi ari igitekerezo cyo gusuzuma. Ibyo bita ibisobanuro byimbitse byemeza ibi, kurugero, nukwemeza ko kunoza imyigire ari ikintu gikenewe cyuburezi. Nyamara, ibisobanuro bitandukanye byimbitse birashobora kutumvikana hagati yabo kubijyanye niterambere. Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bito, gerageza gutanga inkuru idafite aho ibogamiye y'uburezi. [20] Itandukaniro rifitanye isano rya hafi ni uko hagati yibisobanuro bisobanura. Ibitekerezo bisobanura bigamije gusobanura uburyo iryo jambo rikoreshwa n’abavuga rikijyana mu gihe imyumvire isobanura igerageza kwerekana icyo uburezi bwiza ari cyo cyangwa uburyo bugomba gukorwa. [9]

Ibitekerezo byinshi byimbitse kandi bisobanura bishingiye kuri konti yabo ku ntego z'uburezi, ni ukuvuga ku bijyanye n'intego ibikorwa by'uburezi bigerageza kugeraho. [24] [25] [26] Izi ntego rimwe na rimwe zishyirwa mu byorezo by’ibyorezo, nk'ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa, ubuhanga, nko gushyira mu gaciro no gutekereza kunegura, n'imico iranga, nk'ineza n'ubunyangamugayo. Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bibanda ku ntego imwe ihamye y'uburezi kandi bakabona intego zihariye nk'uburyo bwo kugera kuri iyo ntego. [27] Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusabana, aho ubumenyi bwakusanyirijwe mu gisekuru kugera ku kindi hagamijwe gufasha umunyeshuri gukora nk'umuturage usanzwe muri sosiyete. [9] [28] [7] Ibisobanuro byinshi bishingiye ku bantu byibanda ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri aho kuba: uburezi ni ukubafasha kubaho neza cyangwa ubuzima bifuza kubaho. [9] [27] [7] Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira imitekerereze inenga nkintego hagamijwe gutandukanya uburezi n’uburere. [25] [26] [29] Ibi biterwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko gucengeza gusa bishishikajwe no kwinjiza imyizerere yumunyeshuri utitaye kumiterere yabo igaragara. [25] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi bugomba kandi guteza imbere ubushobozi bushyize mu gaciro bwo gutekereza cyane kuri iyo myizerere no kubabaza. Icyakora, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bavuga ko uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gucengeza bushobora gukenerwa mu ntangiriro z'uburezi kugeza igihe ubwenge bw'umwana bumaze gukura bihagije.
[[Dosiye:Students_at_physical_education.jpg|thumb|uburezi mu mashuri abanza]]
Uburezi bushobora kurangwa mubitekerezo bya mwarimu cyangwa umunyeshuri. Ibisobanuro bishingiye ku mwarimu byibanda ku cyerekezo n'uruhare rwa mwarimu, urugero, mu buryo bwo guhererekanya ubumenyi n'ubuhanga mu gihe ubikora mu buryo bukwiye. [31] [7] [14] Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bishingiye ku banyeshuri, byerekana uburezi bushingiye ku bunararibonye bw’umunyeshuri mu myigire, urugero, bushingiye ku kuntu uburezi buhinduka kandi bukungahaza uburambe bwabo. [32] [15] [33] Ariko, ibitekerezo bitekereza kubitekerezo byombi nabyo birashoboka. Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusobanura inzira nkubunararibonye busangiwe nisi isanzwe irimo kuvumbura kimwe no gutanga no gukemura ibibazo. [15] [31] [34]

== Ubwoko ==
[[Dosiye:10th students Crescent camp of University of Nishapur 09.jpg|thumb|Uburyo bwo kwiga imbonankubone mu ishuri.]]
[[Dosiye:Learning to Code.jpg|thumb|Uburyo bwo kwiga bw'iyakure hifashishijwe murandasi.]]
Uburezi busanzwe bugabanijwe muburyo butandukanye. Igice gikunze kugaragara ni hagati yuburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nubusanzwe. [35] [36] [7] [37] Nyamara, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka batandukanya gusa uburezi busanzwe kandi butemewe. Inzira yo kwigisha igizwe nuburere busanzwe iyo bibaye murwego rugoye. Ibikorwa nkibi mubisanzwe bikurikirana kandi bikurikirana nkuko biri muri sisitemu yishuri igezweho, ifite ibyiciro bitandukanye ukurikije imyaka yumunyeshuri niterambere rye, kuva mumashuri abanza kugeza muri kaminuza. Kubera ubunini bwayo, uburezi busanzwe bugenzurwa kandi bukayoborwa ninzego za leta kandi mubisanzwe ni itegeko kugeza kumyaka runaka. [35] Uburezi butemewe kandi butemewe butandukanye nuburere busanzwe kubera kubura urwego nkurwo rwa leta. Uburezi butari busanzwe bugizwe nimpamvu yo hagati muburyo butunganijwe, butunganijwe,  kandi bigakorwa ufite intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, nk'abatoza, amasomo ya fitness, cyangwa umutwe w'abaskuti. [35] [39] [7] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi butemewe, bibaho muburyo butunganijwe binyuze muburambe bwa buri munsi no guhura nibidukikije. Bitandukanye n'uburere busanzwe kandi butemewe, mubusanzwe nta mutegetsi wagenwe ushinzwe kwigisha. Uburezi budasanzwe burahari mubice byinshi bitandukanye kandi bibaho mubuzima bwumuntu, ahanini muburyo bwihuse. Uku nuburyo abana bakunze kwiga ururimi kavukire kubabyeyi babo cyangwa mugihe biga gutegura ibiryo runaka bateka hamwe. [35] [39] [7] Konti zimwe zihuza itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu cyane cyane n’aho imyigire ibera: mu ishuri ry’uburezi busanzwe, ahantu h’umuntu ku giti cye umunsi ku wundi ku burezi butemewe, nahandi hantu rimwe na rimwe hasurwa kubidasanzwe. uburezi. Byaganiriweho ko intego ishinzwe uburezi busanzwe ahanini iba hanze, mu gihe usanga ahanini ari intandaro yo kwiga bitemewe kandi bitemewe. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu risanzwe risobanutse kubibazo bya paradigmatique ariko hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo hagati bwuburezi butagabanuka mubice bimwe. [35]

Uburezi busanzwe bugira uruhare runini mumico igezweho. Ariko mu mico yambere, uburezi bwinshi ntibuba kumurongo cyangwa muburyo butemewe. [28] [40] [41] Ibi mubisanzwe bivuze ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yibikorwa byibanda ku burezi nibindi bikorwa. Ahubwo, ibidukikije byose bishobora kugaragara nkuburyo bwishuri kandi benshi cyangwa abantu bakuru bose bashobora gukora nkabarimu. Impamvu y'ingenzi yo kwimukira muburyo busanzwe bwuburezi ni ukubera ubwinshi bwubumenyi bugomba gutangwa, bisaba ko haba abarimu ndetse nabarimu bahuguwe neza koherezwa neza. Ingaruka mbi yuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho ni uko uburambe bwuburezi bugenda burushaho gukurwa no gukurwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Ni muri urwo rwego, hibandwa cyane ku gufata imiterere rusange aho kureba no kwigana imyitwarire yihariye. [28]

Bifitanye isano rya hafi no gutandukanya uburezi busanzwe nuburyo butemewe ni uko hagati yuburezi bwitondewe, bukozwe hagamijwe intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, hamwe nuburezi butagira ubwenge, bibaho ubwabyo bitateguwe cyangwa ngo biyobore. [42] Ibi birashobora kubaho mubice bimwe binyuze mumiterere yabarimu nabakuze bigira ingaruka zitaziguye kumikurire yabanyeshuri. Ikindi cyiciro giterwa nitsinda ryabiga kandi rikubiyemo uburere bwabana, uburezi bwingimbi, uburere bukuze, nuburere bukuze. [44] [45] [46] Itandukaniro rishobora kandi gushingira ku isomo, rikubiyemo ibice nk'ubumenyi bwa siyansi, uburezi bw'indimi, uburezi bw'ubuhanzi, uburere bw'amadini, n'uburere bw'umubiri. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bushobora gukoreshwa kimwe no mubyiciro, nk'itandukaniro riri hagati yuburezi gakondo bushingiye ku barimu, aho mwarimu afata icyiciro cya mbere muguha abanyeshuri amakuru, bitandukanye nuburezi bushingiye kubanyeshuri, aho abanyeshuri biga. uruhare runini kandi rufite inshingano mugushinga ibikorwa byishuri. Ijambo &quot;ubundi burezi&quot; rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwuburyo bwuburezi hamwe nuburyo bwo hanze y’inyigisho rusange, urugero, nko gushimangira kuvuga no kuvuga inkuru biboneka mu burezi kavukire cyangwa autodidacticism. [49] [50] [51] Imiterere yuburezi irashobora kandi gushyirwa mubikorwa nuburyo bukoreshwa, urugero, nko kwigisha intera, nko kwigisha kumurongo, e-kwiga, cyangwa m-kwiga, bitandukanye nibyumba bisanzwe byishuri cyangwa uburezi kurubuga. [52] [7] [28] Ubwoko butandukanye bwuburezi kumurongo bufata uburyo bwuburere bwuguruye, aho amasomo nibikoresho biboneka hamwe nimbogamizi nkeya. Ikindi cyiciro gishingiye ku kigo cy’imibereho gishinzwe uburezi kandi gishobora kubamo ibyiciro by’ibigo nk’umuryango, ishuri, sosiyete sivile, leta, n’itorero. [54] Iyo ijambo uburezi rikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugeraho cyangwa ku bicuruzwa, imvugo nk'ubwoko cyangwa urwego rw'uburezi bivuga impamyabumenyi y'umuntu cyangwa umwuga, nko kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, cyangwa impamyabumenyi muri imyuga. [56]

== Byemewe ==
&quot;Kwiga bisanzwe&quot; byerekeza hano. Kubisobanuro bya epistemologiya yemewe na siyanse ya mudasobwa, reba inyigisho yo Kwiga.

Uburezi busanzwe bubaho muburyo bufite intego igamije kwigisha abanyeshuri. Ubusanzwe, uburezi busanzwe bubera mumashuri hamwe nibyumba byabanyeshuri benshi biga hamwe numwarimu wahuguwe, wemejwe niri somo. [57] Irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro cyangwa urwego rutandukanye. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’uburezi (ISCED) ryashyizweho na UNESCO nk'ishingiro ry’ibarurishamibare  kugereranya sisitemu y'uburezi. [59] Mu 1997, ryasobanuye ibyiciro birindwi byuburezi nimirima 25, nubwo nyuma imirima yatandukanijwe kugirango ikore umushinga utandukanye. Ubu verisiyo ISCED 2011 ifite icyenda aho kuba indwi zirindwi, yashizweho no kugabanya urwego rwa kaminuza mbere ya dogiteri mu byiciro bitatu. Yongereye kandi urwego rwo hasi (ISCED 0) kugira ngo ikore icyiciro gishya cya gahunda yo guteza imbere uburezi bw’abana bato, yibanda ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka itatu.

==== Ubwana ====
Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburere bwabana bato

==== Abana bato mu ishuri ry'incuke mu Buyapani ====
Uburezi bugenewe gushyigikira iterambere hakiri kare mugutegura kwitabira ishuri na societe. Gahunda zagenewe abana bari munsi yimyaka itatu. Uru ni ISCED urwego 01. [59] Amashuri abanza atanga uburezi kuva kumyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza kuri irindwi, bitewe nigihugu mugihe abana binjiye mumashuri abanza. Ubu abana bahita basabana nabagenzi babo hamwe nabarezi. Aya azwi kandi nk'ishuri ry'incuke ndetse n'incuke, usibye muri Amerika, aho ijambo ry'incuke ryerekeza ku nzego za mbere z'amashuri abanza. Amashuri y'incuke &quot;atanga gahunda ishingiye ku bana, integanyanyigisho z'abana bato bafite imyaka itatu kugeza kuri irindwi igamije kwerekana imiterere y'umwana, umubiri, ubwenge, ndetse n'imyitwarire myiza yibanda kuri buri umwe muri bo.&quot; [62] Ibi ni Urwego rwa ISCED 02. [59]

==== Ibanze ====
Abanyeshuri bo mumudugudu wa Nepali

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri abanza

Uru ni urwego rwa ISCED 1. [59] Amashuri abanza (cyangwa abanza) agizwe nimyaka ine cyangwa irindwi yambere yuburezi busanzwe, bwubatswe. Muri rusange, amashuri abanza agizwe nimyaka itandatu kugeza kumunani yishuri guhera kumyaka itanu kugeza kuri irindwi, nubwo ibi bitandukanye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe mubihugu. Ku isi hose, mu 2008, abana bagera kuri 89% bafite imyaka itandatu kugeza kuri cumi n'ibiri bariyandikishije mu mashuri abanza, kandi iki gipimo cyariyongereye. [63] kwisi yose kwiyandikisha mumashuri abanza bitarenze 2015, no mubihugu byinshi, ni itegeko. Gutandukanya amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ntabishaka, ariko mubisanzwe bibaho kumyaka cumi nimwe cyangwa cumi n'ibiri. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zifite amashuri yisumbuye atandukanye, hamwe ninzibacyuho yicyiciro cya nyuma cyamashuri yisumbuye kibera kumyaka cumi n'itanu. Amashuri atanga amashuri abanza, avugwa cyane nkamashuri abanza cyangwa amashuri abanza. Amashuri abanza akunze kugabanywa mumashuri y'abana bato n'amashuri mato.

Mu Buhinde, nk'urugero, uburezi buteganijwe bumara imyaka cumi n'ibiri, hamwe n'imyaka umunani y'amashuri abanza, imyaka itanu y'amashuri abanza n'imyaka itatu y'amashuri abanza. Ibihugu bitandukanye byo muri republika y’Ubuhinde bitanga imyaka 12 y’uburezi bw’ishuri hashingiwe ku rwego rw’imyigishirize y’igihugu yateguwe n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ubushakashatsi n’amahugurwa.

==== Secondary ====
Iyi ngingo ikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021)

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri yisumbuye

Ibi bikubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri ISCED, ISCED 2: Amashuri Yisumbuye Yisumbuye na ISCED 3: Amashuri Yisumbuye. [59]

Muri sisitemu nyinshi zuburezi zigezweho kwisi, amashuri yisumbuye akubiyemo uburezi busanzwe bubaho mugihe cyubwangavu. Muri Amerika, Kanada, na Ositaraliya, amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye hamwe rimwe na rimwe bita K-12 uburezi, naho muri Nouvelle-Zélande Umwaka wa 1–13 urakoreshwa. Intego y'amashuri yisumbuye irashobora gutanga ubumenyi rusange, kwemeza gusoma no kwandika, gutegura amashuri makuru, cyangwa guhugura mu mwuga. [64]

Amashuri yisumbuye muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntiyagaragaye kugeza mu 1910, hamwe n’izamuka ry’amasosiyete manini ndetse no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, byasabaga abakozi babishoboye. Kugirango ibyo byifuzo bishya bishoboke, hashyizweho amashuri yisumbuye, hamwe ninteganyanyigisho yibanze kubumenyi ngiro bwakazi bwategura neza abanyeshuri kumyenda yera cyangwa ubuhanga bwubururu bwubururu. Ibi byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku bakoresha ndetse no ku bakozi, kubera ko ishoramari ry’abantu ryateje imbere igiciro cy’umukoresha, mu gihe abakozi babishoboye babonye umushahara munini.

Amashuri yisumbuye afite amateka maremare mu Burayi, aho amashuri y’ikibonezamvugo cyangwa amashuri yatangiriye mu kinyejana cya gatandatu, [b] mu buryo bw’amashuri ya Leta, amashuri yishyura amafaranga, cyangwa ibigo by’uburezi byita ku buntu, ubwabyo bikaba byaratangiye kera cyane. [65]

Ikoresha igihe kiri hagati yubusanzwe amashuri abanza ateganijwe kugeza ku cyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, &quot;icyiciro cya nyuma&quot;, cyangwa &quot;amashuri makuru&quot; ya ISCED 5 na 6 (urugero: kaminuza), na ISCED 4 Amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. [59]

Amashuri yisumbuye (icyiciro cya cumi na kabiri) ibyumba bya Calhan, Colorado, Amerika

Ukurikije sisitemu, amashuri yiki gihe, cyangwa igice cyayo, arashobora kwitwa amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye, gymnasium, lyceum, hagati  amashuri, amashuri makuru, cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. Ibisobanuro nyabyo muri aya magambo aratandukanye bitewe na sisitemu imwe. Imipaka nyayo iri hagati y’amashuri abanza nayisumbuye nayo iratandukanye bitewe nigihugu ndetse no muri bo ariko muri rusange ni nko mu mwaka wa karindwi kugeza mu wa cumi w'amashuri.

=== Hasi ===
Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 2, amashuri yisumbuye asanzwe ategurwa hafi yinyigisho zishingiye kumasomo; itandukanye n'amashuri abanza. Ubusanzwe abarimu bafite amahugurwa yo kwigisha mumasomo yihariye kandi, kenshi kuruta kurwego rwa 1 ISCED, icyiciro cyabanyeshuri kizaba gifite abarimu benshi, buriwese ufite ubumenyi bwihariye kumasomo yigisha. Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED kurwego rwa 2, igamije gushyiraho urufatiro rwo kwiga ubuzima bwawe bwose niterambere ryabantu nyuma yo gutangiza ibitekerezo byubumenyi mubice byinshi bishobora gutezwa imbere mubyiciro biri imbere. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zishobora gutanga gahunda yimyigishirize yimyuga mugihe cya ISCED urwego rwa 2 rutanga ubumenyi bujyanye nakazi.

==== Hejuru ====
Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 3, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye yisumbuye, mubisanzwe byateguwe kugirango barangize amashuri yisumbuye. Baganisha ku buhanga bujyanye nakazi nubuhanga bukenewe bwo kwiga amasomo ya kaminuza. Baha abanyeshuri inyigisho zinyuranye, zidasanzwe kandi zimbitse. Baratandukanye cyane, hamwe nurwego rwamahitamo ninzira yo kwiga.

Amashuri makuru yo mumuryango atanga ubundi buryo muriki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho yuburezi. Batanga amasomo mato mato ya kaminuza kubantu batuye mukarere runaka.

==== Icyiciro cya gatatu ====
Iki gice gikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021)

Abanyeshuri muri laboratoire, kaminuza ya leta ya Saint-Peterburg

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amashuri makuru n'amashuri makuru

Reba kandi: Kwiga abakuze

Kaminuza zikunze kwakira abashyitsi bakomeye bavuga kubanyeshuri, Madamu wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika Michelle Obama atanga ijambo muri kaminuza ya Peking, Beijing, mu Bushinwa.

Amashuri makuru, nanone yitwa icyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye, ni urwego rwuburezi rutegetswe rukurikira kurangiza ishuri nkayisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye. Amashuri makuru asanzwe afatwa kugirango ashyiremo icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza nicyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, ndetse nubumenyi bwimyuga n'amahugurwa. Amashuri makuru na kaminuza ahanini bitanga amashuri makuru. Hamwe na hamwe, ibi rimwe na rimwe bizwi nkibigo bya kaminuza. Abantu barangije amashuri makuru muri rusange bahabwa impamyabumenyi, impamyabumenyi, cyangwa impamyabumenyi.

ISCED itandukanya ibyiciro bine by'amashuri makuru. ISCED 6 ihwanye nicyiciro cya mbere, ISCED 7 ihwanye na shobuja cyangwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse kandi ISCED 8 ni impamyabumenyi y’ubushakashatsi buhanitse, ubusanzwe ikarangirana no gutanga no kurengera impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuziranenge busohoka bushingiye ku bushakashatsi bw’umwimerere. 66] Icyiciro ISCED 5 cyagenewe amasomo magufi yo kwiga icyiciro cya kabiri.

Amashuri makuru asanzwe akubiyemo akazi kagana impamyabumenyi cyangwa impamyabumenyi y'ifatizo. Mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere, umubare munini wabaturage (kugeza 50%) ubu binjira mumashuri makuru mugihe runaka mubuzima bwabo. Amashuri makuru rero ni ingenzi cyane mubukungu bwigihugu, haba nkinganda zikomeye muburyo bwazo ndetse nkisoko y abakozi bahuguwe kandi bize mubukungu busigaye.

Inyigisho za kaminuza zirimo kwigisha, ubushakashatsi, nibikorwa bya serivisi zita ku mibereho, kandi bikubiyemo urwego rwicyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza (rimwe na rimwe byitwa amashuri makuru) hamwe n’icyiciro cya kabiri (cyangwa icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza) (rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ishuri ryisumbuye). Kaminuza zimwe zigizwe na kaminuza nyinshi.

Ubwoko bumwe bw’inyigisho za kaminuza ni uburezi bw’ubuhanzi, bushobora gusobanurwa nk &quot;integanyanyigisho za kaminuza cyangwa za kaminuza zigamije gutanga ubumenyi rusange no guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’ubwenge muri rusange, bitandukanye n’inyigisho z’umwuga, imyuga, cyangwa tekiniki.&quot; [67] Nubwo icyitwa uburezi bwubuhanzi bwubuntu cyatangiriye mu Burayi, [68] ijambo &quot;ubuhanzi bwubuhanzi&quot; rikunze guhuzwa n’ibigo byo muri Amerika nka Williams College cyangwa Barnard College. [69]

==== Imyuga ====
Ububaji busanzwe bwigishwa binyuze mumyitozo hamwe numubaji w'inararibonye.

Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga imyuga

==== Imyuga yimyuga nuburyo bwuburezi bwibanda kumahugurwa ataziguye kandi afatika kubucuruzi cyangwa ubukorikori runaka. Imyuga y'imyuga irashobora kuza muburyo bwo kwimenyereza umwuga cyangwa kwimenyereza umwuga kimwe n'ibigo byigisha amasomo nk'ububaji, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, ubwubatsi n'ubuhanzi. ariko urwego ntaho rutandukaniye nurwo rwisumbuye rwisumbuye, kandi rushyizwe hamwe nka ISCED 4, amashuri yisumbuye-yisumbuye. ====
Bidasanzwe

==== Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bwihariye ====
Kera, abamugaye akenshi ntibari bemerewe kwiga rubanda. Abana bafite ubumuga bangiwe inshuro nyinshi n'abaganga cyangwa abarezi badasanzwe. Aba baganga bo hambere (abantu nka Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) bashizeho urufatiro rwuburezi bwihariye uyumunsi. Bibanze ku nyigisho yihariye nubuhanga bukora. Mu myaka yacyo ya mbere, uburezi bwihariye bwahawe gusa ababana n'ubumuga bukomeye, ariko vuba aha bwarafunguwe ku muntu wese wagize ikibazo cyo kwiga.

Impapuro zidasanzwe

Ubundi

Ingero n'ibitekerezo muri iki gice bivuga cyane cyane muri Amerika kandi ntabwo byerekana uko isi ibona ibintu. (Gashyantare 2020)

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubundi buryo bwo kwiga

Nyuma y’uko gahunda y’ishuri rya leta yatejwe imbere cyane guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, ubundi burezi bwateje imbere igice nkigisubizo cyo kubona imbogamizi no gutsindwa kwuburezi gakondo. Uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi bwagaragaye, harimo amashuri yandi, kwigira, amashuri yo murugo, ndetse no kutiga. Urugero rw'amashuri asanzwe arimo amashuri ya Montessori, amashuri ya Waldorf (cyangwa amashuri ya Steiner), amashuri yinshuti, ishuri rya Sands, Summerhill School, inzira ya Walden, ishuri rya Peepal Grove, ishuri rya Sudbury Valley, ishuri rya Krishnamurti, hamwe n’ishuri ryuguruye.

Amashuri ya charter ni urundi rugero rw’ubundi buryo bwo kwiga, bwagiye bwiyongera mu myaka yashize muri Amerika kandi bugira uruhare runini muri gahunda y’uburezi rusange. [71]

Igihe kigeze, ibitekerezo bimwe bivuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi hamwe n’ibibazo bya paradigm birashobora gufatwa nkibisanzwe mu burezi, nkuko Friedrich Fröbel uburyo bwo kwiga abana bato bato mu kinyejana cya 19 Ubudage bwinjijwe mu byumba by’incuke by’iki gihe. Abandi banditsi n’ibitekerezo bakomeye barimo abasivili bo mu Busuwisi Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; Abanyamerika barenga Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, na Henry David Thoreau; abashinze uburezi butera imbere, John Dewey na Francis Parker; n'abapayiniya b'uburezi nka Maria Montessori na Rudolf Steiner, na vuba aha John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison, na Ivan Illich.

Abasangwabutaka

Na Ishuri.

Kwigisha ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, nuburyo bukoreshwa mu Ntara ya Yanyuan, Sichuan, mu Bushinwa

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi kavukire

Uburezi kavukire bivuga kwinjiza ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, uburyo, nibirimo muri sisitemu yuburezi yemewe kandi idasanzwe. Akenshi mubihe byakurikiye ubukoloni, kumenyekana no gukoresha uburyo bwuburere bw’abasangwabutaka birashobora kuba igisubizo ku isuri no gutakaza ubumenyi kavukire n’ururimi binyuze mu nzira y’abakoloni. Byongeye kandi, irashobora gufasha abasangwabutaka &quot;kugarura no kuvugurura indimi n'imico yabo, kandi kubikora, kuzamura iterambere ry’uburezi ry’abanyeshuri b’abasangwabutaka.&quot; [73]

==== Kwiga bidasanzwe ====
Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga muburyo budasanzwe

Kwiga bidasanzwe ni bumwe muburyo butatu bwo kwiga busobanurwa n’umuryango w’ubukungu n’ubukungu n’iterambere (OECD). Kwiga bidasanzwe bibaho ahantu hatandukanye, nko murugo, kukazi, no mubikorwa bya buri munsi nubusabane busangiwe nabanyamuryango. Kubanyeshuri benshi, ibi bikubiyemo kwigira ururimi, imico gakondo, nimico.

Umukorerabushake asomera mu ijwi riranguruye abana bo muri Laos.

Mu myigire idasanzwe, hakunze kubaho umuntu uvugwa, urungano cyangwa umuhanga, kugirango ayobore abiga. Niba abiga bafite inyungu zabo bwite kubyo bigishwa muburyo butemewe, abiga bakunda kwagura ubumenyi bariho kandi bagatekereza ibitekerezo bishya kubyerekeye kwiga. Kurugero, inzu ndangamurage isanzwe ifatwa nkibidukikije byigenga, kubera ko hari umwanya wo guhitamo kubuntu, ibintu bitandukanye kandi bishobora kuba bitari bisanzwe bigizwe ningingo zinyuranye, imiterere ihindagurika, imikoranire ikungahaye ku mibereho, kandi nta bisuzumwa byatanzwe hanze.

Mugihe imyigire idasanzwe ibera hanze yibigo byuburezi kandi ntibikurikize integanyanyigisho zihariye, birashobora no kugaragara mumashuri ndetse no mugihe cyo kwiga bisanzwe. Abigisha barashobora gutegura amasomo yabo kugirango bakoreshe mu buryo butaziguye abanyeshuri babo ubumenyi butemewe mu burezi.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, uburezi binyuze mu gukina bwatangiye kumenyekana ko bwagize uruhare runini mu mikurire y'abana. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, igitekerezo cyaguwe kigizwe n'abasore bakuru ariko hibandwa ku myitozo ngororamubiri. L.P. Jacks, na we washyigikiraga hakiri kare kwiga ubuzima bwe bwose, yasobanuye uburezi binyuze mu myidagaduro: &quot;Umuhanga mu buhanzi bwo kubaho ntaho atandukaniye cyane umurimo we n'umukino we, umurimo we, n'imyidagaduro ye, ubwenge n'umubiri we, amashuri ye. N'imyidagaduro ye. Ntabwo azi neza icyo aricyo. Akurikirana gusa icyerekezo cye cyo kuba indashyikirwa mubyo akora byose agasiga abandi kugirango bamenye ingano arimo akora cyangwa akina. Kuri we, buri gihe asa nkaho akora byombi. Birahagije kuri we ko abikora neza. &quot; abanyeshuri. [79]

Kwiga wenyine

== Ingingo nyamukuru: Autodidacticism ==
Autodidacticism (nayo autodidactism) niyigira wenyine. Umuntu arashobora guhinduka autodidact hafi yigihe icyo aricyo cyose mubuzima bwe. Autodidacts izwi cyane harimo [[Abraham Lincoln]] (perezida w’Amerika), Srinivasa Ramanujan (imibare), Michael Faraday (umuhanga mu bya shimi na fiziki), Charles Darwin (umuhanga mu bya kamere), Thomas Alva Edison (wavumbuye), Tadao Ando (umwubatsi), George Bernard Shaw (umwanditsi w'amakinamico), Frank Zappa (umuhimbyi, injeniyeri, gufata amajwi, umuyobozi wa firime), na Leonardo da Vinci (injeniyeri, umuhanga, imibare).

Bishingiye ku bimenyetso

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso

Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso ni ugukoresha ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwateguwe neza kugirango umenye uburyo bwuburezi bukora neza. Igizwe ninyigisho zishingiye ku bimenyetso no kwiga bishingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburyo bwo kwiga bushingiye ku bimenyetso nko gusubiramo umwanya birashobora kongera umuvuduko wo kwiga. Ihuriro ry’uburezi rishingiye ku bimenyetso rifite inkomoko mu rugendo runini rugana ku bimenyetso bishingiye ku bimenyetso.

Fungura imyigire nubuhanga bwa elegitoronike

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gufungura uburezi n'ikoranabuhanga ry'uburezi

Abana kubara by David Shankbone

Ibigo byinshi bya kaminuza ubu bitangiye gutanga amasomo yubusa cyangwa hafi yubusa, binyuze mumashuri afunguye, nka Harvard, MIT na Berkeley bafatanya gushinga edX. Izindi kaminuza zitanga inyigisho zifunguye ni kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, kaminuza ya Pennsylvania, na Caltech, ndetse na kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Tsinghua, Peking, Edinburgh, kaminuza ya Michigan, na kaminuza ya Virginia.

Kwiga kumugaragaro byiswe impinduka nini muburyo abantu biga kuva icapiro. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwiza bujyanye no gukora neza, abantu benshi barashobora kwifuza guhitamo imyigire gakondo yikigo kubera imibereho n’umuco.

Kaminuza nyinshi zifunguye zirimo gukora kugira ubushobozi bwo guha abanyeshuri ibizamini bisanzwe hamwe nimpamyabumenyi gakondo hamwe nimpamyabumenyi.

Impamyabumenyi isanzwe ya merit-sisitemu kuri ubu ntabwo isanzwe mu burezi bweruye nkuko biri muri kaminuza zo mu kigo, nubwo kaminuza zimwe zifunguye zimaze gutanga impamyabumenyi zisanzwe nka kaminuza ifunguye mu Bwongereza. Kugeza ubu, ibyinshi mubyingenzi byingenzi byuburezi bitanga uburyo bwabo bwimpamyabumenyi.

Muri kaminuza 182 zabajijwe mu 2009 hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyavuze ko amashuri yo kuri interineti ari menshi ugereranije n'ay'ikigo.

Isesengura ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 ryerekanye ko uburyo bwo kwigisha bwo kuri interineti no kuvanga bwagize umusaruro ushimishije kuruta uburyo bwakoreshaga imikoranire imbona nkubone.

Amashuri rusange

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri rusange

Kaminuza isanzwe ya Beijing, iyobowe na minisiteri y’uburezi mu Bushinwa, ni urugero rw’ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo bitandukanye mu rwego rw’uburezi.

Urwego rw'uburezi cyangwa gahunda y'uburezi ni itsinda ry'ibigo (minisiteri y'uburezi, abayobozi bashinzwe uburezi mu nzego z'ibanze, ibigo byigisha abarimu, amashuri, kaminuza, n'ibindi) intego yabo y'ibanze ni uguha uburezi abana n'urubyiruko mu burezi. Harimo abantu benshi (abategura integanyanyigisho, abagenzuzi, abayobozi b'ibigo, abarimu, abaforomo b'ishuri, abanyeshuri, nibindi). Izi nzego zirashobora gutandukana ukurikije imiterere itandukanye.

Amashuri atanga uburezi, abifashijwemo na sisitemu yuburezi isigaye binyuze mu bintu bitandukanye nka politiki y’uburezi n’amabwiriza - politiki y’ishuri ishobora kwifashisha - integanyanyigisho n’ibikoresho byo kwiga, ndetse na gahunda yo guhugura abarimu mbere na serivisi. Ibidukikije by’ishuri - haba ku mubiri (ibikorwa remezo) no mu mutwe (ikirere cy’ishuri) - na byo bigengwa na politiki y’ishuri [87] igomba guharanira imibereho myiza y’abanyeshuri igihe bari ku ishuri. Umuryango w’ubukungu n’iterambere ry’ubukungu wasanze amashuri akunda kwitwara neza mugihe abayobozi bafite ububasha ninshingano byuzuye kugirango abanyeshuri bashobore kumenya amasomo yibanze barangije. Bagomba kandi gushaka ibitekerezo kubanyeshuri kugirango babe bafite ireme-ryiza. Guverinoma zigomba kugarukira gusa ku kugenzura ubumenyi bw’abanyeshuri.

Urwego rw'uburezi rwinjiye muri sosiyete rwose, binyuze mu mikoranire n'abafatanyabikorwa benshi ndetse n'izindi nzego. Muri bo harimo ababyeyi, abaturage, abayobozi b'amadini, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, abafatanyabikorwa bagize uruhare mu buzima, kurengera abana, ubutabera no kubahiriza amategeko (abapolisi), itangazamakuru n'ubuyobozi bwa politiki.

Imiterere, uburyo, ibikoresho byigishijwe - integanyanyigisho - yuburezi busanzwe byemejwe na  abafata ibyemezo bya politiki hamwe ninzego za leta nkikigo cya leta gishinzwe uburezi muri Amerika.</text>
      <sha1>emnvlq9bz33dfle7xg8hj1x2cgb66lw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Uturere mu kubyara Abana benshi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14744</id>
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      <id>142553</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="5232" sha1="stnt3n3v3ugeunq0amrobq31ubty8au" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Child labor, Artisan Mining in Kailo Congo.jpg|thumb|Abana]]
[[Dosiye:Yawning Infant, August 2018.jpg|thumb|284x284px|uruhinja]]
Umubare w’abana bavuka utandukanye mu Ntara n’Uturere, aho Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] n’Intara y’Amajyaruguru ari byo bigaragaramo bake, mu gihe Intara y’Iburasirazuba n’iy’Iburengerazuba zica agahigo mu kugira [[Umugore|abagore]] babyara cyane.

== Ibyo imibare igaragaza kukubyara abana benshi muturere ==
[[Dosiye:HumanNewborn.JPG|thumb|371x371px|kubyara]]
Imibare y’ibyavuye mu Ibarura Rusange rya Gatanu ry’Abaturage n’Imiturire mu [[Rwanda]] ryakozwe mu mwaka 2022, yagaragaje ko mu mwaka waribanjirije mu mwaka 2021 havutse abana 364.549. Aba bana baruta abaturage b’Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Nyaruguru|Nyaruguru]] kuko kugeza ubu gatuwe na 318.126.Uko imyaka ishira indi igataha ni ko umubare w’abaturage b’u [[Rwanda]] wiyongera bitewe n’umuvuduko mu bijyanye no kubyara, ari na ko ubucucike burushaho kuzamuka. Bikomeje bitya, mu mwaka wa 2052 Abanyarwanda bazaba barenga miliyoni 23.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/mu-mwaka-umwe-havutse-ibihumbi-360-uko-uturere-turushanwa-mu-kubyara-abana&lt;/ref&gt;Mu mwaka 1978 abaturage bose bari 4. 831.527, bigera mu mwaka 1991 biyongereyeho 3,1% baba 7.157.551.Gusa hagati yu mwaka 1991 nu mwaka 2002 biyongereho 1,2% bitewe n’uko abarenga miliyoni imwe bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, bagera kuri 8.128.553. Nyuma bongeye kwiyongera bagera kuri 10.515.973 mu 2012, mu gihe mu mwaka ushize bari 13.246.394 nk’uko byagaragajwe n’amabarura yagiye akorwa muri iyo myaka.Kugeza ubu ikigereranyo cy’abana umugore umwe wo mu [[Rwanda]] abyara ni 3,6 (ni ukuvuga ko ari hagati y’abana batatu na bane) uvuye kuri 5,9 mu mwaka 2012.Umubare muto w’abana ku mugore umwe wagaragaye mu [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Karere ka Kicukiro]] (2,8) mu gihe umunini ari uwo muri Rusizi (4,5).Uretse Rusizi iza ku mwanya wa mbere mu kugira abana benshi bavuka, utundi turere tune tuyigwa mu ntege turimo Gisagara (4,4); Nyaruguru na Nyagatare (4,2) mu gihe Nyamasheke ifite 4,1.Nyuma ya Kicukiro ifite uburumbuke buri hasi (2,8) uturere tuyibanziriza turimo utwo mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali]] ni ukuvuga Nyarugenge (3); Gasabo (3,1); Rulindo (3,1) na Gakenke (3,2).

== Ibindi wamenya ==
Uburumbuke mu Rwanda bwaragabanutse mu myaka 44 ishize kuko mu mwaka 1978 umugore umwe yabarirwaga abana 8,6 mu gihe mu mwaka wa 2022 bageze kuri 3,6.Umuvuduko w’igabanuka wagaragaye cyane hagati y’umwaka wa 1978 na 1991 aho bavuye ku 8,6 bagera kuri 6,9 ariko bihita bigenda buhoro bigera mu mwaka 2002 ari 5,9.Ku rwego rw’isi, igihugu gifatwa nk’igifite igipimo gito cy’uburumbuke ni Korea y’Epfo (0,78) mu gihe Niger ifite kinini (6,82). Kuva mu 2020, ku isi igipimo rusange cy’uburumbuke ni abana 2,3.Abahanga bahuza uburumbuke n’urwego rw’iterambere ry’ubukungu umuntu ubwe aba agezeho, kuko kuva hambere ibihugu bikize byagiye bigira ikigero cy’uburumbuke cyo hasi hashingiwe ku byo abaturage babyo batunze, amashuri bize, kuba batuye mu mijyi n’ibindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Bitandukanye no mu bihugu bikennye cyane aho abagore babyara cyane. Rimwe na rimwe kubyara abana benshi bisanishwa no kuba abagore batagerwaho na serivisi zo kuboneza urubyaro, kuba bafite imyizerere ishingiye ku madini ari benshi, kuba batarize amashuri menshi cyangwa badafite akazi nubwo baba barize.

== Impuguke icyo zibivugaho ==
Impuguke mu by’ubukungu n’Umunyamateka akaba n’umwe mu bajyanama ba Minisitiri w’Intebe w’[[Ubuhinde|u Buhinde]], Sanjeev Sanyal, avuga ko ikigero cy’uburumbuke gishobora kuzakomeza kumanuka mu myaka iri imbere. Biramutse bigenze bityo, byafasha mu kuringaniza ubwiyongere bw’abatuye isi hagati y’umwaka wa 2050 nu mwaka 2070.Ibi ariko bitandukanye n’ibiteganywa n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye aho ubwiyongere bw’abaturage ku isi buzakomeza kugeza mu mwaka 2100.Ibyavuye mu ibarura mu Rwanda byerakana ko abangavu bangana na 2,6 babyaye. Iyi mibare iri hejuru mu bataye ishuri ugereranyije n’abana bakiri ku ntebe y’ishuri.Mu batarigeze bagera mu ishuri ababyaye imburagihe ni 5,2%; 7,8% mu bari barataye ishuri na 0,6% mu bari bakiri mu ishuri. ibi bigereranyo iyo bihujwe bigaragaza ko hari igihe abatuye isi bashobora kuzaba batiyongera, ntibanagabanuke.Ni ukuvuga ko umubare w’abana bazaba bavuka wongeyeho abinjira [mu gice runaka cy’isi] uzaba ungana n’uw’abapfa wongeyeho abasohoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Impfu z’abana na zo zaragabanutse ugereranyije ibyavuye mu mabarura yo mu 1978 na 2022. Ku mpinja zavuye ku 144 ku bihumbi 100 bavutse ari bazima mu mwaka 1978, zigera kuri 28,9 mu mwaka 2022.Icyizere cyo kubaho cyazamutse hagati ya 1978 na 1991 (imyaka yavuye kuri 46 igera kuri 54) iza kugabanuka kuva mu 1991 kugeza mu 2002 (iva kuri 54 igera kuri 51), mbere y’uko yongera kuzamuka ikava kuri 64 mu mwaka 2012 ikagera kuri 69,6 mu 2022.Ibi byaje kugenda bifata umurongo nyuma aho abaturage batangiriye kugerwaho na serivisi z’ubuvuzi, izo gukingira, amazi meza, imiturire myiza n’izindi mpinduka mu mibereho muri rusange.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima Bwabana]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima bwumuturage]]</text>
      <sha1>stnt3n3v3ugeunq0amrobq31ubty8au</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahmoud Naim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142560</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T09:59:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="1237" sha1="n4os35cpuzos4f4x2fmnd09g4dywq7a" xml:space="preserve">'''Mahmoud Naim''' (wavutse ku ya 9 Mata 1994) ni umukinnyi wu  [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wabigize umwuga  wo mu [[Misiri]] ukinira ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'igihugu cya Misiri Aswan SC nka myugariro. &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.el-ahly.com/Pages/PlayerPage?pid=5391&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=09102022&amp;id=ebfbf967-542e-48e5-a19c-fe863633ec19&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.filgoal.com/articles/444465&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/5/14/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%84/5761083￼&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yahoze ari umukinnyi wa sosiyete ya Eastern SC, Ceramica Cleopatra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=150816 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-12 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301091614/https://www.kooora.com/?player=150816 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wo mu misiri]]</text>
      <sha1>n4os35cpuzos4f4x2fmnd09g4dywq7a</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Soumiya Iraoui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15153</id>
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      <id>142555</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <text bytes="2936" sha1="i7yn6zfvt38phh2gxqsdngwralpfam7" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2018-10-11 Final (Taekwondo Girls +63kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–080.jpg|thumb|384x384px]]
'''Soumiya Iraoui''' (yavutse ku ya 19 Werurwe 1996) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[[Soumiya Iraoui]]&quot;. JudoInside.com. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga mu mikino wa Jido ukomoka muri  Maroke . yabonye umudari wa feza mu mikino nyafurika  yegukana imidari itatu, harimo imidari ibiri ya zahabu, muri Shampiyona nyafurika ya Jido. Yahagarariye  [[Maroke]] mu mikino Olempike ya 2020 yabereye i Tokiyo, [[Ubuyapani|mu Buyapani]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Yatsindiye umudari wa zahabu mu marushanwa ye muri Shampiyona Nyafurika ya 2018 yabereye i Tunis, muri Tuniziya. &lt;ref&gt;Rowbottom, Mike (13 April 2018). &quot;Iraoui wins first

senior gold for Morocco at African Judo

Championships&quot; . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 25

January 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Yitabiriye kandi isiganwa ry’ibirometero 57 mu bagore mu mikino ya Mediterane ya 2018 yabereye i Tarragona, Cataloniya, Espanye.

Muri 2019, yatsindiye umudari wa feza mu marushanwa y'abagore 52 kg mu marushanwa ya Afurika ya Judo yabereye i Cape Town, muri Afurika y'Epfo. Yatsindiye kandi umudari wa feza mu isiganwa ry’ibiro 52 mu bagore mu mikino nyafurika ya 2019 yabereye i [[Rabat]], muri Maroc. Muri uku kwezi, yitabiriye kandi amarushanwa y'abagore 52 kg mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Judo ya 2019 yabereye i Tokiyo, mu Buyapani. Ukwezi kumwe, yatsindiye umudari umwe wa bronze mu birori bye muri Judo Grand Prix Tashkent ya 2019 yabereye i Tashkent, muri Uzubekisitani. &lt;ref&gt;Morgan, Liam (20 September 2019). &quot;Jeong

clinches second title at IJF Grand Prix in Tashkent&quot; .

InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 25 January 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yatsindiye kandi umudari wa silver muri iri rushanwa mu marushanwa ya Afurika ya Judo ya 2020 yabereye Antananarivo, Madagasikari. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;2021 Judo World Masters&quot; . International Judo

Federation . Retrieved 12 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2021, yarushanwe mu bagore 52 kg mu bagore muri Judo World Masters i [[Doha]], muri Qatar aho yakuweho na Réka Pupp wo muri Hongiriya mu mukino we wa mbere. Muri Shampiyona yo muri Afurika 2021 yabereye i Dakar, muri Senegali, yegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu marushanwa ye.

== Ibyagezweho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka
! Irushanwa
! Ikibanza
! Icyiciro cy'ibiro
|-
| 2018
| Igikombe cya Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1 st
| -57&amp;nbsp;kg
|-
| 2019
| Igikombe cya Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | Icya kabiri
| -52&amp;nbsp;kg
|-
| 2019
| Imikino nyafurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | Icya kabiri
| -52&amp;nbsp;kg
|-
| 2020
| Igikombe cya Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | Icya kabiri
| -52&amp;nbsp;kg
|-
| 2021
| Igikombe cya Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1 st
| -52&amp;nbsp;kg
|-
| 2022
| Igikombe cya Afurika
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| -52&amp;nbsp;kg
|}

== reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Maroke]]</text>
      <sha1>i7yn6zfvt38phh2gxqsdngwralpfam7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joseph Amoah (kwiruka)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142586</id>
      <parentid>135399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:10:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bella chania</username>
        <id>19167</id>
      </contributor>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5168" sha1="id9pi2f8prpvm5cfphowzg5hm6jmcbc" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:2018 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships (40837979710).jpg|thumb|Joseph Amoah]]
'''Joseph Paul Amoah''' (wavutse ku ya 12 Mutarama 1997) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku maguru ukomoka  [[Gana|muri Gana]] kabuhariwe muri metero 100 na metero 200. Yitabiriye amarushanwa yi mikino ngororamubiri muri 2019 muri metero 100 na metero 4x100, na muri Shampiyona nyafurika ya 2019 yegukana umudali wa zahabu muri Metero 100. &lt;ref&gt;Watta, Evelyn (2019-08-29). &quot;Joseph Amoah:

The Ghanaian sprint hope with big dreams&quot; .

Olympic Channel . Retrieved 2020-01-27.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;JOSEPH AMOAH COPPIN STATE&quot; . TFRRS.

Retrieved 2021-05-02.&lt;/ref&gt;  Yabaye uwa kane  muri metero 100  muri Shampiyona nyafurika ya 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Amoah afite ibihe byiza byamasegonda 9.94 namasegonda 20.08 muri 100m na 200m. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lee, Edward (2019-07-05). &quot;Coppin

State's Joseph Amoah emerges as world-class

sprinter, eyes representing Ghana at 2020

Olympics&quot; . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2020-01-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Ubutwari bwe mu kwiruka metero 200 bwarangije amateka ya Gana na Emmanuel Tuffour bari bayifashe inshuro eshatu mbere n'amasegonda 0.07. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;4 x 100 Metres Relay Men - Round 1&quot; (PDF).

IAAF . 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2020-01-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Amoah yavutse ku ya 12 Mutarama 1997 avuka kuri Thomas Amoah na Alberta Antwi i Greater [[Accra]], muri Gana, arerwa na nyirarume Dr. Victor Antwi kuva mu mashuri yisumbuye. [[Umukino|Siporo]] yakundaga gukura ni [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]], ariko yerekeje muri siporo ubwo yiga muri Prempeh College i Kumasi ahavumbuwe impano ye yo kwiruka. Afite imyaka 19, yagaragaye nkuwizeye imikino Olempike kuri Gana muri metero 100 akoresheje amasegonda 10.08 muri Shampiyona yabagabo ya Gana 2016. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Results&quot; (PDF). Atos. 2019-08-29.

Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaminuza ==

== 2021 Imyiyerekano yisi ==

== Umwuga ==

== Ibyagezweho ==

=== Igikombe cyisi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Uhagarariye &lt;/img&gt; Gana
! Umwaka
! Irushanwa
! Imiterere
! Icyabaye
! Mugihe
! Umuyaga (m / s)
! Ikibanza
! Inyandiko
|-
| 2018
| Imikino ya Commonwealth
| 15
| 200 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwgw&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m
| 20.99
| 0.0
| Gold Coast, Ositaraliya
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Imikino nyafurika
| Icya 4
| 100 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwkg&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m
| 10.11
| +1.6
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Rabat, Maroc
|
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | 1 st
| data-sort-value=&quot;400 relay&quot; | 4 × 100 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwng&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m relay
| 38.30|| {{N/a}} 
| 
|-
| 21 st
| 200 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwqA&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m
| 21.20
| +0.3
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Igikombe cyisi
| 34
| 100 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwtA&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m
| 10.36
| -0.8
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Doha, Qatar
|
|-
| 13
| data-sort-value=&quot;400 relay&quot; | 4 × 100 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwwA&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m relay
| 38.24 || {{N/a}} 
|
|-
| 2021
| Imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga
| bgcolor=&quot;f5a9a9&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;DQ&quot; | &lt;s&gt;Icya 3&lt;/s&gt; DQ
| data-sort-value=&quot;400 relay&quot; | 4 × 100 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mwzw&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; m relay
| data-sort-value=&quot;999.99&quot; | &lt;s&gt;39.11&lt;/s&gt;|| {{N/a}} 
| Chorzów, Polonye
| Kunyura hanze ya zone &lt;ref name=&quot;2021 WA relays&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/sports/1078718/world-relays-ghana-disqualified-in-final-despite.html &quot;World Relays: Ghana disqualified in final despite finishing 3rd&quot;]. &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2022
| Imikino ya Commonwealth
| bgcolor=&quot;cc9966&quot; | Icya gatatu
| 200 m
| 20.49
|
| Birmingham, Ubwongereza
|
|}

=== Shampiyona yigihugu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Uhagarariye Leta ya Eagles
! Umwaka
! Irushanwa
! Imiterere
! Icyabaye
! Mugihe
! Umuyaga (m / s)
! Ikibanza
! Inyandiko
|-
| 2018
| Igice cya NCAA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikibanza&quot; id = &quot;mw-g&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Muri Shampiyona
| 13
| 200&amp;nbsp;kubaga
| 20.60
| +1.1
| Eugene, Amerika
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2019
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Igice cya NCAA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikigo&quot; id = &quot;mwAQc&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Muri Shampiyona
| 8
| 100&amp;nbsp;kubaga
| 10.22
| +0.8
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Austin, Amerika
|
|-
| Saa kumi n'ebyiri
| 200&amp;nbsp;kubaga
| 20.19
| +0.8
|
|-
| 14
| data-sort-value=&quot;400 relay&quot; | 4 × 100&amp;nbsp;m relay
| 39.30 || {{N/a}} 
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Igice cya NCAA &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof = &quot;mw: Ikigo&quot; id = &quot;mwASI&quot;&gt; &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; nbsp; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Muri Shampiyona
| 15
| data-sort-value=&quot;400 relay&quot; | 4 × 100&amp;nbsp;m relay
| 39.51|| {{N/a}} 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Eugene, Amerika
|
|-
| Saa cyenda
| 100&amp;nbsp;kubaga
| 10.21
| +0.9
|
|-
| 10
| 200&amp;nbsp;kubaga
| 20.51
| +1.4
|
|}

* NCAA ibisubizo bivuye mumashuri yisumbuye Track &amp; Field Raporo Sisitemu.

== Abasesenguzi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana]]</text>
      <sha1>id9pi2f8prpvm5cfphowzg5hm6jmcbc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gavin Kaplan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142562</id>
      <parentid>94073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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'''Gavin Kaplan''' (wavutse 7 Gashyantare 1998) ni umukinnyi wa ruhago mu [[Umupira w’amaguru|mupira w'amaguru]], ukomoka muri afurika yepfo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gavin Kaplan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/594995.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Back-to-back intra-squad centuries for Gavin Kaplan |url=https://www.clubcricket.co.za/latestnews/back-to-back-intra-squad-centuries-for-wps-gavin-kaplan/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=Club Cricket}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaplan powers WP to unofficial title |url=http://schoolcricket.co.za/news/82-kaplan-powers-wp-to-unofficial-title |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=School Cricket |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119183349/http://schoolcricket.co.za/news/82-kaplan-powers-wp-to-unofficial-title |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatangiye icyiciro cye cya mbere ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2021, mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Ntara y'Iburengerazuba]] muri 2021 kugeza 22 CSA  nyuma yi minsi 4 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Division 1, Cape Town, Nov 18 - 21 2021, 4-Day Franchise Series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1277904.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatangiriye bwa mbere muri Twenty20 ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2022, mu ntara yI burengerazuba muri 2021 kugeza 22 CSA T 20 mu marushanwa yaho . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st Match, Port Elizabeth, Feb 7 2022, CSA T20 Challenge |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1299602.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatangiye Urutonde rwe rwa mbere ku ya 16 Werurwe 2022, mu Ntara yI burengerazuba mu gikombe cyu munsi umwe 2021-22 CSA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=8th Match (D/N), Cape Town, Mar 16 2022, CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge Division One |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1301463.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Afurika yepfo]]</text>
      <sha1>mkpqukhgr4pqw5999uw1ke6wgg8wipc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikiyaga Nasser</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>142557</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T09:58:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Ikiyaga cya Nasser'''  ni ikigega cy'amazi kinini   kiri mu majyepfo ya [[Misiri]] no mu majyaruguru [[Sudani|ya Sudani]]. Ni kimwe mu biyaga binini byakozwe n'abantu ku isi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/aswan-high-dam-nile-sudan-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbere yo kubaka, Sudani yarwanyaga inyubako y’ikiyaga cya Nasser, kubera ko yari kwigarurira ubutaka mu majyaruguru y’igihugu, aho abaturage benshi ba Nubiya babaga bagombaga kwimurwa.   ku mpera z' ubutaka bwa Sudani hafi y'ikiyaga cya Nasser ahanini huzuyemo  amazi y;ikiyaga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=http://www.statoids.com/ueg.html |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Statoids Administrative Divisions of Countries (&quot;Statoids&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Lake Nasser (2427655901).jpg|thumb|Ikiyaga cya Nasser]]
Mu magambo make, &quot;Ikiyaga cya Nasser&quot; kihariye igice kinini cy'ubutaka bwa Egiputa (83% bwabwo).

== Ibisobanuro ==
Ikiyaga ni kirometero 479  mu burebure na  kirometero16 mu bunini, iri hafi ya Tropic ya [[Kanseri]]. Ifite ubuso rusange bwa kirometerokare 5,250   kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika amazi angana hafi kirometerokibe 132. 

Ikiyaga cyakozwe bitewe n’iyubakwa ry’urugomero runini rwa Aswan hakurya y’amazi ya [[Nili]] hagati y'umwaka wa 1958 na 1970. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Life-Giving Nile River (Aswan Dam, Egypt) |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/12/121218/pictures-life-giving-nile-river-photos/ |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=National Geographic |archive-date=23 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223121943/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/12/121218/pictures-life-giving-nile-river-photos/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki kiyaga cyitiriwe Gamal Abdel Nasser, umwe mu bayobozi ba Revolution yo mu Misiri yo mu 1952, na Perezida wa kabiri wa Misiri, watangije umushinga w’urugomero runini. Perezida Anwar Sadat ni we watangije uwo mushinga kumugaragaro w'ikiyaga n'urugomero mu mwaka wa1971. 

== Ibibazo biriho ==
Igihugu cya Egiputa kibura amazi akenewe mu buhinzi n'amashanyarazi.  Urugomero runini rwa Etiyopiya Renaissance, ubu rwubatswe muri [[Etiyopiya]], rwateje amakimbirane hagati ya Misiri na Sudani na Etiyopiya. Misiri ifite impungenge ko urugomero rushya ruzahagarika uruzi rwa Nili kuzuza ikiyaga cya Nasser mu buryo buhagije.  Amazi yo mu kiyaga cya Nasser atanga amashanyarazi, kandi hari impungenge ko kugabanya amazi atemba mu kiyaga cya Nasser bizagira ingaruka mbi ku bushobozi bw’urugomero rwa Aswan mu itangwary' amashanyarazi. Hano hari pompe zigenzura amazi yinjira mu kiyaga cya Nasser, kuri ubu uyu mushinga utanga miliyari 10 za kilowati y’amashanyarazi buri mwaka ku Banyamisiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Life-Giving Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/12/121218/pictures-life-giving-nile-river-photos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605130929/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/pictures-life-giving-nile-river-photos |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siporo n'ubukerarugendo ==
Kuroba kuri Nil perch, uhereye ku nkombe ndetse no mu bwato, birakunzwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile Perch Fishing on Lake Nasser |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g294204-i9480-k2121295-Nile_Perch_Fishing_on_Lake_Nasser-Aswan_Aswan_Governorate_Nile_River_Valley.html |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Trip Advisor}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mbere yuko ikiyaga cya Nasser cyuzura, mu rwego rwa gahunda mpuzamahanga yo kubungabunga inzibutso za Nubiya. 

Ubwato bw'ikiyaga cya Nasser, burimo gusura inzibutso n'insengero ku nkombe z'ikiyaga cya Nasser, birakunzwe cyane. Gusura insengero za Abu Simbel ni ikintu cyaranze izo ngendo. 

== Ibindi wasoma ==

* Helen Chapin Metz, yasohotse, ''[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/49.htm Misiri: Kwiga Igihugu]''. Washington: GPO y'Isomero rya Kongere, 1990.

* Aniba (Nubia), akarere karengerwa n'ikiyaga cya Nasser
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga bya Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga bya Misiri]]</text>
      <sha1>l1xi1qn41u6lgbvriqfnlajmvaghwix</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Youssouf Mulumbu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142585</id>
      <parentid>140181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bella chania</username>
        <id>19167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2597" sha1="lxmvhse26h0htx67reugnx48rogpmb1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Youssouf Mulumbu.jpg|thumb|Youssouf Mulumbu]]
'''Youssouf Mulumbu''', (yavutse Ku ya 25 Mutarama 1987), yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w'[[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]]  ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka  i Bumbu, muri komini mu mujyi wa [[Kinshasa]] muri  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|Kongo,]] wahindutse umukinnyi wo hagati, kuri ubu ni umuyobozi mukuru wa FC Tanganyika akaba ari ikipe yo muri Kongo ifite icyicaro i Kalemie &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tresor |date=2022-10-06 |title=La nouvelle vie de Youssouf Mulumbu |url=https://footrdc.com/a-la-une/la-nouvelle-vie-de-youssouf-mulumbu/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Foot RDC |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Ubuzima ==
akiri muto   n'umuryango we bagiye mu [[Bufaransa]] avuye muri Zayire (izina ryahoze ryitwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]), yakuriye mu mujyi wa Épinay-sous-Sénart, mu nkengero za [[Paris]].

=== Muri ikipe ===
Yinjiye mu kigo cy’imyitozo cya PSG &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://psg1987.skyrock.com/339331175-Youssouf-Mulumbu.html |title=Interview de Youssouf Mulumbu |access-date=2023-04-08 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128225430/http://psg1987.skyrock.com/339331175-Youssouf-Mulumbu.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; afite imyaka 13, yambikwa ikamba rya shampiyo w’[[Ubufaransa]] munsi y’imyaka 18 muri shampiyona yo muri 2005-2006 .  Ku ya 22 Ukwakira 2006 , Guy Lacombe bituma akora bwa mbere muri Ligue 1, ku myaka 19 n'amezi 10, ahanganye na AJ Auxerre asinyana amasezerano   ya mbere y'umwuga na PSG   Ku ya 13 Ugushyingo y'umwaka umwe. Gusezerana, ni igihe gikurikirwa na Manchester United. Shampiyona irangiye, yatoranijwe mu ikipe y’Ubufaransa y’abatarengeje imyaka 20 yatsinze irushanwa rya Toulon.

Yakiriye ihitamwo rye rya mbere mu ikipe y'Ubufaransa ya Espoirs  Ku ya 21 Kanama 2007 bakina na [[Ubutaliyani]].

Muri shampiyona yo muri 2007-2008, yatijwe nta mahitamo yo kugura Amiens SC muri Ligue 2 (imikino 29, igitego kimwe).

Yagarutse muri PSG muri shampiyona yo muri 2008-2009  yakinnye imikino mike ya UEFA. Ariko, akomeza kugarukira kumwanya wabasimbuye.

=== Umwuga mpuzamahanga ===

=== Mu guhitamo ===

== Ibihembo ==

* 2019 Igikombe cya Sikotishi League Igikombe hamwe na Celtic FC
* Paris SG :
** [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] wUbufaransa wimyaka -18 : 2006
** Umukinnyi wanyuma wigikombe : 2006
* Ikipe y'Ubufaransa -Imyaka 20:
** Uwatsinze irushanwa rya Toulon : 2007
* '''DR Congo'''
** Igikombe cya Afurika :
*** Icya gatatu : 2015 .

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>lxmvhse26h0htx67reugnx48rogpmb1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RwandAir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142544</id>
      <parentid>142026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T21:20:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo (wikification): infobox, amateka asobanutse, inyandiko nshya (2023–2025), amafoto mu rukurikirane, ibyiciro</comment>
      <origin>142544</origin>
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      <text bytes="8092" sha1="2a89tee4wq1e9gu3i1p13hsrql4gdei" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| above = RwandAir
| image = [[Dosiye:RwandAir Logotype.png|220px|alt=Ikirango cya RwandAir]]
| image2 = [[Dosiye:Airbus A330-300 9XR-WP of RwandAir Heathrow 2024H.jpg|260px]]
| caption2 = Airbus A330-300 ya RwandAir i Londres (2024)
| label1 = Kode ya IATA
| data1 = WB
| label2 = Kode ya ICAO
| data2 = RWD
| label3 = Yashinzwe
| data3 = 1 Ukuboza 2002 (nka Rwandair Express)
| label4 = Ingendo za mbere
| data4 = 2003
| label5 = Ikibuga gikuru
| data5 = Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali (Kanombe)
| label6 = Umubare w'indege
| data6 = 14 (2025)
| label7 = Nyirayo
| data7 = Leta y'u Rwanda
| label8 = Icyicaro
| data8 = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| label9 = Umuyobozi mukuru
| data9 = [[Yvonne Makolo]]
| label10 = Urubuga
| data10 = [https://www.rwandair.com rwandair.com]
}}
'''RwandAir''' ni sosiyete y'indege y'igihugu cy'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni iya Leta y'u Rwanda. Ifite icyicaro i [[Kigali]]. Ikorera ku Kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali, i Kanombe.

Yashinzwe mu 2002 yitwa Rwandair Express. Yafashe izina rya RwandAir mu 2009. Ijya cyane cyane mu bihugu bya Afurika. Ijya kandi mu Burayi.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:Rwandair Express Boeing 737-500 Mutzair.jpg|thumb|left|Boeing 737-500 ya Rwandair Express]]

=== Kuva kuri Air Rwanda kugeza kuri Rwandair Express ===
Air Rwanda yari sosiyete y'indege y'igihugu. Yahagaritse ingendo mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Nyuma yaho, Leta yashatse kongera kuyibyutsa. Sosiyete SA Alliance Air yo muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] yayiyoboye kuva mu 1997 kugeza mu 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yates |first=Chris |date=1997 |title=Alliance spreads into Central Africa |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203062.html?search=air%20rwanda |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Flightglobal.com Archiving Air Transport Magazine |format=Archived from the Original}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leta yahise yisubiza ibikorwa byayo. Rwandair Express yashinzwe ku wa 1 Ukuboza 2002. Yatangiye ingendo mu 2003.

=== RwandAir (kuva mu 2009) ===
Mu 2009, isosiyete yatangiye kwagura ingendo mu karere: Dar es Salaam, [[Nairobi]] na [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]]. Muri Kamena 2009, yahinduye izina iba RwandAir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=25 August 2014 |title=RwandAir changing country's aviation industry through enhanced aviation skills |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/advertorial/466 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Kwakira 2010, John Mirenge yabaye umuyobozi mukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=29 October 2010 |title=Mirenge new CEO of RwandaAir |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/25449 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519122343/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/25449 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri uwo mwaka, yakiriye indege ebyiri za Boeing 737-500.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=23 August 2010 |title=Another RwandAir Boeing arrives |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/23231 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2011, yaguze indege ya mbere nshya ivuye mu ruganda, Boeing 737-800.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=28 August 2011 |title=RwandAir's new Boeing 737-800NB plane lands |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/84787 |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2015, RwandAir yinjiye mu Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Ubwikorezi bwo mu Kirere (IATA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bateta |first=Agnes |date=24 January 2016 |title=Global umbrella gives RwandAir kudos |url=http://www.busiweek.com/index1.php?Ctp=2&amp;pI=4725&amp;pLv=3&amp;srI=58&amp;spI=24 |access-date=26 January 2016 |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2016, yahawe icyemezo cy'umutekano ku bikorwa byo ku butaka (ISAGO).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson Tumwebaze |date=11 November 2016 |title=RwandAir gets safety certification for its ground operations |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2016-11-11/205241/ |access-date=18 May 2018 |location=Kigali}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, [[Bene]] yayihaye uburenganzira bwo gukorera i Cotonou.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=David |date=3 August 2017 |title=RwandAir launches Cotonou hub as Benin and Rwanda plan new airline |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/274134/rwandair-launches-cotonou-hub-as-benin-and-rwanda-plan-new-airline/ |access-date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Routesonline.com |location=Manchester, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Mata 2018, [[Yvonne Makolo]] yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa RwandAir.&lt;ref name=&quot;airlineratings2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Creedy |first=Steve |date=2019-02-12 |title=RwandAir spreads its wings under new CEO |url=https://www.airlineratings.com/articles/rwandair-spreads-wings-new-ceo |website=AirlineRatings |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2020, Qatar Airways yatangaje ko ishaka kugura imigabane 49% ya RwandAir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar Airways in talks to buy 49% stake in Rwanda's state carrier |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/qatar-airways-talks-buy-49-stake-rwanda-state-carrier-200205095627333.html |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 2020 |title=Qatar Airways confirms purchase of 49% stake in RwandAir |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/23179/qatar-airways-confirms-purchase-of-49-stake-in-rwandair/ |access-date=10 February 2020 |publisher=The Africa Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza mu 2023, ayo masezerano yari ataranozwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;flightglobal2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Lewis |date=2023-06-05 |title=RwandAir expects Qatar Airways to finalise stake 'in coming months' |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/rwandair-expects-qatar-airways-to-finalise-stake-in-coming-months/153553.article |website=FlightGlobal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nzeri 2022, RwandAir yatangaje ko ishaka kwinjira mu ihuriro ry'indege Oneworld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=RWANDAIR WILL JOIN ONEWORLD ALLIANCE |url=https://liveandletsfly.com/rwandair-oneworld/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa ==

=== Ubuyobozi ===
RwandAir ni iya Leta y'u Rwanda 100%.&lt;ref name=&quot;DOTOST2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=APPLICATION OF RWANDAIR LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY FOR AMENDINGFOREIGN AIR CARRIER PERMIT |url=https://beta.regulations.gov/document/DOT-OST-2017-0049-0006 |publisher=US Department of Transport |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206055405/https://beta.regulations.gov/document/DOT-OST-2017-0049-0006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru wayo ni [[Yvonne Makolo]] kuva mu 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;airlineratings2019&quot;/&gt;

=== Indege n'ingendo ===
Mu 2025, RwandAir yari ifite indege 14. Zirimo Airbus A330, Boeing 737-800, Bombardier CRJ900 na Dash 8. Muri uwo mwaka, umuyobozi wayo yatangaje intego yo gukuba kabiri umubare w'indege mu myaka itanu.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaviation2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=RwandAir CEO aims to double fleet in five years |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/153708-rwandair-ceo-aims-to-double-fleet-in-five-years |website=ch-aviation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2018, RwandAir yajyaga ahantu 23. Ahenshi ni muri Afurika. Yajyaga kandi i Londres n'i Bruxelles.&lt;ref name=&quot;airlineratings2019&quot;/&gt; Mu 2025, yatangaje ingendo nshya zijya i Mombasa no muri Zanzibar.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaviation2025&quot;/&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
RwandAir Airbus A330-243 on finals into Toulouse.jpg|Airbus A330-200
Rwandair Boeing 737-700 at Douala Airport.jpg|Boeing 737-700 i Douala
RwandAir flight at Kamembe Airport.jpg|Ku kibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe
Rwandair taking off.jpg|Indege iguruka
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe]]
* [[Ikibuga cy'indege cya Gisenyi]]
* [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.rwandair.com Urubuga rwa RwandAir] (mu Cyongereza)

[[Ikiciro:Indege]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MTN Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142542</id>
      <parentid>133189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T21:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: infobox, amakuru mashya (2025–2026), inyandiko zisuzumwe, amafoto, ibyiciro</comment>
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      <text bytes="4701" sha1="cgn8fx06udoqizhd0lefjp7dvse60ft" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| above = MTN Rwanda
| subheader = MTN Rwandacell Plc
| image = [[Dosiye:MTN 2022 logo.svg|120px|alt=Ikirango cya MTN]]
| label1 = Ubwoko
| data1 = Sosiyete y'itumanaho
| label2 = Yashinzwe
| data2 = 1998
| label3 = Icyicaro
| data3 = MTN Centre, Nyarutarama, [[Kigali]]
| label4 = Umuyobozi mukuru
| data4 = Monzer Ali
| label5 = Ishami rya
| data5 = MTN Group
| label6 = Abafatabuguzi
| data6 = Miliyoni 8.7 (2026)
| label7 = Urubuga
| data7 = [https://www.mtn.co.rw/ mtn.co.rw]
}}
'''MTN Rwanda''' (MTN Rwandacell Plc) ni sosiyete y'itumanaho ikorera mu [[Rwanda]]. Ni yo sosiyete nini y'itumanaho mu gihugu. Ni ishami rya sosiyete mpuzamahanga MTN Group.

MTN Rwanda itanga serivisi za telefoni igendanwa na interineti. Itanga kandi serivisi ya Mobile Money (MoMo) yo kohererezanya amafaranga kuri telefoni.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:MTN marathon.jpg|thumb|left|Abantu bambaye ingofero za MTN]]
MTN Rwanda yashinzwe mu 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=MTN Rwanda |date=2018 |title=History of MTN Rwanda |url=https://www.mtn.co.rw/about/history/ |website=MTN Rwandacell Plc |location=Kigali |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927070910/https://www.mtn.co.rw/about/history/ |url-status=dead |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyo gihe u Rwanda rwari mu bihe byo kwiyubaka nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

Ku wa 4 Gicurasi 2021, imigabane ya MTN Rwanda yashyizwe ku [[Isoko ry’Imari n’Imigabane|isoko ry'imigabane ry'u Rwanda]]. Icyo gihe, agaciro ka MTN Rwanda kari hafi miliyoni 364 z'amadolari y'Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Emmanuel Paul |date=2021-05-05 |title=Valued at over $364 million, MTN's Rwandan unit lists on the Rwandan exchange |url=https://techpoint.africa/2021/05/05/mtns-rwanda-lists-rse/ |website=Techpoint Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mpera za Kamena 2026, MTN Rwanda yari ifite abafatabuguzi bagera kuri miliyoni 8.7.&lt;ref name=&quot;BD2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Jacqueline Mackenzie |date=2026-08-19 |title=MTN Rwanda reaffirms guidance after strong first half |url=https://www.businessday.co.za/companies/earnings/2026-08-19-mtn-rwanda-reaffirms-guidance-after-strong-first-half/ |website=Business Day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mobile Money ==
MTN Rwanda yatangije serivisi ya Mobile Money muri Gashyantare 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=MTN MobileMoney in Rwanda: a new mobile money success story |url=https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/mobile-money/mtn-mobilemoney-in-rwanda-a-new-mobile-money-success-story/ |website=GSMA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi serivisi ituma abantu bohererezanya amafaranga kuri telefoni igendanwa. Abantu bayikoresha kandi mu kwishyura mu maduka.

Muri Mata 2021, MTN Rwanda yashinze ishami ryihariye ryitwa Mobile Money Rwanda Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;I2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-30 |title=MTN Rwanda sets up FinTech subsidiary |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/article/mtn-rwanda-sets-up-fintech-subsidiary |website=IGIHE |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru w'iri shami ni Chantal Kagame.&lt;ref name=&quot;Q1-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=MTN Rwandacell Plc |date=2026-05-08 |title=Unaudited Financial Results for the Quarter ended 31 March 2026 |url=https://www.mtn.co.rw/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/MTN-Rwandacell-Plc-Press-Release_Unaudited-Financial-Results-for-the-Quarter-ende-31-March-2026.pdf |website=MTN Rwandacell Plc |format=PDF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mpera za Kamena 2026, Mobile Money yari ifite abakoresha bagera kuri miliyoni 6.4.&lt;ref name=&quot;BD2026&quot; /&gt;

== Imiyoborere ==
Muri Mata 2025, Monzer Ali yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa MTN Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITWeb2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Phathisani Moyo |date=2025-04-23 |title=MTN Group reassigns Rwanda, South Sudan CEOs |url=https://itweb.africa/content/kYbe97XbLpRqAWpG |website=ITWeb Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Q1-2026&quot; /&gt; Monzer Ali yasimbuye Mapula Bodibe. Mapula Bodibe yari ayoboye MTN Rwanda kuva mu 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITWeb2025&quot; /&gt;

== Icyicaro ==
Icyicaro gikuru cya MTN Rwanda kiri ahitwa MTN Centre, i Nyarutarama. Nyarutarama iri mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=MTN Rwanda |title=Physical Address of MTN Rwandacell Plc |url=https://www.mtn.co.rw/contact/ |website=MTN Rwandacell Plc |location=Kigali |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905212720/http://www.mtn.co.rw/contact/ |url-status=dead |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==
* [[Airtel Rwanda]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==
* [https://www.mtn.co.rw/ Urubuga rwa MTN Rwanda]
{{Commonscat|MTN Group}}

[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Airtel Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142543</id>
      <parentid>121887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T21:20:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: yibanda kuri Airtel Rwanda (amateka, ibikorwa), Infobox, inyandiko zigezweho, gukuraho ibijyanye na Bharti Airtel byahinduwe nabi</comment>
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      <text bytes="4149" sha1="2v5tuck4a2jtndjqmuqrmumzw3stboy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Airtel Rwanda
| image = [[Dosiye:Airtel Africa logo.svg|150px]]
| label1 = Ubwoko
| data1 = Sosiyete y'itumanaho
| label2 = Yashinzwe
| data2 = 2012
| label3 = Icyicaro
| data3 = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| label4 = Umuyobozi mukuru
| data4 = Sujay Chakrabarti (kuva 2025)
| label5 = Sosiyete nyirayo
| data5 = Airtel Africa (itsinda rya Bharti Airtel)
| label6 = Urubuga
| data6 = [https://www.airtel.co.rw airtel.co.rw]
}}
'''Airtel Rwanda''' ni sosiyete y'itumanaho ikorera mu [[Rwanda]]. Itanga serivisi za telefone igendanwa na interineti. Ni ishami rya Airtel Africa. Airtel Africa iri mu itsinda rya sosiyete y'[[Ubuhinde|Abahinde]] Bharti Airtel.

Airtel yatangiye gukorera mu Rwanda mu 2012. Mu 2018, Airtel Rwanda yaguze Tigo Rwanda. Ubu ni sosiyete ya kabiri y'itumanaho mu gihugu, nyuma ya [[MTN Rwanda]].

== Amateka ==
Mu 2011, Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA) rwahaye Airtel uruhushya. Urwo ruhushya rwari urwo gukoresha imiyoboro ya telefone igendanwa ya 2G na 3G.&lt;ref name=&quot;itnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Airtel launches in Rwanda |url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/top-stories/bharti-airtel-launches-in-rwanda/ |website=IT News Africa |date=2012-04-02 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Airtel yatangije ibikorwa byayo mu Rwanda muri Mata 2012. U Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cya 17 Airtel ikoreramo muri [[Afurika]]. Airtel yateganyaga gushora miliyoni zirenga 100 z'amadolari mu myaka itatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;itnews&quot; /&gt;

Mu Ukuboza 2017, Airtel Rwanda yasinye amasezerano yo kugura Tigo Rwanda yose. Tigo Rwanda yari iya sosiyete Millicom. Icyo gihe, Tigo yari ifite abafatabuguzi bagera kuri miliyoni 3,4. Airtel yari ifite abafatabuguzi bagera kuri miliyoni 1,6.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahishakiye |first=Jean d'Amour |title=Airtel Rwanda Acquires Tigo |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2017/12/airtel-rwanda-acquires-tigo/ |website=KT Press |date=December 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura zemeje ubwo bugure muri Mutarama 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boutin |first=Pierre |title=Bharti Airtel reçoit le feu vert pour le rachat de Tigo Rwanda |url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/french/bharti-airtel-recoit-le-feu-vert-pour-le-rachat-de-tigo-rwanda/ |website=Mobile World Live |date=2018-01-26 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma yo kwihuza, sosiyete yitwaga Airtel-Tigo. Muri Mutarama 2020, yafashe izina rya Airtel Rwanda. Icyo gihe, yari ifite uruhushya rw'imyaka 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mugisha |first=Emmanuel Côme |title=Airtel-Tigo rebrands, launches new campaign |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/airtel-tigo-rebrands-launches-new-campaign |work=The New Times |date=2020-01-16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emmanuel Hamez yayoboye Airtel Rwanda imyaka ine. Mu Ukwakira 2025, Sujay Chakrabarti yamusimbuye ku mwanya w'umuyobozi mukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airtel Africa Appoints Mr. Sujay Chakrabarti as New Managing Director for Airtel Rwanda |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2025/10/airtel-africa-appoints-mr-sujay-chakrabarti-as-new-managing-director-for-airtel-rwanda/ |website=KT Press |date=2025-10-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibikorwa ==
Airtel Rwanda itanga serivisi za telefone igendanwa na interineti. Ahantu hose Airtel ifite iminara hari 4G. Airtel ni yo sosiyete ya mbere mu Rwanda yatangije VoLTE na eSIM.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2025&quot; /&gt;

Airtel yatangije gahunda yitwa « Airtel Imagine » ifatanyije na Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga n'Inovasiyo (MINICT). Iyo gahunda yafashije abakiriya barenga miliyoni 1,2 kubona telefone zigezweho (''smartphone'').&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2025&quot; /&gt;

Mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2025, Airtel Rwanda yari ifite 36 % by'abafatabuguzi ba telefone igendanwa mu Rwanda. MTN Rwanda yari ifite 64 %.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTN Rwanda Market Share Grows to 64% |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2025/11/mtn-rwanda-market-share-grows-to-64/ |website=KT Press |date=2025-11-04 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[MTN Rwanda]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://www.airtel.co.rw Urubuga rwa Airtel Rwanda]
* {{Commonscat|Airtel Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Airtel Rwanda}}
[[Ikiciro:Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Viateur Gahamanyi</title>
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      <id>142522</id>
      <parentid>137815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T18:58:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-55618-73</username>
        <id>19163</id>
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      <text bytes="4409" sha1="if5gac0whfstk4sjbaqmxvn9tvnhq14" xml:space="preserve">Gahamanyi viateur yavutse kuwa 16 werurwe 1995, avukikira mucyahoze ari akarere ka nyagisagara muntara ya Gisenyi, ubu ni akarere ka ngororero muntara y'iburengerazuba. Gahamanyi Viateur yavukiye rimwe n'umuvandimwe we bavuka ari impanga. Yakuze ari umwana ugira umuhate n'ishyaka ryo gukora cyane aho nyina umubyara ariwe Nyirambanjimpundu Delphine yakunze kugaruka kumyitwarire idasanzwe irimo gufata inshingano ndetse no kwita kubababaye. amashuri abanza Gahamanyi viateur yayize kuri ecole primaire  ya BUNGWE. nyuma yo gutsinda ikizamini cya Leta yakomeje mucyiciro rusange atsinda kumanota meza cyane akomereza muri COLLEGE ADEC- RUHANGA. yakomeje kugira umuhate cyane aho yasoje amashuri yisumbuye mumwaka 2014 mw'ishami ry'ibinyabuzima, ubutabire n'imibare. Gahamanyi Viateur yakomereje muri Kaminuza y'U Rwanda mw'ishami ry'uburezi. yasoje kaminuza mumwaka wa 2016 ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza, mumwaka 2017 yigishije mumashuri y'isumbuye mucyigo yizemo cya COLLEGE ADEC RUHANGA.kuva 2018 kugeza 2019 yakoze muri FONERWA aho yari ashinzwe kwinjiza amakuru muri mudasobwa ibizwi nka Data entry mumirenge ya Gatumba,Kabaya,Bwira na Muhororo. kuva 2019 , Gahamanyi Viateur yigishije mucyigo cya GS St Pierre Nkombo aho yigishije igihe kirekire isomo ry'Imibare. kuva 2019 ninabwo kandi yatangiye gukunda no kwihugura mw'isomo ry'imibare. 2019 yagiye kwiga muri kaminuza ya KAMPALA UNIVERSITY aho yigaga amasomo y'imibare n'ubutabire ndetse no kubyigisha. mumwaka wa 2020 icyorezo cya Covid-19, cyatumye adakomereza muri iyo kaminuza, aho yahise ahindura akajya gukomereza muri kaminuza ya KIBOGORA POLYTECHNIC. yakomeje kugira umuhate n'ubushake byatumye ahakura impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, mubigendanye no kwigisha imibare n'ubugenge (Bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics with education). mumwaka wa 2022, Gahamanyi viateur yakomeje icyiciro cya  gatatu cya kaminuza icyizwi nka Masters Degree mukwigisha imibare(Masters Degree in Mathematics education) muri Kaminuza ya MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY. Mumwaka wa 2026 Gahamanyi yatangiye kwiga amasomo mucyiciro cy'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ( doctorat) mu ishami ry'imibare no kwigisha ( PhD in mathematics education) muri kaminuza ya Masinde Morilo University of Sciences and Technology mu gihugu cya Kenya. Gahamanyi viateur yakomeje kandi kujya yitabira amahugurwa agendanye n'isomo ry'imibare, aha twavuga nk'ayateguwe na African Mathematical School and conference yabaye kuya 18 kamena kugeza 29, 2023. gahamanyi kandi yagiye atsindira ibihembo aha twavuga n'igihembo yahawe cy'umwarimu wahize abandi mukarere ka Rusizi cyatanzwe na African Mathematical Sciences (AIMS).Gahamanyi viateur yitabiriye kandi amahugurwa menshi hanze y'igihugu, ibizwi nka workshops mundimi z'amahanga, aha twavuga amahugurwa yitabiriye mugihugu cy'U BURUNDI kuya 18 kugeza kuya 30 kamena 2024 agendanye na mathematics and computer sciences for  the economics. yitabiriye kandi iteraniro ry'abanyamibare b'abagore bo muri africa (inaugural african women in Algebra) yabereye mugihugu cya UGANDA kuva kuya 01 kugeza kuya 06 nyakanga 2024. Gahamanyi viateur yagize uruhare mw'itegurwa ry'amahugurwa y'ihuriro nyafrika ryitwa African Women in sagemath. Gahamanyi viateur yakosoye ibizamini bya Leta bisoza amashuri yisumbuye aho yakosoraga isomo ry'imibare. yakomereje mukigo cy'igihugu cy'ubumenyi ngiro (Rwanda Tvet Board) aho naho yakosoraga n'ubundi isomo ry'imibare ikorwa muma trades atandukanye. Mumwaka wa 2023 kandi Gahamanyi viateur, yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe guhugura abarezi mw'isomo ry'imibare, ibizwi nka Master trainer aho yahuguraga abarezi k'uburyo bushya bw'imibarize( assessments) bugamije gupima ireme ry'ibyo umwana yize mumasomo (competences) aya mahugurwa yateguwe na African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS). umwaka wa 2016 kandi nawo twavuga ko yakoze amahugurwa y' imiyoborere kuri 7 habits of a highly effective people by steven convey, ubunararibonye n'ubumenyi yahakuye bwagiye bumufasha kuyobora mubintu bitandukanye, aha twavuga igihe yigaga icyiciro cya gatatu (master's degree) yabaye uhagarariye abandi banyeshuri bizwi nka class presentative (CP) kw'ishuri yizemo rya mount kenya university aho yayoboye imyaka ibiri.Gahamanyi Viateur kuri ubu ni Asstistant Lecturer muri Kaminuza Gaturika Ya Kabgayi (INSTITUT CATHOLIQUE DE KABGAYI) aho akora nk'umwalimu w'isomo ry'Imibare.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tactile (device)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:04:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5332" sha1="n12cj3w9kha54nwgctmst93awyo8som" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Tactile_CAD_rendering.png|thumb|Tactile CAD rendering]]
'''Tactile''' nigikoresho nyacyo cyo guhindura inyandiko-kuri- [[:en:Braille|braille]] ubu irimo gutezwa imbere mu [[:en:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology|kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |date=20 December 2016 |title=These 6 Women Undergrads At MIT Invented A Game Changer For The Blind |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2016/12/20/these-6-women-undergrads-at-mit-invented-a-game-changer-for-the-blind/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatekerejwe nitsinda ryabanyeshuri barangije icyiciro cya mbere, bahatana nka &quot;Team 100% Enthusiasm&quot;, mugihe cyamasaha 15 MIT &quot;hackathon&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petronzio |first=Matt |date=7 February 2017 |title=How six young women invented a life-changing device in less than a day |url=https://mashable.com/2017/02/07/team-tactile-braille-display/ |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=Mashable |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igikoresho kiranyerera hejuru yinyandiko yanditse kandi kamera ifata amashusho yamagambo ikayohereza kuri microcontroller. Amakuru yimura pin hejuru no hepfo, ahindura inyandiko muri [[Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)|Braille]]. Iyo bigeze ku isoko twizeye ko bihendutse cyane kuruta ibikoresho bihari.

== Abantu ==
Itsinda ry’iterambere ry’abantu batandatu rigizwe na Chandani Doshi, Grace Li, Jialin Shi, Bonnie Wang, Charlene Xia, na Tania Yu, abanyeshuri bose biga muri MIT igihe Tactile yasama. &lt;ref name=&quot;microsoft&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ith |first=Tracy |title=How six scrappy young inventors built a breakthrough text-to-Braille translator device |url=https://news.microsoft.com/stories/people/team-tactile.html |website=Microsoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubufatanye bufatika mu [[:en:Materials_science|bumenyi bwa siyansi]], [[:en:Mechanical_engineering|ubukanishi]] [[:en:Electrical_engineering|n’amashanyarazi]], hamwe [[:en:Computer_science|n’ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa]], Tactile yakunzwe cyane n’itangazamakuru &lt;ref name=&quot;upworthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2016 |title=They had 15 hours to come up with an idea that'd improve lives. They did it. |url=http://www.upworthy.com/they-had-15-hours-to-come-up-with-an-idea-thatd-improve-lives-they-did-it |website=Upworthy}}&lt;/ref&gt; kubera umuvuduko wihuse w’iterambere, ndetse n’abayihimbye bose bakaba ari [[Umugore|abagore]] bo mu bice [[:en:Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics|bya STEM]] bafite umubare muto w’abagore bahagarariye. &lt;ref name=&quot;npr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henn |first=Steve |date=21 October 2014 |title=When Women Stopped Coding |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/10/21/357629765/when-women-stopped-coding |website=National Public Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iterambere ==
Tactile itanga ibisobanuro [[:en:Real-time_computing|nyabyo]] byumwandiko [[Icyongereza|wicyongereza]], byafashwe na kamera ihuriweho, muri braille ihindagurika kuburyo [[:en:Refreshable_braille_display|bugaragara]] . Igicuruzwa cyanyuma nukwerekana inyuguti 36 za braille icyarimwe kuri {{Convert|5|x|2|in|abbr=on}} Imigaragarire [note 1] hamwe nigiciro cyagenewe kugurishwa hafi US $ 100. &lt;ref name=&quot;microsoft2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ith |first=Tracy |title=How six scrappy young inventors built a breakthrough text-to-Braille translator device |url=https://news.microsoft.com/stories/people/team-tactile.html |website=Microsoft}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe byerekana braille bigurwa hagati y $ 1.500 kugeza $ 2,500, Tactile yaranzwe nk &quot;&quot; kwaduka kwaduka imbere kumpumyi. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |date=20 December 2016 |title=These 6 Women Undergrads At MIT Invented A Game Changer For The Blind |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2016/12/20/these-6-women-undergrads-at-mit-invented-a-game-changer-for-the-blind/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Tactile Paving - Warning Variants.png|thumb|359x359px|tactile paving]]
Itsinda rya Tactile ryahawe inkunga y'amadorari 10,000 $ muri MIT IDEAS Global Challenge &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |date=20 December 2016 |title=These 6 Women Undergrads At MIT Invented A Game Changer For The Blind |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2016/12/20/these-6-women-undergrads-at-mit-invented-a-game-changer-for-the-blind/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi yemerwa muri Porogaramu ya Microsoft Patent, ahabwa inkunga n'abajyanama mu by'amategeko baturutse muri [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] kugira ngo basabe kurinda patenti muri Amerika. Gusaba kwatanzwe ku ya 16 Nzeri 2016, kuri ubu bikaba bifite [[:en:Patent_pending|ipatanti itegereje]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;microsoft3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ith |first=Tracy |title=How six scrappy young inventors built a breakthrough text-to-Braille translator device |url=https://news.microsoft.com/stories/people/team-tactile.html |website=Microsoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==
[[:en:Assistive_technology|Assistive technology]]

== Inyandiko ==

# [[Dosiye:Tactile Paving Closeup.jpg|thumb|287x287px]]Current functioning prototypes are moderately larger; the intended size assumes the ongoing [[:en:Miniaturization|miniaturization]] of its component systems.

== Ishakiro ==


[[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]]
[[Ikiciro:Uburezi]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubumuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubufasha bwibanze]]
[[Ikiciro:Isi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:40:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Kunoza urubuga: imiterere mishya, ingingo yatoranyijwe, Ese wari uzi ko, amashami, amafoto, ibyiciro n'izindi mbuga</comment>
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      <text bytes="10514" sha1="8jth1u1uhcgl2pq46zkyra06vu8pxro" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#f3effc; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi n'umuco&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Imigongo art.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Imitako y'imigongo, ubugeni gakondo bwo mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda]]
'''Ubugeni n'ubumenyamuntu''' bihuriza hamwe ibikorwa n'ubumenyi byerekeye umuntu n'umuco we: ubuhanzi (ubugeni, [[umuziki]], [[Imbyino|imbyino]], [[ubuvanganzo]], sinema), [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|amateka]] n'indimi. Bigaragaza uko abantu babona isi, uko babana n'uko bahererekanya umurage wabo uko ibisekuruza bisimburana.

Mu Rwanda, ubugeni gakondo burimo kuboha [[agaseke|uduseke]] n'ibiseke, [[ububumbyi]], imitako y'imigongo n'ubucuzi; naho [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda|umuziki gakondo]], [[ingoma]] n'imbyino z'[[intore]] biri mu by'ingenzi biranga [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco nyarwanda]]. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zerekeye ubugeni, amateka n'indimi.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Langues rwanda-rundi (carte).jpg|frameless|left|140px|link=Ikinyarwanda|Ikinyarwanda]]
'''Ikinyarwanda''' ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikibantu, rukaba ururimi gakondo n'ururimi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Kivugwa n'Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose, kikanavugwa mu nkengero z'u Rwanda: mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Uganda no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya. Gisa cyane n'[[Ikirundi]] n'Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya, ku buryo ababivuga bumvikana.

'''[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … [[Ikinyarwanda]] ari rumwe mu ndimi enye zemewe mu Rwanda, hamwe n'[[Icyongereza]], Igifaransa n'[[Igiswahili]]?
* … [[Alexis Kagame]] yanditse igitabo ''La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956), gishingiye ku rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda?
* … [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]] i Kigali yahoze ari inzu ya Richard Kandt, wafatwa nk'uwashinze umujyi wa [[Kigali]]?
* … imitako y'imigongo ikorwa mu mase y'inka avanze n'ivu, igasigwa amabara y'umukara, umweru n'umutuku?
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&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubugeni n'ubukorikori&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubugeni]]
* [[Agaseke]]
* [[Ububumbyi]]
* [[Ikibindi]]
* [[Ikibumbano cya Kicukiro]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuziki n'imbyino&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuziki]]
* [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda]]
* [[Ingoma]]
* [[Inanga]]
* [[Umuduri]]
* [[Imbyino]]
* [[Intore]]
* [[Cécile Kayirebwa]]
* [[Kizito Mihigo]]
* [[Nyiranyamibwa Suzana]]
* [[Butera Knowless]]
* [[King James]]
* [[Meddy]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubuvanganzo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubuvanganzo]]
* [[Umuvugo]]
* [[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ibisakuzo]]
* [[Alexis Kagame]]
* [[Scholastique Mukasonga]]
* [[Yolande Mukagasana]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Sinema&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Hotel Rwanda]]
* [[Sometimes in April]]
* [[Bikira Mariya wa Nili (filime)]]
* [[Mizero Ncuti Gatwa]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amateka&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Gihanga I]]
* [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]]
* [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]]
* [[Yuhi V Musinga]]
* [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]
* [[Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]]
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Kigali ya cyera]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Abana b'Inyange]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umurage n'ingoro ndangamurage&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]]
* [[Ikigo ndangamuco n’ingoro ndangamurage ya Karonga]]
* [[Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ikirenge cya Ruganzu]]
* [[Inteko y'Umuco mu Rwanda]]
* [[INYAMBO|Inyambo]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Indimi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ikirundi]]
* [[Igiswahili]]
* [[Icyongereza]]
* [[Amazina y’ururimi mu kinyarwanda]]
* [[Amagambo ahinnye]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuco&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuco nyarwanda]]
* [[Imyemerere gakondo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Igiseke.jpg|Igiseke
Imigongo art.jpg|Imigongo
Intore Performance.jpg|Intore
Umukaraza ku ngoma.jpg|Umukaraza ku ngoma
King's palace in Nyanza.jpg|Ingoro y'umwami i Nyanza
Ikibindi yanyweragamo.jpg|Ikibindi
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda|Umuco w' U Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Umuziki nyarwanda|Umuziki nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda|Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda|Filime nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubuvanganzo|Ubuvanganzo]] · [[:Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda|Amateka y’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda|Abami b’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indimi|Indimi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi zerekeye ubugeni n'amateka ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Imigongo]] · [[Ubwubatsi]] · [[Ubudozi]] · [[Imigani]] · [[Ikinamico]] · [[Filozofiya]] · [[Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]] · [[Gisaka]] · [[Ubukoloni]] · [[Masamba Intore]] · [[Ikembe]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #6b4fbb; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8jth1u1uhcgl2pq46zkyra06vu8pxro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142526</id>
      <parentid>142525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Arts]] to [[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
      <origin>142525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10514" sha1="8jth1u1uhcgl2pq46zkyra06vu8pxro" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#f3effc; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi n'umuco&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Imigongo art.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Imitako y'imigongo, ubugeni gakondo bwo mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda]]
'''Ubugeni n'ubumenyamuntu''' bihuriza hamwe ibikorwa n'ubumenyi byerekeye umuntu n'umuco we: ubuhanzi (ubugeni, [[umuziki]], [[Imbyino|imbyino]], [[ubuvanganzo]], sinema), [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|amateka]] n'indimi. Bigaragaza uko abantu babona isi, uko babana n'uko bahererekanya umurage wabo uko ibisekuruza bisimburana.

Mu Rwanda, ubugeni gakondo burimo kuboha [[agaseke|uduseke]] n'ibiseke, [[ububumbyi]], imitako y'imigongo n'ubucuzi; naho [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda|umuziki gakondo]], [[ingoma]] n'imbyino z'[[intore]] biri mu by'ingenzi biranga [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco nyarwanda]]. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zerekeye ubugeni, amateka n'indimi.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Langues rwanda-rundi (carte).jpg|frameless|left|140px|link=Ikinyarwanda|Ikinyarwanda]]
'''Ikinyarwanda''' ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikibantu, rukaba ururimi gakondo n'ururimi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Kivugwa n'Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose, kikanavugwa mu nkengero z'u Rwanda: mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Uganda no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya. Gisa cyane n'[[Ikirundi]] n'Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya, ku buryo ababivuga bumvikana.

'''[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … [[Ikinyarwanda]] ari rumwe mu ndimi enye zemewe mu Rwanda, hamwe n'[[Icyongereza]], Igifaransa n'[[Igiswahili]]?
* … [[Alexis Kagame]] yanditse igitabo ''La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956), gishingiye ku rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda?
* … [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]] i Kigali yahoze ari inzu ya Richard Kandt, wafatwa nk'uwashinze umujyi wa [[Kigali]]?
* … imitako y'imigongo ikorwa mu mase y'inka avanze n'ivu, igasigwa amabara y'umukara, umweru n'umutuku?
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubugeni n'ubukorikori&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubugeni]]
* [[Agaseke]]
* [[Ububumbyi]]
* [[Ikibindi]]
* [[Ikibumbano cya Kicukiro]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuziki n'imbyino&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuziki]]
* [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda]]
* [[Ingoma]]
* [[Inanga]]
* [[Umuduri]]
* [[Imbyino]]
* [[Intore]]
* [[Cécile Kayirebwa]]
* [[Kizito Mihigo]]
* [[Nyiranyamibwa Suzana]]
* [[Butera Knowless]]
* [[King James]]
* [[Meddy]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubuvanganzo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubuvanganzo]]
* [[Umuvugo]]
* [[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ibisakuzo]]
* [[Alexis Kagame]]
* [[Scholastique Mukasonga]]
* [[Yolande Mukagasana]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Sinema&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Hotel Rwanda]]
* [[Sometimes in April]]
* [[Bikira Mariya wa Nili (filime)]]
* [[Mizero Ncuti Gatwa]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amateka&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Gihanga I]]
* [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]]
* [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]]
* [[Yuhi V Musinga]]
* [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]
* [[Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]]
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Kigali ya cyera]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Abana b'Inyange]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umurage n'ingoro ndangamurage&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]]
* [[Ikigo ndangamuco n’ingoro ndangamurage ya Karonga]]
* [[Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ikirenge cya Ruganzu]]
* [[Inteko y'Umuco mu Rwanda]]
* [[INYAMBO|Inyambo]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Indimi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ikirundi]]
* [[Igiswahili]]
* [[Icyongereza]]
* [[Amazina y’ururimi mu kinyarwanda]]
* [[Amagambo ahinnye]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuco&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuco nyarwanda]]
* [[Imyemerere gakondo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Igiseke.jpg|Igiseke
Imigongo art.jpg|Imigongo
Intore Performance.jpg|Intore
Umukaraza ku ngoma.jpg|Umukaraza ku ngoma
King's palace in Nyanza.jpg|Ingoro y'umwami i Nyanza
Ikibindi yanyweragamo.jpg|Ikibindi
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda|Umuco w' U Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Umuziki nyarwanda|Umuziki nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda|Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda|Filime nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubuvanganzo|Ubuvanganzo]] · [[:Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda|Amateka y’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda|Abami b’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indimi|Indimi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi zerekeye ubugeni n'amateka ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Imigongo]] · [[Ubwubatsi]] · [[Ubudozi]] · [[Imigani]] · [[Ikinamico]] · [[Filozofiya]] · [[Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]] · [[Gisaka]] · [[Ubukoloni]] · [[Masamba Intore]] · [[Ikembe]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #6b4fbb; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Portail:Arts|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Sciences|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Société|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Technologies|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8jth1u1uhcgl2pq46zkyra06vu8pxro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142533</id>
      <parentid>142526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guhindura amahuza y'amarembo (Portail: → Wikipedia:Irembo/)</comment>
      <origin>142533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10628" sha1="r18cyrsz60xnfstywh1o82zp0b6fk24" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#f3effc; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#6b4fbb;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi n'umuco&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Imigongo art.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Imitako y'imigongo, ubugeni gakondo bwo mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda]]
'''Ubugeni n'ubumenyamuntu''' bihuriza hamwe ibikorwa n'ubumenyi byerekeye umuntu n'umuco we: ubuhanzi (ubugeni, [[umuziki]], [[Imbyino|imbyino]], [[ubuvanganzo]], sinema), [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|amateka]] n'indimi. Bigaragaza uko abantu babona isi, uko babana n'uko bahererekanya umurage wabo uko ibisekuruza bisimburana.

Mu Rwanda, ubugeni gakondo burimo kuboha [[agaseke|uduseke]] n'ibiseke, [[ububumbyi]], imitako y'imigongo n'ubucuzi; naho [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda|umuziki gakondo]], [[ingoma]] n'imbyino z'[[intore]] biri mu by'ingenzi biranga [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco nyarwanda]]. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zerekeye ubugeni, amateka n'indimi.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Langues rwanda-rundi (carte).jpg|frameless|left|140px|link=Ikinyarwanda|Ikinyarwanda]]
'''Ikinyarwanda''' ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi z'Ikibantu, rukaba ururimi gakondo n'ururimi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Kivugwa n'Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose, kikanavugwa mu nkengero z'u Rwanda: mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Uganda no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya. Gisa cyane n'[[Ikirundi]] n'Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya, ku buryo ababivuga bumvikana.

'''[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … [[Ikinyarwanda]] ari rumwe mu ndimi enye zemewe mu Rwanda, hamwe n'[[Icyongereza]], Igifaransa n'[[Igiswahili]]?
* … [[Alexis Kagame]] yanditse igitabo ''La philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être'' (1956), gishingiye ku rurimi rw'Ikinyarwanda?
* … [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]] i Kigali yahoze ari inzu ya Richard Kandt, wafatwa nk'uwashinze umujyi wa [[Kigali]]?
* … imitako y'imigongo ikorwa mu mase y'inka avanze n'ivu, igasigwa amabara y'umukara, umweru n'umutuku?
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubugeni n'ubukorikori&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubugeni]]
* [[Agaseke]]
* [[Ububumbyi]]
* [[Ikibindi]]
* [[Ikibumbano cya Kicukiro]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuziki n'imbyino&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuziki]]
* [[Umuziki gakondo w'u Rwanda]]
* [[Ingoma]]
* [[Inanga]]
* [[Umuduri]]
* [[Imbyino]]
* [[Intore]]
* [[Cécile Kayirebwa]]
* [[Kizito Mihigo]]
* [[Nyiranyamibwa Suzana]]
* [[Butera Knowless]]
* [[King James]]
* [[Meddy]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubuvanganzo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubuvanganzo]]
* [[Umuvugo]]
* [[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ibisakuzo]]
* [[Alexis Kagame]]
* [[Scholastique Mukasonga]]
* [[Yolande Mukagasana]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Sinema&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Hotel Rwanda]]
* [[Sometimes in April]]
* [[Bikira Mariya wa Nili (filime)]]
* [[Mizero Ncuti Gatwa]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amateka&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Gihanga I]]
* [[Ruganzu II Ndoli]]
* [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]]
* [[Yuhi V Musinga]]
* [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]]
* [[Kigeli V Ndahindurwa]]
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Kigali ya cyera]]
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Abana b'Inyange]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umurage n'ingoro ndangamurage&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Inzu Ndangamurage ya Richard Kandt]]
* [[Ikigo ndangamuco n’ingoro ndangamurage ya Karonga]]
* [[Urutonde rw'ibicumbi ndangamurage byo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ikirenge cya Ruganzu]]
* [[Inteko y'Umuco mu Rwanda]]
* [[INYAMBO|Inyambo]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Indimi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ikinyarwanda]]
* [[Ikirundi]]
* [[Igiswahili]]
* [[Icyongereza]]
* [[Amazina y’ururimi mu kinyarwanda]]
* [[Amagambo ahinnye]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umuco&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umuco nyarwanda]]
* [[Imyemerere gakondo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Igiseke.jpg|Igiseke
Imigongo art.jpg|Imigongo
Intore Performance.jpg|Intore
Umukaraza ku ngoma.jpg|Umukaraza ku ngoma
King's palace in Nyanza.jpg|Ingoro y'umwami i Nyanza
Ikibindi yanyweragamo.jpg|Ikibindi
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda|Umuco w' U Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Umuziki nyarwanda|Umuziki nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda|Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda|Filime nyarwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubuvanganzo|Ubuvanganzo]] · [[:Ikiciro:Amateka y’u Rwanda|Amateka y’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abami b’u Rwanda|Abami b’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indimi|Indimi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#6b4fbb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi zerekeye ubugeni n'amateka ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Imigongo]] · [[Ubwubatsi]] · [[Ubudozi]] · [[Imigani]] · [[Ikinamico]] · [[Filozofiya]] · [[Ubwami bw'u Rwanda]] · [[Gisaka]] · [[Ubukoloni]] · [[Masamba Intore]] · [[Ikembe]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #6b4fbb; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r18cyrsz60xnfstywh1o82zp0b6fk24</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>18745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142529</id>
      <parentid>135729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Technologies]] to [[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
      <origin>135729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1922" sha1="sfe62ri86rnxwfigo9ritdyygpzht3c" xml:space="preserve"> [[File:Lenovo G500s laptop-2903.jpg|thumb|Mudasobwa|alt=Mudasobwa]]'''Iterambere ry’Ikoranabuhanga mu Isi ya none'''

Ikoranabuhanga ni ugukoresha ubumenyi bw'ibitekerezo kugira ngo ugere ku ntego zifatika, cyane cyane mu buryo bwororoka.&lt;ref&gt;cyane cyane&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri iki gihe, isi imaze gutera imbere cyane mu ikoranabuhanga, aho ibintu byinshi bikorwa hifashishijwe mudasobwa, telefone zigezweho, n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga. Ubu abantu bashobora gukorana no gutumanaho batari kumwe, bigizwemo uruhare na interineti n’ibindi bikoresho bigezweho.

Kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bimaze kugerwaho ni ubwenge bw’ubukorano (Artificial Intelligence - AI), aho mudasobwa zisigaye zishobora gukora ibintu byakorwaga n’abantu, nko gutanga ibisubizo mu buryo bwihuse, kwiga imyitwarire y’abantu, ndetse no gufasha mu buvuzi.

Nanone, habonetse imodoka zitagira abashoferi, ndetse hari n’indege ntoya (drones) zisigaye zikoreshwa mu gutwara ibintu no gufata amashusho. Mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi, ubu hari imashini zifasha abaganga kumenya indwara hakiri kare no gukora ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi birimo kubaga umuntu hatabayeho kumukata.

Mu bijyanye n’itumanaho, interineti yihuta (5G) yatangiye kwifashishwa mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, bituma abantu babasha gukoresha interineti byihuse kandi neza. Ndetse hari no gukorwa ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rya 6G rizaba rirushijeho kugira umuvuduko udasanzwe.

Ikoranabuhanga ryageze no mu bukungu, aho amafaranga ya mudasobwa (cryptocurrency) amaze gufata intera, ndetse hari uburyo bushya bwo kwishyurana hakoreshejwe telefone, bitagisaba kugira konti muri banki.

Uko ikoranabuhanga rikomeza gutera imbere, ni ko n’ubuzima bw’abantu burushaho koroha, ariko nanone hagomba gukorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo rikoreshwe mu buryo buboneye, ririnda umutekano w’amakuru y’abantu, kandi ridateza ibibazo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>sfe62ri86rnxwfigo9ritdyygpzht3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142540</id>
      <parentid>142529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T21:09:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza urubuga: imiterere mishya, ingingo yatoranyijwe, Ese wari uzi ko, amashami, amafoto, ibyiciro n'izindi mbuga</comment>
      <origin>142540</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9267" sha1="mlccn9cwitp7kr1p8q7x9qbpkd7iloh" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#e6f5f6; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #0f7480;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#0f7480;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Ikoranabuhanga&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, itumanaho, ingufu, ubwikorezi n'inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Lenovo G500s laptop-2903.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Mudasobwa igendanwa]]
'''Ikoranabuhanga''' ni ugukoresha ubumenyi bwa siyanse mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Rifasha guhanga ibikoresho, imashini n'uburyo bushya bwo gukora. Ririmo mudasobwa, interineti n'itumanaho. Ririmo kandi [[Ibitanga ingufu|ingufu]], ubwikorezi n'inganda.

Ubu ibikorwa byinshi bikorwa hifashishijwe mudasobwa na telefone. Abantu bavugana batari kumwe. Bishyurana bakoresheje telefone. Ubwenge buhangano (AI) na bwo butangiye gukoreshwa henshi. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zerekeye ikoranabuhanga.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Internet-problems.svg|frameless|left|140px|link=Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze|Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze]]
'''Interineti''' (murandasi) yatangiye mu myaka ya 1960 na 1970. Mbere yari igenewe gufasha abasirikare kuvugana. Ubu ihuza mudasobwa z'abantu za miliyari ku isi hose. Iyi ngingo ivuga amateka yayo. Inavuga aho u Rwanda rugeze mu kuyikoresha.

'''[[Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … u Rwanda ari cyo gihugu cya mbere cyakoresheje drones mu kugeza amaraso ku bitaro (2016)?
* … gaz méthane yo mu [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] itanga amashanyarazi?
* … [[RwandAir]] ari sosiyete y'indege y'u Rwanda?
* … [[Kigali Innovation City]] ari umujyi w'ikoranabuhanga uri kubakwa i Kigali?
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa n'interineti&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|Ikoranabuhanga]]
* [[Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze]]
* [[Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti]]
* [[Ubucuruzi bw’Iyakure (murandasi)]]
* [[Ubwenge buhangano(ai) mu rwanda]]
* [[Facebook]]
* [[Irembo Gov]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Itumanaho n'itangazamakuru&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[MTN Rwanda]]
* [[Airtel Rwanda]]
* [[Radiyo 1RPH]]
* [[Ikinyamakuru]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingufu&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ibitanga ingufu|Ingufu]]
* [[Ingufu mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ingufu zidahumanya]]
* [[Ingufu za Gaz methani]]
* [[Amashanyarazi kuri Kivu 56]]
* [[Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Rusumo]]
* [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station]]
* [[Sitasiyo y'Amashanyarazi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubwikorezi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[RwandAir]]
* [[Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kamembe]]
* [[Ubwikorezi bwa Gari ya moshi mu Rwanda]]
* [[Imodoka]]
* [[Igare]]
* [[Ikiraro]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Inganda n'udushya&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Inganda]]
* [[Inganda mu Rwanda]]
* [[Kigali Innovation City]]
* [[Kigali Convention Centre]]
* [[Crypto currency (ifaranga koranabuhanga)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ikoranabuhanga rifasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Domo (robot)]]
* [[Assistive Technology Acts]]
* [[Braille Note]]
* [[EyeWriter]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Zipline Drone Rain Recovery.jpg|Drone ya Zipline
Airbus A330-300 9XR-WP of RwandAir Heathrow 2024H.jpg|Indege ya RwandAir
An aerial of Kigali Convention Center on June 19, 2019. Photo by Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|Kigali Convention Centre
Rusumo hydropower.jpg|Urugomero rwa Rusumo
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere|Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]] · [[:Ikiciro:Umuriro|Umuriro]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indege|Indege]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi|Ubwikorezi]] · [[:Ikiciro:Inganda zo mu Rwanda|Inganda zo mu Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Itangazamakuru|Itangazamakuru]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#0f7480; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi z'ikoranabuhanga ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Mudasobwa]] · [[Interineti]] · [[Telefone ngendanwa]] · [[Porogaramu]] · [[Imbuga nkoranyambaga]] · [[Wikipediya]] · [[Robo]] · [[Drone]] · [[Satelite]] · [[Radiyo]] · [[Televiziyo]] · [[Amashanyarazi]] · [[Indege]] · [[Ubwato]] · [[Mobile money]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #0f7480; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Ikoranabuhanga'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mlccn9cwitp7kr1p8q7x9qbpkd7iloh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>18746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142528</id>
      <parentid>130478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Société]] to [[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
      <origin>130478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="o2gjw772udso2l1r7nnm5frspvkgs42" xml:space="preserve">'''[https://IMIBIREHO&amp;#x20;YA&amp;#x20;SOCIYETE&amp;#x20;NIBISOBANURO&amp;#x20;BYAYO IMIBIREHO YA SOCIYETE NIBISOBANURO BYAYO]'''[[Dosiye:Wiki Advocates Ph volunteers in Highlands, Albay Province - Group photo 4.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Abakorerabushake mu misozi ]]
[[Dosiye:Group of people icon.svg|thumb|218x218px]]
'''Sosiyete''' ni itsinda ry'abantu bagize uruhare mu bikorwa by'imibanire myiza cyangwa itsinda rinini ry'imibereho isangiye akarere kamwe cyangwa imibereho, ubusanzwe bagengwa n'ubutegetsi bwa politiki hamwe n'ibyifuzo by'umuco byiganje. 
[[File:Ghent April 2012-2.jpg|thumb]]</text>
      <sha1>o2gjw772udso2l1r7nnm5frspvkgs42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142538</id>
      <parentid>142528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza urubuga: imiterere mishya, ingingo yatoranyijwe, Ese wari uzi ko, amashami, amafoto, ibyiciro n'izindi mbuga</comment>
      <origin>142538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10097" sha1="ny909k56kz16rtrd6943h1ceem36c22" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#fdeceb; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #b03a2e;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#b03a2e;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Umuryango w'abantu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini, uburezi n'imibereho&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Umuganda rusange mu Rwanda.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Abaturage mu muganda rusange]]
'''Umuryango w'abantu''' (sosiyete) ni itsinda ry'abantu babana mu karere kamwe, basangiye imibereho, umuco n'inzego zibayobora. Ubumenyi bw'umuryango w'abantu bwiga uko abantu bayoborwa ([[Politiki y'u Rwanda|politiki]]), uko babona kandi bagasaranganya umutungo ([[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|ubukungu]]), imyemerere yabo ([[idini]]), [[uburezi]], [[Uburenganzira bwa muntu|uburenganzira bwa muntu]] n'imibereho myiza.

Mu Rwanda, imibanire y'abaturage irangwa n'ibikorwa bishingiye ku muco nka [[umuganda]] n'[[ubudehe]], ndetse n'inzego nk'[[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda]]. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zerekeye politiki, ubukungu, amadini n'imibereho y'abaturage.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Umuganda.jpg|frameless|left|140px|link=Umuganda|Umuganda]]
'''Umuganda''' ni igikorwa rusange cy'Abanyarwanda gifite inkomoko mu muco gakondo, ku gikorwa cyitwaga « umubyizi », aho abavandimwe, incuti n'abaturanyi bishyiraga hamwe bagafasha umwe muri bo kurangiza imirimo runaka. Watangiye gukorwa nk'igikorwa cyo gufasha igihugu mu iterambere mu 1962, uza kuba gahunda ya Leta mu 1974. Ubu ukorwa n'Abanyarwanda bujuje imyaka y'ubukure, ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi.

'''[[Umuganda|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bifite umubare munini w'abagore mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko]], aho barenga 60% by'abadepite?
* … [[umuganda]] ukorwa ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi?
* … inkiko Gacaca, zakoze kuva mu 2002 kugeza mu 2012, zaburanishije imanza zigera kuri miliyoni ebyiri zerekeye [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]?
* … [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda]] yashinzwe mu 1964?
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Politiki n'ubutegetsi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politiki y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Paul Kagame]]
* [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri]]
* [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Intara z’u Rwanda]]
* [[Amatora]]
* [[Social Democratic Party]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubukungu n'imari&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda]]
* [[Ubukungu bw'Afurika]]
* [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Banki ya Kigali]]
* [[Isoko ry’Imari n’Imigabane]]
* [[Ifaranga]]
* [[Ubucuruzi mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga]]
* [[Imari iciriritse mu Rwanda]]
* [[Ubukerarugendo]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amadini n'imyemerere&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Idini]]
* [[Ubukirisitu]]
* [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]
* [[Islamu]]
* [[Bibiliya]]
* [[Imana]]
* [[Imyemerere gakondo mu Rwanda]]
* [[Kubandwa no Guterekera]]
* [[Abahamya ba Yehova]]
* [[ADEPR Rwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uburezi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Uburezi]]
* [[Uburezi mu Rwanda]]
* [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]
* [[Uburenganzira bw’umwana mu Rwanda ku burezi n’imibereho]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Imibereho n'uburenganzira&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Uburenganzira bwa muntu]]
* [[Umugore]]
* [[Umwana]]
* [[Umuryango]]
* [[Ubumuga]]
* [[Umuganda]]
* [[Ubudehe]]
* [[Iterambere]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amateka n'ubutabera&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Abiru]]
* [[Urukiko rw'Ubutabera rwa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Umuganda rusange mu Rwanda.jpg|Umuganda
An aerial view of new look of Rwanda Parliament Building in Kimihurura, Kigali on May 16, 2019. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|Inyubako y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko
Kimironko Market, Kigali.jpg|Isoko rya Kimironko
Saint Famille Kigali.jpg|Kiliziya ya Sainte-Famille i Kigali
Green mosque Kigali.jpg|Umusigiti i Kigali
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Politiki y'urwanda|Politiki y'urwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki|Abanyapolitiki]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda|Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda|Banki zo mu Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Iyobokamana|Iyobokamana]] · [[:Ikiciro:Amadini n'amatorero|Amadini n'amatorero]] · [[:Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda|Uburezi mu Rwanda]] · [[:Ikiciro:Uburenganzira bwa muntu|Uburenganzira bwa muntu]] · [[:Ikiciro:Imibereho myiza|Imibereho myiza]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b03a2e; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi zerekeye umuryango w'abantu ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Politiki]] · [[Demokarasi]] · [[Itegeko Nshinga ry'u Rwanda]] · [[Guverinoma y'u Rwanda]] · [[Umuryango w'Abibumbye]] · [[Umuryango wa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba]] · [[Ubukungu]] · [[Ubucuruzi]] · [[Inkiko Gacaca]] · [[Girinka]] · [[Imihigo]] · [[Ubutabera]] · [[Itangazamakuru]] · [[Ubukene]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #b03a2e; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Umuryango w'abantu'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ny909k56kz16rtrd6943h1ceem36c22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>18747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142527</id>
      <parentid>140991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Sciences]] to [[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
      <origin>140991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2172" sha1="l2iamn8pumddhlqr8q0d5g3tvhtyk19" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; margin-bottom:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0.8em 1em;&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:180%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rwa Siyanse&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwerekeye isanzure, ibinyabuzima n'isi dutuyeho&lt;/div&gt;
|}

[[File:Estudiante INTEC.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Umunyeshuri mu masomo ya siyanse]]
'''Siyanse''' ni uburyo buteguwe bwo kubaka no gutunganya ubumenyi, hifashishijwe kwitegereza, igerageza n'isesengura, kugira ngo hasobanurwe kandi hahanurwe imikorere y'isanzure. Siyanse igira uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi, kandi amateka y'isi yashingiye cyane kuri siyanse n'ubumenyi ngiro.

Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zivuga kuri siyanse, zigabanyijemo amashami yayo y'ingenzi.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{| style=&quot;width:100%; border-spacing:8px;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em 1em;&quot; |
== Imibare n'Ubugenge ==
* [[Imibare]]
* [[UBUGENGE|Ubugenge]]
* [[Urumuri]]
* [[Igihe]]
* [[Ibitanga ingufu|Ingufu]]

== Ikirere n'Isanzure ==
* [[Izuba]]
* [[Ukwezi]]
* [[Inyenyeri]]
* [[Isi]]

== Ubumenyi bw'Isi ==
* [[Ubutaka]]
* [[Amazi]]
* [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|Ibirunga]]
* [[Ikirunga cya Nyiragongo]]

| style=&quot;width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em 1em;&quot; |
== Ibinyabuzima ==
* [[Ibinyabuzima]]
* [[Ikimera|Ibimera]]
* [[Inyamaswa]]
* [[Bagiteri]]
* [[Virusi]]

== Ubuvuzi ==
* [[Ubuvuzi]]
* [[Marariya]]

== Ibidukikije n'Ingufu ==
* [[Umwuka]]
* [[Ikirere]]
* [[Guhumanya ikirere(Air pollution)|Ihumana ry'ikirere]]
* [[Ingufu zidahumanya]]
* [[Ubuhinzi]]
|}

{| style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; margin-top:1em;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0.5em 1em;&quot; |
== Uko wafasha ==
Inyandiko nyinshi za siyanse ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:
[[Ubutabire]] · [[Selile]] · [[Atomu]] · [[Umubumbe]] · [[Ubwihindurize]] · [[Indwara]] · [[Mudasobwa]]

== Reba kandi ==
[[Portail:Technologies]] · [[Portail:Sciences humaines]] · [[Portail:Société]] · [[Portail:Arts]]
|}</text>
      <sha1>l2iamn8pumddhlqr8q0d5g3tvhtyk19</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142534</id>
      <parentid>142527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza urubuga: imiterere mishya, ingingo yatoranyijwe, Ese wari uzi ko, amashami, amafoto, ibyiciro n'izindi mbuga</comment>
      <origin>142534</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10038" sha1="9tjzr7z67cb8ixxtgzxydwfh2j994wg" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:center; gap:14px; padding:12px 18px; margin-bottom:12px; border-radius:6px; background:#fff4e5; color:#202122; border-top:6px solid #b35c00;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|72px|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:190%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25; color:#b35c00;&quot;&gt;Ikaze ku rubuga rw'Ubumenyi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%; color:#54595d;&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n'ibintu karemano: isanzure, isi n'ibinyabuzima&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:12px; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; overflow:hidden;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Estudiante INTEC.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Umunyeshuri mu igerageza rya siyanse]]
'''Siyanse''' (ubumenyi) ni uburyo buteguwe bwo kubaka no gutunganya ubumenyi, hifashishijwe kwitegereza, igerageza n'isesengura, kugira ngo hasobanurwe kandi hahanurwe imikorere y'isanzure. Igabanyijemo amashami menshi: [[imibare]], ubugenge, ubutabire, [[Ibinyabuzima|ibinyabuzima]], ubumenyi bw'isi n'ikirere, [[ubuvuzi]] n'ibindi.

Siyanse igira uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi: mu [[ubuhinzi]], mu kurwanya indwara nka [[marariya]], mu kurinda ibidukikije no mu gukoresha [[Ingufu zidahumanya|ingufu zidahumanya]]. Uru rubuga ruhuriza hamwe inyandiko za Wikipediya y'Ikinyarwanda zivuga kuri siyanse, zigabanyijemo amashami yayo y'ingenzi.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 420px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[Dosiye:Susa group, mountain gorilla.jpg|frameless|left|140px|link=Ingagi zo mu birunga|Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
'''Ingagi zo mu birunga''', zitwa kandi ingagi zo mu misozi miremire (''Gorilla beringei beringei''), ni bumwe mu bwoko buto bubiri bw'ingagi zo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika. Ziboneka gusa ahantu habiri ku isi: mu misozi y'[[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|Ibirunga]], ahahurira u Rwanda, Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, no mu ishyamba rya Bwindi muri Uganda. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku kubungabunga ibidukikije (IUCN) uzishyira mu bwoko buri mu kaga.

'''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga|Soma byinshi…]]'''
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ese wari uzi ko…?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* … ikirunga cya Karisimbi, gifite metero 4 507, ari cyo gisongero kirekire kurusha ibindi mu Rwanda?
* … [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] ibamo amoko 13 y'inguge, harimo n'impundu?
* … [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] kibitse gaz méthane ikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi?
* … [[marariya]] iterwa n'udukoko two mu bwoko bwa ''Plasmodium'', ikwirakwizwa n'umubu w'ingore wo mu bwoko bwa ''Anopheles''?
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Imibare n'ubugenge&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Imibare]]
* [[UBUGENGE|Ubugenge]]
* [[Urumuri]]
* [[Igihe]]
* [[Ibitanga ingufu|Ingufu]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ikirere n'isanzure&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Izuba]]
* [[Ukwezi]]
* [[Inyenyeri]]
* [[Isi]]
* [[Ikirere]]
* [[Imvura]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bw'isi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubutaka]]
* [[Amazi]]
* [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|Ibirunga]]
* [[Ikirunga cya Nyiragongo]]
* [[Umutingito w'isi]]
* [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
* [[Igishanga]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibinyabuzima&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ibinyabuzima]]
* [[Ikimera|Ibimera]]
* [[Inyamaswa]]
* [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
* [[Inzovu]]
* [[Imbogo]]
* [[Amafi]]
* [[Bagiteri]]
* [[Virusi]]
* [[Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibimera n'indabo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
* [[Spathodea campanulata]]
* [[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]
* [[Heliconia rostrata]]
* [[Bougainvillea]]
* [[Brugmansia suaveolens]]
* [[Duranta erecta]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 340px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Umubiri n'ubuvuzi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ubuvuzi]]
* [[Umutima]]
* [[Ubwonko]]
* [[Amaraso]]
* [[Marariya]]
* [[SIDA]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Indwara ya Ebola|Ebola]]
* [[Igituntu]]
* [[Kanseri]]
* [[Imirire]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 280px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibidukikije n'ingufu&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-width:13em;&quot;&gt;
* [[Umwuka]]
* [[Guhumanya ikirere(Air pollution)|Ihumana ry'ikirere]]
* [[Imihindagurikire y’ikirere]]
* [[Ingufu zidahumanya]]
* [[Ishyamba]]
* [[Ubuhinzi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 600px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Amafoto&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Susa group, mountain gorilla.jpg|Ingagi zo mu birunga
Akagera National Park Giraffes.jpg|Twiga muri Pariki y'Akagera
Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg|Spathodea campanulata
Lake Kivu.jpg|Ikiyaga cya Kivu
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin-bottom:12px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Ibyiciro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
[[:Ikiciro:Ibimera|Ibimera]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indabo|Indabo]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ibiti|Ibiti]] · [[:Ikiciro:Inyamaswa|Inyamaswa]] · [[:Ikiciro:Inyamabere|Inyamabere]] · [[:Ikiciro:Inyoni|Inyoni]] · [[:Ikiciro:Indwara|Indwara]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ibidukikije|Ibidukikije]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ikirere|Ikirere]] · [[:Ikiciro:Ubutaka|Ubutaka]] · [[:Ikiciro:Amazi|Amazi]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px; border:1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius:6px; overflow:hidden; background:#ffffff; color:#202122;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#b35c00; color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding:5px 12px; font-size:110%;&quot;&gt;Uko wafasha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:6px 14px 8px;&quot;&gt;
Inyandiko nyinshi za siyanse ntiziraboneka mu Kinyarwanda. Ushobora kwandika cyangwa kunoza izi zikurikira:

[[Ubutabire]] · [[Selile]] · [[Atomu]] · [[Umubumbe]] · [[Ubwihindurize]] · [[Indwara]] · [[Ogisijeni]] · [[Karubone]] · [[Isanzure]] · [[Diyabete]] · [[Urukingo]] · [[ADN]] · [[Albert Einstein]] · [[Isaac Newton]] · [[Charles Darwin]] · [[Marie Curie]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;notheme&quot; style=&quot;display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; gap:8px 22px; padding:8px 12px; border-top:4px solid #b35c00; background:#f8f9fa; color:#202122; border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Izindi mbuga&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Ubumenyi'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|32px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9tjzr7z67cb8ixxtgzxydwfh2j994wg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>18748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142531</id>
      <parentid>130480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Portail:Vie quotidienne et loisirs]] to [[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
      <origin>130480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1343" sha1="bmvq0fwb8pz323231vwwmzrliomamfi" xml:space="preserve">Siporo ni uburyo bw’imikorere cyangwa umukino. Akenshi guhatana no gutondekanya, gukoresha siporo, kubungabunga, cyangwa kuzamura ubushobozi n'ubuhanga. Akenshi iba igamije kubungabunga ubuzima bwa muntu cyangwa se guhuza abantu baturuka ahantu hatandukanye. 

Mu Rwanda ho siporo igaragara mu mikino ndetse no mu mirimo itandukanye isaba n'ingufu, ku buryo ushobora kuba wakora akazi ukagira icyo wiyongeraho kingana n'uwakoze siporo.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/indi-mikino/Basanga-siporo-ifite-agaciro-mu-gutunganya-neza-umurimo&lt;/ref&gt;

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ([[:en:World_Health_Organization|WHO]]) n'ubundi bushakashatsi igaragaza ishusho rusange:

* '''Abantu bakuru:''' Bibarwa ko hafi '''75% kugeza kuri 84%''' by'abantu bakuru muri Afurika bujuje urwego rwa siporo rukwiriye (nibura iminota 150 mu cyumweru) &lt;ref&gt;https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3700262/&lt;/ref&gt;
** '''Abatishoboye (Inactive):''' Raporo ya( [[:en:World_Health_Organization|WHO]]) ivuga ko muri rusange '''22.1%''' by'abantu bakuru muri Afurika (ni ukuvuga abasaga '''miliyoni 223''') badakora siporo ihagije WHO Africa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2020-10/AFR-RC70-10%20Framework%20for%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20GAPPA.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Leisure activity in Mongolia.jpg|thumb|Imyidagaduro]]</text>
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    <title>Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga</title>
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      <comment>Score Beethoven moved page [[Ibiganiro:Portail:Technologies]] to [[Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga]] without leaving a redirect: Kwimurira amarembo mu mwanya w'izina wa Wikipedia (Irembo)</comment>
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      <text bytes="262" sha1="otwbf6zuxbhm2ub930hf6k28x9bmrst" xml:space="preserve">== ibyiza byikoranabuhanga ku isi ==

ikoranabuhanga rifasha mubintu byishi bigiye bitandukanye harimo gufasha mubuhinzi nibindi [[Umukoresha:BYIRINGIRO Islael|BYIRINGIRO Islael]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:BYIRINGIRO Islael|talk]]) 05:50, 26 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urutare rwa Bigogwe</title>
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      <text bytes="1454" sha1="rkd4nnz0gilyaigpw8795gfuersinbp" xml:space="preserve">Urutare rwa Bigogwe ruherereye mu karere ka Nyabihu mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|ntara y'iBurengerazuba]] bw'U Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Menya-inkomoko-y-izina-Ibere-rya-Bigogwe&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkomoko y'izina ==
urutare rwahawe izina ibere rya Bigogwe bishingiye ku nkuru ivugwa mu mateka y'U Rwanda y'uwitwa Bere, wari umer mu basigajwe inyuma n'amateka wabonye [[ubuki]] ari kumwe na bagenzi be biyemeza kujya kubuhakura. Bere niwe wagiye aho ubwo buki bwari brui atangira kubuhakura aburya adasanyiye na Bagenzi be yirengagije ko ari bo bari bafasha imigoze imukomeza ngo atagwa mu rutare. Bagenzi ba bere babonye ko atari buze kuzana ubuki ngo basangire bahizemo kumjurekura, agwa mu rutare, ahasiga ubuzima. nibwo hatangiye kwitirirwa uwo Bere kuva ubwo kugeza n'ubu. Nyuma ariko haje guhindurwa ahakorerwa imyitozo y'igisirikare. kandi aka gace kakomeje kumenyekana kubera ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku nka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/iby-ibere-rya-bigogwe-bivugwa-ko-ryagaritse-ingogo-mu-basirikare-ba-habyarimana&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Ibere_rya_Bigogwe_002.jpg|thumb|Urutare rwa Bigogwe]]
Andi mateka y’uruhererekane nyemvugo avuga ko kwita ako gasozi ‘Ibere rya Bigogwe’ byaba byaraturutse ku mukobwa witwaga ‘Nyirabigogwe’ wari ufite ibere rinini cyane, akaza kugwa kuri uwo musozi bakahamwitirira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emitaï</title>
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'''''Emitaï''''' ( [ ɛ.mi.ta.i ], izina ryimana ya Diola) ni film yinkinamico yakozwe muri 1971 yomuri Senegali iyobowe na Ousmane Sembène . &lt;ref name=&quot;harvard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ousmane Sembene – In Memoriam |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2007fall/sembene.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621172838/http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2007fall/sembene.html |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=24 December 2012 |website=harvard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umugambi ==
Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, guverinoma ya Vichy yatoranyije abagabo baba koloni bo mubufaransa. Imyivumbagatanyo yatangiriye mumudugudu wa Diola aho [[Umugore|abagore]] bahisha umusaruro wumuceri aho gutanga umusoro wubufaransa. Abayobozi ba Diola bungurana ibitekerezo ku gisubizo cyiza kuri politiki yabafaransa ikarishye, kandi ibintu birihutirwa iyabafaransa ningabo zabo zabakoloni barasa ku barwanyi ba Diola. Diola igerageza kugisha inama imana zabo, harimo na Emitaï, guhangana nabafaransa biriyongera. Bidatinze, ibyapa bya Charles de Gaulle bisimbuza ibyapa bya Marshal Pétain wa Vichy, byerekana impinduka zingana zubutegetsi muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba bw’Ubufaransa . Irihinduka rya politiki ritunguranye, ariko, ntabwo rihindura ukibintu bimeze kurwego rwumudugudu, kandi amaherezo ingabo zabakoloni zakoze ubwicanyi bwabagabo ba Diola. &lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |date=2 February 1998 |title=Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=19 December 2016 |work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakinnyi ==

* Mbissine Thérèse Diop
* Andongo Diabon
* Michel Renaudeau nka Liyetona
* Robert Fontaine nk'umuyobozi
* Ousmane Camara
* Ibou Camara
* Abdoulaye Diallo
* Alphonse Diatta
* Pierre Blanchard nka Coloneli
* Cherif Tamba
* Fode Cambay
* Etienne Mané
* Joseph Diatta
* Dji Niassabaron
* Antio Bassene

== Umutwe ==
''Emitai'' yahawe izina ryayo kumana yomuri Senegal, &quot;uhagarariye igice kiva mucyiciro kimwe cyubuzima kijya mu gishya kandi cyiza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kurekura ==
''Emitai'' yasohotse muri Senegali muwi 1971, &lt;ref name=&quot;focus&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pfaff |first=Françoise |year=2004 |title=Focus on African Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&amp;dq=Emitai&amp;pg=PA41 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=0-253-21668-0 |pages=40–41 |access-date=2023-07-02&lt;!-- August 8, 2011 --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; nmu 1972 muri Amerika. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHerx1988&quot;&gt;Herx, Henry (1988). &quot;Emitai&quot;. ''The Family Guide to Movies on Video''. The Crossroad Publishing Company. p.&amp;nbsp;85 (pre-release version). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8245-0816-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8245-0816-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yagenzuwe imyaka itanu muri Afrika ivuga [[Igifaransa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |date=2 February 1998 |title=Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum. |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=19 December 2016 |work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHornaday1998&quot;&gt;Hornaday, Ann (2 February 1998). [https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/02/senegal-films-are-eloquent-movies-ousmane-sembenes-powerful-emitai-and-ceddo-play-at-the-orpheum/ &quot;Senegal films are eloquent Movies: Ousmane Sembene's powerful 'Emitai' and 'Ceddo' play at the Orpheum&quot;]. ''The Baltimore Sun''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene Archived] from the original on 5 October 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Filime yinjiye mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya 7 rya Moscou aho yatsindiye igihembo cya silver. &lt;ref name=&quot;Moscow1971&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=7th Moscow International Film Festival (1971) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403094201/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |access-date=24 December 2012 |website=MIFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwakira ==
Mugitabo cye''cyitwa Family Guide to Film on Video'', Henry Herx yanditse ko &quot;inkuru nyinshi zivugwa gusa binyuze mumashusho yerekana, aya mashusho ni imbaraga zikomeye za filime&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;herx&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Herx |first=Henry |year=1988&lt;!-- |accessdate=August 8, 2011 --&gt; |title=The Family Guide to Movies on Video |url=https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse |publisher=The Crossroad Publishing Company |isbn=0-8245-0816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/familyguidetomov0000unse/page/85 85] (pre-release version) |chapter=Emitai}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHerx1988&quot;&gt;Herx, Henry (1988). &quot;Emitai&quot;. ''The Family Guide to Movies on Video''. The Crossroad Publishing Company. p.&amp;nbsp;85 (pre-release version). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8245-0816-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8245-0816-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Sinema ya Senegali
* Abanyasenegali Tirailleurs

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* Emitaï at IMDb</text>
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    <title>Itangazo rya Cairo ku burenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu</title>
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      <text bytes="16798" sha1="gcrhvo7ez8pbhnog02nkq72450ftyzw" xml:space="preserve">'''Itangazo rya Cairo ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu''' ( '''CDHRI''' ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ry’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’umuryango w’ubufatanye bwa kisilamu [[Islamic calendar|(]] OIC) &lt;ref name=&quot;Brems&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brems |first=E |year=2001 |title=Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-411-1618-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&amp;pg=PA241 241–84] |chapter=Islamic Declarations of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; mbere i Cairo, mu [[Misiri]], ku ya 5 Kanama 1990 [[Muharramu|,]] Inyandiko ya 1990 yemeza ko shariya ya kisilamu ari yo soko yonyine, mu gihe verisiyo ya 2020 idasaba shariya.

CDHRI yatangaje ko intego yayo ari &quot;ubuyobozi rusange ku bihugu bigize Umuryango [OIC] mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu&quot;. Iri tangazo ryemerwa cyane nk'igisubizo cya kisilamu ku itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR), ryemejwe mu 1948. Riremeza ko bamwe, ariko atari bose, ba UDHR kandi rikaba ari inyandiko nzima y’amabwiriza y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yashyizweho n’abanyamuryango ba OIC gukurikiza, ariko akababuza ku buryo bugaragara imipaka yashyizweho na shariya. Kubera iyi mipaka, CDHRI yanenzwe nkugerageza gukingira ibihugu bigize OIC kunengwa n’amahanga kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse no kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’amadini, bifite ishingiro ku gihano cy’umubiri no kwemerera ivangura ridafite abayisilamu n’abagore.

=== Amateka ===
Ibihugu bitandukanye by’abayisilamu byari binenze Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu ryo mu 1948 kubera ko rititaye ku bijyanye n’umuco n’idini by’ibihugu bitari Iburengerazuba. &lt;ref&gt;National Review Online, [http://www.nationalreview.com/article/205577/human-rights-and-human-wrongs-david-g-littman Human Rights and Human Wrongs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175634/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/205577/human-rights-and-human-wrongs-david-g-littman|date=2016-08-16}}, David G. Littman, January 19, 2003, retrieved 30 May, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1981, Said Rajaie-Khorassani - uhagarariye Irani nyuma y’impinduramatwara muri Loni - yavuze uko igihugu cye gihagaze ku bijyanye na UDHR, avuga ko ari &quot;imyumvire idahwitse y’imyumvire y’umuco wa gikirisitu ya gikirisitu &quot;, idashobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa n’abayisilamu batanyuranyije n’amategeko ya kisilamu. &lt;ref&gt;Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3hpAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA113 Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law] p. 113. Oxford University Press, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

CDHRI yemejwe mu 1990 n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango w’inama ya kisilamu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, yari yarasinywe n'ibihugu 45.  Mu 1992, CDHRI yashyikirijwe Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, aho yamaganwe cyane na komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’abahanga mu mategeko.

Iri tangazo ritangira rivuga ngo &quot;Abantu bose bagize umuryango umwe abayoboke bahujwe no kugandukira Allah no gukomoka kuri Adamu&quot;, kandi bibuza &quot;ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, ibara, ururimi, imyizerere, igitsina, idini, amashyaka ya politiki, imibereho cyangwa ibindi bitekerezo&quot;. Ikomeza itangaza ko ubuzima bwera, ikanatangaza ko &quot;kubungabunga ubuzima bwa muntu&quot; ari &quot;inshingano yashyizweho na Shariya&quot;. CDHRI iremeza kandi abadafite intambara - nk'abasaza, [[Umugore|abagore]] n'abana, inkomere n'abarwayi, n'imfungwa z'intambara - uburenganzira bwo kurya, aho kuba, no kubona umutekano no kwivuza mu gihe cy'intambara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Midstream&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam' |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205577/human-rights-and-human-wrongs/david-g-littman |work=Midstream}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CDHRI iha abagore &quot;icyubahiro cya muntu kimwe&quot;, &quot;uburenganzira bwabo bwo kwishimira&quot;, &quot;inshingano zo gukora&quot;, &quot;umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta&quot;, &quot;ubwigenge bw’amafaranga&quot;, n &quot;&quot; uburenganzira bwo kugumana izina rye n’umuryango &quot;. Abagabo n'abagore bombi bahabwa &quot;uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa&quot; batitaye ku bwoko bwabo, ibara ryabo, cyangwa ubwenegihugu. Iri tangazo rituma ababyeyi bombi bagomba kurinda umwana, haba mbere na nyuma yo kuvuka, mu gihe ashimangira ko umugabo afite inshingano zo kurengera imibereho n'imibereho y'umuryango we, harimo abana ndetse n'abagore. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Itangazo ryemera uburenganzira ku mutungo n’ibanga ku bantu ku giti cyabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;RuleGreenleaf2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rule |first=James B. |date=1 January 2010 |title=Global Privacy Protection: The First Generation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2I2Lrf1BeYC&amp;pg=PA45 |last2=Greenleaf |first2=G. W. |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84844-512-3 |page=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Baderin2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Baderin |first=Mashood A. |date=11 September 2003 |title=International Human Rights and Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHRCAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP141 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-102182-4 |page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingingo ya 18 (b) ivuga ko &quot;Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwiherera mu bikorwa by’ibikorwa bye bwite, mu rugo rwe, mu muryango we, ku bijyanye n’umutungo we n’umubano we. Ntabwo byemewe kuneka maneko, kumukurikirana cyangwa kumutesha izina ryiza. Leta izamurinda kwivanga ku bushake&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html |access-date=2016-04-04 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irabuza gusenya no kwambura inzu iyo ari yo yose no kwirukana umuryango. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baderin2003&quot; /&gt; Byongeye kandi, umuryango uramutse utandukanijwe mugihe, ni inshingano za leta &quot;gutegura gusura cyangwa guhurira mumiryango&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingingo ya 10 y’iryo tangazo igira iti: &quot;Islamu ni idini ry’imiterere idahumanye. Birabujijwe gukoresha umuntu uwo ari we wese ku gahato cyangwa gukoresha ubukene bwe cyangwa ubujiji bwe kugira ngo amuhindure mu rindi dini cyangwa kutemera Imana .&quot; Kubera ko muri societe ya kisilamu impamvu zose zituma abantu bava mubuyisilamu bafatwa nk’agahato cyangwa ubujiji, ibi birabuza rwose kuva mu idini ya Islam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iri tangazo ririnda buri muntu gufatwa atabishaka, iyicarubozo, gufatwa nabi, cyangwa uburakari. Byongeye kandi, ntamuntu numwe ugomba gukoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwubuvuzi cyangwa siyanse atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya cyangwa ibyago byubuzima bwe cyangwa ubuzima bwe. Irabuza kandi gufata bugwate umuntu uwo ari we wese &quot;ku ntego iyo ari yo yose&quot;. Byongeye kandi, CDHRI yemeza ko ari umwere; icyaha kigomba kugaragazwa gusa binyuze mu rubanza &quot;aho [uregwa] azahabwa ingwate zose zo kwiregura&quot;. Iri tangazo ribuza kandi gutangaza &quot;amategeko yihutirwa yatanga ubuyobozi bukuru ku bikorwa nk'ibyo&quot;. Ingingo ya 19 iteganya ko nta bindi byaha cyangwa ibihano uretse ibivugwa muri shariya. Shariya yemerera igihano cyumubiri (gukubita, gutemwa) nigihano cyo kwicwa no gutera amabuye cyangwa gucibwa umutwe. Uburenganzira bwo gukora imirimo ya &lt;ref&gt;There shall be no crime or punishment except as provided for in the Schari’a.&lt;/ref&gt; gukoreshwa gusa hakurikijwe shar&lt;ref&gt;Smith (2003), p. 195&lt;/ref&gt;iya

Iri tangazo ryibanda kandi ku &quot;burenganzira busesuye bwo kwishyira ukizana no kwishyira ukizana &quot;, no kurwanya ubucakara, gukandamizwa, gukoreshwa, no gukolonizwa. CDHRI itangaza ko kugendera ku mategeko, ishyiraho &quot;uburinganire n'ubutabera kuri bose&quot;, hamwe n'imbogamizi ziteganijwe n'amategeko ya kisilamu. CDHRI yizeza kandi abantu bose &quot;uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye mu micungire y’ibikorwa rusange by’igihugu cye&quot;. CDHRI irabuza kandi gukoresha nabi ububasha &quot;bugengwa na Shariya ya Kisilamu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingingo ya 22 (a) y’iri tangazo igira iti: &quot;Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga igitekerezo cye mu bwisanzure ku buryo butanyuranyije n’amahame ya Shariya.&quot; Ingingo ya 22 (b) ivuga ko &quot;Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kunganira icyiza, no kwamamaza icyiza, no kuburira icyiza n'ikibi akurikije amahame ya Shariya ya Islamu.&quot; Ingingo ya 22 (c) igira iti: &quot;Amakuru ni ngombwa cyane muri sosiyete. Ntishobora gukoreshwa cyangwa gukoreshwa nabi ku buryo ishobora guhungabanya ubutagatifu n’icyubahiro cy’abahanuzi, gutesha agaciro indangagaciro mbwirizamuco cyangwa imyitwarire, gusenya, kwangiza cyangwa kwangiza sosiyete, cyangwa guca intege kwizera kwayo.&quot; Iri ni ukubuza mu buryo bweruye umudendezo wo kuvuga icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gufatwa nk'igitutsi, igihano cyo gukora gishobora kuba urupfu kandi nk'amagambo y'iyi ngingo yemerera igihano cy'urupfu cyo gutukana binyuranyije na UDHR. Ingingo ya 22 (d) ivuga ko &quot;Ntabwo byemewe gukangura urwango rushingiye ku gukunda igihugu cyangwa ku nyigisho cyangwa gukora ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gukangurira ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Zia H. |date=2012-05-27 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights and not the Cairo Declaration! |url=https://themuslimtimes.info/2012/05/27/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-and-not-the-cario-declaration/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Muslim Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibiranga idini ===
CDHRI ikoresha imvugo yisi yose isa n’itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ryakozwe mu buryo bwa kisilamu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brems2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brems |first=E |year=2001 |title=Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-411-1618-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&amp;pg=PA241 241–84] |chapter=Islamic Declarations of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo ryibanze ahanini ni amagambo y’amadini, kandi umwihariko wa CDHRI urimo imirongo myinshi yerekeza kuri Korowani, shariya, hamwe n’imyemerere y’ubuyisilamu igaragara ku rundi rutonde mpuzamahanga rusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brems2&quot; /&gt; CDHRI yanzuye mu ngingo ya 24 n'iya 25 ko uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure byose bivugwa bigengwa na shariya ya kisilamu, ari nayo nkomoko y'iryo tangazo. CDHRI itangaza ko idini ry'ukuri ari &quot;ingwate yo kuzamura icyubahiro nk'iki mu nzira igana ku butungane bwa muntu &lt;ref&gt;[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5, 1990, U.N. GAOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603093031/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html|date=2010-06-03}}, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993)&lt;/ref&gt; Ishyira kandi inshingano zo kurengera ubwo burenganzira kuri Umma yose. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam at hrlibrary.umn.edu7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kunegura ===
CDHRI yanenzwe kuba yarashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ibihugu byinshi bifite politiki n’imigenzo itandukanye cyane by’amadini bari bafite &quot;inyungu rusange mu kwambura intwaro mpuzamahanga kunenga uburenganzira bwabo mu gihugu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brems3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brems |first=E |year=2001 |title=Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-411-1618-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=INlkqsHpIFEC&amp;pg=PA241 241–84] |chapter=Islamic Declarations of Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingingo ya 24 y’iri tangazo igira iti: &quot;Uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure byose biteganijwe muri iri tangazo bigengwa na Shariya ya Kisilamu.&quot; Ingingo ya 19 nayo igira iti: &quot;Nta cyaha cyangwa igihano kizabaho keretse ibiteganijwe muri Shariya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Farouh2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kazemi |first=F |year=2002 |title=Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism and Conflict |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-11310-6 |editor-last=Hashmi SH |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC&amp;pg=PA50 50] |chapter=Perspectives on Islam and Civil Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CDHRI yanenzwe n’iburengerazuba kuba yarananiwe kwemerera Abayisilamu ubuhakanyi, nk &quot;&quot; uburenganzira bw’ibanze kandi budasuzuguritse &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Farouh20022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kazemi |first=F |year=2002 |title=Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism and Conflict |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-11310-6 |editor-last=Hashmi SH |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC&amp;pg=PA50 50] |chapter=Perspectives on Islam and Civil Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu itangazo ryanditse ryatanzwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku bantu n’imyitwarire (IHEU), umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta mu rwego rw’ubujyanama bwihariye, Ishyirahamwe ry’uburezi ku isi (AWE) n’ishyirahamwe ry’abaturage ku isi (AWC), hagaragaye impungenge nyinshi zerekana ko CDHRI igabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwisanzure mu idini, n’ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo. Iri tangazo ryanzuye rivuga ko &quot;Itangazo ry’i Cairo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu bigaragara ko ari ukugerageza kugabanya uburenganzira buvugwa muri UDHR n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Ntabwo bushobora kubonwa ko bwuzuzanya n’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Cairo Declaration and the Universality of Human Rights |url=http://www.iheu.org/node/3162 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031135736/http://www.iheu.org/node/3162 |archive-date=2008-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020 CDHRI ===
Muri Nzeri 2008, mu kiganiro yagejeje ku Muryango w'Abibumbye, Ikigo cy’iperereza cyanditse ko CDHRI &quot;ibangamira uburinganire bw’abantu n’ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekereCDHRI yavuguruwe mu 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Organization of Islamic Cooperation |title=Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam, 2021 |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/upload/pages/conventions/en/CDHRI_2021_ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713185324/https://www.oic-oci.org/upload/pages/conventions/en/CDHRI_2021_ENG.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi yemezwa ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2020 n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga mu nama ya 47 yabereye i Niamey, muri Nijeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Organization of Islamic Cooperation |date=2020-11-28 |title=Resolution No. 63/47-POL: On Cairo Declaration of the OIC on Human Rights |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=6626&amp;refID=3255 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125105643/https://www.oic-oci.org/docdown/?docID=6626&amp;refID=3255 |archive-date=2021-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyandiko ya 1990 yemeza ko shariya ya kisilamu ari yo soko yonyine, mu gihe verisiyo ya 2020 itabaza shariya.zo n’amadini ishyiraho amategeko abuza uburenganzira bwa muntu hafi ya bwose bushingiye ku mategeko ya Shariya ya Islamu.&quot; Ikirego cyabo no kunegura kwabo kwari gushingiye ku kuba barwanya kwinjiza &quot;gusebya amadini&quot; mu mategeko mpuzamahanga n’uburenganzira bwa muntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2008 |title=CFI Defends Freedom of Expression at the U.N. Human Rights Council |url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/newsroom/cfi_defends_freedom_of_expression_at_the_un_human_rights_council/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rhona Smith yanditse ko, kubera CDHRI yerekeza kuri Shariya, bisobanura urwego rwihariye rwo hejuru rwabagabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2003&quot;&gt;Rhona, Smith. ''Textbook on International Human Rights'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|1-84174-301-1}}, p. 195&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reba kandi ===</text>
      <sha1>gcrhvo7ez8pbhnog02nkq72450ftyzw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Byumba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142588</id>
      <parentid>142373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gutunganya ingingo: infobox, inkomoko zigenzuwe, amafoto, ibyiciro</comment>
      <origin>142588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4036" sha1="gfba18pmw9w89t5nhvn9xxmqzs2i61z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Byumba
| type = Umujyi n'[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|umurenge]]
| image_skyline = Diocese.jpg
| image_caption = Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba
| image_map = RW-Byumba.png
| map_caption = Aho Byumba iherereye mu Rwanda
| subdivision_type = Igihugu
| subdivision_name = [[Rwanda]]
| subdivision_type1 = Intara
| subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Amajyaruguru]]
| subdivision_type2 = Akarere
| subdivision_name2 = [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;
| population_total = 43134
}}
'''Byumba''' ni umujyi n'umurenge biri mu majyaruguru y'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni umurwa mukuru w'[[Akarere ka Gicumbi]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya [[Kigali]]. Iri hafi y'umupaka w'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]].

== Amateka ==
Kugeza mu 2006, Byumba yari umurwa mukuru wa Perefegitura ya Byumba. Mu 2002, perefegitura zahindutse intara. Ku wa 1 Mutarama 2006, u Rwanda rwavuye ku ntara 12 rujya ku ntara 5. Intara ya Byumba yavuyeho. Igice kinini cyayo cyashyizwe mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;/&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Isoko.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Isoko i Byumba]]
Byumba iri mu karere k'imisozi miremire. Ubutumburuke bwaho buri hagati ya metero 1 800 na 2 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Ikirere cyaho kirakonja.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt;

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya Kigali.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Iri nko muri kilometero 30 z'umuhanda uvuye i Gatuna, ku mupaka n'Ubugande.&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;/&gt;

== Abaturage ==
Mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022, Umurenge wa Byumba wari utuwe n'abaturage 43 134. Muri bo, abaturage 19 270 babaga mu mujyi. Mu 2012, uyu murenge wari utuwe n'abaturage 36 401.&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;

== Ibigo by'ingenzi ==
Byumba ni icyicaro cya [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]. Iyi diyosezi yashinzwe ku wa 5 Ugushyingo 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;

Kaminuza yitwa ''University of Technology and Arts of Byumba'' (UTAB) iri i Byumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;/&gt;

Umuryango ''SOS Children's Villages'' wita ku bana b'imfubyi. Watangiye gukorera i Byumba mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;/&gt;

== Abantu bazwi ==
* [[Donald Kaberuka]], impuguke mu bukungu
* [[Umutesi Marie Béatrice]], umwanditsi

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba (Sector, Rwanda) |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/gicumbi/4503__byumba/ |website=City Population |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sleepy Byumba town |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/92308/sleepy-byumba-town |website=The New Times |date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distance from Gatuna to Byumba |url=http://www.distancesfrom.com/rw/distance-from-Gatuna-to-Byumba/DistanceHistory/5363252.aspx |website=DistancesFrom.com |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provinces of Rwanda |url=https://statoids.com/urw.html |website=Statoids |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Byumba |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbyum.html |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB) |url=https://www.kab.ac.ug/?p=23816 |website=Kabale University |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba |url=https://sos-barnebyer.no/?p=4450 |website=SOS-barnebyer |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
* [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Commonscat|Byumba (City)}}

{{coord|1|34|34|S|30|04|03|E|region:RW_type:city|display=title}}

[[Ikiciro:Imijyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>gfba18pmw9w89t5nhvn9xxmqzs2i61z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142591</id>
      <parentid>142588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:14:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kwinjizamo ibikubiye muri [[Umujyi wa byumba]] (ingingo imwe; umwanditsi: B.Scalling) bifite inkomoko</comment>
      <origin>142591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5133" sha1="6k1mwf6fcd6sfjphozq0w7x6f1ikxy9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Byumba
| type = Umujyi n'[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|umurenge]]
| image_skyline = Diocese.jpg
| image_caption = Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba
| image_map = RW-Byumba.png
| map_caption = Aho Byumba iherereye mu Rwanda
| subdivision_type = Igihugu
| subdivision_name = [[Rwanda]]
| subdivision_type1 = Intara
| subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Amajyaruguru]]
| subdivision_type2 = Akarere
| subdivision_name2 = [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;
| population_total = 43134
}}
'''Byumba''' ni umujyi n'umurenge biri mu majyaruguru y'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni umurwa mukuru w'[[Akarere ka Gicumbi]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya [[Kigali]]. Iri hafi y'umupaka w'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]]. Uyu mujyi witwa kandi umujyi wa Gicumbi.

== Amateka ==
Kugeza mu 2006, Byumba yari umurwa mukuru wa Perefegitura ya Byumba. Mu 2002, perefegitura zahindutse intara. Ku wa 1 Mutarama 2006, u Rwanda rwavuye ku ntara 12 rujya ku ntara 5. Intara ya Byumba yavuyeho. Igice kinini cyayo cyashyizwe mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;/&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Isoko.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Isoko i Byumba]]
Byumba iri mu karere k'imisozi miremire. Ubutumburuke bwaho buri hagati ya metero 1 800 na 2 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Ikirere cyaho kirakonja.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt;

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya Kigali.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Iri nko muri kilometero 30 z'umuhanda uvuye i Gatuna, ku mupaka n'Ubugande.&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;/&gt;

Umujyi wa Gicumbi ni wo mujyi wa kabiri mu bunini mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru, nyuma ya Musanze. Igice kinini cyawo kiri mu Murenge wa Byumba. Ikindi gice kiri mu Murenge wa Kaniga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Abaturage ==
Mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022, Umurenge wa Byumba wari utuwe n'abaturage 43 134. Muri bo, abaturage 19 270 babaga mu mujyi. Mu 2012, uyu murenge wari utuwe n'abaturage 36 401.&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;

== Ubukungu ==
Abaturage benshi batunzwe n'[[ubuhinzi]] n'ubworozi. Ubucuruzi bwo mu mujyi ni bwo bubinjiriza amafaranga cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;/&gt; Mu mujyi hubakwa inyubako nshya. Hubakwa kandi imihanda ya kaburimbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Ibigo by'ingenzi ==
Byumba ni icyicaro cya [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]. Iyi diyosezi yashinzwe ku wa 5 Ugushyingo 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;

Kaminuza y'Ikoranabuhanga n'Ubugeni ya Byumba (UTAB) iri i Byumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;/&gt; [[Ibitaro bya Byumba]] na byo biri muri uyu mujyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

Umuryango ''SOS Children's Villages'' wita ku bana b'imfubyi. Watangiye gukorera i Byumba mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;/&gt;

== Abantu bazwi ==
* [[Donald Kaberuka]], impuguke mu bukungu
* [[Umutesi Marie Béatrice]], umwanditsi

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba (Sector, Rwanda) |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/gicumbi/4503__byumba/ |website=City Population |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sleepy Byumba town |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/92308/sleepy-byumba-town |website=The New Times |date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distance from Gatuna to Byumba |url=http://www.distancesfrom.com/rw/distance-from-Gatuna-to-Byumba/DistanceHistory/5363252.aspx |website=DistancesFrom.com |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provinces of Rwanda |url=https://statoids.com/urw.html |website=Statoids |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Byumba |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbyum.html |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB) |url=https://www.kab.ac.ug/?p=23816 |website=Kabale University |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umujyi wa Gicumbi uratera imbere umunsi ku wundi (Amafoto) |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-gicumbi-uratera-imbere-umunsi-ku-wundi-amafoto |website=Kigali Today |author=Servilien Mutuyimana |date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=I Gicumbi barifuza ko umujyi wabo wunganira uwa Kigali |url=https://umuseke.rw/i-gicumbi-barifuza-ko-umujyi-wabo-wunganira-uwa-kigali/ |website=Umuseke |author=Raymond Tuyishimire |date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba |url=https://sos-barnebyer.no/?p=4450 |website=SOS-barnebyer |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
* [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Commonscat|Byumba (City)}}

{{coord|1|34|34|S|30|04|03|E|region:RW_type:city|display=title}}

[[Ikiciro:Imijyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>6k1mwf6fcd6sfjphozq0w7x6f1ikxy9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142595</id>
      <parentid>142591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gushyira coordinates muri infobox (coordinates =) aho kuba munsi y'ingingo</comment>
      <origin>142595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5156" sha1="9q2u7n9tpzuepjfl6qpi9ng0r62fko3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Byumba
| type = Umujyi n'[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|umurenge]]
| image_skyline = Diocese.jpg
| image_caption = Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba
| image_map = RW-Byumba.png
| map_caption = Aho Byumba iherereye mu Rwanda
| coordinates = {{coord|1|34|34|S|30|04|03|E|region:RW_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Igihugu
| subdivision_name = [[Rwanda]]
| subdivision_type1 = Intara
| subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Amajyaruguru]]
| subdivision_type2 = Akarere
| subdivision_name2 = [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;
| population_total = 43134
}}
'''Byumba''' ni umujyi n'umurenge biri mu majyaruguru y'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni umurwa mukuru w'[[Akarere ka Gicumbi]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya [[Kigali]]. Iri hafi y'umupaka w'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]]. Uyu mujyi witwa kandi umujyi wa Gicumbi.

== Amateka ==
Kugeza mu 2006, Byumba yari umurwa mukuru wa Perefegitura ya Byumba. Mu 2002, perefegitura zahindutse intara. Ku wa 1 Mutarama 2006, u Rwanda rwavuye ku ntara 12 rujya ku ntara 5. Intara ya Byumba yavuyeho. Igice kinini cyayo cyashyizwe mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;/&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Isoko.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Isoko i Byumba]]
Byumba iri mu karere k'imisozi miremire. Ubutumburuke bwaho buri hagati ya metero 1 800 na 2 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Ikirere cyaho kirakonja.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt;

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya Kigali.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Iri nko muri kilometero 30 z'umuhanda uvuye i Gatuna, ku mupaka n'Ubugande.&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;/&gt;

Umujyi wa Gicumbi ni wo mujyi wa kabiri mu bunini mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru, nyuma ya Musanze. Igice kinini cyawo kiri mu Murenge wa Byumba. Ikindi gice kiri mu Murenge wa Kaniga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Abaturage ==
Mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022, Umurenge wa Byumba wari utuwe n'abaturage 43 134. Muri bo, abaturage 19 270 babaga mu mujyi. Mu 2012, uyu murenge wari utuwe n'abaturage 36 401.&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;

== Ubukungu ==
Abaturage benshi batunzwe n'[[ubuhinzi]] n'ubworozi. Ubucuruzi bwo mu mujyi ni bwo bubinjiriza amafaranga cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;/&gt; Mu mujyi hubakwa inyubako nshya. Hubakwa kandi imihanda ya kaburimbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Ibigo by'ingenzi ==
Byumba ni icyicaro cya [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]. Iyi diyosezi yashinzwe ku wa 5 Ugushyingo 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;

Kaminuza y'Ikoranabuhanga n'Ubugeni ya Byumba (UTAB) iri i Byumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;/&gt; [[Ibitaro bya Byumba]] na byo biri muri uyu mujyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

Umuryango ''SOS Children's Villages'' wita ku bana b'imfubyi. Watangiye gukorera i Byumba mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;/&gt;

== Abantu bazwi ==
* [[Donald Kaberuka]], impuguke mu bukungu
* [[Umutesi Marie Béatrice]], umwanditsi

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba (Sector, Rwanda) |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/gicumbi/4503__byumba/ |website=City Population |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sleepy Byumba town |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/92308/sleepy-byumba-town |website=The New Times |date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distance from Gatuna to Byumba |url=http://www.distancesfrom.com/rw/distance-from-Gatuna-to-Byumba/DistanceHistory/5363252.aspx |website=DistancesFrom.com |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provinces of Rwanda |url=https://statoids.com/urw.html |website=Statoids |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Byumba |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbyum.html |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB) |url=https://www.kab.ac.ug/?p=23816 |website=Kabale University |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umujyi wa Gicumbi uratera imbere umunsi ku wundi (Amafoto) |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-gicumbi-uratera-imbere-umunsi-ku-wundi-amafoto |website=Kigali Today |author=Servilien Mutuyimana |date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=I Gicumbi barifuza ko umujyi wabo wunganira uwa Kigali |url=https://umuseke.rw/i-gicumbi-barifuza-ko-umujyi-wabo-wunganira-uwa-kigali/ |website=Umuseke |author=Raymond Tuyishimire |date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba |url=https://sos-barnebyer.no/?p=4450 |website=SOS-barnebyer |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
* [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Commonscat|Byumba (City)}}


[[Ikiciro:Imijyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>9q2u7n9tpzuepjfl6qpi9ng0r62fko3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>142599</id>
      <parentid>142595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhuza imiterere: coordinates muri infobox, Commonscat, ihuza ryo hanze</comment>
      <origin>142599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5234" sha1="dez2v1p68blcoce6fphz2ghgtbwuf8h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Byumba
| short_description = no
| type = Umujyi n'[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|umurenge]]
| image_skyline = Diocese.jpg
| image_caption = Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba
| image_map = RW-Byumba.png
| map_caption = Aho Byumba iherereye mu Rwanda
| subdivision_type = Igihugu
| subdivision_name = [[Rwanda]]
| subdivision_type1 = Intara
| subdivision_name1 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Amajyaruguru]]
| subdivision_type2 = Akarere
| subdivision_name2 = [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;
| population_total = 43134
| coordinates = {{coord|1|34|34|S|30|04|03|E|region:RW_type:city|display=inline}}
}}
'''Byumba''' ni umujyi n'umurenge biri mu majyaruguru y'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni umurwa mukuru w'[[Akarere ka Gicumbi]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya [[Kigali]]. Iri hafi y'umupaka w'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]]. Uyu mujyi witwa kandi umujyi wa Gicumbi.

== Amateka ==
Kugeza mu 2006, Byumba yari umurwa mukuru wa Perefegitura ya Byumba. Mu 2002, perefegitura zahindutse intara. Ku wa 1 Mutarama 2006, u Rwanda rwavuye ku ntara 12 rujya ku ntara 5. Intara ya Byumba yavuyeho. Igice kinini cyayo cyashyizwe mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru.&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;/&gt;

== Imiterere ==
[[File:Isoko.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Isoko i Byumba]]
Byumba iri mu karere k'imisozi miremire. Ubutumburuke bwaho buri hagati ya metero 1 800 na 2 500.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Ikirere cyaho kirakonja.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt;

Byumba iri nko muri kilometero 60 mu majyaruguru ya Kigali.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;/&gt; Iri nko muri kilometero 30 z'umuhanda uvuye i Gatuna, ku mupaka n'Ubugande.&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;/&gt;

Umujyi wa Gicumbi ni wo mujyi wa kabiri mu bunini mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru, nyuma ya Musanze. Igice kinini cyawo kiri mu Murenge wa Byumba. Ikindi gice kiri mu Murenge wa Kaniga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Abaturage ==
Mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022, Umurenge wa Byumba wari utuwe n'abaturage 43 134. Muri bo, abaturage 19 270 babaga mu mujyi. Mu 2012, uyu murenge wari utuwe n'abaturage 36 401.&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;/&gt;

== Ubukungu ==
Abaturage benshi batunzwe n'[[ubuhinzi]] n'ubworozi. Ubucuruzi bwo mu mujyi ni bwo bubinjiriza amafaranga cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;/&gt; Mu mujyi hubakwa inyubako nshya. Hubakwa kandi imihanda ya kaburimbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

== Ibigo by'ingenzi ==
Byumba ni icyicaro cya [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]. Iyi diyosezi yashinzwe ku wa 5 Ugushyingo 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;

Kaminuza y'Ikoranabuhanga n'Ubugeni ya Byumba (UTAB) iri i Byumba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;/&gt; [[Ibitaro bya Byumba]] na byo biri muri uyu mujyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;/&gt;

Umuryango ''SOS Children's Villages'' wita ku bana b'imfubyi. Watangiye gukorera i Byumba mu 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;/&gt;

== Abantu bazwi ==
* [[Donald Kaberuka]], impuguke mu bukungu
* [[Umutesi Marie Béatrice]], umwanditsi

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;citypop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba (Sector, Rwanda) |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/gicumbi/4503__byumba/ |website=City Population |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sleepy Byumba town |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/92308/sleepy-byumba-town |website=The New Times |date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gatuna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distance from Gatuna to Byumba |url=http://www.distancesfrom.com/rw/distance-from-Gatuna-to-Byumba/DistanceHistory/5363252.aspx |website=DistancesFrom.com |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;statoids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Provinces of Rwanda |url=https://statoids.com/urw.html |website=Statoids |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Byumba |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbyum.html |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB) |url=https://www.kab.ac.ug/?p=23816 |website=Kabale University |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umujyi wa Gicumbi uratera imbere umunsi ku wundi (Amafoto) |url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-gicumbi-uratera-imbere-umunsi-ku-wundi-amafoto |website=Kigali Today |author=Servilien Mutuyimana |date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;umuseke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=I Gicumbi barifuza ko umujyi wabo wunganira uwa Kigali |url=https://umuseke.rw/i-gicumbi-barifuza-ko-umujyi-wabo-wunganira-uwa-kigali/ |website=Umuseke |author=Raymond Tuyishimire |date=2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Byumba |url=https://sos-barnebyer.no/?p=4450 |website=SOS-barnebyer |access-date=2026-10-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
* [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
* [[Diyosezi Gatolika ya Byumba]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
{{Commonscat|Byumba (City)}}
* [https://www.gicumbi.gov.rw/ Urubuga rw'Akarere ka Gicumbi]

[[Ikiciro:Imijyi]]
[[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gicumbi]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’U Rwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>dez2v1p68blcoce6fphz2ghgtbwuf8h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:B.Scalling</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>21421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142594</id>
      <parentid>132041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:20:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhuza &quot;Umujyi wa byumba&quot; na &quot;Byumba&quot;</comment>
      <origin>142594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3960" sha1="sefvife7czh4j4hc108yjqguji0a85y" xml:space="preserve">== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikipedia’s birthday party is less than 24 hours away!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
[[File:WP25 Birthday cake.gif|250px|right]]
Get ready to join Wikipedia’s 25th birthday party at 16:00 UTC, or come a bit early and get warmed up at the pre-party countdown starting at 15:45 UTC!

You can tune in on the Wikimedia Foundation website, where the party will be available in six languages – Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Portuguese and Spanish. 
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wikipedia25/birthday-celebration

You also have the option of streaming on Wikipedia’s YouTube channel, though that channel will be only available in English. https://www.youtube.com/live/C5rPmv27YzY

See you soon!

&lt;small&gt;You received this message because you registered for Wikipedia’s 25th birthday celebration. https://w.wiki/HPGi&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|Chris Koerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 17:38, 14 Mutarama 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_25/Reminder/MassMessage_list&amp;oldid=29930287 --&gt;

== Action required: Please confirm your WikiProjects Days session ==

Hello @[[Umukoresha:B.Scalling|B.Scalling]], your WikiProjects Days 2026 session ([[d:Event_talk:WikiProjects_Days_2026#Focusing_on_Mentorship|creating 'Quick-Start' guidelines designed specifically for junior editors joining complex WikiProjects]]) has been accepted and we have contacted you on the email address you registered your Wiki-account, with your session-slot details.

If you haven't received an email from us, please could you get in touch with me from your current email address and if possible, include a Telegram handle (for backchannel communication during the event):

Email me @ danny.benjafield@wikimedia.de / Telegram: @benny_danjerfield

Please take a look and let me know if it's suitable, --[[Umukoresha:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 14:07, 17 Kamena 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I am not available because of studying at univesity to get time [[Umukoresha:B.Scalling|B.Scalling]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:B.Scalling|talk]]) 07:50, 18 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
::Oh that's a shame, but thank you for letting us know. Hopefully we will still find you in the audience. --[[Umukoresha:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:07, 18 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
:::but I am still finding way to go on, at that time I will notify  [[Umukoresha:B.Scalling|B.Scalling]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:B.Scalling|talk]]) 08:19, 18 Kamena 2026 (UTC)

== Guhuza &quot;Umujyi wa byumba&quot; na &quot;Byumba&quot; ==
Muraho B.Scalling,

Murakoze cyane ku musanzu wanyu ku ngingo zivuga kuri Byumba. Ingingo [[Umujyi wa byumba]] na [[Byumba]] zavugaga ku kintu kimwe, bityo nazihurije hamwe muri [[Byumba]]. Ibice bifite inkomoko (aho uherereye, intera kuva i Kigali, amateka y'ubuyobozi, ubukungu) byimuriwe muri [[Byumba]], kandi izina ryanyu ryanditswe mu ncamake y'ihindurwa. Ubu urupapuro &quot;Umujyi wa byumba&quot; rwoherereza kuri [[Byumba]].

Ibice bimwe (igihe cy'abakoloni, nyuma y'ubwigenge, urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi) ntibyimuwe kuko nta nkomoko zabyo zari zihari. Biracyaboneka mu [https://rw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umujyi_wa_byumba&amp;action=history mateka y'urupapuro]. Niba mufite inkomoko zizewe (ibinyamakuru, ibitabo, imbuga za Leta), mwabyongera muri [[Byumba]].

Inama nto: mbere yo gutangiza ingingo nshya, ni byiza kureba niba nta yindi ngingo isanzwe ivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.

Niba mufite ikibazo, mwanyandikira hano cyangwa ku rupapuro rw'ibiganiro rwanjye. Murakoze! [[Umukoresha:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Score Beethoven|talk]]) 11:20, 19 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ESPN Afurika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142567</id>
      <parentid>128858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
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      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8203" sha1="2fctkc08hxh4caigxyjj66fm1a8nzfj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel|name=ESPN Africa|launch_date={{Start date and age|2008}}|logo=ESPN wordmark.svg|logo_size=200px|logo_caption=|owner=[[ESPN Inc.]] &lt;br&gt; ([[The Walt Disney Company]] 80%, [[Hearst Communications]] 20%)|network=[[ESPN]]|picture_format=|sister_channels=[[Fox Africa|Fox]] (closed)&lt;br&gt;[[Fox Life]] (closed)&lt;br&gt;[[National Geographic (Africa)|National Geographic Channel]]&lt;br&gt; [[Nat Geo Wild]]&lt;br&gt;[[Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa)|Disney Channel]]&lt;br&gt;[[Disney Junior (Southern African TV channel)|Disney Junior]]|area=[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]|language=English&lt;br&gt;French&lt;br&gt;Portuguese|headquarters=|replaced=|former_names='''Setanta Sports Africa''' (2008-2014)&lt;br&gt;'''Fox Sports Africa''' &lt;br&gt; (2014–2019)|website=[http://africa.espn.com/ africa.espn.com]|terr_serv_1=[[GOtv]]|terr_chan_1=Channel 37|terr_serv_2=[[DStv]]|terr_chan_2=Channel 218&lt;br&gt;Channel 219 (ESPN2)|terr_serv_3=Zuku TV|terr_chan_3=Channel 712&lt;br&gt;Channel 713 (ESPN2)|terr_serv_4=[[StarTimes]]|terr_chan_4=Channel 248&lt;br&gt;Channel 249 (ESPN2)|terr_serv_5=[[Azam TV]]|terr_chan_5=Channel 120&lt;br&gt;Channel 121 (ESPN2)|terr_serv_6=[[ZAP (satellite television)|ZAP]]|terr_chan_6=Channel 31&lt;br&gt;Channel 32 (ESPN2)}}'''ESPN Africa''' (izina rya ESPN) n'umuyoboro w’imikino wa televiziyo yishyurwa [[Afurika|muri Afurika]] ufitwe na ESPN Inc., ikigo gihuriweho na The Walt Disney Company (ifitimigabane ingana na 80%) na Hearst Communications (ifite 20%) isigaye, cyatangijwe mu 2008 nka Setanta Sports gisubizwa izina muri Kanama 2014 nka Fox Sports, gisimbura Setanta Sports na Setanta Action. Uyu muyoboro ukorera mur'Afurika yomunsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] n’Igifaransa. Mbere yaho wabonekaga mugihegito mu 2016 mu Giporutugali.

Iyi channel ikomoka ku sosiyete itanga uburenganzira bwogukina yashinzwe n'umunyamakuru wa siporo womur'Afurika y'Epfo Barry Lambert, wahoze ari TVAfrica, yitwa LIM Africa, yajekwitwa Setanta Africa nyuma y'amasezerano na Setanta yabahaye uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ikirango ndetse banashinga urubuga rwomur'Afurika muri Kanama 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2009 |title=Uganda: Setanta Africa Pioneers Free to Air Sports Television |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200907230676.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725221813/https://allafrica.com/stories/200907230676.html |archive-date=25 July 2009 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi channel yakabiri, Setanta Action, yatangiye mu Gushyingo 2012, itangaza indi mikino cyane cyane imikino yo kurwana.  Iyi channels yaguzwe na Fox International Channels mu Gushyingo 2013,  naho muri Kanama 2014, Setanta Africa iba Fox Sports naho Setanta Action iba Fox Sports 2.  Ku ya 30 Kanama 2019, amezi menshi nyuma y'uko Disney iguzumutungo munini wa Fox wo mu kinyejana cya 21, iyi channels n'urubuga byashyizwe munsi y'ikirango cya ESPN. 

Gahunda zayo zibanda cyanecyane kumupira w'amaguru womuri Eredivisie, Premiership ya Ecosse, Belgian Pro League na English Football League . Uyumuyoboro wamazigihe kinini utangaza amarushanwa yomur'Amerika y'Epfo ya Copa Libertadores na Copa Sudamericana muri Afurika kugeza ubwo uburenganzira bwemejwe mu 2017. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)&quot;&gt;Icyitonderwa kirakenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nanonibiganiro: NBA, NFL, NHL, MLB, NCAA, PFL, NRL rugby league na Basketball Africa League .

Mbereyaho, nk'ikigocya Setanta Africa cyarigifitwe n'Abanya-Irlande, ikigo cyatangazaga [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]] wa GAA, hamwe n'umupira w'amaguru wa League of Ireland .

Muri Kanama 2019, byatangajwe kururubuga ruzahindura izina rukamenyekana nka '''ESPN Africa''' ku ya 30 Kanama 2019, bitewe n'uko Disney yaguze sosiyete ya 21st Century Fox . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2019 |title=Walt Disney Company Africa to rebranding FOX Sports channels in Africa |url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/222339/walt-disney-company-africa-to-rebranding-fox-sports-channels-in-africa/ |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=Alberton Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Porogaramu ==

=== Umupira w'amaguru w'Abanyamerika ===

* Shampiyona y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru &lt;ref name=&quot;NFL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=NFL Returns to ESPN Africa With Brand |url=https://www.dannywired.co.za/2024/09/04/nfl-returns-to-espn-africa-with-brand-new-additions/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umupira w'amaguru wa kaminuza

=== Umupira w'amaguru wo muri Ositaraliya ===

* Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru ya Ositaraliya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Broadcast Partners |url=https://www.afl.com.au/matches/broadcast-guide/international-broadcast-partners |publisher=AFL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umupira wa baseball ===

* Ikipe ya Baseball muri shampiyona nkuru &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Broadcasters |url=https://www.mlb.com/postseason/international-broadcasters |publisher=MLB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isi ya Baseball ya kera
* Umukino wa baseball wo muri kaminuza
* Urutonde rw'Isi rw'Ikipe ntoya

=== Umupira w'amaguru ===

* Ishyirahamwe ry'Igihugu rya Basketball &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=ESPN Africa and NBA announce multi-year expanded broadcast deal |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34991895/espn-africa-nba-announce-multi-year-expanded-broadcast-deal |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Igikombe cy'Isi cya Basketball cya FIBA
* Igikombe cy'Isi cya Basketball cy'abagore cya FIBA
* AfroBasket
* [[Umugore|Abagore]] ba AfroBasket
* Shampiyona y'Afurika ya Basketball &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=156 Players from Record 28 Countries to Compete in 2025 Basketball Africa League Season Tipping off April 5 in Morocco |url=https://bal.africa-newsroom.com/press/156-players-from-a-record-28-countries-to-compete-in-2025-basketball-africa-league-season-tipping-off-april-5-in-morocco?lang=en |publisher=BAL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ishyirahamwe ry'igihugu ry'abagore rya Basketball
* Umukino wa Basketball wo muri Kaminuza
* Shampiyona y'Impeshyi ya NBA
* Shampiyona ya NBA G

=== Cricket ===

* Cricket yo muri shampiyona nkuru &lt;ref name=&quot;NFL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=NFL Returns to ESPN Africa With Brand |url=https://www.dannywired.co.za/2024/09/04/nfl-returns-to-espn-africa-with-brand-new-additions/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.dannywired.co.za/2024/09/04/nfl-returns-to-espn-africa-with-brand-new-additions/ &quot;NFL Returns to ESPN Africa With Brand&quot;]. 4 September 2024.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hoki yo mu rubura ===

* Shampiyona y'igihugu ya Hockey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Where To Watch By Country |url=https://www.nhl.com/info/where-to-watch-by-country |publisher=nhl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ibirori bya Siporo nyinshi ===

* Imikino y'Isi Idasanzwe ya Olempike

=== ishyirahamwe ry'abakina umupira w'amaguru (rugby)/shampiyona ===

* Ikipe ya Rugby yo mu Buyapani ya mbere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=ESPN Africa channels to air Bok-filled Japan Rugby League One |url=https://africa.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/39089128/espn-africa-channels-air-bok-filled-japan-rugby-league-one |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rugby ya shampiyona nkuru &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=ESPN and Major League Rugby Announce Multiyear Media Rights Agreement |url=https://www.majorleague.rugby/news/espnxmlr/ |publisher=MLR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shampiyona y'igihugu ya Rugby &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2019 |title=International Broadcasters |url=https://www.nrl.com/operations/the-game/international-broadcasters/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umupira w'amaguru ===
Inkomoko: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=ESPN Africa set for epic European football season ahead |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/article/espn-africa-set-for-epic-european-football-season-ahead-583770a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Shampiyona y'abagore ya UEFA
* Eredivisie
* Süper Lig
* Shampiyona ya Ecosse
* Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru y'Ubwongereza
* Shampiyona y'Abanyamerika bo muri Arabiya Sawudite
* NWSL
* DFB-Pokal
* Igikombe cya Shampiyona ya Ecosse
* Igikombe cy'Umwami wa Saudi Arabia
* Igikombe cya Sawudite Super Cup
* Igikombe cya CONCACAF

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amasano yo hanze ==

* Official website</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urutonde rw'inzibutso za jenoside mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142580</id>
      <parentid>135252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]</comment>
      <origin>142580</origin>
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      <text bytes="7357" sha1="4164n997ncgdje8fhlqsrjqwg785171" xml:space="preserve">== jenoside &lt;ref&gt;[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Ni ubwicanyi bwateguwe kandi bugakorwa bugamije kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu binzirakarengane hashingiwe ku bwoko bwabo, akarere bakomokamo, ibara ryuruhu nibindi baba batarahisemo bo ubwabo.Urugero rukomeye ni [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], yabaye hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994 ya tangiye ku wa 7 mata, aho [[Abatutsi]] barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira uko bavutse.

Mu rwego rwo gusigasira ayo mateka asharira igihugu cyanyuzemo  hari zimwe mu nzibutso za jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]] Zubatswe twavugamo:

# [[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 009.jpg|thumb|URWIBUTSO RWA JENOCIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI 1994 RWA GISOZI]]Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]]

&lt;/ref&gt;:Urwibutso ndetse ari nayo nzu ibitse amateka iri ku [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gisozi]] nk' iminota icumi uvuye hagati mu mugi wa Kigali.
# Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa bisesero&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]

&lt;/ref&gt;:urwibutso ruherereye hafi y’umujyi wa Kibuye, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u [[Rwanda]].
# [[Dosiye:Genocide memorial of Nyamata.jpg|thumb|URWIBUTSO RWA NYAMATA]]Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa nyamata&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Nyamata]]

&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu Murenge wa Nyamata, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]].
# [[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 01.jpg|thumb|URWIBUTSO RWA BISESERO]]Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Bisesero&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye hafi y’umujyi wa Kibuye, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] mu ntara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u [[Rwanda]].
# Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Ntarama&lt;ref&gt;[[Dosiye:Exterior of Ntarama Genocide Memorial Site - Rwanda - 01.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama]]
[[Urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Ntarama]]&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu murenge wa ntarama mu  karere ka [[Akarere ka Bugesera|bugesera]] mu intara y'Iburasirazuba.
# [[Dosiye:Rwandan Genocide Murambi skulls.jpg|thumb|URWIBUTSO RWA JENOCIDEYAKOREWEABATUTSI 1994 RWA MURAMBI]]'''Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Murambi'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Dosiye:RW Murambi (1) (16638079334).jpg|thumb]]
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi]]&lt;/ref&gt;:rumwe mu nzibutso z’ingenzi zibitse amateka ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994 mu [[Rwanda]]. Ruherereye mu majyepfo y’u [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda,]] hafi y’umujyi wa Nyamagabe umurenge wa Cyanika, akagari ka Murambi, mu mudugudu wa Gasiza.&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi#cite note-1]]&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa kibeho''':Urwibutso rwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi rwa Kibeho ruherereye mu [[Umurenge wa Kibeho|Murenge wa Kibeho]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]]. Urwibutso rwubatswe hafi cyangwa muri Kiliziya ya Kibeho ([https://www.radiomariakibeho.rw/rw/i-kibeho-bikira-mariya-yaje-kudukangurira-kwicuza-kwusubiraho-no-guhinduka/ Paruwasi ya Kibeho])
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero]]&lt;/ref&gt;''':'''ruherereye mu Murenge wa Kigarama, [[Akarere ka Kicukiro]], mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali]].
# '''Urwibutso rw'ingabo z'ababirigi rwa Camp Kigali'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu murenge wa kiyovu akagali [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|akarere ka nyarugenge]] mu mugi wa [[Kigali|Kigali.]]
# '''urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa bigogwe'''&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/rubavu-imirimo-yo-kuvugurura-urwibutso-rwa-bigogwe-yatwaye-asaga-miliyari-1-4&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu Kagari ka Nyamirango, [[Umurenge wa Kanzenze]] mu Karere ka [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Rubavu]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''cyanika'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-cyanika-rugiye-gutahwa-ku-mugaragaro&lt;/ref&gt;''':''' ruherereye mu murenge wa Cyanika, [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]] mu ntara y'amajyepfo.
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''Gashirabwa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/barifuza-ko-urwibutso-rwa-gashirabwoba-rwashyirwa-mu-murage-w-isi&lt;/ref&gt; ''':''' ruherereye  Umudugudu wa Ruhinga ya II mu Kagari ka Kagatamu,.mu Murenge wa Bushenge, [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke]], [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''gahanga'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kicukiro.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/gahanga-abaturage-basabwe-kurwanya-ingengabitekerezo-ya-jenoside&lt;/ref&gt; ''':''' ruherereye mu Murenge wa Gahanga, [[akarere ka Kicukiro]], mu mujyi wa [[Kigali Convention Centre|Kigali]].[https://umuseke.rw/kicukiro-imibiri-10224-yabazize-jenoside-yimuriwe-mu-rwibutso-rwa-gahanga/]
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''musanze'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-musanze-rugeze-kuri-80-rushyirwamo-ibimenyetso-ndangamateka&lt;/ref&gt;''':'''ruherereye mu [[Umurenge wa Muhoza|Murenge wa Muhoza]], Akagari ka Ruhengeri mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Musanze|musanze.]]
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''mvuzo'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.northernprovince.gov.rw/ibindi/kwibuka29-ku-rwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-mvuzo-hashyinguwe-mu-cyubahiro-imibiri-itatu-yabazize-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu [[Umurenge wa Murambi|Murenge wa Murambi]], mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rulindo]], mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa''' '''mugonero'''&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/article/karongi-hibutswe-inzirakarengane-za-jenoside-ziciwe-ahitwa-mugonero&lt;/ref&gt;''':'''ruherereye mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20260108140458/https://www.karongi.gov.rw/akarere/imirenge-nutugari Umurenge wa Gishyita], hafi y'[https://www.igihe.com/ubuzima/article/ab-i-ngoma-bashobora-kubona-ibitaro-bishya-by-akarere ibitaro bya Ngoma].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside''' '''rwa kaduha:'''ruherereye mu [https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/mu-murenge-wa-kaduha-hasorejwe-ukwezi-k-ubumwe-n-ubudaheranwa-bw-abanyarwanda Murenge wa Kaduha], [[Akarere ka Nyamagabe]], mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo mu [[Rwanda]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside''' '''rwa Mutete'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa mutete]]

&lt;/ref&gt;''':'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mutete ruherereye mu [[Umurenge wa mutete|murenge wa Mutete]], mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]], mu ntara y’Amajyaruguru y’u [[Rwanda]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside''' '''rwa gisuna'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisuna]]&lt;/ref&gt;''':'''Urwibutso rwa Gisuna ruherereye mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]], mu murenge wa [[Byumba]], ahahoze ari [[Byumba|Perefegitura ya Byumba]]
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside''' '''rwa Ngororero:'''ruherereye mu Murenge wa [https://www.ngororero.gov.rw/news-detail-1/umurenge-wa-muhororo-bralirwa-yabahaye-urumuri Muhororo], mu Kagari ka Rususa, mu Mudugudu wa Kabagari mu Karere ka [[Akarere ka Ngororero|Ngororero]].
# '''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora'''&lt;ref&gt;'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora'''&lt;/ref&gt;:ruherereye mu Karere ka Bugesera, rushyinguyemo imibiri isaga 5,200 y'Abatutsi bazize [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside]] yakorewe Abatutsi  mu 1994

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Urutonde rw'inzibutso za jenoside mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Kkekaannaa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>22654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142548</id>
      <parentid>141521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T07:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>4287</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 */ new section</comment>
      <origin>142548</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42330" sha1="4gnjps5o1w5t29pp726gxt4e4amzcdp" xml:space="preserve">== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:05, 21 Gicurasi 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:32, 25 Gicurasi 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:56, 1 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:kr:주령구]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata.

L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 8 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 15 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:52, 22 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:44, 29 Kamena 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:35, 6 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 13 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 20 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:00, 27 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:11, 3 Kanama 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca.

Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo.

Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:15, 24 Kanama 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:54, 31 Kanama 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
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----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:59, 7 Nzeri 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to &quot;human-made&quot;, &quot;proudly human&quot; and &quot;AI-free&quot;. Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 14 Nzeri 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:02, 21 Nzeri 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:27, 28 Nzeri 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

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--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:39, 5 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jalapeño popper]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cooking-food-stuffed-jalapenos-peppers.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jalapeño poppers''', or jalapeño bites, are jalapeño peppers that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of cheese, spices, and sometimes ground meat, and breaded and deep-fried or wrapped with bacon and baked. They are a common dish on appetizer menus in chain restaurants in the United States. 

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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:15, 19 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>4gnjps5o1w5t29pp726gxt4e4amzcdp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>22669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142575</id>
      <parentid>141687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Henri Blanchard]]</comment>
      <origin>142575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10585" sha1="3wl61kwts62z8b23u4r32o5tm8wn90u" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name       = Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
| state      = {{{state|uncollapsed}}}
| title      = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]]
| listclass  = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:left; width:3em; white-space:normal;
| below      = [[Bibliografiya na firime]]

| group1 = Ingingo rusange
| list1  =
[[Amateka y'u Rwanda]] • [[Amoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] • [[Bahutu Manifesto]] • [[Inshingano y'abinjira n'abasohoka muri Banyarwanda]] • [[Guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda]] • [[Imbaraga z'Abahutu]] • [[Icyemezo cya Akayesu]] • [[Akazu]] • [[Interahamwe]] • [[Kangura]] • [[Parmehutu]] • [[MINUAR]] • [[Komisiyo y’amateka y’Abafaransa ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda]] • [[Garuka i Kigali, ikibazo cyigifaransa]] • [[Igikorwa cya Noroît]] • [[Igikorwa Ifeza Inyuma]] • [[Igikorwa Amaryllis]] • [[Amategeko arwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside]] • [[Gushyira mu byiciro abakekwaho itsembabwoko mu Rwanda]] • [[Biregwa na ICTR]] • [[Amabwiriza yo kwibuka]] • [[Fred Rwigema]] • [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira]]

| group2 = Ibyabaye n'abagize uruhare
| list2  =
[[Ku ya 6 Mata 1994 igitero cyagabwe mu Rwanda]] • [[Ibyabaye]] • [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera]] • [[Impamvu za jenoside]] • [[Abakinnyi b'u Rwanda]] • [[Umuryango mpuzamahanga]] • [[Inzego z’amadini]] • [[Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina nk'intwaro ya jenoside]] • [[Ingaruka za jenocide|Ingaruka za jenoside]] • [[Ubutabera mpuzamahanga (ICTR)]] • [[Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru]] • [[Guhakana jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] • [[Ikibazo cy'impunzi mu Karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari]] • [[Bisesero]] • [[Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera]] • [[Mutarama 1998 ubwicanyi bwabereye i Gisenyi]] • [[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]] • [[Jean-Claude Lafourcade]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Jean-Christophe Klotz]]

| group3 = Ahantu n'amashyirahamwe
| list3  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = Amashyirahamwe n'ahandi h'ingenzi
 | list1  =
[[Ibuka]] • [[Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Ihuriro ry'abarenganyijwe bo mu Rwanda]] • [[Hôtel des Mille Collines|Mille Collines]] • [[Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Amateka y'Urugamba rwo guhagarika Genocide|Ingoro ndangamurage yo kurwanya Jenoside]] • [[Saint Famille|Itorero ry'umuryango mutagatifu i Kigali]] • [[Aegis Trust]]

 | group2 = Urutonde rw'ibibanza
 | list2  =
{{Navbox|child
 | groupstyle = text-align:left; width:1.5em; white-space:normal;

 | group1 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]
 | list1  =
[[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi|Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gahanga|Gahanga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Jabana|Jabana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibagabaga|Kibagabaga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali|Kigali (Gisozi)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro|Kigali (Nyanza-Kicukiro)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinyinya|Kinyinya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero|Rebero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubirizi|Rubirizi]]

 | group2 = [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y'Amajyaruguru]]
 | list2  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Musanze|Musanze]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mutete|Mutete]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mvuzo|Mvuzo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rusiga|Rusiga]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rutare|Rutare]]

 | group3 = [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Intara y'Amajyepfo]]
 | list3  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyabakamyi|Cyabakamyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyahinda|Cyahinda]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyanika|Cyanika]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Cyarwa|Cyarwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabgayi|Kabgayi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kabuye|Kabuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kaduha|Kaduha]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamonyi|Kamonyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Karama|Karama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibeho|Kibeho]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibilizi|Kibilizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibirizi|Kibirizi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kinazi|Kinazi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe|Mayunzwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugombwa|Mugombwa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza|Nyanza]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubona|Rubona]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ruhashya|Ruhashya]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Songa|Songa]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa UNR Butare|UNR Butare]]

 | group4 = [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]
 | list4  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashora|Gashora]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mukarange|Kayonza-Mukarange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibungo - Ngoma|Kibungo-Ngoma]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kiziguro|Kiziguro]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Muyumbu|Muyumbu]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama|Ntarama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata|Nyamata]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamirama|Nyamirama]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye|Nyarubuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Remera|Remera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukara|Rukara]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukira|Rukira]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rukumberi|Rukumberi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rwamagana|Rwamagana]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Zaza|Zaza]]

 | group5 = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]]
 | list5  =
[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bazize|Bazize]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe|Bigogwe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Birogo|Birogo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero|Bisesero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gashirabwoba|Gashirabwoba]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Giheke|Giheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kamembe|Kamembe]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kibuye|Kibuye]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murugo Mutagatifu Jean|Murugo Mutagatifu Jean (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mugonero|Mugonero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ngororero|Ngororero]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamishaba|Nyamishaba (Kibuye)]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyange|Nyange]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarushishi|Nyarushishi]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo|Nyundo]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rubengera|Rubengera]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Shangi|Shangi]]

 | group6 = Hanze y'u Rwanda
 | list6  =
[[Stele i Paris]] • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ggolo|Ggolo]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kasensero|Kasensero]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt; • [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Lambu|Lambu]] &lt;small&gt;(Uganda)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
}}

| group4 = Abatangabuhamya n'abanditsi
| list4  =
[[Élie Sagatwa]] • [[Patrick de Saint-Exupéry]] • [[Aminadabu Birara]] • [[Christian Quesnot]] • [[Charles Habonimana]] • [[Dafroza Gauthier]] • [[Milgitha Kösser]] • [[Thierry Prungnaud]] • [[Paul Barril]] • [[Vincent Duclert]] • [[Rosalie Gicanda]] • [[Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde|Radegonde Nyiramavugo Kankazi]] • [[Henri Blanchard]] • [[Jean Hatzfeld]] • [[Boniface Ngulinzira]] • [[Scholastique Mukasonga|Scholastica Mukasonga]] • [[Annick Kayitesi-Jozan]] • [[Yolande Mukagasana]] • [[Monique Mujawamariya]] • [[Antoine Mugesera]] • [[Jean Varret]] • [[Tharcisse Sinzi]] • [[Roméo Dallaire]] • [[Luc Marchal]] • [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] • [[Mbaye Diagne]] • [[Édouard Kayihura]]

| group5 = Abanyarwanda b'intwari
| list5  =
[[Damas Gisimba]] • [[Célestin Hakizimana]] • [[Zura Karuhimbi]] • [[Joseph Niyomugabo]] • [[Rugamba Cyprien|Cyprien na Daphrose Rugamba]] • [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]

| group6 = Abashinjwa cyangwa abahamijwe ibyaha
| list6  =
[[Jean-Paul Akayesu]] • [[Valerie Bemeriki]] • [[Théoneste Bagosora]] • [[Simon Bikindi]] • [[Pierre Bizimana]] • [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gatete]] • [[Kantano Habimana]] • [[Agathe Habyarimana]] • [[Philippe Hategekimana]] • [[Félicien Kabuga]] • [[Robert Kajuga]] • [[Jean Kambanda]] • [[Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda]] • [[Edouard Karemera]] • [[Clément Kayishema]] • [[Maria Kisito]] • [[Callixte Mbarushimana]] • [[Protais Mpiranya]] • [[León Mugesera|Leon Mugesera]] • [[Claude Muhayimana]] • [[Angeline Mukandutiye]] • [[Bernard Munyagishari]] • [[Sosthène Munyemana]] • [[Beatrice Munyenyezi]] • [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] • [[Alfred Musema]] • [[Ferdinand Nahimana]] • [[Augustin Ngirabatware]] • [[Mathieu Ngirumpatse]] • [[Hassan Ngeze]] • [[Eliezer Niyitegeka]] • [[Ildephonse Nizeyimana]] • [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]] • [[Pauline Nyiramasuhuko]] • [[Tharcisse Renzaho]] • [[Emmanuel Rukundo]] • [[Georges Rutaganda]] • [[Venant Rutunga]] • [[Onesphore Rwabukombe]] • [[Eugene Rwamucyo]] • [[Athanase Seromba]] • [[Elizaphan Ntakirutimana]] • [[Pascal Simbikangwa]] • [[Theodore Sindikubwabo]] • [[Charles Twagira]] • [[Protais Zigiranyirazo]] • [[Fulgence Niyonteze]] • [[Samuel Imanishimwe]] • [[Théodore Munyangabe]] • [[Augustin Bizimungu]] • [[Froduald Karamira]] • [[Tito Barahira]] • [[Octavien Ngenzi]] • [[Jean-Baptiste Gakwerere]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Andika ibisobanuro munsi y'iyi mirongo, hejuru y'agasanduku &quot;add categories&quot;. --&gt;

== Icyerekezo ==
Iyi ni palette (icyitegererezo cy'urutonde rw'ihuza / navbox) igizwe n'ihuza ry'ingingo zijyanye na [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994]].

== Ikoreshwa ==
Iyi palette ishyirwa mu ntangiriro cyangwa mu iherezo ry'ingingo zerekeye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, hakoreshejwe:

&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igaragara ifunguye (itagoyeka) ku ntangiriro:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Niba ushaka ko igoyeka (ihishe) mu buryo busanzwe:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=collapsed}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Ingero ==
{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jenoside Rwanda}}
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Intambara muri Afurika]]
[[Icyiciro:Palette y'Amateka y'u Rwanda]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Igihe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142539</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-18T21:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza ingingo: agasanduku k'amakuru, amateka, inkomoko zizewe (IREX, The New Times, Global Voices), gukuraho inkomoko itajyanye n'ingingo, umusozo</comment>
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      <text bytes="2191" sha1="kdgqc4xebbb2wyg06gi1w39q8s8jieq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = IGIHE
| label1 = Ubwoko
| data1 = Ikinyamakuru cyo kuri interineti
| label2 = Uwagishinze
| data2 = Meilleur Murindabigwi
| label3 = Ikigo
| data3 = IGIHE Ltd
| label4 = Igihugu
| data4 = [[Rwanda]]
| label5 = Indimi
| data5 = [[Ikinyarwanda]], [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]]
| label6 = Urubuga
| data6 = {{URL|https://igihe.com|igihe.com}}
}}
'''IGIHE''' ni ikinyamakuru cyo kuri interineti cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. Gitangaza amakuru mu [[Ikinyarwanda]], mu [[Icyongereza]] no mu [[Igifaransa]].

IGIHE cyashinzwe na Meilleur Murindabigwi. Ni kimwe mu binyamakuru bisomwa cyane mu Rwanda.

== Amateka ==
Meilleur Murindabigwi ni we washinze IGIHE. Ni umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo IGIHE Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;irex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meilleur Murindabigwi |url=https://irex.org/node/514 |website=IREX |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu ntangiriro, abanyamakuru benshi ba IGIHE bari abanyeshuri ba kaminuza.&lt;ref name=&quot;irex&quot; /&gt; Abasomyi bashobora gutanga ibitekerezo ku nkuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;irex&quot; /&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2011, Murindabigwi yahawe igihembo na [[Jeannette Kagame]]. Yagihawe kubera ko yashinze IGIHE.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Lady awards young Rwandan achievers |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/59488/first-lady-awards-young-rwandan-achievers |website=The New Times |date=2011-08-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abasomyi ==
Nk'uko IREX ibivuga, abantu bari hagati ya 50 000 na 80 000 basuraga urubuga rwa IGIHE buri munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;irex&quot; /&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2024, IGIHE cyari gifite abantu barenga 396 000 bagikurikira kuri [[Facebook]]. Cyari gifite kandi abarenga 596 000 kuri X, n'abarenga 423 000 kuri Instagram.&lt;ref name=&quot;gv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zage |first=Zita |title=Navigating Rwanda's media landscape ahead of the upcoming election |url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/01/19/navigating-rwandas-media-landscape-ahead-of-the-upcoming-election/ |website=Global Voices |date=2024-01-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Umuseke]]
* [[Ikinyamakuru]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* [https://igihe.com Urubuga rwa IGIHE]

{{Stub}}

[[Ikiciro:Ibinyamakuru]]
[[Ikiciro:Itangazamakuru]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika yacu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umujyi wa byumba</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:19:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo imwe na [[Byumba]]: ibifite inkomoko byimuriwe muri [[Byumba]]; guhindura iyoherezwa</comment>
      <origin>142593</origin>
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      <text bytes="20" sha1="4do10xilnin3hy9u6z9ql7k6lbleie7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Byumba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibitaramo bya &quot;The summer country tour&quot;</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142550</id>
      <parentid>138143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T09:55:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baraka official</username>
        <id>17008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1447" sha1="e01d6pt5njyhk2daw5k2x4qj742yhkl" xml:space="preserve">== Byinshi kubyo wamenya kuri ibi bitaramo ==
The summer country tour ni uruhererekane rw'iitaramo byahuriyemo abakanzi bane bakomeye mu Rwanda bayobowe na Bluce Melodie, [[The Ben|The ben]] bafatanyije na Bwiza ndetse na Kitoko. Ibi bitaramo byatangiye tariki ya 13 Kamena aho byabereye i Musanze , 20 Kamena i Nyagatare, 27 kamena Bugesera bisorezwa i [[Rubavu]] 4 Nyakanga .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/the-ben-na-bruce-melodie-besuraniye-i-musanze-ibitaramo-bya-summer-country-tour&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibi bitaramo byabaye ibitaramo byambere bizenguruka igihugu bigaragayemo umuhanzi The ben ibintu byari bimaze bvisabwa n'abafana benshi. Igitaramo cya nyuma cyabereye i Rubavu cyitabiriwe n'ibihumbio by'abafana barimo nabaturutse mu gihugu cyigituranyi vya Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo bituma kiba kimwe mu byitabiriwe cyane mu bindi byose.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/article/ab-i-rubavu-bitabye-karame-igitaramo-cya-summer-country-tour-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impaka hagati y'abafana ==
Ikigitaramo cyirangiye gisize impaka hagati y'abafana ba bahanzi babiri bakomeye hano mu Rwanda  aribo Bluce Melodie ndetse na The ben aho abafana babo bagiya bagaraga mu ntambara z'amagambo aho buri ruhande ruhamya ko ari rwo rwitwaye neza muri ibi bitaramo by'uruhererekane. iki kikaba kiri no mubyatumye ikigitaramo kivugwa cyane ku mbuga nkoranya mbaga&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bikira Mariya wa Nili (filime)</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bella chania</username>
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      <text bytes="8125" sha1="jzdvbzj8y6rz23kvc89wqrhbznwld1m" xml:space="preserve">Filime '''ya Our Lady of the Nile''' (Bikira Mariya wa Nile) yo mu mwaka w'2019 yayobowe kandi inandikirwa na Atiq Rahimi . Iyi filime ishingiye ku gitabo cyasohotse mu mwaka w'2012 cyitwa ''Our Lady of the Nile'' cyanditswe n'umwanditsi w'Umunyarwandakazi witwa [[Scholastique Mukasonga]], ni [[igitabo]] kivuga ku mateka y'u Rwanda, mu ntangiriro z'amakimbirane hagati y'Abahutu [[Abatutsi|n'Abatutsi]] yaje kurangira habayeho [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-29 |title=TIFF 2019: Updated – The Globe's latest ratings and reviews of movies screening at the festival |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/tiff/article-tiff-2019-the-globes-guide-to-movies-screening-at-the-festival/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2019-09-14 |title='Our Lady of the Nile' ('Notre-Dame du Nil'): Film Review {{!}} TIFF 2019 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/lady-nile-review-1239709/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Soraya Nadia |date=2019-09-14 |title=TIFF 2019: Contrasting visions of Africa in 'Our Lady of the Nile' and 'Sweetness in the Belly' |url=https://andscape.com/features/tiff-2019-contrasting-visions-of-africa-in-our-lady-of-the-nile-and-sweetness-in-the-belly/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Andscape |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inkuru ya filime ==
Iyi filime ivuga ku [[Rwanda]] mu ntangiriro z'umwaka w' 1990 mu ishuri ry’abakobwa b’abagatolika ry’abana bato, Our Lady of the Nile, riri hafi y’isoko y’uruzi rwa Nili. Iri shuri rihuza abanyeshuri bakomokaga mu miryango y’Abahutu [[Abatutsi|n’Abatutsi]], riyobowe n’abapadiri n’abarimu b’i Burayi. Nubwo ikigo cyatezaga imbere umuco mwiza n'indangagaciro z'idini, amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko yari agihari. Abanyeshuri b'Abatutsi bahuraga n'ivangura ridasanzwe, mu gihe abanyeshuri b'Abahutu bashishikarizwa kugaragaza ubwoko bwabo. Uko ibibazo bya politiki byarushagaho kwiyongera mu gihugu hose, ni na ko urwango muri iryo shuri rwarushagaho kwiyongera. Babitewe n’ibitekerezo bya poropaganda n’igitutu cyo mu miryango, bamwe mu banyeshuri bakoraga ibikorwa byo kwirukana no guhohotera bagenzi babo b’Abatutsi. Gusenyuka kw'amategeko muri iryo ishuri bigaragaza isenyuka rikomeye ry'imibereho ryabaye mu muryango nyarwanda, bikaba byaraganishije u Rwanda kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile (2019) |url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/47576/our-lady-of-the-nile# |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=en.unifrance.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Abakinnyi ==

* Clariella Bizimana nka Veronika
* Amanda Santa Mugabekazi nka Virginia
* Pascal Greggory nka Monsieur Fontenaille
* Albina Kirenga nka Gloriosa
* Belinda Rubango nka Modesta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2019-09-14 |title='Our Lady of the Nile' ('Notre-Dame du Nil'): Film Review {{!}} TIFF 2019 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/lady-nile-review-1239709/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Malaika Uwamahoro]] (uzwi nka Angel Uwamahoro) nka Immaculée

== Ibihembo ==
Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Berlin rya 2020, ryatsindiye: Crystal Bear (Generation 14plus) Filime nziza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile and Sweet Thing win the Crystal Bears in Berlin's Generation |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/386145/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=[[Cineuropa]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meza |first=Ed |date=2020-02-29 |title='There Is No Evil' Wins Golden Bear at Berlin Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/berlin-film-festival-2020-award-winners-1203519894/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibirori yerekanwemo ==

* Iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Toronto rya 2019 (aho yerekanwe bwa mbere ku mugaragaro) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keizer |first=Mark |date=2019-09-06 |title=Film Review: 'Our Lady of the Nile' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/film-review-our-lady-of-the-nile-1203325073/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019. [[Antalya]] Zahabu ya Orange Ibirori
* 2020, Iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Giffoni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR LADY OF THE NILE |url=https://www.giffonifilmfestival.it/en/film-giffoni50/4767-our-lady-of-the-nile.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.giffonifilmfestival.it |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425165500/https://www.giffonifilmfestival.it/en/film-giffoni50/4767-our-lady-of-the-nile.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020, Sinema &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Film OUR LADY OF THE NILE |url=https://www.festivalcinemania.com/en/film/our-lady-of-the-nile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425163957/https://www.festivalcinemania.com/en/film/our-lady-of-the-nile |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Cinemania festival |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Afurika ya 2020 iri mu rugendo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile (Notre-Dame Du Nil) (2019) |url=https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/festival/programme/event/520/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124133239/https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/festival/programme/event/520/ |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Africa in Motion |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya São Paulo
* 2020, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Friborg
* 2020, Iserukiramuco rya Filime ry'i Burayi rya Seville &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUR LADY OF THE NILE {{!}} Festival de Cine de Sevilla |url=http://festivalcinesevilla.eu/en/films/our-lady-nile |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Festiva de Sevilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020, Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Palm Springs &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile {{!}} Palm Springs International Film Festival |url=https://www.psfilmfest.org/2020-ps-film-festival/film-finder/our-lady-of-the-nile |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.psfilmfest.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020, Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filimi rya Haifa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile {{!}} Notre-Dame du Nil |url=https://www.haifaff.co.il/eng/Films/7178/Our_Lady_of_the_Nile_%7C_Notre-Dame_du_Nil |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Haifa 38th International Film Festival |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020, Iserukiramuco rya Filime Nyafurika rya Luxor &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile |url=http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PastEditions/2020/Film/Diaspora/Our%20Lady%20of%20the%20Nile |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021, Iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Adelaide &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=AFF Youth Our Lady of the Nile. |url=https://adelaidefilmfestival.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AFF-Youth-Our-Lady-of-the-Nile.pdf |publisher=[[Adelaide Film Festival]] 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021, [[Iserukiramuco rya Filime, Inc.|Iserukiramuco rya Filime muri Afurika rya New York]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/event/our-lady-of-the-nile/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Darwin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of the Nile at The Darwin International Film Festival - movie times &amp; tickets |url=https://diff.net.au/movie/our-lady-of-the-nile |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=diff.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Marrakech 

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amashakiro yo hanze ==

* Our Lady of the Nile at IMDb
* ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/our_lady_of_the_nile_2019 Our Lady of the Nile]'' at Rotten Tomatoes
* [https://www.metacritic.com/movie/our-lady-of-the-nile Our Lady of the Nile] at Metacritic
[[Ikiciro:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Sinema nyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Sinema]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime]]</text>
      <sha1>jzdvbzj8y6rz23kvc89wqrhbznwld1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142583</id>
      <parentid>142370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kunoza: aho ruherereye hakosowe (Kanzenze, Rubavu), imibiri 9 042, amateka n'ivugururwa (2023–2025), Kwibuka, inyandiko zagenzuwe, amafoto mu nzu y'amafoto, hakuweho {{Databox}} na {{clear}}</comment>
      <origin>142583</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6484" sha1="mj0dlmbl6j9cz7gmogp75vkzzjh9kmz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe
| image   = [[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial08.jpg|280px]]
| caption = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe (Kanama 2025)
| label1  = Igihugu
| data1   = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| label2  = Intara
| data2   = [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Iburengerazuba]]
| label3  = Akarere
| data3   = [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]]
| label4  = Umurenge
| data4   = [[Umurenge wa Kanzenze|Kanzenze]]
| label5  = Ubwoko
| data5   = Urwibutso rwa Jenoside
| label6  = Rwibuka
| data6   = [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] (1994)
| label7  = Imibiri ishyinguyemo
| data7   = 9&amp;nbsp;042
| label8  = Aho ruherereye
| data8   = {{Coord|-1.641409|29.395046|type:landmark_region:RW|display=inline}}
}}
'''Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe''' ni urwibutso rwa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]. Ruri i Bigogwe, mu [[Umurenge wa Kanzenze]], mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]].

Urwibutso rushyinguyemo imibiri 9&amp;nbsp;042 y'abazize Jenoside. Abo bantu biciwe mu yahoze ari komini Mutura na Rwerere. Urwibutso rwavuguruwe kandi rwagurwa hagati ya 2023 na 2025.

== Amateka ==
[[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial10.jpg|left|thumb|Imbere h'inyubako nkuru y'urwibutso (Kanama 2025)]]
Mu gihe cya Jenoside yo mu 1994, Abatutsi benshi biciwe i Bigogwe no mu nkengero zaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: The Story of Genocide in Bigogwe |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502063114/http://allafrica.com/stories/201405010375.html |archive-date=2014-05-02 |url-status=dead |website=allAfrica.com |language=en |access-date=2025-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubwicanyi bwakorewe ahantu henshi. Bimwe muri ibyo bice biri mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]]: Bigogwe, Jenda na Kabatwa. Ibindi biri mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu]]: Kanzenze na [[Umurenge wa Mudende|Mudende]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot; /&gt; Ibyo bice byari mu yahoze ari komini Mutura na Rwerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nchr&quot; /&gt;

Umuryango Ibuka wo mu Karere ka Rubavu uvuga ko ubwicanyi bwakozwe cyane n'abasirikare b'abakomando. Abo basirikare bari mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Bigogwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot; /&gt;

== Ivugururwa ==
Mbere y'ivugururwa, aha hari imva rusange gusa. Iyo mva ntiyari yujuje ibisabwa ku rwibutso rwa Jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot; /&gt; Imirimo yo kuvugurura no kwagura urwibutso yatangiye ku wa 18 Werurwe 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;anvcg&quot; /&gt; Mu gihe cy'imirimo, imibiri yimuriwe by'agateganyo mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ingabire |first=Gina |title=Renovation of Bigogwe Genocide memorial site gets underway |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6056/news/rwanda/renovation-ofbigogwe-genocide-memorial-site-gets-underway |work=The New Times |date=2023-03-23 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku wa 10 Mata 2023, abakozi babonye gerenade mu gihe bacukuraga. Nta muntu wakomeretse. [[RIB]] yatwaye iyo gerenade. Imirimo yakomeje uwo munsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;anvcg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=17/04/2023 Ruanda |url=https://biografiadiunabomba.anvcg.it/?p=659514 |website=Biografia di una bomba (ANVCG) |date=2023-04-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imirimo yarangiye mu 2025. Yatwaye amafaranga y'u Rwanda arenga miliyari imwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial completed |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/26295/news/kwibuka/expansion-of-bigogwe-genocide-memorial-completed |work=The New Times |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imibiri yari iteganyijwe kugarurwa mu rwibutso ku wa 16 Gicurasi 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Rwanda: Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial Completed |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |work=The New Times (via allAfrica.com) |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibiranga urwibutso ==
Urwibutso rushya rufite imva rusange iri munsi y'ubutaka. Rufite kandi urumuri rw'icyizere. Hari igice cy'amateka, aho kwakirira abashyitsi, inzu mberabyombi n'ibiro. Hari n'ubusitani bw'urwibutso. Urwibutso rufite uburyo bwo kuzimya inkongi na kamera z'umutekano.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot; /&gt;

Urwibutso ruri hafi y'urutare rwitwa [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]].

== Kwibuka ==
Urwibutso rwakira ibikorwa byo [[Kwibuka]] abazize Jenoside. Ku wa 15 Gicurasi 2026, abantu bafashe umunota wo guceceka ku rwibutso. Uwarokotse Jenoside i Bigogwe yatanze ubuhamya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title='They hunted us with dogs': Bigogwe Genocide survivor recounts ordeal |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/35731/news/kwibuka/they-hunted-us-with-dogs-bigogwe-genocide-survivor-recounts-ordeal |work=The New Times |date=2026-05-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku wa 29 Gicurasi 2026, Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu yibukiye kuri uru rwibutso.&lt;ref name=&quot;nchr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwibuka32: NCHR Commemorates the Genocide Against the Tutsi at Bigogwe Memorial Site |url=https://www.cndp.org.rw/news-details/kwibuka32-nchr-commemorates-the-genocide-against-the-tutsi-at-bigogwe-memorial-site |website=National Commission for Human Rights |date=2026-05-29 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
BigogweGenocideMemorial01.jpg|Ubusitani n'Ibere rya Bigogwe
BigogweGenocideMemorial02.jpg|Ubusitani bw'urwibutso
BigogweGenocideMemorial05.jpg|Irembo ry'urwibutso
BigogweGenocideMemorial09.jpg|Urukuta n'ubusitani
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyundo]]
* [[Ibere rya Bigogwe]]
* [[Umurenge wa Bigogwe]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
{{Commonscat|Bigogwe Genocide Memorial}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide (CNLG) |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |publisher=CNLG |location=Kigali |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigogwe, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside}}
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rubavu]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142578</id>
      <parentid>140951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhuza n'ingingo [[Urwibutso rw'ingabo z'ababirigi rwa Camp Kigali]] (yanditswe na B.Scalling n'abandi: ToBeFree, Gorillatrekkinguganda, Protais1, Vick karega, Mrbobax, Mugisha Cosma): amafoto yongewemo</comment>
      <origin>142578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21535" sha1="4c2amx8m57ine6coot5hsdmkujrovh6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title = Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi
| image = [[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 032 - The Belgian monument for ten murdered Belgian Blue Helmets of the United Nations 1994 - Kigali.jpg|280px]]
| caption = Inkingi 10 z'urwibutso rw'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR i Kigali
| label1 = Igihugu
| data1 = [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]
| label2 = Intara
| data2 = [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]]
| label3 = Ubwoko
| data3 = Urwibutso
| label4 = Rwibuka
| data4 = Abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR bishwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994
}}
'''Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Mémorial des gardiens de la paix Belges'') ni urwibutso ruri mu kigo cyahoze ari icya gisirikare cya ''Camp Kigali'' i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]]. Inkingi icumi zubatswe aho hantu zibutsa abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi b'ingabo za [[MINUAR]] bishwe ku wa 7 Mata 1994, igihe ubwicanyi bwatangiraga mu ntangiriro za [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

== Aho ruherereye ==
Uru rwibutso ni rumwe mu nzibutso zitubatswe ku kibanza rusange. Ni kimwe mu bibanza byinshi byo kwibuka biri mu Rwanda, byibutsa [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]].

Mu nzibutso z'igihugu harimo [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Ntarama]], [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]] n'[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Gisenyi, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ |website=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2015-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Rwanda habarurwa ibibanza by'urwibutso birenga 250 byanditswe, byibutsa Jenoside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gisenyi Genocide Memorial Site - Rwanda |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/gisenyi-genocide-memorial-site/ |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka n'imiterere y'ibihe ==
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1950, mu gihe cy'ubwigenge bw'ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n'ubwiyongere bw'amakimbirane mu muryango n'urugomo rushingiye ku moko. Ibyo byakomeje na nyuma y'uko igihugu kibona ubwigenge ku [[Ububiligi]] mu 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rapport de la commission indépendante d'enquête sur les actions de l'Organisation des Nations Unies lors du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/395/48/PDF/N9939548.pdf |website=Umuryango w'Abibumbye |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri Kanama 1993, kubera imbaraga z'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (OUA) n'iza guverinoma zo mu karere mu gushaka amahoro, isinywa ry'[[Amasezerano y'amahoro ya Arusha]] ryasaga n'irirangije intambara (yatangiye mu 1990) hagati ya guverinoma y'u Rwanda y'icyo gihe na [[FPR Inkotanyi|FPR]].&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt; Mu Ukwakira 1993, Akanama k'Umutekano ka Loni kashyizeho Ubutumwa bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bwo gufasha u Rwanda ([[MINUAR]]), bwari bufite inshingano zo kubungabunga amahoro, gutanga ubufasha bw'ubutabazi no gushyigikira muri rusange inzira y'amahoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Ku wa 6 Mata 1994, urupfu rw'Abaperezida b'u Burundi n'u Rwanda, mu ndege yahanuwe na misile, rwabaye imbarutso ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari imaze amezi menshi itegurwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt; Abishwe bagereranywa na miliyoni imwe. Mu gihe kitageze ku isaha igice nyuma y'uko indege ihanuka, bariyeri zagenzurwaga n'abarwanyi b'Abahutu, akenshi bafashijwe na [[Jandarumori y'u Rwanda|jandarumori]] cyangwa abasirikare, zarashyizweho kugira ngo zitahure Abatutsi zibice.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Ku wa 7 Mata, [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM) yatangaje ikiganiro gishinja FPR n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR kuba ari bo bahanuye indege, itangira gushishikariza Abahutu kurimbura « inyenzi z'Abatutsi ».&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'aho kuri uwo munsi, Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] n'abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi b'ingabo za Loni zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro bari bashinzwe kumurinda bishwe bunyamaswa n'abasirikare ba guverinoma y'u Rwanda. Nyuma y'iyicwa ry'abasirikare bayo, Ububiligi bwafashe icyemezo cyo gucyura ingabo zabwo za Loni.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

== Uko byagenze ku wa 6 n'uwa 7 Mata 1994 ku ruhande rw'abasirikare ba 2e Commando ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;
'''Uko byagenze ku wa 6 n'uwa 7 Mata 1994 ku ruhande rw'abasirikare ba 2e Commando'''
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
6 Mata, saa 20:30: Indege yari igeze ku kibuga cy'indege cya Kigali, itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] na Perezida w'u Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira, yahanuwe na misile zirasirwa ku butaka, hapfa kandi abaminisitiri babiri b'u Burundi, umugaba mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda, abandi bayobozi n'abakozi b'indege b'Abafaransa.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Agahenge karahagaze mu buryo butunguranye. Ibihuha bikwirakwira ko Ababiligi ari bo bahanuye indege ya Perezida.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Saa 22:00: Hashyizweho komite ishinzwe ibibazo byihutirwa. Jenerali [[Roméo Dallaire]], umuyobozi w'ingabo za MINUAR, ajya mu nama asangamo Koloneli [[Théoneste Bagosora]], umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Ingabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Roméo Dallaire |title=J'ai serré la main du diable |url=https://archive.org/details/jaiserrelamaindu0000dall |publisher=Libre Expression |year=2003 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyifuzo cy'uko Minisitiri w'Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana, ubundi wari ku isonga mu murongo w'abasimbura, yageza ijambo ku gihugu, cyaranzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

7 Mata, saa 01:18: Nyamara, ku itegeko rya Jenerali Dallaire, umuyobozi wa MINUAR ushinzwe agace ka Kigali, Koloneli [[Luc Marchal]], ashinga batayo ya 2 ya Commando y'Ababiligi guherekeza Minisitiri w'Intebe kuri Radiyo Rwanda no kurinda aho hantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt; Yagombaga kugeza ijambo ku gihugu saa 05:30.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Liyetona-Koloneli Joseph Dewez, umuyobozi wa batayo, agaragaza gushidikanya kuri ubwo butumwa mu bihe byari bikomeye cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Saa 02:16: Liyetona Thierry Lotin, wari ufite itsinda ry'abasirikare ba Mortiers ba batayo ya 2 ya Commando ku kibuga cy'indege n'amajipe yabo abiri bagiye gushyiramo lisansi, ahabwa ubwo butumwa. Agomba gufata amajipe ane (inshuro ebyiri z'iherekeza risanzwe).&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Saa 03:19: Mu nzira ajya gusohoza ubwo butumwa, Liyetona Lotin ahagarikwa kuri bariyeri, kuri kilometero imwe gusa uvuye mu rugo rwa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Atakaza igihe kinini aganira kandi ategereje umusirikare w'u Rwanda ushinzwe guhuza ibikorwa utigeze uza.

Saa 05:12: Liyetona Lotin amaherezo ayoborwa mu wundi muhanda. Mu mujyi hose humvikana amasasu ahandi n'ahandi.

Saa 05:42: Amajipe y'itsinda rya Mortiers agera aho yagombaga kujya. Abasirikare bahura n'abasirikare batanu ba MINUAR bo muri Ghana n'abajandarume batanu b'Abanyarwanda bari bashinzwe umutekano wa Minisitiri w'Intebe. Ako kanya, abasirikare b'u Rwanda bafite imodoka z'intambara n'abarinzi ba Perezida bagota aho bari, barasa ku rugo.

Saa 05:47: Liyetona Lotin asuzuma uko ibintu bimeze. Ubutumwa bwo guherekeza Minisitiri w'Intebe kuri radiyo buhagarikwa. Itsinda rya Liyetona Lotin ntiryirwanaho, kuko abasirikare b'u Rwanda batari babarasaho. Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez na we ababwira kutarasa.

Saa 06:03: Itsinda rimenyesha ko amajipe yaryo yangijwe.

Saa 06:55: Abasirikare b'u Rwanda bategeka itsinda gushyira hasi intwaro no kwitanga. Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez agira inama Liyetona Lotin yo kutabikora, ahubwo agashaka ibiganiro.

Saa 07:00: Umuyobozi wa kompanyi ya 2e Commando, wari nko ku birometero bibiri uvuye mu rugo rwa Minisitiri w'Intebe, asaba gutabara n'itsinda ryongerewe imbaraga. Ubuyobozi bwa batayo bwanga icyo cyifuzo.

Saa 07:40: Minisitiri w'Intebe ahungira mu nzu yari hafi aho, aherekejwe n'abajandarume. Nyuma (saa 11:45), we n'umugabo we bavumbuwe n'itsinda ry'Abarinzi ba Perezida, baricwa.

Saa 08:44: Liyetona Lotin amenyesha ubugome bw'abasirikare b'u Rwanda bamukikije. Batayo ya 2 isaba amabwiriza Koloneli Marchal, wumvaga ibiganiro kuri radiyo ya batayo.

Saa 08:49: Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez asubiramo ko itsinda ridakwiye gushyira hasi intwaro, ariko bikaba byatinze: abasirikare bane bari bamaze kwamburwa intwaro no kuryamishwa hasi. Liyetona Lotin yitanga abyemerewe n'ubuyobozi bwa batayo n'ubw'agace.

Itsinda ry'Ababiligi n'abasirikare bo muri Ghana bafatwa mpiri na Majoro [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] wo mu biro bikuru by'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Batwarwa muri minibisi.

Ahagana saa 09:00: Bagera i ''Camp Kigali'', ikigo cya gisirikare cy'u Rwanda kitari kure y'aho.

Akigerayo, Liyetona Lotin ahura na Kapiteni Kodjo Apedo, ku biro bya Loni byari hafi aho. Uwo kapiteni yari umusirikare wa MINUAR ukomoka muri Togo, ushinzwe guhuza ibikorwa muri icyo kigo.

Muri ako kanya, Majoro Ntuyahaga akwirakwiza ibihuha ko izo mfungwa z'Ababiligi ari zo zahanuye indege ya Perezida, akabyutsa uburakari bw'abasirikare b'u Rwanda bari aho. Imbaga yitwaje imigongo y'imbunda, amabuye n'imbunda, itangira gukubita no kwica izo mfungwa zitari zitwaje intwaro.

Saa 09:06: Liyetona abasha kuvugana bwa nyuma n'abamukuriye kugira ngo abamenyeshe ibibazo arimo, akoresheje radiyo ya kapiteni wo muri Togo.

Saa 09:08: Liyetona-Koloneli Dewez asaba ubuyobozi bw'agace ubufasha bwo gutabara. Koloneli Marchal amenyesha umwe mu bagize ibiro bya Jenerali Dallaire, asaba ko icyo kibazo kizaganirwaho n'abayobozi b'u Rwanda mu nama yari iteganyijwe saa 10:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt;

Hagati aho, abasirikare bane ba Liyetona Lotin bapfa bazize inkoni n'ibyuma by'imbunda (''baïonnettes''). Abandi, bakomeretse bikabije, bacika iyo mbaga bagera kuri Liyetona Lotin mu biro bya Loni. Bafungirana imbere batangira kwirwanaho ngo barokore ubuzima bwabo.

Imyigaragambyo y'abasirikare (''mutinerie'') i ''Camp Kigali'' iba yose igihe abasirikare b'u Rwanda bamena ububiko bw'intwaro bw'ikigo kugira ngo bitwaze intwaro. Ibiro birasirwaho cyane, maze undi musirikare wa Para-Commando w'Umubiligi arapfa.

Mu gihe igitero cyari gihagaze gato, Kapiteni Apedo n'abasirikare batanu bo muri Ghana bakurwa muri ibyo biro.

Mbere gato ya saa 10:00: Jenerali Dallaire ava ku cyicaro cye ajya mu nama. Amara isaha mu nzira. Amenyeshwa ikibazo kirebana n'abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt;

Saa 10:40: Umusirikare w'u Rwanda ushaka kwinjira mu biro yamburwa intwaro akicwa na Liyetona Lotin wari wasigaranye pisitori ye. Habaho kurasana. Abasirikare b'u Rwanda barakomereka abandi barapfa.

Saa 10:50: Ajya mu nama, Jenerali Dallaire anyura imbere y'irembo rya ''Camp Kigali'', kuri metero 30 gusa uvuye aho ibyo byaberaga. Abona imirambo y'abasirikare ba MINUAR iri hasi. Ategeka ko imodoka ihagarara, ariko umushoferi we w'Umunyarwanda aranga, amubwira ko bari mu kaga kuko hari imyigaragambyo y'abasirikare.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt;

Saa 10:55: Jenerali Dallaire agera aho inama yabereye, kuri metero 200 gusa uvuye aho ibyo byaberaga, ahahurira na Kapiteni Apedo n'abasirikare bo muri Ghana bari bemerewe kuva mu kigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt; Bamumenyesha ibibera i ''Camp Kigali''. Igitangaje ni uko Jenerali Dallaire nta gikorwa na kimwe yakoze ngo akemure icyo kibazo. Ntiyanakivuzeho mu nama yamaze kugeza saa 12:15. Nk'uko yabyanditse mu gitabo cye ''J'ai serré la main du diable'', yageragezaga gusobanukirwa n'uko ibintu byari bimeze.

Ahagana saa 13:00: Ibyuka biryana mu maso n'ibisasu bya gerenade bijugunywa binyuze mu mwobo wo ku gisenge. Ibyo bishyira iherezo ku kwirwanaho gutangaje kw'aba Para-Commandos b'Ababiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Nyuma ya saa sita, imirambo yabo yasahuwe kandi igacibwa ibice ijyanwa mu buruhukiro bw'ibitaro bya Kigali, igerekeranywa. Nimugoroba, Jenerali Dallaire ajya ku bitaro. Ntiyabasha kumenya umubare w'abasirikare be bapfuye.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Kwibuka Ababiligi bishwe ==
Nk'uko bivugwa mu mwanzuro wa 2150 w'Akanama k'Umutekano k'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (wemejwe n'abagize akanama bose mu 2014), werekeye gukumira no kurwanya jenoside, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni mu minsi 100. Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, n'Abahutu n'abandi bantu barwanyaga jenoside barishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:ASC Leiden - Rwanda 2021 - 032 - The Belgian monument for ten murdered Belgian Blue Helmets of the United Nations 1994 - Kigali.jpg|left|thumb|Inkingi z'Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi i ''Camp Kigali'']]
Ububiligi bwo bubabazwa n'abantu 22 bwabuze: '''abasirikare 10 b'ingabo za Loni bari bashinzwe kurinda Minisitiri w'Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana''' (na we wishwe), n'abasivili 12 bishwe ahanini kubera ko bari Ababiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

=== Urutonde rw'Ababiligi 22 bishwe mu 1994 ===
Christine André | '''Bruno Bassinne'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hommages - Hulden |url=https://bel-memorial.org/tribute/tribute_1.php?INDIVIDUALS_ID=80753&amp;RECOUP=80753 |website=bel-memorial.org |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Note de synthèse du conseil communal du 3 septembre 2024 |url=https://www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/vie-politique/conseil-communal/seances-du-conseil/03-09-2024/note-synthese-cc20240903-ville.pdf |website=Ville de Namur |language=fr |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103215101/https://www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/vie-politique/conseil-communal/seances-du-conseil/03-09-2024/note-synthese-cc20240903-ville.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-03 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; | Claire Beckers-Bucyana | Katia Bucyana | Albert Craemers | '''Alain Debatty''' | Olivier Dulieu | '''Christophe Dupont''' | Michel Gigi | Antoine Godfriaux | Paul Kesenne | '''Yannick Leroy''' | Hélène Laveque | '''Stéphane Lhoir''' | '''Thierry Lotin''' | '''Bruno Meaux''' | '''Louis Plescia''' | '''Christophe Renwa''' | Annie Roland-Mugwaneza | Etienne Staelgraeve | '''Marc Uyttebroeck''' | Paul Van Vynckt&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : 1994 -2024 |url=https://beldefnews.mil.be/rwanda-1994-2024/?lang=fr |website=beldefnews.mil.be |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=De quoi sont morts nos soldats? |url=https://www.dhnet.be/archives-journal/2007/04/01/de-quoi-sont-morts-nos-soldats-YVBOM23H4BARTIUMVSBOS2E3ZE/ |website=DHnet |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Frédéric Crahay |title=Rwanda 1994 : Chronique d’un génocide en direct |journal=Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire |issue=128 |pages=4–5 |date=2019-04-02 |issn=2031-4183 |doi=10.4000/temoigner.8095 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/temoigner/8095 |language=fr |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Icyapa cyo kwibuka cya guverinoma y'Ububiligi n'amabuye 10 yo kwibuka byashyizweho ku wa 7 Mata 2000 mu rwego rwo kwibuka '''abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi bishwe''' i Kigali ku wa 7 Mata 1994, bari mu butumwa bw'amahoro mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Icyubahiro cyahawe na guverinoma y'Ububiligi, ku wa 7 Mata 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

=== Uruhare rw'itangazamakuru ry'urwango ===
Bagaragazwa nk'ibyitso bya FPR cyangwa nk'abagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya Perezida Habyarimana, Ababiligi bari mu banyamahanga bibasiwe cyane n'icengezamatwara ry'« itangazamakuru ry'urwango », cyane cyane [[Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines]] (RTLM) n'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Bernard-Alexandre Merkel |title=The Rwandan Genocide: The Guilty Bystanders |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2010/01/14/the-rwandan-genocide-the-guilty-bystanders/ |website=E-International Relations |date=2010-01-14 |language=en |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Itegurwa ry'itsembatsemba ry'Abatutsi ndetse n'umugambi wo kwibasira Ababiligi, cyane cyane abasirikare, byari byaramenyeshejwe muri « ''Genocide Fax'' ». Iyo fagisi yoherejwe na Roméo Dallaire ku cyicaro cya Loni i New York ku wa 11 Mutarama 1994, hafi amezi atatu mbere y'uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangira.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot; /&gt; Ivuga ku kiganiro umwanditsi wayo yagiranye n'umuyobozi mu barwanyi b'[[Interahamwe]] wari uzi imigambi ya jenoside, kandi ni ikimenyetso cy'uko umuryango mpuzamahanga wananiwe gukumira Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda.

Ibice by'iyo « ''Genocide Fax'' » (mu Cyongereza):
{{Quote|2. HE INFORMED US HE WAS IN CHARGE OF LAST SATURDAYS DEMONSTRATIONS WHICH AIMS WERE TO TARGET DEPUTIES OF OPPOSITION PARTIES COMING TO CEREMONIES AND BELGIAN SOLDIERS. THEY HOPED TO PROVOKE THE RPF BN TO ENGAGE (BEING FIRED UPON) THE DEMONSTRATORS AND PROVOKE A CIVIL WAR. DEPUTIES WERE TO BE ASSASSINATED UPON ENTRY OR EXIT FROM PARLIAMENT. BELGIAN TROOPS WERE TO BE PROVOKED AND IF BELGIANS SOLDIERS RESORTED TO FORCE A NUMBER OF THEM WERE TO BE KILLED AND THUS GUARANTEE BELGIAN WITHDRAWAL FROM RWANDA.

6. PRINCIPAL AIM OF INTERHAMWE IN THE PAST WAS TO PROTECT KIGALI FROM RPF. SINCE UNAMIR MANDATE HE HAS BEEN ORDERED TO REGISTER ALL TUTSI IN KIGALI. HE SUSPECTS IT IS FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION. EXAMPLE HE GAVE WAS THAT IN 20 MINUTES HIS PERSONNEL COULD KILL UP TO 1000 TUTSIS.}}

== Uruhare rw'Ububiligi n'ingaruka ==
Muri Mata 1997, Sena y'Ububiligi yafashe icyemezo cyo gushyiraho komisiyo y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yo gukora iperereza kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda.

Imyanzuro y'iyo raporo igaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rusange:&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;
{{Quote|Komisiyo yemera ko, uretse abayobozi b'Abanyarwanda, abayobozi ba politiki n'aba gisirikare b'Ububiligi, b'Umuryango w'Abibumbye n'umuryango mpuzamahanga wose muri rusange bafite uruhare, rutaziguye cyangwa ruziguye, mu bice bimwe by'ibyago byabaye mu Rwanda nyuma ya 6 Mata 1994. (...) Ni urusobe rw'ibihe, uburangare, isuzuma ribi n'amakosa byatumye ayo makuba aba.}}

Mu ijambo ry'amateka ryo ku wa 7 Mata 2000, mu gihe cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 6 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi i Kigali, [[Guy Verhofstadt]] (wari Minisitiri w'Intebe icyo gihe) yemereye imbere y'Abanyarwanda uruhare rw'Ububiligi muri Jenoside yo mu 1994:&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;
{{Quote|Mu izina ry'igihugu cyanjye, nunamiye abazize jenoside. Mu izina ry'igihugu cyanjye, mu izina ry'abaturage banjye, ndabasaba imbabazi.}}

== Ubutabera nyuma ya Jenoside ==
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, urwego rw'ubutabera rw'u Rwanda, rwari rwarazahajwe cyane n'intambara, ntirwashoboraga kuburanisha mu buryo bwuzuye abakekwagaho jenoside (hafashwe abakekwa barenga 120&amp;nbsp;000, mu gihe urwego rw'ubutabera rwashoboraga kuburanisha nka 1&amp;nbsp;000 gusa ku mwaka).&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Ububiligi bwatanze umusanzu mu [[Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda]] (TPIR/ICTR), rwashyizweho na Loni (Ugushyingo 1994 – Ukuboza 2015) rukagira icyicaro i Arusha (Tanzaniya). Umusaruro warwo w'abantu 61 bahamijwe ibyaha wagiye unengwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha imanza no gushyira mu bikorwa inzira y'ubwiyunge bw'igihugu, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho [[Inkiko Gacaca]], uburyo bw'ubutabera ku rwego rw'ibanze bushingiye ku mico gakondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Nyuma yo kuburanisha imanza 1&amp;nbsp;958&amp;nbsp;634, Inkiko Gacaca zasojwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 18 Kamena 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Ububiligi ni cyo gihugu cya mbere cy'amahanga cyaburanishije kandi kigahamya ibyaha abakoze jenoside b'Abanyarwanda ku butaka bwacyo; imanza zaciwe n'inkiko z'igihugu z'Ububiligi zishingiye ku ihame ry'ububasha bw'inkiko ku isi yose (''compétence universelle'').&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

=== Urubanza rwa Butare Bane ===
Alphonse Higaniro, Vincent Ntezimana, Consolata Mukangango na Julienne Mukabutera bafatiwe ku butaka bw'Ububiligi bakurikiranyweho uruhare mu bwicanyi bwabereye muri Perefegitura ya Butare hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994.

Bahamijwe ibyaha n'Urukiko rwa Rubanda (''Cour d'assises'') rw'i Buruseli ku wa 8 Kamena 2001 ([[Ikigeragezo cya Butare Bane]]), bakatirwa igifungo kiri hagati y'imyaka 12 na 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

=== Urubanza rwa Bernard Ntuyahaga ===
[[Bernard Ntuyahaga]], wahoze ari Majoro mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR), yakatiwe ku wa 5 Nyakanga 2007 n'Urukiko rwa Rubanda rw'i Buruseli igifungo cy'imyaka 20 kubera iyicwa ry'abasirikare 10 b'Ababiligi ba Loni, irya Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda Agathe Uwilingiyimana n'iry'Abanyarwanda benshi, cyane cyane muri Perefegitura za Kigali na Butare. Amaze imyaka 20 muri gereza mu Bubiligi, Bernard Ntuyahaga yirukanywe asubizwa mu Rwanda mu Ukuboza 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

Ibikorwa byo gukurikirana abandi bakekwaho jenoside byarakomeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;onu&quot; /&gt;

== Amafoto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
Memorial to Murdered Belgian Peacekeepers - Former Camp Kigali - Kigali - Rwanda - 01 (9024653305).jpg|Urwibutso rwa Camp Kigali
Panorama of Building Where Belgian Peacekeepers Were Murdered - Former Camp Kigali - Kigali - Rwanda (9026806240).jpg|Inyubako abasirikare b'Ababiligi biciwemo
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
{{Commonscat|UNAMIR Belgian memorial in Kigali}}

=== Bibliyografiya ===
* Komisiyo y'iperereza y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'Ububiligi
* {{Cite book |author=Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide |title=Identification des sites du génocide d’avril à juillet 1994 |location=Kigali |publisher=CNLG |year=2019 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/IdentificationSitesGenocideAvrilJuillet1994.pdf |format=PDF |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abasirikare b'Ababiligi, Urwibutso rw'}}
[[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]]
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]</text>
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| name          = Abdelmadjid Tebboune
| image         = Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji (53750002104) portrait.jpg
| image_size    = 220px
| caption       = Abdelmadjid Tebboune mu 2024
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Mécheria, [[Aligeriya]]
| nationality   = Umunyaligeriya
| alma_mater    = Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Alger
| occupation    = Umunyapolitiki, umuyobozi
| known_for     = Minisitiri w'Intebe wa Aligeriya (2017)
| title         = Perezida wa Aligeriya
| term          = Kuva ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019
| predecessor   = Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Abdelkader Bensalah, w'agateganyo)
| party         = Yigenga (yahoze muri FLN)
| spouse        = Fatima Zohra Bella
| children      = 5
}}
'''Abdelmadjid Tebboune''' (mu Cyarabu: عبد المجيد تبون; wavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria, muri [[Aligeriya]]) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaligeriya, akaba Perezida wa Repubulika ya Aligeriya akaba na Minisitiri w'Ingabo z'Igihugu kuva mu 2019.

Yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara nyinshi, aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Chadli Bendjedid na Abdelaziz Bouteflika, cyane cyane Minisitiri w'Imiturire. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Kanama 2017, ari we Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka y'igihugu. Mu Ukuboza 2019, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatorewe kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu matora yitabiriwe na bake. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 ku majwi 84,3 %.

Ku butegetsi bwe, Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2020 no mu 2026, ariko abanenga ubutegetsi bwe bavuga ko ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru n'ubw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bwagabanutse. Mu bubanyi n'amahanga, umubano wa Aligeriya na [[Maroke]] n'Ubufaransa warazambye, mu gihe yegereye [[Uburusiya]], [[Ubushinwa]] n'Ubutaliyani.

== Ubuzima ==
=== Umuryango n'amashuri ===
Abdelmadjid Tebboune yavutse ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1945 i Mécheria&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Président Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=http://www.election-politique.com/pays.php?valeur=DZ&amp;key=dir&amp;dir=Président%20Abdelmadjid%20Tebboune |website=election-politique.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mu ntara ya Naâma y'ubu, icyo gihe yari mu karere ka Aïn Sefra. Akomoka mu muryango wo muri komine ya Boussemghoun, mu ntara ya El-Bayadh y'ubu, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aligeriya&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune, un président entre les mains de l’armée |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-Abdelmadjid-Tebboune-president-entre-mains-larmee-2019-12-15-1201066605 |website=La Croix |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se, Ahmed Tebboune, yari ''cheikh'' wo mu Ishyirahamwe ry'Abamenyi b'Abayisilamu ba Aligeriya (''Association des oulémas musulmans algériens''), akaba n'umusirikare&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Adam Arroudj |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune, à peine élu, déjà contesté à la présidence de l’Algérie |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-peine-elu-deja-consteste-a-la-presidence-de-l-algerie-20191213 |website=lefigaro.fr |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarangije amashuri mu Ishuri rikuru ry'Igihugu ry'Ubuyobozi (''École nationale d'administration'', ENA) mu 1969, mu gice cy'ubukungu n'imari&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 29 juillet 1969 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne |url=https://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1969/064/FP603.pdf |website=Official Journal of the Algerian Republic |date=1969-07-29 |access-date=2021-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umwuga mu buyobozi ===
Yatangiye akazi mu 1969 nk'umuyobozi w'imenyereza mu ntara ya Saoura; icyo gihe yinjiye mu ishyaka rya ''Front de libération nationale'' (FLN)&lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune ne serait-il donc plus un militant du FLN ? |url=https://www.lematindalgerie.com/tebboune-ne-serait-il-donc-plus-un-militant-du-fln |website=Le Matin d'Algérie |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'intara za Djelfa (1975–1976), Adrar (1977–1979), Blida (1979–1982) na M'Sila (1982–1983)&lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 25 avril 1975 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1975/033/FP378.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma yaho yabaye guverineri (''wali'') w'intara ya Adrar (1983–1984)&lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 15 février 1983 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1983/007/FP297.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iya Tiaret (1984–1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 19 juin 1984 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/025/FP642.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'iya Tizi Ouzou (1989–1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 30 août 1989 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1989/036/FP869.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Urugendo muri politiki ==
=== Minisitiri ===
Muri Kamena 1991, yagizwe Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze muri guverinoma ya Sid Ahmed Ghozali, ava muri guverinoma mu 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 18 juin 1991 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/030/FP921.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1999, Perezida Abdelaziz Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Itumanaho n'Umuco&lt;ref name=&quot;F24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 26 décembre 1999 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1999/093/FP6.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyuma y'amezi atandatu asubizwa ku mwanya wa Minisitiri wungirije ushinzwe inzego z'ibanze. Mu 2001, yagizwe Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi, umwanya yamazeho kugeza mu 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;F26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 6 juin 2001 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2001/031/FP6.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri icyo gihe, izina rye ryavuzwe mu rubanza rwa ''Khalifa'', rwerekeye isenyuka ry'itsinda ry'ibigo by'umucuruzi Rafik Khalifa&lt;ref name=&quot;F27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Assiya HAMZA |title=Ahmed Ouyahia, l’homme du sérail qui ne fait pas d’ombre à Bouteflika - France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20170816-algerie-ahmed-ouyahia-homme-serail-bouteflika-premier-ministre |website=France 24 |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 3 Nzeri 2012, yongeye kugirwa Minisitiri w'Imiturire n'Imigi muri guverinoma ya Abdelmalek Sellal&lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Journal officiel de la République algérienne du 9 septembre 2012 |url=http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2012/F2012049.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;, umwanya yagumyeho kugeza mu 2017. Ku wa 19 Mutarama 2017, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bakhti Belaïb, yahawe n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi w'agateganyo&lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune prend ses fonctions de ministre du Commerce par intérim - Algérie Éco |url=http://www.algerie-eco.com/index.php/2017/01/19/abdelmadjid-tebboune-prend-fonctions-de-ministre-commerce-interim/ |website=Algérie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Minisitiri w'Intebe (2017) ===
Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2017, nyuma y'amatora y'abadepite, Bouteflika yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe asimbura Abdelmalek Sellal; icyo gihe yafatwaga nk'inshuti y'umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Ahmed Gaïd Salah&lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Alger, Abdelmajid Tebboune probable candidat aux Présidentielles |url=https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |website=mondafrique.com via Internet Archive |date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2026-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173348/https://mondafrique.com/alger-tebboune-probable-candidat-aux-presidentielles/ |archive-date=2023-04-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Le président Bouteflika nomme Abdelmadjid Tebboune Premier ministre |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/58116-le-president-bouteflika-nomme-abdelmadjid-tebboune-premier-ministre |website=www.aps.dz |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Guverinoma ye yashyizweho ku wa 25 Gicurasi&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Algerian energy, finance ministers replaced in reshuffle – APS |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |website=Reuters |date=2017-05-24 |access-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525152641/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-algeria-politics-idUKKBN18K1OZ |archive-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 15 Kanama 2017, nyuma y'amezi atageze kuri atatu, Bouteflika yaramwirukanye amusimbuza Ahmed Ouyahia&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Lamin chikhi |title=Algeria recalls veteran crisis manager Ouyahia as Prime Minister |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |website=Reuters |date=2017-08-15 |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200705/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1AV24Z |archive-date=2019-12-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Impamvu zavuzwe ni ubushake bwe bwo kugabanya ibitumizwa mu mahanga no kurwanya ruswa, ndetse n'icyo ibiro bya perezida byise &quot;gutoteza abacuruzi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre limogé trois mois à peine après sa nomination - RFI |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170815-algerie-premier-ministre-tebboune-limoge-trois-mois-peine-apres-nomination |website=RFI Afrique |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nyakanga, guverinoma ye yari yihanangirije ibigo binini byari byatsindiye amasoko ya Leta, harimo ikigo ETRHB cy'umucuruzi Ali Haddad, wari inshuti ya Saïd Bouteflika, murumuna wa Perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le Premier ministre déjà limogé au bout de trois mois |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/08/15/01003-20170815ARTFIG00160-algerie-le-premier-ministre-deja-limoge-au-bout-de-trois-mois.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye atyo Minisitiri w'Intebe wamaze igihe gito kurusha abandi mu mateka ya Aligeriya&lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, cinq candidats briguent la succession d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika |url=https://www.24heures.ch/en-algerie-cinq-candidats-briguent-la-succession-dabdelaziz-bouteflika-133744536956 |website=24 heures |access-date=2024-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Izo ngamba zatumye akundwa n'abaturage, avugwa nk'ushobora gusimbura Bouteflika&lt;ref name=&quot;F38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Le Point, magazine |title=Algérie - Limogeage de Tebboune : « Chronique d'une chute annoncée » |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-limogeage-de-tebboune-chronique-d-une-chute-annoncee-16-08-2017-2150330_24.php |website=Le Point |access-date=2017-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2019 ===
Muri Nzeri 2019, mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ya ''Hirak'' yari yatumye Bouteflika yegura, yatangaje ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya perezida yo mu Ukuboza. Yiyita &quot;umukandida w'abaturage&quot;, yasezeranyije kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga n'itegeko ry'amatora no gushyiraho &quot;demokarasi nyayo&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Arezki Benali |title=Tebboune : « Je suis le candidat du peuple » |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/10/09/tebboune-je-suis-le-candidat-du-peuple/ |website=Algerie Eco |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abigaragambyaga baramwamaganye, abamunenga bakamwita &quot;umukandida w'igisirikare&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : le retour d’Abdelmadjid Tebboune, cauchemar des oligarques |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/algerie-le-retour-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-cauchemar-des-oligarques |website=Middle East Eye édition française |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 12 Ukuboza 2019, yatowe ku majwi 58 % mu cyiciro cya mbere, mu matora abantu batageze kuri 40 % bitabiriye, atsinze abakandida b'amashyaka abiri makuru, FLN na RND&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Algeria election: Ex-PM to replace Bouteflika after boycotted poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676 |website=BBC |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F46&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les résultats définitifs de la présidentielle |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |website=aps.dz |date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abasesenguzi bamwe bavuze ko imibare yatangajwe &quot;iteye amakenga&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : contesté par la rue, le président Tebboune entre en fonction |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-conteste-par-la-rue-le-president-tebboune-entre-en-fonction-19-12-2019-2354059_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2019-12-19 |access-date=2020-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu kiganiro cye cya mbere n'abanyamakuru nyuma yo gutorwa, yavuze ko arambuye ukuboko kuri ''Hirak'' kandi ashyigikiye ibiganiro&lt;ref name=&quot;F51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nabil Semyane |title=Première conférence de presse de Tebboune : « Je tends ma main au Hirak » |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/premiere-conference-de-presse-de-tebboune-laquo-je-tends-ma-main-au-hirak-raquo |website=Algerie1.com |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2019-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Repubulika ==
=== Irahira n'ingamba za mbere ===
Ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2019, yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Rubanda ya Aligeriya&lt;ref name=&quot;F52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Abdelmadjid Tebboune prête serment (Actualisé) |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune-prete-serment-actualise}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni we Perezida wa mbere wa Aligeriya utarabaye umurwanyi (''moudjahid'') mu ntambara y'ubwigenge, akaba kandi ari we wari ukuze kurusha abandi atangiye manda&lt;ref name=&quot;F54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : qui est Abdelmadjid Tebboune, le nouveau président déjà contesté? |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/algerie-qui-est-abdelmadjid-tebboune-le-nouveau-president-deja-conteste_2111100.html |website=lexpress.fr |date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2021-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yasabye ko atazongera kwitwa &quot;Nyakubahwa&quot; (''Excellence''), izina ryari ryarakoreshejwe cyane ku butegetsi bwa Bouteflika&lt;ref name=&quot;F56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau Président demande à être dispensé du prédicat ‘’Excellence’’ |url=https://www.algerie1.com/actualite/le-nouveau-president-demande-a-etre-dispense-du-predicat-lsquo-excellence}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 28 Ukuboza 2019, yagize Abdelaziz Djerad Minisitiri w'Intebe&lt;ref name=&quot;F64&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Zineddine Bouhaddadoua |title=Sur décision du président Tebboune: Abdelaziz Djerrad nouveau premier ministre |url=https://www.alg24.net/abdelaziz-djerrad-nouveau-premier-ministre/ |website=alg24.net |date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga ===
Ku wa 8 Mutarama 2020, yashyizeho akanama k'impuguke 17, abenshi bakaba ari abarimu b'amategeko nshinga, kayobowe na Ahmed Laraba, gashinzwe gutegura ivugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie: le président Tebboune nomme une commission pour réviser la Constitution |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20200109-algerie-composition-comission-revision-constitution |date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2020-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F75&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Révision de la Constitution : Tebboune nomme un comité d’experts |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/revision-de-la-constitution-tebboune-nomme-un-comite-dexperts/}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagasabye kwibanda ku ngingo zirindwi, harimo kongera uburenganzira bw'abaturage, kurwanya ruswa, kuringaniza ububasha, kwigenga kw'ubucamanza, no gushyiraho manda ebyiri gusa ku mukuru w'igihugu, &quot;zidashobora guhinduka&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;E25&quot; /&gt;. Umushinga watangajwe ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020 wanenzwe kuko utahinduraga ubutegetsi bushingiye cyane kuri perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;F78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le projet de Constitution de Tebboune fait pschitt |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/05/14/en-algerie-le-projet-de-constitution-de-tebboune-fait-pschitt_1788266 |website=Libération.fr |date=2020-05-14 |access-date=2020-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kamarampaka yo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2020 yemeje iryo vugurura ku majwi 66,8 %, ariko abitabiriye bari 23 % gusa; Tebboune yashyize umukono ku iteka ririshyira mu bikorwa ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;F89&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune a signé le décret amendant la constitution |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2020/12/31/le-president-tebboune-signe-le-decret-amendant-la-constitution/ |website=algerie-eco.com |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2020-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (APN), ategeka amatora y'abadepite mbere y'igihe&lt;ref name=&quot;F90&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : vers une dissolution du Parlement ? |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/18/algerie-vers-une-dissolution-du-parlement/ |website=africanews.com |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Algerian President Reshuffles Government Without Major Cabinet Changes |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/22/algerian-president-reshuffles-government-without-major-cabinet-changes/ |website=AfricaNews |date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2026, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje ku bwiganze busesuye irindi vugurura ry'Itegeko Nshinga. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Massensen Cherbi na Mouloud Boumghar bavuga ko iryo vugurura ryongereye ububasha bwa Perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;F96&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frédéric Bobin |title=En Algérie, Abdelmadjid Tebboune renforce ses pouvoirs et verrouille le régime |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/03/25/en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-renforce-la-presidentialisation-du-regime_6674157_3210.html?search-type=classic&amp;ise_click_rank=2 |website=Le Monde |date=2026-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'inkongi z'amashyamba zo mu 2026, Tebboune yasabye ko [[igitabo]] cy'amategeko ahana kivugururwa kugira ngo abatwika amashyamba bahanishwe igihano cy'urupfu&lt;ref name=&quot;F98&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Incendies meurtriers en Algérie : Abdelmadjid Tebboune ordonne l’application de la peine capitale |url=https://elwatan.dz/incendies-meurtriers-en-algerie-abdelmadjid-tebboune-ordonne-lapplication-de-la-peine-capitale/ |website=El Watan |date=2026-08-30 |access-date=2026-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Umuhanga mu mateka Jean-Pierre Filiu avuga ko umugaba mukuru w'ingabo, Saïd Chengriha, ari we ufite ububasha bukomeye kurusha Perezida&lt;ref name=&quot;F92&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les généraux algériens relancent la guerre des mémoires avec la France |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/filiu/2021/04/04/les-generaux-algeriens-relancent-la-guerre-des-memoires-avec-la-france/}}&lt;/ref&gt;; ikinyamakuru ''Jeune Afrique'' cyo kivuga ko bombi ari bo bagabo babiri bakomeye kurusha abandi mu gihugu&lt;ref name=&quot;F93&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Saïd Chengriha, l’homme qui veut en découdre avec le Maroc - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1453898/politique/said-chengriha-lhomme-qui-veut-en-decoudre-avec-le-maroc/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2024-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria: Tensions mount as Tebboune and Chengriha butt heads |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/46604/algeria-tensions-mount-as-tebboune-and-chengriha-butt-heads/ |website=The Africa Report.com |date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ''Hirak'' n'ubwisanzure ===
Muri Gashyantare 2020, Tebboune yavuze ko ''Hirak'' ari &quot;ikintu cyiza cyakijije igihugu&quot;, maze ashyiraho ku wa 22 Gashyantare &quot;Umunsi w'igihugu w'ubuvandimwe n'ubumwe hagati y'abaturage n'ingabo zabo kubera demokarasi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;F99&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Président Tebboune assure que le Hirak est un phénomène salutaire et met en garde contre toute tentative d'infiltration |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/101975-le-president-de-la-republique-assure-que-le-hirak-est-un-phenomene-salutaire-et-met-en-garde-contre-toute-tentative-d-infiltration |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2020-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 17 Werurwe 2020, mu rwego rwo kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19, yabujije imyigaragambyo yose&lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Madjid Makedhi |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune assure que l'état a pris ses dispositions pour lutter contre le coronavirus: &quot;Des moyens supplémentaires seront engagés&quot; |url=https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |date=2020-03-18 |access-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112122/https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/abdelmadjid-tebboune-assure-que-letat-a-pris-ses-dispositions-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus-des-moyens-supplementaires-seront-engages-18-03-2020 |archive-date=2020-07-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Amnesty International yamaganye ko, mu gihe amaso yose yari ku cyorezo, ubutegetsi bwihutishaga ikurikiranwa n'imanza z'abarwanashyaka, abanyamakuru n'abashyigikiye ''Hirak''&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Defend the right to protest in Algeria |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/defend-the-right-to-protest-in-algeria/ |website=amnesty.org |access-date=2020-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 1 Werurwe 2020, avuga ku ifungwa ry'abanyamakuru barimo Khaled Drareni, yavuze ko bamwe muri bo bakorera itangazamakuru ry'amahanga &quot;ritewe inkunga n'amahanga&quot; kugira ngo risenye inzego z'igihugu&lt;ref name=&quot;F105&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La liberté de la presse se dégrade en Algérie |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-liberte-de-la-presse-se-degrade-en-algerie-02-05-2020-2373844_24.php# |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-02 |access-date=2020-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 15 Nzeri 2020, Drareni yakatiwe mu bujurire igifungo cy'imyaka ibiri&lt;ref name=&quot;F107&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Drareni condamné à deux ans de prison ferme |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |website=El Watan |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130149/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/khaled-drareni-condamne-a-deux-ans-de-prison-ferme-15-09-2020 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 2021, Tebboune yahaye imbabazi abantu bagera kuri 60 bari bafunzwe kubera ''Hirak''&lt;ref name=&quot;F111&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président algérien dissout le Parlement et appelle à des élections anticipées |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/le-president-algerien-dissout-le-parlement-et-appelle-a-des-elections-anticipees-20210218 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2024, ku isabukuru y'imyaka 70 y'itangazo ryo ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 1954, yahaye imbabazi imfungwa zirenga 4 000, barimo umunyamakuru Ihsane El Kadi&lt;ref name=&quot;F114&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction AE |title=Le Président Tebboune signe deux décrets présidentiels portant mesures de grâce pour plus de 4000 détenus |url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2024/11/01/le-president-tebboune-signe-deux-decrets-presidentiels-portant-mesures-de-grace-pour-plus-de-4000-detenus/ |website=Algerie Eco |date=2024-10-31 |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F115&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le journaliste Ihsane El Kadi et plusieurs détenus d’opinion libérés |url=https://www.liberation.fr/international/en-algerie-le-journaliste-ihsane-el-kadi-et-plusieurs-detenus-dopinion-liberes-20241101_CB5F4KLE35DE3K646YDE6M5OKA/ |website=Libération |access-date=2024-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Indwara ya COVID-19 ===
Muri Ukwakira 2020, byatangajwe ko Tebboune yanduye COVID-19; ku wa 28 Ukwakira yajyanywe mu Budage kuvurwa, Minisitiri w'Intebe Abdelaziz Djerad amusimbura mu mirimo ye&lt;ref name=&quot;F142&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Présidence donne des nouvelles de l'état de santé de Tebboune |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/alerte-la-presidence-donne-des-nouvelles-de-letat-de-sante-de-tebboune/ |website=tsa-algerie.com |date=2020-10-29 |access-date=2020-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Tara Rippin |title=Algerian President 'disappears' after flying to Germany for Covid treatment |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/12/algerian-president-disappears-after-flying-to-germany-for-covid-treatment/ |website=Euro Weekly News |date=2020-12-12 |access-date=2021-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagarutse muri Aligeriya ku wa 29 Ukuboza 2020, asubira i Berlin ku wa 10 Mutarama 2021 kubagwa ikirenge kubera ingaruka za COVID-19, agaruka ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;F146&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président Tebboune de retour en Algérie après deux mois d'absence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/le-president-tebboune-de-retour-en-algerie-apres-deux-mois-d-absence-20201229 |website=lefigaro.fr |date=2020-12-29 |access-date=2020-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Hamid Ould Ahmed |title=Algerian president returns to Germany to be treated for COVID-19 complications |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/algerian-president-returns-germany-treated-152045560.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2021-01-10 |access-date=2026-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune returns home after hospitalisation in Germany |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/12/algerias-tebboune-returns-home-after-hospitalization-in-germany |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2021-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ubukungu ===
Ku wa 15 Gashyantare 2022, yatangaje ko urubyiruko rufite hagati y'imyaka 19 na 40 rudafite akazi ruzajya ruhabwa amafaranga y'ingoboka, mu gihe ubushomeri bwari burenze 15 %&lt;ref name=&quot;E50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Unemployed youth in Algeria to receive monthly pay |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/16/unemployed-youth-in-algeria-to-receive-monthly-pay/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'igitero cy'Uburusiya kuri Ukraine, yemereye Ubutaliyani n'Uburayi kongererwa gaze; ku wa 18 Nyakanga 2022, yasinyanye na Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani Mario Draghi amasezerano y'agaciro ka miliyari 4 z'amayero, bituma Aligeriya iba igihugu cya mbere gihaye Ubutaliyani gaze nyinshi&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Italian energy giant Eni signs deal to boost Algerian gas supply |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/26/italys-power-giant-eni-inks-deal-to-boost-algerian-gas-imports |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria becomes Italy's biggest gas supplier in new €4bn deal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/18/italys-draghi-visits-algeria-for-gas-talks-while-political-crisis-continues-at-home |website=euronews |date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nzeri 2022, yatangaje ko ashaka gutandukanya ubukungu bw'igihugu no kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitari peteroli na gaze&lt;ref name=&quot;E55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Non-hydrocarbon exports: Algeria targets US$7 billion by end of 2022 |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/45062-non-hydrocarbon-exports-algeria-targets-us-7-billion-by-end-of-2022 |website=Algeria Press Service |date=2022-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri [[Libiya]], Aligeriya yongeye kugira uruhare muri icyo kibazo; Tebboune yitabiriye inama ya Berlin yerekeye Libiya ku wa 19 Mutarama 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;F123&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tebboune se rend à Berlin pour prendre part à la conférence internationale sur la Libye |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/tebboune-se-rend-a-berlin-pour-prendre-part-a-la-conference-internationale-sur-la-libye/}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi muri Nyakanga 2021 yemereye Libiya &quot;ubufasha bwuzuye&quot; ubwo yakiraga Mohamed el-Menfi&lt;ref name=&quot;E43&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tebboune meets Menfi, offers Algeria's support to Libya |url=https://thearabweekly.com/tebboune-meets-menfi-offers-algerias-support-libya |website=The Arab Weekly |date=2021-07-29 |access-date=2022-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 24 Mutarama 2022, yasuye Perezida wa [[Misiri]] Abdel Fattah al-Sissi i Kayiro, akaba ari bwo bwa mbere Perezida wa Aligeriya yari asuye Misiri kuva mu 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt: President Abdel Fattah El Sisi Receives Algerian President |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202201260144.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E49&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria's Tebboune arrives in Egypt for official visit |url=https://turkishpress.com/algerias-tebboune-arrives-in-egypt-for-official-visit/ |website=TurkishPress |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 27 Gicurasi 2020, nyuma y'ishyirwa ahagaragara rya filime mbarankuru ebyiri ku ''Hirak'' kuri televiziyo z'Abafaransa, Aligeriya yahamagaje ambasaderi wayo i Paris&lt;ref name=&quot;F124&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=L’Algérie rappelle son ambassadeur à Paris après la diffusion en France de documentaires sur le «Hirak» |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/l-algerie-rappelle-son-ambassadeur-a-paris-apres-la-diffusion-en-france-de-documentaires-sur-le-hirak-27-05-2020-8325123.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2020-05-27 |access-date=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2020, yagize ku wa 8 Gicurasi &quot;umunsi wo kwibuka&quot; ubwicanyi bwabereye i Sétif, Guelma na Kherrata mu 1945&lt;ref name=&quot;F138&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie : une « Journée de la mémoire » pour les massacres du 8 mai 1945 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-une-journee-de-la-memoire-pour-les-massacres-du-8-mai-1945--08-05-2020-2374720_3826.php |website=lepoint.fr |date=2020-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi yashimye icyemezo cy'Ubufaransa cyo gusubiza Aligeriya ibihanga by'abarwanyi 24 bishwe mu gihe cy'ubukoloni&lt;ref name=&quot;F139&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La France remet à l’Algérie vingt-quatre crânes de résistants décapités au XIXe siècle et entreposés à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/03/la-france-remet-a-l-algerie-24-cranes-de-resistants-decapites-au-xixe-siecle-et-entreposes-a-paris_6045108_3212.html |website=lemonde.fr |date=2020-07-03 |access-date=2020-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukuboza 2022, yakiriye Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Ubufaransa Gérald Darmanin, bakemura ikibazo cya viza zari zaragabanyijwe kuva muri Nzeri 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;E59&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algeria summons French envoy over visa restriction plan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/29/algeria-summons-french-envoy-over-visa-restriction-plan |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2022-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kuva mu 2021, Aligeriya na Maroke bafitanye amakimbirane ya dipolomasi nyuma y'aho Maroke isubukuriye umubano na Isiraheli&lt;ref name=&quot;F125&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La rupture des relations diplomatiques entre l’Algérie et le Maroc, nouvelle étape d’une longue escalade |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/08/25/rupture-des-relations-diplomatiques-entre-alger-et-rabat-un-impact-surtout-politique_6092297_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;; ibihugu byombi bihanganye ku kibazo cya Sahara y'Iburengerazuba, aho Aligeriya ishyigikira ubwigenge bwayo&lt;ref name=&quot;F126&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Une « nouvelle intensification » entre l’Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://adf-magazine.com/fr/2024/04/une-nouvelle-intensification-entre-lalgerie-et-le-maroc/ |website=Africa Defense Forum |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Aligeriya ifitanye umubano wihariye na [[Tuniziya]] ya Kaïs Saïed&lt;ref name=&quot;F129&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed: la visite du président Tebboune en Tunisie est &quot;historique&quot; |url=http://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/2459 |website=Radio Algérienne |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 13 Kamena 2023, yatangiye uruzinduko rw'iminsi itatu mu Burusiya, aho we na [[Vladimir Putin]] biyemeje gukomeza &quot;ubufatanye bw'ingenzi&quot; hagati y'ibihugu byombi&lt;ref name=&quot;E61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Algeria's president starting state visit to Russia at invitation of Putin |url=https://apnews.com/article/algeria-president-state-visit-russia-19c4805db1e9d4b74756f66536d396d7 |website=AP News |date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Russia, Algeria tighten 'strategic' ties |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/16/russia-algeria-tighten-strategic-ties/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;; kuva ku wa 17 kugeza ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2023, yasuye Ubushinwa&lt;ref name=&quot;F135&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune à Pékin pour relancer le partenariat algéro-chinois – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1464292/economie-entreprises/abdelmadjid-tebboune-en-chine-pour-relancer-les-partenariats/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2024, yanenze intambara ya Isiraheli muri Gaza, ayishinja jenoside ku Banyapalestina&lt;ref name=&quot;E63&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=El-Sisi and Tebboune agree on necessity of Gaza ceasefire, reject foreign interference in Libya and Sudan |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/534221.aspx |website=Ahram Online |date=2024-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mutarama 2024, yamaganye &quot;ibikorwa by'ubwanzi&quot; bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, azishinja gushaka guhungabanya Aligeriya n'umubano wayo n'abaturanyi bayo, nka Mali, Nigeri na Libiya, kugira ngo zishyigikire Maroke&lt;ref name=&quot;F136&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Algérie – Émirats arabes unis : Tebboune clarifie les choses |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/relations-de-lalgerie-avec-les-emirats-et-le-maroc-tebboune-clarifie-les-choses/ |website=TSA |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F137&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Abdelmadjid Tebboune coincé entre l’Algérie et les Emirats Arabes Unis |url=https://mondafrique.com/international/les-reticences-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-dans-la-crise-entre-lalgerie-et-les-emirats-arabes-unis/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2024-02-07 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 10 Nzeri 2026, Aligeriya yacanye umubano wa dipolomasi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu, yirukana ambasaderi wazo.

=== Amatora ya perezida yo mu 2024 ===
Muri Gicurasi 2024, ishyaka El Bina rya Abdelkader Bengrina ryatangaje ko rishyigikiye Perezida uriho&lt;ref name=&quot;F150&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Algérie : Bengrina choisit Tebboune comme candidat |url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/presidentielle-en-algerie-bengrina-choisit-tebboune-comme-candidat/}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze Tebboune yemeza kandidatire ye ku wa 11 Nyakanga. Mu kwiyamamaza, yakoreshaga cyane urubuga rwa TikTok, bimuhesha akazina ka &quot;Tonton Tebboune&quot; (Nyirarume Tebboune) ku mbuga nkoranyambaga&lt;ref name=&quot;F152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'Algérie élit son président, victoire attendue d'Abdelmadjid Tebboune |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1426350/lalgerie-elit-son-president-victoire-attendue-dabdelmadjid-tebboune-papier-general.html |website=www.lorientlejour.com |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F153&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Election présidentielle en Algérie : comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune a éteint la contestation pour s’assurer une nouvelle victoire |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-a-eteint-la-contestation-pour-s-assurer-une-nouvelle-victoire_6766426.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2024, yongeye gutorwa ku majwi 84,3 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F158&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Algérie, le président sortant Abdelmadjid Tebboune réélu avec 84,3 % des voix |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240914-en-alg%C3%A9rie-le-pr%C3%A9sident-sortant-abdelmadjid-tebboune-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lu-avec-84-3-des-voix}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Algeria court confirms Tebboune re-elected president with 84.30% of vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-court-confirms-tebboune-re-elected-president-with-8430-vote-2024-09-14/ |website=reuters.com |date=2024-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Imibare y'abitabiriye amatora, yavuye kuri 26,46 % igera kuri 48,03 % mu masaha atatu, yateje impaka mu bakurikiranira hafi amatora n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi&lt;ref name=&quot;F161&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=La-Croix.com |title=Présidentielle algérienne : la Kabylie a repris le chemin des bureaux de vote |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/presidentielle-algerienne-la-kabylie-a-repris-le-chemin-des-bureaux-de-vote-20240908 |website=La Croix |date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibyavuye mu matora bya nyuma, byatangajwe ku wa 14 Nzeri, byari bitandukanye cyane n'iby'agateganyo: amajwi ya Tebboune yavuye kuri 94,65 % agera kuri 84,30 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F164&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Melissa NAIT ALI |title=Présidentielle du 7 septembre : la Cour Constitutionnelle proclame les résultats définitifs |url=https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |website=INTERLIGNES |date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155826/https://inter-lignes.com/presidentielle-du-7-septembre-la-cour-constitutionnelle-proclame-les-resultats-definitifs/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Tebboune yashakanye na Fatima Zohra Bella&lt;ref name=&quot;E77&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nicolas Beau |title=Le pouvoir algérien, un bateau sans capitaine |url=https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |website=Mondafrique |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608195930/https://mondafrique.com/le-pouvoir-algerien-un-bateau-sans-capitaine/ |archive-date=2021-06-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, bafitanye abana batanu: Saloua, Maha, Salaheddine Ilyes, Mohamed na Khaled&lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Tarik Qattab |title=Comment Abdelmadjid Tebboune met la fonction de chef de l'état au service de ses enfants |url=https://fr.le360.ma/monde/algerie-comment-abdelmadjid-tebboune-met-la-fonction-de-chef-de-letat-au-service-de-ses-enfants-219900 |website=fr.le360.ma |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umuhungu we Khaled yafunzwe muri Kamena 2018 mu rubanza rwa ruswa, agirwa umwere muri Gashyantare 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Khaled Tebboune acquitté, 8 ans de prison pour «El-Bouchi» |url=https://maghrebemergent.net/khaled-tebboune-acquitte-8-ans-de-prison-pour-el-bouchi/ |website=Maghreb Emergent |date=2020-02-26 |access-date=2021-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tribunal Sidi M'hamed : Kamel Chikhi dit &quot;El-bouchi&quot; condamné à 8 ans de prison ferme |url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/102264-tribunal-sidi-m-hamed-kamel-chikhi-dit-el-bouchi-condamne-a-8-ans-de-prison-ferme |website=aps.dz |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2026-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tebboune azwiho kunywa itabi cyane&lt;ref name=&quot;E76&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Algerian President Tebboune continues hospital treatment for Covid-19 in Germany |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20201103-algerian-president-tebboune-continues-hospital-treatment-for-covid-19-in-germany |website=France 24 |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kuva Liamine Zéroual yapfa mu 2026, ni we Perezida wa Aligeriya wenyine ukiriho&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Sami B. |title=El-Yamine Zeroual Dies at 85 in Algeria |url=https://algerianewsgate.com/politics/zeroual-death-algeria/ |website=Algeria News Gate |date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Aho byavuye ==
{{Reflist}}

== Imiyoboro yo hanze ==
{{Commonscat|Abdelmadjid Tebboune}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Aligeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dafroza Gauthier</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
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      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Henri Blanchard]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9652" sha1="6bnd3jzxc4xpv1t70yyx443rna52hvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Dafroza Gauthier
| image         = Dafrosa gautier 1401327.jpg
| caption       = Dafroza Gauthier mu 2022
| birth_name    = Dafroza Mukarumongi
| birth_date    = 4 Kanama 1954
| birth_place   = [[Butare]], [[Rwanda]]
| death_date    = 3 Ukwakira 2026 (imyaka 72)
| death_place   = Reims, [[Ubufaransa]]
| nationality   = Umunyarwandakazi, Umufaransakazi
| occupation    = Injeniyeri mu by'ubutabire, umurwanashyaka
| known_for     = Gukurikirana abakoze [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] bihishe mu Bufaransa
| spouse        = Alain Gauthier
| relatives     = [[Gaël Faye]] (umukwe)
}}
'''Dafroza Gauthier''', wavutse yitwa '''Dafroza Mukarumongi''' (4 Kanama 1954 – 3 Ukwakira 2026), yari injeniyeri mu by'ubutabire akaba n'umurwanashyaka w'Umufaransakazi ukomoka mu [[Rwanda]]. Yamenyekanye cyane kubera gukurikirana abagize uruhare muri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] bahungiye mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], kugira ngo bashyikirizwe ubutabera.

Mu 2001, we n'umugabo we Alain Gauthier bashinze ihuriro ry'abaregera indishyi ku Rwanda (''Collectif des parties civiles pour le Rwanda'', CPCR). Ibikorwa byabo byatumye abagabo barindwi bagize uruhare muri jenoside bahamwa n'ibyaha burundu n'inkiko z'Ubufaransa. Umukwe we ni umuririmbyi akaba n'umwanditsi [[Gaël Faye]].

== Ubuzima ==

=== Ubwana ===
Dafroza Mukarumongi yavukiye i Astrida (ubu ni [[Butare]]) ku ya 4 Kanama 1954, mu muryango w'[[Abatutsi]] b'abapasitori ukomoka mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : Dafroza Gauthier, originaire de Reims, de retour sur ses terres à la veille du procès d'un génocidaire présumé |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/grand-est/marne/reims/rwanda-dafroza-gauthier-originaire-de-reims-de-retour-sur-ses-terres-a-la-veille-du-proces-d-un-genocidaire-presume-2304382.html |website=France 3 Grand Est |date=2021-11-21 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahuye n'ihohoterwa rikiri muto: mu 1963, igihe yari afite imyaka icyenda, se yiciwe mu bwicanyi bwabereye i Gikongoro, maze we ahungira muri kiliziya ya [[Kibeho]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Gauthier, infatigables chasseurs de génocidaires rwandais |url=https://www.lunion.fr/id596693/article/2024-05-04/les-gauthier-infatigables-chasseurs-de-genocidaires-rwandais |website=L'Union |date=2024-05-04 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yize amashuri yisumbuye i Butare, nyuma yiga muri ''Lycée de Kigali''.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibuka yihanganishije umuryango wa Dafroza Gauthier witabye Imana |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/article/ibuka-yihanganishije-umuryango-wa-dafroza-gauthier-witabye-imana |website=IGIHE |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuhunzi n'ubuzima mu Bufaransa ===
Mu 1973, kubera ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi, yahunze igihugu. Yabanje kuba mu [[Uburundi]] hafi y'umujyi wa Kirundo, nyuma i [[Bujumbura]], maze muri Nzeri 1973 ajya mu [[Ububiligi]] aho yakiriwe na musaza we, akomeza amashuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier: Izina abahekuye u Rwanda bumva bagakangarana |url=https://kigalitoday.com/Inkuru-Zicukumbuye/article/dafroza-gauthier-izina-abahekuye-u-rwanda-bumva-bagakangarana |website=Kigali Today |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1975 yongeye guhura na Alain Gauthier, bari baramenyaniye i Butare aho yigishaga igifaransa. Bashyingiranwe mu 1977, ahabwa ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1980 batura i Reims, aho babyariye abana batatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : les époux Gauthier, près de 30 ans de traque des génocidaires entre les mille collines et les tribunaux français |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20240409.OBS86856/les-epoux-gauthier-pres-de-30-ans-de-traque-des-genocidaires-entre-les-mille-collines-et-les-tribunaux-francais.html |website=Le Nouvel Obs |date=2024-04-09 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jenoside yo mu 1994 ===
Mu mpera za Gashyantare 1994 yasuye umuryango we i [[Kigali]], asanga umujyi wuzuye [[Interahamwe]] n'imvugo z'urwango za Radiyo RTLM, maze nyina amusaba gusubira i Burayi. Ku ya 8 Mata 1994, nyina Suzana Mukamusoni yarasiwe imbere ya kiliziya ya Charles Lwanga i [[Nyamirambo]]; iyo nkuru yayibwiwe na [[Henri Blanchard]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier, après trente ans de traque des génocidaires rwandais réfugiés en France, est morte |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/10/03/dafroza-gauthier-apres-trente-ans-de-traque-des-genocidaires-rwandais-refugies-en-france-est-morte_6787817_3382.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-10-03 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cya jenoside, abantu bagera kuri 80 bo mu muryango wa nyina barishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt;

== Guharanira ubutabera ==

=== Ishingwa rya CPCR ===
Mu 1996, asubiye mu Rwanda, yumvise ubuhamya bw'abarokotse maze yiyemeza kubushyikiriza umunyamategeko i Paris. Mu 2001 yakurikiranye urubanza rw'« Abanyabutare bane » i [[Buruseli]], urubanza rwa mbere rwa jenoside rwabereye mu mahanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alain et Dafroza Gauthier, chasseurs de génocidaires |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2011-03-04/Alain-et-Dafroza-Gauthier-chasseurs-de-genocidaires.-Alain-et-Dafroza-Gauthier-chasseurs-de-genocidaires-_NP_-2011-03-04-623083 |website=La Croix |date=2011-03-04 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Gushyingo 2001, we n'umugabo we bashinze CPCR.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Mukarumongi et Alain Gauthier, le couple qui traque les génocidaires rwandais réfugiés en France |url=https://www.humanite.fr/en-debat/genocide-rwandais/dafroza-mukarumongi-et-alain-gauthier-le-couple-qui-traque-les-genocidaires-rwandais-refugies-en-france |website=L'Humanité |date=2024-04-07 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bajyaga mu Rwanda inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye mu mwaka gushaka ubuhamya bw'abarokotse, abahoze ari abicanyi n'imfungwa, bagakora amadosiye bashyikiriza ubutabera bw'Ubufaransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=De France aux collines rwandaises, le combat d'un couple pour traquer les génocidaires |url=https://www.challenges.fr/societe/de-france-aux-collines-rwandaises-le-combat-d-un-couple-pour-traquer-les-genocidaires_747939 |website=Challenges |date=2021-01-27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ni bo batanze hafi ibirego byose (bigera kuri 30) byatanzwe mu Bufaransa ku Banyarwanda bakekwaho jenoside, barimo [[Laurent Bucyibaruta]], [[Félicien Kabuga]], [[Philippe Hategekimana]], [[Aloys Ntiwiragabo]], [[Agathe Habyarimana]], Padiri [[Wenceslas Munyeshyaka]] wa paruwasi ya [[Saint Famille]] na muganga [[Sosthène Munyemana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde2026&quot; /&gt;

=== Imanza ===
Ishyirwaho ry'ishami ry'urukiko rw'i Paris rishinzwe ibyaha bya jenoside (2012) ryihutishije imanza. Muri Gashyantare 2014, mu rubanza rwa mbere, urwa [[Pascal Simbikangwa]], Dafroza Gauthier yatanze ubuhamya; Simbikangwa yahamwe n'icyaha cya jenoside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collectif de parties civiles : « sans la justice, le Rwanda ne pourra pas se reconstruire » |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/l-invite-de-7h50/collectif-de-parties-civiles-sans-la-justice-le-rwanda-ne-pourra-pas-se-reconstruire-6776018 |website=France Inter |date=2014-02-05 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku ya 30 Ukwakira 2024, muganga [[Eugene Rwamucyo]], wari mu ba mbere bareze mu 2007, yakatiwe imyaka 27 y'igifungo.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde2026&quot; /&gt; Kubera ibikorwa byabo, abashakanye ba Gauthier bakunze kwitwa « Aba-Klarsfeld b'u Rwanda ».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Gauthier, une vie de combat au nom des victimes du génocide des Tutsi |url=https://www.la-croix.com/les-gauthier-une-vie-de-combat-au-nom-des-victimes-du-genocide-des-tutsi-20240406 |website=La Croix |date=2024-04-06 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwibuka ===
Yakundaga gutanga ibiganiro mu mashuri no muri kaminuza, arwanya ihakana rya jenoside. Mu Gushyingo 2017, Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] yabahaye umudari w'ishimwe w'ubucuti budasanzwe. Mu 2023, filime mbarankuru n'igitabo cy'amashusho ''Rwanda, à la poursuite des génocidaires'' byavuze ku rugamba rwabo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dafroza et Alain Gauthier, on n'arrête pas le procès |url=https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/dafroza-et-alain-gauthier-on-narrete-pas-le-proces-20231112_HJJLAQQZXFG5NNP5CKIB7AMYXQ/ |website=Libération |date=2023-11-12 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urupfu ==
Dafroza Gauthier yapfuye ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2026 i Reims, afite imyaka 72, azize kanseri.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde2026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dafroza Gauthier, campaigner for justice for genocide victims, dies at 72 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/39422/lifestyle/people/dafroza-gauthier-campaigner-for-justice-for-genocide-victims-dies-at-72 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuryango [[Ibuka]] wihanganishije umuryango we.&lt;ref name=&quot;igihe&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Gaël Faye]]
* [[Henri Blanchard]]
* [[Félicien Kabuga]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Rwanda : «Il y aurait une centaine de génocidaires supposés en France» |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/07/24/rwanda-il-y-aurait-une-centaine-de-genocidaires-supposes-en-france_1795201/ |website=Libération |date=2020-07-24 |language=fr}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |author=Maria Malagardis |title=Sur la piste des tueurs rwandais |publisher=Flammarion |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-08-125094-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Thomas Zribi |author2=Damien Roudeau |title=Rwanda, à la poursuite des génocidaires |publisher=Les Escales / Steinkis |year=2023 |isbn=978-2-36569-724-8 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauthier, Dafroza}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bassirou Diomaye Faye</title>
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      <text bytes="39249" sha1="d7fe59eihn35pj3ryyajqoz3bi15ihk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Bassirou Diomaye Faye
| image = Bassirou Diomaye Faye 9 juillet 2025 Washington DC (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Bassirou Diomaye Faye i Washington, muri Nyakanga 2025
| birth_date = 25 Werurwe 1980
| birth_place = Ndiaganiao, M'bour, [[Senegali]]
| nationality = Umunyasenegali
| alma_mater = Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop, École nationale d'administration (ENA) ya Senegali
| occupation = Umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Senegali]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024
| predecessor = Macky Sall
| party = PASTEF (kugeza mu 2026), Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains (kuva mu 2026)
| spouse = Marie Khone Faye, Absa Faye
| children = 5
}}
'''Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 i Ndiaganiao), uzwi cyane ku izina rya '''Diomaye''', ni umunyapolitiki wa [[Senegali]], Perezida wa gatanu w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 2 Mata 2024. Yahoze ari umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta n'umuyobozi w'ihuriro ry'abakozi, hanyuma aba umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyaka rya PASTEF. Yafunzwe amezi agera kuri cumi n'umwe, afungurwa iminsi mike mbere y'amatora ya perezida ya 2024, aho yasimbuye Ousmane Sonko wari wangiwe kwiyamamaza. Yatsinze ayo matora ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%, aba perezida muto kurusha abandi bose mu mateka ya Senegali, n'umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere. Manda ye yaranzwe n'ikibazo gikomeye cy'imyenda ya leta n'amakimbirane na Minisitiri w'Intebe Sonko, uwo yaje kwirukana mu 2026. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2026, ayobora Umuryango w'Ubukungu w'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (CEDEAO).

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri ==
Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye &lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Son Excellence Monsieur Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye, nouveau Président de la République, a prêté serment |url=https://www.sec.gouv.sn/publications/actualites/son-excellence-monsieur-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye-nouveau-president-de |website=sec.gouv.sn |access-date=2024-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; yavutse ku ya 25 Werurwe 1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Set to Become Senegal's President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; i Ndiaganiao, mu karere ka M'bour, mu ntara ya Thiès &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=De Ndiaganiao à Pastef : Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Faye ? (Portrait) |url=https://senego.com/de-ndiaganiao-a-pastef-qui-est-bassirou-diomaye-faye-portrait_1625655.html |website=Senego}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : cinq candidats félicitent Diomaye Faye pour sa victoire, en attendant les résultats officiels |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/presidentielle-au-senegal-quatre-candidats-felicitent-diomaye-faye-pour-sa-victoire-en-attendant-les-resultats-officiels-25-03-2024-3UKGYESGKBHBPFGFI7WYFUTUBM.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akomoka mu bwoko bw'Abaserere. Yakuriye mu cyaro kandi akunze kugaragaza ko yishimira inkomoko ye &lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : qui est le 5e président élu du Sénégal ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cd18gegg961o |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se, Samba Faye, yari umuyoboke w'igihe kirekire w'Ishyaka rya Gisosiyalisiti rya Senegali. Sekuru yarwanye ku ruhande rw'[[Ubufaransa]] mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, nyuma afungwa n'abakoloni b'Abafaransa kubera ko yaharaniraga ishingwa ry'ishuri ryisumbuye i Ndiaganiao, ari na ryo Faye yaje kwigamo &lt;ref name=&quot;E3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ruth Maclean |title=From Village to Prison to Africa's Youngest Elected President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/senegal-faye-president-home.html |website=The New York Times |date=2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yize amashuri abanza mu mudugudu w'iwabo, ayisumbuye i M'Bour &lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Mouhamed Abdallah Ly |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: from prison runner-up to president of Senegal |url=http://theconversation.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-from-prison-runner-up-to-president-of-senegal-226757 |website=The Conversation |date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, abona impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu 2000. Yize amategeko muri Kaminuza Cheikh-Anta-Diop i Dakar, abona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu (''master''), hanyuma mu 2004 yinjira mu ishuri rikuru ry'ubuyobozi (ENA) rya Senegali &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye: what's Senegal opposition contender about? |url=https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |website=African Press Agency |date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327015153/https://apanews.net/bassirou-diomaye-faye-what-is-senegals-opposition-contender-about/ |archive-date=2024-03-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye umugenzuzi w'imari ya leta mu ishami ry'imisoro n'ubutaka &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Babacar Dionne |title=Senegal opposition party sponsoring new candidate Faye after court blocks jailed leader Sonko’s bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-presidential-election-sonko-macky-sall-69b534899c50768ced749c48c215e517 |website=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;, aho yamenyaniye na Ousmane Sonko. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ihuriro ry'abakozi b'imisoro n'ubutaka &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye – Portrait d'un pur produit du pays a un pas de la magistrature suprême |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202403250584.html |website=allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye élu Président par un peuple qui a soif du véritable changement ! |url=https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |website=Afrique Midi |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325232601/https://afriquemidi.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-elu-president-du-senegal/ |archive-date=2024-03-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Coumba Kane |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
Faye yinjiye mu ishyaka rya Patriotes africains du Sénégal pour le travail, l'éthique et la fraternité (PASTEF) kuva ryashingwa mu 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Larcher |title=Sénégal : de l’ombre à la lumière, Bassirou Diomaye Faye vainqueur de la présidentielle |url=https://www.la-croix.com/international/senegal-de-l-ombre-a-la-lumiere-bassirou-diomaye-faye-a-la-porte-du-pouvoir-20240325 |website=La Croix |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu gihe Ousmane Sonko yari umuyobozi n'isura nyamukuru y'iryo shyaka, Faye we yari umwubatsi waryo, ashinzwe ibitekerezo by'ishyaka n'imitunganyirize yaryo y'imbere &lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot; /&gt;. Yagize uruhare mu gutegura gahunda ya Sonko mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, aho Sonko yabaye uwa gatatu n'amajwi hafi 16% &lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2021, ubwo Sonko yafungwaga, Faye yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wa PASTEF &lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;. Mu matora y'inzego z'ibanze ya 2022, yiyamamarije kuyobora komine ya Ndiaganiao, ariko atsindwa na Tening Sène wo mu ishyaka rya Perezida Macky Sall &lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Locales 2022 : Investi candidat à la mairie de Ndiaganiao, Bassirou Diomaye Faye sort du silence |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/locales-2022-investi-candidat-a-la-mairie-de-ndiaganiao-bassirou-diomaye-faye-sort-du-silence_370175.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-05-10 |access-date=2024-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=[Profil] Maire élue de Ndiaganiao : Dr Tening Sène, la Lionne&quot; qui a cassé l'argument machiste &quot;djiguène dou fi djité’’ |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/maire-elue-de-ndiaganiao-dr-tening-sene-_n_370759.html |website=senenews.com |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2024-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ifungwa n'irekurwa ===
Ku ya 14 Mata 2023, Faye yafatiwe i Dakar, akurikiranyweho « gukwirakwiza amakuru y'ibihuha, gusuzugura abacamanza no gusebya urwego rwa leta », nyuma y'ubutumwa yanditse ku mbuga nkoranyambaga anenga abacamanza bari bihutiye kuburanisha Sonko mu bujurire &lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Sénégal : le bras droit de l’opposant Ousmane Sonko arrêté et placé en garde à vue |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230415-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-bras-droit-d-ousmane-sonko-arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9-et-plac%C3%A9-en-garde-%C3%A0-vue |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;. Nyuma yaho, yongerewe ibindi byaha birimo « gushishikariza abantu kwigomeka », bituma afungwa igihe kitazwi &lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2024, Perezida Macky Sall yagerageje gusubika amatora, ariko ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye, maze Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga iburizamo iryo subikwa &lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=James Gregory |title=Senegal election: Opposition supporters march in Dakar calling for swift vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68326782 |website=BBC |date=2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Guverinoma yashyikirije Inteko itegeko ry'imbabazi rusange, ryatumye abantu babarirwa mu magana bafunzwe kubera politiki barekurwa &lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Ousmane Sonko vers une amnistie partielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/05/au-senegal-ousmane-sonko-vers-une-amnistie-partielle_6220177_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2024-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's Macky Sall proposes amnesty bill to calm election-linked turmoil |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240227-senegal-leader-macky-sall-announces-amnesty-bill-to-end-election-linked-turmoil |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Clarisse Fortuné |title=Eye on Africa – Senegal justice ministry says over 300 prisoners released in a week |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/eye-on-africa/20240222-senegal-justice-ministry-says-over-300-prisoners-released-in-a-week |website=France 24 |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Iryo tegeko ryanenzwe na bamwe kuko ryahaga imbabazi n'abagize uruhare mu guhohotera abigaragambyaga hagati ya 2021 na 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal : l'Assemblée nationale adopte une loi d'amnistie en pleine crise politique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240306-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-l-assembl%C3%A9e-nationale-adopte-une-loi-d-amnistie-en-pleine-crise-politique |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Faye na Sonko barekuwe muri Werurwe 2024, iminsi mike mbere y'amatora &lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Aminata Sarr |title=Justice Ousmane Sonko et Bassirou Diomaye Faye sont libres |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Justice/ousmane-sonko-et-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s_n_435524.html |website=seneweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Nicolas Négoce |title=Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye: Senegal opposition leaders freed days before election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68562465 |website=BBC News |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora ya perezida ya 2024 ===
Mu Ugushyingo 2023, kubera ko bitari bizwi niba Sonko azemererwa kwiyamamaza, PASTEF yatanze Faye nk'umukandida waryo nubwo yari afunzwe &lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le Pastef désigne Diomaye Faye candidat à la présidentielle à la place d'Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231119-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pastef-d%C3%A9signe-diomaye-faye-candidat-%C3%A0-la-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-%C3%A0-la-place-d-ousmane-sonko |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 20 Mutarama 2024, Inama y'Itegeko Nshinga yasohoye urutonde rwa nyuma rw'abakandida, Sonko atarimo; ariko kandidatire ya Faye yemejwe kuko atari yarigeze akatirwa &lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laureline Savoye |title=Vidéo. Sénégal : quel candidat représentera Ousmane Sonko à la présidentielle ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2024/01/24/senegal-quel-candidat-representera-ousmane-sonko-a-la-presidentielle_6212765_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2024-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Ousmane Sonko chooses Bassirou Diomaye Faye as replacement in Senegal's presidential race |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/30/ousmane-sonko-chooses-bassirou-diomaye-faye-as-replacement-in-senegals-presidential-race/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sonko yahise atangaza ko amushyigikiye &lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : une vidéo attribuée à Ousmane Sonko confirme son choix pour la présidentielle |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/01/29/senegal-une-video-attribuee-a-ousmane-sonko-confirme-son-choix-pour-la-presidentielle_6213648_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ndetse n'uwahoze ari Perezida Abdoulaye Wade n'ishyaka rye PDS baramushyigikira &lt;ref name=&quot;E16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal's ex-President Wade and party back opposition candidate Faye |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegals-ex-president-wade-party-back-opposition-candidate-faye-2024-03-22/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;; umukandida Cheikh Tidiane Dieye na we yamuvaniyeho kandidatire ye &lt;ref name=&quot;F17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Cheikh Tidiane Dièye renonce à sa candidature pour se rallier à Diomaye Faye |url=https://senego.com/presidentielle-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-renonce-a-sa-candidature-pour-se-rallier-a-diomaye-faye_1654474.html |website=Senego}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Presidential election in Senegal: Cheikh Tidiane Dieye calls to vote for Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1550130/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-appelle-a-voter-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeuneafrique |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Gahunda ye yiswe « Umushinga wa Senegali yigenga, iboneye kandi itera imbere » &lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le Programme de Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |website=diomayeprésident.org |access-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112440/https://diomayepresident.org/programme/ |archive-date=2024-03-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yiyamamaje ari kumwe na Sonko, munsi y'intero « ''Diomaye mooy Sonko'' » (« Diomaye ni Sonko ») &lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=lopinion |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye nomme Ousmane Sonko comme Premier ministre |url=https://www.lopinion.fr/international/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-nomme-ousmane-sonko-comme-premier-ministre |website=l'Opinion |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal Elections 2024: Faye and his change mantra |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/senegal-elections-2024-faye-and-his-change-mantra-17449142 |website=TRT Africa |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yiyemeza guhanga imirimo, kurwanya ruswa no gusuzuma bundi bushya amasezerano yo mu rwego rw'ingufu &lt;ref name=&quot;E18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Nimi Princewill |title=Senegal goes to the polls as country's once sturdy democracy looks shaky |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/23/africa/senegal-holds-crucial-presidential-vote-in-major-test-for-democracy-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yanatangaje umutungo we, asaba abandi bakandida kubigenza batyo &lt;ref name=&quot;E20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Diomaye Faye: Senegal's tax inspector and former inmate headed for the presidential palace |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/27/diomaye-faye-senegals-tax-inspector-and-former-inmate-headed-for-the-presidential-palace/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2024-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu matora yo ku ya 24 Werurwe 2024, Faye yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 54,28%. Umukandida w'ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, Amadou Ba, na Perezida Macky Sall bemeye gutsindwa bamushimira &lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mawunyo Hermann Boko |title=Présidentielle au Sénégal : Amadou Ba reconnaît sa défaite face à Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1551420/politique/presidentielle-au-senegal-amadou-ba-reconnait-sa-defaite-face-a-bassirou-diomaye-faye/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Sokhna Faty Isseu Samb |title=Macky Sall félicite Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/macky-sall-felicite-bassirou-diomaye-fay_n_436660.html |website=Seneweb.com |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku myaka 44, yabaye perezida muto kurusha abandi bose watorewe kuyobora Senegali, umukandida wa mbere utavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi utsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere kuva igihugu cyabona ubwigenge mu 1960, akaba na perezida wa mbere ufite [[Umugore|abagore]] barenze umwe ku mugaragaro &lt;ref name=&quot;F33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’opposant Bassirou Diomaye Faye proclamé président élu avec 54,28 % des voix |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/29/au-senegal-l-opposant-bassirou-diomaye-faye-proclame-president-elu-avec-54-28-des-voix_6224960_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Ruth Maclean |title=Young Opposition Candidate Wins Senegal’s Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/africa/senegal-presidential-election-results.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l’élection de Bassirou Diomaye Faye, qui a deux épouses, consacre la « tradition de la polygamie » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/senegal-lelection-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-qui-a-deux-epouses-consacre-la-tradition-de-la-polygamie-01-04-2024-XPKOOQCWPBC7NG345OKQ5EL4TM.php |website=leparisien.fr |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal top court confirms Bassirou Diomaye Faye's election victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240329-%F0%9F%94%B4-senegal-top-court-confirms-bassirou-diomaye-faye-s-election-victory |website=France 24 |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Senegali ==
=== Intangiriro ya manda ===
Faye yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Senegali ku ya 2 Mata 2024, asimbura Macky Sall &lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, L'ascension fulgurante d'un inspecteur des finances à la présidence du Sénégal |url=https://www.lebaobab.net/2024/03/28/bassirou-diomaye-faye-lascension-fulgurante-dun-inspecteur-des-finances-a-la-presidence-du-senegal/ |website=lebaobab.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yiyemeza kurwanya ruswa no kuvugurura ubukungu &lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's new president after dramatic ascent |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240402-senegal-s-youngest-president-faye-to-take-office-pledging-reforms |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Uwo munsi, yagize Ousmane Sonko Minisitiri w'Intebe &lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye fait son entrée au palais présidentiel et nomme Ousmane Sonko premier ministre |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/02/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-fait-son-entree-au-palais-presidentiel_6225638_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal president names opposition leader Ousmane Sonko as PM |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-president-names-opposition-leader-ousmane-sonko-as-pm |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze guverinoma nshya ishyirwaho ku ya 5 Mata &lt;ref name=&quot;F38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye nomme un gouvernement &quot;de rupture&quot; avec de nouveaux visages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20240406-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-faye-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-rupture-avec-de-nouveaux-visages |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-04-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 3 Mata, yategetse igenzura ry'urwego rw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze &lt;ref name=&quot;E27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal's newly elected president announces audit of oil, gas and mining sectors |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240403-senegal-s-newly-elected-president-announces-audit-of-oil-gas-and-mining-sectors |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga yarukoreye muri [[Moritaniya]], aho yahuriye na Perezida [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] &lt;ref name=&quot;F39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Mauritanie, le président sénégalais effectue sa première visite à l’étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/04/18/le-president-senegalais-en-mauritanie-sa-premiere-visite-a-l-etranger_6228527_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2025-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first foreign visit as president to Mauritania |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240418-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-foreign-visit-as-president-to-mauritania |website=France 24 |date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Gicurasi 2024, yasuye [[Gineya]] na [[Mali]], ahura na [[Mamadi Doumbouya]] na [[Assimi Goïta]], agaragaza ubushake bwo kugarura Mali, [[Burukina Faso]] na [[Nigeri]] muri CEDEAO &lt;ref name=&quot;E29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal's Faye makes first visit to military-ruled Mali and Burkina Faso |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240530-senegal-s-faye-makes-first-visit-to-military-ruled-mali-and-burkina-faso |website=France 24 |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ukwezi kwe kwa mbere ku butegetsi kwaranzwe no koroshya imihango ya leta, guca icyuho cyo gufata imyanya myinshi icyarimwe, no gutangaza raporo za kera ku buriganya na ruswa &lt;ref name=&quot;F40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Théa Ollivier |title=Au Sénégal, Bassirou Diomaye Faye impose un nouveau style présidentiel |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/05/13/au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-impose-un-nouveau-style-presidentiel_6232988_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2024, mu gihe yari afitanye amakimbirane n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yiganjemo abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Faye yasheshe Inteko, ategeka amatora y'abadepite yo ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;F41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Faye annonce la dissolution de l'Assemblée nationale, élections législatives le 17 novembre |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/senegal-le-president-faye-annonce-la-dissolution-de-l-assemblee-nationale-elections-legislatives-le-17-novembre-20240912 |website=Le Figaro |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's president dissolves parliament to call a snap legislative election |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-president-dissolves-parliament-faye-581a6f55ead32310f792c30758e40ced |website=Associated Press |date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. PASTEF yatsinze ayo matora ku bwiganze busesuye &lt;ref name=&quot;F42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le parti au pouvoir assuré d’une large majorité à l’Assemblée nationale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/11/18/au-senegal-le-parti-au-pouvoir-assure-d-une-large-majorite-a-l-assemblee-nationale_6401154_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-11-18 |access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Katarina Hoije |title=Senegal's Faye Wins Parliamentary Landslide to Usher in Reforms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-21/senegal-s-faye-wins-parliamentary-landslide-to-usher-in-reforms |website=Bloomberg |date=2024-11-21 |access-date=2024-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi Carnegie Endowment cyagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwe bwasubije agaciro uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwari bwarahungabanyijwe ku butegetsi bwamubanjirije, ariko kinavuga ko itangazamakuru ryakomeje gukorerwa igitutu, harimo no gukumira bimwe mu bitangazwa (''censure'') &lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Thomas Carothers |title=Democratic Recovery After Significant Backsliding: Emergent Lessons |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/04/democratic-recovery-after-significant-backsliding-emergent-lessons |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nyakanga 2025, yitabiriye inama yahuje Perezida [[Donald Trump]] n'abakuru b'ibihugu bimwe bya Afurika muri White House &lt;ref name=&quot;E32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Bart Jansen |title=Senegal's leader flatters Trump with comments about his golf skills |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/07/09/senegal-trump-golf-flattery-trade-talks/84521993007/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=2025-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ikibazo cy'imyenda ya leta ===
Mu mpera za 2024, guverinoma ye yashyize ahagaragara amakosa yo mu icungamari yakozwe na guverinoma yabanje, n'umwenda munini igihugu cyari gifite utari waratangajwe. Amanota y'ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ya Senegali yaramanuwe, kandi Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari (FMI) gihagarika inguzanyo yacyo &lt;ref name=&quot;F43&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abbas Asamaan |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes pointe les dérives financières de la présidence de Macky Sall |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/14/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-pointe-les-derives-financieres-de-la-presidence-de-macky-sall_6546381_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F44&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, la Cour des comptes remet en cause des indicateurs économiques de l’ancien pouvoir |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/02/13/au-senegal-la-cour-des-comptes-remet-en-cause-des-indicateurs-economiques-de-l-ancien-pouvoir_6544834_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Sénégal: le FMI évoque une dette «cachée» d'environ 7 milliards de dollars entre 2019 et 2024 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/%C3%A9conomie/20250325-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-fmi-%C3%A9voque-une-dette-cach%C3%A9e-d-environ-7-milliards-de-dollars-entre-2019-et-2024 |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umwenda wa leta wongeye kubarwa, uva kuri 65% ugera kuri 111% by'umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu, bituma Senegali iba kimwe mu bihugu bifite umwenda munini kurusha ibindi muri Afurika &lt;ref name=&quot;F46&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célia Cuordifede |title=Au Sénégal, le gouvernement annonce un « plan de redressement » de l’économie, sur fonds d’explosion de la dette |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/04/au-senegal-le-gouvernement-annonce-un-plan-de-redressement-de-l-economie-sur-fonds-d-explosion-de-la-dette_6618172_3212.html |website=www.lemonde.fr |access-date=2025-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Léa-Lisa Westerhoff |title=Le Sénégal devient le pays le plus endetté d'Afrique |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250702-avec-une-dette-r%C3%A9%C3%A9valu%C3%A9e-%C3%A0-119-du-pib-pour-2024-le-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-devient-le-pays-le-plus-endett%C3%A9-d-afrique |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2025, perezida na minisitiri w'intebe batangaje gahunda yo kuzahura ubukungu n'imibereho, igamije kubona miliyari 6 000 z'amafaranga ya CFA mu myaka itatu, ahanini binyuze mu kongera imisoro no kugabanya amafaranga leta isohora &lt;ref name=&quot;F50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le gouvernement dévoile son plan national censé redresser l’économie |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250801-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-gouvernement-ousmane-sonko-bassirou-diomaye-faye-d%C3%A9voile-plan-national-redresser-%C3%A9conomie |website=Radio France internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Gutandukana na Sonko ===
Guhera mu 2025, havutse amakimbirane hagati ya Faye na Minisitiri w'Intebe Ousmane Sonko, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ishyirwaho ry'abayobozi bamwe n'uburyo bwo kwishyura umwenda wa leta &lt;ref name=&quot;F51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le premier ministre, Ousmane Sonko, critique ouvertement le président, Bassirou Diomaye Faye |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/07/14/au-senegal-le-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-critique-ouvertement-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye_6621143_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Des «facteurs de division» : nouvelle crise au Sénégal entre le président Faye et son premier ministre Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/des-facteurs-de-division-nouvelle-crise-au-senegal-entre-le-president-faye-et-son-premier-ministre-sonko-20251112 |website=Le Figaro |date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ousmane Sonko - Bassirou Diomaye Faye : Divergences au sommet sur l'avenir de la coalition qui les a portés au pouvoir |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c8jrn708gmro |website=BBC News Afrique |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ayo makimbirane yarushijeho gukara mu 2026, mu gihe cy'ikibazo cy'imari no guhangana kw'aba bombi ku matora ya perezida ataha &lt;ref name=&quot;F54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, l’heure de la rupture entre Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2026/05/08/au-senegal-l-heure-de-la-rupture-entre-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko_6687062_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2026-05-08 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bicéphalisme au Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Ousmane Sonko, du duo au duel |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/politique-bicephalisme-au-senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-ousmane-sonko-du-duo-au-duel_237381 |website=Courrier international |date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2026, Faye yirukanye Sonko ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe &lt;ref name=&quot;F56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/senegal-le-president-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko-20260523 |website=Le Figaro.fr |date=2026-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F57&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: le président Bassirou Diomaye Faye met fin aux fonctions du Premier ministre Ousmane Sonko |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260522-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-le-pr%C3%A9sident-bassirou-diomaye-faye-met-fin-aux-fonctions-du-premier-ministre-ousmane-sonko |website=RFI |date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Anait Miridzhanian |title=Senegal's ousted prime minister Sonko elected parliament speaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-parliament-elects-ousted-prime-minister-sonko-speaker-2026-05-26/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;, amusimbuza impuguke mu by'ubukungu Ahmadou Al Aminou Lô &lt;ref name=&quot;F58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : l'économiste Ahmadou ‌Al Aminou Lô nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260525-senegal-ahmadou-al-aminou-lo-nouveau-premier-ministre-apres-le-limogeage-de-sonko-president-faye |website=France 24 |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Diadie Ba |title=Senegal's Faye names economist Lo as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-president-names-economist-lo-prime-minister-2026-05-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Guverinoma nshya, yashyizweho ku ya 1 Kamena 2026, yagizwe ahanini n'abantu batari mu mashyaka n'abo mu miryango itegamiye kuri leta, nta ruhare rwa PASTEF &lt;ref name=&quot;F59&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : même sans Sonko, le président Diomaye Faye a des chances de gouverner sans blocages |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20260602-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-m%C3%AAme-sans-sonko-le-pr%C3%A9sident-diomaye-faye-a-des-chances-de-gouverner-sans-blocages |website=France 24 |date=2026-06-02 |access-date=2026-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2026, Faye yashinze ishyaka rishya ryitwa Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains &lt;ref name=&quot;F60&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal : Bassirou Diomaye Faye lance Kiiraay – Les Patriotes républicains, son nouveau parti |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1827058/politique/senegal-bassirou-diomaye-faye-lance-kiiraay-son-nouveau-parti/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |access-date=2026-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Umuyobozi wa CEDEAO ===
Ku ya 19 Nyakanga 2026, mu nama ya 69 y'abakuru b'ibihugu n'aba guverinoma yabereye i Freetown, Faye yagizwe umuyobozi wa CEDEAO, asimbura Julius Maada Bio &lt;ref name=&quot;F61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Abdou Kogne SALL |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye, nouveau président en exercice de la CEDEAO (officiel) |url=https://aps.sn/bassirou-diomaye-faye-nouveau-president-en-exercice-de-la-cedeao-officiel/ |date=2026-07-19 |access-date=2026-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibitekerezo bya politiki ==
Faye avuga ko aharanira impinduka mu miyoborere no gukunda Afurika (''panafricanisme'') bishingiye ku bitekerezo by'ibumoso, agamije gusubiza Senegali ubusugire bwayo; bamwe mu basesenguzi babona ko ibyo bigaragaza ubushake bwo kwitandukanya n'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Ubufaransa &lt;ref name=&quot;E19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot; /&gt;. Yiyemeje kugabanya ububasha bwa perezida no kugarura umwanya wa visi-perezida &lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Virginia Pietromarchi |title=Tax inspectors to poultry boss: Senegal's presidential candidates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/tax-inspectors-to-poultry-boss-senegals-presidential-candidates |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yifuza kandi ivugurura ry'ifaranga rya CFA ku rwego rw'akarere, bitashoboka igihugu kigashyiraho ifaranga ryacyo bwite &lt;ref name=&quot;E36&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Senegal opposition leader backs off promise to create national currency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-opposition-leader-backs-off-promise-create-national-currency-2024-03-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ashyigikiye gusubiramo amasezerano ya leta n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi mu rwego rw'ingufu, ubucukuzi n'uburobyi &lt;ref name=&quot;E35&quot; /&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Faye afite abagore babiri &lt;ref name=&quot;F62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Sénégal: Diomaye Faye, candidat de la &quot;rupture&quot;, va devenir président après des années de crise » |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/senegal-diomaye-faye-candidat-de-la-rupture-va-devenir-president-apres-des-annees-de-crise |website=TV5 Monde avec l'AFP |date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umugore we wa mbere, Marie Khone Faye, ukomoka i Ndiaganiao, ni Umukristo &lt;ref name=&quot;F63&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Sénégal, le président élu Bassirou Diomaye Faye affiche sa polygamie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20240401-situation-in%C3%A9dite-au-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-deux-premi%C3%A8res-dames-au-palais-pr%C3%A9sidentiel |website=france24.com |date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F64&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Prince Beganssou |title=Sénégal : Marie Khone et Absa, les deux épouses chrétienne et musulmane de Diomaye Faye |url=https://afriksoir.net/senegal-marie-khone-et-absa-deux-epouses-chretienne-musulmane-diomaye-faye/ |website=AFRIK SOIR |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;; bafitanye umukobwa umwe n'abahungu batatu, umwe muri bo akaba yaritiriwe Ousmane Sonko &lt;ref name=&quot;F65&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Senegal's presidential election: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Ousmane Sonko's Plan B |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/03/23/senegal-presidential-election-bassirou-diomaye-faye-ousmane-sonko-s-plan-b_6647601_124.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umugore we wa kabiri, Absa Faye, bashakanye mu 2023 i Keur Massar, ni Umuyisilamu; bafitanye umukobwa umwe &lt;ref name=&quot;F66&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Cisse |title=Absa Faye : comment Diomaye est tombé sous le charme de son ancienne étudiante - Avenirguinee.org |url=https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/,%20https://www.avenirguinee.org/absa-faye-comment-diomaye-est-tombe-sous-le-charme-de-son-ancienne-etudiante/ |date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F67&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Exclusif : Nom du bébé de Bassirou Diomaye Faye et Absa Faye, le couple présidentiel rend hommage à la maman de Ousmane Sonko » |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/exclusif-nom-du-bebe-de-bassirou-diomaye-faye-et-absa-faye-le-couple-presidentiel-rend-hommage-a-la-maman-de-ousmane-sonko-3092562.html |website=maliweb.net |date=2025-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F68&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye : ses deux épouses Marie Khone et Absa Faye |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Bassirou-Diomaye-Faye-ses-deux-epouses-Marie-Khone-et-Absa-Faye_a270717.html |website=pressafrik.com |access-date=2024-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu gihe cy'akaruhuko, akunda ubuhinzi mu mirima y'iwabo, kandi yandika imivugo &lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye ? |url=https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |website=diomayepresident.org |access-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329215603/https://diomayepresident.org/biographie-bassirou-diomaye-diakhar-faye/ |archive-date=2024-03-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye remporte l'élection présidentielle |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/bassirou-diomaye-faye-remporte-l-election-presidentielle,2359.html |website=au-senegal.com |date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Senegali]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaïs Saïed</title>
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      <text bytes="38164" sha1="81pdoqv2v7ovaa3bg83l60ys67x7v29" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Kaïs Saïed
| image = President Kais Saïed.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Kaïs Saïed
| birth_date = 22 Gashyantare 1958
| birth_place = Tunis, [[Tunisiya]]
| nationality = Umunyatunisiya
| occupation = Umwarimu wa kaminuza mu mategeko nshinga, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Tunisiya]]
| term = Kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019
| predecessor = Mohamed Ennaceur (w'agateganyo)
| party = Nta shyaka (umukandida wigenga)
| spouse = Ichraf Chebil
| children = 3
}}
'''Kaïs Saïed''' (mu Cyarabu: قيس سعيد; yavutse ku ya 22 Gashyantare 1958 i Tunis) ni umunyapolitiki akaba n'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga wa [[Tunisiya]], Perezida w'icyo gihugu kuva ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019. Yamaze imyaka myinshi ari umwarimu w'amategeko muri kaminuza, ndetse n'umwe mu bayobozi b'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga. Mu 2019, yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, azwiho kuba inyangamugayo, maze atsinda icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amatora n'amajwi 72,7%. Mu Nyakanga 2021, mu bihe by'ihagarara rya politiki n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, yiyambuye ububasha bwose, yirukana guverinoma kandi ahagarika Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, nyuma arayisesa, ibyo abamurwanya n'abasesenguzi benshi bise kudeta. Mu 2022, yakuyeho Itegeko Nshinga rya 2014, ashyiraho irindi ryemejwe na kamarampaka, riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu. Afatwa n'abenshi nk'umunyagitugu, yongeye gutorwa mu 2024 mu matora yaranzwe n'ubwitabire buke cyane.

== Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere ==
Kaïs Saïed ni umuhungu wa Moncef Saïed, wari umukozi muri Minisiteri y'Imari, na Zakia Bellagha, wo mu muryango w'abakire b'i Tunis wari umugore wita ku rugo; umuryango we wari uwo mu cyiciro cyo hagati &lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Débat du second tour entre Kais Saïed et Nabil Karoui : revivez le direct |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/debat-du-second-tour-entre-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-suivez-le-direct |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-11 |access-date=2019-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Monia Ben Hamadi |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, de la promesse de probité au régime verrouillé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/05/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-de-la-promesse-de-probite-au-regime-verrouille_6344705_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=&quot;Robocop&quot;, &quot;M. Propre&quot;... qui est Kaïs Saïed, le nouveau président tunisien ? |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/france-monde/2019/10/14/robocop-m-propre-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-de-la-tunisie |website=Le Dauphiné libéré |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : Kais Saïed, la révolution austère |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-la-revolution-austere-09-10-2019-2340351_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se wabo, Hicham Saïed, yabaye umuganga wa mbere ubaga abana muri Tunisiya &lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Qui est Kais Saïed, l'infatigable marcheur, qui a emporté le premier tour de la présidentielle en Tunisie |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27968-qui-est-kais-saied-l-infatigable-marcheur-qui-a-emporte-le-premier-tour-de-la-presidentielle-en-tunisie-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rizwi rya Sadiki &lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le nouveau président Kaïs Saïed appelle les Tunisiens à &quot;s'unir contre le terrorisme&quot; |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20191023-tunisie-direct-live-nouveau-president-kais-saied-prestation-serment |website=France 24 |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Umwuga wa kaminuza ==
Saïed yize amategeko, akaba impuguke mu mategeko nshinga, nubwo atigeze abona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : qui est Kais Saied, le nouveau président élu ? |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-qui-est-kais-saied-le-nouveau-president-elu-326712 |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2023-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704045529/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Biographie-de-Kais-Sa%C3%AFed,520,91020,3 |archive-date=2020-07-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyatunisiya b'impuguke mu mategeko nshinga kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1995, hanyuma visi-perezida waryo &lt;ref name=&quot;F13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Kaïs Saïed, la vigie |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/135717/politique/kaes-saeed-la-vigie/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2017-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yayoboye ishami ry'amategeko ya leta muri Kaminuza ya Sousse kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1999, hanyuma yigisha mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'amategeko na politiki rya Tunis kuva mu 1999 kugeza agiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie de Kais Saïed, candidat à la présidentielle anticipée du 15 septembre 2019 |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/09/03/biographie-de-kais-saied-candidat-aux-presidentielles-anticipees-du-15-septembre/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot; /&gt;. Yanabaye impuguke mu bunyamabanga bukuru bw'Umuryango w'Ibihugu by'Abarabu (1989–1990) n'umwe mu bagize itsinda ry'impuguke ryasuzumye umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rya Tunisiya mu 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot; /&gt;.

== Kwinjira muri politiki ==
Saïed yagize uruhare mu mpinduramatwara ya Tunisiya yo mu 2010–2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 15 Mutarama 2011, umunsi umwe nyuma y'ihunga rya Perezida Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, yasabye ko hashyirwaho inteko ishinga itegeko nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Laurent Ribadeau Dumas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed est &quot;conservateur sur le plan des convictions personnelles. Mais pour le reste, c'est un révolutionnaire !&quot; |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tunisie/tunisie-kais-saied-est-conservateur-sur-le-plan-des-convictions-personnelles-mais-pour-le-reste-c-est-un-revolutionnaire_3661675.html |website=France Info |date=2019-10-17 |access-date=2019-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yashyigikiye ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko isimburwa n'inteko igizwe n'abatowe mu buryo butaziguye, bashingiye ku turere, kandi bashobora kwamburwa manda yabo &lt;ref name=&quot;F20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie – Kaïs Saïed : &quot;Je ne serai candidat d'aucun parti&quot; |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/654112/politique/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-je-ne-serai-candidat-daucun-parti/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-10-26 |access-date=2019-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : &quot;Je me présenterai aux présidentielles en tant qu'indépendant&quot; |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328040515/http://www.webdo.tn/2019/03/23/kais-saied-je-me-presenterai-aux-presidentielles-en-tant-quindependant/ |archive-date=2019-03-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuva mu 2013, yitabiriye inama nyinshi z'urubyiruko, maze mu 2016 hashingwa umutwe wa Mouassissoun wo gushyigikira imishinga ye &lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lilia Blaise |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : « Kaïs Saïed a un discours qui répond à la jeunesse » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/16/presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-un-discours-qui-repond-a-la-jeunesse_6015731_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des jeunes épris de changement font campagne pour Kais Saïed |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/En-Tunisie-jeunes-epris-changement-font-campagne-Kais-Saied-2019-10-09-1301053170 |website=La Croix |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Amatora ya 2019 ===
Mu matora ya perezida ya 2019, Saïed yiyamamaje nk'umukandida wigenga, akoresha amafaranga make cyane, ashingira ku isura y'umuntu woroheje kandi uvuga [[Icyarabu]] cy'ubuvanganzo &lt;ref name=&quot;F26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïd, candidat à la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2018/12/03/tunisie-kais-said-candidat-aux-elections-presidentielles-de-2019/ |website=webmanagercenter.com |date=2018-12-03 |access-date=2019-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F28&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle : Kaïs Saïed affirme qu'il ne votera même pas pour lui même ! |url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2019/06/11/presidentielle-kais-saied-affirme-quil-ne-votera-meme-pas-pour-lui-meme/ |website=Kapitalis |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Gahunda ye yibanze ku kurwanya ruswa no kubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benoît Delmas |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed, un Robespierre en campagne |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-un-robespierre-en-campagne-11-09-2019-2335234_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2019-09-11 |access-date=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : une campagne électorale atypique |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/27926-kais-saied-une-campagne-electorale-atypique-album-photos |website=Leaders |date=2019-09-10 |access-date=2019-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kubera imvugo ye itajegajega, bamwita « Robocop » &lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Céline Lussato |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : &quot;Robocop&quot;, ultraconservateur… 10 choses à savoir sur Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190917.OBS18538/robocop-ultra-conservateur-10-choses-a-savoir-sur-kais-saied.html |website=L'Obs |date=2019-09-17 |access-date=2019-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Abenshi mu bamutoye bari urubyiruko rwize &lt;ref name=&quot;F29&quot; /&gt;.

Yabaye uwa mbere mu cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 18,40%, akurikirwa n'umucuruzi Nabil Karoui (15,58%), wari ufunzwe &lt;ref name=&quot;F33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kais Saïed en tête, selon des résultats portant sur 27 % des votes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-kais-saied-en-tete-selon-des-resultats-portant-sur-27-des-votes-20190916 |website=Le Figaro |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élection présidentielle en Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed et Nabil Karoui assurent être au second tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/15/election-presidentielle-en-tunisie-kais-saied-et-nabil-karoui-en-tete-au-premier-tour_5510773_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yatsinze n'amajwi 72,71% kuri 27,29% ya Karoui &lt;ref name=&quot;F43&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saïed président de la République avec 72,71 % des voix annonce l'ISIE |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/kais-saied-president-de-la-republique-avec-72-71-des-voix-annonce-lisie |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nk'uko umusesenguzi Michaël Ayari abivuga, Saïed yagaragazaga ubunyangamugayo n'urugamba rwo kurwanya ruswa, n'ibyiringiro byatakaye byo mu 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;F44&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Agnès Gruda |title=Kaïs Saïed, le président tunisien inattendu |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201910/16/01-5245671-kais-saied-le-president-tunisien-inattendu.php |website=La Presse |date=2019-10-16 |access-date=2019-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Tunisiya ==
=== Intangiriro ya manda ===
Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 2019, Saïed yarahiriye imbere y'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, yiyemeza kurwanya iterabwoba no kurinda uburenganzira bw'abagore, maze yakira ububasha bwa perezida ahawe na Mohamed Ennaceur wari perezida w'agateganyo &lt;ref name=&quot;F10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La passation entre Mohamed Ennaceur et Kais Saïed |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-passation-entre-mohamed-ennaceur-et-kais-saied-video |website=HuffPost Maghreb |date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2019-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yanze gutura mu ngoro ya perezida ya Carthage, ahitamo kuguma mu nzu ye bwite &lt;ref name=&quot;F53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed refuse toujours de s'installer au palais de Carthage |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-10-24 |access-date=2019-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025115046/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/kais-saied-refuse-toujours-de-sinstaller-au-palais-de-carthage,520,92201,3 |archive-date=2019-10-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yashinze Habib Jemli, umukandida w'ishyaka rya Kisilamu Ennahdha, gushyiraho guverinoma, ariko Inteko yanga guverinoma ye muri Mutarama 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;F56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Habib Jemli devient le nouveau chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/857258/politique/tunisie-habib-jemli-devient-le-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-11-15 |access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F57&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie dans l'incertitude après le rejet du gouvernement par le Parlement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/11/sans-gouvernement-la-tunisie-plonge-dans-l-incertitude_6025532_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2020-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hanyuma yashyizeho Elyes Fakhfakh, wahawe icyizere n'Inteko ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;F58&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Officiel : Elyes Fakhfakh, nouveau chef du gouvernement désigné |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-politique-tunisie/674137/officiel-elyes-fakhfakh-nouveau-chef-du-gouvernement-designe |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-01-20 |access-date=2020-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F61&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le gouvernement Fakhfakh obtient la confiance de l'ARP |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/694607/le-gouvernement-fakhfakh-obtient-la-confiance-de-l-arp |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2020-02-27 |access-date=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ariko yegura muri Nyakanga 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;F62&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la démission du chef du gouvernement renforce la crise politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/07/16/tunisie-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement-renforce-la-crise-politique_6046309_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2020-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2020, yashinze Minisitiri w'Umutekano w'Imbere mu Gihugu, Hichem Mechichi, gushyiraho guverinoma, yemejwe ku ya 2 Nzeri 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;F70&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le ministre de l'Intérieur Hichem Mechichi désigné chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200725-tunisie-le-ministre-de-l-intérieur-hichem-mechichi-désigné-chef-du-gouvernement |website=France 24 |date=2020-07-25 |access-date=2020-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F76&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : l'Assemblée vote la confiance au gouvernement Mechichi à 134 voix |url=https://news.gnet.tn/tunisie-lassemblee-vote-la-confiance-au-gouvernement-mechichi-a-134-voix-favorables/ |website=GlobalNet |date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mutarama 2021, yanze kwakira indahiro y'abaminisitiri bashya Mechichi yari yashyizeho, avuga ko bamwe bakekwagaho ruswa &lt;ref name=&quot;F79&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied s'oppose à la prise de fonction de nouveaux ministres |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2021/02/04/tunisie-kais-saied-s-oppose-a-la-prise-de-fonction-de-nouveaux-ministres/ |website=Africanews |date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mata 2021, yanze gushyira umukono ku itegeko ryashyiragaho Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga &lt;ref name=&quot;F80&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : requiem pour la Cour constitutionnelle |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1150320/politique/tunisie-requiem-pour-la-cour-constitutionnelle/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-04-07 |access-date=2021-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Iyigarurira ry'ububasha mu 2021 ===
Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2021, umunsi w'Ibirori bya Repubulika, ibihumbi by'abigaragambyaga basabye iseswa ry'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu gihe icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyari gikomeje gukaza umurego &lt;ref name=&quot;F82&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/tunisie-milliers-manifestants-defilent-contre-leurs-dirigeants |website=Le Temps |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri iryo joro, yitwaje ingingo ya 80 y'Itegeko Nshinga, Saïed yirukanye guverinoma ya Mechichi, ahagarika imirimo y'Inteko, akuraho ubudahangarwa bw'abadepite, kandi atangaza ko azayobora igihugu akoresheje amateka &lt;ref name=&quot;F83&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s'érige en chef de l'exécutif et du parquet |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/32197-kais-saied-prend-tous-les-pouvoirs-en-main-suspend-le-parlement-limoge-mechichi-et-s-erige-en-chef-de-l-executif-et-du-parquet |website=Leaders |date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2021-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ennahdha yahise ibyita « kudeta », kandi abasesenguzi benshi n'impuguke mu mategeko babyemeranyaho &lt;ref name=&quot;F84&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président s'arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un « coup d'État contre la révolution » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-le-president-sarroge-le-pouvoir-executif-ennahdha-condamne-un-coup-detat-contre-la-revolution-26-07-2021-5QRDP25NJJA5NHFEYDXZJ6TTK4.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F85&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, la crise politique débouche sur une crise constitutionnelle |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/en-tunisie-la-crise-politique-debouche-sur-une-crise-constitutionnelle-1334809 |website=Les Échos |date=2021-07-26 |access-date=2021-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 22 Nzeri 2021, yemeje mu iteka ko yiyambitse ububasha bwo gushyiraho amategeko &lt;ref name=&quot;F90&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le président de la République publie des dispositions exceptionnelles |url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/962219/le-president-de-la-republique-publie-des-dispositions-exceptionnelles |website=Mosaïque FM |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F91&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/tunisie-kais-saied-renforce-les-pouvoirs-de-la-presidence-20210922 |website=Le Figaro |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2021-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2021, yashinze Najla Bouden gushyiraho guverinoma, aba umugore wa mbere ubaye Minisitiri w'Intebe muri Tunisiya no mu bihugu by'Abarabu &lt;ref name=&quot;F96&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210929-tunisie-najla-bouden-romdhane-charg%C3%A9e-de-former-un-nouveau-gouvernement-officiel |website=France 24 |date=2021-09-29 |access-date=2021-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 30 Werurwe 2022, abadepite 120 bateraniye mu nama y'ikoranabuhanga batora ko ingamba zidasanzwe zihagarara; uwo munsi, Saïed yasheshe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, anakangisha abadepite gukurikiranwa n'inkiko &lt;ref name=&quot;F100&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ftiti : leur but était de pousser le chef de l'État à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement |url=https://www.tunisienumerique.com/ftiti-leur-but-etait-de-pousser-le-chef-de-letat-a-organiser-un-dialogue-national-ou-a-dissoudre-le-parlement-audio/ |website=tunisienumerique.com |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F101&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la crise institutionnelle s'aggrave |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/tunisie-le-president-dissout-le-parlement-1397321 |website=Les Échos |date=2022-03-30 |access-date=2022-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F102&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l'Assemblée |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1334874/politique/tunisie-pousse-dans-ses-derniers-retranchements-kais-saied-dissout-lasssemblee/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu ntangiriro za 2023, polisi yafashe abantu benshi bo mu ihuriro rikomeye ritavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, Front de salut national &lt;ref name=&quot;F103&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Les arrestations d'opposants au président Kaïs Saïed continuent en Tunisie |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230222-les-arrestations-d-opposants-au-président-kaïs-saïed-continuent-en-tunisie |website=France 24 |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kubera ibyo, abenshi bamwita « perezida ufite ububasha bukabije » cyangwa umunyagitugu &lt;ref name=&quot;F104&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : cinq ans après l'élection de Kaïs Saïed, les observateurs dénoncent un retour à la dictature |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/comprendre-le-monde/tunisie-cinq-ans-apres-l-election-de-kais-saied-les-observateurs-denoncent-un-retour-a-la-dictature-8915309 |website=Radio France |date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F105&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle en Tunisie : le président Kaïs Saïed réélu à une majorité écrasante de 90,7% |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241007-présidentielle-en-tunisie-le-président-kaïs-saïed-donné-vainqueur-avec-90-7-des-voix |website=RFI |access-date=2024-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 ===
Ku ya 30 Kamena 2022, Saïed yatangaje umushinga w'Itegeko Nshinga rishya riha ububasha bwinshi umukuru w'igihugu, kandi rivuga ko Isilamu ari intego ya leta n'isoko y'amategeko &lt;ref name=&quot;F107&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamategeko yavuze ko iyo nzira inyuranyije n'amategeko kandi itarimo ubunyangamugayo &lt;ref name=&quot;F108&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mehdi Chebil |title=Tunisie : la réforme constitutionnelle de Kaïs Saïed sous le feu des critiques |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220630-tunisie-la-r%C3%A9forme-constitutionnelle-de-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-sous-le-feu-des-critiques |website=France 24 |date=2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri kamarampaka yo ku ya 25 Nyakanga 2022, abagera kuri 92–93% by'abatoye bemeje iryo Tegeko Nshinga, ariko ubwitabire bwari buke cyane &lt;ref name=&quot;F109&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : 92 à 93% pour le oui à la nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-92-a-93-pour-le-oui-a-la-nouvelle-constitution-20220725 |website=Le Figaro |date=2022-07-25 |access-date=2022-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ububanyi n'amahanga ===
Saïed afitanye umubano mwiza na [[Aligeriya]] ya [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], yegera ibihugu by'Ikigobe nka [[Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe]], kandi ari hafi ya Perezida wa [[Misiri]], [[Abdel Fattah al-Sissi]] &lt;ref name=&quot;F115&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed à Alger pour renforcer les liens entre la Tunisie et l'Algérie |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1543619/politique/kais-saied-a-alger-pour-renforcer-les-liens/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F117&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Hajer Cherni |title=Les Émirats arabes unis affirment leur soutien à la Tunisie |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/les-%C3%A9mirats-arabes-unis-affirment-leur-soutien-%C3%A0-la-tunisie-/2614823 |website=Agence Anadolu |date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F118&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Ahlem Khattab |title=Tunisie–Égypte : Sissi et Saïed, de quoi leur relation est-elle le nom ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1251944/politique/tunisie-egypte-sissi-et-saied-de-quoi-leur-relation-est-elle-le-nom/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2021-10-16 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2022, yakiriye nk'umukuru w'igihugu Brahim Ghali, umuyobozi w'umutwe wa Polisario, bituma Maroke na Tunisiya bihamagaza ba ambasaderi babyo &lt;ref name=&quot;F111&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Khadija Mohsen-Finan |title=Sahara : la Tunisie coincée entre l'Algérie et le Maroc |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |website=Orient XXI |date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2024-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530165151/http://orientxxi.info/magazine/sahara-la-tunisie-coincee-entre-l-algerie-et-le-maroc,5836 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Hagati ya 2023 na 2024, yakiriye kenshi Minisitiri w'Intebe w'Ubutaliyani, Giorgia Meloni, wageragezaga kumvikana na we ku bijyanye no kurwanya abimukira binjira mu Burayi mu buryo butemewe &lt;ref name=&quot;F119&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bras de fer à distance entre Kaïs Saïed et Giorgia Meloni à quelques jours de sa visite à Tunis |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240413-bras-de-fer-%C3%A0-distance-entre-ka%C3%AFs-sa%C3%AFed-et-giorgia-meloni-%C3%A0-quelques-jours-de-sa-visite-%C3%A0-tunis |website=RFI |date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku ya 12 Mata 2023, yasubukuye umubano wa dipolomasi na Siriya &lt;ref name=&quot;F123&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La Tunisie et la Syrie vont rétablir leurs relations diplomatiques |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/les-relations-diplomatiques-entre-la-tunis-et-damas-vont-etre-retablies-20230412 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Arwanya yivuye inyuma kugirana umubano na Isirayeli, avuga ko byaba ari « ubugambanyi bukomeye » &lt;ref name=&quot;F122&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed estime que le nom de la tempête Daniel traduit une influence 'sioniste' |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-estime-que-le-nom-de-la-tempete-daniel-traduit-une-influence-sioniste |website=information.tv5monde.com |date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F132&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=La victoire du conservateur Kaïs Saïed à la présidence tunisienne est lourde d'interrogations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/14/la-victoire-du-conservateur-kais-saied-a-la-presidence-tunisienne-est-lourde-d-interrogations_6015417_3232.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-10-14 |access-date=2019-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya kabiri ===
Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2024, Saïed yongeye gutorwa n'amajwi 90,69% &lt;ref name=&quot;F124&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisian President Saied says he will seek re-election in October |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/tunisian-president-saied-says-he-will-seek-re-election-in-october |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F125&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 90,7 % des suffrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/10/07/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-reelu-avec-90-7-des-suffrages_6346202_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Mata 2025, ibihano bikomeye by'igifungo byahawe abantu bagera kuri mirongo ine, barimo abanyapolitiki, abavoka n'abanyamakuru, mu rubanza rw'« umugambi wo guhungabanya umutekano wa leta », byanenzwe n'Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru wa Loni ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kimwe n'Ubufaransa n'Ubudage; Saïed yabyise « ukwivanga gukabije » &lt;ref name=&quot;F126&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin König |title=Des condamnations allant jusqu'à 66 ans de prison contre les opposants : en Tunisie, Kaïs Saïed a détruit tous les fondements de l'État de droit |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/kais-saied/des-condamnations-allant-jusqua-66-ans-de-prison-contre-les-opposants-en-tunisie-kais-saied-a-detruit-tous-les-fondements-de-letat-de-droit |website=L'Humanité |date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2025-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F127&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président, Kaïs Saïed, dénonce une « ingérence flagrante » concernant les critiques venues de l'étranger |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/29/tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-denonce-une-ingerence-flagrante-apres-des-critiques-a-l-international_6601445_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Nyakanga 2026, ikinyamakuru cyo mu Butaliyani ''Il Foglio'' cyatangaje ko yaba yajyanywe mu bitaro, ariko perezidansi ntiyabyemeza &lt;ref name=&quot;E84&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Luca Gambardella |title=Saied Hospitalized as Kamel Ghribi Sends a Trojan Horse to Tunis |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2026/07/17/news/saied-hospitalized-as-kamel-ghribi-sends-a-trojan-horse-to-tunis--402446 |website=Il Foglio |date=2026-07-17 |access-date=2026-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ibitekerezo n'imyanya afata ==
Ibitekerezo bye bya gakondo ntibishingiye ku idini, ariko ''Le Monde'' imushyira mu murongo w'abaharanira ubumwe bw'Abarabu &lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F132&quot; /&gt;. Arwanya ko [[Umugore|abagore]] bazungura kimwe n'abagabo &lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mohamed Haddad |title=Présidentielle tunisienne : Kaïs Saïed, juriste conservateur, est en tête du premier tour |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/16/presidentielle-tunisienne-kais-saied-juriste-hyper-conservateur-est-en-tete-du-premier-tour_5510991_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F133&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Célian Macé |title=Avec l'austère Kaïs Saïed, la Tunisie sur la corde raide |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/16/avec-l-austere-kais-saied-la-tunisie-sur-la-corde-raide_1751698 |website=Libération |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi ashyigikiye igihano cy'urupfu &lt;ref name=&quot;F137&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaïs Saïed : j'éliminerai les élections législatives et je suis pour la peine de mort |url=http://www.businessnews.com.tn/Kaïs-Saïed--j'éliminerai-les-élections-législatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort,520,88453,3 |website=businessnews.com.tn |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2019-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183045/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/Ka%25C3%25AFs-Sa%25C3%25AFed--j%27%25C3%25A9liminerai-les-%25C3%25A9lections-l%25C3%25A9gislatives-et-je-suis-pour-la-peine-de-mort%2C520%2C88453%2C3 |archive-date=2019-10-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Avuga ko ubutinganyi ari ikibazo cy'umuntu ku giti cye, ariko ko budakwiriye kugaragara mu ruhame &lt;ref name=&quot;F137&quot; /&gt;. Itegeko Nshinga rya 2022 rivuga ko Tunisiya ari kimwe mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'Abayisilamu (''oumma'') &lt;ref name=&quot;F138&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=Tunisie : islam, libertés, régime présidentiel… Ce qu'il faut retenir du projet de nouvelle Constitution |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1358307/politique/tunisie-islam-libertes-regime-presidentiel-ce-quil-faut-retenir-du-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2023, Saïed yavuze ko abimukira baturuka muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara ari « umugambi w'ubugizi bwa nabi » ugamije guhindura imiterere y'abaturage ba Tunisiya &lt;ref name=&quot;F139&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : le président Saied veut des « mesures urgentes » contre l'immigration subsaharienne |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/tunisie-le-president-saied-veut-des-mesures-urgentes-contre-l-immigration-subsaharienne-20230221 |website=Le Figaro |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F142&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : polémique après un discours « raciste et haineux » du président Saied contre les migrants |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/tunisie-polemique-apres-un-discours-raciste-et-haineux-du-president-saied-contre-les-migrants-22-02-2023-KHCDKG57PNFMJGHQB5TN5C3TXE.php |website=Le Parisien |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;; ''Le Monde'' na ''Le Point'' byavuze ko ayo magambo ashingiye ku gitekerezo cya « ugusimbuzwa gukomeye » (''grand remplacement'') &lt;ref name=&quot;F140&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lila Blaise |title=En Tunisie, le président Kaïs Saïed s'en prend aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/02/22/en-tunisie-le-president-kais-saied-s-en-prend-aux-migrants-subsahariens_6162908_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F141&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed s'en prend violemment aux migrants subsahariens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/tunisie-kais-saied-la-porte-ouverte-au-racisme-22-02-2023-2509661_3826.php |website=Le Point |date=2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y'iryo jambo, abimukira benshi bo muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara batakaje akazi n'aho kuba, kandi nibura 1 300 muri bo bajyanywe na polisi ku mipaka na Libiya na Aligeriya, basigwa mu butayu &lt;ref name=&quot;F144&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tunisie : vingt-sept morts et disparus après deux nouveaux naufrages |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/04/08/tunisie-vingt-sept-morts-et-disparus-apres-deux-nouveaux-naufrages_6168815_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F145&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En Tunisie, « le discours de Kaïs Saïed a donné carte blanche à la violence contre les migrants » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/video/2023/08/09/en-tunisie-le-discours-de-kais-saied-a-donne-carte-blanche-a-la-violence-contre-les-migrants_6184896_3210.html |website=Le Monde |date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2023, ibura ry'amazi ritewe n'imihindagurikire y'ibihe ryatumye guverinoma ishyiraho igabanywa ry'amazi mu turere tumwe &lt;ref name=&quot;E85&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Sarah Yerkes |title=What Tunisia's Municipalities Can Contribute to Climate Adaptation |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/06/tunisia-climate-adaptation-regions-local-communities?lang=en |website=CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE |access-date=2024-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Saïed yashakanye n'umucamanza Ichraf Chebil, bamenyaniye muri kaminuza ya Sousse aho yari umunyeshuri we; bafitanye abana batatu &lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : biographie de Kais Saïed, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=webdo.tn |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E86&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle 2019 : Biographie de Kais Saied, vainqueur du premier tour |url=http://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |website=Webdo |date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062901/https://www.webdo.tn/2019/09/16/presidentielle-2019-biographie-de-kais-saied-vainqueur-du-premier-tour/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umuvandimwe we, Naoufel Saïed, na we ari muri politiki kandi aramushyigikira &lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Frida Dahmani |title=En Tunisie, l'influence grandissante de Naoufel, le frère de Kaïs Saïed |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/998512/politique/en-tunisie-linfluence-grandissante-de-naoufel-le-frere-de-kais-saied/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2020-06-24 |access-date=2020-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Akunda umuziki wa kera w'Abarabu n'ubugeni bwo kwandika Icyarabu; amabaruwa ye yandikishije intoki mu nyandiko nziza ya Maghreb yaravuzwe cyane &lt;ref name=&quot;E87&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Tunisia's Kais Saied: president on a 'divine mission' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241004-tunisia-s-kais-saied-president-on-a-divine-mission |website=France 24 |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E88&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=ar |title=كتبها بخط يده.. رسالة سعيّد للجملي تثير مواقع التواصل (شاهد) |url=https://arabi21.com/story/1223125/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF |website=عربي21 |date=2019-11-16 |access-date=2020-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Amashakiro ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Tunisiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joseph Kabila</title>
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      <text bytes="29100" sha1="3yoikie2skjtywfqwkvlzu1op2s0862" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Joseph Kabila
| image = Joseph Kabila April 2016.jpg
| caption = Joseph Kabila mu 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hewa Bora II, Fizi, Kivu y’Amajyepfo, [[Zayire]]
| nationality = Umukongomani
| alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Makerere
| occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]
| term = 26 Mutarama 2001 – 24 Mutarama 2019
| predecessor = [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]
| party = PPRD
| spouse = Olive Lembe di Sita
}}
'''Joseph Kabila Kabange''' (yavutse ku wa 4 Kamena 1971 i Hewa Bora II, muri teritwari ya Fizi, mu ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umukongomani wabaye Perezida wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001 kugeza ku wa 24 Mutarama 2019. Kuva mu 2019 ni senateri ubuziraherezo.

Ni umuhungu wa Perezida [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]], yamusimbuye nyuma y’uko yicwa ku wa 16 Mutarama 2001, mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo. Afite imyaka 29, ni we Perezida muto kurusha abandi wayoboye igihugu. Yashinze ishyaka PPRD (''Parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et la démocratie'') mu 2002, ayobora Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho nyuma y’amasezerano y’amahoro ya Pretoria, atorwa mu 2006, yongera gutorwa mu 2011 mu matora yanenzwe cyane.

Ashimirwa kuba yararangije Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo no kugarura umutekano mu gice kinini cy’igihugu, nubwo intambara yakomeje mu burasirazuba. Ubukungu bw’igihugu bwikubye inshuro eshanu ku butegetsi bwe, ariko ubukire ntibwasaranganyijwe, kandi ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n’igitugu, ruswa n’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kuba amatora yari ateganyijwe mu 2016 yarasubitswe byateje ikibazo gikomeye cya politiki. Mu 2019 yasimbuwe na [[Félix Tshisekedi]] mu ihererekanya ry’ubutegetsi rya mbere ry’amahoro mu mateka y’igihugu, nubwo amatora ya 2018 yashidikanyijweho cyane.

Kuva mu 2023, ubutegetsi bwa [[Kinshasa]] bumushinja gushyigikira ihuriro AFC/M23. Arabihakana. Mu 2025 ubudahangarwa bwe bwakuweho, maze urukiko rwa gisirikare rumukatira igihano cy’urupfu adahari. Mu 2026 yafatiwe ibihano na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

== Ubuto n’amashuri ==
Joseph Kabila na mushiki we w’impanga Jaynet Kabila bavutse ku wa 4 Kamena 1971 i Hewa Bora II, mu misozi ya Fizi&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Biographie du Président de la République |url=http://presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |website=Présidence de la RDC |access-date=2026-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127193017/http://presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |archive-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni bamwe mu bana icumi ba [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] n’umugore we Sifa Mahanya&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Martina Schwikowski |title=DRC President Kabila: Reformer or corrupt authoritarian |url=https://www.dw.com/en/drc-president-joseph-kabila-reformer-or-corrupt-authoritarian/a-36935441 |website=Deutsche Welle |date=2016-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Icyo gihe se yayoboraga umutwe w’inyeshyamba zarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwa [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo&lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=How Kabila lost his way: The performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila's government |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/how-kabila-lost-his-way-performance-laurent-d%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-kabilas-government |website=ReliefWeb |date=1999-05-21 |access-date=2025-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1970, umuryango wahungiye muri [[Tanzaniya]], aho yize amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye i Mbeya no i Dar es Salaam&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile: Joseph Kabange Kabila |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/24/profile-joseph-kabange-kabila |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2006-08-24 |access-date=2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kubera ko se yari umwanzi w’ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu, yitwaga irindi zina, ''Hippolyte Kanambe Mtwale'', kugira ngo atamenyekana&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pierre Yambuya déballe Joseph Kabila, mais… |website=Congo Indépendant |url=http://www.congoindependant.com/article.php?articleid=4387 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412092518/http://www.congoindependant.com/article.php?articleid=4387 |archive-date=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yakuze avuga neza [[Icyongereza]] n’Igiswahili, ariko ubwo yabaga Perezida ntiyari azi neza [[Igifaransa]] cyangwa Ilingala&lt;ref name=&quot;E2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Marc Jourdier |title=Joseph Kabila: DR Congo's young, enigmatic leader |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/joseph-kabila-dr-congos-young-enigmatic-leader-143831497.html |date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yize kandi muri Kaminuza ya Makerere muri [[Ubugande]]&lt;ref name=&quot;E1&quot; /&gt;.

Inkomoko ye yabaye impaka: abatavuga rumwe na we bavugaga ko nyina yari Umututsi wo mu Rwanda cyangwa ko atari umwana wa Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Nta bimenyetso simusiga byigeze bibigaragaza. Guverinoma yasohoye amafoto y’umuryango n’ubuhamya bwa Sifa Mahanya bwemeza ko ari nyina&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot; /&gt;. Umushakashatsi Erik Kennes, mu gitabo cye ku buzima bwa Laurent-Désiré Kabila, na we yemeje ko ari umwana wa Kabila na Sifa Mahanya&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coups de projecteur sur Laurent-Désiré Kabila  Essai biographique sur Laurent-Désiré Kabila , Erik Kennes (en collaboration avec Munkana N'Ge)  Kabila et la révolution congolaise, panafricanisme ou néocolonialisme ? , tome 1, Ludo Martens  République démocratique du Congo, guerres sans frontières, de Joseph-Désiré Mobutu à Joseph Kabila , Olivier Lanotte |website=Archives.lesoir.be |url=http://archives.lesoir.be/pour-lire-coups-de-projecteur-sur-laurent-desire-kabila_t-20040109-Z0NXVN.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Mu gisirikare (1996–2001) ==
Mu Ukwakira 1996, se yatangije urugamba rwa AFDL rwo guhirika Mobutu, rwashyigikiwe n’u Rwanda, Ubugande na Angola&lt;ref name=&quot;E4&quot; /&gt;. Joseph Kabila yinjiye muri urwo rugamba, atozwa n’umusirikare w’Umunyarwanda [[James Kabarebe]]. Yayoboye umutwe w’ingabo za AFDL, kandi bivugwa ko yari ari mu rugamba rwo gufata Kisangani&lt;ref name=&quot;E3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=James McKinley |title=A Fallen City, Seeking Peace, Greets Rebels |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/17/world/a-fallen-city-seeking-peace-greets-rebels.html |website=The New York Times |date=1997-03-17 |access-date=2016-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y’intsinzi ya AFDL muri Gicurasi 1997, yakomereje amasomo ya gisirikare muri Kaminuza y’Igisirikare cy’Igihugu y’Ubushinwa i Beijing&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot; /&gt;.

Yagizwe umwungirije w’umugaba mukuru w’ingabo za Kongo (FAC), ahabwa ipeti rya jenerali majoro&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot; /&gt;. Intambara ya Kabiri ya Kongo itangiye muri Kanama 1998, yabaye umugaba mukuru w’ingabo by’igihe gito, asimburwa na Eddy Kapend mu Ukwakira 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;E6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=POLITICS-D.R.CONGO: Rebels Control Power, Kabila Flees Capital |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1998/08/politics-drcongo-rebels-control-power-kabila-flees-capital/ |website=Inter Press Service |date=1998-08-14 |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2000 yabaye umugaba mukuru w’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka&lt;ref name=&quot;E7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Bref Apercu Biographique du Président de la République |url=http://www.presidentrdc.cd/biographie.html |website=RDCongo – Site Officiel du Président de la République}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Repubulika (2001–2019) ==
=== Inzibacyuho (2001–2006) ===
Nyuma y’iyicwa rya se ku wa 16 Mutarama 2001, abari bamukikije bahisemo Joseph Kabila ngo amusimbure&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Joseph Kabila, le président silencieux |website=Le Figaro |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/12/22/01003-20161222ARTFIG00209-joseph-kabila-le-president-silencieux.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;E9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Joseph Kabila Takes Power In Congo |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-kabila-takes-power-in-congo/ |website=CBS News |date=2001-01-23 |access-date=2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Icyo gihe yari atazwi cyane, kandi yari ayoboye igihugu cyari hafi gusenyuka, igice cy’uburasirazuba cyigaruriwe n’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’iz’Ubugande&lt;ref name=&quot;E12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Ray Saurez |title=Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/joseph-kabila |website=PBS |date=2001-02-01 |access-date=2025-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu cyumweru cya mbere yasuye Washington, Paris na Buruseli, ahura na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] i Washington&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kabila meets Kagame in the US |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/17294/drc-kabila-meets-kagame-us |website=The New Humanitarian |date=2001-02-02 |access-date=2025-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2001 yasubukuye amasezerano y’amahoro ya Lusaka, yemerera ingabo za MONUC kuza mu gihugu, kandi muri Gicurasi 2001 akuraho itegeko ryabuzaga amashyaka ya politiki. Ibiganiro hagati y’Abakongomani byatumye mu 2003 hashyirwaho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho, yarimo abayobozi b’imitwe ibiri minini y’inyeshyamba babaye ba visi-perezida. Ku wa 28 Werurwe 2004, abashyigikiye Mobutu bagerageje guhirika ubutegetsi bwe ariko birananirana&lt;ref name=&quot;F12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tentative de coupd'Etat en RD Congo |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20040611.OBS0832/tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-rd-congo.html |website=L'Obs |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya mbere (2006–2011) ===
Mu 2006 yatsinze amatora ya perezida mu cyiciro cya kabiri, ahanganye na Jean-Pierre Bemba. Abatavuga rumwe na we bamushinjaga kutaba Umukongomani, ariko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ntirwabyemeye. Mu Ugushyingo 2008, umuryango Human Rights Watch watangaje ko abantu barenga 500 bishwe, abandi barenga 1 000 bagafungwa bakanakorerwa iyicarubozo kuva amatora ya 2006 abaye&lt;ref name=&quot;F18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : Le Président réprime brutalement l’opposition |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2008/11/25/rd-congo-le-president-reprime-brutalement-lopposition |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2008-11-25 |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya kabiri (2011–2016) ===
Mu 2011 komisiyo y’amatora (CENI) yatangaje ko yongeye gutsinda, ariko umukandida w’ishyaka ritavuga rumwe na Leta, Étienne Tshisekedi, yanze ibyavuye mu matora. Ikigo Carter Center n’indorerezi z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi bavuze ko amatora yaranzwe n’amakosa menshi kandi atizewe&lt;ref name=&quot;F14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Déclaration Post - électorale de la compilation et annonce des résultats provisoires de l'élection présidentielle |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/Declaration_Post%20election_10Dec-1-1.pdf |website=The Carter Center |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217211904/http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/democracy/Declaration_Post%20election_10Dec-1-1.pdf |archive-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Mission d'Observation Electorale de l'Union européenne |title=Mission d’observation électorale de l’Union Européenne en République Démocratique du Congo ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLE, LEGISLATIVES ET PROVINCIALES 2006 |website=Union européenne |url=http://www.moeuerdcongo.org/files/MOE%20RDC%202006%20-%20Rapport%20Final.pdf |date=2007-02-23 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206050424/http://www.moeuerdcongo.org/files/MOE%20RDC%202006%20-%20Rapport%20Final.pdf |archive-date=2011-02-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 22 Werurwe 2013, ubutegetsi bwatangaje ko bwaburijemo umugambi wo kumwica no guhirika ubutegetsi&lt;ref name=&quot;F16&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : assassinat de Kabila déjoué |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/22/97001-20130322FILWWW00665-rdc-assassinat-de-kabila-dejoue.php |website=Le Figaro |date=2013-03-22 |access-date=2026-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ubukungu ===
Ubwo yageraga ku butegetsi, umwenda w’igihugu wanganaga na 150 % by’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu; nyuma waragabanutse cyane. Ubukungu bwikubye inshuro eshanu ku butegetsi bwe&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=He’s Handing Over the Presidency but Not Necessarily His Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/world/africa/kabila-congo-elections.html |website=New York Times |date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2025-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ariko izamuka ryabwo ryagabanutse mu myaka ye ya nyuma. Ubukire bwavuye mu mabuye y’agaciro (kobalti, diyama, zahabu) ntibwasaranganyijwe, kandi igihe yavaga ku butegetsi abaturage benshi bari bakiri munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=DRC: What is Joseph Kabila’s legacy after 18 years in power? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/25/drc-what-is-joseph-kabilas-legacy-after-18-years-in-power |website=Al Jazeera |date=2018-12-25 |access-date=2025-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Uburenganzira bwa muntu ===
Ku wa 22 Nyakanga 2015, Kenneth Roth, umuyobozi wa Human Rights Watch, yanenze cyane uburyo ubutegetsi bwa Kabila bwahohoteraga ababunenga&lt;ref name=&quot;F19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : La répression contre la dissidence est la principale source d’inquiétude relative aux droits humains |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2015/07/22/rd-congo-la-repression-contre-la-dissidence-est-la-principale-source-dinquietude |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Inzego zashinjwaga ihohotera zirimo Ingabo zirinda Perezida (''Garde républicaine''), igipolisi gishinzwe guhosha imyigaragambyo (LENI)&lt;ref name=&quot;F21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=AFP |title=RDC : Boulevard des désillusions : la « rue » et la politique en RD Congo |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/africa/central-africa/democratic-republic-congo/boulevard-broken-dreams-street-and-politics-dr-congo |website=International Crisis Group |date=2016-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; n’urwego rw’iperereza (ANR), rwashinjwaga gushimuta abatavuga rumwe na Leta, abanyamakuru n’abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu&lt;ref name=&quot;F22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Georges Kapiamba |title=ACAJ : Le droit de vie et de mort de l’ANR sur les citoyens congolais doit immédiatement cesser |url=https://democratiechretienne.org/2012/09/14/acaj-le-droit-de-vie-et-de-mort-de-lanr-sur-les-citoyens-congolais-doit-immediatement-cesser/ |website=ACAJ |date=2012-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2016, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi byafatiye ibihano abayobozi icyenda ba gisivili n’aba gisirikare&lt;ref name=&quot;F23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=HRW |title=RD Congo : Qui sont les 9 individus sanctionnés par l'UE et les États-Unis ? |url=https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2016/12/16/rd-congo-qui-sont-les-9-individus-sanctionnes-par-lue-et-les-etats-unis |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2016-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ugushyingo 2018, iperereza rya RFI n’ikinyamakuru ''Le Monde'' ryagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bwagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’impuguke ebyiri z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Werurwe 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Jérémy André |title=Au Congo, un cardinal face à la dictature |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2018/12/13/01003-20181213ARTFIG00352-au-congo-un-cardinal-face-a-la-dictature.php |website=Le Figaro}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibirego bya ruswa ===
Kabila n’umuryango we, cyane cyane mushiki we Jaynet n’umugore we Olive Lembe, bari bafite cyangwa bayoboraga ibigo birenga 70 by’ubucuruzi, birimo amabanki n’ibirombe, byinjizaga amamiliyoni amagana y’amadolari&lt;ref name=&quot;F24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Bloomberg révèle l'empire économique bâti par la famille Kabila |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20161216-rdc-agence-bloomberg-revele-empire-economique-bati-famille-kabila-president |website=RFI |date=2016-12-16 |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Michael Kavanagh, Thomas Wilson et Franz Wild |title=With His Family’s Fortune at Stake, President Kabila Digs In |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-15/with-his-family-fortune-at-stake-congo-president-kabila-digs-in |website=Bloomberg |date=2016-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ugushyingo 2021, iperereza ry’ibinyamakuru byinshi ryiswe ''Congo Hold-Up'' ryashinje umuryango wa Kabila kunyereza miliyoni 138 z’amadolari y’ingengo y’imari ya Leta hagati ya 2013 na 2018, ufashijwe n’ishami rya banki BGFIBank muri Kongo. Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yahise asaba ko hatangizwa iperereza&lt;ref name=&quot;F31&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Anna Sylvestre-Treiner et Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala |title=Congo Hold-up : le gouvernement ordonne une enquête sur les agissements du clan Kabila |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1269907/politique/congo-hold-up-le-gouvernement-ordonne-une-enquete-sur-les-agissements-du-clan-kabila/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=« Congo Hold-up » : ouverture d’une information judiciaire visant le clan de Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/11/24/congo-hold-up-ouverture-d-une-information-judiciaire-visant-le-clan-de-joseph-kabila_6103445_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ikibazo cya politiki n’ihererekanya ry’ubutegetsi (2016–2019) ===
Itegeko Nshinga ryamubuzaga kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu, kandi manda ye yagombaga kurangira ku wa 20 Ukuboza 2016. Amatora yarasubitswe, maze Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rumwemerera kuguma ku butegetsi, nubwo abatavuga rumwe na Leta n’amahanga babyamaganye&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot; /&gt;. Ku gitutu cy’imbere mu gihugu n’icy’amahanga, ku wa 8 Kanama 2018 yatangaje ko atazongera kwiyamamaza, ashyigikira Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary nk’umukandida w’ihuriro ry’ubutegetsi&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : l’ancien ministre Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary désigné candidat du parti présidentiel |url=https://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/08/08/rdc-l-ancien-ministre-de-l-interieur-emmanuel-ramazani-shadary-designe-candidat-du-parti-presidentiel_5340511_3212.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2018-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Amatora yo ku wa 30 Ukuboza 2018 yateje impaka nyinshi. Martin Fayulu yanze ibyavuyemo, naho Inama y’Abepiskopi Gatolika (CENCO), yari ifite indorerezi 40 000, yavuze ko bidahuye n’ibyo yabonye. Indorerezi zigenga zemeje ko Fayulu ari we watsinze, kandi ko Kabila yahisemo gutangaza intsinzi y’umukandida wari kumufasha kurusha abandi. Muri Mutarama 2019, [[Félix Tshisekedi]] yemejwe n’Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, arahirira kuba Perezida.

== Nyuma y’ubuperezida ==
Kabila yavuye ku butegetsi ku wa 25 Mutarama 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : Félix Tshisekedi, investi président, jure de « défendre la Constitution » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/714840/politique/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-officiellement-investi-president-du-pays/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-01-24 |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;, aba senateri ubuziraherezo, ahabwa izina rya « Perezida w’icyubahiro »&lt;ref name=&quot;F37&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Marie-France Cros |title=Par ce geste, Joseph Kabila prouve qu'il reste le véritable patron de la RDC |url=https://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/par-ce-geste-joseph-kabila-prouve-qu-il-reste-le-veritable-patron-de-la-rdc-5c6ee6cd7b50a60724e14095 |website=Lalibre.be |access-date=2026-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ihuriro rye FCC (''Front commun pour le Congo'') ryari rifite ubwiganze mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, muri Sena no mu ntara, maze akekwa kugumana ubutegetsi mu ibanga&lt;ref name=&quot;F39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En RDC, les 100 premiers jours du président Tshisekedi dans l’ombre de Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/06/en-rdc-le-president-tshisekedi-dans-l-ombre-de-kabila_5458848_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-06 |access-date=2019-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yagiye kuba mu isambu ye ya Kingakati, hafi ya Kinshasa&lt;ref name=&quot;F40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Life after power : Joseph Kabila, the gentleman farmer |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/16785/life-after-power-joseph-kabila-the-gentleman-farmer/ |website=The Africa Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu Ukuboza 2020, Tshisekedi yasheshe ubufatanye na FCC, akurura abadepite benshi ba Kabila mu ihuriro rishya ryitwa « Union sacrée ». Perezida w’Inteko Jeannine Mabunda yakuweho ku wa 10 Ukuboza 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;F50&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RD Congo : comment Félix Tshisekedi a réussi à tourner la page Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20210206-rd-congo-comment-félix-tshisekedi-a-réussi-à-tourner-la-page-joseph-kabila |website=France 24 |date=2021-02-06 |access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;, naho Minisitiri w’Intebe Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba yeguzwa n’Inteko ku wa 27 Mutarama 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;F52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : comment les députés ont obtenu la destitution du Premier ministre, Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1111832/politique/rdc-le-premier-ministre-sylvestre-ilunga-ilunkamba-destitue-par-lassemblee-nationale/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2021-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu Ukuboza 2023, nyuma yo kwanga kwitabira amatora, yavuye muri Kongo mu ibanga. Yongeye kugaragara muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]] muri Mutarama 2024, aho yavugaga ko akora ubushakashatsi bwa dogitora muri Kaminuza ya Johannesburg&lt;ref name=&quot;F53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Stanis Bujakera Tshiamala et Romain Gras |title=Exclusif – Joseph Kabila annonce son retour en RDC « sans délai » |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1676831/politique/exclusif-joseph-kabila-annonce-son-retour-en-rdc-sans-delai/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ibirego bijyanye na M23 ===
Mu 2021, umutwe wa M23 wongeye gufata intwaro mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo. Leta ya Kongo n’impuguke za Loni bavuga ko ushyigikiwe n’u Rwanda, ariko u Rwanda rurabihakana&lt;ref name=&quot;F55&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dans l’est de la RDC, les rebelles du M23 intensifient leur emprise sur le Nord-Kivu |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/03/dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-les-rebelles-du-m23-intensifient-leur-emprise-sur-le-nord-kivu_6246508_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2024-07-04 |access-date=2025-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Werurwe 2024, Augustin Kabuya, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyaka UDPS rya Perezida, yashinje Kabila gushyigikira M23 n’Ihuriro AFC rya Corneille Nangaa. Abo ku ruhande rwa Kabila bamaganye ibyo birego bavuga ko ari ugukura amaso y’abaturage ku byo Leta yananiwe&lt;ref name=&quot;F57&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: le chef du parti présidentiel accuse l'ex-président Joseph Kabila de soutenir le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240331-rdc-le-chef-du-parti-pr%C3%A9sidentiel-accuse-joseph-kabila-de-soutenir-le-m23 |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2024-03-31 |access-date=2025-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri Kanama 2024, Perezida Tshisekedi na we yamushinje gutegura imyivumbagatanyo, ariko ishyaka rye ribyita ibinyoma&lt;ref name=&quot;F56&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Félix Tshisekedi : comment une crise grandit entre le Président de la RDC et son prédécesseur Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cy768g2z277o |website=BBC |date=2024-08-07 |access-date=2025-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Gashyantare 2025, Kabila yasohoye inyandiko mu kinyamakuru ''Sunday Times'', anenga Tshisekedi amushinja kuba nyirabayazana w’ikibazo cy’uburasirazuba&lt;ref name=&quot;F53&quot; /&gt;. Muri Mata 2025, Minisitiri w’Umutekano yahagaritse ibikorwa bya PPRD&lt;ref name=&quot;F65&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=En RDC, le gouvernement suspend les activités du parti de l’ex-président Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2025/04/21/en-rdc-le-gouvernement-suspend-les-activites-du-parti-de-l-ex-president-joseph-kabila_6598514_3212.html |website=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Minisiteri y’Ubutabera isaba ko akurikiranwa n’imitungo ye igafatirwa&lt;ref name=&quot;F66&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Pascal Mulegwa |title=RDC: après le retour annoncé de Kabila à Goma, Kinshasa prend une série de mesures contre lui et ses proches |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250420-rdc-apr%C3%A8s-le-retour-annonc%C3%A9-de-kabila-%C3%A0-goma-kinshasa-prend-une-s%C3%A9rie-de-mesures-contre-lui-et-ses-proches |website=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 22 Gicurasi 2025, Sena yamwambuye ubudahangarwa&lt;ref name=&quot;F73&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC : le Sénat lève les immunités de l'ancien président Joseph Kabila |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250522-rdc-le-s%C3%A9nat-l%C3%A8ve-les-immunit%C3%A9s-de-l-ancien-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila |website=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2025, yageze i Goma, umujyi wari mu maboko ya AFC/M23, ahura n’abayobozi b’amadini ari kumwe n’umuvugizi wa M23&lt;ref name=&quot;F67&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le M23 confirme l’arrivée de Joseph Kabila à Goma |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/05/26/actualite/politique/le-m23-confirme-larrivee-de-joseph-kabila-goma |website=Radio Okapi |date=2025-06-26 |access-date=2025-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F76&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Ex-DRC President Kabila holds talks in M23-held city of Goma: Reports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/29/ex-drc-president-kabila-holds-talks-in-m23-held-city-of-goma-reports |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2025-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Urubanza n’igihano cy’urupfu ===
Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2025 imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Gisirikare i Kinshasa, ariko ntiyitaba&lt;ref name=&quot;F77&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: à peine ouvert, le procès de l'ex-président Joseph Kabila renvoyé au 31 juillet |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250724-rdc-le-proc%C3%A8s-de-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila-s-ouvre-ce-25-juillet-devant-la-haute-cour-militaire |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yashinjwaga ubugambanyi, ibyaha by’intambara, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu no kugira uruhare mu mutwe w’abigometse, kubera uruhare bivugwa ko yagize mu ishingwa rya AFC&lt;ref name=&quot;F78&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès de Joseph Kabila en RDC : ce que contient le dossier d’accusation |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1709418/politique/proces-de-joseph-kabila-en-rdc-ce-que-contient-le-dossier-daccusation/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bamwe babonye urwo rubanza nk’intambwe mu kubahiriza amategeko&lt;ref name=&quot;F79&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Procès Kabila en RDC: les parties civiles réclament des dizaines de milliards de dollars de réparations |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250822-procès-kabila-en-rdc-les-parties-civiles-réclament-des-dizaines-de-milliards-de-dollars-de-réparations |website=Radio France Internationale |date=2025-08-22 |access-date=2025-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;, abandi barimo ishyaka rye na Moïse Katumbi bavuga ko ari uburyo bwa politiki bwo kumukura mu nzira&lt;ref name=&quot;F81&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: vives réactions après la peine de mort requise contre Joseph Kabila pour ses liens présumés avec le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250824-rdc-vives-réactions-après-la-peine-de-mort-requise-contre-joseph-kabila-pour-ses-liens-présumés-avec-le-m23 |website=Radio France Internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F82&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: l’ex-président Joseph Kabila sort du silence après la réquisition de peine de mort contre lui |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250902-rdc-l-ex-président-joseph-kabila-sort-du-silence-après-la-réquisition-de-peine-de-mort-contre-lui |website=Radio France Internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 30 Nzeri 2025 yakatiwe adahari igihano cy’urupfu, ategekwa no kwishyura Leta miliyari 33 z’amadolari&lt;ref name=&quot;F85&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: l’ex-président Joseph Kabila condamné à la peine de mort |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250930-rdc-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-joseph-kabila-condamn%C3%A9-%C3%A0-la-peine-de-mort |website=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Muri Mata 2026, Ishami rishinzwe kugenzura imitungo y’abanyamahanga (OFAC) rya Minisiteri y’Imari ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryamufatiye ibihano, rimushinja gushaka guhungabanya Leta ya Kongo ashyigikira M23 na AFC&lt;ref name=&quot;F86&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=RDC: Washington sanctionne l'ex-président Kabila l’accusant de «semer l’instabilité» en soutenant le M23 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20260430-rdc-washington-sanctionne-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-kabila-l-accusant-de-semer-l-instabilit%C3%A9-en-soutenant-le-m23 |website=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F87&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Treasury Sanctions Former Democratic Republic of the Congo President for Ties to Armed Conflict |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0480 |website=département du Trésor des États-Unis}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Icyubahiro ==
Sitade ya Kalemie, mu ntara ya Tanganyika, yitiriwe izina rye.

== Reba ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uhuru Kenyatta</title>
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      <text bytes="18263" sha1="o7bukfmvsrexox3cctijxtjt6zttd1n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Uhuru Kenyatta
| image = Uhuru Kenyatta.png
| caption = Uhuru Kenyatta mu 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nairobi, [[Kenya]]
| nationality = Umunyakenya
| alma_mater = Amherst College
| occupation = Umucuruzi, umunyapolitiki
| title = Perezida wa [[Kenya]]
| term = 9 Mata 2013 – 13 Nzeri 2022
| predecessor = [[Mwai Kibaki]]
| party = Jubilee Party
| spouse = Margaret Kenyatta
| children = 3
}}
'''Uhuru Mũigai Kenyatta''' (yavutse ku wa 26 Ukwakira 1961 i [[Nairobi]]) ni umunyapolitiki w’Umunyakenya wabaye Perezida wa kane wa [[Kenya]] kuva mu 2013 kugeza mu 2022. Ni umuhungu wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Perezida wa mbere wa Kenya. Mbere yo kuba Perezida, yabaye umuyobozi w’abatavuga rumwe na Leta mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (2003–2007), Minisitiri w’Intebe wungirije (2008–2013) na Minisitiri w’Imari.

Perezida [[Daniel arap Moi]] yamuhisemo nk’uzamusimbura, ariko yatsinzwe na [[Mwai Kibaki]] mu matora ya 2002. Mu 2012, Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (CPI) rwamushinje ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bifitanye isano n’imvururu zakurikiye amatora ya 2007. Yatorewe kuba Perezida mu 2013 afatanyije na [[William Ruto]], aba Perezida wa mbere uri ku butegetsi witabye CPI mu 2014; nyuma ibirego bye byaje guhagarikwa kubera kubura ibimenyetso bihagije. Yongeye gutorwa mu 2017 nyuma y’uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ruteshje agaciro amatora ya mbere.

Manda ye yaranzwe n’ibikorwa remezo, ariko kandi n’amahano ya ruswa n’umwenda w’igihugu wiyongereye. Mu 2021, izina rye n’iry’umuryango we byagaragaye mu nyandiko za ''Pandora Papers''. Mu 2022 yasimbuwe na William Ruto. Kuva mu 2025 ni umuhuza mu biganiro by’amahoro muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].

== Ubuto n’amashuri ==
Uhuru Kenyatta yavutse ku wa 26 Ukwakira 1961, ari umwana wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]] n’umugore we wa kane, Mama Ngina Kenyatta. Umuryango we ni Abakikuyu. Izina rye « Uhuru » risobanura « ubwigenge » mu [[Igiswahili|Giswahili]], kandi yaryiswe mu gihe Kenya yiteguraga kubona ubwigenge. Yize muri St Mary’s School i Nairobi, kandi hagati ya 1979 na 1980 yakoze muri banki ya Kenya Commercial Bank&lt;ref name=&quot;E13&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Uhuru Kenyatta – Working at KCB, Kipande House |url=https://vimeo.com/31199736 |website=Vimeo |access-date=2020-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Se yapfuye afite imyaka 16. Yize ubukungu na siyansi za politiki muri Amherst College muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika&lt;ref name=&quot;E14&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Search &amp;#124; Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/gsearch/uhuru |website=Amherst.edu |access-date=2015-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=March 21, 2013 - '85 Alumnus Named President of Kenya - Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/alumni/connect/news/enews/archive/2012-2013/march_21_2013/node/460665 |website=Amherst.edu |access-date=2017-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Agarutse muri Kenya, yashinze ikigo cyohereza ibikomoka ku buhinzi mu mahanga&lt;ref name=&quot;E17&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Uhuru Kenyatta Company – Wilham Kenya Ltd |url=https://vimeo.com/31198883 |website=Vimeo |access-date=2020-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Urugendo rwa politiki ==
Mu matora ya 1997, yiyamamarije kuba umudepite wa Gatundu y’Amajyepfo, aho se yigeze guhagararira, ariko aratsindwa&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Moi's plot for Central vote started Uhuru's 18-year walk to power – Politics and policy |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539546/1743090/-/view/printVersion/-/esqwwbz/-/index.html |website=Business Daily Africa |access-date=2015-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004011630/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/-/539546/1743090/-/view/printVersion/-/esqwwbz/-/index.html |archive-date=2015-10-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 1999, Perezida Moi yamushyize ku buyobozi bw’Ikigo cy’Ubukerarugendo cya Kenya. Mu 2001 yagizwe umudepite, aba Minisitiri w’Inzego z’ibanze&lt;ref name=&quot;E23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=His Excellency Uhuru Kenyatta |url=http://presidency.go.ke/index.php/his-excellency-uhuru-kenyatta-c-g-h |website=The Presidency of Kenya |access-date=2015-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023060004/http://www.presidency.go.ke/index.php/his-excellency-uhuru-kenyatta-c-g-h |archive-date=2014-10-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2002, Moi yatumye ishyaka KANU rimutoranya nk’umukandida waryo ku mwanya wa Perezida, bituma bamwe mu bayobozi b’iryo shyaka barivamo. Yatsinzwe na Mwai Kibaki, abona 31 % by’amajwi&lt;ref name=&quot;E24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Solomon Mugera |title=Uhuru Kenyatta: Kenyan president in profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21544245 |website=BBC News |date=2013-02-26 |access-date=2015-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze aba umuyobozi w’abatavuga rumwe na Leta mu Nteko&lt;ref name=&quot;E22&quot; /&gt;. Mu 2005 yatorewe kuyobora KANU&lt;ref name=&quot;E26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kenyatta wins Moi party election |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4222655.stm |website=BBC News |date=2005-02-01 |access-date=2013-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu matora ya 2007 yashyigikiye Kibaki&lt;ref name=&quot;E38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ex-rival backs Kibaki re-election |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6994501.stm |website=BBC News |date=2007-09-14 |access-date=2013-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nyuma y’imvururu zakurikiye ayo matora, hashyizweho Guverinoma y’ubumwe aho Raila Odinga yabaye Minisitiri w’Intebe, naho Kenyatta aba Minisitiri w’Intebe wungirije akaba na Minisitiri w’Ubucuruzi muri Mata 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;E40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kenya unveils 40-seat cabinet |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2D1674A2-3AF1-47C8-B687-A7D530EC8BD2.htm |website=Al Jazeera |date=2008-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nyuma aba Minisitiri w’Imari muri Mutarama 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;E45&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kibaki recalls tainted minister |website=IOL |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=68&amp;art_id=nw20090123134323533C317893}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2012, CPI yamushinje ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe mu mvururu zakurikiye amatora ya 2007, maze yegura ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w’Imari ku wa 26 Mutarama 2012, ariko akomeza kuba Minisitiri w’Intebe wungirije&lt;ref name=&quot;E21&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Peter Martell |title=Kenya's Kenyatta quits as finance minister over ICC charges |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-26-kenyas-kenyatta-quits-as-finance-minister-over-icc-charges |website=The M&amp;G Online |access-date=2017-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Perezida wa Repubulika ==
=== Manda ya mbere (2013–2017) ===
Mu matora yo ku wa 4 Werurwe 2013, ahagarariye ihuriro Jubilee afatanyije na William Ruto, yatsinze Raila Odinga ku majwi 50,07 %&lt;ref name=&quot;F3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle kényane : Uhuru Kenyatta officiellement proclamé vainqueur |website=France 24 |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20130309-presidentielle-kenyane-uhuru-kenyatta-proclame-vainqueur-commission-electorale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;E47&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Jason Patinkin in Nairobi |title=Uhuru Kenyatta wins Kenyan election by slimmest margin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/uhuru-kenyatta-kenyan-election |website=The Guardian |date=2013-03-09 |access-date=2015-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Odinga yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ariko ku wa 30 Werurwe 2013 urukiko rwemeje ku bwumvikane busesuye ko amatora yari yemewe&lt;ref name=&quot;E51&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court upholds Uhuru's election as President |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/1734782/-/b0opb6/-/index.html |website=Saturday Nation |date=2013-03-30 |access-date=2013-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku wa 9 Mata 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;F4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : Uhuru Kenyatta, président et inculpé de crimes contre l'humanité |website=Le Figaro |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/04/09/01003-20130409ARTFIG00346-kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-president-et-inculpe-de-crimes-contre-l-humanite.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 8 Ukwakira 2014, yitabye CPI, aba Perezida wa mbere uri ku butegetsi witabye urwo rukiko&lt;ref name=&quot;F5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : Uhuru Kenyatta va devenir le premier président à comparaître devant la CPI |website=IJsberg Magazine |url=https://ijsbergmagazine.com/breves/8274-kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-cpi/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009223753/https://ijsbergmagazine.com/breves/8274-kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-cpi/ |archive-date=2014-10-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 5 Ukuboza 2014, umushinjacyaha mukuru Fatou Bensouda yatangaje ko ibirego bimuhagaritsweho kubera kubura ibimenyetso bihagije, ariko avuga ko iperereza ryabangamiwe cyane, harimo gutoteza no gukangisha abatangabuhamya&lt;ref name=&quot;F6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Kenya, assassinat d'un témoin-clé du procès du vice-président à la CPI |website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/01/06/au-kenya-assassinat-d-un-temoin-cle-du-proces-du-vice-president-a-la-cpi_4550223_3212.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho yongeye kwakirwa neza ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ariko manda ye yaranzwe n’amahano ya ruswa n’izamuka ry’ubukungu ritari ku rwego rwari rwitezwe&lt;ref name=&quot;F7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Uhuru Kenyatta, le retour en grâce d’un paria |website=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/04/uhuru-kenyatta-le-retour-en-grace-d-un-paria_4895415_3212.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu 2015, ubwo Perezida [[Barack Obama]] yasuraga Nairobi agasaba ko abaryamana bahuje ibitsina bubahwa, Kenyatta yasubije ko « bigoye guhatira abantu ibyo batemera ubwabo »&lt;ref name=&quot;F8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Barack Obama tells African states to abandon anti-gay discrimination |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/25/barack-obama-african-states-abandon-anti-gay-discrimination |website=The Observer |date=2015-07-25 |access-date=2019-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Manda ya kabiri (2017–2022) ===
Mu matora yo muri Kanama 2017, yongeye guhangana na Raila Odinga, atangazwa ko yatsinze n’amajwi 54 %&lt;ref name=&quot;E5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Carol Kimutai and Patel Okumu |title=Uhuru Kenyatta got 8.2 million votes against Raila's 6.7 million |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001251033/uhuru-kenyatta-got-8-2-million-votes-against-raila-s-6-7-million |website=Standard Digital |access-date=2017-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 1 Nzeri 2017, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwateshje agaciro ayo matora, ruvuga ko atakozwe hakurikijwe Itegeko Nshinga, rutegeka ko haba andi mu minsi 60&lt;ref name=&quot;F9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Coup de tonnerre au Kenya avec l'annulation de la présidentielle |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/kenya-l-opposition-salue-la-decision-historique-de-la-cour-supreme-01-09-2017-2153813_24.php |website=Le Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Odinga yasabye ko komisiyo y’amatora ivugururwa, hanyuma ku wa 10 Ukwakira 2017 atangaza ko akuyemo kandidatire ye&lt;ref name=&quot;F15&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |author=Home |title=Kenya : l'opposant Raila Odinga renonce à la présidentielle |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2017/10/10/01003-20171010ARTFIG00228-kenya-l-opposant-raila-odinga-renonce-a-la-presidentielle.php |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2017-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu matora yo ku wa 26 Ukwakira 2017, Kenyatta yatsinze n’amajwi 98 %, ariko abatoye bari 39 % gusa&lt;ref name=&quot;E52&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kenya election: Kenyatta re-elected in disputed poll |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41807317 |website=BBC News |access-date=2002-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwanze ibirego byayarwanyaga ku wa 20 Ugushyingo 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;F24&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : la Cour suprême valide la réélection d'Uhuru Kenyatta |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20171120-kenya-cour-supreme-rejet-recours-validation-reelection-kenyatta |website=RFI |access-date=2017-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;, maze arahira ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;F25&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : Uhuru Kenyatta investi président, l'opposant Odinga promet sa propre cérémonie |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20171128-kenya-discours-investiture-president-kenyan-uhuru-kenyatta |website=France 24 |access-date=2017-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ku wa 31 Mutarama 2018, Odinga yirahije nka « Perezida w’abaturage », maze Leta ihagarika televiziyo eshatu zari zerekanye uwo muhango&lt;ref name=&quot;F27&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : contre-attaque du gouvernement après la prestation de serment d’Odinga |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180201-kenya-contre-attaque-gouvernement-apres-prestation-serment-odinga |website=RFI |access-date=2018-02-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ku wa 9 Werurwe 2018, Kenyatta na Odinga bagiranye amasezerano y’ubwiyunge azwi nka « handshake »&lt;ref name=&quot;E53&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=How handshake sealed Jubilee fate |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/How-handshake-has-changed-fortunes-of-Uhuru--Raila-and-Ruto-/1064-5016220-sdb0f1z/index.html |website=Daily Nation |access-date=2019-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F30&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenyatta et Odinga se réconcilient pour faire sortir le Kenya de la crise |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180310-kenyatta-odinga-reconcilient-faire-sortir-kenya-crise |website=RFI |access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Umushinga we wo kuvugurura Itegeko Nshinga (BBI) waje gufatwa nk’utemewe n’amategeko n’Urukiko Rukuru muri Gicurasi 2021, ibyo bishimangirwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire muri Kanama 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;F32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya: le processus de révision constitutionnelle lancé par le président jugé illégal par la Haute Cour |url=https://m.le360.ma/afrique/autres-pays/politique/2021/05/14/34365-kenya-le-processus-de-revision-constitutionnelle-lance-par-le-president-juge-illegal-par-la |website=le360afrique |date=2021-05-14 |access-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515083251/https://m.le360.ma/afrique/autres-pays/politique/2021/05/14/34365-kenya-le-processus-de-revision-constitutionnelle-lance-par-le-president-juge-illegal-par-la |archive-date=2021-05-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F33&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Radio France International |title=Kenya: la justice déclare le processus de révision constitutionnelle illégal |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210820-kenya-la-justice-d%C3%A9clare-le-processus-de-r%C3%A9vision-constitutionnelle-ill%C3%A9gal |website=RFI |date=2021-08-21 |access-date=2021-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2021, amapfa yateje inzara ikomeye, abantu barenga miliyoni 2,5 bahura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa; yabyise « icyago cy’igihugu », ariko anengwa kuba ubutabazi bwaratinze&lt;ref name=&quot;F34&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Dans le nord du Kenya, la sécheresse affame les hommes et les bêtes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/11/24/dans-le-nord-du-kenya-la-secheresse-affame-les-hommes-et-les-betes_6103456_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2021-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mu Ukwakira 2021, akajagari ka Mukuru Kwa Njenga i Nairobi kasenywe kugira ngo umuhanda waguke, abantu bagera ku 40 000 basigara batagira aho kuba&lt;ref name=&quot;F35&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kenya : à Nairobi, 40 000 personnes à la rue après leur expulsion brutale d’un bidonville |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Kenya-Nairobi-40-000-personnes-rue-leur-expulsion-brutale-dun-bidonville-2021-12-14-1201190145 |website=La Croix |date=2021-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mu 2022 yasimbuwe na Visi-Perezida we [[William Ruto]]. Nk’uko ''International Crisis Group'' ibivuga, yasize ubukungu bumeze nabi, burangwa n’izamuka ry’ibiciro n’umwenda wiyongereye&lt;ref name=&quot;F36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=William Ruto investi président du Kenya après plusieurs semaines de controverse |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20220913-william-ruto-investi-pr%C3%A9sident-du-kenya-apr%C3%A8s-plusieurs-semaines-de-controverse |website=France 24 |date=2022-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Pandora Papers ==
Mu Ukwakira 2021, Kenyatta n’abantu batandatu bo mu muryango we, barimo nyina Mama Ngina na murumuna we Muhoho, bagaragaye mu nyandiko za ''Pandora Papers'' nk’abafite ibigo n’imitungo yihishe mu bihugu bisonera imisoro&lt;ref name=&quot;E10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |author=Will Fitzgibbon |title=As Kenyan president mounted anti-corruption comeback, his family's secret fortune expanded offshore - ICIJ |website=International Consortium of Investigative Journalists |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-family-offshore-wealth/ |date=2021-10-03 |access-date=2026-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F39&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Pandora Papers: le président kényan, épinglé avec 42 autres politiques africains |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211004-pandora-papers-le-pr%C3%A9sident-k%C3%A9nyan-%C3%A9pingl%C3%A9-avec-42-autres-politiques-africains |website=RFI |date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2021-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bari bafite nibura miliyoni 30 z’amadolari muri ibyo bigo, harimo n’umuryango (''fondation'') w’ibanga muri Panama&lt;ref name=&quot;F40&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Tony Blair, Shakira, DSK, le roi de Jordanie Abdallah II… Qui est impliqué dans les « Pandora Papers » ? |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/economie/20211004.OBS49439/tony-blair-shakira-dsk-le-roi-de-jordanie-abdallah-ii-qui-est-implique-dans-les-pandora-papers.html |website=L'Obs |date=2021-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ibyo byanenzwe cyane kuko byanyuranyaga n’« intambara yo kurwanya ruswa » yavugaga ko ayoboye&lt;ref name=&quot;E11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=en |title=Pandora Papers: Uhuru Kenyatta family's secret assets exposed by leak |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58775944 |website=BBC News |date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2026-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nyuma y’ubuperezida ==
Ku wa 8 Gashyantare 2025, mu nama idasanzwe y’abakuru b’ibihugu by’Umuryango w’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba (EAC) n’uw’Afurika y’Amajyepfo (SADC), yagizwe umwe mu bahuza mu biganiro by’amahoro muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;F38&quot;&gt;{{cite web |language=fr |title=Trois ex-dirigeants africains nommés facilitateurs pour la paix en RDC |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2025/02/25/trois-ex-dirigeants-africains-nommes-facilitateurs-pour-la-paix-en-rdc/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2023-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reba ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Abagabo]]
[[Category:Abaperezida]]
[[Category:Abanyapolitiki]]
[[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]]
[[Category:Kenya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kokayine</title>
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      <text bytes="7556" sha1="j6f3gnxsyseurq843mgjnva4h7xfenf" xml:space="preserve">'''Kokayine''', izwi kandi nka '''coke''', ni ikiyobyabwenge gikomeye gikoreshwa cyane mu kwidagadura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G|title=Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers|journal=Current Medicinal Chemistry|volume=19|issue=33|pages=5647–57|date=2012|pmid=22856655|doi=10.2174/092986712803988811}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi irashongeshwa, igahumekwa nk'umwotsi, cyangwa igashonga hanyuma igashyirwa mu mitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zimmerman JL|title=Cocaine intoxication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-clinics_2012-10_28_4/page/n52|journal=Critical Care Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=517–26|date=October 2012|pmid=22998988|doi=10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zo mu mutwe zishobora kuba zirimo gutakaza aho umuntu ahuriye n'ukuri, kumva afite ibyishimo byinshi, cyangwa guhangayika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso by'umubiri bishobora kuba birimo gutera k'umutima cyane, ibyuya, n'amaso manini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Dose nyinshi zishobora gutera umuvuduko w'amaraso uri hejuru cyane cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'umubiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Connors NJ, Hoffman RS|title=Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside|journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|volume=347|issue=2|pages=251–7|date=November 2013|pmid=23978563|doi=10.1124/jpet.113.206383}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zitangira mu masegonda make nyuma y'iminota mike yo gukoreshwa kandi zimara hagati y'iminota itanu na mirongo icyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Kokayine ifite umubare muto w’imiti yemewe ikoreshwa mu buvuzi nko kugabanya ububabare no kugabanya kuva amaraso mu gihe cyo kubaga amazuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Harper SJ, Jones NS|title=Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-laryngology-and-otology_2006-10_120_10/page/808|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=120|issue=10|pages=808–11|date=October 2006|pmid=16848922|doi=10.1017/s0022215106001459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kokayine irakurura abantu bitewe n’ingaruka igira ku nzira y’ubugororangingo mu bwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'igihe gito cyo kuyikoresha, hari ibyago byinshi byo kuba umuntu ashobora kuyikoresha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Gukoresha kwayo byongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara zo mu bwonko, indwara z’umutima zifata imitsi, ibibazo by’ibihaha ku bayinywa, [[umukoresha:Doc James/Sepsis|kwandura amaraso]], ndetse n’urupfu rutunguranye rw’umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sor2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ|title=Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=142|pages=1–13|date=September 2014|pmid=25066468|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokayine igurishwa mu muhanda ikunze kuvangwa n'imiti igabanya ububabare, ibinyampeke, quinine, cyangwa isukari, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutera uburozi bw'inyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Goldstein RA, DesLauriers C, Burda AM|title=Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review|journal=Disease-A-Month|volume=55|issue=1|pages=6–38|date=January 2009|pmid=19081448|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma yo gufata doze inshuro nyinshi, umuntu ashobora kuba afite ubushobozi buke bwo kumva ibyishimo no kunanirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;

Kokayine ikora mu kubuza kongera kwinjiza serotonin, norepinephrine, na dopamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Ibi bituma [[ubwonko]] bugira uruhare runini mu mikorere y’ubwonko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Bishobora kwambuka byoroshye umugozi uva mu maraso n'ubwonko kandi bishobora gutuma umugozi usenyuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Patnaik R|title=Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity|volume=88|pages=297–334|year=2009|pmid=19897082|doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2|isbn=978-0-12-374504-0|journal=International Review of Neurobiology}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Karch|first=Steven B.|title=Karch's pathology of drug abuse|date=2009|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-0-8493-7881-2|page=70|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&amp;pg=PA70|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&amp;pg=PA70|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2013, ibiro 419 byakozwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Narcotic Drugs 2014|date=2015|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|isbn=9789210481571|page=21|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602192211/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2014/Narcotic_Drugs_Report_2014.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bivugwa ko isoko ritemewe rya kokayine riri hagati ya miliyari 100 na miliyari 500 z'amadolari ya Amerika buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Iyo habayeho gukomeza gutunganya, kokayine ishobora gukorwa ikoresheje kokayine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt;

Kokayine ni yo kiyobyabwenge bitemewe n'amategeko cya kabiri gikoreshwa cyane ku isi, nyuma ya cannabis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Karila L, Zarmdini R, Petit A, Lafaye G, Lowenstein W, Reynaud M|title=[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician]|journal=Presse Médicale|volume=43|issue=1|pages=9–17|date=January 2014|pmid=23727012|doi=10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.069}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu bari hagati ya miliyoni 14 na 21 bakoresha uyu muti buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Ikoreshwa ryabyo riri hejuru cyane muri Amerika ya Ruguru, rigakurikirwa n'i Burayi na Amerika y'Epfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Hagati ya kimwe cya gatatu ku ijana by'abantu bo mu bihugu byateye imbere bagiye bakoresha kokayine mu gihe runaka mu buzima bwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Mu 2013, ikoreshwa rya kokayine ryagize ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku rupfu rw’abantu 4.300, ugereranyije n’abapfuye 2.400 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|last=GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yitirirwa [[igiti]] &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw0g&quot;&gt;cya koka&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; cyakuwemo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmerman2012&quot; /&gt; Amababi y'iki gihingwa yakoreshejwe n'Abanya-Peru kuva kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold2009&quot; /&gt; Kokayine yakuwe ku mababi bwa mbere mu 1860.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pom2012&quot; /&gt; Kuva mu 1961, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku Biyobyabwenge asaba ibihugu gufata kokayine nk'icyaha cyo kwidagadura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Room R, Reuter P|title=How well do international drug conventions protect public health?|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9810|pages=84–91|date=January 2012|pmid=22225673|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2|quote=The international treaties have also constrained national policy experimentation because they require nation states to criminalise drug use}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Helicobacter pylori</title>
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      <text bytes="4629" sha1="oazzhe34a8cx3o3v3x8221kv9q8w0ky" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Helicobacter pylori diagram.png|thumb|Helicobacter pylori]]
'''Ubwandu bwa ''Helicobacter pylori''''' ni ubwandu, akenshi bwo mu gifu, buterwa na [[bagiteri]] ya ''Helicobacter pylori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=NS|last2=Ahlawat|first2=R|title=Helicobacter Pylori|date=January 2022|pmid=30480966|journal=StatPearls}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi nta bimenyetso bihari; ariko bishobora gutera [[Igifu|indwara ya gastritis]] (kubyimba mu gifu) kuri 25% cyangwa ibisebe byo mu gifu kuri 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Helicobacter pylori - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120095133/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020042714/https://thischangedmypractice.com/management-of-helicobacter-pylori/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuba birimo kubabara mu nda, isesemi, no gushya umutima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Kwandura bifitanye isano kandi na gastritis itera atrophic, [[kanseri]] y'igifu, na lymphoma ya MALT (mucosal associated-lymphoid-type).&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bikekwa ko ikwirakwira cyane cyane binyuze mu nzira y'umwanda uva mu kanwa, ndetse wenda no mu kanwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo kuba mu gace kasanzwemo iyi ndwara n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; ''Helicobacter pylori'' ni bagiteri ifite imiterere y’agarama gafite imiterere y’umurabyo, ikora nk’inkoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Isuzuma rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 'urea breath test', 'fecal antigen assay', 'rapid urease test', cyangwa 'tissue biopsy '.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Serology bishobora kugaragaza ubwandu bw'ubu cyangwa ubwandu bwa kera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt;

Abantu badafite ibimenyetso ntibakenera ubuvuzi bwihariye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Bitabaye ibyo, hashobora gukoreshwa imvange y'umuti ugabanya ubukana bwa proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, metronidazole, na clarithromycin.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBC2023&quot; /&gt; Andi mahitamo arimo PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, na tetracycline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Ubusanzwe ubuvuzi bumara iminsi 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Urukingo rwa H. pylori rurimo gukorwa kuva mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt;

Bivugwa ko 60% by'abatuye isi banduye iyi ndwara mu 2015, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellow2020&quot; /&gt; Gutangira akenshi biba mu bwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Abana bari munsi y'imyaka 10 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagera kuri 5% barwaye iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat2022&quot; /&gt; Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ibipimo byagabanutse mu bihugu byinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR|title=The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors|journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports|volume=19|issue=8|pages=42|date=August 2017|pmid=28733944|pmc=5621514|doi=10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi bagiteri yamenyekanye bwa mbere mu 1982 n'abaganga bo muri Ositaraliya Barry Marshall na Robin Warren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Rees|first=Alan M.|title=Consumer Health USA|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-068-9|page=194|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|language=en|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223203943/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Consumer_Health_USA/CQ9DCcytJFwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA194|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Warren JR, Marshall B|title=Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1983-06-04_1_8336/page/1273|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8336|pages=1273–5|date=June 1983|pmid=6134060|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8|s2cid=1641856}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iriburiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oazzhe34a8cx3o3v3x8221kv9q8w0ky</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/Ibimera</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>23559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142523</id>
      <parentid>142284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T20:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Optional offset parameter (2) to show more plants on [[Intangiriro]]</comment>
      <origin>142523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20745" sha1="4xjduh6l4hf8ejh7afvhlbsk2mcg7mg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch: {{{1|ingingo}}}
| ishusho = {{#switch: {{#expr: (floor({{#time:U}} / 172800) + 13) mod 27 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Estrellitas (Galinsoga parviflora).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Kimali|alt=Galinsoga parviflora]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Kimali]] (''Galinsoga parviflora'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Ageratum conyzoides|alt=Ageratum conyzoides]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Datura stramonium 2 (2005 07 07).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Rwiziringa|alt=Datura stramonium]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Rwiziringa]] (''Datura stramonium'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Ensete ventricosum02.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Igitembe|alt=Ensete ventricosum]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;[[Igitembe]] (''Ensete ventricosum'')&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Ipomoea cairica.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Ipomoea cairica|alt=Ipomoea cairica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Ipomoea cairica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Dombeya torrida|alt=Dombeya torrida]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Dombeya torrida]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Hypericum revolutum.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Hypericum revolutum|alt=Hypericum revolutum]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Impatiens.niamniamensis.7082.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Impatiens niamniamensis|alt=Impatiens niamniamensis]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Impatiens niamniamensis]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 8 = [[Dosiye:Gloriosa superba 1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Gloriosa superba|alt=Gloriosa superba]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Gloriosa superba]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 9 = [[Dosiye:Brugmansia suaveolens - zhank puttra 2019.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Brugmansia suaveolens|alt=Brugmansia suaveolens]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Brugmansia suaveolens]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 10 = [[Dosiye:Bunga Alamanda chatartica 01.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Allamanda cathartica|alt=Allamanda cathartica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Allamanda cathartica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 11 = [[Dosiye:Pingo-de-ouro, ou violeteira (Duranta erecta) - 55224071491.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Duranta erecta|alt=Duranta erecta]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Duranta erecta]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 12 = [[Dosiye:Plumeria-wiki-Zachi-Evenor-001a.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Plumeria rubra|alt=Plumeria rubra]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Plumeria rubra]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 13 = [[Dosiye:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Nerium oleander|alt=Nerium oleander]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Nerium oleander]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 14 = [[Dosiye:Red bottle brush.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Callistemon|alt=Callistemon]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Callistemon]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 15 = [[Dosiye:Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Tecoma stans|alt=Tecoma stans]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Tecoma stans]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 16 = [[Dosiye:Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Euphorbia pulcherrima|alt=Euphorbia pulcherrima]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 17 = [[Dosiye:Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|alt=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 18 = [[Dosiye:Canna indica.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Canna indica|alt=Canna indica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Canna indica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 19 = [[Dosiye:Royal Poinciana.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Delonix regia|alt=Delonix regia]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Delonix regia]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 20 = [[Dosiye:Bird of Paradise flower.JPG|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Strelitzia reginae|alt=Strelitzia reginae]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Strelitzia reginae]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 21 = [[Dosiye:Jacaranda1212.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Jacaranda mimosifolia|alt=Jacaranda mimosifolia]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 22 = [[Dosiye:Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Zantedeschia aethiopica|alt=Zantedeschia aethiopica]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Zantedeschia aethiopica]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 23 = [[Dosiye:Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Spathodea campanulata|alt=Spathodea campanulata]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Spathodea campanulata]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 24 = [[Dosiye:Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Agapanthus praecox|alt=Agapanthus praecox]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Agapanthus praecox]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 25 = [[Dosiye:Bougainvillea spectabilis Flowers Closeup2 TorreLaMata.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Bougainvillea|alt=Bougainvillea]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Bougainvillea]]''&lt;/div&gt;
| 26 = [[Dosiye:Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.2|link=Heliconia rostrata|alt=Heliconia rostrata]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;''[[Heliconia rostrata]]''&lt;/div&gt;
}}
| #default = {{#switch: {{#expr: (floor({{#time:U}} / 172800) + {{{2|0}}}) mod 27 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Estrellitas (Galinsoga parviflora).jpg|right|150px|link=Kimali]]
'''[[Kimali|Kimali]]''' (''Galinsoga parviflora''; mu Gifaransa ''galinsoga à petites fleurs'', mu Cyongereza ''gallant soldier'') ni icyatsi cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo hagati, ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Kimali|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|right|150px|link=Ageratum conyzoides]]
'''''[[Ageratum conyzoides|Ageratum conyzoides]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''inkuruba'' cyangwa ''akaziraruguma'', mu Cyongereza ''billygoat weed'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Asteraceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka mu bihugu byinshi bishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ageratum conyzoides|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Datura stramonium 2 (2005 07 07).jpg|right|150px|link=Rwiziringa]]
'''[[Rwiziringa|Rwiziringa]]''' (''Datura stramonium''; mu Gifaransa ''stramoine'' cyangwa ''pomme épineuse'', mu Cyongereza ''jimsonweed'' cyangwa ''thorn apple'') ni ikimera cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Megizike]] ariko ubu kiboneka hafi ku isi hose, harimo no mu [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Rwiziringa|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Ensete ventricosum02.jpg|right|150px|link=Igitembe]]
'''[[Igitembe|Igitembe]]''' (''Ensete ventricosum''; mu Gifaransa ''bananier d'Abyssinie'', mu Cyongereza ''enset'' cyangwa ''false banana'') ni ikimera kinini gisa n'[[urutoki]], cyo mu muryango wa ''Musaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba n'iy'Amajyepfo, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Igitembe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Ipomoea cairica.jpg|right|150px|link=Ipomoea cairica]]
'''''[[Ipomoea cairica|Ipomoea cairica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''ipomée du Caire'', mu Cyongereza ''coastal morning glory'' cyangwa ''mile-a-minute'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Convolvulaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[ibijumba]]. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] ishyuha, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no muri [[Aziya]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ipomoea cairica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Luigi Balugani - Valkoffa (Dombeya torrida) - B1977.14.8966 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|right|150px|link=Dombeya torrida]]
'''''[[Dombeya torrida|Dombeya torrida]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''umukore'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Dombeya torrida|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Hypericum revolutum.jpg|right|150px|link=Hypericum revolutum]]
'''''[[Hypericum revolutum|Hypericum revolutum]]''''' (mu Cyongereza ''curry bush'' cyangwa ''forest primrose'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Hypericaceae''. Gikomoka mu misozi miremire ya [[Afurika]], harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'umwigimbakirwa wa Arabiya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Hypericum revolutum|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Impatiens.niamniamensis.7082.jpg|right|150px|link=Impatiens niamniamensis]]
'''''[[Impatiens niamniamensis|Impatiens niamniamensis]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''impatience du Zaïre'' cyangwa ''impatience bec-de-perroquet'', mu Cyongereza ''parrot plant'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera cy'indabo cyo mu muryango wa ''Balsaminaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati n'iy'uburasirazuba, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Impatiens niamniamensis|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 8 = [[Dosiye:Gloriosa superba 1.jpg|right|150px|link=Gloriosa superba]]
'''''[[Gloriosa superba|Gloriosa superba]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''lis de Malabar'' cyangwa ''lis de flamme'', mu Cyongereza ''flame lily'' cyangwa ''glory lily'') ni ubwoko bw'ikimera kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Colchicaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika]] yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, harimo n'u [[Rwanda]], no mu majyepfo ya [[Aziya]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Gloriosa superba|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 9 = [[Dosiye:Brugmansia suaveolens - zhank puttra 2019.jpg|right|150px|link=Brugmansia suaveolens]]
'''''[[Brugmansia suaveolens|Brugmansia suaveolens]]''''' (mu Kinyarwanda ''ikibutibuti'', mu Gifaransa ''trompette des anges'' cyangwa ''trompette du jugement dernier'', mu Cyongereza ''angel's trumpet'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito cyo mu muryango wa ''Solanaceae'', umuryango urimo n'[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]] n'[[inyanya]]. Gikomoka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Burezile]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Brugmansia suaveolens|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 10 = [[Dosiye:Bunga Alamanda chatartica 01.jpg|right|150px|link=Allamanda cathartica]]
'''''[[Allamanda cathartica|Allamanda cathartica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''allamanda'' cyangwa ''liane à lait'', mu Cyongereza ''golden trumpet'' cyangwa ''yellow allamanda'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kizamuka cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu majyaruguru ya Amerika y'Amajyepfo.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Allamanda cathartica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 11 = [[Dosiye:Pingo-de-ouro, ou violeteira (Duranta erecta) - 55224071491.jpg|right|150px|link=Duranta erecta]]
'''''[[Duranta erecta|Duranta erecta]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''vanillier de Cayenne'', mu Cyongereza ''golden dewdrop'' cyangwa ''skyflower'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Verbenaceae'', gikomoka mu turere dushyuha twa Amerika.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Duranta erecta|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 12 = [[Dosiye:Plumeria-wiki-Zachi-Evenor-001a.jpg|right|150px|link=Plumeria rubra]]
'''''[[Plumeria rubra|Plumeria rubra]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''frangipanier'', mu Cyongereza ''frangipani'') ni ubwoko bw'igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati, kuva muri [[Megizike]] kugeza muri Venezuwela.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Plumeria rubra|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 13 = [[Dosiye:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg|right|150px|link=Nerium oleander]]
'''''[[Nerium oleander|Nerium oleander]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''laurier-rose'', mu Cyongereza ''oleander'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyangwa igiti gito kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Apocynaceae'', gikomoka mu karere ka Mediterane kugeza muri Aziya.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Nerium oleander|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 14 = [[Dosiye:Red bottle brush.jpg|right|150px|link=Callistemon]]
'''''[[Callistemon|Callistemon]]''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru byo mu muryango wa ''Myrtaceae'', bikomoka muri [[Ositaraliya]]. Mu Gifaransa byitwa ''rince-bouteille'', mu Cyongereza ''bottlebrush'', kubera ko indabo zabyo zimeze nk'uburoso bwo koza amacupa.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Callistemon|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 15 = [[Dosiye:Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) 02.jpg|right|150px|link=Tecoma stans]]
'''''[[Tecoma stans|Tecoma stans]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''trompette d'or'', mu Cyongereza ''yellow bells'' cyangwa ''yellow trumpetbush'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Tecoma stans|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 16 = [[Dosiye:Euphorbia pulcherrima (Barlovento) 04.jpg|right|150px|link=Euphorbia pulcherrima]]
'''''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima|Euphorbia pulcherrima]]''''' (izwi cyane ku izina rya ''poinsettia''; mu Gifaransa ''étoile de Noël'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru cyo mu muryango wa ''Euphorbiaceae'', gikomoka muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo ya [[Megizike]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Euphorbia pulcherrima|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 17 = [[Dosiye:Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg|right|150px|link=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]
'''''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''hibiscus'' cyangwa ''rose de Chine'', mu Cyongereza ''Chinese hibiscus'') ni ubwoko bw'igihuru kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Malvaceae'', giterwa ku isi hose mu turere dushyuha kubera indabo zacyo nini z'amabara menshi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 18 = [[Dosiye:Canna indica.jpg|right|150px|link=Canna indica]]
'''''[[Canna indica|Canna indica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''canna'' cyangwa ''balisier'', mu Cyongereza ''Indian shot'' cyangwa ''edible canna'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Cannaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Amerika]] ishyuha.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Canna indica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 19 = [[Dosiye:Royal Poinciana.jpg|right|150px|link=Delonix regia]]
'''''[[Delonix regia|Delonix regia]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant'', mu Cyongereza ''flame tree'' cyangwa ''royal poinciana'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango w'ibishyimbo (''Fabaceae''), gikomoka muri [[Madagasikari]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Delonix regia|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 20 = [[Dosiye:Bird of Paradise flower.JPG|right|150px|link=Strelitzia reginae]]
'''''[[Strelitzia reginae|Strelitzia reginae]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''oiseau de paradis'', mu Cyongereza ''bird of paradise'' cyangwa ''crane flower'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Strelitziaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Strelitzia reginae|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 21 = [[Dosiye:Jacaranda1212.jpg|right|150px|link=Jacaranda mimosifolia]]
'''''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Jacaranda mimosifolia]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''flamboyant bleu'' cyangwa ''jacaranda'', mu Cyongereza ''blue jacaranda'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka muri [[Boliviya]], [[Arijantine]] na [[Paragwe]], muri Amerika y'Amajyepfo.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 22 = [[Dosiye:Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg|right|150px|link=Zantedeschia aethiopica]]
'''''[[Zantedeschia aethiopica|Zantedeschia aethiopica]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''arum blanc'' cyangwa ''calla'', mu Cyongereza ''calla lily'' cyangwa ''arum lily'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Araceae'', gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]]. Gikunze kumera ku nkombe z'imigezi no hafi y'ibidendezi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Zantedeschia aethiopica|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 23 = [[Dosiye:Spathodea Campanulata Tulip Tree Bokkapuram Sep22 A7C 02739.jpg|right|150px|link=Spathodea campanulata]]
'''''[[Spathodea campanulata|Spathodea campanulata]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''tulipier du Gabon'' cyangwa ''tulipier d'Afrique'', mu Cyongereza ''African tulip tree'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Igiti|igiti]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Bignoniaceae'', gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha yo muri [[Afurika]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Spathodea campanulata|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 24 = [[Dosiye:Agapanthus praecox - 001.jpg|right|150px|link=Agapanthus praecox]]
'''''[[Agapanthus praecox|Agapanthus praecox]]''''' (mu Gifaransa ''agapanthe'', mu Cyongereza ''African lily'' cyangwa ''lily of the Nile'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Amaryllidaceae''. Gikomoka muri [[Afurika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu gihingwa cyane mu [[Ubusitani|busitani]] hirya no hino ku isi nk'ikimera cy'imitako.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Agapanthus praecox|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 25 = [[Dosiye:Bougainvillea spectabilis Flowers Closeup2 TorreLaMata.jpg|right|150px|link=Bougainvillea]]
'''''[[Bougainvillea|Bougainvillea]]''''' ni ubwoko (''genre'') bw'ibihuru bifite amahwa byo mu muryango wa ''Nyctaginaceae''. Bikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika y’Epfo]], ariko ubu bihingwa hirya no hino ku isi nk'ibimera by'imitako, kugeza no mu turere dufite ubushyuhe buringaniye.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Bougainvillea|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 26 = [[Dosiye:Heliconia rostrata (2026-05-27, Jardin botanique Jean-Marie Pelt, Villers-lès-Nancy, France).jpg|right|150px|link=Heliconia rostrata]]
'''''[[Heliconia rostrata|Heliconia rostrata]]''''' (mu Cyongereza ''hanging lobster claw'' cyangwa ''false bird of paradise'') ni ubwoko bw'[[Ikimera|ikimera]] kirabya cyo mu muryango wa ''Heliconiaceae''. Gikomoka mu mashyamba ashyuha y'imvura yo muri [[Amerika]] yo Hagati no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Amerika y’Epfo]], kandi cyakwirakwiriye no mu tundi turere dushyuha tw'isi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Heliconia rostrata|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
Iyi nyandikorugero ikoreshwa ku [[Intangiriro]]. Buri minsi 2, yerekana ikimera cyangwa ururabo ruboneka mu Rwanda mu gice « Ingingo y'icyumweru » (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) n'ikindi kimera mu gice « Ishusho y'icyumweru » (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;).

Kongeramo ikimera: ongeraho umurongo mushya muri buri &lt;code&gt;#switch&lt;/code&gt;, hanyuma uhindure umubare &lt;code&gt;mod 27&lt;/code&gt; ahantu habiri.

== Ingero ==
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
----
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henri Blanchard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142574</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Henri Blanchard (yanditswe hifashishijwe inyandiko z'igifaransa)</comment>
      <origin>142574</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3676" sha1="k1yxjqpwv66kvbfz1dituh3dgm6jq7t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Henri Blanchard
| nationality = Umufaransa
| occupation  = Umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]], umumisiyoneri
| known_for   = Kurinda impunzi muri paruwasi ya [[Nyamirambo]] mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]
}}
'''Henri Blanchard''' ni umupadiri wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]]. Ni Umufaransa. Ari mu muryango w'Abapadiri Bera (Abamisiyoneri ba Afurika). Mu 1994, yari umupadiri muri paruwasi ya Mutagatifu Andereya i [[Nyamirambo]], muri [[Kigali]].

Mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]], Henri Blanchard yakiriye impunzi muri paruwasi ye. Yarinze abana benshi ari kumwe na Padiri Otto Mayer. Ku ya 10 Kamena 1994, [[Interahamwe]] zatwaye impunzi zari muri iyo paruwasi. Nyuma ya jenoside, Henri Blanchard yagarutse mu Rwanda.

== Ubuzima ==

=== Mu gihe cya jenoside ===
Henri Blanchard yari umumisiyoneri i [[Kigali]]. Yabaga muri paruwasi ya Mutagatifu Andereya i [[Nyamirambo]]. Yakoranaga na Padiri Otto Mayer. Otto Mayer ni umupadiri w'Umudage.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;/&gt;

Jenoside itangiye, Henri Blanchard yakinguriye kiliziya ye impunzi amagana. Bukeye bwaho, abasirikare n'interahamwe bamennye inzugi. Henri Blanchard yabaze abantu 15 bishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;es&quot;/&gt;

Nyuma yaho, abo bapadiri bombi bacumbikiye abana 55 n'abagore bamwe. Shapeli ya paruwasi yahindutse aho abana bato baryama. Croix-Rouge yabazaniraga ibiribwa buri cyumweru. Henri Blanchard yavuze ko tudafite uburenganzira bwo kwibagirwa ubwicanyi nk'ubwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;es&quot;/&gt;

Ku wa Gatanu, tariki ya 10 Kamena 1994, interahamwe zaje kuri paruwasi. Zavuze ko zije kwimura abasivili. Zarashe ku nzugi. Zateye mu nzu igisasu cy'ibyuka biryana mu maso. Interahamwe zatwaye impunzi zigera ku 170 imbere y'abo bapadiri bombi. Otto Mayer yarakomeretse.&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tf1&quot;/&gt; Nyuma, abapadiri babonye imirambo y'abantu bagera kuri cumi na babiri muri abo bajyanywe.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf1&quot;/&gt;

=== Nyuma ya jenoside ===
Henri Blanchard yavuye i Kigali muri Kamena 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;denis&quot;/&gt; Yasubiye mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] gutanga ubuhamya.&lt;ref name=&quot;tf1&quot;/&gt; Ku ya 3 Nzeri 1994, yagarutse mu Rwanda. Ni we wa mbere mu Bapadiri Bera wagarutse kuba mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside.&lt;ref name=&quot;denis&quot;/&gt; Mu 1997, yanditse ko kongera kubaka igihugu bizasaba imbaraga nyinshi n'ubutwari bwinshi.&lt;ref name=&quot;denis&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;lib&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Frilet |first=Alain |title=Massacre de réfugiés tutsis près d'une église de Kigali |newspaper=Libération |date=1994-06-13 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/fgtshowdoc.php?num=27503 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Journal de 13 heures du 14 juin 1994 |website=TF1 (francegenocidetutsi.org) |date=1994-06-14 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/ScriptTF1JournalDe13Heures14061994.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;es&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Envoyé spécial : La vie en sursis |website=France 2 (francegenocidetutsi.org) |date=1994-05-26 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/1994-05-26fr2EnvoyeSpecialLaVieEnSursis.html.en |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;denis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Denis |first=Philippe |title=Les Missionnaires d'Afrique et le génocide rwandais |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |volume=50 |year=2020 |pages=109–136 |url=https://francegenocidetutsi.org/PhilippeDenisPeresBlancsGenocide.pdf |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Dafroza Gauthier]]
* [[Nyamirambo]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blanchard, Henri}}
[[Ikiciro:Abafaransa]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Luc Marchal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142577</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Luc Marchal (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia na fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5562" sha1="i21kbxgef1hiq5inwa6ie6ervlfzzo0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Luc Marchal
| image       = Luc Marchal.jpg
| caption     = Luc Marchal
| nationality = Umubiligi
| occupation  = Umusirikare (koloneli)
| known_for   = Umuyobozi w'ingabo za [[MINUAR]] mu karere ka [[Kigali]] mu 1993–1994
}}
'''Luc Marchal''' ni umusirikare w'Umubiligi uri mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru. Afite ipeti rya koloneli. Mu 1993–1994, yayoboye ingabo z'[[Ububiligi]] zari muri [[MINUAR]]. Yari kandi umuyobozi w'ingabo za MINUAR mu karere ka [[Kigali]].

Muri Mutarama 1994, Luc Marchal yahuye n'umuntu wamenyesheje MINUAR ko [[Interahamwe]] zitegura kwica Abatutsi. Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi yayoboraga bishwe i Kigali. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rw'Ububiligi rwamugize umwere mu 1996.

== Ubuzima ==
[[File:Kigali military chalkboard.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Ikibaho cyo muri Camp Kigali, aho abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi biciwe. Iburyo handitse amazina ya Dallaire na Marchal.]]

=== Umwuga mbere y'u Rwanda ===
Mu 1994, Luc Marchal yari amaze imyaka 30 mu ngabo z'Ububiligi. Imyaka 15 muri yo yayimaze mu mutwe w'abakomando (''para-commandos''). Mbere yo kujya mu Rwanda, yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Ingabo w'Ububiligi. Yari yarakoze imyaka itanu muri Zayire, ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |pages=119–120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muri MINUAR (1993–1994) ===
Luc Marchal yageze mu Rwanda ku ya 9 Ukuboza 1993. Yayoboraga abasirikare b'Ababiligi bagera kuri 440 bari muri MINUAR. Abo basirikare ni bo bari bafite imyitozo n'ibikoresho byiza kurusha abandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;melvern&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Melvern |first=Linda |year=2004 |title=Conspiracy to Genocide: The Rwandan Genocide |location=London |publisher=Verso |pages=81–84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru wa MINUAR yari [[Roméo Dallaire]].

Luc Marchal yari ashinzwe akarere ka Kigali. Inshingano ye ya mbere yari ukugenzura agace ka Kigali katagombaga kubamo intwaro. Ako gace kari gafite ibilometero 10 uvuye mu mujyi rwagati. Muri ako gace, ingabo zagombaga kubika intwaro zazo. Iki cyemezo cyari mu Masezerano ya Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;melvern&quot;/&gt;

Muri Mutarama 1994, Luc Marchal yahuye n'umuntu wiyitaga « Jean-Pierre ». Uwo muntu yatozaga Interahamwe. Yavuze ko Interahamwe zihabwa intwaro. Yavuze kandi ko hari urutonde rw'Abatutsi bo kwica. Yerekanye aho intwaro zihishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview: Colonel Luc Marchal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/marchal.html |website=Frontline (PBS) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luc Marchal yateguye ibitero byo gufata izo ntwaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |pages=141–144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyicaro cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye i New York cyanze ko bikorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;/&gt;

=== Muri jenoside na nyuma yayo ===
Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR biciwe muri Camp Kigali. Bari barinze Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former Rwandan major gets 20 years in genocide trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/05/rwanda.angeliquechrisafis |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2007-07-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Bubiligi, Luc Marchal yashinjwe uburangare mu rukiko rwa gisirikare. Bamushinjaga ko uburangare bwe bwatumye abo basirikare icumi bapfa. Mu 1996, urukiko rwamugize umwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Military court clears Belgian U.N. commander in Rwanda massacre |url=https://apnews.com/f3c9d46b76b22dbe36d936eac5882e20 |work=Associated Press |date=1996-06-04 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2001, Luc Marchal yasohoye igitabo ''Rwanda : la descente aux enfers''. Muri icyo gitabo, avuga ibyo yabonye mu Rwanda.

Mu 2007, Luc Marchal yatanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rwa [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] mu Bubiligi. Ntuyahaga yari majoro mu ngabo z'u Rwanda. Muri Nyakanga 2007, urukiko rwamuhamije kwica abo basirikare b'Ababiligi. Yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;/&gt;

Muri Mutarama 2008, Luc Marchal yatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, i [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]]. Yatanze ubuhamya ashinjura jenerali Augustin Ndindiliyimana.&lt;ref name=&quot;hirondelle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TPIR/Militaires II - Les Nations unies se sont fait intoxiquer à leur arrivée au Rwanda (Marchal) |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/8814-tpirmilitaires-ii-les-nations-unies-se-sont-fait-intoxiquer-a-leur-arrivee-au-rwanda-marchal5615.html |website=JusticeInfo.net (Agence Hirondelle) |date=2008-01-17 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]
* [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]
* [[Urwibutso rw'ingabo z'ababirigi rwa Camp Kigali]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Interview: Colonel Luc Marchal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/marchal.html |website=Frontline (PBS) |language=en}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Marchal |first=Luc |title=Rwanda : la descente aux enfers. Témoignage d'un peacekeeper, décembre 1993 – avril 1994 |publisher=Éditions Labor |year=2001 |isbn=978-2-8040-1632-6 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marchal, Luc}}
[[Ikiciro:Ababiligi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>142581</id>
      <parentid>142577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:29:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Umuhuza ugana kuri [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]</comment>
      <origin>142581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5551" sha1="4f1pknf8t5fvisfnyayu8bk99501qga" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Luc Marchal
| image       = Luc Marchal.jpg
| caption     = Luc Marchal
| nationality = Umubiligi
| occupation  = Umusirikare (koloneli)
| known_for   = Umuyobozi w'ingabo za [[MINUAR]] mu karere ka [[Kigali]] mu 1993–1994
}}
'''Luc Marchal''' ni umusirikare w'Umubiligi uri mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru. Afite ipeti rya koloneli. Mu 1993–1994, yayoboye ingabo z'[[Ububiligi]] zari muri [[MINUAR]]. Yari kandi umuyobozi w'ingabo za MINUAR mu karere ka [[Kigali]].

Muri Mutarama 1994, Luc Marchal yahuye n'umuntu wamenyesheje MINUAR ko [[Interahamwe]] zitegura kwica Abatutsi. Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi yayoboraga bishwe i Kigali. Urukiko rwa gisirikare rw'Ububiligi rwamugize umwere mu 1996.

== Ubuzima ==
[[File:Kigali military chalkboard.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Ikibaho cyo muri Camp Kigali, aho abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi biciwe. Iburyo handitse amazina ya Dallaire na Marchal.]]

=== Umwuga mbere y'u Rwanda ===
Mu 1994, Luc Marchal yari amaze imyaka 30 mu ngabo z'Ububiligi. Imyaka 15 muri yo yayimaze mu mutwe w'abakomando (''para-commandos''). Mbere yo kujya mu Rwanda, yari umuyobozi w'ibiro bya Minisitiri w'Ingabo w'Ububiligi. Yari yarakoze imyaka itanu muri Zayire, ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |pages=119–120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muri MINUAR (1993–1994) ===
Luc Marchal yageze mu Rwanda ku ya 9 Ukuboza 1993. Yayoboraga abasirikare b'Ababiligi bagera kuri 440 bari muri MINUAR. Abo basirikare ni bo bari bafite imyitozo n'ibikoresho byiza kurusha abandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;melvern&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Melvern |first=Linda |year=2004 |title=Conspiracy to Genocide: The Rwandan Genocide |location=London |publisher=Verso |pages=81–84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuyobozi mukuru wa MINUAR yari [[Roméo Dallaire]].

Luc Marchal yari ashinzwe akarere ka Kigali. Inshingano ye ya mbere yari ukugenzura agace ka Kigali katagombaga kubamo intwaro. Ako gace kari gafite ibilometero 10 uvuye mu mujyi rwagati. Muri ako gace, ingabo zagombaga kubika intwaro zazo. Iki cyemezo cyari mu Masezerano ya Arusha.&lt;ref name=&quot;melvern&quot;/&gt;

Muri Mutarama 1994, Luc Marchal yahuye n'umuntu wiyitaga « Jean-Pierre ». Uwo muntu yatozaga Interahamwe. Yavuze ko Interahamwe zihabwa intwaro. Yavuze kandi ko hari urutonde rw'Abatutsi bo kwica. Yerekanye aho intwaro zihishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview: Colonel Luc Marchal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/marchal.html |website=Frontline (PBS) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luc Marchal yateguye ibitero byo gufata izo ntwaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dallaire2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands With The Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |pages=141–144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyicaro cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye i New York cyanze ko bikorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs&quot;/&gt;

=== Muri jenoside na nyuma yayo ===
Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR biciwe muri Camp Kigali. Bari barinze Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former Rwandan major gets 20 years in genocide trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/05/rwanda.angeliquechrisafis |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2007-07-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Bubiligi, Luc Marchal yashinjwe uburangare mu rukiko rwa gisirikare. Bamushinjaga ko uburangare bwe bwatumye abo basirikare icumi bapfa. Mu 1996, urukiko rwamugize umwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Military court clears Belgian U.N. commander in Rwanda massacre |url=https://apnews.com/f3c9d46b76b22dbe36d936eac5882e20 |work=Associated Press |date=1996-06-04 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2001, Luc Marchal yasohoye igitabo ''Rwanda : la descente aux enfers''. Muri icyo gitabo, avuga ibyo yabonye mu Rwanda.

Mu 2007, Luc Marchal yatanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rwa [[Bernard Ntuyahaga]] mu Bubiligi. Ntuyahaga yari majoro mu ngabo z'u Rwanda. Muri Nyakanga 2007, urukiko rwamuhamije kwica abo basirikare b'Ababiligi. Yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;/&gt;

Muri Mutarama 2008, Luc Marchal yatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, i [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]]. Yatanze ubuhamya ashinjura jenerali Augustin Ndindiliyimana.&lt;ref name=&quot;hirondelle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TPIR/Militaires II - Les Nations unies se sont fait intoxiquer à leur arrivée au Rwanda (Marchal) |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/8814-tpirmilitaires-ii-les-nations-unies-se-sont-fait-intoxiquer-a-leur-arrivee-au-rwanda-marchal5615.html |website=JusticeInfo.net (Agence Hirondelle) |date=2008-01-17 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Roméo Dallaire]]
* [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]
* [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Interview: Colonel Luc Marchal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/interviews/marchal.html |website=Frontline (PBS) |language=en}}

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last=Marchal |first=Luc |title=Rwanda : la descente aux enfers. Témoignage d'un peacekeeper, décembre 1993 – avril 1994 |publisher=Éditions Labor |year=2001 |isbn=978-2-8040-1632-6 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marchal, Luc}}
[[Ikiciro:Ababiligi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
      <sha1>4f1pknf8t5fvisfnyayu8bk99501qga</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernard Ntuyahaga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142582</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Bernard Ntuyahaga (yahinduwe ivuye kuri en.wikipedia na fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5344" sha1="ar15e08n7slvi0xbjsyyme64whnd98r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Bernard Ntuyahaga
| image       = Bernard Ntuyahaga.jpg
| caption     = Bernard Ntuyahaga mu rubanza rwe i Buruseli
| birth_date  = Ahagana mu 1952
| birth_place = Mabanza, Kibuye, [[Rwanda]]
| nationality = Umunyarwanda
| occupation  = Umusirikare (majoro mu ngabo za FAR)
| known_for   = Yahamijwe kwica abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba [[MINUAR]] mu 1994
}}
'''Bernard Ntuyahaga''' (yavutse ahagana mu 1952) ni Umunyarwanda wahoze ari majoro mu ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR). Mu 2007, urukiko rw'i [[Buruseli]] mu [[Ububiligi]] rwamuhamije kwica abasirikare icumi b'Ababiligi ba [[MINUAR]]. Abo basirikare bishwe ku ya 7 Mata 1994, mu ntangiriro za [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

Bernard Ntuyahaga yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 20. Yarekuwe mu 2018. Ububiligi bwamwohereje mu Rwanda mu Ukuboza 2018.

== Ubuzima ==
[[File:UNAMIR Blue Berets memorial Kigali (4).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Aho abasirikare b'Ababiligi ba MINUAR biciwe i Kigali]]

=== Ubwana n'amashuri ===
Bernard Ntuyahaga yavukiye i Mabanza, muri Perefegitura ya Kibuye. Ubu ni mu [[Akarere ka Karongi]]. Ni [[Abahutu|Umuhutu]]. Mu 1972, yinjiye mu ishuri rya gisirikare ry'abofisiye i [[Kigali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guichaoua&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guichaoua |first=André |title=Rwanda 1994 : les politiques du génocide à Butare |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |year=2005 |isbn=2-84586-669-0 |page=294 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Umwuga na jenoside ===
Mu 1994, Bernard Ntuyahaga yari majoro mu ngabo z'u Rwanda (FAR).

Ku ya 7 Mata 1994, abasirikare ba FAR bagose urugo rwa Minisitiri w'Intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]. Urwo rugo rwarindwaga n'abasirikare 15 ba MINUAR. Batanu bari Abanyagana, icumi bari Ababiligi. Abo basirikare bambuwe intwaro. Agathe Uwilingiyimana n'umugabo we barishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former Rwandan major gets 20 years in genocide trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/05/rwanda.angeliquechrisafis |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2007-07-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Urukiko rw'Ububiligi rwemeje ko Bernard Ntuyahaga yajyanye abo basirikare icumi b'Ababiligi muri Camp Kigali. Aho ni ho abasirikare b'Abanyarwanda babiciye.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;/&gt; Uyu munsi, aho hantu hari [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]].

=== Urubanza ===
Muri Kamena 1998, Bernard Ntuyahaga yishyikirije Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) i [[Umujyi wa Arusha|Arusha]], muri [[Tanzaniya]]. TPIR yamureze jenoside n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Ku ya 18 Werurwe 1999, TPIR yakuyeho ibyo birego. Uwo munsi, Tanzaniya yaramufashe. U Rwanda n'Ububiligi byombi byasabaga ko abyoherezwamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Genocide suspect 'likely to be tried' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/299858.stm |work=BBC News |date=1999-03-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2004, Bernard Ntuyahaga yagiye mu Bubiligi. Yishyikirije ubutabera bw'Ububiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rwandan gets 20 years in genocide trial |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-genocide-belgium/rwandan-gets-20-years-in-genocide-trial-idUSL051276320070705 |work=Reuters |date=2007-07-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urubanza rwe rwatangiye ku ya 19 Mata 2007 imbere y'urukiko rwa rubanda (''Cour d'assises'') rw'i Buruseli. [[Luc Marchal]] yatanze ubuhamya muri urwo rubanza.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;/&gt;

Ku ya 4 Nyakanga 2007, urukiko rwamuhamije kwica abo basirikare icumi b'Ababiligi. Rwamuhamije kandi kwica abasivili b'Abanyarwanda batazwi umubare. Ntiyahamijwe kwica Agathe Uwilingiyimana. Yakatiwe igifungo cy'imyaka 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;ji2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sehene Ruvugiro |first=Emmanuel |title=Le « printemps perpétuel » du major Ntuyahaga |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/82539-printemps-perpetuel-major-ntuyahaga.html |website=JusticeInfo.net |date=2021-09-27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ji2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda : Regain d'activité judiciaire à l'approche du 25e anniversaire du génocide |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/40071-rwanda-regain-d-activite-judiciaire-a-l-approche-du-25e-anniversaire-du-genocide.html |website=JusticeInfo.net |date=2019-01-21 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nyuma y'igifungo ===
Bernard Ntuyahaga yarangije igihano cye ku ya 2 Kamena 2018. Yashakaga kujya kubana n'umugore we n'umukobwa we muri [[Danimarike]]. Ntiyashakaga gusubira mu Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;dh&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=L'assassin des dix Paras belges sera expulsé vendredi par la Belgique au Rwanda |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2018/12/19/lassassin-des-dix-paras-belges-sera-expulse-vendredi-par-la-belgique-au-rwanda-7HXVMGW5S5CJFBIMUVGFFB5PJA/ |work=La DH |date=2018-12-19 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku ya 21 Ukuboza 2018, Ububiligi bwamwohereje mu Rwanda. Leta y'u Rwanda yari yatanze icyizere cyanditse ko uburenganzira bwe buzubahirizwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ji2019&quot;/&gt; Mu Rwanda, Bernard Ntuyahaga ntiyafunzwe kandi ntiyongeye kuburanishwa. Yoherejwe mu kigo cya Mutobo. Aho yize amateka y'u Rwanda. Nyuma yahawe indangamuntu y'u Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ji2021&quot;/&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]
* [[Luc Marchal]]
* [[Urwibutso rw'Abasirikare b'Ababiligi]]
* [[MINUAR]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntuyahaga, Bernard}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagabo]]</text>
      <sha1>ar15e08n7slvi0xbjsyyme64whnd98r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142584</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T10:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5896" sha1="oj4iemsdsvkjxiarmw6nsilb7zhhzgx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe
| image   = [[Dosiye:Ibere rya bigogwe.jpg|280px]]
| caption = Bigogwe, mu karere Abagogwe babagamo
| label1  = Itariki
| data1   = Mutarama – Werurwe 1991
| label2  = Aho byabereye
| data2   = Gisenyi na Ruhengeri ([[Rwanda|u Rwanda]])
| label3  = Abishwe
| data3   = Abagogwe bagera ku 1&amp;nbsp;000
| label4  = Ababikoze
| data4   = Inzego z'umutekano n'udutsiko tw'[[Abahutu]]
}}
'''Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe''' ni ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abagogwe mu 1991. Abagogwe ni itsinda ry'[[Abatutsi]] b'aborozi bo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Ubwo bwicanyi bwabereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi n'iya Ruhengeri.

Abagogwe bagera ku 1&amp;nbsp;000 barishwe. Bishwe n'inzego z'umutekano n'udutsiko tw'Abahutu. Bamwe babona ubu bwicanyi nk'intangiriro ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

== Abagogwe ==
Abagogwe ni aborozi babaga hafi y'ishyamba ry'Ibirunga.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012k&quot; /&gt; Kuva mu 1959, Abahutu bo mu majyaruguru babafataga nk'abantu bo hasi. Ubutegetsi bwose bwakurikiyeho bwabahejeje inyuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;survie&quot; /&gt;

== Ubwicanyi ==
Mu 1990, [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR Inkotanyi]] yateye u Rwanda. Ku wa 23 Mutarama 1991, Inkotanyi zateye umujyi wa Ruhengeri. Zafunguye abafungwa barenga 700 bo muri gereza ya Ruhengeri.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012b&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'icyo gitero, ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abagogwe. Ubwicanyi bukomeye bwabaye hagati ya Mutarama na Gashyantare 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty&quot; /&gt; Bwakomeje kugeza muri Werurwe 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot; /&gt;

I Kinigi, abaturage bategetswe kurwanya « abanzi ». Ibyo byiswe « umuganda wihariye ». Samuel Ndagijimana yishwe atewe amabuye ku isoko rya Bisate. Bamushinjaga kuba Umututsi n'intasi. Imibiri imwe yajugunywe mu cyobo cy'imyanda cy'urugo rwa burugumesitiri wa Kinigi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012k&quot; /&gt; I Gisenyi, imibiri imwe y'Abagogwe yajugunywe ahitwa Commune Rouge.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot; /&gt;

Mu 1992, Amnesty International yavuze ko Abagogwe bagera ku 1&amp;nbsp;000 bishwe. Yavuze ko bishwe n'inzego z'umutekano n'udutsiko tw'Abahutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty&quot; /&gt; Umusirikare wahatangiye ubuhamya avuga ko yari i Bigogwe igihe cy'ubwicanyi. Avuga ko abasirikare b'u Rwanda babugizemo uruhare.&lt;ref name=&quot;survie&quot; /&gt;

== Iperereza ==
Leta yahishe amakuru. Yanze gutanga impapuro z'urupfu. Yavugaga ko abantu babuze bagiye muri FPR.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot; /&gt; Imiryango ine itegamiye kuri leta yashinze komisiyo mpuzamahanga y'iperereza. Iyo komisiyo yari igizwe n'impuguke icumi mu burenganzira bwa muntu. Umunyamategeko w'Umubiligi Eric Gillet yagize uruhare muri iryo perereza. Iperereza ryasanze imva rusange nto nyinshi. Buri mva yarimo abantu 10 kugeza kuri 20. Zimwe zari mu busitani bwa burugumesitiri wa Kinigi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot; /&gt;

== Isano na Jenoside ==
[[Dosiye:BigogweGenocideMemorial08.jpg|left|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe]] (2025)]]
Bamwe babona ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe nk'intangiriro ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;survie&quot; /&gt; Mu 1994, Abatutsi benshi bo mu karere ka Bigogwe barishwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012b&quot; /&gt; Abazize Jenoside bo muri ako karere bashyinguwe mu [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsanzimana |first=Germain |title=Rwanda: Expansion of Bigogwe Genocide Memorial Completed |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202505090156.html |work=The New Times (via allAfrica.com) |date=2025-05-09 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |title=Rwanda: Fidèle Kanyabugoyi (UA 110/92) |publisher=Amnesty International |id=AFR 47/10/92 |date=1992-04-02 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr470101992en.pdf |format=PDF |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ktpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |title=We Came Across Mass Graves – Belgian Lawyer on Bagogwe Massacre 1991 |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/04/we-came-across-mass-graves-beligian-lawyer-on-bagogwe-massacre-1991/ |work=KT Press |date=2024-04-05 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012b&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=In Bigogwe, killings began much earlier |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/71226/National/in-bigogwe-killings-began-much-earlier |work=The New Times |date=2012-04-13 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2012k&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=The Pre 1994 Massacres in Kinigi |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/71318/the-pre-1994-massacres-in-kinigi |work=The New Times |date=2012-04-14 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bucyensenge |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Bigogwe, the place where Genocide was experimented |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/104230/National/bigogwe-the-place-where-genocide-was-experimented |work=The New Times |date=2014-02-27 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;survie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Courtoux |first=Sharon |title=Le massacre des Bagogwe. Un prélude au génocide des Tutsi |url=https://survie.org/billets-d-afrique/2009/177-fevrier-2009/article/le-massacre-des-bagogwe-un-prelude |website=Survie (Billets d'Afrique, n° 177) |date=February 2009 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bigogwe]]
* [[Umurenge wa Bigogwe]]

=== Ibitabo ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Chrétien |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Kabanda |first2=Marcel |title=Rwanda. Racisme et génocide. L'idéologie hamitique |publisher=Belin |year=2016 |chapter=L'option de la haine antitutsi (1990-1992) |pages=203–233 |language=fr}}

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagogwe, Ubwicanyi bwa}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyabihu]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Musanze]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikiciro:Coordinates on Wikidata</title>
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    <id>23631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ikiciro cyihishe cy'ikoranabuhanga</comment>
      <origin>142596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="180" sha1="p71sfvyj423qmsf8aeky6hvt6ptz42m" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
Iki kiciro cy'ikoranabuhanga gikusanya impapuro zifite coordinates zihuye n'izo kuri Wikidata. Cyongerwamo n'[[Inyandikorugero:Coord]].

[[Ikiciro:Hidden categories]]</text>
      <sha1>p71sfvyj423qmsf8aeky6hvt6ptz42m</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikiciro:Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ikiciro cyihishe cy'ikoranabuhanga</comment>
      <origin>142597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="187" sha1="horrm6sns0chm157hlq7rn7n1aa8x9n" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
Iki kiciro cy'ikoranabuhanga gikusanya impapuro zikoresha [[Inyandikorugero:Infobox settlement]] zidafite ikintu cya &lt;code&gt;coordinates&lt;/code&gt;.

[[Ikiciro:Hidden categories]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3644" sha1="qmim0m3svz7wg4aglxabdgckk5sxmdk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira
| image   = [[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda in 1994.svg|280px]]
| caption = Amakomini y'u Rwanda mu 1994
| label1  = Itariki
| data1   = Ukwakira 1990
| label2  = Aho byabereye
| data2   = Komini Kibilira, Perefegitura ya Gisenyi ([[Rwanda|u Rwanda]])
| label3  = Abishwe
| data3   = Abatutsi barenga 300
| label4  = Ababikoze
| data4   = Abayobozi b'ibanze n'abaturage b'[[Abahutu]]
}}
'''Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira''' ni ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu Kwakira 1990. Bwabereye muri komini Kibilira, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi. Bwabaye nyuma gato y'igitero cya [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|FPR Inkotanyi]] cyo ku wa 1 Ukwakira 1990.

Abatutsi barenga 300 barishwe. Abayobozi b'ibanze ni bo bashishikarije Abahutu kwica abaturanyi babo b'Abatutsi. Ubu bwicanyi ni bumwe mu bwa mbere bwabanjirije [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

== Amateka ==
Ku wa 1 Ukwakira 1990, FPR Inkotanyi yateye u Rwanda iturutse muri [[Ubugande]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt; Abayobozi bakwirakwije ibinyoma bivuga ko Abatutsi bashaka kurimbura Abahutu. Ubwicanyi bwa mbere bwakorewe Abatutsi bwatangiye nyuma y'iminsi icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Ubwicanyi ==
Mu Kwakira 1990, abayobozi b'ibanze bashishikarije Abahutu gutera abaturanyi babo b'Abatutsi. Abatutsi barenga 300 barishwe. Abandi benshi barakomeretse.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1994&quot; /&gt;

Abatutsi ibihumbi byinshi bahunze ingo zabo. Amazu amagana y'Abatutsi yarasahuwe kandi aratwikwa. Imyaka yabo yarangijwe. Amatungo yabo yarasahuwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt;

Abayobozi bohereje abapolisi babiri kuvuza amafirimbi. Ibyo byonyine byahagaritse ubwicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Nyuma y'ubwicanyi ==
Leta yirukanye superefe na burugumesitiri. Yabafunze hamwe n'abandi bakekwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt; Nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, bose bararekuwe nta rubanza.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1994&quot; /&gt; Burugumesitiri wa kera yahawe akazi gashya ka leta muri ako karere.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot; /&gt; Nta muntu wahamijwe icyaha kubera ubwo bwicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Isano na Jenoside ==
Hagati ya 1990 na 1993, ubwicanyi nk'ubu bwahitanye Abatutsi bagera ku 2&amp;nbsp;000. Bwahitanye kandi Abahutu bamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Human Rights Watch ibona ubu bwicanyi nk'imyitozo ya Jenoside yo mu 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |author=Africa Watch |title=Rwanda: Talking Peace and Waging War: Human Rights Since the October 1990 Invasion |publisher=Human Rights Watch |series=News From Africa Watch, Vol. IV, No. 3 |date=1992-02-27 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/r/rwanda/rwanda922.pdf |format=PDF |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |title=Rwanda: Mass murder by government supporters and troops in April and May 1994 |publisher=Amnesty International |id=AFR 47/11/94 |date=1994-05-23 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr470111994en.pdf |format=PDF |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1999 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-10.htm |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]]
* [[Juvénal Habyarimana]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kibilira, Ubwicanyi bwa}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142601</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5779" sha1="pm3iz35uqf2a0vnzhtosi41nlkcdru3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera
| image   = [[Dosiye:Antonia Locatelli's grave in Nyamata.jpg|220px]]
| caption = Imva ya Antonia Locatelli i [[Nyamata]]
| label1  = Itariki
| data1   = Werurwe 1992
| label2  = Aho byabereye
| data2   = Kanzenze, Gashora na Ngenda ([[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]])
| label3  = Abishwe
| data3   = Abatutsi bagera kuri 300
| label4  = Ababikoze
| data4   = [[Interahamwe]], abasirikare n'abaturage, bayobowe n'abayobozi b'ibanze
}}
'''Ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera''' ni ubwicanyi bwakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu Werurwe 1992. Bwabereye mu Bugesera, mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]]. Bwakurikiye itangazo ry'ibinyoma ryanyuze kuri Radiyo Rwanda.

Abatutsi bagera kuri 300 barishwe. Abantu barenga 15&amp;nbsp;000 barahunze. Ubu bwicanyi ni bumwe mu bwabanjirije [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]].

== Amateka ==
Abatutsi benshi bari batuye mu Bugesera kuva mu 1959. Abahutu bavuye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba nabo baje gutura hafi yabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Abayobozi b'ibanze bavugaga ko urubyiruko rw'Abatutsi rujya mu [[Uburundi]] kwinjira muri FPR. Ibyo byongereye urwango rw'Abahutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

Mu mpera za Gashyantare no mu ntangiriro za Werurwe 1992, Hassan Ngeze yasuye Bugesera inshuro nyinshi. Ngeze yari umwanditsi mukuru w'ikinyamakuru [[Kangura]]. Yakwirakwije impapuro n'ibihuha ku bitero by'« Inyenzi ».&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Itangazo rya Radiyo Rwanda ==
Ku wa 3 Werurwe 1992, Radiyo Rwanda yatangaje inkuru y'ibinyoma inshuro eshanu. Iyo nkuru yavugaga ko Abatutsi bari bagiye kwica Abahutu bo mu Bugesera. Yavugaga cyane abanyapolitiki b'Abahutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Icyo gihe, Radiyo Rwanda yari iyobowe na [[Ferdinand Nahimana]], umuyobozi wa ORINFOR.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot; /&gt; Umunyamakuru Jean-Baptiste Bamwanga yirukanywe kuri Radiyo Rwanda mu 1992. Yashinjwaga kugira uruhare mu gushishikariza ubwo bwicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Ubwicanyi ==
Ubwicanyi bwatangiye mu ijoro rikurikira iryo tangazo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Bwabereye muri Kanzenze, [[Gashora]] na Ngenda. Bwamaze iminsi igera ku icumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot; /&gt;

Abayobozi b'ibanze ni bo bayoboye ibitero. Ku nshuro ya mbere, ubutegetsi bwakoresheje [[Interahamwe]] mu kwica Abatutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Burugumesitiri wa komini Kanzenze, Fidèle Rwambuka, avugwa nk'umwe mu bayoboye abicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot; /&gt; Abasirikare bambaye imyenda ya gisivili bifatanyije n'abicanyi. Abasirikare bambaye impuzankano bambuye Abatutsi intwaro. Babagumishije aho bari kugeza abicanyi bahageze.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

Abicanyi batwitse amazu y'Abatutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1992&quot; /&gt; Abatutsi ibihumbi byinshi bahungiye kuri paruwasi gatolika ya [[Nyamata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1992&quot; /&gt; Abantu barenga 15&amp;nbsp;000 bahungiye mu maparuwasi yo hafi no mu Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot; /&gt; Abayobozi ntibateye abari bahungiye mu nsengero. Ahubwo babakumiriye ibiryo n'amazi kugira ngo basubire iwabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Urupfu rwa Antonia Locatelli ==
Antonia Locatelli yari umukorerabushake w'Umutaliyani. Yakoraga mu Rwanda kuva mu 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot; /&gt; Yaterefonnye ambasaderi w'u Bubiligi, RFI na BBC. Yababwiye ibyaberaga mu Bugesera.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot; /&gt; Ku wa 9 Werurwe 1992, Locatelli yarashwe arapfa i Nyamata. Amnesty International ivuga ko yarashwe n'umusirikare.&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1992&quot; /&gt; Locatelli ashyinguwe i Nyamata.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot; /&gt;

== Nyuma y'ubwicanyi ==
Amashyirahamwe y'abahohotewe yajyanye abadipolomate mu Bugesera kureba ibyabaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Abahutu benshi bateye barafashwe. Nta cyakorewe umusirikare warashe Locatelli.&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1992&quot; /&gt; Nta muntu wahamijwe icyaha kubera ubwo bwicanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt;

== Isano na Jenoside ==
[[Dosiye:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Church - Flickr - Dave Proffer (2).jpg|left|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]]]]
Human Rights Watch ibona ubwicanyi bwa Bugesera nk'imyitozo ya Jenoside yo mu 1994. Hagati ya 1990 na 1993, ubwicanyi nk'ubu bwahitanye Abatutsi bagera ku 2&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot; /&gt; Mu 1994, Abatutsi ibihumbi byinshi biciwe muri kiliziya ya Nyamata.&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot; /&gt; Uyu munsi iyo kiliziya ni [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]].

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |title=Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1999 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-10.htm |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ai1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |title=Rwanda: Antonia Locatelli, Italian missionary, and at least 35 members of the Tutsi ethnic group killed by Hutu vigilantes (UA 84/92) |publisher=Amnesty International |id=AFR 47/09/92 |date=1992-03-11 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr470091992en.pdf |format=PDF |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tabaro |first=Jean de la Croix |title=How Genocide was first experimented in Bugesera |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/103321/how-genocide-was-first-experimented-in-bugesera |work=The New Times |date=2014-02-02 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gariwo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antonia Locatelli |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/rwandan-genocide/antonia-locatelli-7526.html |website=Gariwo |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Ubwicanyi bwa Kibilira]]
* [[Ubwicanyi bwa Bagogwe]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bugesera, Ubwicanyi bwa}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Bugesera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142602</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4848" sha1="krpc4hay2xrgk8rpbbbdm5b3av2xb3g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO
| image   = [[Dosiye:Scene at Kicukiro Technical Training Center - Formerly the Ecole Technique Officielle (ETO) - Where Belgian UN Peacekeepers Abandoned Tutsis to Their Fate - Kicukiro District - Kigali.jpg|280px]]
| caption = Ishuri ryahoze ari ETO i Kicukiro
| label1  = Itariki
| data1   = 11 Mata 1994
| label2  = Aho byabereye
| data2   = ETO Kicukiro na Nyanza ([[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Kicukiro]], [[Kigali]])
| label3  = Abishwe
| data3   = Abantu barenga 2&amp;nbsp;000
| label4  = Ababikoze
| data4   = [[Interahamwe]] n'abasirikare ba leta
}}
'''Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO''' ni ubwicanyi bwabaye ku wa 11 Mata 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Bwabereye ku ishuri rya ETO (''École technique officielle'') i Kicukiro, muri [[Kigali]], no ku musozi wa Nyanza.

Abantu barenga 2&amp;nbsp;000 bari bahungiye kuri iryo shuri. Bari barinzwe n'ingabo z'Ababiligi za [[MINUAR]]. Izo ngabo zagiye ku wa 11 Mata 1994. Hafi ya bose bahise bicwa.

== Ubuhungiro kuri ETO ==
Jenoside imaze gutangira, abasivili barenga 2&amp;nbsp;000 bahungiye kuri ETO. Muri bo harimo abana amagana.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt; Bari Abatutsi ahanini. Ingabo z'Ababiligi za MINUAR zari zifite ikigo kuri iryo shuri. Zari ziyobowe na Kapiteni Luc Lemaire.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt;

== Ubwicanyi ==
Ku wa 7 Mata 1994, u [[Ububiligi]] bwafashe icyemezo cyo gucyura ingabo zabwo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2026&quot; /&gt; Ku wa 11 Mata 1994, ingabo z'Ababiligi zavuye kuri ETO. Zagiye ku kibuga cy'indege gufasha mu gucyura abanyamahanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt; Impunzi zasigaye nta wuzirinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt;

[[Interahamwe]] n'abasirikare ba leta bahise batera ETO.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt; Bishe abari aho. Abarokotse bagerageje guhunga. Abasirikare babafashe babasubiza Interahamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt; Bajyanywe ku ngufu i Nyanza. Benshi biciwe mu nzira. Abandi bicirwa i Nyanza n'imbunda na gerenade.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt; Mu bantu barenga 2&amp;nbsp;000, abagera kuri 50 gusa ni bo barokotse.&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot; /&gt;

== Imanza mu Bubiligi ==
Abarokotse n'imiryango y'abishwe bareze Leta y'u Bubiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ja2018&quot; /&gt; Ku wa 8 Ukuboza 2010, urukiko rwa mbere rw'i Buruseli rwemeje ko icyemezo cyo kuva kuri ETO cyafashwe n'ubuyobozi bw'u Bubiligi. Ku wa 8 Kamena 2018, urukiko rw'ubujurire rwahinduye icyo cyemezo. Rwemeje ko inshingano ari iz'Umuryango w'Abibumbye. Leta y'u Bubiligi n'abasirikare batatu bagizwe abere.&lt;ref name=&quot;ja2018&quot; /&gt;

== Kwibuka ==
[[Dosiye:Nyanza-KicukiroGenocideMemorial16.jpg|left|thumb|[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro]]]]
Buri mwaka, ku wa 11 Mata, abantu bibuka abiciwe kuri ETO. Bakora urugendo rwo kwibuka kuva ku ishuri ryahoze ari ETO kugera ku [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt; Urwo rwibutso ni ikimenyetso cy'abatereranywe n'abari bashinzwe kubarinda.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2026&quot; /&gt; Ishuri ryahoze ari ETO ubu ni [[IPRC Kigali|IPRC Kicukiro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;lalibre&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cros |first=Marie-France |title=11 avril 1994 : les soldats belges abandonnent 2 000 civils aux tueurs |url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/2010/09/09/11-avril-1994-les-soldats-belges-abandonnent-2-000-civils-aux-tueurs-GY2S3AQI3NHYRLA5CS4FFT4FWE/ |work=La Libre Belgique |date=2010-09-09 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ja2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gras |first=Romain |title=Génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda : l'État belge blanchi en appel dans le massacre de l'ETO |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/578317/societe/genocide-des-tutsis-au-rwanda-letat-belge-blanchi-en-appel-dans-le-massacre-de-leto/ |work=Jeune Afrique |date=2018-06-15 |language=fr |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mutamba |first=Jesca |title=PHOTOS: Thousands gather to honour Tutsi abandoned by Belgian forces at ETO Kicukiro |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/34785/news/kwibuka/photos-thousands-gather-to-honour-tutsi-abandoned-by-belgian-forces-at-eto-kicukiro |work=The New Times |date=2026-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Sam |title=Belgian Troops' Conduct Shows They Never Wished Peace for Rwanda – IBUKA |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2026/04/belgian-troops-conduct-shows-they-never-wished-peace-for-rwanda-ibuka/ |work=KT Press |date=2026-04-12 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro]]
* [[MINUAR]]
* [[Luc Marchal]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ETO, Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Kicukiro]]</text>
      <sha1>krpc4hay2xrgk8rpbbbdm5b3av2xb3g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>142603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T11:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Score Beethoven</username>
        <id>11559</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ingingo nshya: Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera (yahinduwe ivuye kuri fr.wikipedia)</comment>
      <origin>142603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3855" sha1="a48ycox5e3ekilp2ds5airb1p6m4lrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| title   = Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera
| image   = [[Dosiye:Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital CARAES Ndera.jpg|280px]]
| caption = [[Ibitaro bya Ndera]] (CARAES Ndera)
| label1  = Itariki
| data1   = Mata 1994
| label2  = Aho byabereye
| data2   = [[Umurenge wa Ndera|Ndera]] ([[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]], [[Kigali]])
| label3  = Abishwe
| data3   = Abantu bagera ku 17&amp;nbsp;000
| label4  = Ababikoze
| data4   = [[Interahamwe]] n'abasirikare ba leta
}}
'''Ubwicanyi bwa Ndera''' ni ubwicanyi bwabaye muri Mata 1994, mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]]. Bwabereye i [[Umurenge wa Ndera|Ndera]], mu burasirazuba bwa [[Kigali]], cyane cyane ku [[Ibitaro bya Ndera|bitaro by'indwara zo mu mutwe bya Ndera]] (CARAES Ndera).

Abatutsi benshi bari bahungiye kuri ibyo bitaro. Biciwe hamwe n'abarwayi n'abakozi b'ibitaro. Abantu bagera ku 17&amp;nbsp;000 biciwe hafi y'ibitaro.

== Ubuhungiro ku bitaro ==
Jenoside yatangiye i Ndera ku wa 7 Mata 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt; Abatutsi bo mu nkengero bahungiye ku bitaro. Bibwiraga ko bazarindwa kuko hari Ababiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt; Ibyumba by'ibitaro byari byuzuye. Abarwayi bavanze n'impunzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ubwicanyi ==
[[Dosiye:Petit seminaire de ndera.jpg|left|thumb|Iseminari nto ya Ndera]]
Ku wa 17 Mata 1994, abasirikare b'Ababiligi bimuye abanyamahanga. Uwo munsi, abicanyi bateye ibitaro. Batangiye kurasa abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt; Abicanyi bari [[Interahamwe]] n'abasirikare ba leta.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt; Abatutsi bagerageje kwirwanaho. Abasirikare bo mu kigo cya Kanombe baje gufasha Interahamwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt;

Abicanyi bakusanyije abantu mu mbuga. Batandukanyije Abahutu n'Abatutsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt; Umubare nyawo w'abarwayi bishwe ntuzwi. Impamvu ni uko abarwayi bari bavanze n'impunzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt;

Abantu bagera ku 17&amp;nbsp;000 biciwe hafi y'ibitaro bya Ndera.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2022&quot; /&gt; Imibiri yabo yajugunywe mu cyobo kirekire cya metero 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2022&quot; /&gt;

== Urwibutso no kwibuka ==
I Ndera hari urwibutso rwa Jenoside. Rushyinguyemo abantu ibihumbi byinshi, barimo abarwayi n'impunzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt; Imibiri y'abantu barenga 15&amp;nbsp;000 iracyari mu cyobo hafi y'ibitaro. Abarokotse basaba ko ishyingurwa mu cyubahiro.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt; Ibitaro byatanze ubutaka bwo kwagura urwibutso.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2022&quot; /&gt;

Buri mwaka, ku wa 17 Mata, abantu bibuka abiciwe ku bitaro bya Ndera.&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot; /&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;kt2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Buningwire |first=Williams |title=Massacre at Ndera Hospital: Not Even the Vulnerable Were to Be Spared |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2021/04/massacre-at-ndera-hospital-not-even-the-vulnerable-were-to-be-spared/ |work=KT Press |date=2021-04-18 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Michel |title=Survivors want decent burial for 17,000 Ndera Genocide victims |url=https://survivors-fund.org.uk/news/survivors-want-decent-burial-for-17000-ndera-genocide-victims/ |work=The New Times (via Survivors Fund) |date=2022-05-05 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nt2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Michel |title=Genocide: Mentally ill patients killed at Ndera hospital remembered |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/34988/news/kwibuka/genocide-mentally-ill-patients-killed-at-ndera-hospital-remembered |work=The New Times |date=2026-04-18 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]
* [[Ibitaro bya Ndera]]
* [[Ubwicanyi bw'Ishuri rya ETO]]

{{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ndera, Ubwicanyi bwa}}
[[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]]
[[Ikiciro:Amateka]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gasabo]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>