ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ satwiki https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱣᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱸᱲᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ TimedText TimedText talk ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ Event Event talk 0 275 196422 185096 2026-08-12T04:50:40Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Western philosophy]] | era = [[17th-century philosophy]]<br />([[Early modern philosophy]]) | image = John Locke.jpg | alt = | caption = Portrait of Locke in 1697 by [[Godfrey Kneller]] | name = John Locke | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|FRS}} | signature = John Locke Signature.svg | birth_date = 29 August 1632 | birth_place = [[Wrington]], [[Somerset]], England | death_date = 28 October 1704 (aged 72) | death_place = [[High Laver]], [[Essex]], England | education = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] | nationality = English | school_tradition = {{startflatlist}} * [[Empiricism]] * [[Foundationalism]]<ref name=SEP-FTJ>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4 | title=Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification | encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=21 February 2000 | accessdate=August 19, 2018 | author=Fumerton, Richard}}</ref> * [[Conceptualism]]<ref>[[David Bostock (philosopher)|David Bostock]], ''Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ''ideas'', but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</ref> * [[Indirect realism]]<ref>John W. Yolton, ''Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 136.</ref> * [[Correspondence theory of truth]]<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/ The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref> * [[Ideational theory of meaning]]<ref>Grigoris Antoniou, John Slaney (eds.), ''Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence'', Springer, 1998, p. 9.</ref> * [[Corpuscularianism]]<ref name=:0>[[Vere Claiborne Chappell]] (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Locke'', Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 56.</ref> * [[Social contract]] * [[Natural law]] * [[Classical liberalism|Liberalism]] {{endflatlist}} | main_interests = [[Metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], [[political philosophy]], [[philosophy of mind]], [[philosophy of education]], [[economics]] | influences = [[Hugo Grotius|Grotius]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Robert Filmer|Filmer]], [[Samuel von Pufendorf|Pufendorf]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Damaris Cudworth Masham|Masham]]<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=30141038|title=A Woman's Influence? John Locke and Damaris Masham on Moral Accountability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_2006-07_67_3/page/489|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=67|issue=3|pages=489–510|last1=Broad|first1=Jacqueline|year=2006|doi=10.1353/jhi.2006.0022}}</ref> | influenced = [[David Hume|Hume]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Voltaire]], [[J. J. Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury|Shaftesbury]], many subsequent political philosophers (including the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]]) | notable_ideas = {{startplainlist}} * [[Consciousness]] * [[Consent of the governed]] * [[Labor theory of property]] * [[Law of opinion]] * [[Lockean proviso]] * [[Molyneux's problem]] * [[Natural rights]] (rights of [[Right to life|life]], [[liberty]] and [[property]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Locke | first = John | title = Two Treatises of Government (10th edition): Chapter II, Section 6 | publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]] | year = 1690 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/7370/7370-h/7370-h.htm | accessdate = May 5, 2018}}</ref> * [[Primary/secondary quality distinction]] * [[Social contract]] * [[State of nature]] * ''[[Tabula rasa]]'' {{endplainlist}} }} '''ᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱠ''' ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John_Locke]( ᱒᱙ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱖᱓᱒ – ᱒᱘ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱐᱔) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ–ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱫᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱵᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱲᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱮᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱤᱣᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ Materialistic philosophical ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟ political philoshopy ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱑᱖᱓᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱠ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ lawyer ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱖᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ|ᱚᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱖᱕᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ|ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ|ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱛᱤ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ, Chemistry, physics, medicine ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱖᱕᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱤᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ professor ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ professor ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ professor, ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱛᱥᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡ ᱜᱩᱰᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾᱑᱖᱗᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱞᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ [[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding|An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ [[Two Treatise on Civil Government|Two Treatise on Civil Government]]᱾ ᱑᱖᱙᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ [[Some Thoughts Concerning Education|Some Thoughts Concerning Education]]। ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱲᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱛ == * https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Locke.htm John Locke (1632–1704), "the philosopher of freedom"] * [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Locke,%20John Free, full-text works by John Locke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020015624/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Locke,%20John |date=2017-10-20 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Locke] * [http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/index.html John Locke Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013051803/http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/index.html |date=2009-10-13 }} * [http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/mss/index.html John Locke Manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013051930/http%3A//www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/mss/index.html |date=2009-10-13 }} * [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ More easily readable versions of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and the Second Treatise of Government] * [http://thegreatdebate.org.uk/LockeEpistem.html John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge] by Caspar Hewett * [http://www.digitallockeproject.nl/ The Digital Locke Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101064838/http://www.digitallockeproject.nl/ |date=2014-01-01 }} * [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02773 Portraits of Locke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524054045/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02773 |date=2008-05-24 }} * [http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Lock Locke links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407170028/http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Lock |date=2007-04-07 }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[category:ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ]] [[category:ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ]] gl79y0pm7dfyfqpstrq287inb5ib82y 0 1334 196355 13886 2026-08-12T02:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nicolas de Largillière, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire (vers 1724-1725) -001.jpg|thumb|Nicolas de Largillière, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire (vers 1724-1725) -001]] François-Marie Arouet (also known as Voltaire) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱙᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱤᱴᱚ (Poitou) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱗᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱱᱥ ᱢᱚᱭᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱶᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱚᱵᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱒᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱗᱒᱙ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱠ]]ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱛᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱚᱴᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ Revolution ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱘᱓ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱨᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱥᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱚᱥᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱴᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱶᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱾ ==ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ== ===ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ=== ===ᱚᱱᱚᱞ=== ===ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ=== ===ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ=== ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire ==ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ== === Philosophical works === * ''[[Letters on the English|Letters concerning the English nation]]'' (London, 1733) (French version entitled ''Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais'', Rouen, 1734), revised as ''[[Letters on the English]]'' (circa 1778) * ''[[Le Mondain]]'' (1736) * ''Sept Discours en Vers sur l'Homme'' (1738) * ''[[Elements of the Philosophy of Newton]]'' (1745) * ''[[Zadig]]'' (1747) * ''[[Micromégas]]'' (1752) * ''[[Candide]]'' (1759) * ''[[Treatise on Tolerance|Traité sur la tolérance]]'' (1763) * ''Ce qui plaît aux dames'' (1764) * ''[[Dictionnaire philosophique]]'' (1764) * ''[[Questions sur les Miracles]]'' (1765) * ''[[Idées républicaines]]'' (1765) * ''[[L'Ingénu]]'' (1767) * ''La Princesse de Babylone'' (1768) * ''[[Des singularités de la nature]]'' (1768) === Plays === Voltaire wrote between fifty and sixty plays, including a few unfinished ones.<ref>Dates of the first performance, unless otherwise noted. Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Voltaire", vol. 5, pp. 113–17, in ''McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama'', Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-079169-5}}.</ref> Among them are these: * ''[[Oedipus (Voltaire)|Œdipe]]'' (1718) * ''[[Hérode et Mariamne|Mariamne]]'' (1724) * ''[[Éryphile]]'' (1732) * ''[[Zaïre (play)|Zaïre]]'' (1732) * ''[[Mahomet (play)|Mahomet]]'' (1741) * ''[[Mérope]]'' (1743) * ''[[La princesse de Navarre]]'' (1745) * ''[[Nanine]]'' (1749) * ''[[L'Orphelin de la Chine]]'' (1755)<ref name=liu53>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Liu|first=Wu-Chi|title=The Original Orphan of China|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-literature_summer-1953_5_3/page/206|journal=Comparative Literature|year=1953|volume=5|issue=3|jstor=1768912|pages=206–07}}</ref><ref>This is an adaptation of the famous Chinese play ''[[The Orphan of Zhao]]'', based on historical events in the [[Spring and Autumn period]].</ref> * ''[[Voltaire's Socrates (play)|Socrate]]'' (published 1759) * ''[[La Femme Qui a Raison]]'' (1759) * ''Irène'' (1778) === Historical === * ''[[History of Charles XII|History of Charles XII, King of Sweden]]'' (1731) * ''[[The Age of Louis XIV]]'' (1751) * ''[[Précis du siècle de Louis XV|The Age of Louis XV]]'' (1746–1752) * ''[[Annals of the Empire]] – Charlemagne, AD 742 – Henry VII 1313'', Vol. I (1754) * ''[[Annals of the Empire]] – Louis of Bavaria, 1315 to Ferdinand II 1631'' Vol. II (1754) * ''[[Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations|Essay on Universal History, the Manners, and Spirit of Nations]]'' (1756) * ''History of the Russian Empire Under [[Peter the Great]]'' (Vol. I 1759; Vol. II 1763) ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[Boulevard Voltaire]] * [[Classical liberalism]] * [[Contributions to liberal theory]] * [[Mononymous persons#France|Mononymous persons]] * [[Voltaire Foundation]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== [[Category:!Main category]] 8amgj20vd9u3kwhsxonrv5cr978y818 0 2275 196411 132341 2026-08-12T04:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Obesity-waist circumference.svg|thumb|ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ]] '''ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ''' ᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱸᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱵᱮᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱿ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱼᱟ ᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ(ᱵᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱭᱤ) (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱩᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱴᱟᱬ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ) ᱓᱐ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Kan2005>{{cite journal|last1=Kanazawa|first1=M|last2=Yoshiike|first2=N|last3=Osaka|first3=T|last4=Numba|first4=Y|last5=Zimmet|first5=P|last6=Inoue|first6=S|title=Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania.|journal=World review of nutrition and dietetics|date=2005|volume=94|pages=1–12|pmid=16145245|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7616717_Criteria_and_Classification_of_Obesity_in_Japan_and_Asia-Oceania|doi=10.1159/000088200}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ; [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ]], [[ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ]], [[ᱚᱵᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱴᱤᱵ ᱥᱞᱤᱯ ᱟᱯᱱᱤᱭᱟ]],ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱥᱴᱤᱭᱳᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ]] ।<ref name=HaslamJames>{{cite journal | author = Haslam DW, James WP | title = Obesity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1197 | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1197–209 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198769 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1 | type = Review }}</ref>'''ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ''' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱤᱛᱤᱞᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱞᱩᱫᱵᱩᱫ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=praharaj&query=obesity&matchtype=exact&display=utf8|title=Purnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha,ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ᱔᱔᱔᱐}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br> ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ,ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ,ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ᱿ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ,ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱝ ᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱼᱟ । ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱚᱱᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱴ ᱤᱫᱤᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱭᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱭᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ । ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] tog27gygx3qav0cytroxkkn88vxp05l 0 2312 196378 98428 2026-08-12T03:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Acute leukemia-ALL.jpg|thumb|ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱠᱭᱩᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱮᱞᱮᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱭᱤᱰ ᱦᱚᱨ ([[:en:Lymphocyte|lymphoid line]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ([[:en:lymphoblast|immature lymphocytes]]) ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="NCI2017Pt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq#section/all|title=Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment|date=8 December 2017|website=National Cancer Institute|language=en|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱸᱜᱟ, ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱪᱷᱟᱹ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱮᱱᱰᱮᱨᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱝᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷ ᱱᱳᱰᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱬ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name=NCI2017Pt/> ᱾ ᱟᱠᱭᱩᱴ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱯᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsmaeXtE7sQC&pg=PA205|title=Blueprints Pediatrics|last=Marino|first=Bradley S.|last2=Fine|first2=Katie S.|date=2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451116045|page=205|language=en}}</ref> ᱾ <br> ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ, ᱞᱤ-ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱣᱢᱮᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱨᱳᱢᱟᱴᱳᱥᱤᱥ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ (radiation exposure) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ (chemotherapy) ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱬ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱳᱢᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ (electromagnetic field) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ (pesticide) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name=Inaba2013/><ref name=Vora2017>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/984342596|title=Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia|last=|first=|publisher=Springer International Publishing|others=Vora, Ajay (editor)|year=2017|isbn=9783319397078|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=1–44, 61–86|oclc=984342596}}</ref> ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱳᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱢᱭᱩᱱᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ (immune reaction) ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱭᱩᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (genetic mutations) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ (cell division) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱡᱽ (bone marrow) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠᱟ (red blood cell), ᱯᱩᱱᱰ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠᱟ (white blood cell) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱮᱞᱮᱴ (platelet) ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ (blood test), ᱡᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ (bone marrow examination) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref name=Fer2018>{{cite book|last1=Ferri|first1=Fred F.|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323529570|page=743|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA743|language=en}}</ref> ᱾<br> ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱵᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ (chemotherapy) ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱨᱟᱛᱷᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ (intrathecal chemotherapy) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ (radiation therapy) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (Stem cell transplantation) ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱢᱭᱩᱱᱩ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ (immunotherapy) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <br> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱭᱩᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨᱨᱮ ᱘᱗᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ।<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref><ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ <ref name=SEER2017>{{cite web|title=Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - Cancer Stat Facts|url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html|website=SEER|accessdate=20 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Inaba2013>{{cite journal |vauthors = Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG |title = Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. |journal = Lancet |volume = 381 |issue = 9881 |pages = 1943–55 |date = June 2013 |pmid = 23523389 |pmc = 3816716 |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62187-4}}</ref> ᱾ ᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱭᱩᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱯᱷᱳᱵᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱩᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ (disseminated cancer) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ <ref name=NEJM2015>{{Cite journal|last=Hunger|first=Stephen P.|last2=Mullighan|first2=Charles G.|date=2015-10-14|title=Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-10-15_373_16/page/1541|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=EN|volume=373|issue=16|pages=1541–1552|doi=10.1056/nejmra1400972|pmid=26465987}}</ref>([[:en:disseminated cancer|disseminated cancer]]) ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱵᱟᱸᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ।<ref name=NelsonTbPeds19e>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706780860|title=Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics|last=Tubergen|first=DG|last2=Bleyer|first2=A|last3=Ritchey|first3=AK|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|others=|year=|isbn=1437707556|editor1=Kliegman, RM|editor2=Stanton, BMD|editor3=St Geme, J|editor4=Schor, NF|editor5=Behrman, RE|edition=19th|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=1732–1737|chapter=Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia|oclc=706780860}}</ref>।<ref name=NEJM2015/> , ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱙᱐% ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱕᱐% ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ େ<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Patrick|date=2013-12-06|title=Treatment of infant leukemias: challenge and promise|url=http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2013/1/596.full|journal=ASH Education Program Book|language=en|volume=2013|issue=1|pages=596–600|doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.596|issn=1520-4391|pmid=24319237|pmc=4729208}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱕% ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱸᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Paul2016>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Shilpa|last2=Kantarjian|first2=Hagop|last3=Jabbour|first3=Elias J.|title=Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia|url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)30584-5/fulltext|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=91|issue=11|pages=1645–1666|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.010|year=2016}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ. ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱑᱘]] d4o97w2amzqkhz9apnb0bss3zgz1dk7 0 5011 196362 29644 2026-08-12T02:44:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Single Polymer Chains AFM.jpg|thumb|Single Polymer Chains AFM<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Y.|last1=Roiter |first2=S.|last2=Minko|doi=10.1021/ja0558239|title= AFM Single Molecule Experiments at the Solid-Liquid Interface: In Situ Conformation of Adsorbed Flexible Polyelectrolyte Chains|url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2005-11-16_127_45/page/15688|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=45|pages=15688–15689|year=2005|pmid=16277495}}</ref>]] '''ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱩᱞᱚᱠ''' ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱱᱚᱷᱚᱜ ᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱡᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱚᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟ(ᱠᱚᱣᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱚᱸᱰ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Polymer – Definition of polymer|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polymer|publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com|The Free Dictionary]]|accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Define polymer|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/polymer|dictionary=[[Dictionary.com|Dictionary Reference]]|accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref> ᱥᱚᱞᱭᱩᱞᱚᱡ, ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱨᱮᱥᱚᱢ,ᱨᱟᱵᱚᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱫᱷᱤᱱ, ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ, ᱯᱚᱞᱤ ᱣᱤᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱞᱚᱨᱟᱜᱞᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱯᱚᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ, ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱞ, ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱵᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱟᱨ, ᱥᱤᱴᱚᱠᱣᱟᱨ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱰᱚᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱟᱭᱤᱞᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱣᱟᱞᱣᱚ ᱥᱤᱞ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱚᱛᱷ, ᱜᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱴ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱟᱵᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱯ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱞ ᱯᱚᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱠᱚᱯ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱮᱠᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱤᱸᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱮᱞᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱸᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱫᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱚᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱣᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱨᱤᱸᱠᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱞᱤ(ᱟᱭᱢᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱥ( ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱦᱩᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱟ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱟᱭᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱦᱩᱞᱚᱠ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ - ᱣᱤᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ- ᱮᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱨᱤᱸᱠᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱜᱷᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱪᱷᱮᱯᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱞᱤᱠᱣᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱤᱞᱮᱭ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== cawkmq3yc43cul70k1ysv3y46mkxj7h 0 5071 196340 149283 2026-08-12T02:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱤᱝ, ᱠᱟᱣᱱᱴᱮᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱮᱥ''' (᱑᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱒ᱼ ᱒᱗ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱒, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱢ - '''ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ '''ᱮᱰᱟ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱮᱥ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱳᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ [[ᱟᱞᱜᱚᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ''ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Annals of the History of Computing">{{Harvnb|Fuegi|Francis|2003|pp=16–26}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Phillips|first=Ana Lena|title=Crowdsourcing gender equity: Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-scientist_november-december-2011_99_6/page/463|journal=American Scientist|date=November–December 2011|volume=99|issue=6|page=463}}</ref><ref name="Lovelace Google">{{Cite news|date=10 December 2012|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/dec/10/ada-lovelace-honoured-google-doodle|title=Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ== ᱮᱰᱟ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱵᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱮ ᱤᱡᱟᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/ada-lovelace-20825323 Ada Lovelace Biography], biography.com</ref> ᱮᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱝᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ; ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ" ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱮ ᱾ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱚᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱘ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱘᱓᱕ ᱨᱮ '''ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱽ''' ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2744.htm#i27434|contribution=Ada Augusta Byron|title=The Peerage}}.</ref> ===ᱜᱩᱨ=== [[File:Ada Lovelace in 1852.jpg|thumb|right]] ᱒᱗ ᱵᱚᱵᱦᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ]] ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱦᱟᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Citation|publisher=GRO|title=Register of Deaths|contribution=December 1852 1a * MARYLEBONE&nbsp;– Augusta Ada Lovelace}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾{{Sfn|Baum|1986|pp=99–100}} ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱓᱐ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{Sfn|Woolley|1999|p=369}} ᱮᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱸᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} r3qhuw9wcjbjuca1fo79ywg7gk308vl 0 5197 196365 129931 2026-08-12T02:49:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱨᱩᱣᱟ''', ([[ᱤᱸᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ]]ᱯᱷᱤᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱤᱭᱟ '''Fever''' ᱵᱟᱝ '''pyrexia'''),<ref name="NC08">{{cite journal |author=Axelrod YK, Diringer MN |title=Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders |journal=Neurol Clin |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=585–603, xi |date=May 2008 |pmid=18514828 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.005 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurologic-clinics_2008-05_26_2/page/585|last2=Diringer }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|title=Fever: Its Biology, Evolution, and Function|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400869831|page=57|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gIF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref name=Gar2012p375>{{cite book|last1=Garmel|first1=Fever in adultsGus M.|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521747767|pages=375|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pyAlcOfBhjIC&lpg=PP1&dq=An%20Introduction%20to%20Clinical%20Emergency%20Medicine&pg=PA375}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱗ᱹ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱘ᱹ᱓ ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (᱙᱙ᱹ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐ᱹ᱙ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="NC08"/><ref name=CC09>{{cite journal |author=Laupland KB |title=Fever in the critically ill medical patient |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=37 |issue=7 Suppl |pages=S273–8 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19535958 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aa6117 }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name=Peds2011/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref name=Sue2014/> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱩᱨᱜᱩᱢ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Sue2014>{{cite book|author1=Sue E. Huether|title=Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323293754|page=498|edition=7|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=l9XsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498}}</ref> ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=CDC2010/> --> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=CDC2010/> ᱨᱩᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱒°ᱥᱮ (᱑᱐᱕ᱹ᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱗ᱹ᱖ ᱯᱷᱟ)ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱱᱟ। <ref name=Gar2012p375/> ==ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱼᱟ ᱾ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮᱼᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮᱼᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=Gar2012p5/> --> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱛᱟᱬᱩ , ᱡᱤᱵᱟᱬᱩ,ᱡᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ , ᱢᱮᱱᱤᱡᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ, ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=Gar2012p5/> --> ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ, ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱨᱳᱢᱵᱳᱥᱤᱥ,ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Gar2012p5>{{cite book|last1=Garmel|first1=edited by S.V. Mahadevan, Gus M.|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521747769|page=5|edition=2nd}}</ref> ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱚᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ , ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=NC08/> ==ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ== ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ । <ref name=Peds2011/>ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ <!-- <ref name=CDC2010/> -->ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱡᱚᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱹᱫᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱫ, ᱩᱨᱜᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=CDC2010>{{cite web|title=Taking Care of Someone Who is Sick|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/homecare/treatfever.htm|accessdate=8 May 2015|date=August 13, 2010}}</ref> [[ᱟᱭᱵᱩᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱ]] ᱵᱟᱝ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱤᱴᱟᱢᱳᱞ]] ᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book|last1=Garmel|first1=edited by S.V. Mahadevan, Gus M.|title=An introduction to clinical emergency medicine|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521747769|page=401|edition=2nd}}</ref> ᱯᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾। <ref name=CDC2010/> ᱦᱟᱭᱯᱚᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref name=Peds2011/> ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱨᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ?== ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱥᱴᱟ, ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ, ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱱᱟ, ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱪᱟᱹᱯᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱹᱯᱩ ᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ" ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ "ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱴ" ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱨᱮᱰ" ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ "ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ" ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ, ᱦᱟᱛᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱬ== <br /> ===ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ <ref>http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/pdf/Bigyan-Diganta-January-2012.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312231801/http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/pdf/bigyan-diganta-january-2012.pdf |date=12 March 2016 }} Monthly Odia magazine "Bigyan Diganta"(January,2012 ) * Content Copied using OR-TTsarala2UNICODE CONVERTER</ref> === {| class="wikitable" |- ! ᱮᱞ !! ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ!! ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱽ |- | ᱑ || ᱙᱗ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ ରୁ ᱙᱙ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ||ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ |- | ᱒ ||᱙᱙ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱑ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ|| ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ |- | ᱓ || ᱑᱐᱑ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱓ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ || ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ |- | ᱔ || ᱑᱐᱓ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱖ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ || ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ |- | ᱕||᱑᱐᱗ ᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ || ᱥᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ |} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== * Rhoades, R. and Pflanzer, R. Human physiology, third edition, chapter 27 ''Regulation of body temperature'', p.&nbsp;820 ''Clinical focus: pathogenesis of fever''. {{ISBN|0-03-005159-2}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Medical resources | ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|50||r|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|780.6}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 003090 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 785 | DiseasesDB = 18924 | MeshID = D005334 }} {{commons category}} * [http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/fever.html Fever and Taking Your Child's Temperature] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm US National Institute of Health factsheet] * [http://www.drugcite.com/indi/?i=PYREXIA Drugs most commonly associated with the adverse event Pyrexia (Fever) as reported the FDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309114919/http://www.drugcite.com/indi/?i=PYREXIA |date=9 March 2012 }} {{General symptoms and signs}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}} lbh93ml1jiak9o61pp1cl160qq71m51 0 6798 196360 102017 2026-08-12T02:40:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the academic journal titled ''Sexual Abuse''|Sexual Abuse (journal)}} '''ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ''' '''ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱷᱮᱲ ᱪᱷᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexual abuse|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|publisher=2018 American Psychological Association|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ, ᱥᱮ, ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱮᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱠ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱰᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ (ᱯᱤᱡᱚᱴᱤᱣᱨᱤᱣᱞᱤ) ᱢᱚᱞᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name='asb'>{{cite journal|title=Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|year=2002|volume=31|issue=6|pages=479–503|id= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_2002-12_31_6/page/479|format=|quote=Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.|doi=10.1023/A:1020603214218}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱮᱲ, ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ/ᱵᱩᱰᱷᱤ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱣᱦᱟᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱮᱡᱤᱛ (excited) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱮᱰ (Sexual excited) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱢᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ, ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ (sexual abuse) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱟ᱾ ==ᱣᱤᱠᱴᱤᱢ (ᱯᱤᱲᱤᱛ)== ===ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ=== ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱞᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱻᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱯᱴᱟᱦ (ᱦᱚᱢᱞᱟ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱟ᱾ ===ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ=== ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱸᱛᱩᱥᱴᱤ (satisfied) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱱᱷᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟ ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱭᱩᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱜᱟᱛᱤᱵᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱞᱚᱜᱽᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱰᱟᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱚᱡᱟᱨ (exposure) (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱯᱚᱞᱥ) ᱛᱮ ᱩᱞᱡᱷᱟᱣᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱴᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (adult) ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟᱭ᱾᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ, ᱟᱯᱟᱱᱨᱼᱫᱚᱥᱤ, ᱚᱣᱥᱟᱫᱽ, ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ, ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱜᱷᱟᱛᱡᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱣ ᱣᱤᱠᱟᱨ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱜᱽ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱬᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱣᱭᱚᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ, ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ (Sucide) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ, ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱵᱚᱨᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱚᱭᱚᱥᱠᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱣᱨᱤᱛᱤ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱛᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱤᱥᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱠᱩᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱠᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱡᱽᱡᱟᱝᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱟᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤᱣᱚᱨᱰ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱣᱮᱱᱫᱚᱱᱥᱤᱞᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱷᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱢᱵᱷᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱨᱜᱷᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱜᱷᱟᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ- ᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ- ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾ ==ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ== * Sorenson, Susan B. (1997). ''Violence and Sexual Abuse at Home: Current Issues in Spousal Battering and Child Maltreatment'', New York: Haworth Press. {{ISBN|1-56024-681-2}}. * Leigh Ann Reynolds. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED416651&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED416651 "People with Mental Retardation & Sexual Abuse. The Arc Q & A"], Arc National Headquarters, 1997 * {{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF01102020 | last1 = Baladerian | first1 = N. | year = 1991 | title = Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_sexuality-and-disability_winter-1991_9_4/page/323| journal = Sexuality and Disability | volume = 9 | issue = 4| pages = 323–335 }} * Sobsey, D. (1994). ''Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People With Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance?'' Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. {{ISBN|978-1-55766-148-7}} * Sobsey D. and [[Varnhagen, C.]] (1989). "Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward Prevention and Treatment". In M. Csapo and L. Gougen (Eds) ''Special Education Across Canada'' (pp.&nbsp;199–218). Vancouver Centre for Human Developmental Research * Valenti-Hien, D. and Schwartz, L. (1995). "The sexual abuse interview for those with developmental disabilities". James Stanfield Company, Santa Barbara: California. * Baur, Susan (1997), ''The Intimate Hour: Love and Sex in Psychotherapy''. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co. viii, 309 p. {{ISBN|0-395-82284-X}} * Walker, Evelyn, and Perry Deane Young (1986). ''A Killing Cure''. New York: H. Holt and Co. xiv, 338 p. ''N.B''.: Explanatory subtitle on book's dust cover: ''One Woman's True Account of Sexual and Drug Abuse and Near Death at the Hands of Her Psychiatrist''. Without ISBN * White-Davis, Donna (2009). ''Lovers in the Time of Plague''. == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{curlie|Society/Support_Groups/Sexual_Abuse|Sexual abuse}} * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childsexualabuse.html Child Sexual Abuse] at the [[National Institutes of Health]] {{Sex}} {{Sexual ethics}} {{Sexual abuse}} {{abuse}} {{Sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church}} {{Consequences of external causes}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sexual Abuse}} [[Category:Sexual abuse| ]] [[Category:Sex crimes]] [[Category:Sexual ethics]] [[Category:Sexual misconduct|Abuse]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} rs1vwgua1r67r0ul8qh4sztr6t0n4ma 0 7485 196424 39517 2026-08-12T04:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1802 Examples of Amine Peptide Protein and Steroid Hormone Structure.jpg|thumb|00px|ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜ-ᱟ ]] '''ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱷᱳᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱱᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱳᱬ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884499940|title=Biology for a changing world, with physiology|last=Shuster, Michèle,|isbn=9781464151132|edition=Second edition|location=New York, NY|oclc=884499940}}</ref> ᱦᱤᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱳ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱮᱠᱚᱥᱟᱱᱚᱭᱮᱰ * ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱚᱭᱮᱰ * ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱚ ᱟᱥᱤᱰ/ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱧ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱪᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱯᱤᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱡᱽᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱧᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ== ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱭ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=Nussey_Whitehead_2001>{{cite book|vauthors=Nussey S, Whitehead S |title=Endocrinology: an integrated approach|year= 2001 |publisher= Bios Scientific Publ. |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-85996-252-7 |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/}}</ref> # ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱟᱛᱮᱧ ᱾ # ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱚ ᱾ # ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱾ # ᱥᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱾ # ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱾ # ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱢᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱨᱭᱮᱰ ᱜᱞᱟᱱᱰ'', ''ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱜᱽᱡᱚᱥᱟᱭᱴᱚᱥᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱨᱮᱱ ᱴᱟᱨᱱᱥᱯᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ (ᱟᱵᱤᱥᱠᱟᱨ)== ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱟᱨᱱᱚᱞᱰ ᱟᱰᱚᱞᱯᱷ ᱵᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱞᱰ (᱑᱘᱔᱙)=== ᱟᱨᱱᱚᱞᱰ ᱟᱰᱚᱞᱯᱷ ᱵᱚᱨᱛᱷᱞᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ, ᱡᱩᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱳ ᱑᱘᱔᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱮᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱣᱟᱞ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name=":02">{{cite book |title=Principles of endocrinology and hormone action |editor-last1 = Belfiore | editor-first1 = Antonino | editor-last2 = LeRoith | name-list-format = vanc |isbn=9783319446752|location=Cham|oclc=1021173479}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book |title=Endocrine physiology|editor-last = Molina | editor-first = Patricia E. | name-list-format = vanc |date= 2018|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781260019353|oclc=1034587285}}</ref> ===ᱵᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ (᱑᱙᱐᱒)=== ==ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱞᱴᱤᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]], ᱡᱩᱱᱛᱩ, ᱯᱷᱚᱧᱡᱤ, ᱟᱞᱡᱤ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ <ref name="pmid15854582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenard J | title = Mammalian hormones in microbial cells | journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 147–50 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1585458 | doi = 10.1016/0968-0004(92)90323-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Janssens PM|title=Did vertebrate signal transduction mechanisms originate in eukaryotic microbes?| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_1987_12/page/456|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=12|pages=456–459|doi=10.1016/0968-0004(87)90223-4|year=1987}}</ref> ===ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ=== ====ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱭᱤᱰ==== ====ᱟᱢᱤᱱᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ==== ====ᱤᱠᱚᱥᱟᱱᱚᱭᱮᱰ==== ====ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱚᱭᱮᱰ==== ===ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ=== ===ᱫᱟᱨᱮ=== ==ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ == ᱦᱤᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Clearopathy|last=Lall|first=Solomon|publisher=Partridge Publishing India|year=2013|isbn=9781482815887|location=India|pages=1}}</ref> * ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ * ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱞᱤᱡᱤᱢ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱪᱟᱲᱚᱱᱟ ᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ * ᱨᱮᱝᱜᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ * ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱝᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱪᱟᱲᱚᱱᱟ == ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/hmrbase/ HMRbase: A database of hormones and their receptors] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 3sivnwnvillwl7npx742vdjmoxxhf8v 0 8101 196383 175526 2026-08-12T03:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196383 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[File:Father's love (cropped).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] [[File:Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans - Paternal advice.jpg|thumb|''Parental Advice'' by [[Josephus Laurentius Dyckmans]], created 1831-1888]] '''ᱵᱟᱵᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱦᱚᱣᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱠᱳᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱳᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱟᱭᱚ|ᱟᱭᱳ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱛᱟ, ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱞᱮᱠ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (x) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (y)ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ== ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱮᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ==ᱯᱤᱞᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ== ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱤᱞᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ]] ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ== * [[Father complex]] * [[Fathers' rights movement]] * [[Paternal age effect]] * [[Patricide]] * [[Paternal bond]] * [[Putative father]] * [[Putative father registry]] * [[Responsible fatherhood]] * [[Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage]] * [[Sociology of fatherhood]] *"Father" can also refer metaphorically to a person who is considered the founder of a body of knowledge or of an institution. In such context the meaning of "father" is similar to that of "founder". See [[List of persons considered father or mother of a field]]. ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Reflist|2}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ== {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Fathers}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Inhorn | editor-first = Marcia C. | editor-last2 = Chavkin | editor-first2 = Wendy | editor-last3 = Navarro | editor-first3 = José-Alberto | title = Globalized fatherhood | publisher = Berghahn | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781782384373 }} Studies by anthropologists, sociologists, and cultural geographers - * {{cite journal | last1 = Kraemer | first1 = Sebastian | year = 1991 | title = The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_family-process_1991-12_30_4/page/377 | journal = [[Family Process (journal)|Family Process]] | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 377–392 | doi = 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x | pmid=1790784 }} * {{cite book | last = Diamond | first = Michael J. | title = My father before me : how fathers and sons influence each other throughout their lives | publisher = W.W. Norton | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780393060607 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/myfatherbeforeme00diam }} * {{cite journal | last = Collier | first = Richard |title= Rethinking men and masculinities in the contemporary legal profession: the example of fatherhood, transnational business masculinities, and work-life balance in large law firms | journal = Nevada Law Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 7 | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/7 | date = 2013 }} {{Family}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Family]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Fatherhood]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Terms for men]] pn5u18pexbba2r6dbiee5se517ir0zi 0 9292 196382 139228 2026-08-12T03:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planetary system | title = Solar System | image = Solar System size to scale mul.svg | image_alt = A representative image of the Solar System with sizes, but not distances, to scale | image_size = frameless{{!}}upright=1.5 | caption = {{longitem|The [[Sun]] and [[Planets of the solar system|planets]]<br />''(distances not to scale)''|style=padding:8px 0 10px 0;}} | age = 4.568&nbsp;billion years | location = {{longitem|{{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Local Interstellar Cloud]], [[Local Bubble]], |[[Orion–Cygnus Arm]], [[Milky Way]]}}}} | system_mass = 1.0014 [[Solar mass]]es | neareststar = {{longitem|{{ublist|class=nowrap |[[Proxima Centauri]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(4.25 [[Light-year|ly]])}} |[[Alpha Centauri]] {{smaller|(4.37 ly)}}}}}} | nearestplanetary = {{nowrap|[[Proxima Centauri]] system{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(4.25 ly)}}}} | semimajoraxis = {{nowrap|30.10 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(4.503&nbsp;billion km)}}}} | Kuiper_cliff = 50 AU | noknown_stars = yes | stars = 1{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|([[Sun]])}} | planets = {{longitem|{{hlist|style=font-size:90%|8&nbsp;([[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]|[[Venus]]|[[Earth]]|[[Mars]]|<br />[[Jupiter]]|[[Saturn]]|[[Uranus]]|[[Neptune]])}}}} | outerplanetname = [[Neptune]] | dwarfplanets = {{longitem|Three universally accepted{{hlist|style=font-size:90%|([[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]|[[Pluto]]|[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]])}} two named by the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] under the expectation they will prove to be{{hlist|style=font-size:90%|([[Haumea]]|[[Makemake]])}}}} | satellites = {{longitem|575 {{hlist|{{smaller|(185 planetary<ref name="JPLbodies">{{cite web|title=How Many Solar System Bodies |publisher=NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?body_count |accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref>}} |{{smaller|390 [[minor planet]]ary<ref name="MPMJohnston">{{cite web|date=15 September 2019|title=Asteroids with Satellites |publisher=Johnston's Archive |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html |accessdate=28 September 2019}}</ref>)}}}}}} | minorplanets = 796,354{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(as of 2019-08-27)<ref name=MPCSummary/>}} | comets = 4,143{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(as of 2019-08-27)<ref name=MPCSummary>{{cite web|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary|title=Latest Published Data|website=The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center|accessdate=28 September 2019}}</ref>}} | roundsat = 19 (5 or 6 likely to be in [[hydrostatic equilibrium]]) | roundsatlink = Planetary-mass moon | inclination = 60.19°{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(ecliptic)}}<!---If anyone can find a cited value for the inclination of the Solar System's invariable plane to the galactic plane, please replace this value---> | galacticcenter = 27,000&thinsp;±&thinsp;1,000 ly | orbitalspeed = 220 km/s | orbitalperiod = 225–250 [[Myr]] | spectral = [[G-type main-sequence star|G2V]] | frostline = ≈5 AU<ref name="Mumma">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mumma | first1 = M.J. | last2 = Disanti | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Dello Russo | first3 = N. | last4 = Magee-Sauer | first4 = K. | last5 = Gibb | first5 = E. | last6 = Novak | first6 = R. | doi = 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00578-7 | title = Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_advances-in-space-research_2003-06_31_12/page/2563 | journal = Advances in Space Research | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 2563–2575 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 2003AdSpR..31.2563M | citeseerx = 10.1.1.575.5091 }}</ref> | heliopause = ≈120 AU | hillsphere = ≈1–3 ly }} {{Solar System navbox}} '''ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨ''' [[ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ]]ᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱣᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞᱤ (gravitationally) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢᱟ (orbit) ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦ (planet) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱰᱮᱵᱽᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱨᱵᱤᱴ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ - ᱯᱚᱨᱳᱠᱥᱦ (ᱳᱵᱽᱡᱮᱠᱴᱥ) ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ - ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱔.᱖ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ (million) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱸᱛᱚᱨᱛᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭ ᱟᱬᱣᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ (interstellar molecular cloud) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱣᱤᱴᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱱ (gravitational collapse of a giant) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱦᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ (Jupiter) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱫᱽᱨᱣᱭᱚᱢᱟᱱ (mass) ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱽᱨᱣᱭᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (Majority) ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ask7opr9g9m65ndveyzh5wfpc4z7cl3 0 9526 196420 159269 2026-08-12T04:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ | fossil_range = <br/>[[Eocene]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|34|0}} | image = Cacomantis flabelliformis.jpg | image_caption = [[Fan-tailed cuckoo]] (''Cacomantis flabelliformis'') | display_parents = 2 | parent_authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830 | taxon = Cuculidae | authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1820 | type_species = ''[[Cuculus canorus]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = Around 26 }} '''ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱦᱩ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ 'ᱭᱩᱰᱟᱭᱱᱮᱢᱤᱥ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱳᱯᱮᱠᱚᱥ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ - ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ, ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱤ, ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱞ/ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ/ᱠᱚᱹᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Ericson>{{cite journal | last1 = Ericson | first1 = P.G.P. |display-authors=et al | year = 2006 | title = Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils | url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | journal = [[Biology Letters]] | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–547 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 | pmid = 17148284 | pmc = 1834003 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307225744/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Ericson_et_al_2006.pdf | archivedate = 2008-03-07 }}</ref><ref name=Hackett>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763| journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609}}</ref><ref name=Jarvis2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E.D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904}}</ref> ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱪᱤᱛᱠᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱲ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱤᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱦᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱭᱟᱣᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱱᱠᱚᱴᱤᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱤᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱱᱷᱟᱦᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱤᱴ, ᱠᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ - ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱰ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱤᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱵᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ [[ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱦᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞᱰᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱞᱥᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱡᱚ, ᱠᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱡ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ== [[ᱠᱟᱺᱦᱩᱸ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]] 0ti1ylspev7azm7muopkv46ov70bfi0 0 10530 196419 151024 2026-08-12T04:43:06Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Bhaktivedanta|the college under same name|Bhaktivedanta College}} {{short description|Indian spiritual teacher and the founder-preceptor of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1896-1977)}} {{EngvarB|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | monastic_name = ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | honorific-prefix = ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ | honorific-suffix = ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩᱯᱟᱫᱚ | image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg | alt = | caption = ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱭᱤᱵᱮᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ | religion = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | philosophy = [[ᱚᱪᱤᱱᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱫᱚ]] | denomination = [[ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | sect = [[ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | lineage = ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚ-ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱚ-ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱭᱟ | temple = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱛᱷᱚ, ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ | other_name = | nationality = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ | birth_name = ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱮ | native_name_lang = ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚᱲᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ | birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]], [[ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ‌ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|14|1896|09|01|df=yes}} | death_place = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | resting_place = ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]] | resting_place_coordinates = | alma_mater = [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ|ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱳᱥ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ([[ᱵᱤ.ᱮ.]])<ref name="Info"/> | location = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | period = ᱑᱙᱖᱖–᱑᱙᱗᱗ | consecration = | predecessor = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | reason = | rank = | teacher = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | reincarnation_of = | students = | works = ''[[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱤᱛᱟ ᱮᱡᱽ ᱤᱴ ᱤᱡᱽ|ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱤᱛᱟ ᱮᱡᱽ ᱤᱴ ᱤᱡᱽ]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|ᱥᱨᱤᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚᱢ]]'', ''ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛᱟᱢᱨᱩᱛᱚ'' | initiation = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱠᱷᱥᱟ]] | initiation_date = ᱑᱙᱓᱓ | initiation_place = | initiator = [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱩᱨ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]] | ordination = ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ [[ᱟᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ]], ᱑᱙᱕᱙, [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱭᱟᱸᱱᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱭᱟᱸᱱᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱚᱵᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ]] | previous_post = | present_post = | post = [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩ]], [ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ]] | website = [http://iskcon.org/ Official Website of ISKCON] [http://www.prabhupada.net Official Website of Prabhupada] | background = #ffbb99 }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}} '''ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱵᱮᱫᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ''' (᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ – ᱑᱔ ᱱᱚᱣᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱗) ᱫᱚ '''ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱭᱭ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱮ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱯᱤᱨᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥᱱᱮᱥ]]<ref name="Srivatsa" /> (ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ) ‌ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ"(Hare Krishna Movement) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱵᱟᱲᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ [[ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ|ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱪᱚᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱾<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039249/Hare-Krishna#218723.hook|title=Hare Krishna |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=www.britannica.com |accessdate=9 April 2015 |first = John Gordon|last = Melton| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111942/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039249/Hare-Krishna | archivedate=11 April 2008|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/|title=His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|website=prabhupada.krishna.com|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829034321/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://berksbhaktiyoga.org/srilaprabhupada/|title=Who is Srila Prabhupada?}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.backtogodhead.in/avatar-credentials-by-his-divine-grace-a-c-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada/|title=Avatar Credentials by his Divine Grace A.C. Prabhupada}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ('''ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚ''') ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩᱯᱟᱫᱚ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱤᱠᱚᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱤᱥ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=77–78}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱩᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ([[ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱚ]]) ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ,<ref name="SDG6">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 6}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱤᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref name="Rodes" /><ref name = "SDG4"/> ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥᱚ]] ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱪᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "SDG9"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name = kk2/><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ As the founder of ISKCON, he "ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱠᱟᱶᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱪᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=309}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱱᱴᱤ-ᱠᱚᱞᱴ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ|ᱟᱱᱴᱤ-ᱠᱚᱞᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱳᱯᱥ]]‌ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟ.|ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱮ. ᱥᱴᱤᱞᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱦ, [[ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱠᱥ]], [[ᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱯᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱡᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMII.html#BranchesGM| title=Branches of the Gaudiya Math| publisher=www.vrindavan.org| accessdate=30 May 2008| last=Paramadvaiti| first=Swami B. A.| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704175744/http://www.vrindavan.org/English/Books/GM/GMII.html#BranchesGM| archivedate=4 July 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ,ᱭᱩᱨᱩᱯ,ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ [[ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ|ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱥᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱰᱚᱨ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 24579924|title = Unrecognized charisma? A study and comparison of five charismatic leaders: Charles Taze Russell, Joseph Smith, L Ron Hubbard, Swami Prabhupada and Sun Myung Moon|journal = Max Weber Studies|volume = 12|issue = 2|pages = 185–204|last1 = Chryssides|first1 = George D.|year = 2012|doi = 10.15543/MWS/2012/2/4}}</ref><ref>"in an evaluation of the nature of the [[guru]], [[Larry Shinn]], a scholar of religions, utilised [[Max Weber]]'s analysis of charisma in order to understand Prabhupada and the issue of leadership in [[ISKCON]]..."status as charismatic leader" {{Harvnb|Knott|1997|loc=Chapter: Prabhupada and role of guru}}</ref><ref name="Shinn87">{{Harvnb|Shinn|1987|p=49}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤᱴᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ [[ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ]]‌ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ, ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ, ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬᱚ]]'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱯᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱪᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | accessdate = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | publisher = ISKCON News | archive-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303235748/http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} Sources <!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be placed here. List only books and journals (not websites of newspaper sources). Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.--> {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 2002 | authorlink = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2 | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-89213-357-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ekstrand | first1 = Maria | last2 = Bryan | first2 = Edwin H. | year = 2004 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-231-12256-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Linda | year = 2001 | title = The challenge of the cults and new religions | publisher = Zondervan | location = Grand Rapids, Mich | isbn = 0-310-23217-1 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780310232179 }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Vasan | first1 = Mildred | last2 = Lewis | first2 = James P. | year = 2005 | title = Cults (contemporary world issues) | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, Calif | isbn = 1-85109-618-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Cole | first1 = Richard | last2 = Dwayer | first2 = Graham | year = 2007 | title = The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change | publisher = I. B. Tauris | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84511-407-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Goswami | first = Satsvarupa dasa | year = 1984 | edition = abr | authorlink = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami | title = Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world can live | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 0-89213-133-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Gelberg | editor-first = Steven J | year = 1983 | title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West. | author=Harvey Cox | author2=Larry D. Shinn | author3=Thomas J. Hopkins | author4=A.L. Basham | author5=Shrivatsa Goswami | location = New York | publisher = Grove Press | ref = {{sfnRef|Cox et al.|1983}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K. | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2000 | title = Hinduism: a short history | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | isbn = 1-85168-213-9 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos }} * {{Cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | year = 2007 | edition = 3rd | title = A survey of Hinduism | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7914-7081-7 | publisher = State University of New York Press | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bhaktivedanta | first = A. C. | year = 2003 | title = The Science of self-realization | publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | location = [[Los Angeles]] | isbn = 91-7149-447-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shinn | first = Larry D | authorlink = Larry Shinn | editor-last = Bromley | editor-first = David G | editor-link = David G. Bromley | year = 1987 | title = The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century | journal = The Future of New Religious Movements | pages = 123–140 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&pg=PA123&dq=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia | ref = CITEREFShinnBromley1987 | isbn = 978-0-86554-238-9}} * {{Cite journal | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 1997 | title = Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada | journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]] | pages = 5: 1 | url = http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 2005 | contribution = Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions | title = The Routledge companion to the study of religion | publisher = Routledge | editor-first = John | editor-last = Hinnells | page = [https://books.google.com/?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243 243] | isbn = 978-0-415-33311-5 }} * {{Cite book | last = Shinn | first = Larry D. | authorlink = Larry Shinn | year = 1987 | title = The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America | publisher = Philadelphia: Westminster Press | isbn = 0-664-24170-0 | oclc = 15017927 | ol = 2737873M | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last1 = Goswami | first1 = Srivatsa | year = 1983 | title = Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1983-08_42_4/page/986 | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 986–988 | doi = 10.2307/2054828 | ref = {{sfnRef|Goswami et al.|1983}} | issn = 0021-9118 | jstor = 2054828 | last2 = Dasa Goswami | first2 = Satsvarupa | last3 = Cox | first3 = Harvey | last4 = Hopkins | first4 = Thomas J. | last5 = Judah | first5 = J. Stillson}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Sharma | editor-first = Jagdish Saran | year = 1981 | title = Encyclopaedia Indica | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ | oclc = 8033900 | ol = 13760440M | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Shinn | first1 = Larry D | authorlink1 = Larry Shinn | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G | authorlink2 = David G. Bromley | title = Krishna consciousness in the West | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg [Pa.] | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-8387-5144-X | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada {{Commons category|Prabhupada}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://vedabase.com/ Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada] * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}} * http://harekrishnathing.com/ * https://ibtimes.com/swami-prabhupada-founder-hare-krishna-movement-virulent-racist-anti-semite-1412102 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801163242/https://www.ibtimes.com/swami-prabhupada-founder-hare-krishna-movement-virulent-racist-anti-semite-1412102 |date=1 August 2023 }} * https://harekrishnatruthout.wordpress.com/tag/women/ * https://www.srilaprabhupadalila.org/ *[https://vrajvrindavan.com/srila-prabhupada/ Srila Prabhupada Complete Biography (1896-1977)] {{Vaishnava philosophy}} {{Navboxes|title=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Navigational boxes | titlestyle = background:#A4D8ED; |list= {{Caitanya sampradaya}} {{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}} {{Modern Hindu writers}} {{Hindu reform movements}} {{Religious pluralism}} {{Bengal Renaissance}} {{George Harrison}} }} {{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Hinduism|India|Religion}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhupada, A. C. 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[[Category:Vedanta]] [[Category:Hindu acharyas]] [[Category:20th-century Indian singers]] [[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]] f00wdfijebe2gnpwlk96tggruxb8knh 0 10644 196347 55977 2026-08-12T02:25:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ | Latin = Articulatio genus | Image = | Caption = Right male knee | Image2 = Blausen 0597 KneeAnatomy Side.png | Caption2 = Right knee seen from the right side | Precursor = | System = [[Human musculoskeletal system|Musculoskeletal system]] | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = [[femoral nerve|femoral]], [[obturator nerve|obturator]], [[sciatic nerve|sciatic]] | Lymph = }} ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱞᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱭᱥ (ᱰᱤᱵᱳᱯᱷᱮᱢᱳᱨᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ)<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Anatomy of Knee |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KquYyFiVHtIC&pg=PA10 |pages=10–11 |first=Bimal |last=Chhajer |year=2006 |title=Knee Pain |publisher=Fusion Books |isbn=978-81-8419-181-3}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱠᱟ (ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱞᱳᱯᱷᱮᱢᱳᱨᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulowski |first1=Jacob |date=July 1932 |title=Flexion contracture of the knee |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=618–63 |url=http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618 |access-date=2015-05-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160803181853/http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618 |archive-date=2016-08-03 |url-status=dead }} Republished as: {{cite journal |pmid=17975372 |year=2007 |last1=Kulowski |first1=J |title=Flexion contracture of the knee: The mechanics of the muscular contracture and the turnbuckle cast method of treatment; with a review of fifty-five cases. 1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-orthopaedics-and-related-research_2007-11_464/page/4 |journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research |volume=464 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.1097/BLO.0b013e31815760ca |doi-broken-date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱪᱤᱞᱟ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱥᱴᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱞᱚᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱚᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ == ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱰᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱰ ᱦᱤᱝ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱽᱰ ᱰᱟᱵᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞᱳᱯᱷᱮᱢᱳᱨᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱭᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞᱳ ᱥᱮ "ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮᱯ" ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱞᱳ ᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱰ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱣᱚ ᱴᱤᱵᱳᱯᱷᱮᱢᱳᱨᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱭᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱴᱤᱵᱩᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱭᱩᱠᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱞᱮᱥ ᱞᱤᱠᱣᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱞᱮᱥ ᱡᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱝᱭᱩᱠᱛ ᱠᱮᱭᱯᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱚᱝᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱳᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ kneecap ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ (ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱢᱟᱭᱰ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱳᱥᱟᱭᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ == ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱞᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱴᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱞᱮᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱞ ᱣᱤᱰᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱭᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} auowac8ruweygdcwzo2tsnzllt6zvzy 0 11032 196391 190815 2026-08-12T03:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Universe |image = [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|300px]] |caption = [[ᱦᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱞᱴᱨᱟ-ᱰᱤᱯ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱤᱧ [[ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ|ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤ]] ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ (ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑/᱗᱙ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ)<ref name="spacetelescope.org">{{cite web |url=http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |title=Hubble sees galaxies galore |work=spacetelescope.org |accessdate=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504043058/http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱵᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱢᱚᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |label1 = [[Age of the universe|Age]] (within [[Lambda-CDM model]]) |data1 = 13.799 ± 0.021 ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ |label2 = Diameter |data2 = [[ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ: {{val|8.8|e=26|u=m}} {{nowrap|(28.5 G[[parsec|pc]] or 93 G[[light-year|ly]])}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Itzhak|last1=Bars|first2=John|last2=Terning|title=Extra Dimensions in Space and Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFSMatekilIC&pg=PA27|accessdate=May 1, 2011|date=November 2009 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-77637-8|pages=27–}}</ref> |label3 = ᱢᱟᱥ (ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ) |data3 = At least 10⁵³ kg<ref name="Paul Davies 2006 43">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Davies|date=2006|title=The Goldilocks Enigma|page=43ff|publisher=First Mariner Books|isbn=978-0-618-59226-5|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicjackpotwhy0000davi|url-access=registration}}</ref> |label4 = Average density (including the contribution from [[energy]]) |data4 = 9.9 x 10⁻³⁰ g/cm³<ref name="wmap_universe_made_of">{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014|title=Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of?|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref> |label5 = ᱢᱩᱴ ᱛᱟᱯ |data5 = 2.72548 [[Kelvin|K]]<ref name=Fixsen>{{Cite journal |last1=Fixsen |first1=D.J. |date=2009 |title=The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-12-20_707_2/page/916 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=707 |issue=2|pages=916–20 |arxiv=0911.1955 |bibcode=2009ApJ...707..916F |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916}}</ref> |label6 = Main contents |data6 = [[Baryon#Baryonic matter|Ordinary (baryonic)]] [[matter]] (4.9%)<br />[[Dark matter]] (26.8%)<br />[[Dark energy]] (68.3%) |label7 = ᱜᱚᱰᱷᱚᱱ |data7 = [[Shape of the universe|Flat]] with a 0.4% margin of error<ref>{{cite web |author=NASA/WMAP Science Team|date=January 24, 2014 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=Universe 101: Will the Universe expand forever? |publisher=NASA|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref> _ The world we imagine is a four-dimensional supermosphere with mountains and valleys }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== bnw1c3wduoli3iadbryssrm0zc8654b 0 12410 196421 130747 2026-08-12T04:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱜᱽᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱭ ᱟᱛᱟᱝᱟᱸ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ-ᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡᱽᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱜᱟᱲᱦᱟᱸᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ==Structure== {{See also|Umbilical vein|Umbilical artery}} [[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing of the ''[[Vitruvian Man]]'' by [[ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱟᱨᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱧᱪᱤ|Leonardo da Vinci]]]] The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants.<ref name="Openstax Anatomy & Physiology">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | access-date=November 16, 2013}}</ref> The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic [[spinal nerve]] (T10 [[dermatome (anatomy)|dermatome]]). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 [[vertebrae]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Harold |title=Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=1-4051-3804-1 }}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae.<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_25.html |title=Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure |first1=Ronan |last1=O'Rahilly |first2=Fabiola |last2=Müller |first3=Stanley |last3=Carpenter |first4=Rand |last4=Swenson |chapter=Abdominal walls |publisher=Dartmouth Medical School |year=2004 |access-date=2020-07-30 |archive-date=2011-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920102902/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_25.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the ''belly button''. Around the cord remnant, is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous [[umbilical ring]]. Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the [[urachus]], which originates from the bladder.<ref name=Parts>{{cite journal |last1=Khati |first1=Nadia J. |last2=Enquist |first2=Erik G. |last3=Javitt |first3=Marcia C. |title=Imaging of the Umbilicus and Periumbilical Region |journal=Radiographics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=413–4 |year=1998 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.18.2.9536487|pmid=9536487 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Forms=== {{Commons category}} The navel is unique to each individual due to its being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shiffman |first=Melvin |title=Adult Umbilical Reconstruction: Principles and Techniques |publisher= Springer |location=Switzerland |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-43885-6 |page=53 |chapter=7.3 }}</ref> <ref name=Types>{{cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Fahmy |chapter=Umbilicus Types and Shapes |publisher=Springer |location=Egypt |year=2018 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-62383-2_22 |pages=105–8 |title=Umbilicus and Umbilical Cord |isbn=978-3-319-62382-5 }}</ref> *'''Outie''': A navel consisting of the umbilical tip protruding past the periumbilical skin is an outie. Essentially any navel which is not concave. **'''Swirly/Spiral''': A rare form in which the umbilical cord scar literally forms a swirl shape. **'''Split''': The protruding umbilical cord scar extends outwards, but is cleft in two by a fissure which extends part or all the way through the umbilical cord scar. This form is similar in appearance to a coffee bean. **'''Protrusion''': The umbilical cord remnant is completely divulged, exposing the full umbilical scar. **'''Circlet''': Although the entirety of the umbilical cord remnant sits out with the umbilical collar, the centre of the knot is inset by a deep fissure. Unlike a split outie, in this form the fissure is contained centrally and does not extend past the umbilical cord remnant in any direction, much akin to a 'donut' shape.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stephen Cullen |first=Thomas |title=Umbilicus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/embryologyanatom00culluoft |publisher= W.B.Saunders Company |location=Australia |year=1916 |isbn=978-0-7334-2609-4 |page=1.1–1.7 |chapter=2 }}</ref> *'''Innie''': A navel in which the umbilical tip does not protrude past the periumbilical skin. Any navel which is concave. **'''Round shaped''': Round navels are completely circular with no hooding. **'''Vertical shaped''': Some navels present in the form of a more elongate hollow parallel with the [[Linea alba (abdomen)|linea alba]]. **'''Oval''': This form consists of three variants; superior hooding, inferior hooding, no hooding. **'''T-shaped''': As the name states, the scar is in the shape of a T, and may have superior hooding to various extent. **'''Horizontal''': The scar is least visible as the natural lines of the [[tendinous intersection]] fold over the scar. *'''Distorted''': Any navel which does not fit well into any of the other categories. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Carlson Twins.jpg|Both [[Carlson Twins|Carlson twins]] have swirly navels File:T-shaped navel.jpg|A t-shaped navel File:Navel 2 - Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, July 25 2010.jpg|One of many variations of an outie File:Belly Button.jpg|An innie navel </gallery> ==Clinical significance== [[File:Navel after a laparoscopic procedure.jpg|thumb|The navel of an adult male a few days after a laparoscopic procedure to remove the appendix.|The navel of an adult male a few days after a [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic procedure]] to remove the [[Appendix (anatomy)|appendix]].]] ===Disorders=== Outies are sometimes mistaken for [[umbilical hernia]]s; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion were 5 [[centimeter]]s or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2 inch or more.<ref name="pmid11369993">{{cite journal |last1=Meier |first1=Donald E. |last2=OlaOlorun |first2=David A. |last3=Omodele |first3=Rachael A. |last4=Nkor |first4=Sunday K. |last5=Tarpley |first5=John L. |title=Incidence of Umbilical Hernia in African Children: Redefinition of 'Normal' and Reevaluation of Indications for Repair |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-journal-of-surgery_2001-05_25_5/page/645 |journal=World Journal of Surgery |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=645–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11369993 |doi=10.1007/s002680020072 }}</ref> Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies".<ref>Ceccanti, Silvia, et al. "Umbilical cord sparing technique for repair of congenital hernia into the cord and small omphalocele." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 52.1 (2017): 192-196.</ref> While the shape of the human navel may be affected by longterm changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of [[ascites]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven K. |last=Herrine |title=Ascites |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver_and_gallbladder_disorders/manifestations_of_liver_disease/ascites.html |publisher=[[The Merck Manuals]]}}</ref> {{clear left}} In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from [[ascites]] and [[umbilical hernia]]s, the navel can be involved in umbilical [[sinus (anatomy)|sinus]] or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical [[endometriosis]].<ref name="BagadeGuirguis2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bagade |first1=Pallavi V |last2=Guirguis |first2=Mamdouh M |title=Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=3 |issue= |page=9326 |year=2009 |pmid=20062755 |pmc=2803849 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-9326 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pediatriceducation.org/2008/06/02/ |title=What's Wrong With His Belly Button? |date=June 2, 2008 |first=Donna M. |last=D'Alessandro }}{{self-published inline|date=August 2015}}{{MEDRS|date=August 2015}}</ref> ===Other disorders=== *[[Omphalitis]], an inflammatory condition of the umbilicus in the [[neonate|newborn]], usually caused by a bacterial infection.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunningham|first = F. |title=Williams Obstetrics: The Newborn |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=24th }}</ref><ref>Fleisher, Gary R. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, p.&nbsp;928.</ref> * Omphalophobia is the fear of belly buttons. People suffering from Omphalophobia are terrified of belly buttons—their own or, in some cases, those of others. They do not like touching their belly buttons (or even other people touching it). Sometimes just seeing a belly button is enough to make them feel disgusted or terrified. ===Surgery=== To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaehler |first1=G. |last2=Schoenberg |first2=M. B. |last3=Kienle |first3=P. |last4=Post |first4=S. |last5=Magdeburg |first5=R. |title=Transgastric appendicectomy |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=911–5 |year=2013 |pmid=23575528 |doi=10.1002/bjs.9115 |lay-url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/259007.php |laysource=Medical News Today |laydate=April 12, 2013 }}</ref> [[gall bladder]] surgery,<ref>{{cite press release |title=SRMC Surgeon Offers Gallbladder Removal through Belly Button Incision with da Vinci® System |publisher=Southeastern Health |date=December 9, 2013 |url=http://www.srmc.org/main/aboutfastfact/aboutnewsarticles/892-srmc-surgeon-offers-gallbladder-removal-through-belly-button-incision-with-da-vincir-system.html |accessdate=August 16, 2015 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421164009/http://www.srmc.org/main/aboutfastfact/aboutnewsarticles/892-srmc-surgeon-offers-gallbladder-removal-through-belly-button-incision-with-da-vincir-system.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[umbilicoplasty]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bruekers |first1=Sven E. |last2=van der Lei |first2=Berend |last3=Tan |first3=Tik L. |last4=Luijendijk |first4=Roland W. |last5=Stevens |first5=Hieronymus P. J. D. |title='Scarless' Umbilicoplasty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-plastic-surgery_2009-07_63_1/page/15 |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19546666 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181877b60 }}</ref> procedure itself. ==Fashion, society and culture== {{Further|Cultural views on the navel}} The public exposure of the male and female [[midriff]] and bare navel was considered [[taboo]] at times in the past in [[Western culture]]s, being considered [[Modesty|immodest]] or [[indecent exposure|indecent]]. Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable.<ref name="news">{{cite news|title=New code may reveal navel |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eLtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gFMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3939,2026891&dq=navel+reveal |accessdate=20 April 2012 |newspaper=Mohave Daily Miner |date=24 March 1985}}</ref> The [[crop top]] is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young men and women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/men-s-crop-top-seem-to-be-trending-thanks-to-kid-cudi-the-social-media-and-the-catwalk-9678555.html|title=Kid Cudi Mens Crop Top Trending|website=www.independent.co.uk|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Exposure of the male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male [[navel piercing]].<ref name="Crop">{{cite web |title= Crop Top Comeback |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/a8a41390-c35c-44be-b868-c7947211ea2e |accessdate=14 September 2018 |newspaper=BBC |date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The navel and midriff are often also displayed in [[bikini|bikinis]], or when [[low-rise pants]] are worn. While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with [[India]]n women,<ref name="Mukulika">Banerjee, Mukulika & Miller, Daniel (2003) ''The Sari''. Oxford; New York: Berg {{ISBN|1-85973-732-3}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> often displayed with [[Sari]]s or [[Lehenga]]s. The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] have long had a special regard for the navel. During the early [[Jōmon period]] in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized the center where life began.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=First Indications of Symbolic Expression |pages=114–5 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrla4QyhFasC&pg=PA114 |first=Nelly |last=Naumann |authorlink=Nelly Naumann |year=2000 |title=Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04329-8}}</ref> In Arabic-[[Levant]]ine culture, [[Belly dance|belly dancing]] is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on the torso and navel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellydance.org/articles/bellydance_history/|title=Belly Dance History – A History of Belly Dancing « Belly Dance org|website=www.bellydance.org|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] refers to the [[chakra]] of the navel as the [[manipura]]. In [[qigong]], the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or [[dantian]]. In [[Hinduism]], the [[Kundalini|Kundalini energy]] is sometimes described as being located at the navel. <gallery widths="240" heights="240"> File:Navel piercing.jpg|Two women with navel piercings File:Belly Dance (4252337733).jpg|Belly dancers File:Elia Markopoulos at an NECW event in Malden, MA 1-13-12.jpg|A man wearing a crop top File:Yosakoi Performers at Kochi Yosakoi 2006 17.jpg|Japanese women performing a traditional Japanese dance [[Yosakoi]] in navel-exposing attire in the Yosakoi Matsuri 2006 at [[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]] </gallery> ==See also== * [[Navel fetishism]] * [[Alvinolagnia]] * [[Omphaloskepsis]] * [[Skin flora#Umbilical microbiome|Umbilical microbiome]] * [[Omphalos hypothesis]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite journal |last1=Moreau |first1=Corrie S. |last2=Hulcr |first2=Jiri |last3=Latimer |first3=Andrew M. |last4=Henley |first4=Jessica B. |last5=Rountree |first5=Nina R. |last6=Fierer |first6=Noah |last7=Lucky |first7=Andrea |last8=Lowman |first8=Margaret D. |last9=Dunn |first9=Robert R. |title = A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse, but Predictable |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e47712 |year=2012 |pmid=23144827 |pmc=3492386 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047712 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...747712H }} *{{cite journal |last1=Gabriele |first1=Raimondo |last2=Conte |first2=Marco |last3=Egidi |first3=Federico |last4=Borghese |first4=Mario |title=Umbilical metastases: current viewpoint |journal=World Journal of Surgical Oncology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=13 |year=2005 |pmid=15723695 |pmc=552325 |doi=10.1186/1477-7819-3-13 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Piskun |first1=Gregory |last2=Rajpal |first2=Sanjeev |title=Transumbilical Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Utilizes No Incisions Outside the Umbilicus |journal=Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=361–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10488834 |doi=10.1089/lap.1999.9.361 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Stefan B. |last2=Faller |first2=Mary S. |last3=Puckett |first3=Charles L. |title=In Search of the Ideal Female Umbilicus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery_2000-01_105_1/page/389 |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=389–92 |year=2000 |pmid=10627008 |doi=10.1097/00006534-200001000-00062 }} *{{cite web |title=New meaning to 'navel-gazing': Scientists study belly button bacteria |date=April 14, 2011 |url=http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/14/6466035-new-meaning-to-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria |publisher=[[NBC News]] |work=Body Odd |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160726085907/http://bodyodd.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/04/14/6466035-new-meaning-to-navel-gazing-scientists-study-belly-button-bacteria |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url = http://navels.yourwildlife.org |title = Belly Button Biodiversity Project |access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160730002157/http://navels.yourwildlife.org/ |archive-date = 30 July 2016 |url-status = dead }} {{-}} {{human anatomical features}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Abdomen]] pa58qhm4cjpps5staet3c1u89gm6vbt 0 12626 196368 180018 2026-08-12T02:54:45Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | name = ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ<br>Red panda<br>ৰঙা পাণ্ডা | image = RedPandaFullBody.JPG | image_caption = ᱥᱤᱱᱥᱤᱱᱟᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱬᱭᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |author=Glatston, A. |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Than Zaw |author4=Sherpa, A. |last-author-amp=yes |page=e.T714A110023718 |date=2015}}</ref> | genus = ᱟᱭᱞᱩᱨᱩᱥ | parent_authority = ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱵᱟᱨᱨ, ᱑᱘᱒᱕ | species = ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱡᱮᱱᱥ | authority = ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱵᱟᱨᱨ, ᱑᱘᱒᱕ | subdivision_ranks = ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ | subdivision = ''ᱮᱹᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱡᱮᱱᱥ'' <small>ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱵᱟᱨᱨ, ᱑᱘᱒᱕</small><br> ''ᱮᱹᱮᱯᱷᱹᱥᱴᱮᱭᱟᱱᱤ'' <small>ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ, ᱑᱙᱐᱒</small> | range_map = Ailurus fulgens distribution clipped.svg | range_map_alt = Map showing the range of the red pandas | range_map_caption = ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱧᱡᱽ }} [[File:Red panda eating bamboo at Symbio Wildlife Park.webm|thumb|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ( ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥᱺ ৰঙা পাণ্ডা; ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ: Red Panda, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱺ-Ailurus fulgens) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱹᱤᱹᱥᱤᱹᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱵᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱫᱚᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ| ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱣᱟ| ==ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐-᱖᱘ ᱥᱤᱹᱢᱤᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱘-᱕᱙ ᱥᱤᱹᱢᱤᱹ ᱦᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ<ref name="roberts+gittleman">{{cite journal |author=Roberts, M. S.; Gittleman, J. L. |year=1984 |title=Ailurus fulgens |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=222 |pages=1–8 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/4231/1/Roberts1984.pdf |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022125/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/4231/1/Roberts1984.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2008-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), ''Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife''. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0789477645</ref>|ᱮᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓ᱹ᱗-᱖ᱹ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱓-᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ| ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱚᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱰ ᱜᱮ, ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ| ==ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱦᱮᱱᱱ== [[File:Tiergarten Schoenbrunn Kleiner Panda 2.jpg|thumb|Red panda sleeping|alt=A Red panda lies sleeping on a branch high in a tree, with tail stretched out behind and legs dangling on each side of the branch]] ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱱ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]], ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ| ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱸ ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ [[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ | ==ᱪᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ== ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱝᱟ(territorial)। ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱥ ᱵᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱰ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱸᱰᱦᱚᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ| ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱱᱰᱵᱚᱞ ᱵᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱨᱟ| ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗-᱒᱕ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ| ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * {{cite journal|first=J. Pecon|last=Slattery|first2=S. J.|last2=O'Brien|year=1995|title=Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'')|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_november-december-1995_86_6/page/413|journal=The Journal of Heredity|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–22|pmid=8568209}} * Mace, G.M. and Balmford, A. (2000). “Patterns and processes in contemporary mammalian extinction.” In Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity. Has the Panda had its day?, A. Entwhistle and N. Dunstone (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp.&nbsp;27–52. * {{cite web|url=http://infohost.nmt.edu/~biology/EvolutionWeb/Miyashiro/PandasBackground.pdf|title=Background information on the question: "Do Pandas Really Exist?"|last=Miyashiro|date=2006-08-25|publisher=New Mexico Tech|accessdate=2010-01-09|archive-date=2011-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052228/http://infohost.nmt.edu/~biology/EvolutionWeb/Miyashiro/PandasBackground.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/04/03/proper-pandas/|title=Nigayla-ponya, firefox, true panda: its life and times|last=Naish|first=Darren|date=2008-04-03|publisher=Tetrapod Zoology|accessdate=2010-01-09}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.redpandanetwork.org Red Panda Network, USA] – The world's only non-profit organization dedicated to red panda conservation. * [http://www.redpanda.org.np/ Red Panda Network, Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923213157/http://redpanda.org.np/ |date=2009-09-23 }} * [http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ ARKive: ''Red panda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |date=2008-10-15 }} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ailurus_fulgens.html Animal Diversity Web] ''Ailurus fulgens''. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. * [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/ailufulg.htm Animal Info: ''Red Panda''] * [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper Birmingham Nature Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616071407/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |date=2015-06-16 }} – UK breeding program. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] 9yexpeu47g4n93u07ecv6lkhfmfp8te 0 12680 196345 188803 2026-08-12T02:18:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ | settlement_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | image_skyline = Kailasanathar temple Kanchipuram (16).jpg | image_alt = ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ | image_caption = [[ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ|ᱠᱟᱭᱞᱟᱥᱟᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]], 685–705, the oldest temple in the city | nickname = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ, ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|12.8387|N|79.7016|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{IND}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type2 = ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ | subdivision_type3 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱛᱚᱝᱰᱟᱭᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞᱟᱢ|ᱛᱚᱝᱰᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | governing_body = ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ᱑᱖᱔᱒᱖᱕ | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +᱐᱕:᱓᱐ | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = ᱖᱓᱑᱕᱐᱑-᱖᱓᱑᱕᱐᱓ | area_code = ᱐᱔᱔ | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | registration_plate = TN-21 | website = {{URL|kanchi.tn.nic.in}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] }} '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ''', ᱚᱠᱚᱭ '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱤᱧᱟ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ : ᱴᱚᱸᱰᱤᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑.᱖᱐᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔.᱔᱘᱑ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱖᱔,᱒᱖᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ== ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ {{Coord|12.8387|N|79.7016|E||display=}} ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱗᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑.᱖ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱔.᱕ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱓.᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱗᱓ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|About City|2011}} ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ{{sfn|About City|2011}} ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfn|K.V.|1975|pp=1–4}} ==ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ== [[File:Kanchi Kudil kanchipuram.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|alt=House with thatched roof|A house depicting old living style of Kanchipuram]] {{Historical populations |align = left |state=collapsed |1871|37275 |1881|37312 |1891|42547 |1901|46164 |1911|53864 |1921|61376 |1931|65258 |1941|74685 |1951|84810 |1961|92714 |1971|110657 |1981|131013 |1991|144955 |2001|153140 |2011|164265 |footnote=Sources: * 1871: {{sfn|Hunter|1885}} * 1901 – 1991:{{sfn|Kanchipuram Master Plan|2001}} * 2001:{{sfn|Kanchipuram : Census 2011}} * 2011:{{sfn|Kanchipuram population|2012}} }} ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱚᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓.᱙ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=142}} {{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]]|Orange|93.38}}{{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ]]|Green|5.24}}{{bar percent|[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ]]|purple|0.83}}{{bar percent|[[ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ]]|Blue|0.4}}{{bar percent|[[ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱷ]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|ᱮᱴᱟᱜ|grey|0.11}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}} ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱸᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱒᱙᱕ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱑᱖᱔,᱓᱘᱔ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱙᱒᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱕,᱙᱕᱕, ᱘,᱑᱕᱘ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗,᱗᱙᱗ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱓.᱕᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱐.᱐᱙% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱗᱒.᱙᱙% ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱱᱮᱢ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱗᱙.᱕᱑% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱔᱑᱘᱐᱗ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ== ==ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ== ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite map|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=12 November 2012|year=2008|ref={{sfnRef|Seismic Zoning 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India|year=2013|accessdate=26 January 2014|ref={{sfnRef|National Sex Ratio 2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Religious places in Kanchipuram|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanchipuram01.aspx?catid=010106P03|publisher=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation|year=2011|accessdate = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Religious places in Kanchipuram|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title= University of Madras – affiliated colleges|url=http://cdc.unom.ac.in/|publisher=University of Madras|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|University of Madras – affiliated colleges|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title= AICTE list of approved institutes|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/mis/Engg_Tech.htm|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|publisher=AICTE|ref={{sfnRef|AICTE list of approved institutes|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title=Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital|url=http://www.tnhealth.org/megh34.htm|publisher=Department of Health, Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|TN Health Department – Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital|2012}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831052351/http://www.tnhealth.org/megh34.htm|archive-date=31 August 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Meeenakshi Medical College and Research Institute|url=http://www.mmchri.res.in/|publisher=Meenakshi Medical College|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Meeenakshi Medical College and Research Institute|2012}}|archive-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610205929/http://www.mmchri.res.in/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title= Deemed University List|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=31&Unitype=4|publisher=University Grants Commission|accessdate = 8 June 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Deemed University list|2012}} }} * {{cite web|title=Train Running 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Kanchipuram|2011}}|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121218154807/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-edu.htm|archivedate=18 December 2012}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram district police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/kpm.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|year=2011|accessdate = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram district police|2011}} }} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram City Banks|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_bank.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218160520/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv_bank.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram City Banks|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-routes.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218152014/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/srv-routes.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=8 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Bus routes, Train schedules, Air schedules|2011}}}} * {{cite web|title=About City|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/abt-city.htm|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|About City|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227080706/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/abt-city.htm|archive-date=27 December 2011}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/tourism%20place.html|title=Tourist places in Kanchipuram|publisher=National Informatics centre|year=2012|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Tourist places in Kanchipuram|2012}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094259/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/tourism%20place.html|archivedate=23 April 2012}} *{{cite web|url=http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm|year=2011|title=Historical Importance of Kanchipuram|publisher=National Informatics centre|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Historical Importance of Kanchipuram|2011}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518021820/http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm|archivedate=18 May 2006}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_population.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218193047/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_population.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|publisher=Kanchipuram municipality|accessdate=14 September 2012|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram population|2012}}}} * {{cite web|title=Region Details|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/region.html#madu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board|accessdate=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|TNEB region details|2011}} }} * {{cite web|title=Solid waste management|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|year=2011|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Waste management programme|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229105010/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|archive-date=29 December 2009}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram water supply|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_watersupply.htm|year=2011|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Kanchipuram water supply|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306164504/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_watersupply.htm|archive-date=6 March 2014}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram sewage and sanitation|location=India|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/sal_sewerage.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality|year=2011|accessdate=13 September 2012|ref={{sfnref|Kanchipuram sewage and sanitation|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229105005/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/sal_sewerage.htm|archive-date=29 December 2009}} * {{cite web|title=State of Rural wireline broadband|publisher=BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle|location=Tamil Nadu|url=http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|year=2011|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|BSNL|2011}}|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161317/http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|archivedate=18 July 2013}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.dickpm.in/profile.htm|publisher=Department of Industries and Commerce district industries centre, Kanchipuram District|title=Kanchipuram Industrial profile|year=2012|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Industrial profile|2012}}|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331120624/http://www.dickpm.in/profile.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram Municipality – Chairman|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_chairperson.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Municipality – Chairman|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111191348/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_chairperson.htm|archive-date=11 January 2011}} * {{cite web|title=Kanchipuram Municipality – Commissioner|year=2011|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who-comm.htm|publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Kanchipuram Municipality – Commissioner|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218164314/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Kancheepuram/who-comm.htm|archive-date=18 February 2010}} * {{cite web |title=Vice Chairman of Kanchipuram municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/who_Deputy_chairperson.htm |year=2011 |publisher=Kanchipuram Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=26 June 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Vice-Chairman of Kanchipuram municipality|2011}} 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Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFldI75dRcC&pg=PA161|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=R.G.|first=Grant|title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History |year=2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|location=United States|isbn=9780789322333|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA465|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta | last= Sastri | year=2008 | title= A History of South India| edition= 4th| publisher= Oxford University Press | location= New Delhi, India|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| authorlink=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | origyear= 1935| year= 1935| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | first= Prakashanand | last= Saraswati| year=2001 | title= The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of| edition= 1st| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass | location= New Delhi, India| isbn=81-208-1789-3 |ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLN2I9yTTkC&pg=PA492}} * {{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Varanasi Raj Gopal | title = Kanchi Kamakoti Math, a myth | publisher = Ganga-Tunga Prakashan | year = 1987 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T5DXAAAAMAAJ&q=Sarvagnya+Peetha&dq=Sarvagnya+Peetha | isbn = 0-415-40868-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Tej Ram | title = Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 1978 | url = https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft | page = [https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/255 255] | isbn = 0-415-40868-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = Vincent Aruthur Smith | title = The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest including the invastion of Alexander the Great | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 1914 |edition =3rd | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b9a1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA474 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&pg=PA27|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Kanchipuram through the ages|first=C. R.|last=Srinivasan|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|year=1979|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last = Thapar | first = Romila | title = Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |isbn = 0-520-24225-4 |location = California | publisher =University of California Press | year = 2001 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA344&dq=kanchipuram+education#v=onepage | accessdate = 15 June 2012|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Trainor|first=Kevin |title=Buddhism The Illustrated Guide |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-517398-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil V. | title=The Sound of the One Hand | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1987_107_1/page/125 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=107 | issue=1 | year=1987 | pages=125–126 | doi =10.2307/602960 | publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 | jstor=602960 |authorlink=Kamil Zvelebil|ref=harv}} {{refend|ref=harv}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikiquote}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107005041/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/ Kancheepuram Municipality] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170724005741/http://hridayindia.in/kanchipuram/ Kanchipuram HRIDAY city] *[http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ Kancheepuram district administration website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064506/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/ |date=2017-09-08 }} *[http://www.finerareprints.com/frederickson-antique-prints/hindu-temple-at-conjeveram-in-india-24534 Antique print of Hindu Temple At Conjeveram in 1890] <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --> [[Category:Kanchipuram| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]] [[Category:Hindu holy cities]] [[Category:Shakti Peethas]] [[Category:Former capital cities in India]] [[Category:Ancient Indian cities]] [[Category:Buddhism amongst Tamils]] [[Category:Holy cities]] [[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]] 397tdzyso2z1aajj310nkg7ipjfnxtj 0 13609 196353 148436 2026-08-12T02:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196353 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ| ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱡᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱯᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ| ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱡ-ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱨᱟᱛ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱯᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱭᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟ| ==ᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟᱣ== ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒,᱑᱐᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱭᱠᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱠᱥ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱠᱥ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myrsiades |first=Kostas |title=Reading Homer's Odyssey |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781684481361 |chapter=1. Telemachus' Journey (Od 1-4) |quote=[...] is a long oral narrative poem of 12,109 lines |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bcDwAAQBAJ&q=%2212,109%22+%22odyssey%22&pg=PT12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haslam |first=M. W. |date=1976 |title=Homeric Words and Homeric Metre: Two Doublets Examined (λείβω/εϊβω, γαΐα/αία) |journal=Glotta |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |pages=203 |issn=0017-1298 |jstor=40266365}}</ref> |ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foley |first=John Miles |date=2007 |title="Reading" Homer through Oral Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_college-literature_spring-2007_34_2/page/n14 |journal=College Literature |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=1–28 |issn=0093-3139 |jstor=25115419}}</ref> | ᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ (ᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱛᱮ) ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱺ *ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱑-᱔ᱺ ᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱠᱪᱤ (ᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱠᱟᱥ + ᱢᱟᱠᱷᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱞ) ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱠᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willcock |first=Malcolm L. |title=A Companion to The Iliad: Based on the Translation by Richard Lattimore |publisher=Phoenix Books |year=1976 |isbn=978-0226898551 |edition=2007 |location=New York |pages=32}}</ref>| *ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱙-᱒᱑ᱺ Books 9–21: ᱮᱯᱚᱞᱚᱭ-ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱦᱚᱸᱥ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Most |first=Glenn W. |date=1989 |title=The Structure and Function of Odysseus' Apologoi |journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974–) |volume=119 |pages=15–30 |doi=10.2307/284257 |jstor=284257}}</ref>| * ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱒᱒ ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱥᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cairns |first=Douglas |title=Defining Greek Narrative |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780748680108 |pages=231}}</ref>| ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] r0tqz9kk1kj6xv4od10yozhsdfpjqgx 0 13618 196409 103121 2026-08-12T04:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ |nativename=''interlingua'' |pronunciation= {{IPAc-en|ɪ|n|t|ər|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|w|ə}}; IA: {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} |speakers=᱑,᱕᱐᱐ of the written language (᱒᱐᱐᱐) |date= |ref=<ref name="Fiedler">{{cite journal|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=1999|title=Phraseology in planned languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-problems-language-planning_summer-1999_23_2/page/175|journal=Language Problems and Language Planning|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|volume=23|issue=2|pages=175–187|doi=10.1075/lplp.23.2.05fie|issn=0272-2690|oclc=67125214}}</ref> | familycolor = |fam1=[[ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] |creator=[[:en:International Auxiliary Language Association|ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] |created=᱑᱙᱕᱑ |setting=Scientific registration of international vocabulary; [[international auxiliary language]] |posteriori='''Source languages''': [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ]], [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]], [[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ]], ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]]). |script=[[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ]] |agency=No regulating body |iso1=ia |iso2=ina |iso3=ina |image=150px-Interlingua-Logo.png |imagesize=150px |imagecaption=ᱞᱳᱜᱳ |notice=IPA |glotto=inte1239 |glottorefname=Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ]] [[ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ [[:en:International Auxiliary Language Association|ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ== ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki|code=ia}} {{sisterlinks|d=Q35934|voy=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no|commons=Category:Interlingua|n=no|q=no|s=no}} * {{Official website|http://www.interlingua.com/}} * {{curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Constructed/International_Auxiliary/Interlingua/}} * [http://rudhar.com/lingtics/intrlnga/resurses.htm Collection of links to Interlingua resources] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} rx6ltuc5vf6ci97kdclhf0nuwtzuuna 0 13845 196379 192963 2026-08-12T03:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family | name = ᱟᱞᱴᱤᱠ | acceptance = controversial | region = [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ]] | familycolor = Altaic | family = ᱟᱫᱚᱢ‌ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱮᱢᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Sprachbund|ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱪᱵᱚᱱᱰ]]'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ | child1 = [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]] | child2 = [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ]] | child3 = [[ᱛᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱛᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] | child4 = [[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ) | child5 = [[ᱡᱟᱯᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱯᱳᱱᱤᱠ]] (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ) | iso2 = tut | iso5 = tut | glotto = none | map = Lenguas altaicas.png | mapcaption = {{Legend|#00008B|[[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]]}} {{Legend|#32CD32|[[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]]}} {{Legend|#FF0000|[[ᱛᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]]}} {{Legend|#FFD700|[[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]]}} (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ) {{Legend|#8B008B|[[ᱡᱟᱯᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]]}} (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ) {{Legend|#8B0000|[[ᱟᱭᱱᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]}} (ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ) }} '''ᱟᱞᱴᱤᱠ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Sprachbund|ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ]], [[ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ|ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱛᱩᱝᱜᱩᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱡᱟᱯᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱡᱟᱯᱳᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name=georg1999>{{cite journal |given1=Stefan |surname1=Georg |author-link1=Stefan Georg|given2=Peter A. |surname2=Michalove |given3=Alexis Manaster |surname3=Ramer |given4=Paul J. |surname4=Sidwell |year=1999 |title=Telling general linguists about Altaic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-linguistics_1999-03_35_1/page/65 |journal=Journal of Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=65–98 |doi=10.1017/S0022226798007312 }}</ref>{{rp|73}} ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱼᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ (᱓᱕° ᱮᱛᱚᱢ) ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ [[ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps23.php?lan=en|title=Interactive Maps The Altaic Family from The Tower of Babel|publisher=Starling.rinet.ru|access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱞᱛᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ [[:en:Comparative linguistics|ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱯᱚᱱᱤᱠ (hypothetical) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱧᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱣ ᱠᱩᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ <ref>{{cite book |author=Gözaydin N.|date= 2006|title= Dergi ve kitap dünyasïndan, Türk Dili, 653: 467–71.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Dybo|first1=Anna|title=New Trends in European Studies on the Altaic Problem|date=March 2020|journal=Journal of Language Relationship|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=71–106|doi=10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name = "MilletTungusic">{{cite journal |last1= Li|first1= Tao|last2= Zhushchikhovskaya|first2= Irina S.|last3=Hudson|first3=Mark J.|last4=Robbets|first4=Martine|date= June 2020|title= Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics|journal= Archaeological Research in Asia|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226719300534|volume= 22|page= 100177|doi= 10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177|doi-access= free}}</ref> ᱾ ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ== ==ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ‌== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has word lists at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Altaic word lists|Appendix:Altaic word lists]]'''''}} {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130413123208/http://multitree.org/codes/altc Altaic] at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Ramstedt 1957, Miller 1971, and Poppe 1982 *[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Altaic_languages Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix]) *[http://altaica.ru Monumenta altaica] Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov *[http://starling.rinet.ru/maps/maps23.php?lan=en ''Altaic Etymological Dictionary'', database version] by Sergei A. Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (does not include introductory chapters) *[http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-911.html LINGUIST List 5.911] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926142505/http://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-911.html |date=2008-09-26 }} defense of Altaic by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994) *[http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-926.html LINGUIST List 5.926] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143519/https://linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-926.html |date=2019-08-30 }} 1. Remarks by Alexander Vovin. 2. Clarification by J. Marshall Unger. (1994) [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱞᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} pj96lygyyqr00dewns4nsfhae2xfq5t 0 13938 196363 136464 2026-08-12T02:47:31Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ (ᱟᱨᱠᱚᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱨᱟᱞ, ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱽᱣᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱯᱨᱳᱣᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱝᱥ, ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱭᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱷᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱢᱩᱞᱴᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱥ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱡᱽ ᱤᱥᱮᱬᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱮᱬᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱷᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brodkin |first1=Karen |first2=Sandra |last2=Morgen |first3=Janis |last3=Hutchinson |title=Anthropology as White Public Space |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2011-12_113_4/page/545 |journal=American Anthropologist |year=2011 |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=545–556 | doi = 10.1111/j.1548-1433.2011.01368.x }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱯᱷᱳᱞᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱾<ref name="LewinIntro">{{cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ellen | title = Feminist anthropology: a reader | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden | isbn = 978-1405101967 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱪᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱟᱨᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last = Parezo | first = Nancy | title = Hidden scholars: women anthropologists and the Native American Southwest | year = 1993 | publisher = University of New Mexico Press | location = Albuquerque| isbn = 978-0826314284 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱢᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤᱛᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱨ ᱟᱨᱜᱽᱰ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱤᱱᱠᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱝᱜᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ: ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱨᱴᱮᱭᱱ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱯᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 8tnpln4e8gqvhtr6emrsgqbqchrhbqk 0 13972 196416 191962 2026-08-12T04:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ | nativename = ''{{lang|kw|Kernewek}}, {{lang|kw|Kernowek}}'' | pronunciation = {{IPA-kw|kəɾˈnuːək|}} | image = | states = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] | region = [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱚᱣᱟᱞ]] | ethnicity = [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ]] | extinct = {{circa|1777}} | revived = ᱒᱐ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ | familycolor = Indo-European | fam1 = [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] | fam2 = [[ᱠᱮᱞᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱮᱞᱴᱤᱠ]] | fam3 = [[:en:Insular Celtic languages|ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱞᱴᱤᱠ]] | fam4 = [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠ]] | fam5 = [[:en:Southwestern Brittonic languages|ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ]] | iso1 = kw | iso2 = cor | lc1 = cor | ld1 = Modern Cornish | lc2 = cnx | ld2 = Middle Cornish | lc3 = oco | ld3 = Old Cornish | linglist = cnx | lingname = Middle Cornish | linglist2 = oco | lingname2 = Old Cornish | lingua = 50-ABB-a | glotto = corn1251 | glottorefname = Cornish | script = [[ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] | minority = | agency = {{nowrap|[[:en:Cornish Language Partnership|Cornish Language Partnership]]}} | standards = [[:en:Standard Written Form|ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] | notice = IPA | speakers = 300-400 Fluent Speakers e. 5,000 Conversational Speakers<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/11977031/What-does-the-Cornish-language-sound-like.html#:~:text=The%20Cornish%20language%20is%20rarely,support%20plans%20for%20its%20revival.</ref> }} [[File:WIKITONGUES- Elizabeth speaking Cornish.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ, [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Marty speaking Cornish.webm|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ, [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱚᱣᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾]] '''ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ''' ([[:en:Standard Written Form|ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ]]: Kernewek ᱥᱮ Kernowek<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/|title=Gerlyver Kernewek {{!}}|website=www.cornishdictionary.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>) ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱠᱮᱞᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱚᱣᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=THE HISTORY OF THE CORNISH LANGUAGE|url=https://celticlife.com/the-history-of-the-cornish-language/|website=CelticLife International|publisher=CelticLife International|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710211630/https://celticlife.com/the-history-of-the-cornish-language|archive-date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parry|first1=John|title=The Revival of Cornish: An Dasserghyans Kernewek|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pmla-publications-modern-language-assoc-of-america_1946-01_61_1/page/258|jstor=459233|doi=10.2307/459233|journal=PMLA|volume=61|issue=1|pages=258–268|publisher=Modern Language Association|year=1946}}</ref> ᱑᱘ᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ== ==ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ== ==ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ== ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{InterWiki|code=kw}} {{Wiktionary category|type=Cornish|category=Cornish language}} {{Commons category|Cornish language}} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26192/26192-h/26192-h.htm A Handbook of the Cornish Language, by Henry Jenner] A [[Project Gutenberg]] eBook * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170112235606/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/ Cornish Language Partnership website] * [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4050 Endangered Languages Project: Cornish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210504/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4050 |date=2021-04-17 }} * [http://radyo.kernewegva.com/ A Cornish Internet radio station in nascent state featuring weekly podcasts in Cornish] * [http://kernowek.net/mailman/listinfo/spellyans_kernowek.net Spellyans – Standard Written Form Cornish discussion list] * [http://www.kernowek.net/ UdnFormScrefys' site for the proposed compromise orthography, Kernowek Standard] * [http://www.kernewegva.com/medhelweyth.html List of localized software in Cornish] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/connected/stories/new_cornwall_language.shtml ''{{lang|kw|Blas Kernewek|nocat=y}}'' – A Taste of Cornish] – basic Cornish lessons hosted by BBC Cornwall * [http://www.cornish-language.org/ Cornish Language Fellowship] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Cornish/index.htm Lyver Pysadow Kemyn (1980)] Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cornish * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/cornish.shtml Cornish today] by Kenneth MacKinnon – from the [[BBC]] * [http://www.bibelkernewek.com/ Bibel Kernewek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616135850/http://www.bibelkernewek.com/ |date=2008-06-16 }} Cornish Bible Translation Project * [http://cornish-place-names.wikidot.com/ An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall] * [https://qz.com/969597/hebrew-was-the-only-language-ever-to-be-revived-from-extinction-there-may-soon-be-another/ A review of the Cornish revival] === Dictionaries === * [https://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/ Gerlyver kernewek (Cornish dictionary)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151105003722/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=205a3451-0e49-4216-a825-d4a4ceba9ba2&version=-1 An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form] – [[Cornish Language Partnership]] * [https://archive.org/details/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft ''Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: a Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall''] by Robert Williams, Llandovery, 1865. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 1ac8cwx76ncz2egx3odwixmvigs4j42 0 14030 196407 71092 2026-08-12T04:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[ᱣᱣᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱳᱥᱯᱦᱤ]] | era = [[20th-century philosophy]] | image = Mary Daly (1970s).jpg | caption = ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱠᱤᱨᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ | name = ᱢᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ | birth_date = {{birth date|1928|10|16}} | birth_place = [[Schenectady, New York]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|01|03|1928|10|16}} | death_place = [[Gardner, Massachusetts]], U.S. | school_tradition = [[Feminist philosophy]] | main_interests = {{hlist | [[Feminist theology]] | [[ontology]] | [[metaphysics]]}} | notable_ideas = Gyn/ecology | alma_mater = [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|Saint Mary's College]] | influences = {{hlist | [[Virginia Woolf]] | [[Matilda Joslyn Gage]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Feminist Interpretations of Mary Daly</ref> | [[Paul Tillich]] | [[Martin Buber]] | [[Simone de Beauvoir]] | [[Thomas Aquinas]]}} | influenced = {{hlist | [[Wanda Warren Berry]] | [[Debra Campbell]] | [[Molly Dragiewicz]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Feminist Interpretations of Mary Daly</ref> | [[Pauli Murray]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinn |first=Anthony B. |author-link=Anthony B. Pinn |year=1999 |title=Religion and 'America's Problem Child': Notes on Pauli Murray's Theological Development |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-feminist-studies-in-religion_spring-1999_15_1/page/29 |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=29|issn=1553-3913 |jstor=25002350}}</ref> | [[Janice Raymond]] | [[Carol J. Adams]]}} }} '''ᱢᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ''' (᱑᱖ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱙᱒᱘ - ᱓ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ]], ᱒᱐᱑᱐) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱨᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ, ᱮᱠᱮᱫᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱨᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱥᱩᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱥᱴᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ == ᱢᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱠᱴᱟᱰᱤ, ᱱᱭᱩᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱞᱥᱢᱮᱭᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱭᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱭᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ - ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱭᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱥᱭᱚᱢᱚᱭ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱣᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱽ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ (᱑᱙᱖᱘), ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱩᱭᱰ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ( ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱞᱴᱤᱢᱮᱴᱞᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱨᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱᱰ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱗᱓) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱰ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱵᱩᱠ (ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱭᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱠᱮᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 6akvenlbmn6dgpgqcjy20hylarzgkd8 0 14120 196349 189505 2026-08-12T02:27:15Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name=ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ |altname = {{lang|und-Deva|देवनागरी}} |sample=Chandas typeface specimen.svg |caption=ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) [[:en:Chandas font|ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱯᱳᱱᱴ]] ᱛᱮ {{better source needed|reason=This Infobox needs a better image; the font name is too prominent and has nothing to do with Devanagari per se.|date=February 2021}} |type=[[ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ]] |languages=[[ᱚᱯᱚᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢᱥᱚ]], [[ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱵᱳᱲᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱳᱲᱳ]], [[ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ]], [[ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]], [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ]], [[ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ]], [[ᱢᱚᱜᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱦᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱳᱹᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱹᱨᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ]] (ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ), [[ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ]], [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ |time='''ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ''': ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ&nbsp;ᱥᱤ.ᱤ<ref name=gazett/> '''ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ''': ᱗ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ&nbsp;ᱥᱤ.ᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱚᱜ<ref name="taylor2003">{{Citation | title=History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2 | author=Isaac Taylor | year=1883 | isbn=978-0-7661-5847-4 |publisher= Kegan Paul, Trench & Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/alphabet00unkngoog#page/n348/mode/2up/|page=333 | quote=''...&nbsp;In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line ... three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the [[Chalukya]] or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 ... the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari ...''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-509984-3| last = Salomon| first = Richard| title = Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages| location = Oxford| series = South Asia research| date = 1998|pages=39–41}}</ref> |region=India and Nepal |fam1=[[:en:Proto-Sinaitic script|ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱼᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ]]^[a] |footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |fam2=[[ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ]] |fam3=[[ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱳ]] |fam4=[[ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱢ]]<ref name=daniels>{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=P.T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref> |fam5=[[ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] |sisters=[[ᱱᱟᱸᱱᱫᱤᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ]]<br />[[ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ|ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤ]]<br />[[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]]<br />[[ᱢᱳᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱢᱳᱰᱤ]] |children= |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf U+0900–U+097F] Devanagari, <br />[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf U+A8E0–U+A8FF] Devanagari&nbsp;Extended, <br />[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf U+1CD0–U+1CFF] Vedic&nbsp;Extensions |iso15924=Deva }} {{brahmic}} '''ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ''' ([[ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]]: देवनागरी, [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱡᱼᱟᱼᱪ]]: ˌ[d̪eːʋəˈnɑːɡəɾiː], '''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ''' (नागरी) ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ|ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]], [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ]], [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ]], [[ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ]], [[ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ [[ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ==ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ== ==ᱮᱱᱠᱳᱰᱤᱝᱥ== ==ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ== ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikibooks|ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ}} {{Commons category multi|Devanagari stroke order|Devanagari pronunciation}} {{Wikivoyage|Learning Devanagari}} * [http://hindi-store.tipsadda.com/search/label/tools Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters] * [http://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/ Digital Nagari fonts], University of Chicago * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318134358/http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html Devanagari in different fonts], Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: [http://luc.devroye.org/indic.html Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts], McGill University) * {{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|page=30}}, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century&nbsp;CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45 * [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf Numerals and Text in Devanagari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122093529/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf |date=2020-11-22 }}, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science * {{cite journal |last1=Maurer |first1=Walter H. |title=On the Name Devanāgarī |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1976_96_1/page/101 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1976 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/599893 |jstor=599893}}‌ 0m7ykkcsjiakasyizjvd55t8xz9mk9a 0 16711 196388 100452 2026-08-12T03:34:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Antibody.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Each antibody binds to a specific [[antigen]]; an interaction similar to a lock and key.]] '''ᱟᱱᱴᱤᱵᱚᱰᱤ''' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ '''ᱮ ᱵᱤ''' ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]]ᱛᱮ An '''antibody''' ('''Ab''')), ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ '''ᱤᱢᱭᱩᱱᱚᱜᱽᱞᱚᱵᱤᱱ''' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ '''ᱟᱭ ᱡᱤ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ) '''immunoglobulin''' ('''Ig''')),<ref name=Rhoades>{{cite book | vauthors = Rhoades RA, Pflanzer RG | title = Human Physiology | edition = 5th | publisher = Thomson Learning | year = 2002 | page = [https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyw00rodn/page/584 584] | isbn = 978-0-534-42174-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyw00rodn/page/584 }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱣᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱠᱚᱥᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱢᱭᱩᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ([[:en:immune system|immune system]]) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹᱬᱤ ([[:en:Viral disease|viruses]]) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱬᱤ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱡ ᱟᱱᱴᱤᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱜᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱱᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱮᱵᱩᱞ ([[:en:fragment antigen-binding|fragment antigen-binding]] (Fab)) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ <ref name=Janeway5>{{cite book | first = Charles | last = Janeway | name-list-format = vanc | title = Immunobiology | edition = 5th | publisher = Garland Publishing | year = 2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/immunobiology00char | isbn = 978-0-8153-3642-6 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8450761">{{cite journal | vauthors = Litman GW, Rast JP, Shamblott MJ, Haire RN, Hulst M, Roess W, Litman RT, Hinds-Frey KR, Zilch A, Amemiya CT | title = Phylogenetic diversification of immunoglobulin genes and the antibody repertoire | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1993-01_10_1/page/60 | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–72 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8450761 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040000 }}</ref> ᱟᱱᱴᱤᱵᱚᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱚᱯ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱟᱹᱵᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱯᱤᱴᱚᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱹᱵᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ}} 9xrskt3r7po6nqeghwtz3srpf5qingj 0 16963 196366 98264 2026-08-12T02:50:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muscle | Name = Levator ani | Latin = Musculus levator ani | Image = Gray404.png | Caption = Left Levator ani seen from within. | Image2 = Gray1079.png | Caption2 = [[Coronal section]] through the male anal canal. B. Cavity of [[urinary bladder]] V.D. [[Vas deferens]]. S.V. [[Seminal vesicle]]. R. Second part of [[rectum]]. A.C. [[Anal canal]]. L.A. Levator ani. I.S. [[Internal anal sphincter]]. E.S [[External anal sphincter]]. | Origin = Inner surface of the side of the [[lesser pelvis]] | Insertion = Inner surface of [[coccyx]], levator ani of opposite side, and into structures that penetrate it. | Blood = [[Inferior gluteal artery]] | Nerve = '''[[pubococcygeus]]''' and '''[[iliococcygeus]]''': *[[levator ani nerve]] ([[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]) *[[inferior rectal nerve]] from [[pudendal nerve]] ([[sacral spinal nerve 3|S3]], [[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]) *[[coccygeal plexus]]<ref name=Moore217>Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2nd ed. 2002. Page 217</ref> <br> '''[[puborectalis]]''': *[[sacral spinal nerve 3|S3]], [[sacral spinal nerve 4|S4]]. *[[levator ani nerve]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallner C, Maas C, Dabhoiwala N, Lamers W, Deruiter M | title = Evidence for the innervation of the puborectalis muscle by the levator ani nerve |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurogastroenterology-and-motility_2006-12_18_12/page/1121 | journal = Neurogastroenterol Motil | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 1121–1122 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17109696 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00846.x| s2cid = 29088779 }}</ref> | Action = Supports the [[viscera]] in [[pelvic cavity]] }} [[File:3D Medical Animation Levator Ani structure.jpg|alt=3D medical illustration presenting Levator ani|thumb|260x260px|3D medical illustration presenting Levator ani]] '''ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ''' ('''levator ani''') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽᱨᱚᱰ, ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱤᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱣᱚᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:- ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱟᱥ (the pubococcygeus), ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱥ (the iliococcygeus), ᱟᱨ ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱨᱮᱠᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥ (the puborectalis) ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drake |first1=Richard |last2=Vogl |first2=A. Wayne |last3=Mitchell |first3=Adam |title=Gray's Anatomy for Students |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |edition=Third}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱮᱪᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱚᱥ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱯᱷᱨᱟᱜᱽᱢ (pelvic diaphragm) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱠᱮᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱞᱣᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱣᱟᱡᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱜᱮᱡᱽᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Chapple2006">{{cite book|author=Christopher R. Chapple|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Female Pelvic Floor Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KknXFtQr5O4C&pg=PA4|year=2006|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=978-0-443-07272-7|pages=4–}}</ref> == ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ == ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ [[ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱮᱭᱟᱥ]](the pubococcygeus), [[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱠᱳᱥᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱥ]](the iliococcygeus), ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱭᱩᱵᱳᱨᱮᱠᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥ]](the puborectalis) ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱱᱴᱥ== ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱣᱟᱴᱳᱨ ᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱳᱤᱥᱳᱰᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱥᱯᱟᱡᱽᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ== <gallery> File:Gray236.png|ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱤᱯ ᱵᱳᱱ. ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱾ File:Gray402.png|Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciæ. Viewed from behind. File:1116 Muscle of the Male Perineum.png|Muscles of male perineum. File:Levator ani.png File:Gray539.png|The arteries of the pelvis. File:Gray837.png|Sacral plexus of the right side. File:Gray1076.png|Iliac colon, sigmoid or pelvic colon, and rectum seen from the front, after removal of pubic bones and bladder. File:Gray1077.png|The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx. File:Gray1136.png|Male pelvic organs seen from right side. File:Human anus-en.svg|Anatomy of the human anus. </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} 2zvhlfiu9747qhy3jdsyaggwyafprig 0 17619 196335 183959 2026-08-12T01:58:31Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ | image = Kasturba.jpg | alt = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ | birth_name = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1869|4|11}} | birth_place = [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨ]], [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱤᱭᱟᱣᱟᱲ ᱮᱡᱮᱸᱡᱤ]], [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]) | death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1944|2|22|1869|4|11}} | death_place = [[ᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ|ᱯᱩᱱᱟ]], [[ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ]], ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]], [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) | other_names = ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ<br>ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | father = ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱟᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | mother = ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱡᱽᱠᱩᱸᱣᱚᱨᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ | spouse ={{marriage|[[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]|᱑᱘᱘᱓}} | children ={{hlist|[[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱞᱟᱞ]]|[[ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱞᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱞᱟᱞ]]|[[ᱨᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱨᱟᱢᱫᱟᱥ]]|[[ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱫᱟᱥ]]}} | occupation = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ }} '''ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ''' ᱫᱚ (᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱼ ᱒᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱔) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Safe Motherhood Day & Flowers For Expecting Mothers |url=https://www.aimsindia.com/blog/national-safe-motherhood-day-flowers-for-expecting-mothers/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ== ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱠᱩᱞᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱡᱽᱠᱩᱸᱣᱚᱨᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱷ ᱵᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ [[ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=forgotten>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Arun and Sunanda|title=The Forgotten Woman|year=1998|publisher=Zark Mountain Publishers|location=Huntsville, AR|isbn=1-886940-02-9|pages=314}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱑᱘᱘᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱔ ᱵᱚᱪᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱵᱚᱪᱷᱚᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ|ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱳᱼᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mohanty2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭᱜᱮᱞᱼᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tarlo|first=Emma|title=Married to the Mahatma: The Predicament of Kasturba Gandhi|journal=Women: A Cultural Review|volume=8|issue=3|pages=264–277|doi=10.1080/09574049708578316|year=1997}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, "ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱧ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱵᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱢᱮᱨᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱫᱩᱞᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱸᱴ ᱩᱢᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ) ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳᱼᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱵᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Husband">Gandhi (1940). [http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband Chapter "Playing the Husband"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701002125/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband |date=1 July 2012 }}.</ref> ==ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ== [[File:Gandhi-Tagore.jpg|upright|300px|thumb|᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤᱱᱤᱠᱮᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱵᱤ [[ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱴᱮᱜᱳᱨ]]]] ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱙᱐᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱰᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hiralal|first=Kalpana|title=Rethinking Gender and Agency in the Satyagraha Movement of 1913|journal=Journal of Social Sciences|volume=25|pages=94–101}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kapadia|first=Sita|title=Windfall: Tribal Women Come Through|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womens-studies-quarterly_fall-winter-1989_17_3-4/page/140|jstor=40003104|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3/4|pages=140–149|year=1989}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/the-mahatma/gandhi-and-kasturba Gandhi and Kasturba] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱘᱖᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ|ᱠᱚᱥᱛᱩᱨᱵᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤᱣᱟᱫᱤ]] [[Category:ᱯᱳᱨᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ]] fuyley6dauqa7r1t4q37azzy8bla83t 0 18013 196339 174008 2026-08-12T02:05:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian political party |name = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ |abbreviation = ᱟᱭᱹᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ |logo = [[File:INC Logo.png|150px]] |colorcode = {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}} |founder = [[ᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢ]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/here-is-a-list-of-past-presidents-of-indian-national-congress-4967084/ | title=Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Kanishka Singh | date=5 December 2017 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/sagely-leader-dadabhai-naoroji/cid/1820580 | title=Sagely leader: Dadabhai Naoroji | publisher=[[Telegraph India]] | work=Praveen Davar | date=30 June 2021 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/ao-hume-father-of-indian-national-congress-who-was-distrusted-by-the-british-indians/246141/ | title=AO Hume, 'Father' of Indian National Congress who was distrusted by the British & Indians | publisher=ThePrint | work=DEEKSHA BHARDWAJ | date=6 June 2019 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-founder-was-district-collector-of-etawah/articleshow/50346572.cms | title=Cong founder was district collector of Etawah | work=[[The Times of India]] | last=Sinha |first=Arunav | date=28 December 2015 | accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Wedderburn2002">{{cite book|author=Sir William Wedderburn|title=Allan Octavian Hume: Father of the Indian National Congress, 1829-1912 : a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFqgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 July 2021|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565287-1|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Kanta">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701107 | author=Kanta Kataria | title=A.o. Hume: His Life and Contribution to the Regeneration of India | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | year=2013 | volume=74 | issue=2 | pages=245–252| jstor=24701107 }}</ref> |president = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] |presidium = [[Congress Working Committee]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-working-committee-to-take-up-leadership-issue-on-august-10/article28969567.ece|title=Congress Working Committee to take up leadership issue today|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|last1=Phukan|first1=Sandeep}}</ref> |ppchairman = [[ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-plays-down-sonia-gandhis-retirement-remark/article21670732.ece|title=A day before Rahul takes over, Sonia says she'll retire|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> |loksabha_leader =[[ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ ᱪᱳᱶᱫᱷᱩᱨᱤ]] <!-- The leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party is NOT necessarily the Lok Sabha leader. --> |rajyasabha_leader = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱲᱜᱮ]]<br />([[:en:Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mallikarjun-kharge-to-be-leader-of-opposition-of-rajya-sabha-1768440-2021-02-12|title=Mallikarjun Kharge to replace Ghulam Nabi as Leader of Opposition, Congress to inform Rajya Sabha|first1=Rahul Shrivastava New|last1=DelhiFebruary 12|first2=2021UPDATED|last2=February 12|first3=2021 13:08|last3=Ist|website=India Today}}</ref> |foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1885|12|28}} |headquarters = ᱒᱔, [[ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱳᱰ]], [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ]]-᱑᱑᱐᱐᱐᱑<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/india/rent-relief-unlikely-for-congresss-delhi-properties/articleshow/64441958.cms |title=Rent relief unlikely for Congress's Delhi properties |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> |publication = ''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥ''<br />''[[ᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ]]'' |students = [[ᱥᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] |youth = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |women = [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |labour = [[:en:Indian National Trade Union Congress|ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] |peasants = |think tank = |membership = |ideology = <!---DO NOT add any other ideology without discussion and [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] otherwise it would be removed immediately.---> {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | [[:en:Big tent|ᱵᱤᱜᱽ ᱴᱮᱱᱰ]]<ref name="Barrington2009">{{cite book|author=Lowell Barrington|title=Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uuAtazupnAC&pg=PA379|year=2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-618-49319-7|page=379}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Karl Ernest|last2=Brysac|first2=Shareen Blair|title=Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds|url=https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye|url-access=registration|access-date=7 April 2016|year=2012|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390484|page=[https://archive.org/details/paxethnicawhereh0000meye/page/50 50]}}</ref> | [[:en:Secularism|ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱼᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟᱹᱨᱤ]]<ref name="J.Soper">{{cite book |last1=Soper |first1=J. Christopher |last2=Fetzer |first2=Joel S. |date=2018 |title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=200–210 |isbn=978-1-107-18943-0 }}</ref> }} |position = <!--DO NOT add any other political position without discussion otherwise it would be removed immediately. --> {{nowrap|[[:en:Centrism|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ]]<ref name="WP">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'|quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |work=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[:en:Centre-left politics|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ-ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ]]<ref name="British-Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|last2=Sinha|first2=Aseema|title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-political-science_2010-01_40_1/page/91|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=40|issue=1|year=2010|pages=91–113|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226|s2cid=154767259}}</ref>}} |international = [[:en:Progressive Alliance|ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|title=Progressive Alliance Participants|work=Progressive Alliance|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302142054/http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />[[:en:Socialist International|ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931|title=Full Member Parties of Socialist International|work=Socialist International}}</ref> |eci = [[:en:List of political parties in India|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref> |alliance =[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />([[India|All India]])<br />[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]<br />([[Tamil Nadu]])<br />[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]<br />([[Maharashtra]])<br />[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]<br />([[Bihar]])<br />[[Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)|Mahagathbandhan]]<br />([[Jharkhand]])<br />[[Secular Progressive Front]]<br />([[Manipur]])<br />[[United Democratic Front (India)|United Democratic Front]]<br />([[Kerala]])<br />[[Sanjukta Morcha]]<br />([[West Bengal]]) |loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|50|543|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱕᱔᱐''' MPs & '''᱓''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) |rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|40|245|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱒᱓᱖''' MPs & '''᱙''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ)<ref name=pp>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newlob/party_position.pdf|title=Party Position in the Rajya Sabha|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> | state_seats_name = [[ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|727|4036|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱔᱐᱒᱕''' MLAs & '''᱑᱑''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) | state2_seats_name = | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|55|426|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱓᱙᱐''' MLCs & '''᱓᱖''' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ) |no_states = {{Composition bar|6|31|hex=#00BFFF}} ('''᱒᱘''' ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ & '''᱓''' UTs) |colours = {{colour box|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} [[:en:Sky blue|ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱤᱞ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/results.html|title=India General (Lok Sabha) Election 2014 Results|work=mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://election-results.ibnlive.in.com/live|title=Election Results India, General Elections Results, Lok Sabha Polls Results India – IBNLive|work=in.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420063442/http://election-results.ibnlive.in.com/live|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> |symbol = [[File:Hand INC.svg|150px]] |flag = [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|150px]] |website = {{URL|https://www.inc.in/}} |general_secretary=*[[ᱯᱨᱤᱭᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] *[[:en:K. C. Venugopal|ᱠᱮ.ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩᱜᱳᱯᱟᱞ]] *[[ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱣᱟᱥᱱᱤᱠ]] *[[ᱦᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱛ]] *[[ᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱰᱤ]] *[[:en:Tariq Anwar (politician)|ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ]] *[[:en:Randeep Singh Surjewala|ᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱮᱣᱟᱞᱟ]] *[[:en:Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)|ᱡᱤᱛᱮᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ]] *[[ᱚᱡᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱠᱮᱱ]]|leader=[[ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]]}} {{Indian National Congress sidebar}} '''ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''' ('''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ''' ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ '''ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ''', ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ: '''INC''') ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress|title=Indian National Congress|access-date=26 February 2018|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ᱑᱘᱘᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱸᱫᱳᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱳᱱ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱸᱫᱳᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ===ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ=== ===ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ=== ==ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ== [[File:Congress Loksabha Vote percent all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt= INC general elections vote percentage|ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] [[File:Congress Loksabha seats all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt= INC seasts in lower house of Indian parliament|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] [[File:Congress Rajya sabha seats all time.png|thumb|right|275px|alt=INC seats in upper house of Indian parliament|ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱭᱚᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ]] {| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |+ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱞᱮᱡᱤᱥᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱵᱷᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱵᱷᱳᱴ swing ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ(ᱠᱚ) |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1934 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] |[[:en:Central Legislative Assembly|᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱭ]] |{{Composition bar|42|147|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱔᱒ |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} | {{n/a}} |<ref name=T1>"Elections in India The New Delhi Assembly, Congress Party's Position", ''The Times'', 10 December 1934, p15, Issue 46933</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1945 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱔᱕]] |[[:en:Central Legislative Assembly|᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱵᱳᱥ]] |{{Composition bar|59|102|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑᱗ |{{n/a}} |{{n/a}} | {{partial|[[:en:Interim Government of India|Interim Government of India]] (᱑᱙᱔᱖–᱑᱙᱔᱗)}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107120130/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1951 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱕᱑]] |[[:en:1st Lok Sabha|᱑ ᱞᱩ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=3|[[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]] |{{Composition bar|364|489|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱓᱖᱔ |᱔᱔.᱙᱙% |{{n/a}} |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1957 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱕᱗]] |[[:en:2nd Lok Sabha|᱒ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|371|494|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱗ |᱔᱗.᱗᱘% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱗᱙% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India | page=5 | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1962 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱖᱒]] |[[:en:3rd Lok Sabha|᱓ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|361|494|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱐ |᱔᱔.᱗᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱓.᱐᱖% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf | title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date= 18 July 2014}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1967 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱖᱗]] |[[:en:4th Lok Sabha|᱔ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=4|[[ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|283|520|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱗᱘ |᱔᱐.᱗᱘% |{{decrease}} ᱒.᱙᱔% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1971 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱗᱑]] |[[:en:5th Lok Sabha|᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|352|518|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱙ |᱔᱓.᱖᱘% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱙᱐% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1977 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱗᱗]] |[[:en:6th Lok Sabha|᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|153|542|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱙᱙ |᱓᱔.᱕᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱑᱕% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1980 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱐]] |[[:en:7th Lok Sabha|᱗ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|351|542|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑᱙᱘ |᱔᱒.᱖᱙% |{{increase}} ᱘.᱑᱗% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf EIC</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1984 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱔]] |[[:en:8th Lok Sabha|᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=2|[[ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|415|533|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱔ |᱔᱙.᱐᱑% |{{increase}} ᱖.᱓᱒% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref>https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9755&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1989 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱘᱙]] |[[:en:9th Lok Sabha|᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|197|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱒᱑᱘ |᱓᱙.᱕᱓% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱔᱘% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDH9q7nVQ8C&pg=PA124|title=Indian Parliamentary Democracy|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2003|isbn=978-81-269-0193-7|page=124}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1991 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱑]] |[[:en:10th Lok Sabha|᱑᱐ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan=2|[[ᱯᱤ ᱵᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱥᱤᱢᱦᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ]] |{{Composition bar|244|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱔᱗ |᱓᱕.᱖᱖% |{{decrease}} ᱓.᱘᱗% |{{yes2|ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ}} |<ref name=IPU>{{Cite web|title=1991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1996 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱖]] |[[:en:11th Lok Sabha|᱑᱑ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|140|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱐᱔ |᱒᱘.᱘᱐% |{{decrease}} ᱗.᱔᱖% |{{partial|Opposition, later [[Confidence and supply|outside support]] for [[United Front (India)|UF]]}} |<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=282–284|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1998 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱘]] |[[:en:12th Lok Sabha|᱑᱒ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |[[ᱥᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|141|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱑ |᱒᱕.᱘᱒% |{{decrease}} ᱒.᱙᱘% |{{no2|Opposition}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214722/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/index_ge.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:1999 Indian general election|᱑᱙᱙᱙]] |[[:en:13th Lok Sabha|᱑᱓ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan="3" |[[ᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|114|545|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱒᱗ |᱒᱘.᱓᱐% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱔᱘% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201105036/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge1999/index_ge1.htm |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2004 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱐᱔]] |[[:en:14th Lok Sabha|᱑᱔ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|145|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱓᱑ |᱒᱖.᱗% |{{decrease}} ᱑.᱖% |{{yes2|ᱡᱳᱴ}} |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727220231/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/GE_NatSnapshot.htm |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2009 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱐᱙]] |[[:en:15th Lok Sabha|᱑᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|206|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱖᱑ |᱒᱘.᱕᱕% |{{increase}} ᱒.᱐᱒% |{{yes2|ᱡᱳᱴ}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|title=Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2014 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱑᱔]] |[[:en:16th Lok Sabha|᱑᱖ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |rowspan="2" |[[ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ]] |{{Composition bar|44|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{decrease}} ᱑᱖᱒ |᱑᱙.᱓% |{{decrease}} ᱙.᱒᱕% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|title=Terms of Houses, Election Commission of India|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" |[[:en:2019 Indian general election|᱒᱐᱑᱙]] |[[:en:17th Lok Sabha|᱑᱗ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ]] |{{Composition bar|52|543|{{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}}} |{{increase}} ᱘ |᱑᱙.᱕% |{{increase}} ᱐.᱒% |{{no2|ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ}} |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|title=Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'|date=23 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528223438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |} <!-- ==Legislative assembly results == {| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Year ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | State/UT ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Total seats ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Won ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Vote % ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | LS.19 Vote% ! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | G/ Op |--style="background-color:#FFFFCC;" |TBD |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J & K*]] |90 |* |* |28.5 |* |- |Rowspan=5|2021 |[[Assam]] |126 |29 |29.6 |35.4 |O |- |[[Kerala]] |140 |21 |25.1 |'''37.3''' |O |- |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]* |30 |2 |15.7 |'''56.3''' |O |- |[[Tamil Nadu]] |234 |18 |4 |12.8 |'''G''' |- |[[West Bengal]] |294 |0 |3 |5.6 |O |- |Rowspan=2|2020 |[[Bihar]] |243 |19 |9.5 |7.7 |O |- |[[Delhi]]* |70 |0 |4.3 |22.5 |O |- |Rowspan=7|2019 |[[Andhra Pradesh]] |175 |0 |1.2 |1.3 |O |- |[[Arunachal Pradesh]] |60 |4 |16.8 |20.7 |O |- |[[Haryana]] |90 |31 |28.1 |28.4 |O |- |[[Jharkhand]] |81 |16 |13.9 |15.6 |'''G''' |- |[[Maharashtra]] |288 |44 |15.9 |16.3 |'''G''' |- |[[Odisha]] |147 |9 |16.1 |13.8 |O |- |[[Sikkim]] |32 |0 |0.8 |1.1 |O |- |Rowspan=9|2018 |[[Chhattisgarh]] |90 |'''68''' |'''43''' |40.9 |'''G''' |- |[[Karnataka]] |224 |80 |'''38.1''' |31.2 |O |- |[[Madhya Pradesh]] |230 |'''114''' |40.9 |34.5 |O |- |[[Meghalaya]] |60 |'''21''' |'''28.5''' |'''48.3''' |O |- |[[Mizoram]] |40 |5 |30 |0 |O |- |[[Nagaland]] |60 |0 |2.1 |48.1 |O |- |[[Rajasthan]] |200 |'''100''' |'''39.3''' |34.2 |'''G''' |- |[[Telangana]] |119 |19 |28.4 |29.5 |O |- |[[Tripura]] |60 |0 |1.8 |25.3 |O |- |rowspan=7|2017 |[[Goa]] |40 |'''17''' |28.4 |42.9 |O |- |[[Gujarat]] |182 |77 |41.4 |32.1 |O |- |[[Himachal Pradesh]] |68 |21 |41.7 |27.3 |O |- |[[Manipur]] |60 |'''28''' |35.1 |24.6 |O |- |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] |117 |'''77''' |'''38.5''' |'''40.1''' |'''G''' |- |[[Uttar Pradesh]] |403 |7 |6.2 |6.3 |O |- |[[Uttarakhand]] |70 |11 |33.5 |31.4 |O |- |'''Total''' |'''[[India]]''' |4033 |836 |20.7 |19.5 |5 |} *Bold indicates if '''Largest Party/Vote share''' --> ==ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩ.ᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ== ==ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ== ===ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ=== ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons and category|Indian National Congress}} * [https://www.inc.in/ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Parties/Indian_National_Congress}} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ== cqknih07pdmq2qvtcj1jq5bnpxf6gsp 0 23746 196374 187661 2026-08-12T03:08:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ | image = Bernard Natan.jpg | caption = Bernard Natan<br>Bernard Natan on trial (filmed against his wishes) | birth_name = Natan Tannenzaft or Natan Tanenzapf | birth_date = {{birth date|1886|07|14|df=y}}<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.lips.org/bio_natan_GB.html |last=Rossel-Kirschen |first=André |title=Bernard Natan |work=Les independents due premier siecle |via=LIPS.org |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331133517/http://www.lips.org/bio_natan_GB.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Iași]], [[Kingdom of Romania]] | death_date = October {{death year|1942}} (aged 56) | death_place = [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]] | death_cause = [[Execution by shooting|Execution]]? | other_names = | height = | website = }} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ '''ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱟᱯᱷᱴ''' , 14 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 1886ᱼ1942 ᱥᱮ 1943ᱼ1943ᱼ1920 ᱟᱨ 1930 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱᱼᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="sz">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Ein vergessenes Leben |trans-title=A Forgotten Life |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/arte-ein-vergessenes-leben-1.3121289 |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱠᱚᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱳᱡᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="CairnsDuane">Cairns, David & Duane, Paul. </ref> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1935 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Hutchinson">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2015/dec/14/bernard-natan-pathe-cinema-holocaust-victim-france-film-industry|title=In need of rehabilitation: Bernard Natan, the Holocaust victim who saved France's film industry|last=Hutchinson|first=Pamela|date=14 December 2015|access-date=24 April 2018|location=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="Slade">{{Cite journal|last=Slade|first=Joseph|date=Summer–Fall 1993|title=Bernard Natan: France's Legendary Pornographer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-film-and-video_summer-fall-1993_45_2-3/page/72|journal=Journal of Film and Video|volume=45|issue=2–3|pages=72–90|jstor=20688007}}</ref><ref name="CairnsDuane" /> 1942 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱚᱪᱩᱭᱤᱴᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal|last=Willems|first=Gilles|date=April–June 1995|title=Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/xxs_0294-1759_1995_num_46_1_3157|journal=Vingtième Siècle|volume=46|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Slade" /> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == 1886 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱭᱳᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱟᱯᱷᱴ (ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱚᱯᱯᱷ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1900 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1909 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ 2 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="CairnsDuane">Cairns, David & Duane, Paul. </ref> [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ|ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱚᱭᱤᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱜᱩᱭᱨᱮᱣᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1918 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="sz"/> 1921 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱥᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ " ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ " ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Slade"/> ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Rossel-Kirschen and Willems</ref> == ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫᱼᱥᱚᱨᱥᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ , ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1920 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱤᱠᱪᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , 1924 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1926 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱚᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rapid-Film">Willems, Gilles. </ref><ref name="Origins"/> === ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ === 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ' ᱨᱮᱯᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ' (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 25 ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ) ᱫᱚ 50 ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱠ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱵᱳᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱳᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮ 10 ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱦᱮᱼᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ (ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱦᱮᱼᱥᱤᱱᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Origins"/> ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱳᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱰᱤᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱰᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱳᱡᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ 2 ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ' ᱨᱩᱥᱴᱟᱨ ' ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱨᱮᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱨᱳᱠᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱴᱮ ᱰᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Origins"/> ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱳᱜᱥᱟᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷᱳᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Slade"/><ref name="Origins" /><ref name="History" /> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ-ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ) ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱩᱱᱰ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱨᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮᱼᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱪᱩᱞᱤᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱭᱱᱥᱼ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱᱼᱯᱚᱛᱦᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱥ (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱠᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱟᱭᱰᱤᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Origins"/> == ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ == [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ|ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1942 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 25 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱚᱪᱩᱭᱤᱴᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 1943 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="CairnsDuane">Cairns, David & Duane, Paul. </ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱮᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱟᱯᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9xqhfo8f0wozwifsribzkvpkaegcdau 0 23788 196337 125627 2026-08-12T02:00:50Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ|caption=|director=[[William Heise]]|producer=|writer=|starring=[[May Irwin]]<br>[[John C. Rice|John Rice]]|cinematography=|editing=|distributor=[[Thomas A. Edison, Inc.]]|released=April–May 1896|runtime=18 seconds|country=United States|language=silent|budget=|gross=}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[ᱨᱮᱫ:May_Irwin_Kiss.ogv|thumb|ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ]] ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ ('''''ᱫᱟ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱥ''''' , '''''ᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱼᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ''''' ᱠᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ '''''ᱫᱟ''''' ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ) ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱤᱨᱣᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱤ ᱣᱤᱰᱩ ᱡᱳᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱᱟᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱭᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱳᱭᱮᱹᱥᱴ ᱳᱨᱮᱹᱧᱡᱼᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱴᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ " ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ " ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserving the Silver Screen (December 1999) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9912/nfb.html |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == * ᱩᱭᱰᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ * ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱥ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ == ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ 1896 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱯᱳᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱲ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ''ᱫᱟ'' ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 3 ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱥᱠᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113681468/the-buffalo-commercial/|title=The Vitascope|date=June 8, 1896|work=The Buffalo Commercial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126215321/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113681468/the-buffalo-commercial/|archive-date=November 26, 2022|page=11|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱳᱦᱟᱢᱮᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ " ᱤᱧ ' ''ᱫᱟ'' ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱰᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ' ᱫᱟ ᱩᱭᱰᱳᱣ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ 2020 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ 7ᱹ50 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (232) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1896 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱳ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱹ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱡᱞᱟᱝ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱽᱼᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱞᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱩᱼᱥᱚᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="sexinfilms1">[http://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms1.html Sex in Cinema: Pre-1920s]</ref> ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞᱼᱫᱩᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱾<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xq5FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA239 The Chap-book, Volume 5, Number 5, July 15, 1896 ]</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱰᱮᱱᱜᱽᱞᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱗᱙) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dengler|first=Ralph S.J.|year=1979|title=The First Screen Kiss and "The Cry of Censorship"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-film-television_1979_7_3/page/267|journal=Journal of Popular Film and Television|volume=7|issue=3|pages=267–272|doi=10.1080/01956051.1979.9944202}}</ref> ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱳᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱼᱳᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱤᱝ ᱜᱳᱰᱼᱱᱤᱜᱨᱳ ᱠᱤᱥ (1898) ''ᱫᱟ'' ᱠᱤᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱞ (1899) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ (1900) ᱾<ref name="nfpb">{{Cite web |title=Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/descriptions-and-essays/ |access-date=2018-12-26 |website=Film Registry - National Film Preservation Board - Library of Congress}}</ref> == ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ == * ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱼᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱥᱮᱛᱷ, ᱫᱟ ᱵᱤᱜ ᱵᱚᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳ, [[ISBN (identifier)|ᱟᱭᱹ ᱮᱥᱹᱵᱤᱹᱱ]] 1ᱼ59474 - 040ᱼ2 == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * The Kiss at IMDb * ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/edmp.4038 ''ᱪᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱾''] * ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱱᱤ * [[ᱤᱭᱩᱴᱩᱵᱽ|ᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱢ * ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱜᱮᱥᱤᱼ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱴᱚᱨᱤᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱜᱚᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱼᱵᱞᱩᱢᱥᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱼ10   826429777ᱹ4ᱹ5 ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱑᱘᱙᱖]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qe740o28d6m70b9g4v5ufwtd54nxdks 0 23789 196417 148670 2026-08-12T04:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|image=Cuatro fotogramas de El Sartorio.jpg{{!}}thumbtime=1|caption=The full film}} ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱨᱤᱳ ({{Lang-es|The Satyr}}) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳ''''' ᱥᱮ 'ᱫᱟ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱞ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ|ᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱴᱤᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱤᱛᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱽᱼᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 1930 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱤᱣᱵᱟ|ᱠᱤᱭᱵᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱱᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱴᱟᱨᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Slade|first=Joseph W.|date=1993|title=BERNARD NATAN: FRANCE'S LEGENDARY PORNOGRAPHER|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-film-and-video_summer-fall-1993_45_2-3/page/72|journal=Journal of Film and Video|volume=45|issue=2/3|pages=72–90}}</ref> == ᱛᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱱᱚᱝᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ 69 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱞᱼᱵᱷᱟᱡᱤᱱᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱹᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱟᱭᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ, ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱴᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (penetration). ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱳᱥᱼᱯᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱠᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ "devil" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ == ᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ 1907 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1912 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Satario |url=https://iucat.iu.edu/kinsey/3333752 |url-status=live |website=IUCAT Kinsey Institute}}</ref> 1913 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱴᱩᱪᱚᱞᱥᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ''ᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱨᱤᱳ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * ''[[ᱞᱮ ᱠᱩᱪᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱤ]]'' == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] oa908cfvhog2toufjl21r7gww60my2v 0 23880 196377 159494 2026-08-12T03:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196377 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" |+ class="infobox-title summary" id="4" |ᱢᱚᱥᱤᱝ | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:TH_-_Mosh_Pit_(5370150223).jpg|300x300px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Audience members moshing to American [[thrash metal]] band [[Toxic Holocaust]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Origin | class="infobox-data" |Late 1970s, [[Huntington Beach]] and [[Long Beach]], [[California]], United States |} '''ᱢᱳᱥᱤᱝ''' ('''ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ''' ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ '''ᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱝ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ '''ᱢᱳᱥ''' ᱯᱮᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜ (ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱴ) ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱚᱸᱠ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱱᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱥᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ, ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ., ᱵᱚᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱪᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱥᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ 1985 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱨᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱪᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱯ ᱦᱳᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱳᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱯᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱩᱯᱚᱨᱚᱥᱚ == " ᱢᱳᱥ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ " ᱢᱮᱥ " ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 1979 ᱥᱮ 1980 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱚᱠᱤᱥᱴ " ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ " ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱰ ᱵᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱫᱚ " ᱢᱮᱥ ᱤᱚᱴᱼ ᱢᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱤᱞᱚᱱ " ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ " ᱢᱳᱥ ᱤᱚᱴᱼᱢᱳᱥ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱤᱞᱚᱱ " ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1983 ᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱦᱮᱰᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱮᱹᱨᱮᱹᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ " ᱢᱳᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ " ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱮᱹᱟᱨᱮᱹᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ " ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ " ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱢᱴᱨᱚᱯᱟᱨᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱰᱮᱛᱷ 1985 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱮᱞᱵᱟᱢ ᱥᱯᱤᱠ ᱤᱝᱜᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ " ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱱᱳ ᱢᱳᱥ " ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 1987 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱟᱠᱥᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ " ᱠᱟᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱳᱥ " ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Christie, Ian, ''Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal''</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ (1970ᱼ80 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ) === [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Moshpit2.jpg|right|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾]] ᱢᱳᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝᱼᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 1970 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ragusa 2021">{{Cite web |last=Ragusa |first=Paolo |date=19 August 2021 |title=Moshing: The Art and Consequences of One of the Most Celebrated Concert Dance Forms |url=https://consequence.net/2021/08/moshing-history-essay/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 1976 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱚᱥ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱚᱞᱥ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱤᱰ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyar |first=Jay |last2=Moore, Roger |date=June 17, 2000 |title=Festival Holds 'Filth', A Secret, Senselessness |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-06-17/lifestyle/0006160393_1_julien-temple-filth-fury |website=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |access-date=2023-08-31 |archive-date=2019-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232538/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2000-06-17-0006160393-story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1970 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ 1980 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱨᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ " ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱱᱥᱝ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ragusa 2021"/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱳᱨᱥᱳᱯᱳᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱜᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ " ᱯᱤᱛᱚ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsitsos|first=William|date=October 1999|title=Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music_1999-10_18_3/page/405|journal=Popular Music|volume=18|issue=3|pages=405–406|doi=10.1017/S0261143000008941|quote=Slamdancing is a style of dance which originated in the United States in the punk rock subculture of the late 1970s and early 1980s. It is a modification of the early punk 'pogo' dance. Slamdancing brought increased body contact to the original pogo...<br> The pit is not an explicitly marked off area, but pits usually form in front of the stage where a band is playing. Occasionally (usually at shows in larger venues), more than one pit will break out in various parts of the crowd. Although 'the pit' refers to an area, a pit only exists if people are dancing in it...<br> Slamdancing involves fast movement. Often, this movement takes the form of everyone in the pit running counter-clockwise, occasionally slamming into each other. The dance involves some arm-swinging, but it is usually just one arm (most often the right one) in motion. When dancers are running counter-clockwise, the swinging of the right arm serves a double function. On the one hand, it allows dancers to slam into people and then quickly push them away, and on the other, it helps dancers gain momentum while running in a counter-clockwise circle. Sometimes, however, slamdancers do not run in a circle, but rather move in a more 'run-and-collide' fashion, simply throwing themselves into the part of the pit where the most people are gathered, slamming into each other}}</ref> ᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱞᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ' امریکن ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨᱼ ᱮ ᱴᱨᱟᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ' (2001) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ , 1978 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ'' ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ " ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ , ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ " ᱫᱟ ᱦᱟᱱᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱴ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱾ ''ᱟᱨᱮᱱᱡ ᱠᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱜ ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ' ᱠᱳᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱥᱴ ' (1976ᱼ1981) ᱫᱚ ' ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Berg2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2009/02/10/oc-punk-club-to-go-hollywood/|title=O.C. punk club to go Hollywood|last=Tom Berg|date=10 February 2009|work=Orange County Register|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216135601/https://www.ocregister.com/2009/02/10/oc-punk-club-to-go-hollywood/|archive-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱰ ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱜᱚᱞ ' ᱫᱟ ᱰᱤᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱳᱣᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ' ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ' ᱼᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 1981 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱟᱨᱰᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱤᱝ ''ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ'' ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ 1981 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱪ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1980 ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ, ᱰᱤᱹ ᱥᱤᱹ, ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱚᱨ|ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱳᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ " ᱵᱳᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱨᱟᱥ " ᱥᱮ " ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱝ ᱯᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ' ᱯᱤᱜ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱪ ' , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥ ᱮᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱜᱤᱭᱴᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1980 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ , ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsitsos|first=William|date=October 1999|title=Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music_1999-10_18_3/page/405|journal=Popular Music|volume=18|issue=3|pages=405–406, 410|doi=10.1017/S0261143000008941|quote=Much like slamdancing was a modification of the pogo, moshing emerged in the mid-1980s as a variation on slamdancing...<br> In contrast to slamdancing, moshing lacks the elements, such as circular pit motion, which promote unity in the pit. The development of moshing in New York City in the 1980s even saw the partial breakdown of the convention of picking up fallen dancers, as pit violence increased. New York City straight edge shows became legendary for their brutality...<br>Moshers keep their bodies more bent over and compacted, and they swing either both arms or just one (usually the right) arm around across the body in a move that one of my interviewees called 'the death swing'. This swinging of the arm(s) in moshing is far more theatrical and exaggerated than in slamdancing. If a mosher swings only one arm, the non-swinging arm is kept ready to provide some guard against collisions with other moshers. The dancers often stand in a stationary position while performing these moves, but sometimes they run into other people inside and on the edge of the pit. To do so, dancers generally just move to where there are other dancers clustered and colliding with each other and join in the collision. This run-and-collide style of moshing can be distinguished from the style of slamdancing which also involves running and colliding by the more exaggerated body movements in moshing. Moshers do not move in counter-clockwise group motion...<br>Compared with slamming, the fundamental body movements of moshing, such as the more violent swinging of the arms, the more violent body contact, and the lack of group motion place even greater emphasis on individual territoriality over community. Whereas the bodily motion of swinging arms and high-stepping legs has remained the traditional motion of slamdancing since it first emerged, moshing has seen the introduction of new moves such as jumping karate kicks.}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱰᱟᱞᱴ]] ehom15fp90j2565au2x276g4ckyhle0 0 23945 196393 124131 2026-08-12T03:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱥ|image=Flaming Creatures.jpg|caption=Theatrical release poster|director=[[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]]|producer=Jack Smith|starring=[[Piero Heliczer]]<br>Frances Francine<br>Sheila Bick<br>Joel Markman<br>[[Mario Montez]] (as ''Dolores Flores'')<br>Arnold Rockwood<br>[[Judith Malina]]<br>[[Marian Zazeela]]|distributor=|released={{film date|1963|4|29}}|runtime=42 minutes <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30305386|title=Flaming creatures|date=May 21, 2021|oclc=30305386 |via=Open WorldCat}}</ref>|country=United States|language=English|budget=$300}} ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱠ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱯᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ , ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱨᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ|ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱨᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ 29 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 1963 ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱥ, ᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱳᱵᱽᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱴᱮᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱢᱤᱱᱜᱽ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱨᱜᱨᱟᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱢᱳᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱡᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱵᱽᱨᱮ (cause célèbre) ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱞᱚᱴ == ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱜᱽᱲ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱥᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱞᱟᱹᱢᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱤᱛᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴᱳᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Siegel 1997, p. 95">Siegel 1997, p. 95.</ref> ᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱴᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱵᱷᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱟᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱨᱮᱰᱤᱴ ᱥᱠᱳᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ " ''ᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ'' ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ " ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ' ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱨᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱳᱭᱮᱱᱥ ' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱤᱯᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱠ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ " ᱟᱢ ᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱠᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱤᱯᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Hoberman 2008, pp. 11–7.</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Sitney 2002, pp. 335–6.</ref> [[ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱞᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱨᱳ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱧᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Siegel 1997, p. 95">Siegel 1997, p. 95.</ref> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == 1960 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Joseph 2008, p. 231">Joseph 2008, p. 231.</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱵᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱵᱚᱠ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱭᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Joseph 2008, p. 231" /><ref>Leffingwell, Kismaric & Heiferman 1997, p. 159.</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱨᱟᱰ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱠ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Hoberman 2008, p. 24.</ref> 1962 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱚᱝᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 412 ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱱᱰᱥᱳᱨ ᱛᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="siegel-criticism">{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=Marc|year=2014|title=...For MM|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_criticism_spring-2014_56_2/page/n207|journal=Criticism|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=361–74|doi=10.13110/criticism.56.2.0361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Up on the Roof by J. Hoberman - Moving Image Source |url=http://www.movingimagesource.us/articles/up-on-the-roof-20120105 |access-date=2018-12-11 |website=www.movingimagesource.us}}</ref> ᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱯ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Hoberman 2008, pp. 25–6.</ref> ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱠᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ' ''ᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟᱝᱞᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱰᱮᱛᱷ'' ' ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱟᱜ ' ᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱯᱷ ' ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Sitney 2002, p. 335.</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱳᱫᱟᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱥᱼ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dixon|first=Wheeler|date=1986|title=Financing for the Independent Filmmaker: Sources and Strategies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-film-and-video_winter-1986_38_1/page/31|journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|volume=38|issue=1|page=31}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱼᱠᱳᱱᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱴᱮᱥᱪᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Joseph 2008, p. 229.</ref> ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤ'' ᱛᱤᱹᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱞᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱨᱤᱯᱷᱥ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ''ᱯᱷᱞᱤᱠᱝ ᱢᱚᱞᱰᱤ ᱮᱞᱢᱩᱱᱰ'' ᱯᱮᱴᱚᱞᱥ ''ᱢᱚᱞᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱯᱪᱩᱨ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱦᱳᱨᱳᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟ'' ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>Hoberman 2008, p. 29.</ref> ᱥᱢᱤᱛ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱣᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ " ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱩᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ " ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ " ᱜᱞᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ " ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=Marc|year=2014|title=Beyond the Rented World: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_criticism_spring-2014_56_2/page/153|journal=Criticism|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=153–7|doi=10.13110/criticism.56.2.0153}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ 300 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="johnson-criticism">{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Dominic|year=2014|title=Modern Death: Jack Smith, Fred Herko, and Paul Thek|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_criticism_spring-2014_56_2/page/n60|journal=Criticism|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=211–34|doi=10.13110/criticism.56.2.0211}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱳᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱨᱟᱰ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱴᱮᱠᱨᱟᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱥᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱮᱝᱜᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱠᱞᱤᱡᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱮ ᱨᱩᱭᱮᱨᱟ (ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮᱡ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱯᱷᱚᱥᱚᱨᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱨᱟᱰ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="siegel-criticism">{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=Marc|year=2014|title=...For MM|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_criticism_spring-2014_56_2/page/n207|journal=Criticism|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=361–74|doi=10.13110/criticism.56.2.0361}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSiegel2014">Siegel, Marc (2014). </cite></ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱞᱟᱡᱽᱼᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱴᱮᱱᱰᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱥᱯᱷ ᱞᱚᱠᱮᱞᱮᱼᱨᱮ " ᱥᱤᱵᱳᱱᱤᱭᱤ " " ᱟᱢᱯᱳᱞᱟᱭ " ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱳᱰᱳᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Needs |first=Kris |date=August 10, 2016 |title=Wasn't Born to Follow |url=https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/wasnt-born-follow |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=Record Collector}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suárez|first=Juan A.|year=2014|title=Jack Smith, Hélio Oiticica, Tropicalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_criticism_spring-2014_56_2/page/295|journal=Criticism|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=295–328|doi=10.13110/criticism.56.2.0295}}</ref> ᱥᱢᱤᱛ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨᱳ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱥᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱡᱮᱨᱤ ᱡᱳᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱥ ' ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱳᱭᱤᱥ ' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱪ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱱᱟᱨᱟᱰ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱴᱮᱱᱰᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Leffingwell, Kismaric 1997, p. 161">Leffingwell, Kismaric & Heiferman 1997, p. 161.</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == *   * *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱢᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱞᱟᱴ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ]] holuycw5092irz512w6y86x3pnzeky6 0 24597 196356 189722 2026-08-12T02:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196356 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ (Sinhala: සිංහල ජනතාව, romanized: Sinhala Janathāva) ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] (Sinhala: හෙළ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖.᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ᱾ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ 'ᱯᱷᱮᱨ-ᱠᱮᱸᱰᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ' ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ 'ᱯᱷᱮᱨ-ᱠᱮᱸᱰᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ' ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ {{Short description|Native ethnic group of Sri Lanka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{EngvarB|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Sinhalese people | native_name = සිංහල ජනතාව | native_name_lang = | image = Traditional Sinhalese Marriage-Poruwa Ceremony I.jpg | caption = Traditional Sinhalese Marriage Ceremony | pop = {{Circa|17 million|lk=yes}}<ref name="Sinhala">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sin|title=Sinhala|work=Ethnologue}}</ref> | region1 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}} | pop1 = 16.2 million (74.9%) <small>(2012)</small> | ref1 = <ref name="statistics.gov.lk">{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|access-date=11 September 2023|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011932/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop2 = 108,069 <small>(2022)</small> | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Cittadini Stranieri Cingalesi in Italia|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/sri-lanka/|website=Tuttitalia, 2022|date = 1 January 2022|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop3 = 58,166 <small>(2021)</small> | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Find Census Data - QuickStats - 2021 Census|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7107_AUS|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|United States}} | pop4 = ~41,000 <small>(2016)</small> | ref4 = <ref>{{cite news |title=SPECIAL CONCERNS FOR SRI LANKAN AMERICAN VOTERS – FOREIGN POLICY AND TERRORISM |url=https://srilankanamericans.com/index.php/2021/03/06/special-concerns-for-sri-lankan-american-voters-foreign-policy-and-terrorism-by-anjelika-silva/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Sri Lankan American Action Coalition |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902223229/https://srilankanamericans.com/index.php/2021/03/06/special-concerns-for-sri-lankan-american-voters-foreign-policy-and-terrorism-by-anjelika-silva/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop5 = 33,050 <small>(2021)</small> | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date=7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022740/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Singapore}} | pop6 = ~17,000 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/SN | title=Sinhalese in Singapore }}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | pop7 = 14,731 <small>(2021)</small> | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2205/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|New Zealand}} | pop8 = 9,171 <small>(2018)</small> | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/sinhalese|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.stats.govt.nz|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|at=Sinhalese ethnic group}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|India}} | pop9 = ~5,300 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/IN | title=Sinhalese in India }}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Malaysia}} | pop10 = ~4,700 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/MY | title=Sinhalese in Malaysia }}</ref> | languages = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] | religions = Predominantly: [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] (94%)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/38.htm | title=Sri Lanka - Ethnic Groups }}</ref><br /> Minority: [[Christianity]] (6%)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/38.htm | title=Sri Lanka - Ethnic Groups }}</ref> | related = [[South Asian ethnic groups]]<ref name="gd">{{cite journal |last1=Kirk |first1=R. L. |title=The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins |url=https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_1976-07_45_1/page/91 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=July 1976 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=91–99 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330450112 }}</ref> }} [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱚᱢᱥᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱤᱯᱟᱵᱷᱚᱢᱥᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱟᱱᱩᱨᱟᱫᱷᱩᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟ]] ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟ.ᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱔᱓ BCE ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ। ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢᱥᱟ]], ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤ.ᱡᱤ. ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢᱥᱟ ([[ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱢᱚᱠᱤᱛᱴᱤ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱜᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱩᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱳᱱᱟᱨᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ== 5g5momj0jo9e5nedqqp133qda84zysm 0 24991 196390 131831 2026-08-12T03:38:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|name=ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ|native_name={{native name list |tag1=ms|name1=Selat Melaka |tag2=ms|name2=سلت ملاک |tag3=id|name3=Selat Malaka |tag4=th|name4=ช่องแคบมะละกา |tag5=ta|name5=மலாக்கா நீரிணை |tag6=ta|name6=Malākkā nīriṇai |tag7=hi|name7=मलक्का जलडमरूमध्य |tag8=zh|name8=馬六甲海峽/马六甲海峡}}|other_name=|image=Strait of Malacca highlighted.png|alt=|caption=ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾|image_bathymetry=|alt_bathymetry=|caption_bathymetry=|location=[[ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]]-[[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ]]|group=|coordinates={{Coord|4|N|100|E|scale:10000000|display=inline,title|format=dms|name=Strait of Malacca}}|type=[[ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ]]|etymology=[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ]] (ᱵᱤᱛ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]])|part_of=|inflow=|rivers=|outflow=|oceans=|catchment=|basin_countries={{ubl|{{flag|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}}|{{flag|ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ}}|{{flag|ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ}}|{{flag|ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ}}}}|agency=|designation=|date-built=<!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water -->|engineer=|date-flooded=<!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water -->|length={{cvt|930|km}}|width=|min_width={{cvt|38|km}}|area=|depth={{convert|25|m}} (minimum)<ref>'''Malaccamax'''. As the name suggests, Malaccamax ships are the largest ships that can pass through the Strait of Malacca which is 25 m (82 ft) deep at its shallowest. As per the current permissible limits, a Malaccamax vessel can have a maximum length of {{cvt|400|m|ft|0}}, beam of {{cvt|59|m|ft|1}}, and draught of {{cvt|14.5|m|ft|1}}. [http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/ship-sizes/ Comparison of Tanker sizes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503010753/http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/ship-sizes/ |date=2021-05-03 }}</ref>|max-depth=|volume=|residence_time=|salinity=|shore=|elevation=|temperature_high=|temperature_low=|frozen=|islands=|islands_category=|sections=|trenches=|benches=|cities={{ubl|[[ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱵᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ]]|[[ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱮᱛ]]|[[ᱠᱨᱟᱵᱤ]]|[[ᱥᱟᱛᱩᱱ]]|[[ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱟᱪᱮ]]|[[ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱥᱟᱣᱮᱢᱟᱣᱮ]]|[[ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱱ]]|[[ᱫᱩᱢᱟᱭ]]|[[ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱢ]]|[[ᱞᱟᱜᱠᱟᱣᱤ]]|[[ᱯᱮᱱᱟᱝ]]|[[ᱞᱩᱢᱩᱴ]]|[[ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱠᱟᱝ]]|[[ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱚᱝ]]|[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]]|[[ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱨ]]|[[ᱵᱟᱛᱩ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱴ]]|[[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]]}}|pushpin_map=<!-- the name of a location map as per Template:Location map. Requires coordinates= parameter to display map. -->|pushpin_label_position=<!-- left, right, top or bottom -->|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_map_caption=|website=|reference=}} ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ (᱘᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱕ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ (᱖᱕-᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ (ᱥᱤᱧᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ (ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/strait-malacca-worlds-new-piracy-hotspot-n63576|title=Strait of Malacca Is World's New Piracy Hotspot|last=Winn|first=Patrick|date=27 Mar 2014|work=NBC News|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315003313/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/strait-malacca-worlds-new-piracy-hotspot-n63576|archive-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱫ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑᱔᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱛᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱝ == [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ [[File:Detroit_Malacca_OHI.png|left|thumb|ᱳ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ᱾]] == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[File:Melaka-strait.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ]], ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱨᱮᱴ᱾ ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱨ (' ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ') ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ]], [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] , [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱝᱡᱚᱣ|ᱜᱩᱭᱟᱝᱡᱩ]] ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ [[ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱦ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱷᱩᱨ, ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ, ᱵᱨᱳᱠᱟᱰᱮᱥ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱳᱨᱤ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ, ᱯᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱴ , ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱝᱠᱟᱥᱩᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱟᱱᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱖ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱗ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱮᱢᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱥᱨᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ , ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱰᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ, ᱡᱳᱦᱳᱨ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pineda|first=Guillermo|year=2012|title=The Strait of Malacca as one of the most important geopolitical regions for the People's Republic of China|url=https://www.academia.edu/1931497|url-status=live|journal=Academia.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130180635/http://www.academia.edu/1931497/The_Strait_of_Malacca_as_one_of_the_most_important_geopolitical_regions_for_the_People_s_Republic_of_China|archive-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ == [[File:Ship_on_the_Strait_of_Malacca_from_Bukit_Melawati.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱᱜᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱠᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ᱾]] ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱨᱮᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]] [[ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ|ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱚᱯᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]], [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]], [[ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱥᱮᱫ [[ᱢᱳᱢᱵᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱩᱣᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ, [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ <ref>Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mantoan |first=Benedetta |date=2019 |title=The Maritime Silk Road in South-East Asia. |url=https://www.southworld.net/the-maritime-silk-road-in-south-east-asia/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.southworld.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=H. I. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Could The Indian Navy Strangle China's Lifeline In The Malacca Strait? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/07/08/could-the-indian-navy-strangle-chinas-lifeline-in-the-malacca-strait/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-30 |title=Can Singapore's shipping hub survive China's Maritime Silk Road? |url=https://supplychainasia.org/can-singapores-shipping-hub-survive-chinas-maritime-silk-road/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Supply Chain Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱙᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱘), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱛᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱕% ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ, ᱠᱩᱭᱞᱟᱹ, ᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱑.᱓᱗ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱨᱮᱴᱤᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱑.᱕᱒ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ <ref name=":1" />ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱝ ᱪᱳᱠ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱒.᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱑.᱕ ᱱᱚᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾&nbsp;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints |url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122053242/http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2014 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=www.eia.gov |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡ (ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱴᱮᱝᱠᱟᱨ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱹᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱘᱒ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raymond|first=Catherine|year=2009|title=PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY IN THE MALACCA STRAIT: A Problem Solved?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naval-war-college-review_summer-2009_62_3/page/31|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=62|pages=31–42|via=Proquest}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱤᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ &nbsp; ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2011 |title=Drastic drop in piracy in Malacca Straits |url=http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/piracy-2/drastic-drop-in-piracy-in-malacca-straits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012031/http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/piracy-2/drastic-drop-in-piracy-in-malacca-straits/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=maritimesecurity.asia}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱥ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱠᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ) ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ &nbsp; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Sharidan Mohd Ali |date=2 January 2006 |title=34 wrecks in sealane threaten passing ships<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/1/2/maritime/12941448&sec=maritime |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012073905/http://thestar.com.my:80/news/story.asp?file=/2006/1/2/maritime/12941448&sec=maritime |archive-date=12 October 2008 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=thestar.com.my}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱐ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ [[ᱫᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡ|ᱰᱮᱥᱴᱳᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱠᱮᱭᱮᱱ, ᱥᱨᱮᱴᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱮᱞᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱢ.ᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[File:Malaysian_Haze_2005_Aerosol_Index.jpg|right|thumb|ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱡᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱸᱦᱟᱹ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱲᱦᱟᱹ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{Convert|200|m}} ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱑,᱑᱕᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ == {{ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ|ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱱᱮᱞ}}ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱳᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ {{Convert|960|km|mi}} ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱛᱷᱢᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ ''[[ᱫᱟ ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱭᱚᱢᱥ]]'' ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱐ᱹ᱕᱐/ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ (᱓ᱹ᱓/m³) ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no }} * [http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf World oil transit chokepoints] * [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=467 Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: U.S., Japanese, Regional, and Industry Strategies] ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], November 2010) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3925277.stm BBC News report on the increased security in the Straits] * [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=2752802 "Going for the jugular" Report on the potential terrorist threat to the Straits. From the Economist, requires subscription, in the print edition June 10, 2004] * [http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20050117-115550-1929r.htm China builds up strategic sea lanes] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706051608/http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D3668/marineelectronichighwayarticle.pdf A report from the International Maritime Organisation on the implementation of a Straits "Marine Electronic Highway" - a series of technological measures to ensure safe and efficient use of the busy waters] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=hM-9joPZMj8C&pg=PA51 Malacca, Singapore, and Indonesia] (1978) by Michael Leifer * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050317141338/http://www.fsas.upm.edu.my/~masdec/web/straits.html The Malacca Straits Research and Development Centre homepage] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051221005030/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7E69A41A-E46F-41D9-AD34-26BA06933A87.htm Al-Jazeera: Malacca Strait nations plan air patrol] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528100902/http://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zef_wp/zef_wp17_evers-gerke.pdf The Strategic Importance of the Straits of Malacca for World Trade and Regional Development] * [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100304/ap_on_re_as/as_singapore_terror_threat;_ylt=Athi3z3jzMzU62jBaOvBAaSs0NUE;_ylu=X3oDMTJzaWdicmZqBGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAwMzA0L2FzX3NpbmdhcG9yZV90ZXJyb3JfdGhyZWF0BGNwb3MDMwRwb3MDMTMEc2VjA3luX3RvcF9zdG9yeQRzbGsDc2luZ2Fwb3Jld2Fy AP: Singapore warns of terror threat in Malacca Strait, 2010-03-04] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== r1byi6qrfdhsi2yl10pq6483bqjl63a 0 25404 196389 142180 2026-08-12T03:35:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National Park of Nepal}} {{Infobox protected area | name = ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ | iucn_category = II | photo =Valley, Tengboche, Mountains of Nepal.jpg | photo_caption =Landscape in the national park | location = [[:en:Koshi Province|ᱠᱳᱥᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | nearest_city = [[ᱱᱟᱢᱪᱮ]], [[ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱡᱩᱝ]] | map = | relief = 1 | label = Sagarmatha National Park | label_position = top | coordinates = {{coord|27|56|N|86|44|E|region:NP_scale:500000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 1148 | established = ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ, ᱑᱙᱗᱖ | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body =ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱵᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ | website = {{URL|sagarmathanationalpark.gov.np}} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = ᱑᱒᱐ |Year = 1979 |Criteria = Natural: vii }} }} '''ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱳᱞᱩᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱑᱔᱘ km2 (᱔᱔᱓ sq mi) ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱶᱴ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱘᱔᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘᱘᱔᱘ m (᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱙,᱐᱒᱙ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Qomolangma National Nature Preserve|ᱠᱩᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱠᱟᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱨᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nbrb2007>{{cite book |author1=Bhuju, U.R. |author2= Shakya, P.R.|author3= Basnet, T.B. |author4= Shrestha, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-92-9115-033-5 |chapter=Sagarmatha National Park |pages=53–55 |chapter-url=http://lib.icimod.org/record/7560/files/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf#page=85}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱰᱥᱠᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gurung, C. P. |author2=Maskey, T. M. |author3=Poudel, N. |author4=Lama, Y. |author5=Wagley, M. P. |author6=Manandhar, A. |author7=Khaling, S. |author8=Thapa, G. |author9=Thapa, S. |author10=Wikramanayake, E. D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |chapter=The Sacred Himalayan Landscape: Conceptualizing, Visioning, and Planning for Conservation of Biodiversity, Culture and Livelihoods in the Eastern Himalaya |pages=10–20 |title=Conservation Biology in Asia |editor1=McNeely, J. A. |editor2= McCarthy, T. M. |editor3=Smith, A. |editor4=Whittaker, O. L. |editor5=Wikramanayake, E. D. |publisher=Nepal Society for Conservation Biology, Asia Section and Resources Himalaya Foundation |location=Kathmandu |isbn=99946-996-9-5 |chapter-url=https://conbio.org/images/content_groups/Asia/Chapter%201_Gurung_Himalayan%20Landscape.pdf}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Sagarmatha National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/120/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=nbrb2007/> ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱗᱕ km2 (106 sq mi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱩᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱩᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱡᱳᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heinen |first1=J. T. |last2=Mehta |first2=J. N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Emerging Issues in Legal and Procedural Aspects of Buffer Zone Management with Case Studies from Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environment-development_2000-03_9_1/page/45 |journal=Journal of Environment and Development |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–67}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ। ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |author=Byers, A. |date=2005 |title=Contemporary human impacts on Alpine ecosystems in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=112–140}}</ref> == ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ == ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱳᱴᱮᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱠᱤᱭᱳ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱡᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱘᱔᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱙,᱓᱓᱔ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱘,᱘᱔᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱙,᱐᱒᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱷᱚᱴᱥᱮ, ᱪᱳ ᱳᱭᱩ, ᱛᱟᱢᱥᱮᱨᱠᱩ, ᱱᱩᱯᱴᱥᱮ, ᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟᱵᱽᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱢᱳᱨᱤ ᱾ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖᱙% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱒᱘% ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱙,᱘᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱓᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ == [[File:Nepalflowers.jpg|thumb|Flowers at an elevation of {{cvt|5000|m}}]] '''ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱟ''' ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱰᱚᱰᱮᱱᱰᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔,᱐᱐᱐-᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱓,᱐᱐᱐-᱑᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱰᱚᱰᱮᱱᱰᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱪᱮᱱᱥ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱖᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Buffa, G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ferrari, C. |author3=Lovari, S. |year=1998 |chapter=The upper subalpine vegetation of Sagarmatha National Park (Khumbu Himal area, Nepal) and its relationship with Himalayan tahr, musk deer and domestic yak. An outline |pages=167–175 |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |publisher=Backhuys Publishers |title=Top of the World environmental research: Mount Everest–Himalayan ecosystem |editor1=Baudo, R. |editor2=Tartari, G. |editor3=Munawar, M.}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nbrb2007/> '''ᱯᱷᱚᱣᱱᱟ''' [[File:Tibetan Snowcock.jpg|thumb|Snowcock in the national park]] ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨᱢᱚᱛᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱘᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱭᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱟᱱᱴ, ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱮᱰ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱩᱴᱚᱨ, ᱥᱱᱳᱠᱠᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱪᱳᱜᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱴᱩ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱞᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱠ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lovari, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Boesi, R. |author3=Minder, I. |author4=Mucci, N. |author5=Randi, E. |author6=Dematteis, A. |author7=Ale, S. B. |year=2009 |title=Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=12 |pages=559–570 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00285.x}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category|Sagarmatha National Park}} *{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/14342 |author=BirdLife International |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sagarmatha National Park}} *{{cite web |publisher=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal |title=Sagarmatha National Park |url=http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/sagarmathanationalpark |access-date=2023-11-11 |archive-date=2019-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705035733/http://dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/sagarmathanationalpark |url-status=dead }} *[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/120 Official UNESCO website entry] f3jg22ieort9q16pr3ynjnjuoa8w9qm 0 25406 196359 134743 2026-08-12T02:39:56Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National Park of Nepal}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Langtang National Park | alt_name = {{lang-ne|लाङटाङ राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज}} | iucn_category = II | photo = Starry night in Langtang National Park.jpg | photo_caption = Langtang National Park | map= Nepal | relief = 1 | location = [[Nepal]] | nearest_city = Kathmandu | coordinates = {{coord|28.1738|N|85.5531|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|1710|km2|abbr=on}} | established = 1976 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (Nepal)|Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation]] }} '''ᱞᱚᱝᱛᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ''' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:List of protected areas of Nepal|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ. ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱠᱳᱴ, ᱨᱟᱥᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱸᱫᱷᱩᱞᱯᱟᱞᱪᱳᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱝᱛᱚᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name="nbrb07">{{cite book |author1=Bhuju, U. R. |author2=Shakya, P. R. |author3=Basnet, T. B. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Shrestha, S. |year=2007 |title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-92-9115-033-5 |url=http://lib.icimod.org/record/7560}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱳᱴᱮ ᱠᱳᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱥᱩᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="yonzon+al1991">{{cite journal |last1=Yonzon |first1=P. |last2=Jones |first2=R. |last3=Fox |first3=J. |year=1991 |title=Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Habitat and Estimating Population of Red Pandas in Langtang National Park, Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ambio_1991-11_20_7/page/285 |journal=Ambio |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=285–288}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱩᱸᱰᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱓᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱳᱨᱡᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱯᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱖,᱙᱘᱘ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱒,᱙᱒᱗ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱝᱛᱚᱝ ᱞᱤᱨᱩᱝ (7,245 m (23,770 ft)) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="yonzon+al1991">{{cite journal |last1=Yonzon |first1=P. |last2=Jones |first2=R. |last3=Fox |first3=J. |year=1991 |title=Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Habitat and Estimating Population of Red Pandas in Langtang National Park, Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ambio_1991-11_20_7/page/285 |journal=Ambio |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=285–288}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱝᱛᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱰᱥᱠᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gurung, C. P. |author2=Maskey, T. M. |author3=Poudel, N. |author4=Lama, Y. |author5=Wagley, M. P. |author6=Manandhar, A. |author7=Khaling, S. |author8=Thapa, G. |author9=Thapa, S. |author10=Wikramanayake, E. D. |year=2006 |chapter=The Sacred Himalayan Landscape: Conceptualizing, Visioning, and Planning for Conservation of Biodiversity, Culture and Livelihoods in the Eastern Himalaya |pages=10–20 |title=Conservation Biology in Asia |editor1=McNeely, J. A. |editor2= McCarthy, T. M. |editor3=Smith, A. |editor4=Whittaker, O. L. |editor5=Wikramanayake, E. D. |publisher=Nepal Society for Conservation Biology, Asia Section and Resources Himalaya Foundation |location=Kathmandu |isbn=99946-996-9-5 |chapter-url=https://conbio.org/images/content_groups/Asia/Chapter%201_Gurung_Himalayan%20Landscape.pdf}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱝᱛᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱒᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="nbrb07" /><ref>Heinen, J. T. and J. N. Mehta (2000). ''Emerging Issues in Legal and Procedural Aspects of Buffer Zone Management with Case Studies from Nepal''. Journal of Environment and Development 9 (1): 45–67.</ref> ᱓᱑ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱓᱑᱑ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱭᱟᱨᱵᱟᱥ A310 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱑᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920731-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A310-304 HS-TID Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥ, ᱨᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱝᱴᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱑᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱙.᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36560136|title=Mars crater named after Nepal quake village Langtang|last=Cheung|first=Helier|website=bbc.com|access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱴᱚᱨᱥᱚᱠ: ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱢ == {{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Paints of sunrise on Langtang National Park.jpg |caption1=Sunrise in Langtang National Park |image2=Gosainkunda Lake.jpg |caption2=Gosainkunda Lake}} ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱣᱱᱟ== ᱞᱚᱝᱴᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱠᱨᱩᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="nbrb07" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wikivoyage|Langtang Valley Trek}} *{{cite web |author=BirdLife International |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/14334 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Langtang National Park}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/langtangnationalpark |website=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation |title=Langtang National Park |access-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233356/http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/langtangnationalpark |archive-date=2018-12-30 |url-status=dead }} *[https://archive.today/20130413233443/http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/langtang-national-park/ EnvironmentNEPAL ''Langtang National Park''] 1735i20yl9oza5ypnid0n2nelu62twt 0 25410 196386 187262 2026-08-12T03:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National Park of Nepal}} {{Infobox Protected area | name = Bardiya National Park | alt_name = {{lang-ne|बर्दिया राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज}}; {{Audio|Ne-Bardiya Rastriya Nikunja.oga}} | iucn_category = II | photo = Bardiya_02.jpg | photo_caption = | photo_alt= | map_image = | map_caption = Location in Nepal | location = [[Nepal]] | map = Nepal | relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coords|28|23|N|81|30|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 968 | established = 1988 | governing_body = [[Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (Nepal)|Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation]] |nearest_city=[[Gulariya]]}} '''ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱙᱖᱘ km2 (374 sq mi) ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱣᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱜᱩᱸᱡᱽ-ᱥᱩᱨᱠᱷᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱨᱩᱣᱟ, ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="mk98">Majupuria, T. C., Kumar, R. (1998). ''Wildlife, National Parks and Reserves of Nepal.'' S. Devi, Saharanpur and Tecpress Books, Bangkok. {{ISBN|974-89833-5-8}}</ref> [[ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑,᱔᱓᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱕᱕᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱩᱪᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟ-ᱵᱟᱸᱠᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱵᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ (TCU) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱒᱓᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱘᱖᱑ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱩᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱥᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱰᱤᱭᱩᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱳᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Wikramanayake, E.D., Dinerstein, E., Robinson, J.G., Karanth, K.U., Rabinowitz, A., Olson, D., Mathew, T., Hedao, P., Connor, M., Hemley, G., Bolze, D. (1999). ''Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild''. In: Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P. (eds.) ''Riding the Tiger. Tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. hardback {{ISBN|0-521-64057-1}}, paperback {{ISBN|0-521-64835-1}}</ref><ref>Nepalnews (2010). [http://www.nepalnews.com/main/index.php/news-archive/19-general/6031-govt-announces-creation-of-550-sq-km-banke-national-park.html article ''Govt announces creation of 550 sq km Banke National Park''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101230941/http://www.nepalnews.com/main/index.php/news-archive/19-general/6031-govt-announces-creation-of-550-sq-km-banke-national-park.html |date=January 1, 2011}}. Nepalnews 13 May 2010</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱑᱘᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟ. ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ ᱣᱤᱞᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref name="mk98">Majupuria, T. C., Kumar, R. (1998). ''Wildlife, National Parks and Reserves of Nepal.'' S. Devi, Saharanpur and Tecpress Books, Bangkok. {{ISBN|974-89833-5-8}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ <ref name="mk98">Majupuria, T. C., Kumar, R. (1998). ''Wildlife, National Parks and Reserves of Nepal.'' S. Devi, Saharanpur and Tecpress Books, Bangkok. {{ISBN|974-89833-5-8}}</ref> ᱾ == ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱐% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="dinerstein1979">{{cite journal |author=Dinerstein, E. |year=1979 |title=An ecological survey of the royal Karnali-Bardia Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Part I: Vegetation, modifying factors, and successional relationships |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(79)90030-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/biological-conservation_1979-02_15_2/page/127}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱓᱙ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱤᱠᱳᱴ, ᱒᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱠᱳᱴ, ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱢᱱᱟᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nbrb07>{{cite book |author=Bhuju, U. R. |author2=Shakya, P. R. |author3=Basnet, T. B. |author4=Shrestha, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-92-9115-033-5 |chapter=Bardia National Park |pages=43–45 |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/7560}}</ref> ==ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ== {{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Gharial_in_Karnali.JPG |caption1=A group of gharials and a Mugger crocodile on a sand bank of the Karnali River |image2=Bengal Tiger Bardiya.jpg |caption2=Bengal tiger in Bardiya National Park}} ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱮᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱖᱔᱒ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞᱤ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱵᱳᱣᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱕ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱡ ᱠᱨᱳᱠᱳᱰᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱒᱓ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱴᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱯᱷᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=nbrb07/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Wikivoyage|left|Bardiya National Park}} *{{cite web |author=BirdLife International |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/14324 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bardia National Park}} * [http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/asdewr Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal: ''Bardiya National Park''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120021707/http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/asdewr |date=2020-01-20 }} 8vehbygerqa7d1tja86qno9e2f3zsd1 0 25636 196367 136099 2026-08-12T02:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lake in Kaski district of Nepal}} {{Infobox body of water | name = ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ | native_name ={{native name|ne|बेगनास ताल}} | image = File:Begnas Lake Pokhara.jpg | caption = ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[:en:Kaski District|ᱠᱟᱠᱥᱤ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | coords = {{coord|28|10|26.2|N|84|05|50.4|E|region:NP_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | lake_type = ᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱪᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ<ref name="begnas1">{{cite book|last=Oli|first=Krishna Prasad|title=A local level conservation strategy for Begnas and Rupa lake watershed area|year=1997|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Nepal. Rāshṭriya Yojanā Āyoga, Nepal National Conservation Strategy Implementation Programme|location=Kathmandu, Nepal}}</ref> | inflow = ''ᱥᱭᱟᱱᱠᱩᱫᱤ & ᱛᱟᱞᱵᱮᱥᱤ''<ref name="begnas1" /> | outflow = ''ᱠᱷᱩᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱟ''<ref name="begnas1" /> | catchment = {{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas4" /><ref name="begnas2">{{cite journal|last=Rai|first=Ash Kumar|title=Limnological characteristics of subtropical Lakes Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa in Pokhara Valley, Nepal|journal=Limnology|year=2000|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s102010070027|pages=33–46}}</ref> | basin_countries = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|3.28|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas2" /> | depth = {{convert|6.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas2" /> | max-depth = {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas2" /> | volume = {{convert|0.02905|km3|cumi|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas2" /> | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|650|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="begnas2" /> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Begnas Lake in Nepal. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = }} ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ([[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]]: बेगनास ताल) ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱤᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/04/02/Features/Seven-vanishing-lakes/206810/|title=Seven Vanishing Lakes of Lekhnath|publisher=Ekantipur.com|date=2 April 2010|accessdate=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727223841/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/04/02/Features/Seven-vanishing-lakes/206810/|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="begnas1" /><ref name="begnas2" /> ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="begnas4">{{cite book|author=National Lake Conservation Development Committee|title=Conservation of Begnas Lake, Nepal: A Case of Conflict to Collective Action in Resource Sharing (Multiple Water Use)|year=2010|publisher=Outline of Lake Basin Governance Research Promotion Activities, 2008-2010|location=Shiga University, Japan|url=http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2008list/06-020504.pdf|access-date=2012-05-01|archive-date=2019-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214060919/http://rcse.edu.shiga-u.ac.jp/gov-pro/plan/2008list/06-020504.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="begnas3">{{cite journal|last=D. B|first=Swar|author2=Gurung, T. B.|title=Introduction and cage culture of exotic carps and their impact on fish harvested in Lake Begnas, Nepal|url=https://archive.org/details/hydrobiologia_1988-09-30_166_3/page/278|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1988|volume=166|issue=3|pages=277–283|doi=10.1007/BF00008137|issn=1573-5117}}</ref> ==ᱞᱮᱠ ᱮᱠᱱᱳᱢᱤ== ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Kawamura |first=Masahiro |title=One Village One Product agrotourism promotion: Perceptions of visitors to Begnas area |url=http://www.aec-fncci.org/userfiles/files/110516%20Agrotourism%20Report.pdf |publisher=JICA |date=June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408060434/http://www.aec-fncci.org/userfiles/files/110516%20Agrotourism%20Report.pdf/ |archive-date=2015-04-08 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="begnas3" /> ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wagle|first=Suresh Kumar|author2=Gurung, Tek Bahadur |author3=Bista, Jay Dev |author4= Rai, Ash Kumar |title=Cage fish culture and fisheries for food security and livelihoods in mid hill lakes of Pokhara Valley, Nepal: Post community based management adoption|journal=Aquaculture Asia|date=July–September 2007|volume=12|issue=3|pages=21–29|url=http://library.enaca.org/AquacultureAsia/Articles/July-Sept-2007/July-Sept-2007.pdf#page=23|issn=0859-600X}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱥᱞᱩ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱜᱟᱞᱮᱨᱤ== {{Gallery |title= ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ |mode = packed |File:Begnas Lake, Pokhara, Kaski.jpg| ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ |File:BegnasLake.jpg|ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱱᱱᱟᱯᱩᱨᱱᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ |File:"Begnas lake and Maidi lake of Kaski, Nepal.".jpg|ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱽᱱᱟᱥ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱭᱫᱤ ᱡᱚᱞᱟ }} ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Commons category|Begnas Lake}} {{Wikivoyage|Pokhara#b/}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161024124827/http://www.cityof7lakes.com.np/events/2nd-begnas-fish-festival-2073/ Begnas Fish Festival ] fh5ih1ipytb5psk0ngzwvxxahofb68y 0 25685 196410 162325 2026-08-12T04:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|People of Andaman archipelago}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Andamanese | native_name_lang = | image = Andaman tribals fishing (c. 1870).jpg | image_caption = Members of an unspecified Andamanese tribe fishing in {{circa|1870}} | population = {{Circa|over 500}} | total_year = | regions = {{flag|India}}<br /> [[Andaman Islands]] | languages = [[Great Andamanese languages]]<br/>[[Ongan languages]] ([[Onge language|Onge]], [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]])<br/>[[Sentinelese language|Sentinelese]]{{refn|group=note|Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore [[Unclassified language|unclassified]].<ref name=ZAZA>{{Cite journal |last1=Zide |first1=Norman |last2=Pandya |first2=Vishvajit |year=1989 |title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1989_109_4/page/639 |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=639–651 |doi=10.2307/604090 |jstor=604090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0 |pages=342 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118202917/https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Chapter 8: The Tribes |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507061710/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa language is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language.<ref name=ZAZA /><ref>{{cite report |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A&N_Islands.pdf#page=3 |title=Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge |quote=The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011020/http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles/06-Enumeration_of_Primitive_Tribes_in_A%26N_Islands.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is uncertainty as to the range of overlap with the Onge language, if any.<ref>There {{cite book |last=Pandit |first=T. N. |title=The Sentinelese |publisher=Seagull Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7046-081-7 |location=Kolkata |page=21–22 |oclc=24438323}}</ref> The [[Anthropological Survey of India]]'s 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible.<ref name="Pilot1887">{{cite book |title=The Bay of Bengal Pilot |date=1887 |publisher=[[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office]] |series=Admiralty |location=London |page=257 |chapter={{not a typo|North Sentinel}} |oclc=557988334 |ref=Pilot1887 |access-date=5 March 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517164949/https://books.google.com/books?id=OuGgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} | religions = [[Andamanese peoples#Religion|Andamanese animism]] | related_groups = }} '''ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Census India |page=27}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱜᱨᱤᱛᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱠᱥᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Chapter 13|wslink=The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 3|plaintitle=The Travels of Marco Polo| vauthors = Polo M |year=1294}}</ref> ==ᱣᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ== ᱪᱳᱵᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱳᱴ (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ᱭᱚᱡᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaubey G, Endicott P | title = The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia | journal = Human Biology | volume = 85 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 153–72 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24297224 | doi = 10.3378/027.085.0307 | s2cid = 7774927 | url = https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Chaubey and Endicott (2013):<ref name="Chabey-Endicott2103" /><br />* "these estimates suggest that the Andamans were settled less than ~26 ka and that differentiation between the ancestors of the Onge and Great Andamanese commenced in the Terminal Pleistocene." (p.167)<br />* "In conclusion, we find no support for the settlement of the Andaman Islands by a population descending from the initial out-of-Africa migration of humans, or their immediate descendants in South Asia. It is clear that, overall, the Onge are more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians." (p.167)}} Wang et al ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (2011)<ref name="Wang2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP | title = Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic | journal = Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 117–22 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21477783 | doi = 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005 }}</ref> ==ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ== ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ : * ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Table A-11 (Appendix) DISTRICT WISE SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (FOR EACH TRIBE SEPARATELY) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112010546/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-format=XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |format=XLSX}}</ref> * ᱚᱸᱜᱮ/ᱚᱝᱜᱮ * ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ<ref name="telegraph3">{{cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7161422/Language-lost-as-last-member-of-Andaman-tribe-dies.html |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref><ref name="telegraph22">{{cite news |date=10 February 2010 |title=Lives Remembered: Boa Sr |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7207731/Lives-Remembered.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213125406/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7207731/Lives-Remembered.html |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱮᱞᱮᱥ<ref name="vanDriem20012">{{Citation |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC |year=2001 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12062-4 |quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...'' |vauthors=van Driem G}}</ref>[[File:Andamanese Onge.png|thumb|An Andamanese family on the [[Great Andaman]] island in 2006.]] ==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zide N, Pandya V |title=A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_october-december-1989_109_4/page/639 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1989 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=639–651 |doi=10.2307/604090 |jstor=604090}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱳᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱯᱟᱥᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blevins J |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian?: Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2007 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=154–198 |id={{Project MUSE|218676}} {{ProQuest|2440008920}} |doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015 |s2cid=143141296 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Abbi A |title=A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-24612-6 |doi=10.1163/9789004246126 |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/32556/1/32556%20Abbi%202013%20Front%20Pages.pdf }}{{page needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== [[File:The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (18160801391).jpg|thumb|right|230px|᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ/ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟ. ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱪᱟᱥ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱯᱩᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name ="Bordes">{{cite book| vauthors = Bordes F |title=Leçons sur le Paléolithique|page=229|publisher=CNRS Éditions|year=2003|isbn=978-2-271-05836-2|quotation=Récemment encore les Indigènes des îles Andaman ne savaient pas allumer le feu, et le conservaient dans des caches, qu'ils rallumaient à l'occasion avec des brandons empruntés aux peuples voisins.|author-link=François Bordes}}</ref> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱥᱠᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NnBAiQnFLpgC|publisher = Mittal Publications|date = 1 January 1932 | vauthors = Man EH, Ellis AJ }}</ref> ==ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ== ==ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ== [[File:Great Andamanese scarification pattern - 1901.jpg|thumb|upright|"Scarification pattern among the Great Andamanese in the late 19th century. Nothing is known of the origins or antiquity of this custom among the Andamanese."]] ==ᱱᱳᱴ== {{reflist|group=note}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185236/http://www.andaman.org/ The Andamanese by George Weber] *[http://awa.survivalinternational.org/news/tribes/jarawa News by Survival International]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020220/http://awa.survival-international.org/news/video/jarawa Videos by] [[Survival International]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] ncxecl8xihn7vca30kxd3g6cb8fsg8w 0 26047 196357 193562 2026-08-12T02:36:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ | native_name = | nickname = "ᱭᱟᱠᱨᱳ" | settlement_type = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[:en:Sub-prefectures of Ivory Coast|ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Communes of Ivory Coast|ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱣᱱᱮ]] | motto = {{lang|fr|"Solidarité - Paix - Développement"}}<br />{{smaller|"Solidarity - Peace - Development"}} <!-- Images and maps -->| image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = Yamoussoukro panorama.jpg | image2 = | image3 = | image4 = Yamoussoukro - panoramio.jpg | image5 =}} | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ: ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱧᱮᱞ, [[Basilica of Our Lady of Peace]], [[Yamoussoukro International Airport]], Route de Abidjan, and the Hotel des Parlementaires. | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Ivory Coast | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ|ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ|ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ]]<br />[[Attiégouakro Department|Attiégouakro]] | government_type = | leader_title = ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ | leader_name = [[ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱢ|Augustin Abdoulaye Thiam Houphouët]] | leader_title1 = ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱭᱚᱨ | leader_name1 = Gnrangbe Kouakou Kouadio Jean | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 2075 | area_land_km2 = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion. --> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = Sub-Prefecture | area_blank1_km2 = 855 | population_as_of = ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast: Districts, Major Cities & Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ivorycoast/cities/|access-date=2023-02-12|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast: Sub-Prefectures (Regions and Sub-Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ivorycoast/sub/admin/|access-date=2023-02-12|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | population_note = (2014 census) | population_total = ᱔᱒᱒,᱐᱗᱒ ([[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]) | population_density_km2 = 203 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Sub-Prefecture | population_blank1 = 340234 | population_density_blank1_km2 = auto | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | population_blank2 = 212670 <ref name="pop">{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast: Districts, Major Cities & Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ivorycoast/cities/|access-date=2023-02-12|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|06|48|58|N|05|16|27|W|region:CI|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!-- For references: use<ref> </ref> tags. --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = <!-- Enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | website = {{URL|http://www.yamoussoukro.district.ci}} | footnotes = }} '''ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱳ''' (/ˌjæmʊˈsuːkroʊ/′ <ref name="collins_english">{{Cite web |title=English Dictionary: Definition of Yamoussoukro |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yamoussoukro |access-date=24 August 2013 |publisher=Collins}}</ref>{{IPA-fr|jamusukʁo}}{{IPA-fr|jamusukʁo}}[Jamusukro],<small>ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ,</small> [Jamsokro]] ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱠ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱳᱢᱟᱥ [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱒᱑᱒,᱖᱗᱐ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱐᱗᱕ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱘᱐᱑ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱵᱤᱰᱡᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱠᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ, ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ <ref>Décret n° 2011-263 du 28 septembre 2011 portant organisation du territoire national en Districts et en Régions.</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱴᱤᱭᱮᱜᱳᱣᱚᱠᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱖᱙ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚᱼᱯᱷᱤᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱚᱠᱨᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱛᱩᱛᱚᱱᱚᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ === ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ === ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ === ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱥᱤ ᱮᱱ 'ᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱱᱡᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱮᱱ'''ᱮᱱ 'ᱜᱳᱠᱨᱳ'' ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ 'ᱜᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,''ᱠᱨᱳ,'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ᱾ === ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ === ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱠᱥ ᱦᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱴᱼᱵᱚᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱬᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ <ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 339</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱦᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱴᱼᱵᱚᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ|ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ == [[File:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|left|thumb|ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱠᱥ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱴᱚᱱᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱞᱚᱠᱥ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱰᱟ (ᱜᱵᱟᱫᱳᱞᱤᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ) ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨᱠᱚ᱾ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱥ (ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ) ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱳᱰᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱳᱰᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱥᱤᱱᱤᱞ) ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱣᱮᱥᱚᱱᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (ᱵᱮᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ) ᱮᱥᱮᱢᱵᱞᱤᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱳᱰᱟᱨ᱾ <ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘'Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 811-812</ref> ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:WL-CI-Yamoussoukro-Escale_de_bus.jpg|left|thumb|ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ᱾]] ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ᱾ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱯ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱯᱳᱞ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱰᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱤᱻᱥ (ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱳ)|ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱰᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱤᱻᱥ]] ᱾ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swacker|first=Bob|last2=Deimling|first2=Brian|date=2000|title=A Nineteenth-Century Church for the New Millennium: The Legacy of Pius IX and John Paul II|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_massachusetts-review_spring-2000_41_1/page/121|journal=The Massachusetts Review|volume=41|issue=1|pages=121–131|issn=0025-4878|jstor=25091638}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basilica of Our Lady of Peace – Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ivory-coast/yamoussoukro-basilica-of-our-lady-of-peace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413004121/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ivory-coast/yamoussoukro-basilica-of-our-lady-of-peace |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=www.sacred-destinations.com}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ == ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ == <ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref> ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ, ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱯᱚ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ == {{Weather box | single line = yes | location = ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳ | source = }} == ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱤᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱤᱠᱥ ᱦᱳᱯᱷᱳᱭᱮᱴᱼᱵᱚᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ == ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱰᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱰᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱚᱯᱮᱱ [[ᱴᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] ᱴᱩᱨᱱᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱸᱰᱩ (ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ)|ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱵᱚᱞ]] ᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱳᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱹᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ ᱳᱣᱨᱟᱜᱟᱭᱳ [[ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱮ ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱩᱠᱩᱨᱳ|ᱭᱟᱢᱩᱥᱳᱠᱨᱳ ᱥᱴᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]] ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱳ]] ᱠᱳᱥᱳᱣ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱟᱭ᱾ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱷᱠᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱚᱯ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== 80ezjiojsuqn3es0vgqcnoj5g6umkfd 0 26382 196342 174712 2026-08-12T02:13:08Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196342 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" |+ class="infobox-title summary" id="4" |ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Bodo_dance.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱫᱳ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ | class="infobox-data category" |[[Folk dance|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ | class="infobox-data" |ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ | class="infobox-data" |[[Bodoland|ᱵᱳᱫᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ]],[[Assam|ᱚᱥᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[Northeast India|ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱼᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ]] |} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 'ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱲᱹᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱯᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture of Assam {{!}} Department of Cultural Affairs {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/portlets/culture-of-assam |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱵᱟᱸᱫᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱳᱢᱜᱨᱟ (''ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱨᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱳᱱᱟᱭ) ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱮᱠᱥᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ 'ᱠᱷᱟᱢ' (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱨᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱰᱨᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ), 'ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱝ' (ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱤ, ᱵᱟᱥᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱡᱳᱛᱟ' (ᱞᱳᱨᱟᱹ/ᱛᱟᱢᱟ 'ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟ' (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱱᱜᱩᱱᱳᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ, ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱨ' ᱜᱳᱝᱳᱱᱟ ' (ᱵᱚᱱᱥᱚ'''ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱾'' ' (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=T8 Digital |date=2020-02-07 |title=Things You Must Know About Bodo's Bagurumba Dance |url=https://www.time8.in/things-you-must-know-about-bodos-bagurumba-dance-new/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱨᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱰᱨᱚᱢ) ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱼᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱝ (ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱟ) ᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱶᱰᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱚᱡᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ/ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱛᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱛᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱨᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱡᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱥᱛᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱚᱛᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱪᱮᱬᱮ, ᱛᱚᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ == <blockquote><poem>“Jat nongabwla Cool nongabwla tabwrwm homnanwi- bamnanwi lagwomwnka hai lwgw lagwomwnka”</poem></blockquote>ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ, ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ, ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱥᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱛᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯᱵ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱝᱼ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱱᱥᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱱᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱳᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱳᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baruah|first=S.|year=1994|title='Ethnic' Conflict as State—Society Struggle: The Poetics and Politics of Assamese Micro-Nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1994-07_28_3/page/649|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=649–671|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011896}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱨᱡᱟᱼ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱵᱷᱤᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱨᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱰᱩᱵᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱼᱠᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱰᱨᱚᱢ ᱾ * ᱡᱳᱛᱟᱼ ᱞᱟᱹᱨᱦ/ᱛᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ * ᱜᱳᱝᱣᱱᱟᱼᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱾ == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ᱮᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱟᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱠᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == mcse78b7nxj27zqdoayi3oi93l6r30m 0 26466 196380 185575 2026-08-12T03:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196380 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox writer|name=ᱱᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱨ|image=NeelumSaranGour.jpg|caption='ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱮᱥ ᱢᱭᱩᱥ' ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/of-moods-and-memories/article8570418.ece|title=Of moods and memories|access-date=2016-07-27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2016|last1=Singh|first1=Aatika}}</ref>[[Oxford Bookstore]], New Delhi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1955|10|12|df=y}}|birth_place=ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|occupation=ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ|language=ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ|nationality=ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ|alma_mater=ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟ.ᱜᱟᱲ|genre=ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ|website={{URL|http://www.neelumsarangour.com}}|imagesize=}} '''ᱱᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱨ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronicling Allahabad University |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/backbone/chronicling-allahabad-university.html |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=www.dailypioneer.com |archive-date=2016-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826084904/http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/backbone/chronicling-allahabad-university.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/neelum-saran-cour-on-the-125-year-old-allahabad-university/article7403234.ece|title=Allahabad University: A lore collector's recollections|date=2015-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2016-07-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 12 ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ 1955) ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ, 4 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱼᱫᱩᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == [[ᱯᱨᱚᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱡᱽ|ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫ]] ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱞᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱱᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞᱼᱚᱱᱮᱹ ᱥᱟᱭᱼ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1977 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱹᱥ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱞᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱰᱮᱵᱤᱰ ᱰᱮᱵᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱼᱫᱳᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱥ 1993 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱝᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱳᱭᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳᱥᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ 'ᱥᱯᱤᱠᱤᱝ ᱚᱯᱷ' 62 'ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ 1995 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 1997 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review: Winter Companions and Other Stories by Neelam S. Gour |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-winter-companions-and-other-stories-by-neelam-s.-gour/1/274987.html |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> 2002 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱪᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 2005 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱯᱮᱝᱜᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱤᱠᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikandar Chowk Park - Neelum Saran Gour |url=http://www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org/fiction/sikandar-chowk-park |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org |archive-date=2016-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828201525/http://www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org/fiction/sikandar-chowk-park |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=...And The Holy Gosht |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/and-the-holy-gosht/228824 |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review: Sikandar Chowk Park by Neelum Saran Gour |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-sikandar-chowk-park-by-neelum-saran-gour/1/192826.html |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱮᱥ ᱰᱤᱠᱮᱱᱥ, ᱰᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱰᱮᱦᱳᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brain-teaser |url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-3245/2006/january-february/1-2/a-brain-teaser.html |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=www.thebookreviewindia.org |archive-date=2016-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809212255/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-3245/2006/January-February/1-2/a-brain-teaser.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelum Saran Gour talks about her new novel Virtual Realities |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/neelum-saran-gour-talks-about-her-new-novel-virtual-realities/1/220834.html |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> ᱦᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱹᱰᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱞᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱞᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱼᱠᱳᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱨᱮᱪᱟᱨᱥ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Narayan|first=Shyamala A.|date=1994-09-01|title=India|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-commonwealth-literature_1994_29_3/page/53|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=53–85|doi=10.1177/002198949402900303|issn=0021-9894}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Routledge Literature Online |url=http://www.routledgeonline.com:80/literature/Book.aspx?id=w396 |access-date=2016-07-16 |website=www.routledgeonline.com}}</ref> ᱞᱳᱨᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱨᱤᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱞᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ସମ୍ପାଦିତ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱟᱯᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱩᱭᱢᱮᱱ 'ᱥ ᱨᱮᱴᱤᱝ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱳ ᱯᱤᱪᱤᱭᱩᱠᱳ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ 1980ᱼ2000 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ M.K.Naik ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳᱡᱟ ᱡᱩᱥᱟᱣᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱵᱳᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱨᱩᱯ ᱳᱭᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱᱼ ᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱛᱳᱞᱡᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱢᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱱᱫᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱠᱷᱚᱠ, ᱳᱨᱢᱤᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ == * 2018 'ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱠᱤ' ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱡᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ 2019 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱞᱤᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Neelum Saran Gour and Manoranjan Byapari win The Hindu Prize 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/909302/writers-neelum-saran-gour-and-manoranjan-byapari-win-the-hindu-prize-2018 |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=Scroll}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/noted-writer-neelum-saran-gour-bags-the-hindu-fiction-prize/article25986619.ece|title=Noted writer Neelum Saran Gour bags The Hindu fiction prize for 2018|date=2019-01-13|work=The Hindu}}</ref> * 'ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱠᱤ' ᱤᱱ 'ᱨᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱢ' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 2023 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱫᱟᱢᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2023-announced/article67658599.ece|title=Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2023 announced|last=Chakrabarty|first=Sreeparna|date=2023-12-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2023-12-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == rc5pdjo4cilxy37aj8lvm11hi54dy1s 0 26470 196398 141869 2026-08-12T03:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196398 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox artist | name = ᱢᱮᱜᱫᱟᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ | image = Magdalena Abakanowicz crop 3x4.jpg | alt = Polnische Frauen, Polnische Frau, femmes polonaises, Polish women,mujeres polacas, polskie kobiety | caption = ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ | birth_name = ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱜᱫᱟᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ | birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|6|20|df=y}} | birth_place = ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱤ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ | death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|4|20|1930|6|20|df=y}} | death_place = ᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱣ, ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ | nationality = ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | religion = | field = {{Hlist|[[Sculpture]]|[[fiber art]]}} | training = ᱣᱟᱨᱥᱚᱣ ᱟᱠᱮᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ | awards = [[Herder Prize]] (1979),Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts (1999) | movement = [[ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱢᱤᱱᱤᱢᱟᱞᱤᱡᱢ]] | works = ''ᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟ (ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ)'' (2006)<br />''[[Birds of Knowledge of Good and Evil]]'' (2001) }} '''ᱢᱮᱜᱫᱟᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ''' (20 ᱡᱩᱱ 1930ᱼ20 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2017) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱶᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ, ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/arts/design/magdalena-abakanowicz-sculptor-of-brooding-forms-dies-at-86.html|title=Magdalena Abakanowicz, Sculptor of Brooding Forms, Dies at 86|last=Grimes|first=William|date=2017-04-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2024-01-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2017-04-21 |title=Magdalena Abakanowicz, Whose Poetic Sculptures Wrestle with the Trauma of World War II, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/magdalena-abakanowicz-whose-poetic-sculptures-wrestle-with-the-trauma-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-86-8163/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 1965 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1990 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱡᱱᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ 1984 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱮᱱᱡᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/25/entertainment/ca-42311|title=She's Turned Her Backs on the World|last=Muchnic|first=Suzanne|date=March 25, 2001|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref> ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱮᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱞᱚᱯᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱠ 1950 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1954 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱤᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱫᱟᱰᱤᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱭᱚᱥᱛᱤᱛ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1956 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1950 ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ 1960 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1960 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱰᱮᱜᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1962 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱵᱤᱱᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱮᱞ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱮ ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱠᱚ 1960 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱼᱢᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1970 ᱟᱨ 1980 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱭᱟᱰ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱛᱷᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱟᱜᱳᱨᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱳᱣᱟᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱟᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱜᱳᱰ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱢᱮᱜᱰᱟᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ (ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱳᱥᱢᱳᱥᱠᱟ)ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱮᱱᱤ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱡᱩᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱦᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱥᱡᱤᱭᱩᱥᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱜᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱳᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞᱳᱱᱤᱡᱰ ᱞᱤᱯᱠᱟ ᱛᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ 13 ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱳᱝᱜᱳᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Milofsky|first=Leslie|date=1987|title=Magdalena Abakanowicz|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-1987_13_2/page/363|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=13|issue=2|pages=363–378|doi=10.2307/3177807|jstor=3177807}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱥᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱥᱚᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Inglot, p. 12.</ref> ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ,ᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱨᱥᱳᱯᱳᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Milofsky|first=Leslie|date=1987|title=Magdalena Abakanowicz|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_summer-1987_13_2/page/363|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=13|issue=2|pages=363–378|doi=10.2307/3177807|jstor=3177807}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMilofsky1987">Milofsky, Leslie (1987). "Magdalena Abakanowicz". ''Feminist Studies''. '''13''' (2): 363–378. [[ᱫᱳᱭ (ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3177807|10.2307/3177807]]. [[JSTOR (ᱟᱭᱰᱮᱱᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱟᱨ)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177807 3177807].</cite></ref> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱫᱟᱱᱥᱠ ᱥᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱴᱪᱮᱡᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱠ 1945 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1947 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱪᱮᱡᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱡᱴᱩᱠ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠᱡᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱰᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1949 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱞᱤᱥᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱳᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱟᱰᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Grimes">Grimes, William (April&nbsp;21, 2017). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/arts/design/magdalena-abakanowicz-sculptor-of-brooding-forms-dies-at-86.html Magdalena Abakanowicz, Sculptor of Brooding Forms, Dies at 86]". ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''. Retrieved 2017-08-13.</ref> 1950 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ,<ref>Inglot, p.&nbsp;28. Inglot characterizes the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts as "the most important training center for young artists" in Poland at that time.</ref> ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱠᱡᱽ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱫᱟᱰᱤᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="McMullen">{{Cite journal|date=June 1997|title=Shifting the paradigm, women's art 1970-1996: Magdalena Abakanowicz, Mary Beth Edelson, Janet Fish, Agnes Martin, Pat Steir, Carrie Mae Weems|journal=Original Visions|publisher=McMullen Museum of Art}}</ref><ref name="Grimes" /> ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱟᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Abakany_Cytadela_Poznan.jpg|thumb|''ᱱᱤᱨᱳᱡᱯᱳᱡᱱᱟᱱᱤ'' ("ᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱨᱤᱠᱳᱱᱤᱡᱮᱰ ᱳᱱᱮᱥ", 2002) ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱡᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱟᱰᱮᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Nasher_Sculpture_Center,_Untitled,_1980-1983.jpg|alt=|thumb|ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱯᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 1980-1983 ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ <ref name="Nasher">{{Cite web |title=Resist/Release |url=https://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/art/exhibitions/exhibition/id/1708#!/info/exhibition/3274/7458 |website=Nasher Sculpture Center}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱴᱤᱞᱤᱴᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Europos_parkas_1.jpg|thumb|[[ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ|ᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱳᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱜᱨᱳᱛᱷ (1997-1998) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾]] == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ == == ᱯᱤᱹᱮᱪᱹᱰᱤᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Uniwersytet_Artystyczny_w_Poznaniu_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱡᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 2021 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱾]] == ᱞᱟᱹᱭ == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Magdalena_Abakanowicz_(grób)_01.jpg|right|thumb|ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱳᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟᱱᱳᱵᱷᱤᱠᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱢᱵᱥᱴᱳᱱ ᱾]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == t4gee9seppbepc082lpi0aj4c4z9zng 0 26472 196354 145318 2026-08-12T02:34:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱰᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ''' (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱘᱑) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱣᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱤᱯᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana al-Hadid |url=http://www.art21.org/newyorkcloseup/artists/diana-al-hadid/ |publisher=Art 21 {{!}} New York Close Up}}</ref><ref name="arteducation">{{Cite journal|last=Jungerberg|first=Tom|last2=Smith|first2=Anna|last3=Borsh|first3=Colleen|date=November 2012|title=Diana Al-Hadid: Identity and Heritage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-education_2012-11_65_6/page/25|journal=Art Education|volume=65|issue=6|pages=25–32|doi=10.1080/00043125.2012.11519197|issn=0004-3125}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱦᱟᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜᱮ ᱳᱦᱟᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="pd2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2013/11/the_akron_art_museum_salutes_d.html|title=The Akron Art Museum salutes Diana Al-Hadid, a Kent State grad in search of art world success - on her own terms|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=27 November 2013|work=The Plain Dealer|access-date=16 February 2015|publisher=Cleveland.com}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="arteducation" /> ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cashdan|first=Marina|date=September 2014|title=Austria Bound|journal=Surface|issue=111|page=60}}</ref><ref name=":22">Reisenfeld, Robin. “The Labyrinth in the Tower: A Conversation with Diana Al-Hadid.” Sculpture 28, no. 2 (April 2009): 24–31.</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ, ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱤᱛᱟ ᱜᱨᱳᱴᱳ]] ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ , ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱳᱦᱟᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ ᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ ᱮᱯᱷ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="pd">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2013/11/the_akron_art_museum_salutes_d.html|title=The Akron Art Museum salutes Diana Al-Hadid, a Kent State grad in search of art world success - on her own terms|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=27 November 2013|work=The Plain Dealer|access-date=16 February 2015|publisher=Cleveland.com}}</ref> 2005 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱪᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱳᱭᱮᱞᱴ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱯᱷ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="pd" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱳᱦᱮᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pollack|first=Barbara|date=14 November 2012|title=Diana Al-Hadid Makes a Sculpture|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/diana-al-hadid-makes-a-sculpture-2124/|journal=ARTnews}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱤᱞ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨᱜᱞᱟᱥ, ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱮᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ,[[ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ|ᱵᱨᱳᱧᱡ]], ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱵᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱟᱭᱨᱤᱱ, ᱨᱤᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱᱥᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱯᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱢ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Artist: Diana Al-Hadid |url=http://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/diana_hadid.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919002838/https://www.saatchigallery.com/artist/diana_hadid |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=28 October 2015 |website=Saatchi Gallery}}</ref><ref name=":2">Reisenfeld, Robin. “The Labyrinth in the Tower: A Conversation with Diana Al-Hadid.” Sculpture 28, no. 2 (April 2009): 24–31.</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱰᱩᱵᱟᱹᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱼᱨᱟᱭᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱳᱣᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱜᱨᱟᱫᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ [[ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨᱜᱼᱥᱠᱩᱞᱡ]], ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱳᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾|ᱜᱳᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱛᱚᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫᱽ ᱾<ref name=":3">Amy, Michael. “Ghosts of Things: A Conversation with Diana Al-Hadid.” SCULPTURE -WASHINGTON-, January 1, 2013.</ref> ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, ᱢᱮᱱᱱᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ, [[ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱩᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱞᱰᱟᱨ|ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱩᱜᱮᱞ]], [[ᱥᱟᱭ ᱴᱳᱢᱵᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱳᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":23">Reisenfeld, Robin. “The Labyrinth in the Tower: A Conversation with Diana Al-Hadid.” Sculpture 28, no. 2 (April 2009): 24–31.</ref> == ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱥᱤᱤᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ <ref>Maximilíano Durón (March 2019), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/ica-vcu-adam-pendleton-adrienne-edwards-advisory-board-12040/ ICA VCU Adds Adam Pendleton, Adrienne Edwards to Advisory Board] [[Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond|Institute for Contemporary Art at VCU]].</ref> == ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ == ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱠᱯᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siese |first=April |date=18 November 2015 |title=9 Syrian Americans Who Have Changed The World & Will Help You Rethink The Refugee Crisis |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/124916-9-syrian-americans-who-have-changed-the-world-will-help-you-rethink-the-refugee-crisis |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CV - Diana Al-Hadid |url=http://www.dianaalhadid.com/cv/bio |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.dianaalhadid.com |language=en}}</ref>2007 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱚᱠᱼᱠᱨᱟᱥᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱣᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱫᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Letters |first=American Academy of Arts and |date=2020-03-03 |title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Presents the 2020 Invitational Exhibition of Visual Arts |url=https://hyperallergic.com/544736/american-academy-arts-letters-invitational-exhibition-2020/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ <ref name="vogue">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vogue.com/1420151/artist-diana-al-hadid-exhibition-vienna-secession/|title=Artist Diana Al-Hadid on Fate, Form, and Freud—and Her New Exhibition at the Secession in Vienna|last=La Forge|first=Thessaly|date=10 September 2014|work=Vogue|access-date=17 February 2015|publisher=CondeNast|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093004/http://www.vogue.com/1420151/artist-diana-al-hadid-exhibition-vienna-secession|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱰᱤᱠᱳᱨᱰᱳᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱯᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blind Bust 1 |url=https://thetrustees.org/content/blind-bust-1/ |access-date=2020-10-27 |website=The Trustees of Reservations |language=en}}</ref> ᱩᱭᱴᱤᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱢᱤᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Al-Hadid |url=https://whitney.org/artists/14093 |access-date=2020-10-27 |website=Whitney Museum of American Art |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱼᱦᱚᱫᱤᱫ ᱳᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woven City (Primary Title) |url=https://www.vmfa.museum/piction/7898249-182524782/ |access-date=2020-10-27 |website=Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == 98sy71phf8ktd8ttu7rylf9j4ney8h1 0 26482 196396 184848 2026-08-12T03:51:18Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196396 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox artist | name = ᱥᱮᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ | image = Selma-Burke-WPA-1935.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱠᱚᱨ ᱴᱤ. ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤ. 1935 | birth_name = ᱥᱮᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱚᱨᱠ | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1900|12|31}} | birth_place = ᱢᱩᱨᱥᱵᱤᱞ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱞᱤᱱᱟ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1995|8|29|1900|12|31}} | death_place = | nationality = ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ | known_for = ᱥᱠᱟᱞᱯᱴᱟᱨ | training = ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱣᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ-ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ | movement = | notable_works = | patrons = | awards = ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱥᱚᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱴ (Women's Caucus for Art) ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷᱴᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱪᱤᱵᱷᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ | elected = | website = }} '''ᱥᱮᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ''' (31 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, 1900ᱼ29 ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ, 1995) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱱᱮᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Burke, Selma|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00morg|journal=Oxford Reference|language=en|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195373219.001.0001|isbn=9780195373219|url-access=registration}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱰᱮᱞᱟᱱᱳ ᱨᱩᱡᱽᱵᱷᱮᱞᱴ|ᱯᱷᱟᱝᱠᱞᱤᱱ ᱰᱤ ᱨᱩᱭᱮᱥᱵᱷᱮᱞᱴ]] ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/02/obituaries/selma-burke-sculptor-94.html|title=Selma Burke; Sculptor, 94|date=September 2, 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱠ ᱮᱞᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ, ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱠᱞᱤᱣᱳᱰ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱼ ᱳᱣᱟᱥᱴᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱠᱟᱼᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19950901&slug=2139370|title=Selma Burke, 94, Black Sculptor Whose Profile Of Fdr Graces Dime|last=Wallace|first=Andy|date=September 1, 1995|work=Seattle Times|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307044423/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19950901&slug=2139370|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1979 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱮᱪᱤᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="AO">{{Cite web |last=Djossa |first=Christina Ayele |date=January 17, 2018 |title=Who Really Designed the American Dime? |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/who-designed-american-dime-selma-burke-franklin-roosevelt |access-date=17 September 2018 |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ == ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱑᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱨᱥᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱱᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱳᱞᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ 10 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Julian|first=Beatrice|date=December 1983|title=Selma Burke, Dream Shaper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98QDAAAAMBAJ&q=selma+burke&pg=PA9|journal=Ebony Jr.|pages=9|via=Google Books}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱤ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1970 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ 101 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱜᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱲᱟᱹᱜᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "1907 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱤᱧ ᱩᱱᱮᱧ ᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾" ᱵᱚᱨᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤᱪᱤᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱫᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ "ᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ", ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ 1924 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱜᱱᱮᱥ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱭᱮᱱᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱳᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱᱼᱥᱮᱞᱮᱢ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-02 |title=St. Agnes Hospital School of Nursing {{!}} North Carolina Nursing History {{!}} Appalachian State University |url=http://nursinghistory.appstate.edu/st-agnes-hospital-school-nursing |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=nursinghistory.appstate.edu |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516114733/https://nursinghistory.appstate.edu/st-agnes-hospital-school-nursing |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1928 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱩᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱳᱰᱳᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱹᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mack |first=Felicia |date=December 15, 2007 |title=Burke, Selma Hortense (1900-1995) |url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/burke-selma-hortense-1900-1995 |access-date=December 17, 2011 |publisher=BlackPast}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Santandrea|first=Lisa|date=January 1, 2001|title=Nurses Making a Difference|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-nursing_2001-02_101_2/page/86|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|volume=101|issue=2|pages=86–87|doi=10.1097/00000446-200102000-00059|jstor=3522121|pmid=11227236}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱚᱛᱩᱨᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ == ᱥᱮᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱨᱤᱠᱟᱼᱟᱢᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱯᱨᱟᱥ, ᱟᱞᱵᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱩᱱᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<gallery caption="ᱫᱚᱠ ᱫᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ"> ᱨᱮᱫ:Selma_Burke_-_Untitled_(Woman_and_Child).jpg|alt=Untitled (Woman and Child), 1950|1950ᱼᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:Archives_of_American_Art_-_Selma_Burke_-_3130.jpg|alt=Burke, left, presenting her bust of Samuel Huntington (1938) to the principal of Samuel Huntington Junior High School in Jamaica, Queens ᱨᱮᱫ:"Mary_Holiday"_-_NARA_-_559051.jpg|alt=Bas-relief of Mary Charlton Holiday (1945) at the Iredell County Library, NC.|1945 ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱛᱟᱵᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱫ:"Mary_Bethune"_-_NARA_-_559050.jpg|alt=Bust of Mary McLeod Bethune ᱨᱮᱫ:Roosevelt_plaque.jpg|alt=The Franklin Roosevelt plaque in the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington. </gallery> == ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱢᱟ ᱛᱮᱴᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ<ref name="African American Registry">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Selma Burke: A Gifted Artist with Many Accomplishments with |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/dr-selma-burke-gifted-artist-many-accomplishments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606151134/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/dr-selma-burke-gifted-artist-many-accomplishments |archive-date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2011 |publisher=African American Registry}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱳᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱮᱡᱮᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ 1970 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ 1988 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://museum.spelman.edu/collection-highlights/|title=COLLECTION HIGHLIGHTS - Spelman College Museum of Fine Art|work=Spelman College Museum of Fine Art|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref> ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 1975 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 29 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱚᱱᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱞᱢᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱵᱟᱨᱠ 1995 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 94 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱᱥᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱯ ᱦᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ 1950 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selma Burke |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/selma-burke |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 1995 |title=Selma Burke; Sculptor, 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/02/obituaries/selma-burke-sculptor-94.html |website=New York Times}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{commons category}} * [http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Selma+Burke&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500124978 Entry for Selma Burke] on the [[Union List of Artist Names]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027025201/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/642/Selma_Burke_was_a_gifted_artist Selma Burke's entry on the African-American Registry] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110907041426/http://www.octobergallery.com/artists/burke.htm October Gallery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060812021600/http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/exploring/harlem/faces/burke_text.html Kennedy Center biography of Selma Burke] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830181739/http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/aavaahp.htm#burke Long Island University biography] krldakj2rbkrq3xl1jhbmjvcbxf1urq 0 26827 196400 145195 2026-08-12T03:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱨᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ, ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾" <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=Jill|date=1986|title=Feminist History|journal=Labour History|issue=50|pages=147–153|doi=10.2307/27508788|jstor=27508788}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱼᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱮᱝᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <blockquote>"ᱟᱢ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱛᱟᱨᱮ" ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ "ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟᱼ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱵᱩᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱚᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedersen, Susan. "The Future of Feminist History" |url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2000/0010/0010vie1.cfm |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref></blockquote>"ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱚᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱽᱢᱤ" ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>Spender, Dale. Women of ideas - and what men have done to them from Aphra Behn to Adrienne Rich. Routledge & Kegan Paul. London 1982</ref> ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ <ref>Spender, Dale. Invisible woman: The schooling scandal. Writers & Readers. London 1982</ref> ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ == ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=B. G.|year=2010|title=Women's History: A Retrospective from the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2010_35_3/page/723|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=35|issue=3|pages=723–747|doi=10.1086/648517}}</ref>, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ" ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱰᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱰᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ <ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal|last=Filene|first=P. G.|year=1980|title=Integrating Women's History and Regular History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-teacher_1980-08_13_4/page/483|journal=The History Teacher|volume=13|issue=4|pages=483–492|doi=10.2307/494019|jstor=494019}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱼᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱰᱟᱨᱮᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱴᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱴᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱨᱤᱴᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱡᱽᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱞᱠᱞᱳᱨ]] == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == ce1bvhqq98w41v4n72fo2ve1avsa09r 0 27595 196408 150494 2026-08-12T04:21:04Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge from|Carbohydrate chemistry|discuss=Talk:Carbohydrate#Merge proposal|date=January 2024}}{{short description|Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen}} [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Lactose.svg|thumb|ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱟᱛᱳᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ-ᱜᱮᱭᱞᱮᱠᱴᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ - ᱜᱽᱞᱩᱠᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱴᱟ ᱑-᱔ ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱤᱰᱤᱠ ᱞᱤᱝᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱱᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾]] '''ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱰᱨᱮᱴ''' ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱹᱱ, ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱹᱢᱠᱳ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱣ-ᱟᱱᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ - ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱒ᱺ᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱭ᱾ᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢᱩᱞᱟ C m (H 2 O) n ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ m, n ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱤ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ H ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ O ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ( ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ CH 2 O ᱥᱟᱶ, H ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ C ᱥᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱝᱭᱳᱡᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ O ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱛᱚᱭᱤᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱯᱷᱭᱩᱠᱳᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤ-ᱳᱠᱥᱤ - ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱱᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ( ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ) ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱭᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ (ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ σάκχαρον ''( sákkharon )'' ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱭᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Flitsch SL, Ulijn RV|date=January 2003|title=Sugars tied to the spot|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-01-16_421_6920/page/219|journal=Nature|volume=421|issue=6920|pages=219–220|bibcode=2003Natur.421..219F|doi=10.1038/421219a|pmid=12529622|s2cid=4421938}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱭᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ, ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ, ᱳᱞᱤᱜᱳᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱮᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱮᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Carroll GT, Wang D, Turro NJ, Koberstein JT|date=January 2008|title=Photons to illuminate the universe of sugar diversity through bioarrays|journal=Glycoconjugate Journal|volume=25|issue=1|pages=5–10|doi=10.1007/s10719-007-9052-1|pmc=7088275|pmid=17610157}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱢᱱᱚ ᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ (ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱣᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ) ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ, ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱴᱤᱞ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ,<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD|title=Human Biology and Health|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1993|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho/page/52 52–59]|isbn=978-0-13-981176-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho/page/52}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱚᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱤᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱭᱟᱭ - ᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱽᱞᱩᱠᱳᱡᱽ (ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ γλεῦκος (ᱜᱽᱞᱩᱠᱳᱡᱽ) 'ᱣᱟᱭᱤᱱ', ᱢᱟᱥᱴ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱮ ᱱᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱷᱳᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱴᱳᱡᱽ (ᱡᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ), ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳᱡᱽ (ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ), ᱨᱟᱭᱵᱳᱡᱳᱡᱽ, ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱴᱳᱡᱽ (ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ), ᱮᱢᱟᱱ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱵ᱾ᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱛᱳᱠ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱠᱳᱡᱟᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠᱠᱳ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱭᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱳ-ᱮᱧᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ( ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱴᱤᱯᱤ,ᱮᱯᱷᱰᱤᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱰᱤ) ᱨᱮᱭᱜᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱹᱮᱱᱹᱮᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱱᱥᱤᱠ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱲᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱰᱤ-ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱨᱟᱭᱵᱳᱡᱽ ᱰᱤᱹᱮᱱᱹᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱣᱭᱩᱛᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱤᱨᱟᱠᱪᱷᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱱᱤᱥᱮᱪᱟᱱ, ᱨᱚᱜᱽᱡᱟᱱᱟᱱ, ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱠᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱟᱱᱹᱣ ᱠᱳ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ, ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱟᱝᱥᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ (ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ, ᱡᱚᱱᱰᱨᱟ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ), ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱟᱝᱥᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰ, ᱯᱤᱡᱽᱡᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ (ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱳᱡᱽ, ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱩᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱳᱰᱳᱝᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ), ᱞᱮᱭᱠᱴᱳᱡᱽ (ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ), ᱜᱽᱞᱩᱠᱳᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱠᱴᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱴᱮᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ, ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱳ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱭᱢ, ᱵᱤᱥᱠᱩᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱭᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱥᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ,ᱟᱜᱷᱩᱞᱟᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱠ ᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱹ;ᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮᱞᱭᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱷᱩᱞᱟᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱳᱱᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱵᱩᱫᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱦᱤᱛ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱯᱳᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱠᱳ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱭᱠᱴᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱴ -ᱪᱮᱭᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱴᱤ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱹᱭᱟᱯᱟᱹᱪᱟᱭ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ == ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱰᱨᱮᱴ" ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱭᱟᱭᱣᱟᱪᱤ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱪᱤᱱᱤ" ᱣᱭᱟᱯᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ), "ᱥᱮᱭᱠᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ", "ᱳᱥ", "ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ", ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ" ᱥᱮ "ᱮᱞᱰᱤᱦᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱤᱛᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱳᱠᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ" ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ "ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ" ᱟᱨ "ᱪᱤᱱᱤ", ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} bcepct1vt7j9asppi7ozcnf15w2kqte 0 28750 196395 160494 2026-08-12T03:49:41Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rail line | box_width = 28em | name = ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ-ᱢᱩᱨᱤ-ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ | color = 800000 | logo = | logo_width = | image = Muri Junction railway station.jpg | image_width = | caption = ᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ-ᱢᱩᱨᱤ-ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | type = ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ | system = | status = ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ | locale = [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] | start = {{stnlnk|ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ}} | end = {{stnlnk|ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ}} | stations = | routes = | daily_ridership = | open = ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ | close = | owner = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ]] | operator = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] | character = | depot = | stock = | linelength = | tracklength = ᱑᱒᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ | tracks = | gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ | old_gauge = | minradius = | racksystem = | electrification = ᱑᱙᱙᱖-᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱒᱕ KV AC ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱰ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ | speed = | elevation = | website = | map = {{ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ–ᱢᱩᱨᱤ–ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ|inline=1}} | map_state = collapsed }} '''ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ-ᱢᱩᱨᱤ-ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱸᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ|ᱢᱩᱨᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱱᱥᱳᱞ-ᱴᱟᱴᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ-ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ {{stnlnk|ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱒᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱗᱘ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱚᱱᱥᱳᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱦᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html|title=Number 1 Down Mail|publisher=Railways of the Raj|access-date=2012-11-10}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱱᱥᱳᱞ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ser2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|publisher=South Eastern Railway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1|archive-date=1 April 2013|access-date=2012-11-10|df=dmy}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ-ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ।<ref name="ser2" /> ===ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ=== [[ᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ|ᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ {{stnlnk|ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ}} ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱞᱰᱤᱦ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱞᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱚᱨᱠᱩᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱨᱤᱰᱤᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱪᱟᱹᱰᱤᱦ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|title=Subarnarekha Project – Singhbhum's Sorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1993-10-09_28_41/page/2194|volume=28|pages=2194–2196|jstor=4400253|last1=Chadha |first1=Ashish |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1993 |issue=41 }}</ref> ==ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ== ᱑᱙᱙᱖-᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ-ᱜᱳᱸᱰᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ, ᱜᱳᱸᱰᱟᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ-ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱞᱰᱤᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱦᱳᱞᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱞᱰᱤᱦ-ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗-᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title= History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 April 2013}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ-ᱢᱩᱨᱤ-ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱯᱷᱤᱴ ᱖ ᱤᱸᱪ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ]] 559f2s84tolj63r63p9twtukx4891v0 0 29196 196371 159974 2026-08-12T03:01:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Moscow July 2011-4a.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] on [[Red Square]] in Moscow]] [[File:Alyye parusa.jpg|thumb|[[Scarlet Sails (tradition)|"Scarlet Sails"]] celebration in [[Saint Petersburg]]]] '''ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ''' (ᱨᱩᱥ: Культура России, ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤ: ᱠᱩᱞᱴᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱳᱥᱤ, ᱟᱭᱯᱤᱮ: [kʊlʲˈturə rɐˈsʲiɪ]) ᱜᱟᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱤᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>In part due to Russia's own geographical extent, neighbors, and [[Ethnic groups in Russia|internal ethnic diversity]], e.g. [[Tatars]] and [[Buryats]]; in part due to its history, including [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|over two centuries of being ruled by the Mongols]]:<br />{{cite book|first=George|last=Vernadsky|author-link=George Vernadsky|title=A History of Russia|edition=6th rev.|year=1969|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|chapter=Chapter 3: Russia in the Mongol Period|pages=57–84|language=en|isbn=0-300-00247-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXvUZppjzhYC&pg=PA57|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱡᱟᱣ, ᱵᱮᱭᱞᱮ, ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱱᱰ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱳ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱼᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱳᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/western-culture-comes-russia |title=Western Culture Comes to Russia |date=10 October 1970 |volume=20 |number=10 |last=Lincoln |first=W. Bruce |author-link=W. Bruce Lincoln|journal=[[History Today]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McLean |first=Hugh |title=The Development of Modern Russian Literature |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=21 |number=3 |pages=389–410 |date=September 1962 |doi=10.2307/3000442 |jstor=3000442 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|s2cid=163341589 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=S. |title=Contemporary Russian Philosophy |date=January 1927 |pages=1–23 |journal=[[The Monist]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=37 |number=1 |doi=10.5840/monist192737121 |jstor=27901095}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last=Swan |first=Alfred J. |title=The Present State of Russian Music |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-quarterly_1927-01_13_1/page/29 |jstor=738554 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]] |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=29–38 |date=January 1927|doi=10.1093/mq/XIII.1.29 }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱽᱭᱳᱜᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠᱪᱷ ᱟᱱᱣᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱠᱳ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ==ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ== ᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱞᱟᱣᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ. ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ 862 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱨᱟᱝᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱘᱘᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱜᱚᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱞᱟᱣᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱠᱪᱷᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱳᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳ ᱦᱳᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱣᱟᱭᱛᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱠᱪᱷᱱᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱠᱳ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱱᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱞᱟᱣᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱒᱓᱗-᱑᱒᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ: ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱳᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱳᱢ, ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱼᱮ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱰᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱟᱛᱠᱳ ᱢᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱤᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱳᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱵᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱰ ᱰᱟᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱫᱚᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱛᱚ ᱑᱕᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱳᱰᱚᱨ I ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟᱠᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱳᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱠᱳ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱣᱟᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱟᱵᱷᱤᱥ3ᱠ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱔]] {{WAM ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱒᱐᱒᱔}} 99hjvojhhah0dc19ldalkygez58o1fh 0 31161 196406 170045 2026-08-12T04:17:20Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 13 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | image = Logo of the Nation of Islam.svg | image_size = 200px | abbreviation = NOI | formation = {{Start date and age|1930|7|4}} | founder = [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] | founding_location = [[ᱰᱮᱴᱨᱚᱭᱴ]], [[ᱢᱤᱪᱤᱜᱟᱱ]] | type = [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱭ]] | status = ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ | purpose = | headquarters = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱭᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱤ]], ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ, ᱤᱞᱤᱱᱚᱭᱤᱥ | location = [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] | methods = | fields = | membership = c. ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ {{decrease}}<ref name="MacFarquhar">{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=February 26, 2007 |title=Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123014303/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> | membership_year = ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱢᱮᱴ | language = ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | leader_title = ᱱᱮᱛᱟ | leader_name = [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]] | key_people = {{plainlist| * [[ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] * [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] * [[ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ]] }} | subsidiaries = {{plainlist| * [[Fruit of Islam]] * [[Muhammad University of Islam]] * [[Muslim Girls Training]] * [[Star Chamber Academy]] }} | website = {{URL|https://noi.org}} | Flag = Nation of Islam.svg | Seal = }} '''ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ''' ('''NOI''') ᱫᱚ 1930 [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱣᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱮᱴᱨᱚᱭᱴ]], [[ᱢᱤᱪᱤᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, [[ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ]] ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, NOI ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ]] (Malcolm X) ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱷ ᱟᱞᱤ]] (Muhammad Ali) ᱮᱱᱳᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ [[ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]]᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ NOI ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ [[ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱭᱟᱠᱩᱵ]]᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱫᱤ]] (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱤᱡ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ᱾ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱢ]] (PBUH) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ, ᱩᱫᱽᱭᱚᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ, ᱱᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ᱾ NOI ᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱷᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1975 ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱮᱞᱤᱡᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ [[ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱴ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱢᱮᱰ]] ᱫᱚ NOI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱥᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱳᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ NOI ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱲᱦᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]]᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, NOI ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ]], [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Louis Farrakhan 2018.jpg|thumb|right|ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ NOI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟ [[ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ]]]] == ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱥᱚᱨᱥ == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Acevado |first1=Gabriel A. |last2=Ordner |first2=James |last3=Thompson |first3=Miriam |year=2010 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|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870022000025270 |s2cid=143645380}} * {{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Michael |year=2006 |title=Differences and Similarities Between the Rastafari Movement and the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-black-studies_2006-07_36_6/page/873 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=36 |pages=873–893 |doi=10.1177/0021934705279611 |jstor=40034350 |number=6 |s2cid=145012190}} * {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=David V. |title=The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions |publisher=Cassell and Co |year=2001 |isbn=978-0304355921 |location=London}} * {{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=Herbert |year=2005 |title=Mythmaking in the African American Muslim Context: The Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, and the American Society of Muslims |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-religion-journal_2005-09_73_3/page/685 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=685–703 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfi075}} * {{Cite journal |last=Boaz |first=Danielle N. |year=2018 |title=The Voodoo Cult of Detroit: Race, Human Sacrifice, and the Nation of Islam from the 1930s to the 1970s |journal=Journal of Interreligious Studies |volume=23 |pages=17–30}} * {{Cite journal |last=Colley |first=Zoe |year=2014 |title="All America Is a Prison": The Nation of Islam and the Politicization of African American Prisoners, 1955–1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-studies_2014-05_48_2/page/393 |journal=Journal of American Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=393–415 |doi=10.1017/S0021875813001308 |s2cid=144329284}} * {{Cite journal |author-last=Curtis IV |author-first=Edward E. |year=2016 |title=Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-pdf/20/1/5/212858/novo_2016_20_1_5.pdf |journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–31 |doi=10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.5 |hdl=1805/14819 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Curtis IV |first=Edward E. |year=2002 |title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_religion-and-american-culture-rac_summer-2002_12_2/page/167 |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=12 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |jstor=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |number=2 |s2cid=145361488}} * {{cite book |last=Finley |first=Stephen C. |year=2022 |title=In and Out of This World: Material and Extraterrestrial Bodies in the Nation of Islam |location=Durham and London |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-1478016137}} * {{cite journal |last1=Fishman |first1=Jason Eric |last2=Soage |first2=Ana Belén 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Piven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFFsEYvBEZgC |title=Judaism and Genocide: Psychological Undercurrents of History Volume IV |publisher=Writers Club Press |location=Lincoln, NE |year=2002 |isbn=0-595-24086-0 |pages=1–24 }} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633930.001.0001 |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |date=2017 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |doi=10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633930.001.0001 |isbn=978-1-4696-3393-0}} * {{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Wayne |year=2005 |title=Premillennium Tension: Malcolm X and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/souls_winter-2005_7_1/page/52 |journal=Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1080/10999940590910041 |s2cid=143226936}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=1996 |title=The Nation of Islam: Historical Evolution and Transformation of the Movement |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=193–209 |doi=10.1080/13602009608716338}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=2000 |title=Global Impacts of an Ethno-religious Movement: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain |journal=Journal of Economic and Social Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=45–71}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tinaz |first=Nuri |year=2006 |title=Black Islam in Diaspora: The Case of Nation of Islam (NOI) in Britain |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=26 |number=2 |pages=151–170 |doi=10.1080/13602000600937580 |s2cid=143231871}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tsoukalas |first=Steven |year=2004 |title=Understanding the Nation of Islam: Toward a More Effective Evangelism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_missiology_2004-10_32_4/page/449 |journal=Missiology: An International Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=449–464 |doi=10.1177/009182960403200404 |s2cid=158017571}} * {{Cite journal |last=Turman |first=Eboni Marshall |year=2015 |title="The Greatest Tool of the Devil:" Mamie, Malcolm X, and the PolitiX of the Black Madonna in Black Churches and the Nation of Islam in the United States |journal=Journal of Africana Religions |volume=3 |pages=130–150 |doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 |jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.1.0130 |number=1 |s2cid=144861867}} * {{Cite book |last1=Vaught |first1=Seneca |year=2017 |chapter=The Crescent Moon and the Carceral State: The Nation of Islam and the Legal Battle for the Right to Assemble |pages=46–67 |title=New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam |location=New York and Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |editor=Gibson Dawn-Marie and Herbert Berg |isbn=978-0367875176}} * {{Cite journal |last=West |first=Cynthia S'thembile |year=1996 |title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Revisting}} Female Activism in the 1960s: The Newark Branch Nation of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_fall-winter_26_3-4/page/41 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=41–48 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430812}} * {{Cite book |last=Wojcik |first=Daniel |title=UFO Religions |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0415263245 |editor-last=Partridge |editor-first=Christopher |location=London and New York |pages=274–300 |chapter=Apocalyptic and Millenarian Aspects of American UFOism}} * {{Cite journal |last=Woodford |first=Maize |year=1996 |title=A Chronology: Farrakhan's "World Friendship Tour" to Africa and the Middle East: January–February 1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_fall-winter_26_3-4/page/35 |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=35–40 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430811}} == ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last=Berg |first=H. |title=Elijah Muhammad and Islam |publisher=New York University Press |series=Makers of the Muslim World |year=2009 |location=New York |isbn=978-0814791134}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis IV |first=Edward E. |title=Black Muslim Religion and the Nation of Islam, 1960-1975 |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0807857717}} * {{Cite book |last=Damak |first=Sadok |title=The Nation of Islam's Cautious Return to Americanity in the 2010s: A Cultural Studies Inquiry |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2019 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |isbn=978-1527543379}} * {{Cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. |title=Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814718605}} * {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=M. F. |title=The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1996 |location=Syracuse |isbn=978-0889468535}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sahib |first=Hatim A. |year=1951 |title=The Nation of Islam |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol13/iss1/3/ |journal=Contributions in Black Studies |publication-date=1995 |volume=13 |pages=48–160 |access-date=2018-04-23 |archive-date=2018-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423101950/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol13/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Robert S. |title=The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=1997 |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-0878406579}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ == * [noi.com ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] * [https://wrldrels.org/2016/10/08/nation-of-islam/ Nation of Islam] profile at the World Religion and Spirituality Project (WRSP) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113202150/http://www.seventhfam.com/ Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video] * [http://www.finalcall.com Nation of Islam-affiliated ''Final Call'' newspaper website] * [http://www.noi.org.uk/ Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110626212207/http://static.nicic.gov/Library/017613.pdf Federal Bureau of Prisons ''Technical Reference Manual on Inmate Beliefs and Practices''] * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Nation%20of%20Islam FBI file on the Nation of Islam] [[Category:Nation of Islam| ]] [[Category:African-American-related controversies]] [[Category:Anti-white racism in the United States]] [[Category:Antisemitism in the United States]] [[Category:Black separatism]] [[Category:Black supremacy]] [[Category:Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States]] [[Category:Islam-related controversies in North America]] [[Category:Millenarianism]] [[Category:Apocalyptic groups]] [[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]] [[Category:New religious movements established in the 1930s]] ffuifzg8rd86bp0min5r2xr6yneosr5 0 31796 196401 173256 2026-08-12T04:00:55Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ<br/>{{Script/Arabic|عَاشُورَاء}} | image = Mourning of Holy Ashura 15.jpg | caption = ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ | nickname = Youm-e Ashur | duration = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ | frequency = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ([[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ]]) | observedby = | date = 10 [[ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨᱟᱢ]] | date2023 = 29 July | date2024 = 17 July | date2025 = 6 July<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/ashura-2024-dates-in-india-saudi-arabia-uae-us-uk-iran-and-other-countries-article-111662410|title=Ashura 2024: Dates in India, Saudi Arabia, UAE, US, UK, Iran, and other countries|website=timesnownews.com|date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240719040443/https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/ashura-2024-dates-in-india-saudi-arabia-uae-us-uk-iran-and-other-countries-article-111662410|archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> }} '''ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ''' (ᱟᱨᱵᱤ: عَاشُورَاء, ʿĀshūrāʾ, [ʕaːʃuːˈraːʔ]) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱨᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱟ (ᱢᱚᱥᱮᱥ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱩᱯᱩᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱤᱵᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱤᱢᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱢᱟᱭᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱭᱟᱡᱤᱫ ᱤᱵᱱ ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ (ᱟ. 680–683) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ 61 ᱮᱮᱪ (680 ᱥᱤᱤ) ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱟᱭᱟᱫ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱭᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱯᱚᱴᱚᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱷᱩ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ᱾ ==ᱵᱤᱭᱩᱛᱯᱚᱛᱤ== ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱜᱮᱞ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱮᱥᱤᱨᱚᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āsōr ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱨᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱦᱤᱡᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱲ== ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱭᱜᱟᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ 622 ᱥᱤ.ᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱭᱜᱟᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱥᱟᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱵᱚᱸᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱨᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱥᱟᱨᱮᱭᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱤᱯᱯᱩᱨ (ᱞᱤᱴ. 'ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱪᱤᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ') ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱨᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ, ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱡᱟᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾ ==ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ== ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱭᱥ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱣᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥᱱᱤᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱩᱢᱟᱭᱟᱫᱽ (ᱟ. 661–750) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱱᱩᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱹ, ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱨᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱥᱩ'ᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ᱾ == ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ == <gallery widths="200" heights="160" mode="packed"> File:Tuwairij run 1.jpg|{{Transl|ar|Tawarij}} ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ, ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞᱟ File:Tuwairij run 2.jpg File:Tuwairij run.jpg File:Ashura in Syria- 2017 01 (2).jpg|[[ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ File:Ashura in Qatif 3.jpg|[[ᱥᱟᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ File:Muharram (Al'am) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ {{Transl|ar|alam}} ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ File:Ashura procession in Tehran, Iran.jpg|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱡᱩᱞᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ {{Transl|ar|Alam}} File:Muharram (Ta'ziya) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, {{Transl|ar|ta'ziya}} ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ File:Mourning of Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (66).jpg|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, {{Transl|fa|nakhl}} ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ File:A tadjah at Hosay.jpg|''ᱛᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟᱦ'' ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱠᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, [[ᱴᱨᱤᱱᱤᱰᱟᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱥᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱤ, ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ File:Tabuik festival.jpg|[[ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱠ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ [[Tabuik|''ᱛᱟᱵᱩᱠ'' ᱠᱚ]] ᱵᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ File:Ashura 2016 mourning in Imam Hossein Square, Tehran 05.jpg|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱮᱱᱮᱠᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ </gallery> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last=Sivan |first=E. |date=February 1989 |title=Sunni Radicalism in the Middle East and the Iranian Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1989-02_21_1/page/16 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=16–20 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800032086 |jstor=163637 |s2cid=162459682}} {{refend}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * {{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ]] 5r2sqvq6nyurv1ftrjn2sg473scyfag 0 33289 196346 181867 2026-08-12T02:22:01Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Guinea_schoolgirls.jpg|thumb|280x280px|ᱜᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱹᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ (ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱸᱴ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Усамов |first=И.Р. |title=Digital Transformation of Education: Challenges and Prospects |date=2019-12-18 |journal=Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки |volume=3 |issue=17 |doi=10.34708/gstou.2019.17.3.021 |s2cid=242230851 |issn=2686-9721|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Osler |first1=Audrey |last2=Vincent |first2=Kerry |date=2003 |title=Girls and Exclusion |doi=10.4324/9780203465202|isbn=978-1-134-41283-9 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osman |first=Abdal Monium Khidir |date=November 2002 |title=Challenges for integrating gender into poverty alleviation programmes: Lessons from Sudan |journal=Gender & Development |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=22–30 |doi=10.1080/13552070215922 |s2cid=71270250 |issn=1355-2074}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dekkers |first1=Hetty P.J.M. |last2=Bosker |first2=Roel J. |last3=Driessen |first3=Geert W.J.M. |date=March 2000 |title=Complex Inequalities of Educational Opportunities. A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on the Relation Between Gender, Social Class, Ethnicity and School Success |journal=Educational Research and Evaluation |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=59–82 |doi=10.1076/1380-3611(200003)6:1;1-i;ft059 |s2cid=144400482 |issn=1380-3611}}</ref> [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱭᱤᱱ, ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ (STEM)]] ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)|publisher=UNESCO|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100233-5|location=Paris}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱐/᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱖᱓% ᱮᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱕᱘% ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱖᱒% ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽ𝘳ᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱕᱖% ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱜᱽ𝘳ᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_301.20.asp |title=Historical summary of faculty, enrollment, degrees conferred, and finances in degree-granting postsecondary institutions: Selected academic years, 1869-70 through 2020-21 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |date=2021 |access-date=Jan 30, 2025 }}</ref> ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMFED USA: What we do|url=http://us.camfed.org/site/PageServer?pagename=home_index|publisher=CAMFED|access-date=October 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009011622/http://us.camfed.org/site/PageServer?pagename=home_index|archive-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱛᱷᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱟᱱᱯᱟᱲ]] ᱟᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Girls Education:A lifeline to development|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm|date=1995|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=2021-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425183724/http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm}}</ref> ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱕᱐% ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Filmer |first=Deon |date=2007-06-29 |title=If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-studies_2007-07_43_5/page/901 |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=901–928 |doi=10.1080/00220380701384588 |s2cid=216140496 |issn=0022-0388}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herz |first1=Barbara |last2=Subbarao |first2=K. |last3=Habib |first3=Masooma |last4=Raney |first4=Laura |date=1991-09-30 |title=Letting girls learn |journal=World Bank Discussion Papers |doi=10.1596/0-8213-1937-x |isbn=978-0-8213-1937-6 |issn=0259-210X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paudel |first=Ramesh C. |date=2019-12-31 |title=Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It, Oxford University Press, USA. |journal=Economic Journal of Nepal |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=79–82 |doi=10.3126/ejon.v42i3-4.36039 |s2cid=242154293 |issn=1018-631X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What Have We Learned About Moral Courage in Organizations? |date=2015-03-26 |work=Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the Right Thing at Work |pages=235–240 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315702285-28 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-70228-5}}</ref><ref name="Grimm 771–779">{{Cite journal |last=Grimm |first=Wolfram |date=November 2006 |title=What Is Evidence-Based, What Is New in Medical Therapy of Acute Heart Failure? |journal=Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=771–779 |doi=10.1007/s00059-006-2910-y |pmid=17149679 |s2cid=38811473 |issn=0340-9937}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱚᱫᱷ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱮᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱑᱕% ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱡᱤᱣᱚᱱ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan Overseas - Why Girls? |url=http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3894 |publisher=Plan Canada |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113021252/http://becauseiamagirl.ca/Page.aspx?pid=3894 |archive-date=November 13, 2011 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱴᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan Overseas – Education Girl-friendly schools see enrollment rates soar in Burkina Faso |url=http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3859 |publisher=Plan Canada |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011143727/http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3859 |archive-date=October 11, 2011 }}</ref> ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ (ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱟᱨᱟᱜ) ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ ᱡᱟᱜᱨᱩᱠᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Anjani |last2=Martinez |first2=Gladys M. |last3=Mosher |first3=William D. |last4=Abma |first4=Joyce C. |last5=Jones |first5=Jo |date=2005 |title=Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e414702008-001 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kakkar, Baron, (Ajay Kumar Kakkar) (born 28 April 1964) |date=2010-12-01 |work=Who's Who |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u251313 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Catherine E. |last2=Mirowsky |first2=John |last3=Goldsteen |first3=Karen |date=November 1990 |title=The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_1990-11_52_4/page/1059 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=1059 |doi=10.2307/353319 |jstor=353319 |s2cid=29506270 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱣᱱᱟ ᱠᱤᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Brent C. |last2=Moore |first2=Kristin A. |date=November 1990 |title=Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, and Parenting: Research through the 1980s |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_1990-11_52_4/page/1025 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=1025 |doi=10.2307/353317 |jstor=353317 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bongaarts |first1=John |last2=Rindfuss |first2=Ronald R. |last3=Morgan |first3=S. Philip |last4=Swicegood |first4=Gray |date=December 1988 |title=First Births in America: Changes in the Timing of Parenthood. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1988-12_14_4/page/747 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=747 |doi=10.2307/1973641 |jstor=1973641 |issn=0098-7921}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱥᱮ ᱚᱯᱪᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Abigail |last2=O'Sullivan |first2=Lucia F. |date=2010-03-31 |title=In the Absence of Marriage: Long-Term Concurrent Partnerships, Pregnancy, and HIV Risk Dynamics Among South African Young Adults |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=991–1000 |doi=10.1007/s10461-010-9687-y |pmid=20354777 |pmc=3848496 |issn=1090-7165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuperberg |first=Arielle |date=2014-03-04 |title=Age at Coresidence, Premarital Cohabitation, and Marriage Dissolution: 1985–2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_2014-04_76_2/page/352 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=352–369 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12092 |issn=0022-2445}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱥᱛᱷᱚᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱱᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱣᱱ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱝᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱤᱱᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leke |first1=Robert J. I. |last2=Oduma |first2=Jemimah A. |last3=Bassol-Mayagoitia |first3=Susana |last4=Bacha |first4=Angela Maria |last5=Grigor |first5=Kenneth M. |date=July 1993 |title=Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=101 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=73–80 |doi=10.2307/3431379 |jstor=3431379 |pmid=8243409 |pmc=1519926 |issn=0091-6765}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱚᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱤᱫᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|author1=Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi|author2=Valentine M. Moghadam|title=Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx|publisher=Population Reference Bureau|access-date=October 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025140101/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx|archive-date=2011-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Population, Education and Development |date=2003 |isbn=978-92-1-151382-0 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/concise2003/Concisereport2003.pdf|publisher=United Nations|access-date=October 29, 2011}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱚᱢᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱔]] "ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ" ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱕|ᱥᱩᱥᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱥᱭᱚ ᱕ "ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟ"]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ (ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠᱛᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱵ ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱫᱷᱤ|ᱡᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱭᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱭᱟᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱛᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Grimm 771–779"/><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-12-01 |title=Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=43 |issue=4 |page=43-2525 |doi=10.5860/choice.43-2525 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=0009-4978}}</ref> [[ᱰᱨᱚᱰᱟᱩᱱ (ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ)|ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱰᱨᱚᱰᱟᱩᱱ]] ᱟᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱞᱣᱟᱭᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱖ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱥᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ([[ᱥᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ)᱾<ref name=":10" /> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *[https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=664 ''Literary Encyclopedia'', ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱑᱖᱕᱐-᱑᱗᱕᱐] j9617b92zhqekweuuqy61y0hgj5em75 0 33399 196399 190149 2026-08-12T03:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ | predecessor = ᱨᱟᱡᱟ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ|ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ | party = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ]] | nationality = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ | death_place = | death_date = ᱒᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱘᱐) | birth_place = | birth_date = ᱑᱑ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ | successor = [[ᱠᱩᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱮᱨᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ]] | term_end = ᱒᱖ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ | native_name = टंक प्रसाद आचार्य | term_start = ᱒᱗ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱖ | monarch = [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ|ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ]] | order = ᱑᱙ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ | office = ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | caption = | image = Tanka Prasad Acharya (cropped).jpg | native_name_lang = ne | spouse = ᱨᱮᱣᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ | children = ᱕ }} '''ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ''' (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ: टंक प्रसाद आचार्य; ᱑᱑ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ – ᱒᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱒), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱭᱩᱰᱳ-ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱫᱽ ("ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱫᱽ") ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nepal.html|title=Nepal|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Patapan"/> ==ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ== ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱬᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱥᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱨᱛ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱠᱣᱟᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱯᱷᱮᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱯᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱱᱥᱤᱞ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱠᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Brown">{{Citation | last = Brown | first = T.L. | year = 2002 | title = The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | page = 16, 20 | isbn = 9780415085762 }}</ref><ref name="Lentz">{{Citation | last = Lentz III | first = Harris M. | year = 2013 | title = Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 | publisher = Routledge | edition = 2nd | location = London, New York | page = 573 | isbn = 9781134264902 }}</ref> ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱮᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Brown"/> ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ-ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱪᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Patapan">{{Citation | editor-last1 = Patapan | editor-first1 = Haig | editor-last2 = Wanna | editor-first2 = John | editor-last3 = Weller | editor-first3 = Patrick | year = 2005 | title = Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific | publisher = University of New South Wales Press Ltd | location = New South Wales | page = 64 | isbn = 9780868408484 }}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱬᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Brown"/> ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱧᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ,<ref> {{Citation | last = Lecomte-Tilouine | first = Marie | year = 2013 | title = Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New Delhi | page = 39 | isbn = 9780198089384 }}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gellner|first=D.N.|date=August 2007|title=Democracy in Nepal: four models|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad5b421a-2a13-48f8-be7b-9b0adbbf4170/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Democracy%2Bin%2BNepal%253A%2Bfour%2Bmodels&type_of_work=Journal+article|journal=Seminar|volume=576|pages=50|via=Oxford University Research Archive}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Instead, Acharya was sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="Lentz"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱧᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lentz"/> ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱹ ᱯᱤᱹ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ|ᱵᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalicongress.org/index.php?linkId=2|title=NepaliCongress.org- Nepali Congress Official website {{!}} Political party of Nepal|last=www.nepalicongress.org|website=www.nepalicongress.org|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207115511/http://nepalicongress.org/index.php?linkId=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ== ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lentz"/> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱰᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khanal|first1=Yadav|title=Prospects for unity of NC and NC-D - The Himalayan Times|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/prospects-for-unity-of-nc-and-nc-d/|accessdate=24 April 2020|agency=The Himalayan Times|publisher=International Media Network Nepal (Pvt.) Ltd.|date=23 March 2005}}</ref> ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levi|first=Werner|date=1954|title=Political Rivalries in Nepal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_far-eastern-survey_1954-07_23_7/page/105|journal=Far Eastern Survey|volume=23|issue=7|pages=105|doi=10.2307/3024093|jstor=3024093|issn=0362-8949}}</ref> [[File:Welcoming Nepalese PM.jpg|thumb|left|ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱵᱤᱡᱤᱝ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ]] ==ᱯᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ== ᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Patapan" /><ref name="Lentz" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱰᱤᱯᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/turning-points-in-nepal-china-relations-1419|title=Turning points in Nepal-China relations|last=Bhattarai|first=Kamal Dev|website=The Annapurna Express|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} ==ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱯᱨᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ== ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation | last = Whelpton | first = John | year = 2005 | title = A History of Nepal | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | page = 96 | isbn = 9780521804707 }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱱᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Lentz"/> ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱓ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/25/obituaries/tanka-prasad-acharya-78-ex-nepal-chief.html|title=Tanka Prasad Acharya, 78, Ex-Nepal Chief|date=April 25, 1992|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ, ᱴᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱷᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ]] a2v91m9herou3p3f8xtnsl8sv7jppci 0 34716 196402 187995 2026-08-12T04:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox mountain | name = ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ | other_name = | etymology = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | photo = Chota Nagpur Plateau-IGI.jpg | photo_caption = ᱑᱙᱐᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱡᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Orography|ᱳᱨᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱞ]] ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ ᱾ | map = India Jharkhand#India | map_size = | map_caption = ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ [[ecoregion|ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ | label = | label_position = | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | state = {{hlist|[[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]]|[[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]]|[[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]]|[[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]]}} | region = | part_type = | part = | highest= [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] | elevation = | elevation_m = 1350 | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | prominence = | prominence_m = | prominence_ft = | prominence_ref = | isolation = | isolation_km = | isolation_mi = | isolation_ref = | parent_peak = | listing = | translation = | language = | pronunciation = | area_km2 =65000 | area_ref =<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |date=15 July 2025 |title=Chota Nagpur Plateau |url=[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur-plateau](https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur-plateau)|encyclopaedia= Britannica |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|23|21|N|85|20|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | topo = | type = | age = | geology = | easiest_route = | normal_route = | access = | child = | embedded = }} '''ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ''' ({{ipa|hi|t͡ʃʰoːʈaː naːɡpʊɾ|ipa}}) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱮᱰᱟ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱱᱚᱫᱤ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{convert|65000|km2}} ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=maps>{{cite web |url = [http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html](http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html) |title = Chhota Nagpur Plateau |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20090917115436/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20090917115436/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html) |archive-date = 17 September 2009 }}</ref> ==ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ== ''ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ [[Nagvanshi dynasty|ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ''ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ'' (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ') ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟ" ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=houlton>[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334291170](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334291170)|title=CHOTA NAGPUR: A NOMENCLATURE IN CONTRADICTION|website=researchgate}}</ref> ==ᱵᱷᱩᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ== [[File:Jonha falls, Jharkhand.jpg|alt=Jonha falls, Jharkhand|thumb|ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]]]] ===ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ=== [[File:Damodar River in its upper reaches.jpg|thumb|270px|ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ᱾ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Precambrian|ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱕᱔᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[tectonic|ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱳᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[Cenozoic|ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=yashplasingh>{{Cite book |url = [https://books.google.com/books?id=-JtQE2FmsIkC&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA107](https://books.google.com/books?id=-JtQE2FmsIkC&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA107) |title = Geography By Yash Pal Singh |publisher = FK Publications |isbn = 978-81-89611-85-9 |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Gondwana|ᱜᱳᱱᱰᱣᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱛᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Deccan Plate|ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Cretaceous|ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱷᱚᱠᱠᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ecoregion>{{cite web|url = [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Chhota-Nagpur_dry_deciduous_forests](http://www.eoearth.org/article/Chhota-Nagpur_dry_deciduous_forests) | title = Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests |publisher = The Encyclopaedia of Earth |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}</ref> ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱱᱛᱚᱨᱚᱱ (metamorphism), ᱜᱨᱮᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱭᱚ (igneous) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ Ma ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱕ Ma ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghose |first1=N. C. |last2=Shmakin |first2=B. M. |last3=Smirnov |first3=V. N. |title=Some geochronological observations on the Precambrians of Chotanagpur, Bihar, India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geological-magazine_1973-09_110_5/page/477 |journal=Geological Magazine |date=September 1973 |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=477–482 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800036268 }}</ref> ===ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ=== ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱤᱞ (fossil) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱤᱞ-ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱥᱮᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱭᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱡᱤᱱ (Neogene), ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ (Pliocene) ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=S. N |last2=Mishra |first2=V. P |title=On the find of Upper Tertiary plant, fish and bird fossils near Rajdanda, Palamau district, Bihar |journal=Records of the Geological Survey of India |date=1982 |volume=112 |pages=55–58 |url=[https://www.gsi.gov.in/](https://www.gsi.gov.in/) |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazra |first1=Manoshi |last2=Hazra |first2=Taposhi |last3=Bera |first3=Subir |last4=Khan |first4=Mahasin Ali |title=Occurrence of a cyprinid fish (Leuciscinae) from latest Neogene (?Pliocene) sediments of Chotanagpur plateau, eastern India |journal=Current Science |date=2020 |volume=119 |issue=8 |pages=1367–1370 |doi=10.18520/cs/v119/i8/1367-1370 |jstor=27139024 |issn=0011-3891|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ== [[File:Physical Map of India.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Chhota Nagpur 1902.jpg|thumb|᱑᱙᱐᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ]] ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱴ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|3000|to|3500|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3819|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ — [[ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱥᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱫᱚ {{convert|4480|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱚᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱫᱚ {{convert|3407|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=houlton/> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱯᱟᱴ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ=== ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|1000|m}} ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱜᱩᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱴ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url = [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzuBxr3AFp4C&q=Pat+region+Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA212](https://books.google.com/books?id=pzuBxr3AFp4C&q=Pat+region+Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA212) | title = Perspectives in geomorphology By Hari Shanker Sharma |access-date = 2 May 2010 | last1 = Sharma | first1 = Hari Shanker | year = 1982 }}</ref> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱦᱟᱴ ᱯᱟᱴ, ᱡᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱴ, ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴ, ᱨᱩᱫᱽᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱴ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ===ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ=== [[File:Dassam falls.jpg|thumb|270px|ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]]]] ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱵᱲᱚ-ᱠᱷᱟᱵᱲᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url = [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Effects+of+Urbanisation+on+ground+water+in+Ranchi.-a0222519725](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Effects+of+Urbanisation+on+ground+water+in+Ranchi.-a0222519725) |title = Effects of Urbanisation on ground water in Ranchi. |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[rift valley|ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=yashplasingh/> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱟ (Damodar trough) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=overview/> ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱩᱱᱰᱨᱩ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱗᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ), ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱓᱙.᱖᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱱᱤ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱟᱹᱦᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟᱯᱟ]] (᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱮᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱞᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱡᱚᱱᱦᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] (᱒᱕.᱙ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA161](https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA161) |title=Physical Geography: Hydrosphere By K. Bharadwaj |isbn=978-81-8356-167-9 |access-date=2 May 2010 |last1=Bharatdwaj |first1=K. |year=2006 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House }}</ref> ===ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ=== ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ''ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ|ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=lister>{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROvfeX34PAC&q=Hazaribagh+plateau&pg=PA44](https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROvfeX34PAC&q=Hazaribagh+plateau&pg=PA44) |title=Hazaribagh By Edward Lister |isbn=978-1-115-79277-6 |access-date=2 May 2010 |last1=Lister |first1=Edward |date=October 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=overview/> ===ᱠᱳᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ=== ᱠᱳᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=lister/><ref>{{cite web |url = [http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp](http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp) |title = Natural Resources Data Management System |publisher = Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100925044956/http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp](https://web.archive.org/web/20100925044956/http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp) |archive-date = 25 September 2010 }}</ref> ===ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱟ=== ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱰᱟ (trough) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ, ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱠᱟᱨᱳ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=lister/> ===ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ=== [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱭᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱞᱳᱫᱷ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ {{convert|150|m}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 159</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = [http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc](http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc)|title = Gazetteer of Palamu District|access-date = 4 May 2010|archive-url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172839/http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc](https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172839/http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc)|archive-date = 21 July 2011}}</ref> ===ᱢᱟᱱᱵᱷᱩᱢ-ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱷᱩᱢ=== [[File:Joy chandi pahar.jpg|thumb|270px|[[ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱭᱪᱚᱱᱫᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱱᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱦᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱳᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 170</ref> ᱥᱤᱝᱵᱷᱩᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ {{convert|3000|ft|m|order=flip}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=forest>{{cite web |url = [http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf](http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf) |title = The West Singhbhum District |access-date = 20 April 2010 |archive-url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104524/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104524/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf) |archive-date = 13 July 2011 }} </ref> ==ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ== ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ-ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ, ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|73|F|C|order=flip}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (freezing point) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|100|F|C|order=flip}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ (ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 126</ref> ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1400|mm|in}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = [http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm](http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm) | title = Damodar Valley | access-date = 25 May 2008 | work = About the Region – Damodar Basin | publisher = Ministry of Environments and Forests | archive-url = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182506/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182506/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm) | archive-date = 27 September 2007 }}</ref> ==ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ== [[File:Ecoregion IM0203.svg|thumb|ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] [[File:Palash Tree.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[File:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] (''Shorea robusta'') ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] ''ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨ'', ᱢᱤᱫ [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯ-ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|122100|km2|mi2}} ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ, ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ (Shorea robusta) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=ecoregion/> ===ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱤ=== ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|25|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ (''[[Shorea robusta]]''), ᱢᱟᱛᱠᱚᱢ (''[[Madhuca longifolia]]''), ᱢᱟᱫ (''[[Bambusa]]''), ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ (''[[Tectona grandis]]''), ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱞ (''[[Mangifera indica]]''), ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱫ (''[[Butea monosperma]]'') ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Vijayluxmi |last2=Paul |first2=S. R. |title=Floristic elements and distribution pattern in the flora of Chotanagpur (Bihar) India |journal=Feddes Repertorium |date=January 1992 |volume=103 |issue=5–6 |pages=381–398 |doi=10.1002/fedr.19921030518 |url=[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.19921030518](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.19921030518) |language=en |issn=0014-8962|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ=== [[File:RAJNI.jpg|thumb|[[ᱫᱚᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] [[File:Wild gaur.jpg|thumb|[[ᱵᱮᱛᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱩᱞ]] (''Panthera tigris'') ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] (''Elephas maximus'')᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] (Gaur), ᱥᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱩᱞ (Dhole), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ (Sloth bear) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Bhola |title=On a collection of mammals from Chota Nagpur, Bihar |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India |date=1951 |volume=116 |pages=29–44 |doi=10.26515/rzsi/v116/i1/1951/162157 |url=[https://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/download/162157/113274](https://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/download/162157/113274) |access-date=28 October 2024 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ=== ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ====ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ==== ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱖ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫᱟᱥ - ᱛᱟᱢᱳᱨ ᱯᱤᱝᱞᱟ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 321-322</ref> * [[ᱫᱚᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱖᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ (᱑᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱔᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^２) * [[ᱠᱳᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱑᱘᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱞᱟᱣᱟᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱔᱑᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩ ᱴᱟᱭᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱑,᱓᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱯᱟᱞᱠᱳᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱑᱘᱒.᱘᱓ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱥᱮᱢᱟᱨᱥᱳᱛ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ (᱔᱗᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱛᱟᱢᱳᱨ ᱯᱤᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ (᱖᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) * [[ᱛᱳᱯᱪᱟᱸᱪᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱵᱤᱨ]], ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ (᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ^᱒) ==ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ== {{see also |ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ }} ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱢ [[Sadan people|ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ]], [[Munda people|ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟ]], [[Kurukh people|ᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ (ᱠᱩᱲᱩᱠᱷ)]], ᱟᱨ [[Ho people|ᱦᱳ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱟᱭ, ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:CELEBRATING MOTHER NATURE.jpg|thumb|ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱢᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ]] [[File:Artistes performing Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|[[ᱪᱷᱚᱣ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ]] ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱞᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=[https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi](https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi)|title=India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods|date=2016|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2345-8|page=[[https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14](https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14) 14]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect">{{cite news|date=13 March 2008|title=Cave paintings lie in neglect|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|url=[https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp](https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp)|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp](https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp)|archive-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱷᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱙᱐᱐᱐–᱕᱐᱐᱐ BCE ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱫᱽ== [[File:Open pit mine in Jharia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ]] ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ [[mica|ᱚᱵᱽᱨᱚᱠ]], [[ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ]], [[ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ]], [[ᱪᱩᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ]], [[ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=yashplasingh/> ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ]], [[Raniganj Coalfield|ᱨᱟᱱᱤᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ]], [[West Bokaro Coalfield|ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ]], [[East Bokaro Coalfield|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield|ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱚᱲ]], ᱟᱨ [[South Karanpura Coalfield|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm](http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm) |title=Mineral Resources and Coal Mining |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182912/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182912/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm) |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> ==ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ== * [[ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]] * [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist|2}} ==ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ== * Gupta, Satya Prakash. ''Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-Nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-Section''. Land and people of tribal Bihar series, no. 3. [Patna]: Govt. of Bihar, Welfare Dept, 1974. * Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia. ''Die Munda und Oraon in Chota Nagpur - Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen'' [[Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden]], Band 40; Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983 * Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Chandra. ''Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin: The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India''. [Burdwan]: University of Burdwan, 1980. ==ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== *{{Commons category-inline}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chota Nagpur |volume=6 |page=272 |short=1}} {{Ecoregions of India}} {{GeoSouthAsia}} {{Damodar Valley}} {{Plateaus of India}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱪᱷᱳᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱡᱟᱢᱥᱮᱫᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ]] q21x9iuczugo4lcu4czuue36l0p99y4 0 34810 196387 188881 2026-08-12T03:33:45Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ | image = File:Kherai Dance of Assam.jpg | image_caption = ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ | population = ᱑᱒–᱑᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ) | region1 = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] | pop1 = ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ | region2 = [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]] | pop2 = ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ | region3 = [[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] | pop3 = ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ | region4 = [[ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] | pop4 = ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ | region5 = [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] | pop5 = ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ | rels = '''ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ''': [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] '''ᱛᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ''': [[ᱵᱟᱛᱷᱳᱣᱤᱡᱚᱢ]], [[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ]] | related = [[ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ]] ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ, [[ᱱᱟᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]], [[ᱠᱟᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ]] | languages = [[ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]], [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] }} '''ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ''' ('''ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱵᱚᱰᱚ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ)ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ]], [[ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ [[ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ([[ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱠᱳᱪ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ]]) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱵᱟᱝ, ᱫᱤᱦᱟᱝ, ᱫᱤᱠᱷᱳᱣ, ᱫᱤᱦᱤᱝ, ᱫᱚᱭᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ 'ᱫᱤ' (Di) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱫᱚᱭ' (Doi) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱫᱟᱜ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ (ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ) ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ 'ᱟᱥᱩ' ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ, ᱫᱮᱣᱨᱤ, ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ (patrilineal) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱨᱚ, ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ (matrilineal) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱠᱟᱥᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == === ᱵᱚᱰᱚ (Bodo) === ​'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱡᱽᱥᱚᱱ (Brian Houghton Hodgson) ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪ (Mech) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭᱮᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪ, ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ, ᱛᱤᱣᱟ (ᱞᱟᱞᱩᱝ), ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ, ᱜᱟᱨᱚ, ᱠᱚᱠᱵᱚᱨᱚᱠ, ᱫᱮᱣᱨᱤ, ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ​ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (Umbrella term) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱪ; ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱨᱚ, ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ, ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱚᱱᱳᱣᱟᱞ, ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱱ, ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ, ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱠᱵᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱚᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ 'ᱵᱚᱨᱚ' ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ​'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱛᱮ 'ᱵᱚᱨᱚ' ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱠ') ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'Hbrogpa' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === '''ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ (Kachari)''' === ​ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ 'ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱛ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱚᱧᱡᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ​ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱮᱱᱰᱞ (Edward Endle) ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ 'The Kacharis' ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ—ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱚᱨᱚ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ (ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱳᱣᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ​'ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ 'ᱠᱚᱨᱳᱥᱟ ᱟᱨᱤ' (korosa aris) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ" ᱾ == ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱣᱟᱝ ᱦᱳ (Yellow River) ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱯᱩᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ === ᱵᱚᱰᱚ-ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ' (lingua franca) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ (Austroasiatic) ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == (ᱜᱩᱴ) == {| class="wikitable" ! Group !! Primary language !! Primary Domain |- | [[Boro people|Boro]] || [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] || Assam (especially [[Bodoland Territorial Region]]) |- | [[Garo people|Garo]] || [[Garo language|Garo]] || mostly in [[Meghalaya]] (western part) with a smaller number in neighbouring [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-04 |title=5 facts you must know about the Garo Tribe of Meghalaya |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/tntvideos/features/5-facts-you-must-know-about-the-garo-tribe-of-meghalaya/cid2513940.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128140416/https://thenortheasttoday.com/tntvideos/features/5-facts-you-must-know-about-the-garo-tribe-of-meghalaya/cid2513940.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN }} "The Garos are a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic group in Meghalaya also known as the A·chik Mande (literally hill people) or simply A·chik or Mande."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=R. Marak |first1=Silba |last2=Sharma |first2=Dwijen |date=2023-09-11 |title=Funeral Rites of the Garos: Unveiling Cultural Assimilation Amidst Christian Influence |url=https://ejournal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jcrt/article/view/354 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Rituals and Traditions |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.15575/jcrt.354 |issn=2988-5884 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | [[Chutia people|Chutia]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Upper Assam, Central Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |- | [[Deori people|Deori]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Deori language|Deori]] || Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |- | [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] || [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] || [[Dima Hasao district]] |- | [[Hajong people|Hajong]] || [[Hajong language|Hajong]] || [[Meghalaya]] |- | [[Koch people|Koch]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Koch language|Koch]], [[KRNB lects|Kamatapuri]]|| Lower Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Bangladesh |- | [[Mech people|Mech]] || [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]|| Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland and Southeastern Nepal |- | [[Moran people|Moran]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |- | [[Rabha people|Rabha]] || [[Rabha language|Rabha]] || Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Bhutan |- | [[Sarania Kachari]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Lower Assam |- | [[Sonowal Kachari]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]]|| Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |- | [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengal Kachari]] || [[Assamese language|Assamese]]|| Upper Assam |- | [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa]] || [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]|| Central Assam |- | [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] || [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]] || Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh |} *ᱵᱚᱨᱚ (Boro) ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱞᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ 'ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱨ' ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ 'ᱵᱚᱨᱚ', 'ᱵᱟᱰᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟ' (ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ *ᱢᱮᱪ (Mech) ᱢᱮᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱡᱽᱥᱚᱱ (᱑᱘᱔᱗) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱢᱮᱪ' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱚ' ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ *ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ (Rabha) ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱥᱠᱚᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱳᱨᱤ, ᱨᱚᱝᱫᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱟ ᱾ *ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ (Dimasa) ᱫᱤᱢᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱟᱥᱱᱩᱥᱟ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ *ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ (Chutia) ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ 'ᱵᱩᱨᱳᱠ' ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ (Surnames) ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱟ, ᱵᱚᱨᱩᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ *ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱱ (Moran) ᱛᱟᱭ (Tai) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱚᱰᱳᱣᱥᱟ' (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ *ᱫᱮᱣᱨᱤ (Deori) ᱫᱮᱣᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱠᱮ (Priests) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱤᱢᱳᱪᱟᱭᱟᱱ' (ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ *ᱛᱤᱣᱟ (Tiwa/Lalung) ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱜᱷᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ—ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Matrilineal) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱛᱤᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Patrilineal) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ *ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ (Tripuri) == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=J. 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|journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=20792 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-77404-4 |pmid=33247154 |pmc=7695722 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1020792Z |s2cid=227191604 |issn=2045-2322}} * {{cite book|ref=eighth|last=GoI|title=Eighth Scheduled Indian Languages|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} {{refend}} {{Scheduled tribes of India}} {{Hill tribes of Northeast India}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kachari}} [[Category:Social groups of Assam]] [[Category:Tribes of Assam]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]] [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]] [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]] [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]] [[Category:Tribes of India]] g0xqheaiv7dgoyq2ggr4p41hy1h1wi1 0 34905 196392 188393 2026-08-12T03:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ (Hu Huilan) | image = Hailan-Hu-SfN.jpg | caption = ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱗᱓ | birth_place = ᱪᱤᱱ | nationality = ᱪᱤᱱᱤ | fields = [[Neuroscience]], [[Biology]] | workplaces = [[Zhejiang University]], [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] | alma_mater = [[Beijing University]], [[University of California, Berkeley]] | awards = [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards]] (2022) }} '''ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ''' (ᱪᱤᱱᱤ: 胡海岚; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱑᱙᱗᱓) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (neuroscientist) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Bio1">{{cite web |title=Hu Huilan Biography |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.zjnu.edu.cn/info/1012/1012.htm |website=Zhejiang University |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (Zhejiang University) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="ZJU">{{cite news |title=Professor Hu Hailan wins L'Oreal-UNESCO Award |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/2021/1001/c19573a2425555/page.htm |work=ZJU News |date=2021-10-01}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ, ᱰᱮᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (depression) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Research">{{cite journal |last=Hu |first=H. |title=Neural mechanisms of social hierarchy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-10-28_354_6311/page/421 |journal=Science |year=2016 |volume=354 |issue=6311 |pages=421-422}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="EarlyLife">{{cite web |title=Hu Hailan's Academic Journey |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01456-4 |website=Nature |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (Peking University) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Edu1">{{cite web |title=Alumni Focus: Hu Hailan |url=http://www.bio.pku.edu.cn/ |website=PKU School of Life Sciences |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱞᱤ (UC Berkeley) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤᱹ (PhD) ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="PhD">{{cite web |title=Hu Hailan PhD Dissertation |url=https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/ |website=UC Berkeley Research |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱞᱰ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="CSHL">{{cite web |title=Postdoc Alumni |url=https://www.cshl.edu/ |website=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ (CAS) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱤᱜᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="CAS">{{cite web |title=Principal Investigators |url=http://www.ion.ac.cn/ |website=Institute of Neuroscience, CAS |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="ZJU2">{{cite web |title=Hu Lab |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.hailanhu-lab.org/ |website=Zhejiang University |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱ (Ketamine) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱞᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱱᱩᱞᱟ" (Lateral Habenula) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱟᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nature2018">{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Y. |last2=Cui |first2=Y. |last3=Sang |first3=K. |last4=Hu |first4=H. |title=Ketamine blocks bursting in the lateral habenula to elicit rapid antidepressant effects |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |pages=317-322}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Impact">{{cite news |title=New insight into antidepressant action |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180214150117.htm |work=ScienceDaily |date=2018-02-14}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ == ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱣᱤᱱᱚᱨ ᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ" (Winner Effect) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winner">{{cite journal |last=Zhou |first=T. |last2=Zhu |first2=H. |last3=Fan |first3=Z. |last4=Hu |first4=H. |title=History of winning remodels thalamo-PFC circuit to reinforce social dominance |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-07-14_357_6347/page/158 |journal=Science |year=2017 |volume=357 |issue=6347 |pages=162-168}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱢᱚᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Winner" /> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ == ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards]] ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Loreal">{{cite web |title=2022 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Awards |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/2022-loreal-unesco-women-science-international-awards-recognize-five-exceptional-women |website=UNESCO |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱳ-ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ (IBRO-Kemali Prize) ᱾<ref name="IBRO">{{cite web |title=Hailan Hu wins the 12th IBRO-Kemali Prize |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=https://ibro.org/hailan-hu-wins-12th-ibro-kemali-prize/ |website=IBRO |date=2019-06-18}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Young">{{cite web |title=Young Scientists of World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.hailanhu-lab.org/ ᱦᱩ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://scholar.google.com/citations%3Fuser%3DL0Q3o4kAAAAJ ᱜᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱟᱱ] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] 747x2sv62dkbwdlr1p2kptazukbkvd8 0 34946 196348 188490 2026-08-12T02:26:22Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ''' (Asafo) ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ (Akan) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971">{{cite journal |last=Datta |first=Ansu K. |title=The Asafo System in Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1971_12_2/page/279 |journal=Journal of African History |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=1971 |pages=279–297}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ 'ᱚᱥᱟ' (sa - ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱯᱷᱳ' (fo - ᱦᱚᱲ) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ" ᱾<ref name="Labi2002">{{cite journal |last=Labi |first=Kwame Amoah |title=Fante Asafo Flags of Ghana |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_winter-2002_35_4/page/28 |journal=African Arts |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=28–37}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932">{{cite book |last=De Graft Johnson |first=J.C. |title=The Fanti Asafo |year=1932 |publisher=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Doran H. |title=Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante |year=2007 |publisher=Prestel |location=Munich}}</ref> == ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ (Organization) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ 'ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ' ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011">{{cite book |last=Shumway |first=Rebecca |title=The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |year=2011 |publisher=University of Rochester Press}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱝ (Colours) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱛᱩᱯᱷᱩᱦᱮᱱ (Tufuhen):''' ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> '''ᱥᱩᱯᱤ (Supi):''' ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (Art and Symbolism) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ '''ᱪᱤᱨ''' (Flags), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ' (Frankaa) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971"/> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ 'ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ' (Asafo posts) ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011"/> == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932"/> ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> == ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ == ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (Gold Coast) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="DeGraft1932">{{cite book |last=De Graft Johnson |first=J.C. |title=The Fanti Asafo |year=1932 |publisher=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011">{{cite book |last=Shumway |first=Rebecca |title=The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade |year=2011 |publisher=University of Rochester Press}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ (Chiefs) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱰ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Doran H. |title=Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante |year=2007 |publisher=Prestel |location=Munich}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ (Cape Coast) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ == ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> ᱠᱮᱯ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱴᱩ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱦᱤᱭᱮ' (Oguaa Fetu Afahye) ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ (Procession) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Datta1971"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲ (Shrines) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱳᱥᱩᱵᱟᱱ' (Posuban) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (Colours and Symbolism) == ᱟᱥᱟᱯᱷᱳ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱝ (Colours) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱾<ref name="Ross2007"/> '''ᱟᱨᱟᱜ (Red):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱯᱩᱸᱰ (White):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ '''ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ (Yellow/Gold):''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ (Flags) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱳᱜ-ᱵᱟᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Labi2002"/> ᱪᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shumway2011"/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1993-02-156 Asafo Flags at British Museum] [https://www.google.com/search?q=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/asafo/ Asafo: African Flags of the Fante] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[Category:ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[Category:ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱳᱠᱞᱳᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖]] ky3ldeifsxubc2yaojvi16q197jp1se 0 35029 196336 188741 2026-08-12T01:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ (Katkari) | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Katkari at brick kiln.jpg | image_caption = ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ | population = ᱓᱐᱔,᱐᱗᱓ | regions = {{flag|India}} | region1 = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] | pop1 = ᱒᱘᱕,᱓᱓᱔ | region2 = [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] | pop2 = ᱑᱓,᱖᱓᱒ | region3 = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]] | pop3 = ᱔,᱘᱓᱓ | region4 = [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] | pop4 = ᱒᱗᱔ | languages = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]]{{*}}[[ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ]] | religions = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] | related_groups = }} '''ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ''' ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱳᱰᱤ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref name="SarkarDasgupta2000">{{cite book|author1=Amitabha Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOiAAAAAMAAJ|title=Ethno-Ecology of Indian Tribes: Diversity in Cultural Adaptation|author2=Samira Dasgupta|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Rawat|isbn=978-81-7033-631-0|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ]] (Scheduled Tribe) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Heredia, R. and Rahul Srivastava|title=Tribal Identity and Minority Status: The Kathkari Nomads in Transition|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] (ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=People of India: Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA965|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|page=965}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ]] (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group - PVTG) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Tribhuwan2004">{{cite book|author=Robin D. Tribhuwan|title=Health Of Primitive Tribes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BADwtBiyjPMC&pg=PA76|accessdate=2 April 2013|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-903-6|page=76}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ]] ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ 'ᱣᱟᱜᱷᱢᱟᱨᱮ' (ᱣᱟᱜᱷ = ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ = ᱜᱚᱡᱤᱡ; ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱜᱚᱡᱤᱡ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name = "Buckles&Khedkar">{{cite book|last=Buckles, D. and R. Khedkar|title=Fighting Eviction: Tribal Land Rights and Research-in-Action|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref> "ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ 'ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ' (catechu) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱮᱨ (Acacia catechu) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ᱾ ᱳᱣᱮᱞᱤᱝ (Weling, ᱑᱙᱓᱔) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Weling1934">{{cite book|author=A. N. Weling|title=The Katkaris: A Sociological Study of an Aboriginal Tribe of the Bombay Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBkdAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=1934|publisher=Bombay Book Depot}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ]], [[ᱯᱩᱱᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱩᱞᱮ]] ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="TomarTribhuwan2004">{{cite book|author1=Y. P. S. Tomar|author2=Robin D. Tribhuwan|title=Development of Primitive Tribes in Maharashtra: Status, Continuity, and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXCjtgAACAAJ|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Tribal Research & Training Institute}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱛ ᱢᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ᱾<ref name="HerediaSrivastava1994">{{cite book|author1=Rudolf C. Heredia|author2=Rahul Srivastava|title=Tribal identity and minority status: the Kathkari nomads in transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aD49AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 April 2013|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|isbn=978-81-7022-550-8}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ (shifting cultivation) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dalvi|first=Surekha|author2=M. Bokil|title=In Search of Justice: Tribal Communities and Land Rights in Coastal Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2000|volume=35|issue=32|pages=2843–50}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sathe|first=M.D.|title=Katkari Labour in Charcoal Making|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1988-07-30_23_31/page/1565|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=July 30, 1988|pages=1565–68}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱜᱚᱲ]], [[ᱠᱟᱨᱡᱚᱛ]], [[ᱯᱮᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱱᱵᱷᱮᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Buckles&Khedkar" /> == ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ == ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ == ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓᱕,᱐᱒᱒ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ): {| class="wikitable" |- !'''ᱮᱞ'''!! '''ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ'''!! '''ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ''' |- |᱑ ||ᱴᱷᱟᱱᱮ (ᱯᱟᱞᱜᱷᱟᱨ) || ᱑᱒᱔᱕᱐᱗ |- |᱒ ||ᱨᱟᱭᱜᱚᱲ || ᱑᱑᱙᱕᱗᱓ |- |᱓ ||ᱯᱩᱱᱮ || ᱑᱕᱘᱒᱔ |- |᱔ ||ᱱᱟᱥᱤᱠ || ᱑᱐᱘᱖᱑ |- |᱕ ||ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ || ᱖᱙᱒᱑ |- | || '''ᱜᱩᱴ''' || '''᱒᱘᱕᱓᱓᱔''' |} <ref>{{Cite web| title=Districtwise Major Tribes in Maharashtra State (As per Census 2011) | url=https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/images/statisticalreports/New%20District%20Wise%20and%20tribe%20wise%20population.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331104758/https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/images/statisticalreports/New%20District%20Wise%20and%20tribe%20wise%20population.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-31}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == "ᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱮ!" -- ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱭᱩ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱢᱤ' (Undir Navmi) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref name="Buckles&Khedkar" /> == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery> File:Katkari village enclosed.tif|ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ File:Katkari at brick kiln.jpg|ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[Category:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] n22pzy3okkdyi29lvt47lm0hk1hf9ru 0 35068 196385 190169 2026-08-12T03:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ}} {{Infobox language |name=ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai) |nativename=''ɔl Maa'' |states=[[ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] |region=ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ |ethnicity=[[ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ]] |speakers=᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ |date=᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ – ᱒᱐᱑᱖ |ref=e21 |familycolor=Nilo-Saharan |fam2=[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] |fam3=[[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] |fam4=[[ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] |fam5=[[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ]] |fam6=[[Maa languages|ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ]] |iso2=mas |iso3=mas |glotto=masa1300 |glottorefname=Masai }} '''ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ''' (Maasai) ᱥᱮ '''ᱢᱟ''' (Maa) ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|m|ɑː|s|aɪ}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ: ''ɔl Maa'') ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: [[ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] (ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ), [[ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ]], [[ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ]], [[ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱩ]] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟ]] ({{lang|mas|ɔl Maa}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, "ᱢᱟ" ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ" ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ" ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Phonology) == ᱮᱛᱚᱢ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟ ({{lang|mas|ɔl Maa}}) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ (phonemes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ === ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (consonant phonemes) ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ IPA ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ IPA ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱮᱴ (< >) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- ! colspan="2"| ! [[Labial consonant|ᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|ᱫᱟᱛᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] ! [[Alveopalatal consonant|ᱛᱟᱞᱩ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]]<br/>/ [[Palatal consonant|ᱛᱟᱞᱩ]] ! [[Velar consonant|ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱷᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] ! [[Glottal consonant|ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ]] |- ! colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|ᱱᱟᱹᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹ]] | {{IPAlink|m}} | {{IPAlink|n}} | {{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}} | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|ŋ ~ ng}} | |- ! rowspan="2"|[[Plosive|ᱥᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚ]] ! {{small|pulmonic}} | {{IPAlink|p}} | {{IPAlink|t}} | | {{IPAlink|k}} | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{angbr|' ~ ʔ}} |- ! {{small|[[Implosive consonant|implosive]]}} | {{IPAlink|ɓ}} ⟨b⟩ | {{IPAlink|ɗ}} ⟨d⟩ | {{IPAlink|ʄ}} ⟨j⟩ | {{IPAlink|ɠ}} {{angbr|g}} | |- ! colspan="2"|[[Fricative|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱡ]] | | {{IPAlink|s}} | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩ | | {{IPAlink|h}} |- ! rowspan="2"| [[Rhotic consonant|ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ]] ! {{small|[[Tap consonant|tap]]}} | | {{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}} | | | |- ! {{small|[[Trilled consonant|trill]]}} | | {{IPAlink|r}} {{angbr|rr}} | | | |- ! colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚ]] | | {{IPAlink|l}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2"|[[Glide consonant|ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ]] ! {{small|[[Lenis consonant|ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ]]}} | {{IPAlink|w}} | | {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}} | | |- ! {{small|[[Fortis consonant|ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ]]}} | {{IPA link|wː}} {{angbr|wu}} | | {{IPA link|jː}} {{angbr|yi}} | | |} ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱤᱢᱯᱞᱳᱥᱤᱵᱷ (implosive) ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ingressive) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: IlKeekonyokie Maa), ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱤᱢᱯᱞᱳᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱩᱥᱟ ᱢᱟ (Arusha Maa) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, {{IPA|/p/}} ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱡ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (voiceless fricative) {{IPAblink|ɸ}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ {{IPAblink|ʙ}} ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{IPAblink|tʃ}} ᱟᱨ {{IPAblink|ʃ}} ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (complementary distribution) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ {{IPAblink|tʃ}} ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ {{IPAblink|ʃ}} ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ === ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ (᱙) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center ! ![[Front vowel|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ]] ![[Central vowel|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ]] ![[Back vowel|ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[High vowel|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ]] |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- |{{IPA link|ɪ}} {{Angbr|ɨ}} | |{{IPA link|ʊ}} {{Angbr|ʉ}} |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] |{{IPA link|e}} | |{{IPA link|o}} |- |{{IPA link|ɛ}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |- ![[Low vowel|ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ]] | |{{IPA link|a}} | |} ==== ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱞ (Vowel harmony) ==== ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Advanced and retracted tongue root|ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ]] (advanced tongue root) ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ {{IPAslink|a}} ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ" (neutral) ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Payne-2008">{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Doris L. |date=2008 |title=The Maasai (Maa) Language |url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~maasai//Maa%20Language/maling.htm |access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ (advanced tongue) ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (/i e o u/) ᱟᱨ /a/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (/ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ/) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ /a/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ !ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ !ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (Phonemes) !ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ !ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ !ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ |- | rowspan="3" |[[Advanced and retracted tongue root|'''ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ''']] | rowspan="3" |/ i e o u / |/ éɓúl / |''ébúl'' |“ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ” |- |/ ōlmōsōrî / |''ol-mosorrî'' |“ᱵᱤᱞᱤ” |- |/ ēnkītōʄó / |''en-kitojó'' |“ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ” |- | rowspan="3" |'''ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ''' | rowspan="3" |/ ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ / |/ ɛ́ɓʊ́l / |''ɛ́bʉ́l'' |“ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ” |- |/ ɛ̄nkʊ́tʊ́ᱠ / |''ɛn-kʉ́tʉ́ᱠ'' |“ᱢᱚᱪᱟ” |- |/ kɪ̄ʊ́tɪ̄ʃɔ̄ / |''kɨʉ́tɨshɔ'' |“ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ” |- | rowspan="2" |'''ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ (Neutral)''' | rowspan="2" |/ a / |/ ātūmōkî / |''atumokî'' |“ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ” |- |/ ātʊ̄mʊ́ᱠ / |''atʉmʉ́ᱠ'' |“ᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ᱵᱨᱩ)” |} === ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[IPA]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ⟨ɛ ɨ ŋ ɔ ʉ⟩ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ (digraphs) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ /r/ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ⟨rr⟩, /ʃ/ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ⟨sh⟩) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (tone) ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (diacritics) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (level tones) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ /ā ē ū/ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ⟨a e u⟩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {| class="wikitable" |+ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (Tone) ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ! !/i/ !/ɪ/ !/e/ !/ɛ/ !/a/ !/ɔ/ !/o/ !/ʊ/ !/u/ |- |'''ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ''' |í |ɨ́  |é |ɛ́ |á |ɔ́ |ó |ʉ́ |ú |- |'''ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ''' |i |ɨ |e |ɛ |a |ɔ |o |ʉ |u |- |'''ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ''' |ì |ɨ̀ |è |ɛ̀ |à |ɔ̀ |ò |ʉ̀ |ù |- |'''ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ''' |î |ɨ̂ |ê |ɛ̂ |â |ɔ̂ |ô |ʉ̂ |û |} == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ (Morphosyntax) == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ–ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ–ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] (verb–subject–object) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (tone) ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ (topicality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ: [ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ – ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ – ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ] ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (object) ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (subject) ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱚᱥᱚᱨᱜᱚ (prepositions) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ (relational nouns) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ (demonstrative) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ-ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ (morphemes) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ (tone patterns) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ (case), ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (voice) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (aspect) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {{interlinear|lang=mas|indent=3|glossing3=yes |ɛ́yɛ́tá ɛmʊtí|c1=(ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ) |ɛ̀-ɛ́t-á ɛn-mʊtí(LH)|c2=(ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ) |3P-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ-PFV.SG DEF.FEM.SG-ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ(ACC) |"ᱩᱱᱤ (ᱡᱤᱞ) ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾" }} {{interlinear|lang=mas|indent=3|glossing3=yes |ɛyɛ́ta ɛmʊ́ti|c1=(ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ) |ɛ̀-ɛ́t-a ɛn-mʊ́ti(HL)|c2=(ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ) |3P-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ-IPFV.MID DEF.FEM.SG-ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ(NOM) |"ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ (ᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾" }} === ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Noun classes) === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (noun classes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (feminine), ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (masculine), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ (place) ᱾ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ (prefixes) ᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ''ol-/ɔl-'' ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ''e[n]/ɛ[n]-''), ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ (demonstratives) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: '''''ɔl'''-aláshɛ̀'' “ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ”; '''''ɛn'''-kái'' “ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ”), ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: '''''ol'''-ŋatúny'' “ᱠᱩᱞ” ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ '''''e'''-ŋatúny'' “ᱠᱩᱞ-ᱜᱩᱱ” ᱥᱮ “lion-ness”) ᱾<ref name="Payne-1998" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ "ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Payne-1998">{{Cite journal |last=Payne |first=Doris |year=1998 |title=Maasai gender in typological perspective |url=http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1327/1327-2126-1-PB.pdf |journal=Studies in African Linguistics |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=160–163 |doi=10.32473/sal.v27i2.107385 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425215735/https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1327/1327-2126-1-PB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ (adjectives) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱝ (pronouns) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ 'ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ' (place) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ) ᱾ === ᱚᱠᱛᱚ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ-ᱢᱩᱰ (Tense-aspect-mood) === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Present tense) ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱤᱧᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱥᱮ "ᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ" ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Past tense) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ কোনো ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Munke-2015">{{Cite book |title=The Maasai Language: an Introduction |last=Munke |first=David |location=Bloomington, IN |year=2015 |pages=1–15}}</ref> == ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ == ᱑᱙᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱞᱟᱣᱩᱰ ᱦᱚᱞᱤᱥ'' ᱫᱚ ''The Masai: Their Language and Folklore'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (proverbs), ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ (riddles) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: * "''Eata en-gewarie 'n-giyaa.''" "ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#3) * "''Eitu-kidol ti-oreren en-gerr sambu.''" "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#5) * "''Ekwenikye 'n-guk in-guruon.''" "ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟᱭᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#6) * "''Etejo ol-ngojine: Mme ake amunyak, keju nemaagol.''" "ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ: ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱹᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾" (#20) ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ (riddles) ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: * "ᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ? ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: '''ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱲ''' (ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱾ (#2) * "ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: '''ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ''' ᱾ (#5) * "ᱟᱢ ᱜᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ? ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: '''ᱦᱚᱨ (Road)''' ᱾ (#8) == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[Julius Nyerere|ᱱᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮᱨᱮ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="McCabe-2003">{{Cite journal |last=McCabe |first=T. |date=Summer 2003 |title=Sustainability and Livelihood Diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-organization_summer-2003_62_2/page/100 |journal=Human Organization |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=100–111 |doi=10.17730/humo.62.2.4rwrt1n3xptg29b8 }}</ref> ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱟ' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ (minority) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Munke-2015" /> ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nicholson-2005">{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=N. |title=Meeting the Maasai |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-management-inquiry_2005-09_14_3/page/255 |journal=Journal of Management Inquiry |year=2005 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=255–267 |doi=10.1177/1056492605279095 }}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ-ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="McCabe-2003" /> == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Kwavi dialect|ᱠᱣᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] * [[Sonjo language|ᱥᱳᱱᱡᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ * [[Yaaku people|ᱭᱟᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ * [[Asa people|ᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} 3dzsgq5s2psby0rxvqsgwopr2n9s32c 0 35075 196344 189560 2026-08-12T02:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ}}{{infobox ethnic group|image=Le Tour du monde-05-p385.jpg|caption=᱑᱘᱖᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ|population=᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|title=The Word Factbook|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2026-03-18|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|regions=[[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (Nuerland)|region1={{flag|South Sudan}}|pop1=᱑.᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ|region2={{flag|Ethiopia}}|pop2=᱑᱔᱗,᱖᱗᱒ (᱒᱐᱐᱗)|langs=[[ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ]] (Thok Naath)|religions=[[ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]], ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (Nuer religion)|related=[[ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ|ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Atwot|ᱟᱛᱣᱳᱴ]]|native_name_lang=ᱱᱟᱛᱷ (Naath)}} '''ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱞ (Greater Upper Nile) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>Shedrak, Dr Ambala. Ethnic Conflicts in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.</ref> ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="HUTCH1992">Hutchinson, Sharon, 1992.</ref> ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱟᱛᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview) == [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Map_of_the_Nuer_in_South_Sudan.svg|thumb|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History) == ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱡᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ "ᱠᱣᱮᱨ ᱠᱣᱚᱝ" (Kwer Kwong) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱣᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱵᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱭᱩᱣᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ye9vjk9D8LIC&q=british+|access-date=12 January 2020|title=The Nuer Conquest: The Structure and Development of an Expansionist System|isbn=0472080563|last1=Kelly|first1=Raymond Case|year=1985|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ—ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱮ. ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱳᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newcomer|first=Peter J.|year=1972|title=The Nuer Are Dinka: An Essay on Origins and Environmental Determinism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_man-uk_1972-03_7_1/page/5|journal=Man|series=New Series|volume=7|issue=1|pages=5–11|doi=10.2307/2799852|jstor=2799852}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱨᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ (disarmament) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ SPLA ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref name="sas">{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-5-White-Army.pdf|publisher=Small Arms Survey|title=The White Army: An Introduction and Overview|first=John|last=Young|date=June 2007|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱨᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Culture) == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ (symbolic), ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱳᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱪᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ (Sharon Hutchinson) ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"<ref name="HUTCH1992" /> ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" (bride wealth) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ "ᱜᱳᱥᱴ ᱢᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ" (ghost marriage - ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ "ᱟᱯᱟᱛ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ (woman) ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ "ᱟᱯᱟᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ === ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ (Cattle) === ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤ. ᱤ. ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ... ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, [[ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]], ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ, [[ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ]], ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾"{{sfnp|Peters-Golden|2012|pp=164–165}} ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ (constipation) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"{{sfnp|Evans-Pritchard|2016|p=18}} ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ === ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (Religion) === ᱤ. ᱤ. ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (cosmology) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ 'ᱠᱳᱛᱷ ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱭᱤᱞ' (Kuoth Nhial - ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ (rainbow) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ-ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ 'ᱣᱤᱣ' (WiW), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱬᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ 'ᱵᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ' ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ 'ᱱᱤᱣ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ' ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱥᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒᱕% ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuer in South Sudan|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13909/od|publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> === ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (Language) === ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ / ᱛᱷᱳᱠᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞᱳ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} kc6w0ktn10ml3bwci74y9yrfr11lfvs 0 35157 196338 189285 2026-08-12T02:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ.jpg|250px|thumb|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ '''[[murti|ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ]]''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[Davangere|ᱫᱟᱣᱚᱬᱜᱮᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Akkamahadevi Vachana (extracted).JPG|250px|thumb|right|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ''ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ'']] '''ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ''' (c. ᱑᱑᱓᱐–᱑᱑᱖᱐) ᱫᱚ [[Kannada literature|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakasinfo.blogspot.com/2013/07/kannadas-first.html|title=Interesting Facts About Karnataka: Kannada's First|first=Abhijit|last=Hipparagi|date=30 July 2013|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Lingayatism|ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱭᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/167389/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive- |title=banajiga debate "Making Sense of the Lingayat vs Veerashaiva Debate". |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226164933/https://thewire.in/167389/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive- |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ''[[Vachana sahitya|ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ]]'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ), ᱟᱨ ''Mantrogopya'' ᱛᱟᱦᱟ ''Yogangatrividh'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/biography-of-a-mystic-poet/article3209256.ece|title=Biography of a mystic poet|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2006|access-date=14 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''ᱟᱠᱠᱟ'' ("ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ" ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱟᱭᱳ") ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Basavanna|ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudde |first=Raggi |date=2011-09-23 |title=An Epitome of Feminism - Akka Mahadevi |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/akka-mahadevi/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ [[Karnataka|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ [[Shiva|ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ("ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ") ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ' ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ 'ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱨᱭᱚ' ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mudaliar |first=Chandra Y |date=1991 |title=Religious Experiences of Hindu Women: A Study of Akka Mahadevi |url=[suspicious link removed] |journal=Mystics Quarterly |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=137–146 |jstor=20717064 |issn=0742-5503}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ == ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Karnataka|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Shivamogga|ᱥᱤᱵᱽᱢᱚᱜᱽᱜᱟ]] ᱥᱩᱨ [[Udutadi|ᱩᱫᱩᱛᱟᱰᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie |last2=Lalita|first2=K.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=78|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-pleasant-surprise-for-the-people/article3167431.ece|title=A pleasant surprise for the people|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 March 2006|access-date=14 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mudaliar|first=Chandra Y|date=1991-01-01|title=Religious Experiences of Hindu Women: A Study of Akka Mahadevi|jstor=20717064|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3|pages=137–146}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Hagiography|ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ-ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ]], ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> [[Susie Tharu|ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[K. Lalita|ᱞᱚᱞᱤᱛᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ [[Jainism|ᱡᱮᱭᱱ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1992-01-01|title=Rebels — Conformists? Women Saints in Medieval South India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_1992_87_1-3/page/133|jstor=40462578|journal=Anthropos|volume=87|issue=1/3|pages=133–146}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[Harihara|ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱯᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱦᱚᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱛᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[Srisailam|ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱢᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michael|first=R. Blake|date=1983-01-01|title=Women of the Śūnyasaṃpādane: Housewives and Saints in Vīraśaivism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1983_103_2/page/361|jstor=601458|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=103|issue=2|pages=361–368|doi=10.2307/601458}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[Kalyana|ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ]] ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ [[Allama Prabhu|ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[Basavanna|ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ [[Srisailam mountains|ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{more citations needed section|date=August 2015}} [[File:Akkamahadevi Udathadi.JPG|250px|thumb|right|ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱩᱫᱩᱛᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱫᱤ (emancipation) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''Anubhavamantapa'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ (Moksha) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚ-ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ 'ᱤᱧ' (ego) ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱟᱥᱟ-ᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱭᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱱᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱢᱢᱟᱭᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢᱟ, ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱥᱤᱢᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ "ᱟᱠᱠᱟ" (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱭᱟᱬᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ-ᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ - ᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱧ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱧᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ- ᱟᱹᱥᱤᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱤᱧ ᱯᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ! ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ!}} ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ (aikya) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ, ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣᱜ-ᱟ? ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ?}} ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱢᱟ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ}} == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Bhakti movement|ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ankita'' ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱨᱡᱩᱱ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ [[Shiva|ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱮ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> [[A. K. Ramanujan|ᱮ. ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ' (Lord, white as jasmine) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''[[vachanas|ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ]]'' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&q=tharu+lalita+women+writing+in+india|title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J.|last2=Lalita|first2=Ke|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=9781558610279|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|date=1996-01-01|title=Madness, Holiness, Poetry : The Vachanas Of Virasaivite Women|jstor=23336165|journal=Indian Literature|volume=39|issue=3 (173)|pages=147–155}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ: {{poemquote| ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱧ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chakravarty">{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|date=1989|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|journal=Manushi|volume=50-51-52|page=25|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117202022/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} == ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ == [[A. K. Ramanujan|ᱮ. ᱠᱮ. ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱩᱡᱚᱱ]] ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱪᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ 'Speaking of Siva' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱥᱴ-ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niranjana |first=Tejaswini |title=Siting translation: history, post-structuralism, and the colonial context |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07450-7 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/591830/lively-debate-marks-launch-kannada.html|title=Lively debate marks launch of Kannada classic in Harvard series|website=Deccan Herald|date=17 January 2017|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref> ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ<ref>{{Cite news |author=|date=2016-04-12 |title=Junction in Shivamogga named after Akka Mahadevi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/junction-in-shivamogga-named-after-akka-mahadevi/article8464208.ece |access-date=2017-03-31 |work=The Hindu |location=Shivamogga |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-22 |title=Women's university renamed - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Womens-university-renamed/articleshow/54456639.cms |access-date=2017-03-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Hospet|ᱦᱚᱥᱯᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-01 |title=13th century bas relief of Akkamahadevi found in Chitradurga |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/13th-century-bas-relief-of-akkamahadevi-found-in-chitradurga-105488.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == * [[Haralayya|ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱭᱟ]] * [[Kuvempu|ᱠᱩᱵᱷᱮᱢᱯᱩ]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{wikisource|ಅಕ್ಕಮಹಾದೇವಿ}} {{Commons category|Akka Mahadevi}} *[https://harpercollins.co.in/book/songs-for-siva/ "Songs of Shiva Akka Mahadevi"] translated by Vinaya Chaitanya {{Lingayatism topics}} {{Karnataka topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevi, Akka}} [[Category:Lingayatism]] [[Category:Lingayat poets]] [[Category:Kannada poets]] [[Category:Indian women poets]] [[Category:12th-century women writers]] [[Category:12th-century births]] [[Category:12th-century deaths]] [[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]] [[Category:Indian women philosophers]] [[Category:Bhakti movement]] [[Category:People from Shimoga]] [[Category:Kannada people]] [[Category:Hindu female religious leaders]] [[Category:12th-century Indian poets]] [[Category:Poets from Karnataka]] [[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]] [[Category:Kannada-language writers]] [[Category:12th-century Indian women]] [[Category:Lingayat saints]] [[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]] [[Category:Women mystics]] ekuxy7cf0czbhrmq21fwyin5app0k0a 0 35303 196341 192432 2026-08-12T02:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | citizenship = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | education = [[ᱯᱤᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ.]], ᱑᱙᱗᱕ | alma_mater =[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ]] | occupation = ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ | years_active = | employer = | organization = [[ᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ]] | known_for = | awards = [[ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱠ]], [[ᱵᱳᱨᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ]], [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ]] | website = }} '''ᱥᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ == ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ<ref name="intoday1">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100510-how-i-made-it-suman-sahai-742784-2010-04-28 |title=How I made it: Suman Sahai : Aspire |work=[[India Today]] |date=2010-04-29 |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱤᱮᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldacademy.org/view/nomination/3916 |title=Dr Suman Sahai: Curriculum vitae |publisher=[[World Academy of Art and Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412160910/http://www.worldacademy.org/view/nomination/3916 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱰᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱙ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱪ-ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[[ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ]], ᱮᱠᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱐᱔-᱑᱖ ᱾</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱ.ᱡᱤ.ᱳ., ᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nj7215-1002a |title=Making a difference |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-10-16_455_7215/page/n207 |year=2008 |last1=Basu |first1=Paroma |last2=Qiu |first2=Jane|author2-link=Jane Qiu|last3=Powell |first3=Kendall |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7215 |pages=1002–3 |pmid=18938259}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nbt1102-1069 |title=Poor crop management plagues Bt cotton experiment in India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2002-11_20_11/page/1069 |year=2002 |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K.S. |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1069 |pmid=12410241|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/361291a0 |title=Indians protest against US-led gene bank |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1993-01-28_361_6410/page/291 |year=1993 |journal=Nature |volume=361 |issue=6410 |pages=291 |pmid=| bibcode = 1993Natur.361..291J |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K.S. |doi-access=free }}</ref> == ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == * ᱚᱨᱰᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱠ, ᱒᱐᱐᱑<ref name="intoday1"/> * ᱵᱳᱨᱞᱳᱜᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ, ᱒᱐᱐᱔<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013106441200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040507031931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/31/stories/2004013106441200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-05-07 |title=Subba Rao, Suman Sahai get Borlaug award |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-01-31 |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref> * ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases: Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2013-03-29}}</ref> == ᱯᱞᱮᱜᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ == ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱮᱜᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name=LJ>{{cite journal |last=Köppelle |first=Winfried |title=Heidelberger Habilitations-Humbug |journal=Laborjournal |date=2013-04-09 |issue=4 |pages=14–17 |language=de |issn=1612-8354 |oclc=85726582 |url=http://www.biotech-europe.de/editorials/726.lasso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510010709/http://www.biotech-europe.de/editorials/726.lasso |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} [http://www.ask-force.org/web/India/Koeppelle-Heidelberg-Habilitation-Humbug-english-20130418.pdf ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ]</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/titel/2547898 |author=Suman Sahai |title=Elucidation of the role of neurotransmitter glutamate in normal and abnormal mental function |publisher=University Library Heidelberg |via=HEIDI |year=1986 |access-date=2013-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=LJ /> ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱞᱮᱜᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱤ'' ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=LJ /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ShowSingleNews.176.0.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6772&cHash=493fc2a4bdbf14a5532b76df14417abd |title=Stellungnahme der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Heidelberg |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424120242/http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ShowSingleNews.176.0.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6772&cHash=493fc2a4bdbf14a5532b76df14417abd |publisher=UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2023}} ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱞᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Suman Sahai |url=https://members.worldacademy.org/author/SSahai/ |website=Member Directory |publisher=World Academy of Art and Science |access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ)]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 7i3x6z08yd991jg2tec1qlqp5jnvas5 0 35530 196370 191021 2026-08-12T03:00:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Genus)}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Tamarix_aphylla.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Tamarix aphylla]]'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ [[ᱨᱮᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱤᱢ]], [[ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ]] ᱨᱮ |taxon = Tamarix |authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ|L.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |title=Genus: ''Tamarix'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1998-04-28 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221640/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11855 |url-status=live }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱟᱹᱛ (Species) |subdivision = ᱚᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ }} '''''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''''' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ('''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ''', ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ᱼ᱖᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Baum, Bernard R. (1978), "The Genus ''Tamarix''", The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤᱥ ([[ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ]]) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=4 R–Z |year=2000 |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2628 |access-date=2020-12-03 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193550/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (deciduous) ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|1-18|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''[[:en:Tamarix_aphylla|ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ]]'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ppm ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="knowhow">{{cite web |last1=Dyer |first1=Mary H. |title=Is ''Tamarix'' Invasive: Helpful ''Tamarix'' Information |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |website=www.gardeningknowhow.com |date=6 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129170507/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tamarix/tamarix-information.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩᱼᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱩᱼᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱤ, ᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚᱼᱠᱷᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dirr| first=Michael A. |title=Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs, an illustrated encyclopedia |year=1997| page=392}}.</ref> {{convert|1-2|mm|in|frac=20|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fireflyforest" /> ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ {{convert|5-10|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="fireflyforest">{{cite web |title=''Tamarix'' spp. - Tamarisk, Saltcedar, Salt Cedar - Southeastern Arizona Wildflowers and Plants |date=16 March 2010 |url=https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523230239/https://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2434/tamarix-spp-tamarisk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TAMARISK |url=https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |website=Southern Living |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516183940/https://www.southernliving.com/plants/tamarisk |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants of the Bible {{!}} ''Tamarix aphylla'' |url=http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |website=[suspicious link removed] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130062427/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Tamarixaphylla_page.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ == [[Image:Tamarix gallica bloemen.jpg|right|thumb|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'']] [[Image:Tamaris3.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] [[Image:Tamarix stricta, Ateybeh, March 2014.jpg|right|thumb|[[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱥᱮᱦᱨ, ᱟᱛᱮᱭᱵᱮᱦ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ'']] ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ [[:en:Vegetative_reproduction|ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱤᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ]], ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[:en:Adventitiousness|ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ (᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ; ᱑/᱒᱐" ᱵᱮᱥ) ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives>{{cite web |url=https://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |website=Texas Invasive |title=Invasives Database: Invasive Plants, ''Tamarix aphylla'', Athel tamarisk |access-date=2017-12-22 |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804235212/http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=TAAP |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huxley |first1=A. |title=The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |date=1992 |publisher=MacMillan Press |location=London |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱱᱤᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ''ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱚᱥ (Populus)'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003">Zouhar, Kris. 2003. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html ''Tamarix'' spp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090103/https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/all.html |date=2021-03-20 }} In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.</ref> ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱰᱚᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ (Lepidoptera) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱭᱚᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱥᱛᱷᱮᱱᱤᱞᱟ (Coleophora asthenella)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ'' (''T. africana)'' ᱜᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |title=''Coleophora asthenella'' |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Plant Parasites of Europe |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030440/https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-asthenella/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ === ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (Tamarix ramosissima)'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (invasive plant) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱩᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱵᱚᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾<ref name="Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Sal">{{cite journal |last1=Di Tomaso |first1=Joseph |date=1998 |title=Impact, Biology, and Ecology of Saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.) in the Southwestern United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_april-june-1998_12_2/page/326 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=326–336 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00043906 |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..326D |s2cid=251573113}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱨᱟᱰᱳ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (Tamarix ramosissima)'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱣᱤᱞᱚ (willow), ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱱᱩᱰ (cottonwood), ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱮᱞᱰᱮᱨ (box elder) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Wolf2016">{{cite web |author=Wolf, E. |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Science driving a new management strategy for ''Tamarix'' |url=https://cwseducation.ucdavis.edu/class/106/science-driving-new-management-strategy-tamarix}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Shifting dominance of riparian Populus and Tamarix along gradients of flow alteration in western North American rivers|author1=David Merritt|author2=LeRoy Poff|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=20|pages=135–152|year=2010|issue=1 |doi=10.1890/08-2251.1 |pmid=20349836 |bibcode=2010EcoAp..20..135M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/08-2251.1|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ==== ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=Anna A. |author1-link=Anna Sher |last2=Marshall |first2=Diane L. |last3=Gilbert |first3=Steven A. |year=2000 |title=Competition between native ''Populus deltoides'' and invasive ''Tamarix ramosissima'' and the implications of reestablishing flooding disturbance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2000-12_14_6/page/1744 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1744–1754 |bibcode=2000ConBi..14.1744S |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99306.x |pmid=35701936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A.A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D.L. |last3=Taylor |first3=J.P. |date=June 2002 |title=Establishment patterns of native ''Populus'' and ''Salix'' in the presence of invasive, non-native ''Tamarix'' |url=https://archive.org/details/ecological-applications_2002-06_12_3/page/760 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=760–772 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0760:eponpa]2.0.co;2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sher |first1=A. A. |last2=Marshall |first2=D. L. |year=2003 |title=Competition between native and exotic floodplain tree species across water regimes and soil textures |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.3732/ajb.90.3.413 |pmid=21659134 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Busch, David E. |author2=Smith, Stanley D. |year=1995 |title=Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-monographs_1995-08_65_3/page/347 |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=347–370 |bibcode=1995EcoM...65..347B |doi=10.2307/2937064 |jstor=2937064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=J. |last2=McDaniel |first2=K. |date=1998 |title=Restoration of saltcedar (''Tamarix'' spp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_april-june-1998_12_2/page/345 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X0004392X |bibcode=1998WeedT..12..345T |s2cid=88903153}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, box elder ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱟ (''Acer negundo'', ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ==== ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ''ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱨᱤᱠᱥ (Tamarix)'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚᱼᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==== ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ==== ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ, [[:en:Herbicide|ᱵᱤᱥ]] ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (''Diorhabda carinulata'') ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Adams1">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Aaron |date=2021 |title=Treating Invasive Tamarisk as an Intern at San Andres National Wildlife Refuge |url=https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Geographical Bulletin |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193602/https://gammathetaupsilon.org/the-geographical-bulletin/2020s/volume62-2/B/article3.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == * ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (T. ramosissima)''<ref name="Zouhar2003" /> ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱟ (T. tetrandra)'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamarisk Shrub |url=https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215656/https://www.best4hedging.co.uk/tamarisk-hedge-plants-p184 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=www.best4hedging.co.uk}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ (windbreaks), ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Invasive Species Profile: Tamarisk |url=https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214130/https://cirweb.org/blog/2018/7/3/invasive-species-profile-tamarisk |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Channel Islands Restoration}}</ref> * ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everitt |first1=Benjamin |date=1998 |title=Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande |journal=Wetlands |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=658–668 |bibcode=1998Wetl...18..658E |doi=10.1007/BF03161680 |s2cid=33405892}}</ref> * ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱥ (steppes) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱭᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karpowicz |first1=Adam |last2=Selby |first2=Stephen |date=2010 |title=Scythian Bow From Xinjang |url=http://www.atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Soc. Of Archer-Antiquaries |volume=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165726/http://atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2019-03-01 |quote=The materials used in the construction of the original bows have not been established, however. The wood could be tentatively identified as that of tamarisk, which is available abundantly in the region and is known to have been the material used to make bows in other periods.}}</ref> * ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (carpentry) ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274 Tamarix aphylla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215011230/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10274|date=2009-02-15}}, in Ecocrop.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abigail Klein Leichman |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Growing forests in the desert |url=http://israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110101541/http://www.israel21c.org/environment/growing-forests-in-the-desert |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2011 |website=israel21c.org}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (scale insects) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤᱰᱤᱣ (honeydew) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ "ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ" (manna) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bodenheimer |first1=F.S. |date=Feb 1947 |title=The Manna of Sinai |url=[suspicious link removed] |url-status=live |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.2307/3209227 |jstor=3209227 |s2cid=165249625 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118215400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209227 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=2022-01-18|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ (desertification) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm Tree by Tree, China Rolls Back Deserts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517044251/http://www.ambchine.mu/eng/xwdt/t369657.htm|date=2015-05-17}}.</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref>[http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466 Taklamakan – Where Oil and Water Don't Mix] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029131108/http://www.asiawaterwire.net/node/466|date=2008-10-29}} - "A green belt of anti-desertification plant species such as Chinese tamarisk, honey tree and sacsaoul, was planted in 2003 all along the 466 km of the road's desert stretch to hold off the sands."</ref> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ (Great Depression) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ (salt cedars) ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |first=Kirk |last=Johnson |title=War With Riverbank Invader, Waged by Muscle and Munching |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 26, 2008 |access-date=2008-12-27 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193627/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/us/27tamarisk.html?hp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |title=Saltcedar_USDA National Agricultural Library |access-date=2019-08-21 |archive-date=2019-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821110235/https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/saltcedar |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ:<ref name=texasinvasives/> ; ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱟ'' (Athel tree) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱬᱠᱟᱨᱤ (invasive) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> ᱟᱴᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>Sharma, U., Kataria, V., & Shekhawat, N. S. (2017) Aeroponics for adventitious rhizogenesis in evergreen haloxeric tree ''Tamarix aphylla'' (L.) Karst.: influence of exogenous auxins and cutting type. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(1):167–174 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302193559/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12298-017-0493-0 |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> ; ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (Deciduous) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱥᱤᱰᱩᱣᱟᱥ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱡᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱟᱞᱴ ᱥᱤᱰᱟᱨ" (saltcedars) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟ (T. pentandra)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟ (T. tetrandra)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ (T. gallica)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱠᱤᱱᱮᱱᱥᱤᱥ'' (''T. chinensis)'', ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥᱤᱥᱤᱢᱟ (T. ramosissima)'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱯᱷᱞᱚᱨᱟ (T. parviflora)'' ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=texasinvasives/> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[File:Almirithra.JPG|thumb|ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱳᱥ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (almyriki)]] * ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ (BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱲᱦᱮ, ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱢ, ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱡᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiménez |first=Enrique |title=The Babylonian disputation poems |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33625-4 |series= |location= |pages=23–28}}</ref> * ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱒᱑:᱓᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ "ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱨᱼᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ" ᱾<ref>KJV ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ NKJV ᱨᱮ "tamarisk" ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ KJV ᱳᱞᱰ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ "grove" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale">Tyndale New Living Translation.{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱒᱒:᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱑ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱓᱑:᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Tyndale" /> * ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱱ ᱓᱔:᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ..." ᱾<ref name="Adams1" /> * ᱣᱮᱡᱽᱣᱩᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ" ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Wedgwood, Tamarisk |publisher=Replacements, Ltd. |url=https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214701/https://www.replacements.com/china-wedgwood-tamarisk/c/114437 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ ᱑᱐:᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚᱪᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ [[ᱮᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ * ᱡᱮᱨᱟᱞᱰ ᱢᱩᱨᱱᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ''ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱳ'' (Tamarisk Row) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{Reflist}} b4xoitg5e0q39thnhjcss4v6g04bwjg 0 35656 196394 191222 2026-08-12T03:48:52Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{Speciesbox | name = ᱱᱤᱢ | image = Neem Tree in Rajasthan, India.jpg | image_caption = [[ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Deepu, S. |date=2018 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61793521A61793525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61793521A61793525.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Azadirachta | species = indica | authority = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]], 1830<ref name = "1213180-2" /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = "1213180-2" >{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1213180-2 |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Antelaea azadirachta'' <small>(L.) Adelb.</small> * ''Antelaea canescens'' <small>Cels ex Heynh.</small> * ''Antelaea javanica'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''Azadirachta indica'' subsp. ''vartakii'' <small>Kothari, Londhe & N.P.Singh</small> * ''Melia azadirachta'' <small>L.</small> * ''Melia fraxinifolia'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Melia hasskarlii'' <small>K.Koch</small> * ''Melia indica'' <small>(A.Juss.) Brandis</small> * ''Melia japonica'' <small>Hassk.</small> * ''Melia parviflora'' <small>Moon</small> * ''Melia pinnata'' <small>Stokes</small> }} '''''ᱱᱤᱢ''' (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ '''ᱱᱤᱢ''', '''ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳᱥᱟ''', '''ᱱᱤᱢᱴᱨᱤ''' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱠ'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Azadirachta indica'' | 6161 | access-date = 9 June 2017}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Mahogany|ᱢᱟᱦᱳᱜᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Meliaceae|ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''[[:en:Azadirachta|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Indian_subcontinent|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Native_species|ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱜᱚᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Tropics|ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Subtropics|ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱱᱤᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Hindustani_language|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱚ'' ({{lang|sa|निंब}}) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[Henry Yule]] and [[A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|15|–|20|m|ft}} ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ {{convert|35|–|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Neem Tree|last=Schmutterer|first=Heinrich|publisher=VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|year=1995|isbn=3-527-30054-6|location=Weinheim, Germany|pages=2-7|editor-last=Schmutterer|editor-first=Heinrich|chapter=Chapter 1.3 Botanical characteristics}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Evergreen|ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ]] ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱢᱯᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲ (diameter) {{convert|20|–|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹᱼᱯᱟᱹᱞᱴᱟᱹ, [[:en:Pinnate|ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ {{convert|20|-|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ (leaflets) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neem {{!}} Azadirachta indica |url=https://pfaf.org/plants/neem-azadirachta-indica/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Plants For A Future|date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Petiole_(botany)|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - Azadirachta indica (Neem) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Azadirachta_indica_(Neem).htm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=keys.lucidcentral.org}}</ref> ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱢ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱟᱦᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[:en:Axillary_bud|ᱠᱷᱟᱯ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Panicle|ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[:en:Inflorescence|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|5|–|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|8|–|11|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} ᱪᱟᱣᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ [[:en:Protantrism|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ]], ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadirachta indica - Neem |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Neem.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Drupe|ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱼᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ {{convert|14|-|28|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ {{convert|10|-|15|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟᱼᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ {{convert|3|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ [[ᱡᱟᱝ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta-indica-2019-5-3 14-14-55-01.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ]] ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ<ref>{{Cite web |last=saikia |first=Curtingle |date=2023-01-02 |title=How to Use Neem- Uses and benefits - prakasti.com |url=https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Prakasti |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111080006/https://prakasti.com/how-to-use-neem-uses-and-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ (ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱱ), ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234651/ |title = The Tree|publisher = National Academies Press (US)|year = 1992}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ (Melia azedarach)'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ (pinnate) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[:en:Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu|ᱮᱰᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱼᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱣ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IPNI_1213180-2">{{cite web |title=''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss.. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱑᱗᱕᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ'' (''[[:en:Melia_azedarach|Melia azedarach]])'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' (''Melia azadirachta)'' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=Linn53>{{Citation |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1753 |contribution=Melia |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |pages=384–385 |publication-place=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 |access-date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> ᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱥᱤᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ''Melia azadirachta'' ᱫᱚ ''Melia azedarach'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=DeJu30>{{Cite journal |last1=de Jussieu |first1=A. |date=1830 |title=Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle |volume=19 |pages=153–304 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 |access-date=2023-03-26 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221]</ref> ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azedarach') ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref name=Linn53/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱟᱡᱮᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠ' ('azédarac') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ' ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=azedarach |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azedarach |access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ''ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱛᱼᱤᱼᱦᱤᱱᱫ,'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ', ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱷᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="IndianNameReference">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C|title=Neem A Treatise|publisher= I.K. International Publishing House, India|editor=K. K. Singh|year=2009|page=3|isbn=978-81-89866-00-6}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ''ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱚᱠᱴᱟ'' ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ (Azadirachta indica)'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾<ref name = "1213180-2"/> == ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱼᱞᱳᱦᱚᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ {{convert|400|-|1200|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[:en:Groundwater|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱼᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ {{convert|21|-|32|C|F}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ {{convert|5|C|F}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Middle_East|ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ]], ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63168/IPA-Neem-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf |title=Plant Risk Assessment, Neem Tree, ''Azadirachta indica'' | year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Biosecurity Queensland}}</ref> ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱮ ''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ) ᱫᱚ [[:en:Northern_Territory|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ]], [[ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "[[:en:Top_End|ᱪᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ]]" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |title=Neem has been declared: what you need to know |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041536/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/353104/Neem-declaration_Q-and-A_page-1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, ᱠᱣᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟᱼᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation|url=http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |title=''Neem'' Azadirachta indica |year=2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Department of Land Resource Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324041528/http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/353108/Weed-Note-Neem-2014.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> == ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Extract|ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ [[:en:Insecticide|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name=bbc.co.uk/> ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱕ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Limonoid|ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ]] ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ [[:en:Glyceride|ᱜᱽᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ]], ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Polyphenol|ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱯᱷᱤᱱᱳᱞ]], ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ, [[:en:Triterpene|ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Β-Sitosterol|ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱥᱤᱴᱳᱥᱴᱮᱨᱳᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web |title=Nimbolide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 |publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=10 March 2021 |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ|ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒% ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱡᱚᱣᱜᱤᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Quercetin|ᱠᱣᱮᱨᱥᱮᱴᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Catechin|ᱠᱟᱴᱮᱪᱤᱱ]], [[:en:Carotene|ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Vitamin_C|ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Neem.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] [[File:Neem tree leaves.JPG|thumb|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[File:Bark (5059231711).jpg|thumb|ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ]] [[File:Ineem seeds .jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱤᱵᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ]] ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm|title=Neem: India's tree of life|author=Anna Horsbrugh Porter|date=17 April 2006|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱩᱜᱟᱲᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱼᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱯᱚᱢ ᱯᱳ ᱠᱟᱨᱩ'' (''{{Transliteration|ta|vēppam pū cāṟu}}'') ({{lang|ta|வேப்பம் பூ சாறு}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ [[:en:Rasam_(dish)|ᱨᱮᱥᱟᱢ]]") ᱾ [[ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ|ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ''ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ (ᱫᱟᱠᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Azadirachta indica July 2025.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱟᱰᱟᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱟ.ᱢᱟ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|sầu đâu}}) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱟᱶ ({{Lang|vi|gỏi sầu đâu}}) ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html |title=Neem |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ,ᱵᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (Middle East) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu">{{Cite web|title=Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum|url=https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-for-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=dentalmuseum.pacific.edu}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ === ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱴᱤᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[:en:Azadirachtin|ᱟᱡᱟᱰᱤᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilani-Morakchi |first1=Samira |last2=Morakchi-Goudjil |first2=Houda |last3=Sifi |first3=Karima |date=20 July 2021 |title=Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |volume=3 |article-number=676208 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2021.676208 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱣᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱳᱯᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚ ᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱣᱫᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱣᱟᱨᱢ (southern armyworm) ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Neem cake) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Neem Cake Fertilizer, Uses, Application, Benefits {{!}} Agri Farming |url=https://www.agrifarming.in/neem-cake-fertilizer-uses-application-benefits |website=www.agrifarming.in |date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱱᱳᱼᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞᱥ (Silver nanoparticles) ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱠᱩᱞᱮᱠᱥ'' ᱜᱩᱭᱤᱝᱣᱮᱯᱷᱮᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱥ (''Culex quinquefasciatus)'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minwuyelet |first=Awoke |last2=Yewhalaw |first2=Delenasaw |last3=Aschale |first3=Yibeltal |last4=Sciarretta |first4=Andrea |last5=Atenafu |first5=Getnet |editor-last=Gusain |editor-first=Priya |title=A Global Systematic Review on the Potential of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Mosquito Vectors |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |language=en |date=9 June 2025 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/jotm/2420073|doi-access=free |issn=1687-9686 |pmc=12170094 |pmid=40524903}}</ref> === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ [[:en:Desert_greening|ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱛᱚ [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_sink|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱫ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Schroeder>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W| title=Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_1992-07-15_50_1-2/page/31| year=1992| last1=Schroeder| first1=Paul| journal=Forest Ecology and Management| volume=50| issue=1–2| pages=31–41| bibcode=1992ForEM..50...31S}}</ref><ref name=puhansynmadhuca>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005).</ref> * ᱥᱟᱨ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramappa |first=K. B. |last2=Jadhav |first2=Vilas |last3=Manjunatha |first3=A. V. |date=31 May 2022 |title=A benchmark study on economic impact of Neem Coated Urea on Indian agriculture |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12708-1 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=9082}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱠᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥᱼᱯᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica)]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[CIRAD]], AFZ and [[FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> * ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ: ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Teeth-cleaning_twig|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="dentalmuseum.pacific.edu"/> == ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ == ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:Genome|ᱡᱤᱱᱳᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[:en:Transcriptomes|ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱳᱢ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Neem Fruit Transcriptome">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=S. A. Deepak |author4=Arun K. Hariharan |author5=Prakhar Gaur |author6=Rakshit Chaudhary |author7=Prachi Jain |author8=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author9=P. G. Bharath Krishna |author10=Binay Panda |title=De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 December 2011|volume=101|issue=12|pages=1553–1561|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Neem Genome and Four Transcriptomes">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Swetansu Pattnaik |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Prakhar Gaur |author5=Rakshit Choudhary |author6=Srividya Vaidyanathan |author7=Sa Deepak |author8=Arun K Hariharan |author9=PG Bharath Krishna |author10=Jayalakshmi Nair |author11=Linu Varghese |author12=Naveen K Valivarthi |author13=Kunal Dhas |author14=Krishna Ramaswamy |author15=Binay Panda|title=A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''|journal=[[BMC Genomics]]|date=9 September 2012|volume=13|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|pmid=22958331 |pmc=3507787 |issue=464|page=464 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="An Improved Genome Assembly of Azadirachta">{{cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=N |author2=Prachi Jain |author3=Prachi Jain |author4=Arun K Hariharan |author5=Binay Panda |title=An Improved Genome Assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' A. Juss|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=20 April 2016|doi=10.1534/g3.116.030056|pmid=27172223 |pmc=4938638 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1835–1840}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱢ ᱡᱚ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱴᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱮᱨᱤ (subtractive hybridization libraries) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[:en:Expressed_sequence_tag|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱠᱩᱣᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| title = Comparative transcripts profiling of fruit mesocarp and endocarp relevant to secondary metabolism by suppression subtractive hybridization in ''Azadirachta indica'' (neem)| year = 2014| last1 = Narnoliya| first1 = Lokesh K.| last2 = Rajakani| first2 = Raja| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Vikrant| last5 = Sangwan| first5 = Rajender S.| journal = Molecular Biology Reports| volume = 41| issue = 5| pages = 3147–3162| pmid = 24477588| s2cid = 16605633| doi = 10.1007/s11033-014-3174-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Subtractive transcriptomes of fruit and leaf reveal differential representation of transcripts in ''Azadirachta indica''| year = 2014| last1 = Rajakani| first1 = Raja| last2 = Narnoliya| first2 = Lokesh| last3 = Sangwan| first3 = Neelam S.| last4 = Sangwan| first4 = Rajender S.| last5 = Gupta| first5 = Vikrant| journal = Tree Genetics & Genomes| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 1331–1351| s2cid = 11857916| doi = 10.1007/s11295-014-0764-7}}</ref> == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ == [[File:Tree in Sant Nenuram ashram.jpg|thumb|ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱱᱮᱱᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱪᱟᱭᱛᱚᱱᱭᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱩ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱲᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ [[:en:International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness|ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ) ᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱱᱤᱢᱟᱭ ('ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ') ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ]] ᱟᱨ [[:en:Grace_(company)|ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱼᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="N000123"/> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱭᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱵᱽᱞᱚᱹ ᱟᱨᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ [[:en:Prior_art|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷᱤᱥ (EPO) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="N000123">{{cite news | title=India wins landmark patent battle | date=9 March 2005 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4333627.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 2 October 2009}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ == ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱼᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱯᱤᱱᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=drugs/> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹᱼᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=O. P.|last2=Kumar|first2=Vishal|last3=Behl|first3=Hari M.|date=15 January 2003|title=Variability in Neem (''Azadirachta indica'') with Respect to Azadirachtin Content|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=910–915|doi=10.1021/jf025994m|pmid=12568548|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..910S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Bhojwani|first2=Sant S.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Ashok K.|s2cid=85845199|date=1 August 2002|title=Production of azadirachtin from plant tissue culture: State of the art and future prospects|journal=Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=185–193|doi=10.1007/BF02932968|issn=1226-8372}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ [[:en:Cell_suspension|ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱴ' (hairy root) ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Smita|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=36781838|date=17 August 2013|title=Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=171|issue=6|pages=1351–1361|doi=10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7|pmid=23955295|issn=0273-2289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=Gunjan|last2=Srivastava|first2=Ashok K.|s2cid=35506559|date=5 April 2008|title=Production of Biopesticides in an in Situ Cell Retention Bioreactor|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=151|issue=2–3|pages=307–318|doi=10.1007/s12010-008-8191-6|pmid=18392561|issn=0273-2289}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱼᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱯᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱢᱳᱱᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vásquez-Rivera|first1=Andrés|last2=Chicaiza-Finley|first2=Diego|last3=Hoyos|first3=Rodrigo A.|last4=Orozco-Sánchez|first4=Fernando|s2cid=207357717|date=1 September 2015|title=Production of Limonoids with Insect Antifeedant Activity in a Two-Stage Bioreactor Process with Cell Suspension Culture of Azadirachta indica|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|volume=177|issue=2|pages=334–345|doi=10.1007/s12010-015-1745-5|issn=1559-0291|pmid=26234433}}</ref> == ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|ᱫᱟᱹᱛᱟᱹᱣᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Azadirachta indica}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{cite book |title=Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems |date=1992 |publisher=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem |doi=10.17226/1924 |pmid=25121266 |isbn=978-0-309-04686-2 |author1=National Research Council (US) Panel on Neem }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234646/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK234646.pdf PDF ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ] * [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/azadirachta_indica.htm ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱠ (PIER) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱽᱱᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [http://www.hear.org/species/azadirachta_indica/ ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Caldecott |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=[[Elsevier]]/[[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]] |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014401/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/314-neem |archive-date=29 December 2010 }} ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ''Azadirachta indica'' (ᱱᱤᱢ; ᱱᱤᱢᱵᱟ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{WestAfricanPlants|Azadirachta indica}} {{Medicinal herbs and fungi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q170461}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱱᱤᱢ|indica]] [[Category:ᱟᱠᱟᱞ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] h5wfewhdsmf3z62009cjciggjq048aa 0 35704 196372 190975 2026-08-12T03:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|content={{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2 | image1 = Лавра.jpg | image2 = Okean elzy moscow 11-02-2012 nazipov2.jpg | image3 = Cernauti Residentia 04.jpg | image4 = Uruk-hai borscht.png | image5 = Національний музей історії України у Другій світовій війні 01.jpg | image6 = 1840 - Kobzar - page 3 - page 1 (Title) -.jpg | image7 = Pysanka.png | image8 = Duke ric.jpg | image9 = Independence Square in Kyiv.png | image10 = Vyshyvanka.png }}|width=300|align=right|caption=ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ: ᱑. [[ᱠᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱮᱪᱮᱨᱥᱠ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟ|ᱠᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱮᱪᱮᱨᱥᱠ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱨᱟ]], ᱒. [[ᱳᱠᱮᱱ ᱮᱞᱡᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱴ,, ᱓. [[ᱪᱮᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱛᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ|ᱪᱮᱨᱱᱤᱵᱷᱛᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]], ᱔. [[ᱵᱳᱨᱥᱴ]], ᱕. [[ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ|ᱟᱭᱳ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ]], ᱖. [[ᱠᱚᱵᱽᱡᱟᱨ (ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ)|ᱠᱚᱵᱽᱡᱟᱨ]], ᱗. [[ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱱᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱡᱤᱫᱽ|ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤᱠᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱥᱟᱱᱠᱟ]], ᱘. [[ᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱮᱢᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱱᱮᱨᱚᱴ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱯᱞᱮᱥᱤᱥ, ᱕ ᱟᱱ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱨᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱰᱩᱠ|ᱳᱰᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱭᱩᱠ ᱨᱤᱪᱮᱞᱤᱭᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ]], ᱙. [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti|ᱠᱤᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ]], ᱑᱐. [[ᱵᱤᱥᱭᱟᱵᱷᱚᱝᱠᱟ]]}}<!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> '''ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ''' ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱮᱵᱚᱯᱷᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱨᱪ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiev: 1,500 years of culture |url=https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/kiev-1500-years-culture|website=UNESCO Courier|date=1 April 1982}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Kyiv&#x3a; Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512015925/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Unique Blend: How Ukraine Shaped Its Own Baroque Vision |url=https://ukraineworld.org/en/articles/basics/ukraine-baroque-vision |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=ukraineworld.org |language=en}}</ref> ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potvorszki |first=Gábor |date=2018-12-15 |title=State Aid in the Visegrad Countries: Similarities and Differences |journal=Theory, Methodology, Practice |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=57–70 |doi=10.18096/tmp.2018.02.05 |issn=2415-9883|doi-access=free }}</ref>; ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱸᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ (ᱵᱤᱥᱭᱟᱵᱷᱚᱝᱠᱟ), ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱯᱤᱥᱚᱝᱠᱤ), ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ (ᱠᱟᱡᱽᱠᱟ) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ-ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyivan Rus' |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm#:~:text=Varangian%20%20mercenaries%20and%20killed,and%20cultural%20cohesion%20of%20Rus%E2%80%99 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528165919/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm#:~:text=Varangian%20%20mercenaries%20and%20killed,and%20cultural%20cohesion%20of%20Rus%E2%80%99 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Art |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArt.htm#:~:text=in%20the%20Neolithic%20Period%20,,produced%20gold%20jewelry |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ-ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱚ-ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm#:~:text=times,%20also%20had%20an%20impact,Polish%20culture%20left%20its%20mark |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |archive-date=2026-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202071757/https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm#:~:text=times,%20also%20had%20an%20impact,Polish%20culture%20left%20its%20mark |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=L&#x27;viv &ndash; the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516173840/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/865/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519121113/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱷᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱣᱤᱵᱷ, ᱳᱰᱮᱥᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱠᱤᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱮᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Border of East and West: Searching for Icons in Lviv |url=https://imagejournal.org/article/on-the-border-of-east/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Image Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715171751/https://imagejournal.org/article/on-the-border-of-east/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Historic Centre of Odesa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125231606/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kharkiv {{!}} History, Map, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130134002/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ== * Dubrovskiy Visnyk. 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I. |journal=Дружба народов |number=3 |date=1990|orig-date=1915|publisher=Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences (f. 518, op. 1, d. 220Б). |title=Украинский вопрос и русское общество}} * {{Cite web |title=Газета «Бульвар Гордона» {{!}} Дочь знаменитого Генерального конструктора Сергея Королева Наталия: "Я не могла понять, как отец променял мою умную, красивую маму на другую женщину" |url=http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2006/15/443bcc9e1eab4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116114242/http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2006/15/443bcc9e1eab4/ |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.bulvar.com.ua}} * {{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Moscow Tries to Diminish a Soviet Space Hero – Because He's From Ukraine |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-moscow-tries-to-diminish-a-soviet-space-hero-because-hes-from-ukraine/6924071.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328205737/https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-moscow-tries-to-diminish-a-soviet-space-hero-because-hes-from-ukraine/6924071.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |title=Sergei Pavlovich Korolev {{!}} Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute |url=https://kpi.ua/en/about-korolyov |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=kpi.ua |archive-date=2025-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215015836/https://kpi.ua/en/about-korolyov |url-status=live }} <!-- * {{Citation |title=Vernadsky, vladimir ivanovich (1863-1945) |work=SpringerReference |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_29779 |access-date=2026-02-28 |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag}} DOI timeout --> [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] 9nw94rljzeaj4ubxji8h5w2rimz56d3 0 35727 196352 191313 2026-08-12T02:30:59Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ}} {{speciesbox | name = ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ | image = Indian_bay_leaf_-_tejpatta_-_indisches_Lorbeerblatt.jpg | image_caption = ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=de Kok |first1=R. |year=2020 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T145404427A145416586 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T145404427A145416586.en |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> | genus = Cinnamomum | species = tamala | authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]) [[Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck|T.Nees]] & [[Carl Heinrich Ebermaier|C.H.Eberm.]] |synonyms = * ''Cinnamomum albiflorum'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' D.Don nom. illeg. * ''Cinnamomum lindleyi'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum macrocarpum''<ref>Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants</ref> * ''Cinnamomum pauciflorum'' var. ''tazia'' (Buch.-Ham.) [[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]] * ''Cinnamomum reinwardtii'' Nees * ''Cinnamomum veitchii'' Lukman. * ''Cinnamomum zwartzii'' Lukman. * ''Laurus tamala'' Buch.-Ham. | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2721651|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}}</ref> }} '''''ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ''' (Cinnamomum tamala)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ,<ref name=GRIN/> ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱠ,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 12 December 2017}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,<ref name="GRIN" /> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Lauraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ([[ᱟᱥᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ), [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ]], [[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Cinnamomum tamala |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463718-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="GRIN" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="FoC">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008729 |title=''Cinnamomum tamala'' |author=Xi-wen Li, Jie Li & Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱣᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Umberto Quattrocchi|title=CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA959|year=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|pages=959+}}</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱛᱟ'', [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛ'', [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱽᱯᱟᱛᱟ'', [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ/ᱮᱰᱟᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞᱟ,''[[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ'' , [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱯᱟᱛᱨᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱞᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱝᱢᱟ (''tsheringma)'' ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱨᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱠᱩ/ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱩ'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ'' ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ]] ᱨᱤᱱ [[ᱞᱮᱯᱪᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ {{lang|lep|ᱱᱟᱯ ᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱝ}} ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamsang |first1=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |date=1980 |publisher=Mrs. Mayel Clymit Tamsang |location=Kalimpong |page=509| isbn = 9632535979}}</ref> [[File:Wrapped Kumbilappam - Kerala - IMG 20210331 171153.jpg|thumb|ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟᱼᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ "ᱵᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ (Bay laurel) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱬ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite book|author1=P N Ravindran|author2=K Nirmal-Babu|author3=M Shylaja|title=Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZa8aPxR_-wC&pg=PA199|date=29 December 2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-59087-4|pages=199+}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2433.jpg|thumb|190px|[[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] [[File:Cinnamomum tamala W IMG 2436.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] == ᱥᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == * ᱵᱤᱴᱟᱼᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ<ref name=eocs>{{cite journal| last1 = Ahmed| first1 = Aftab| title = Essential oil constituents of the spice ''Cinnamomum tamala'' (Ham.) Nees & Eberm.| journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal| volume = 15| issue = 6| pages = 388–390| year = 2000| doi = 10.1002/1099-1026(200011/12)15:6<388::AID-FFJ928>3.0.CO;2-F| last2 = Choudhary| first2 = M. Iqbal | last3 = Farooq | first3 = Afgan| last4 =Demirci | first4 = Betül| last5 = Demirci| first5 = Fatih| last6 = Can Başer| first6 = K. Hüsnü |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref> * ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱞᱩᱞ<ref name=eocs /> * ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ * ᱤᱣᱡᱮᱱᱳᱞ<ref name=qdec>{{cite journal| last1 = Dighe| first1 = V. V.| title = Quantitative Determination of Eugenol from ''Cinnamomum tamala'' Nees and Eberm. Leaf Powder and Polyherbal Formulation Using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography| url = https://archive.org/details/chromatographia_2005-05_61_9-10/page/443| journal = Chromatographia| volume = 61| issue = 9–10| pages = 443–446| year = 2005 | doi = 10.1365/s10337-005-0527-6| last2 = Gursale| first2 = A. A.| last3 = Sane| first3 = R. T.| last4 = Menon| first4 = S.| last5 = Patel| first5 = P. H.| s2cid = 97399632|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=aase>{{cite journal| last1 = Rao| first1 = Chandana Venkateswara| title = Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of ''Cinnamomum tamala'' in experimental rats| journal = Journal of Natural Medicines| volume = 62| issue = 4| pages = 396–402| year = 2008| doi = 10.1007/s11418-008-0258-8| pmid = 18493839 | last2 = Vijayakumar | first2 = M | last3 = Sairam | first3 = K| last4 = Kumar| first4 = V| s2cid = 8641540|display-authors=etal}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱡ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟ' ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 'ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" ᱾ "ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱢ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱛᱛᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮᱼᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ * ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ * ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vasundhara |last2=Rao |first2=Lingamallu Jagan Mohan |title=An Overview on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=January 2014 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.587615 |pmid=24236996 |s2cid=46178245 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=A. K. |last2=Mishra |first2=A. K. |last3=Mishra |first3=A. |title=Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala |journal=Cellular and Molecular Biology |date=22 December 2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=142–147 |pmid=23273204 |url=https://cellmolbiol.org/index.php/CMB/article/view/589 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Cinn_tam.html Indian bayᱼleaf page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] {{Commons category|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Wikispecies|Cinnamomum tamala}} {{Herbs & spices}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1661611}} [[Category:Cinnamomum|tamala]] [[Category:ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ]] gkwh8o77mceltgoce62kuhf35re0561 0 35729 196373 191101 2026-08-12T03:08:10Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ}} {{speciesbox |image = Ficus hispida Linn. f.jpg |image_caption = |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Ficus hispida'' |article-number=e.T147494318A147645751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147494318A147645751.en |language=en}}</ref> |genus = Ficus |parent = Ficus subg. Sycomorus |species = hispida |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]{{R|POWO}} |synonyms = *''Covellia hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]}} *''Gonosuke hispida'' {{small|(L.f.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]}} |synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}} }} [[File:Ficus oppositifolia.jpg|thumb|ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ '''''ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱠᱚᱥ ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ''' (Ficus hispida)'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱥᱤ (Moraceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱱᱚᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00704.x|title=Fine-scale Population Genetic Structure of Two Dioecious Indian Keystone Species, ''Ficus hispida'' and ''Ficus exasperata'' (Moraceae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biotropica_2011-05_43_3/page/309|year=2011|last1=Dev|first1=Suma A.|last2=Kjellberg|first2=Finn|last3=Hossaert-Mckey|first3=Martine|last4=Borges|first4=Renee M.|journal=Biotropica|volume=43|issue=3|pages=309–316}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱ (pollen) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ (wasp) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miao |first1=Bai-Ge |last2=Liu |first2=Ming-Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |last4=Peng |first4=Yan-Qiong |last5=Lesne |first5=Annick |last6=Kjellberg |first6=Finn |last7=Jandér |first7=K．Charlotte |date=May 2023 |title=Active pollination in a functionally dioecious Ficus species: An interplay between pollinator behaviour and floral morphology |url=https://hal.science/hal-04182812/file/Manuscript%20_Flora_active%20pollination.pdf |journal=Flora |volume=302 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2023.152274 |publisher=Elsevier B.V. }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Ficus hispida |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |website=ZipcodeZoo |publisher=BayScience Foundation, Inc. |access-date=April 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biotik.org|url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|work=Ficus hispida|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html|archive-date=July 25, 2010}}</ref> ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ (ficus) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱼᱠᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱚᱰᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱳᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱼᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱜᱽ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱴ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᬬᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨᱥ ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱚᱥᱮᱨᱠᱚᱯᱥ ᱯᱟᱭᱠᱩᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱞᱟ (''Melanocercops ficuvorella)'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱞᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱮᱯᱚᱠᱤᱯᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱤ (''Apocrypta bakeri'') ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯ''. ᱦᱤᱥᱯᱤᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱚᱥᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱢᱥᱤ (''Ceratosolen solmsi)'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱪᱮᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱢᱟᱴᱳᱰ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱚᱦᱟᱵᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱥ.ᱯᱤ ᱓᱕ (''Caenorhabditis sp. 35)'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1 |title=''Ficus hispida'' L.f. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3349206}} [[Category:Ficus|hispida]] [[Category:ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ]] {{Moraceae-stub}} i0do6ptsg675q0zmdowl49l97o7nzy1 0 35768 196415 191789 2026-08-12T04:35:31Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱛᱩᱲ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Eocene|Recent|Late [[Eocene]] – Recent}} | image = Sciuridae.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ {{aligned table|cols=3 | ''[[Prevost's squirrel|Callosciurus prevostii]]'' | ''[[Siberian chipmunk|Eutamias sibiricus]]'' | ''[[American red squirrel|Tamiasciurus hudsonicus]]'' | ''[[Fox squirrel|Sciurus niger]]'' | ''[[Urocitellus columbianus]]'' | ''[[Smith's bush squirrel|Paraxerus cepapi]]'' | ''[[Cape ground squirrel|Geosciurus inauris]]'' | ''[[Marmot]]a'' sp. | ''[[Black-tailed prairie dog|Cynomys ludovicianus]]'' }} | taxon = Sciuridae | authority = [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | type_genus = ''[[Sciurus]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱥ|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Sciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Pteromyini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Callosciurini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Funambulini]] * ᱡᱚᱜᱚ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Xerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Protoxerini]] ** ᱜᱩᱴ [[Marmotini]] | range_map = File:Sciuridae distribution.png | range_map_caption = Sciuridae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ }} '''ᱛᱩᱲ''' (ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ-'''Sciuridae)''' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[tree squirrel|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]], [[ground squirrel|ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ), ᱟᱨ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ [[introduced species|ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱾<ref name=Seebeck>{{cite web|last=Seebeck|first=J. H.|title=Sciuridae|url=http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|work=Fauna of Australia|access-date=2013-11-24|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117031835/http://www.scarysquirrel.org/vacation/australia/fauna.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽᱼᱡᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱚᱥᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[mountain beaver|ᱢᱟᱶᱴᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[dormouse|ᱰᱳᱨᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Emily H. |last2=Hoekstra |first2=Hopi E. |date=20 May 2008 |title=Rodents |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=R406–R410 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.019 |pmid=18492466 |bibcode=2008CBio...18.R406K |issn=0960-9822}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱥᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱮᱞ (Squirrel'') ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱓᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱱᱳᱨᱢᱟᱱ {{lang|xno|esquirel}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ {{lang|fro|escureil}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Squirrel|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1933|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120833/page/n368/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |edition=1 Corrected re-issue |volume=10 (Sole–Sz) |page=749 |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|la|sciurus}} ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|grc|σκίουρος}} ({{transliteration|grc|skiouros}}; {{lang|grc|σκιᾱ́}} ('ᱩᱢᱩᱞ') ᱟᱨ {{lang|grc|οὐᱨᾱ́}} ('ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="OED1933_squirrel"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia =[[The Oxford English Dictionary]] | title = squirrel, ''n''. | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50235460 | access-date =8 November 2010 | edition = 2nd. | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ''Sciurus'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ (genera) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Whitaker|Elman|1980|p=370}} ᱛᱩᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ang|ācweorna}} ᱫᱚ [[Middle English language|ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]] ᱨᱮ {{lang|enm|aquerne}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="OED1913_aquerne">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Aquerne|encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=The Clarendon Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99992/page/n460/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1913 |volume=1 (A–B) |edition=1 Corrected re-issue, 1970 reprint |page=422 |language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ [[Common Germanic|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ [[Germanic languages|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - [[German language|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ]] {{lang|de|Eichhörnchen}}; [[Norwegian language|ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] {{lang|no|ikorn}}/{{lang|no|ekorn}}; [[Dutch language|ᱰᱟᱪ]] {{lang|nl|eekhoorn}}; [[Swedish language|ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ]] {{lang|sv|ekorre}} ᱟᱨ [[Danish language|ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ]] {{lang|da|egern}} ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Terms of venery|ᱜᱩᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ "ᱰᱨᱟᱭ"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVNazQEACAAJ|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "ᱥᱠᱚᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>''Universe in Your Pocket'' by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.</ref> == ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Sciurus carolinensis -British Columbia, Canada-8.jpg|left|thumb|ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Ratufa skull.JPG|thumb|left|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Oriental giant squirrel|ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''Ratufa'') ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ—ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ [[zygomatic arch|ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[sciuromorphous]] ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ [[African pygmy squirrel|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱟᱨ [[least pygmy squirrel|ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱐-᱑᱔ ᱥᱮ.ᱢᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱒-᱒᱖ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref name=Kingdon1997>{{cite book | author=Kingdon, J. | author-link=Jonathan Kingdon | year=1997 | title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals | publisher=Academic Press Limited, London | isbn=0-12-408355-2 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona }}</ref><ref name=Payne1998>{{cite book| author1=Payne, J. | author2=C.F. Francis | year=1998 | title=A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo | page=243 | publisher=The Sabah Society | edition=3 | isbn=967-99947-1-6 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ [[Bhutan giant flying squirrel|ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭન્ટ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱒᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Choudhury2002>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A. | year=2002 | title=Petaurista nobilis singhei: First record in India and a note on its taxonomy | journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume=99 | issue=1 | pages=30–34 }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ [[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱚᱴ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Krystufek2013>{{cite journal | author1=Kryštufek, B. | author2=B. Vohralík | year=2013 | title=Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias | journal=Lynx, N. S. (Praha) | volume=44 | pages=27–138 }}</ref><ref name=Armitage2002>{{cite book | author1=Armitage, K.B. | author2=Blumstein, D.T. | year=2002 | chapter=Body-mass diversity in marmots. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity | editor1=K.B. Armitage | editor2=V.Yu. Rumiantsev | title=Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity | publisher=ABF Publishing House | pages=22–32 }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ [[fur|ᱩᱵ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/squirrels.html Tree Squirrels], ''Wildlife Online'', 23 November 2010.</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[thumb|ᱵᱩᱲᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ (pads) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ<ref name=EoM>Milton (1984)</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ [[claw|ᱨᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ [[tree climbing|ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/squirrel-info.htm|title=Rodents|date=22 April 2008|publisher=How Stuff Works|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, [[Tree squirrels|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱯᱟ ᱑᱘᱐ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=8|title=Squirrels of the World|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> === ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ === ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Visual perception|ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ [[whiskers|ᱜᱩᱪᱩ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[incisor|ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ]] (ᱜᱮᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ $ \frac{1.0.1.3}{1.0.1.3} $ ᱾<ref>''The Beginning of the Age of Mammals'' Kenneth D. Rose (2006) {{ISBN|978-0-801-88472-6}} p. 326</ref> === ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ === ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|title=Why do squirrels have bushy tails? &#124; Nuts About Squirrels|access-date=2026-05-02|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324041200/http://www.nutsaboutsquirrels.com/1695/why-do-squirrels-have-bushy-tails/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ, ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ, ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱫᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ [[parachute|ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱩᱴ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ * ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱤᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ [[fishing flies|ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genova |first=Cosmo |date=2022-01-11 |title=How to Preserve a Squirrel Pelt For Fly Tying |url=https://www.fieldandstream.com/fishing/preserve-squirrel-pelt-fly-tying/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Field & Stream |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valla |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVDDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22squirrel+tail%22+%22guard+hair%22&pg=PA45 |title=Tying and Fishing Bucktails and Other Hair Wings: Atlantic Salmon Flies to Steelhead Flies |date=2016-09-05 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8117-6532-9 |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[rainforest|ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱵᱤᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[desert|ᱛᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ [[Polar regions of Earth|ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivorous|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[insects|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels">[http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html Squirrel Place] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227025300/http://www.squirrels.org/faq.html |date=27 December 2010 }}. squirrels.org. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorington|first1=Richard W.|last2=Koprowski|first2=John L.|last3=Steele|first3=Michael A.|last4=Whatton|first4=James F.|year=2012|page=12|title=Squirrels of the World|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[wildlife rehabilitator|ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.squirrel-rehab.org/|title=Squirrel Rehab|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱛᱮ [[animal euthanasia|ᱜᱚᱡ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Squirrel enjoying in the sun.jpg|ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel in Chandigarh.jpg|[[ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel near Chandigarh.jpg|ᱪᱚᱱᱰᱤᱜᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ File:Squirrel on mango tree.jpg|[[ᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ </gallery> == ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ == [[File:Baby of squirrel.jpg|thumb|upright|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ [[wikt:kit#Etymology_2|kits]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[gestation|ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ, ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ [[weaning|ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=EoM /> ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[Diurnality|ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ]] ᱥᱮ [[crepuscular|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ-ᱥᱤᱢᱨᱟᱹ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name=MassWild>{{cite web|title=Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|work=MassWildlife|publisher=Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife|access-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191120/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[Nocturnality|ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ— ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Törmälä | first=Timo | author2=Vuorinen, Hannu | author3=Hokkanen, Heikki | year=1980 | title=Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland | journal=Acta Theriologica | volume=25 | issue=32–42 | pages=461–474 | doi=10.4098/at.arch.80-42 | doi-access=free |issn = 0001-7051 }}</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=McNamee|first=Kai|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1185092056/squirrels-splooting-heat-wave-climate-change|title=The heat is making squirrels 'sploot' — a goofy act that signals something serious|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=June 29, 2023|access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Andersson Krebs 1978 pp. 707–711">{{cite journal | last1=Andersson | first1=Malte | last2=Krebs | first2=John | title=On the evolution of hoarding behaviour | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1978-08_26_3/page/707 | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=26 | year=1978 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1016/0003-3472(78)90137-9 | pages=707–711| bibcode=1978AnBeh..26..707A | s2cid=53154232 }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last1=HADJ-CHIKH | first1=LEILA Z. | last2=STEELE | first2=MICHAEL A. | last3=SMALLWOOD | first3=PETER D. | title=Caching decisions by grey squirrels: a test of the handling time and perishability hypotheses | journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=52 | issue=5 | year=1996 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0242 | pages=941–948| bibcode=1996AnBeh..52..941H | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱫᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould">{{cite journal | last1=Xiao | first1=Zhishu | last2=Gao | first2=Xu | last3=Zhang | first3=Zhibin | title=The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David's rock squirrels | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume=67 | issue=7 | date=2013-04-05 | issn=0340-5443 | doi=10.1007/s00265-013-1531-8 | pages=1067–1075| bibcode=2013BEcoS..67.1067X | s2cid=253815798 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ (mushrooms) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name ="mould"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Cyclobalanopsis]], ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱲᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut">{{cite journal | last1=Xu | first1=Han | last2=Xia | first2=Lian | last3=Spence | first3=John R | last4=Lin | first4=Mingxian | last5=Lu | first5=Chunyang | last6=Li | first6=Yanpeng | last7=Chen | first7=Jie | last8=Luo | first8=Tushou | last9=Li | first9=Yide | last10=Fang | first10=Suqin | title=Flying squirrels use a mortise-tenon structure to fix nuts on understory twigs | journal=eLife | volume=12 | date=2023-06-13 | article-number=e84967 | issn=2050-084X | doi=10.7554/elife.84967| pmid=37309191 | pmc=10328505 | doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ, [[particolored flying squirrel]] ᱟᱨ [[Hainan flying squirrel]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ 'ᱢᱚᱨᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ-ᱴᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ' ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="fix nut"/> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === [[File:Squirrel, Manyara National Park, Tanzania (2010).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tanzania|ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Manyara National Park|ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Squirrel in Seurasaari autumn.JPG|thumb|right|[[Finland|ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Helsinki|ᱦᱮᱞᱥᱤᱝᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Seurasaari]] ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Red squirrel|ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>Merja Laavola: Eläinten elintasosairaudet näkyvät Seurasaaressa. Vartti Etelä-Helsinki, Sanoma Kaupunkilehdet, 2010. (in Finnish)</ref>]] [[File:Squirrel eating pumpkin seeds.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0|ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ [[pumpkin|ᱠᱩᱢᱰᱟᱹ]] ᱡᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱳᱡᱽ (cellulose) ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[protein|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ]], [[carbohydrates|ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[fat|ᱪᱚᱨᱵᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ-ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ]] ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ), ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ (buds) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[herbivores|ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱝ, ᱠᱳᱱ, ᱡᱚ, ᱠᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="squirrels" /><ref>{{cite news |website=[[bbc.co.uk]] |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |title=Russian squirrel pack 'kills dog' |date=1 December 2005}}</ref> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ [[bird|ᱪᱮᱬᱮ]], ᱵᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ-ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>Richard W. Thorington, Katie Ferrell – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7cuEWCWpLMC&pg=PA75 ''Squirrels: the animal answer guide''], JHU Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8018-8402-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8402-3}}, p. 75.</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ [[synanthropes]] ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱤᱱᱼᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ' (synurbanization) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="peim">{{cite journal |last1=Peiman |first1=Kathryn |title=Sublethal consequences of urban life for wild vertebrates |journal=Environmental Reviews |date=June 2016 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=416–425 |doi=10.1139/er-2016-0029|bibcode=2016EnvRv..24..416B |hdl=1807/74036 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[New York City|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[Industrial Revolution|ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ), ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[thirteen-lined ground squirrel]] ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Friggens | first=M. | title=Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southwestern-naturalist_2002-03_47_1/page/132 | jstor=3672818 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=132–133 | year=2002 | doi=10.2307/3672818| bibcode=2002SWNat..47..132F }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱵᱮᱭᱞᱤ (Bernard Bailey) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrel) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bailey | first=B. | title=Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1923-05_4_2/page/129 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=4 | issue= 2| page=129 | year=1923 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/4.2.129 }}</ref> ᱣᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wistrand | first=E.H. | title=Predation on a Snake by ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-midland-naturalist_1972-10_88_2/page/511 | jstor=2424389 | journal=American Midland Naturalist | volume=88 | issue=2 | pages=511–512 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/2424389}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ: ᱒᱐᱐environment᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ [[Lazo, Russia|ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[dog|ᱥᱮᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbcn">{{cite news |title=Russian Squirrel Pack Kills Dog |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4489792.stm |website=BBC News |date=December 2005 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |title=Cornwall squirrel 'pack' attacks boy, three |work=BBC News |date=14 July 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-36792959 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="atl1">{{cite web |last1=Lafrance |first1=Adrienne |title=When Squirrels Attack – A cautionary tale |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/when-squirrels-attack/531129/ |website=The Atlantic |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> ᱣᱤᱴᱮᱠᱚᱨ ᱑᱓᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱯᱮ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ (thirteen-lined ground squirrels) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ [[shrew|ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ; ᱵᱨᱮᱰᱞᱤ (Bradley) ᱖᱐᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[white-tailed antelope squirrel|ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱐% ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[lizard|ᱪᱮᱨᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱰᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Whitaker | first=J.O. | title=Food and external parasites of ''Spermophilus tridecemlineatus'' in Vigo County, Indiana | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1972-08_53_3/page/644 | jstor=1379067 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=644–648 | year=1972 | doi=10.2307/1379067}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bradley | first=W. G. | title=Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1968-02_49_1/page/14 | jstor=1377723 | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=14–21 | doi=10.2307/1377723 | year=1968}}</ref> ᱢᱳᱨᱜᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ-ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱳᱯ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ [[Perognathus flavus|ᱥᱤᱞᱠᱤ ᱯᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱪᱩᱸᱫᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last=Morgart | first=J. R. | title=Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel ''Ammospermophilus leucurus'' | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southwestern-naturalist_1985-05-31_30_2/page/304 | jstor=3670745 | journal=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=304–305 | doi=10.2307/3670745 |date=May 1985| bibcode=1985SWNat..30..304M }}</ref> == ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:One squirrel open mouth.jpg|thumb|[[Cleveland Museum of Art|ᱠᱞᱤᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴ]] ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[fox squirrel|ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱥ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Sciurus niger'')]] [[File:Taiwanrisu-2009.ogv|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱲ (''Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis'')]] [[File:Prevostova vjeverica u Zagrebu.2.jpg|thumb|[[Croatia|ᱠᱨᱳᱣᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Zagreb Zoo|ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱮᱵᱽ ᱪᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ-ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ [[Prevost's Squirrel|ᱯᱨᱮᱵᱷᱳᱥᱴ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (''Callosciurus prevostii'')]] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[subfamilies|ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] (subfamilies) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[genera|ᱜᱚᱱ]] (genera) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱒᱘᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[species|ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ]] (species) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilson, D.E. |author2=Reeder, D.M. | title=Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | journal=Zootaxa| volume=3148| year=2011| pages=56–60|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9 | url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p060.pdf}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil), ''Hesperopetes'', ᱫᱚ [[Chadronian]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱞᱮᱴ [[Eocene|ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]], ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱐–᱓᱕ [[million years ago|ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ]]), ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Emry | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Korth | first2 = W. W. | title = A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 693–698 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[693:ANGOSR]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid = 85847849 }}</ref> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[Miocene|ᱢᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ "ᱟᱹᱫᱤ-ᱛᱩᱲ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱛᱩᱲ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb>Steppan & Hamm (2006)</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ (fossil) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[phylogeny|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱛᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] (phylogeny) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: [[Ratufinae]] (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱾ Ratufinae ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[Asia|ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[South America|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel|ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱫᱚ Sciurillinae ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ [[evolutionary radiation|ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ [[Eurasia|ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ [[Africa|ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = tolweb /> ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ: [[Callosciurinae]], ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ [[South East Asia|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Ratufinae]], ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[South Asia|ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ; [[Sciurinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[flying squirrel|ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ]] (Pteromyini) ᱟᱨ [[Sciurini|ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱘᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ;<ref>Steppan, S. J. B. L. Storz, and R. S. Hoffmann. 2004. [http://www.bio.fsu.edu/~steppan/Steppan_et_al_Sciuridae.pdf Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30:703-719.</ref> [[Sciurillinae]], ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ; ᱟᱨ [[Xerinae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ [[Tribe (biology)|ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] (tribes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[Marmotini]] ([[marmot|ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ]], [[chipmunk|ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ]], [[prairie dog|ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ]], ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), [[Xerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ), ᱟᱨ [[Protoxerini]] (ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ) ᱾ === ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ === * [[Basal (evolution)|ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Sciuridae (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[fossil|ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ]]) ** ''[[Hesperopetes]]'' ** ''[[Kherem (genus)|Kherem]]'' ** ''[[Lagrivea]]'' ** ''[[Oligosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Plesiosciurus]]'' ** ''[[Prospermophilus]]'' ** ''[[Sciurion]]'' ** ''[[Similisciurus]]'' ** ''[[Sinotamias]]'' ** ''[[Vulcanisciurus]]'' * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Cedromurinae]] (ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Ratufinae]] – ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱔ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurillinae]] – ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱴᱨᱳᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱜᱽᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱲ ([[monotypic|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ]]) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Sciurinae]] ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Sciurini]] – ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱓᱘ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Pteromyini]] – ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱔᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Callosciurinae]] – ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Callosciurini]] (᱑᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱖᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Funambulini]] ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ/ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱑ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱕ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) * ᱩᱯ-ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ [[Xerinae]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Xerini]] – ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱲ (᱓ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱖ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Protoxerini]] (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱕᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ** ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ [[Marmotini]] – ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱩᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱳᱴ, ᱪᱤᱯᱢᱟᱝᱠ, ᱯᱨᱮᱭᱨᱤ ᱰᱚᱜᱽ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ (᱖ ᱜᱚᱱ, ᱟᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱙᱐ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) == ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ == == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ == {{Portal|Mammals}} * ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] ([[Kuru (disease)|ᱠᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]]) ᱾<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blakeslee |first1=Sandra |title=Kentucky Doctors Warn Against a Regional Dish: Squirrels' Brains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/29/us/kentucky-doctors-warn-against-a-regional-dish-squirrels-brains.html |access-date=18 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 August 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/63831-squirrel-brains-rare-disorder-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html |title=Man Dies from Extremely Rare Disease After Eating Squirrel Brains |first1=Rachael |last1=Rettner |date=October 15, 2018 |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> {{Anchor|Notes|reason="Notes" is the old section name, which was changed to "References" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Anchor|References|reason="References" is the old section name, which was changed to "Further reading" on 6 June 2018}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite book| last1 = Whitaker | first1= John O. Jr. |last2= Elman|first2=Robert|date=1980|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals|edition=2nd|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Jr.| location = New York|isbn=0-394-50762-2}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * Milton, Katherine (1984): "Family Sciuridae". In: Macdonald, D. (ed.): ''The Encyclopedia of Mammals'': 612–623. Facts on File, New York. {{ISBN|0-87196-871-1}}. * Steppan, Scott J. and Hamm, Shawn M. (2006): [[Tree of Life Web Project]] – [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456/2006.05.13 "Sciuridae (Squirrels)"]. Version of 13 May 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007. * {{Cite journal | last1 = Steppan | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Storz | first2 = B. L. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = R. S. | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5 | title = Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1 | url = https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2004-03_30_3/page/703 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 703–719 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15012949| bibcode = 2004MolPE..30..703S }} * Thorington, R.W. and Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): "Family Sciuridae". In: ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference'': 754–818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons|Sciuridae}} {{Wikispecies|Sciuridae}} {{Wiktionary|squirrel}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} * [http://tolweb.org/Sciuridae/16456 ᱴᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ: Sciuridae] * [http://northernbushcraft.com/animalTracks/squirrel/notes.htm ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ]: ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614105921/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/squirrel.html ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211135/http://squirrels.org/names.html ᱛᱩᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ] {{Rodents}} {{S. Ratufinae-Sciurillinae nav}} {{S. Callosciurinae nav}} {{S. Sciurinae1 nav}} {{S. Sciurinae2 nav}} {{S. Xerinae nav}} {{Marmotini nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q9482}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ᱛᱩᱲ| ]] [[Category:Sciuromorpha]] [[Category:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] [[Category:Rodents by common name]] [[Category:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim]] 2y4sdvvebyunz8bxrfyvycdc3m44mgb 0 35851 196364 191624 2026-08-12T02:48:38Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ |pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}} |synonym=ᱮᱜᱩ, ᱯᱮᱞᱩᱰᱤᱡᱚᱢ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥ ᱯᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ |image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg |caption=[[ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ|ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ |field=[[ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ (ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱴᱤ)|ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] |symptoms=ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ: ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ, ᱩᱞᱟᱹ, ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱤᱡ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ: ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱵᱮ-ᱦᱚᱸᱥ |complications=[[ᱠᱷᱤᱸᱪᱟᱹᱣ|ᱠᱷᱤᱸᱪᱟᱹᱣ]], [[ᱵᱮ-ᱦᱚᱸᱥ|ᱵᱮ-ᱦᱚᱸᱥ]], [[ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ|ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ]], [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ|ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ]], [[ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ|ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=ᱢᱮᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref> |onset=ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱑᱐-᱑᱕ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ |duration=ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ|causes=''[[ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]]'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱮᱱᱳᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱥ]]'' [[ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ|ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ |risks=ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱚᱪᱚ |diagnosis=ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ, [[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ]] |differential= |prevention=[[ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ|ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱱ|ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ|ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ]], ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱨᱟᱱ |treatment= |medication=[[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ|ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ]] |frequency=᱒᱘᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱒᱖) |deaths=᱖᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐ lazy ᱒᱕) |alt=}} '''ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱷᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱮᱱᱳᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱥ'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|access-date=2022-04-24|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=2023-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱸᱜᱟ, ᱩᱞᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ]]᱾<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caraballo H, King K |date=May 2014 |title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus |url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |url-status=live |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–23; quiz 23–24 |pmid=25207355 |s2cid=23716674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801202316/http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405 |archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Basu S, Sahi PK |date=July 2017 |title=Malaria: An Update |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=84 |issue=7 |pages=521–528 |doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2 |pmid=28357581 |s2cid=11461451}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱚᱨᱚᱜ, ᱵᱮ-ᱦᱚᱸᱥ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|access-date=2024-05-10|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=13 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ''ᱮᱱᱳᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱥ'' ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Walter K, John CC |date=February 2022 |title=Malaria |journal=JAMA |volume=327 |issue=6 |page=597 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468 |hdl=1805/37679 |pmid=35133414 |s2cid=246651569 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱤᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|access-date=2026-01-08|website=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|access-date=2026-01-08|website=Public Health England|language=en}}</ref> ''ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: ''ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱥᱤᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢ'' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ), ''ᱯᱤ. ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱠᱥ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤ. ᱱᱳᱞᱮᱥᱤ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ)᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|access-date=2024-02-19|archive-date=2024-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''ᱯᱤ. ᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱤ. ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ᱾<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱥᱠᱳᱯᱤᱠ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱵᱞᱚᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱡᱮᱱ-ᱵᱮᱥᱰ ᱨᱮᱯᱤᱰ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱽᱱᱚᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱢᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱱ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮ ᱧᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱰᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |date=June 2012 |title=Malaria: an update for physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010 |pmid=22632637}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱤᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|access-date=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱠᱞᱳᱨᱳᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ-ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ''ᱯᱤ. ᱯᱷᱟᱞᱥᱤᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱱ-ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱢᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-24|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|access-date=2026-01-08|website=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Baiden F, Malm KL, Binka F|chapter=Malaria|veditors=Detels R, Karim QA, Baum F, Li L, Leyland AH|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, [[ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐ lazy ᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱖᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱙᱗,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱙᱕% ᱠᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ; [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ) ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱚᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱮᱫ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ([[ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ:VideoWiki/Malaria|ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴ]])]] ==ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ== [[File:Symptoms of Malaria.png|thumb|upright=1.15|ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ; ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Mar 2024 |title=Symptoms of Malaria |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱯᱥᱤᱥ, ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ, ᱯᱷᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ - ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ - ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ (ᱯᱟᱨᱳᱠᱥᱤᱥᱢᱟᱞ ᱮᱴᱟᱠᱥ)᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Driven to End Malaria.] Now We Can. Now We Must. * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|date=2020-05-02}}) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] gwwjm3nhmbhratuagdz5prfnaozj561 0 35854 196403 191674 2026-08-12T04:06:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196403 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ᱨᱮᱫ:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341398.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱡᱩ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱺ [[Paolo Monti]] ᱾]] [[ᱨᱮᱫ:'Religious_melancholia_and_convalescence'_Wellcome_L0022597.jpg|thumb|''‘ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱠᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ’'']] '''ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ''' ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱸᱜᱨᱮᱡᱤ]]; Convalescence) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ == ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name="Cole_1947">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole WH, Keeton RW, Calloway NO, Glickman N, Mitchell HH, Dyniewicz J, Howes D |date=October 1947 |title=Studies in Postoperative Convalescence |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1097/00000658-194710000-00017 |pmc=1803419 |pmid=17859018}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bisgaard T, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J |date=February 2001 |title=Pain and convalescence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-surgery-acta-chirurgica_2001-02_167_2/page/84 |journal=The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=84–96 |doi=10.1080/110241501750070510 |pmid=11266262}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laplace |date=February 1946 |title=Convalescence from surgical procedures. I. Studies of the circulation lying and standing, of tremor, and of a program of bed exercises and early rising |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-heart-journal_1946-02_31_2/page/249 |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=249 |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(46)90635-7}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱠ-ᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tui C, Wright AM, Mulholland JH, Carabba V, Barcham I, Vinci VJ |date=July 1944 |title=Studies on Surgical Convalescence I-Sources of Nitrogen Loss Postgastrectomy and Effect of High Amino-Acid and High Caloric Intake on Convalescence |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=99–122 |doi=10.1097/00000658-194407000-00013 |pmc=1617881 |pmid=17858477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/doing-month-confinement-and-convalescence-chinese-women-after-childbirth-1978-barbara-lk|title='Doing the Month': Confinement and Convalescence of Chinese Women After Childbirth|year=1978|first=Barbara L.K.|last=Pillsbury|name-list-style=vanc|encyclopedia=The Embryo Project Encyclopedia|volume=12|issue=1B|pages=11–22|pmid=565536|access-date=2018-07-12|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184641/https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/doing-month-confinement-and-convalescence-chinese-women-after-childbirth-1978-barbara-lk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮᱯ. ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-10-23 |title=Transitional Convalescent Facilities (TCF): a pilot alternative rehabilitation programme for patients who require a longer term of rehabilitation |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article-abstract/55/Suppl_2/719/2489541?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=The Gerontologist |language=en |volume=55 |issue=Suppl_2 |pages=719 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnv358.02 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱜᱟᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ, ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱛᱤᱠᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=Francis|first=Gavin|title=Recovery : the lost art of convalescence|date=2022|isbn=978-1-80081-048-8|location=London|oclc=1285689647}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{Wiktionary-inline|convalescence}} {{Authority control}} 17dqu90h2ytuqzqkzqg5jjvx31gxmw3 0 35873 196351 191725 2026-08-12T02:29:29Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|WHO Maternal Health}} ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱚᱱᱩᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title= Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/maternal-health/en/ |website=WHO |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱚᱢ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Robert L. |last2=Murray |first2=John |last3=Jack |first3=Susan |last4=Arscott-Mills |first4=Sharon |last5=Verardi |first5=Vincenzo |date=2017-12-06 |title=Impact of multisectoral health determinants on child mortality 1980–2010: An analysis by country baseline mortality |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |at=e0188762 |pmid=29211765 |pmc=5718556 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188762 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288762C |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality {{!}} Health Equity Features |publisher =CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=WHO |language=en}}</ref> == ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ == === ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ === ᱢᱤᱫ UNFPA ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱕ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Determinants">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/EN-SRH%20fact%20sheet-Poormother.pdf|title=The social determinants of maternal death and disability|publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund]]}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Filippi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Filippi V, Ronsmans C, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Mills A, Borghi J, Koblinsky M, Osrin D | display-authors = 6 | title = Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-28-november-3-2006_368_9546/page/1535 | journal = Lancet | volume = 368 | issue = 9546 | pages = 1535–41 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17071287 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69384-7 | s2cid = 31036096 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱳᱴᱟ-ᱯᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Timmermans>{{cite journal | vauthors = Timmermans S, Bonsel GJ, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Mackenbach JP, Steyerberg EW, Raat H, Verbrugh HA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Birnie E, Looman CW, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA | display-authors = 6 | title = Individual accumulation of heterogeneous risks explains perinatal inequalities within deprived neighbourhoods | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–80 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21203801 | pmc = 3043261 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-010-9542-5 }}</ref> ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱡᱚᱨᱚ, ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱭ ᱵᱞᱚᱰ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Izugbara>{{cite journal | vauthors = Izugbara CO, Ngilangwa DP | title = Women, poverty and adverse maternal outcomes in Nairobi, Kenya | journal = BMC Women's Health | volume = 10 | issue = 33 | article-number = 33 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21122118 | pmc = 3014866 | doi = 10.1186/1472-6874-10-33 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ==== [[File:Population Growth Rates, 2021.png|thumb|upright=1.5|᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ; ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ, ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱥᱟ (᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱑᱐᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |author1-last=Roser |author1-first=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |author2-last=Rodés-Guirao |author2-first=Lucas |date=May 2024 |title=Population growth rate, 2021 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rates?tab=map&year=2021 |url-status=live |website=www.ourworldindata.org |location=[[Oxford]], [[England]] |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520222646/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rates?tab=map&year=2021 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>]] [[File:Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|᱒᱐ traveler-᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ, ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |editor1-last=Kaneda |editor1-first=Toshiko |editor2-last=Greenbaum |editor2-first=Charlotte |editor3-last=Haub |editor3-first=Carl |date=October 2022 |title=2022 World Population Data Sheet |url=https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |url-status=live |website=2022-wpds.prb.org |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007213329/https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>]] ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexander>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alexander G, Korenbrot CC |title=The Role of Prenatal Care in Preventing Low Birth Weight|journal=The Future of Children |date=Spring 1995 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–120 |jstor=1602510 |doi=10.2307/1602510 |pmid=7633858}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱞᱚᱰ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱗᱑% ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Alexander /> ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ-ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Curry>{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-community-health-nursing_1990_7_4/page/245 |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |year=1990 |pmid=2243268 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Curry /> ᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=Gage>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gage AJ |title=Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1666–82 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17643685 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.001}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |website=WHO |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * {{cite web |title=5. Improve maternal health |work=Millennium Development Goals |publisher=UNICEF |url=http://www.unicef.org/mdg/maternal.html |ref={{harvid|UNICEF Maternal Health}}}} * {{cite web|title=Maternal Health|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health|ref={{harvid|WHO Maternal Health}}}} mnshja2fn29tpecl6i3zvotj77c3z4c 0 35879 196376 191756 2026-08-12T03:13:26Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Community health worker gives a vaccination in Odisha state, India (8380317750).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]]]] '''ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ]], ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chatterjee">{{cite journal|author=Chatterjee, A, and VP Paily|title= Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in India.|journal=BJOG|volume= 118|year=2011 |issue= Suppl 2|pages=47–59 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14710528.2011.03112.x/abstract;jsessionid=A23A846362BA06FFA44116459030519C.d03t04 | doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03112.x|pmid= 21951502|s2cid= 31000506|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ariana">Ariana, Proochista and Arif Naveed. An Introduction to the Human Development Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. London: Earthscan, 2009. 228-245. Print.</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ariana" /> == ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ == [[File:Changing lives Ante and post natal care for mums and babies in Orissa (6835364123).jpg|thumb|332x332px|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱠᱷᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱾]] [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="United Nations">United Nations. [http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/download/ "Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All."] Human Development Report 2011. (2011): n. page. Web. 12 April 2013.</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱸᱪᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="raj2">{{cite journal | last1 = Raj | first1 = Anita | year = 2011 | title = Gender equity and universal health coverage in India | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-19-25-2011_377_9766/page/618 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62112-5 | pmid = 21227498 | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9766| pages = 618–619| s2cid = 22151807 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱘᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓᱒ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱞ-ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱾<ref name="raj2" /> ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="bala">{{cite journal | last1 = Balarajan | first1 = Y | last2 = Selvaraj | first2 = S | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Health care and equity in India | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9764| pages = 505–15 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61894-6| pmid = 21227492 | pmc = 3093249 | bibcode = 2011Lanc..377..505B }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=Aparna|last2=Sengupta|first2=Priya Gopal|last3=Mondal|first3=Sujit Kumar|last4=Gupta|first4=Dhirendra Nath|last5=Manna|first5=Byomkesh|last6=Ghosh|first6=Subrata|last7=Sur|first7=Dipika|last8=Bhattacharya|first8=S.K.|date=2002|title=Gender Differences in Healthcare-seeking during Common Illnesses in a Rural Community of West Bengal, India|jstor=23498918|journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition|volume=20|issue=4|pages=306–311|pmid=12659410 }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱯᱟᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="raj1">{{cite journal | last1 = Raj | first1 = Anita | year = 2011 | title = Sex selected abortion in India | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9798| pages = 1217–1218 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61535-3| pmid = 21962555 | s2cid = 20124955 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱩᱬ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱯᱟᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="patel">{{cite journal | last1 = Patel | first1 = Vikram | last2 = Rodrigues | first2 = Merlyn | display-authors = etal | year = 2002 | title = Gender, Poverty and Postnatal Depression: A Study of Mothers in Goa India | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2002-01_159_1/page/43 | journal = Am J Psychiatry | volume = 159 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.43 | pmid=11772688| s2cid = 6479675 }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khera|first1=R|last2=Jain|first2=S|last3=Lodha|first3=R|last4=Ramakrishnan|first4=S|title=Gender bias in child care and child health: global patterns.|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|date=April 2014|volume=99|issue=4|pages=369–74|pmid=24344176|doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-303889|s2cid=36547372}}</ref><ref name="sen">{{cite journal | last1 = Sen | first1 = Gita | last2 = Iyer | first2 = Aditi | year = 2012 | title = Who gains, who loses and how: Leveraging gender and class intersections to secure health entitlements | journal = Social Science and Medicine | volume = 74 | issue = 11| pages = 1802–1811 | doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.035| pmid = 21741737 }}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="raj2" /> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱛᱨᱤᱥᱚᱛᱛᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="kimuna">{{cite journal | last1 = Kimuna | first1 = Sitawa | last2 = Yanyi | first2 = Djamba | year = 2012 | title = Domestic Violence in India: Insights From the 2005—2006 National Family Health Survey | journal = Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 773–807 | doi=10.1177/0886260512455867| pmid = 22935947 | s2cid = 206562887 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="United Nations" /> ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="singh">{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Ashish | year = 2012 | title = Gender based within-household inequality in childhood immunisation in India: changes over time and across regions | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035045 | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 7 | issue = 4| article-number = e35045 | pmid=22509379 | pmc=3324412| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...735045S | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ — ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱚᱨ — ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="raj2" /> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="bala" /> ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="sen" /> ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="bala" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱭ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="choi">{{cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = Jin | last2 = Lee | first2 = Sang-Hyop | year = 2006 | title = Does prenatal care increase access to child immunisations? Gender bias among children in India | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_2006-07_63_1/page/107 | journal = Social Science and Medicine | volume = 63 | issue = 1| pages = 107–17 | doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.063| pmid = 16443313 }}</ref> ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ-ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ-ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="mech">{{cite journal | last1 = Mechakra-Tahiri | first1 = Samia | last2 = Freeman | first2 = Ellen | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = The gender gap in mobility: A global cross-sectional study | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 12 | article-number = 598 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-598 | pmid=22856611 | pmc=3506530 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱯᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ === ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱭᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱯᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ: ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ-ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ-ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱮᱥ ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱤᱞᱤᱵᱽᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱯᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="sen2">Sen, Amartya. "Gender and cooperative conflicts." Wider Working Papers. 18. (1987) Web. 28 April 2013.</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ — ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="sen2" /> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="sen2" /> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ == ᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱳᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱠ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ) ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="rao">{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = Mohan | last2 = Rao | first2 = Krishna | year = 2011 | title = Human resources for health in India | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61888-0 | pmid = 21227499 | journal = Lancet | volume = 377 | issue = 9765| pages = 587–98 | s2cid = 33914370 }}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱐.᱕ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱳᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="rao" /> ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="adamson">{{cite journal | last1 = Adamson | first1 = Paul | last2 = Krupp | first2 = Karl | year = 2012 | title = Are marginalised women being left behind? A population-based study of institutional deliveries in Karnataka, India | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 12 | article-number = 30| doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-12-30 | pmid = 22240002 | pmc = 3269389 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ (NFHS II, ᱑᱙᱙᱘-᱑᱙᱙᱙) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱑᱓᱒ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="adamson" /> [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱵᱚᱨᱡᱚᱥᱛᱤ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥᱤᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ-ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="doshi">{{cite journal | last1 = Doshi | first1 = Sonal | last2 = Gandhi | first2 = Bindi | year = 2008 | title = Women in India: The Context and Impact of HIV/AIDS | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-human-behavior-in-the-social-environment_2008_17_3-4/page/413 | journal = Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment | volume = 17 | issue = 3–4| pages = 413–442 | doi = 10.1080/10911350802068300 | s2cid = 216113851 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ (NRHM) ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, NHRM ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱾<ref>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, . [http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM.htm "About NHRM."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923143614/http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM.htm |date=23 September 2011 }} National Rural Health Mission. Government of India. Web. 28 April 2013.</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ NHRM ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="harish">{{cite journal | last1 = Nair | first1 = Harish | last2 = Panda | first2 = Rajmohan | year = 2011 | title = Quality of maternal healthcare in India: Has the rural health mission made a difference | journal = Journal of Global Health | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 79–86 | pmid = 23198105 | pmc = 3484741 }}</ref> == ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ == === ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ === ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱤᱞᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱞᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱥᱤᱱᱳᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮ, ᱜᱚᱱᱰ, ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱢ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ," ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱛᱷᱳᱰᱥᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱱᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/survey-of-tribal-women-shows-up-breast-abnormalities/article7096809.ece|title=Survey of tribal women shows up breast abnormalities|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|date=13 April 2015|via=thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> === ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ === [[File:Women in Deogarh morning, Orissa, India.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ; ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="tarozzi">{{cite journal | last1 = Tarozzi | first1 = Alessandro | year = 2012 | title = Some Facts about Boy versus Girl Health Indicators in India: 1992—2005 | url = http://cesifo.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/2/296 | journal = CESifo Economic Studies | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 296–321 | doi=10.1093/cesifo/ifs013| url-access = subscription }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="jose">Jose, Sunny, and K Navaneetham. "A Factsheet on Women's Malnutrtion in India." Economic and Political Weekly. 43.33 (2008): 61-67. Web. 21 February 2013.</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱾<ref name="tarozzi" /> ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱨᱳᱡᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="tarozzi" /> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="jose" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱡᱳᱥᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="jose" /> ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="jose" /> ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} ==ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ== * [http://ncw.nic.in/ National Commission for Women] * [http://www.tathapi.org/ Tathapi - a women's health resource organization] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] 311gd2qsocc268g97lpsgo77rac9fap 0 35907 196413 195410 2026-08-12T04:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic | recent}} | image = Cicada - Neotibicen linnei, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ''[[Neotibicen linnei]]'' | image2 = Calling song of Magicicada cassini - pone.0000892.s002.oga | image2_caption = ''[[Magicicada cassini]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | taxon = Cicadoidea | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ | subdivision = {{plainlist| * [[Tettigarctidae]] * [[Cicadidae]] }} }} '''ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ''' (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Cicadas) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱛᱤᱡᱩ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''Cicadoidea''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱚᱳᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Tettigarctidae]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱵᱟᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱫᱚ [[Upper Permian|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ]] ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱩᱦᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' (ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Nymph (biology)|ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ [[Predation|ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of Thirteen- and Seventeen-year periodical cicadas |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=2022 |volume=67|pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108|pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |issn=0066-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱢᱯᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2016/03/22/how-do-cicadas-know-when-to-emerge-from-the-ground/|title=How Do Cicadas Know When to Emerge from the Ground?|last=Fitzgerals|first=Kevin|date=22 March 2016|website=Entomology Today|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱳᱢᱚᱨ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ]]'' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://orthsoc.org/sina/c700lm29sec01.pdf Insect singers] orthsoc.org</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱦᱮᱥᱤᱭᱳᱰ]] ᱟᱜ ''[[Shield of Heracles|ᱥᱤᱞᱰ]]'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱞᱤ]] ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱪᱤᱱ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], ᱛᱟᱞᱟ [[ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ |title=Edible Insects of the World |date=2016-12-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35088-2 |pages=2009–2010 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ == {{wiktionary}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ [[ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=cicada |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cicada |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Words To Remember Every 13 Years Or So|url=http://www.dictionary.com/e/cicadas/|website=Dictionary.com|date=22 May 2011|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱴᱤᱰᱤᱰ]] (katydid) ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾}} [[File:Cicada, 1939 Film.webm|thumb|''Cicada'' (ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾]] == ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ == [[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Magicicada cassinii|᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ''ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], ᱑᱙᱓᱐<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]] ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱯᱟᱨ]] (Cercopoidea) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[Extant taxon|ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ [[Tasmania|ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ Cicadidae ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ - [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (ᱥᱮ Tettigadinae), ᱟᱨ [[Tettigomyiinae]] ᱾<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[Tibiceninae]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (emperor cicada) ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref> ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (deciduous trees) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (tropics) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] (endemism) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ (biogeography) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ [[New Zealand|ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,{{efn|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱘᱐᱐,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ-ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱒００ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php }}</ref> [[Palearctic realm|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Burton2002"/> ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Cicadetta montana|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] (New Forest cicada), ''Cicadetta montana'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱬ (acoustic analysis) ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |label1= |1={{clade |label1=[[Cicadidae]] |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |label1= |1={{clade |1=[[Cicadinae]] |2=[[Cicadettinae]] }} }} |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]] }} |2=[[Tibicininae]] }} |2=[[Tettigarctidae]] }} }}|caption=᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟᱬ (Phylogenetic treatment)<ref name=phylo2018 />}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭ (jarfly) ᱥᱮ [[ᱰᱚᱜᱽ-ᱰᱮ]] (dog-day) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', ᱥᱮ ''[[Hadoa]]'' ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |author1-link=Lorus Milne |author2-link=Margery Milne |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''[[ᱢᱮᱡᱤᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱟ]]'' ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱫᱩᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ|periodical cicadas]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/}}</ref> [[List of cicadas of Australia|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ, [[New South Wales|ᱱᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱷ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[Victoria (Australia)|ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ (alpine) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, [[Sydney|ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ]], [[Melbourne|ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[Brisbane|ᱵᱨᱤᱥᱵᱮᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱥᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱡᱽ (cherry nose), ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ (brown baker), [[Psaltoda moerens|ᱨᱮᱰ ᱟᱭ]] (red eye), ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ (greengrocer), ᱭᱮᱞᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮ (yellow Monday), ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱤ ᱰᱨᱤᱝᱠᱟᱨ (whisky drinker), [[Double drummer|ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱰᱨᱟᱢᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱞᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ (black prince) ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[Chorus cicada|ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]], ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ]] [[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|[[Japan|ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]) [[Endemism|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱳᱨᱯᱷᱳᱠ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱠᱟᱞᱮᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'' ᱟᱜ [[Mesozoic|ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ]] ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ]] === ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱᱴᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ === ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ (Cicadomorpha) [[Fossil|ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[Late Triassic|ᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] (Late Triassic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Palaeontinoidea]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Dunstaniidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[Upper Triassic|ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Mesogereonidae ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱰᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref> [[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'', [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱔᱕–᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] [[Palaeontinidae]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ" (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱟᱨ [[Lower Cretaceous|ᱞᱳᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (Lower Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name=Wang/> ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱥᱯᱷᱳᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ (fore wing) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]'' ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref> Tettigarctidae ᱟᱨ Cicadidae ᱫᱚ [[Jurassic|ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱨᱟᱥᱤᱠ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ (mid Cretaceous) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Burmese amber|ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first13=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱳᱡᱳᱭᱤᱠ (Cenozoic) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (modern cicadid) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (Tibicininae ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱞᱤ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Paleocene|ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱕᱖–᱕᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ == === ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ === [[File:Gratopsaltria Nigrofuscata Young.jpg|upright|thumb|ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ {{nihongo|ᱢᱤᱱ-ᱢᱤᱱ-ᱡᱮᱢᱤ|ミンミンゼミ|minminzemi}}, ''[[Hyalessa maculaticollis]]'', ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱾]] [[File:Platypleura kaempferi (NiiNii cicada).png|200px|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ {{nihongo|ᱱᱤᱭᱤ-ᱱᱤᱭᱤ-ᱡᱮᱢᱤ|ニイニイゼミ|nīnīzemi}}, ''Platypleura kaempferi'', ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] ᱾]] ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ (tarsi) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Antenna (biology)|ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱ (conical) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱟ (seta) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Cuvier/> [[Auchenorrhyncha]] ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Rostrum (anatomy)|ᱥᱩᱸᱰ]] (rostrum) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱩᱰᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (nymphs) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ Tettigarctidae ᱫᱚ Cicadidae ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ([[prothorax]]) ᱫᱚ [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|ᱥᱠᱩᱴᱮᱞᱚᱢ]] (scutellum) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ (tympanal apparatus) ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> [[File:20190828 semi uka.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ([[Ecdysis|molting]]) ᱠᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ (ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ) ᱾]] ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Imago|ᱤᱢᱟᱜᱳ]] ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱮᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (''Megapomponia imperatoria''), ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ {{convert|18|-|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Burton2002"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flindt |first1=Rainer |title=Amazing Numbers in Biology |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-30146-2 |page=10 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱫ (compound eyes) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱴᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ [[Compound eye|ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱫ]] (ocelli) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱨᱮᱪ (triangle) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱯᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ [[Rostrum (anatomy)|ᱥᱩᱸᱰ]] (rostrum) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name=Capinera/> [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱠᱞᱤᱯᱤᱭᱚᱥ]] (postclypeus) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱤᱝ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ (pumping musculature) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Moulds |first=Maxwell Sydney |title=Australian Cicadas |publisher=New South Wales University Press |year=1990 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-86840-139-3}}</ref> ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ (thorax/ᱪᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranous) ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ (hyaline), ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱫᱽᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ (wing venation) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Operculum (animal)|ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ]] (operculum) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱡ (abdomen) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Ovipositor|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ]] (ovipositor) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Resonating device|ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Capinera/> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Superhydrophobic coating|ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱯᱷᱳᱵᱤᱠ]] (superhydrophobic) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱢ (wict/waxy) ᱠᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱸᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱵᱟᱭ-ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ (film) ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱤᱥᱤᱨ]] ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisdom |first1=Katrina M. |last2=Watson |first2=Jolanta A. |last3=Qu |first3=Xiaopeng |last4=Liu |first4=Fangjie |last5=Watson |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Chen |first6=Chuan-Hua |title=Self-cleaning of superhydrophobic surfaces by self-propelled jumping condensate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=26 April 2013 |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=7992–7997 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210770110 |pmid=23630277 |pmc=3657783 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.7992W |doi-access=free}} *{{cite magazine |author=Charles Q. Choi |date=April 29, 2013 |title=Cicada Wings Are Self-Cleaning |magazine=Scientific American |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cicada-wings-self-cleaning/}}</ref> [[Bacteria|ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱱᱳ-ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱜᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱴᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ [[Biomaterial|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ]] (biomaterial) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pogodin |first1=Sergey |last2=Hasan |first2=Jafar |last3=Baulin |first3=Vladimir A. |last4=Webb |first4=Hayden K. |last5=Truong |first5=Vi Khanh |last6=Phong Nguyen |first6=The Hong |last7=Boshkovikj |first7=Veselin |last8=Fluke |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Watson |first9=Gregory S. |last10=Watson |first10=Jolanta A. |last11=Crawford |first11=Russell J. |last12=Ivanova |first12=Elena P. |title=Biophysical Model of Bacterial Cell Interactions with Nanopatterned Cicada Wing Surfaces |journal=Biophysical Journal |date=February 2013 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=835–840 |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.046 |pmid=23442962 |pmc=3576530 |bibcode=2013BpJ...104..835P}} *{{cite web |author=Bob Yirka |date=March 6, 2013 |title=Researchers find cicada wing structure able to kill bacteria on contact (w/ video) |website=Phys.org |url=http://phys.org/notes/2013-03-cicada-wing-bacteria-contact-video.html}}</ref> === ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ === ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''[[Diceroprocta apache]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ [[Evaporative cooling|ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] (evaporative cooling) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[Sweating|ᱩᱫᱜᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ {{convert|39|C|F|0}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱟᱢ ([[tergum]]) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[Xylem|ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ]] (xylem sap) ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱕ °C ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hadley |first1=Neil F. |last2=Quinlan |first2=Michael C. |last3=Kennedy |first3=Michael L. |date=1991 |title=Evaporative cooling in the desert cicada: thermal efficiency and water/metabolic costs |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=269–283 |doi=10.1242/jeb.159.1.269 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Toolson |first=Eric C. |title=Water Profligacy as an Adaptation to Hot Deserts: Water Loss Rates and Evaporative Cooling in the Sonoran Desert Cicada, Diceroprocta apache |journal=Physiological Zoology |volume=60 |issue=4 |year=1987 |pages=379–385 |doi=10.1086/physzool.60.4.30157899 |s2cid=87904484 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''Magicicada tredecem'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toolson |first1=Eric C. |last2=Toolson |first2=Elizabeth K. |title=Evaporative cooling and endothermy in the 13-year periodical cicada, Magicicada tredecem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology-b-biochemical_1991-03_161_1/page/109 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |year=1991 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=109–115 |doi=10.1007/BF00258754 |s2cid=23530728 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒ °C (᱔᱐ °F) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sanborn et al 2003"/> === ᱨᱟᱹᱲ === [[File:EB1911 cicada tymbal structure.png|thumb|upright=1.1|ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ:<br />a, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨ-ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<br />b, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱰᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ]] (tymbals) ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<br />c, ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, [[Muscle|ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟ;<br />d, ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ;<br />e, ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ "ᱨᱟᱹᱲ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tymbal|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ]] (tymbal) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[Resilin|ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱞᱤᱱ]] (resilin) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (stridulation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱠᱥ (thorax) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱠᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ''[[Subpsaltria yangi]]'' ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱥᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Changqing |last2=Wei |first2=Cong |title=Intraspecific sexual mimicry for finding females in a cicada: males produce 'female sounds' to gain reproductive benefit |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_2015-04_102/page/69 |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=April 2015 |volume=102 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.013 |s2cid=53170339 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨ (membranous coverings) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ (resonant cavities) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Cuvier>{{cite book|author1=Cuvier, Georges |author2= Blyth, Edward |author3= Mudie, Robert |author4=Johnston, George| author5= Westwood, John Obadiah |author6= Carpenter, William Benjamin |title=The Animal Kingdom: Arranged After Its Organization, Forming a Natural History of Animals, and an Introduction to Comparative Anatomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPvRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA567 |year=1851 |publisher=W. S. Orr and Company |pages=567–570}}</ref> ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ ([[sound box]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ (membranes) ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱞᱤᱠ" (click) ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱞᱤ ([[Invertebrate trachea|tracheae]]) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ [[Resonating device|ᱨᱮᱡᱳᱱᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ([[Substrate (biology)|substrate]]) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (mating songs) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Milne" /> [[Tettigarctidae|ᱛᱮᱛᱤᱜᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱰ]] (ᱥᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱟᱱ) ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (communication) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claridge |first1=Michael F. |last2=Morgan |first2=John C. |last3=Moulds |first3=Maxwell S. |title=Substrate-transmitted acoustic signals of the primitive cicada, Tettigarcta crinita Distant (Hemiptera Cicadoidea, Tettigarctidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-natural-history_1999-12_33_12/page/1831 |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=December 1999 |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1831–1834 |doi=10.1080/002229399299752 |bibcode=1999JNatH..33.1831C }}</ref> {{Listen |filename=New_Zealand_cicada_song.ogg | title=''Amphipsalta zelandica'' ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | description=ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱱᱤᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱒᱐᱐᱖ | filename2=Tanna_japonensis_v01.ogg |title2=ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ | description2=''[[Tanna japonensis]]'' ᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ | filename3=Cicadas_in_Greece.ogg |title3=ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ | description3=ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, [[Ithaca (island)|ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱠᱟ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱘ | filename4=Cicada_calling_in_Irving,_TX_in_June_of_2012.ogg |title4=ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ 'Neotibicen superbus' ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | description4 =ᱨᱟᱹᱲ, ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱟᱥ, ᱒᱐᱑ canvas}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ''[[Fidicinini|Fidicina rana]]'' ᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ {{convert|29|C|F|0}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ (tymbal muscles) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Aidley | first1 =D. J. | last2=White | first2=D.C.S. |date=1969 | title=Mechanical properties of glycerinated fibres from the tymbal muscles of a Brazilian cicada |journal=[[Journal of Physiology]] |volume=205 |issue=1 |pages=179–192 |pmid=5347716 |pmc=1348633 | doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008959}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[Circadian rhythm|᱒᱔ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turpin |first1=Tom |title=Sound of Insect Music Ushers in Fall Season |url=https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=27 August 2015 |date=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920165622/https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2008/September/080911OSL.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[Poikilotherm|ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sanborn et al 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Villet |first2=Martin H. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Hot-blooded singers: endothermy facilitates crepuscular signaling in African platypleurine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Platypleura spp.) |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=July 2003 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=305–308 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0428-1 |pmid=12883772 |s2cid=9090814 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..305S }}</ref> ''[[Kanakia (cicada)|Kanakia gigas]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Froggattoides typicus]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ (tropical forests) ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boulard |first1=Michel |chapter=Acoustic Signals, Diversity and Behaviour of Cicadas (Cicadidae, Hemiptera) |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1201/9781420039337-31 |title=Insect Sounds and Communication |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-429-12200-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ewart |first1=A. |last2=Popple |first2=L. W. |title=Songs and calling behaviour of 'Froggattoides typicus' Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae), a nocturnally singing cicada |journal=The Australian Entomologist |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=December 2007 |pages=127–139 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.070734889311858 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=J. |last2=Aubin |first2=T. |title=Is microhabitat segregation between two cicada species (''Tibicina haematodes'' and ''Cicada orni'') due to calling song propagation constraints? |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=2003-07-01 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=322–326 |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0432-5 |pmid=12883776 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..322S |s2cid=25048233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sueur |first1=Jérôme |title=Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2002-03-01 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=379–394 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00030.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ''[[Okanagana|Okanagana pallidula]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[Okanagana vanduzeei|O. vanduzeei]]'' ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly |title=No acoustic benefit to subterranean calling in the cicada ''Okanagana pallidula'' Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae) |journal=Great Basin Naturalist |date=1995-10-31 |volume=55 |issue=4 |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol55/iss4/12/ }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱯᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[Tympanal organ|ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟ]] (tympanum) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢᱯᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒᱐ [[Sound#Sound Pressure Level|dB (SPL)]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="5050.co.za">{{cite web |date=2 June 2002 |title=Cicada noise |url=http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004162419/http://www.5050.co.za/inserts.asp?ID=3234 |archive-date=4 October 2006 |access-date=3 August 2011 |work=50/50 |location=[[New Zealand|NZ]]}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | last=Craig | first=Owen | publisher=[[ABC Science]] | place=[[Australia]] | date=2001-02-17 | title=Summer of singing cicadas | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/02/17/2822486.htm | access-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ "ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱪ (pitch) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="insecteducation">{{Cite web|work=Insect education |date=2008-09-09 |title=Arthropoda |url=http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |access-date=2009-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040007/http://www.insecteducation.com/tag/arthropoda |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱪ (pitch) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ/ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (distress call) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ-ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱴᱷᱟᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (courtship songs) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ (encounter calls) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱨᱩᱢᱩᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villet |first1=Martin H. |last2=Sanborn |first2=Allen F. |last3=Phillips |first3=Polly K. |title=Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_2003-08_81_8/page/1437 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=2003 |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=1437–1444 |doi=10.1139/z03-119 |bibcode=2003CaJZ...81.1437V }}</ref> ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ (entomologists) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=E. |last2=Price |first2=B. W. |last3 =Rycroft | first3=S. D. | last4= Villet |first4 = M. H. |date=2015 |title=Global Cicada Sound Collection I: Recordings from South Africa and Malawi by B. W. Price & M. H. Villet and harvesting of BioAcoustica data by GBIF |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=e5792 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.3.e5792|pmid=26379465 |pmc=4568402 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ === ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟẺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ Tettigarctidae ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᰰᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ([[Substrate (biology)|substrate]]) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱛᱨᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ([[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]]) ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮ {{Convert|6 - 24|in|cm|abbr=on}} ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ([[xylem]]) ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱡ-ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱳᱥᱳᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ([[instar]]) ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱲᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Resh/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ([[Ecdysis|molting]]), ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ([[exuviae]]) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=Grimaldi>{{cite book|author1=Grimaldi, David |author2=Engel, Michael S. |title=Evolution of the Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odQmAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-26877-7 |page=308}}</ref> ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒-᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱥ, ''[[Magicicada]]'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ "ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱰᱥ" (broods/ᱡᱷᱟᱸᱠ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (Brood XIII), ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱑Labels ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (Brood XIX) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=milman>{{cite news| last=Milman | first=Oliver | title=US braces for cicadas by the trillion as two broods of periodic insects coincide | newspaper=The Observer| date=7 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/07/cicada-geddon-brood-season-midwest-eastern}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱳ (cicada killer wasp) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ (praying mantis) ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book | last=Haga | first=Enoch | chapter=6. Eratosthenes goes bugs! | at=pp. 71–80, fig. 8, table 9 | title=Exploring Prime Numbers on Your PC and the Internet | publisher=Enoch Haga | year=1994–2007 | lccn=2007900755 | isbn=978-1-885794-24-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | last=Haga | first=Enoch | title=Sequence A161664, Safe periods for the emergence of cicada species on prime number cycles | url=https://oeis.org/A161664 | editor-first=NJA | editor-last=Sloane | encyclopedia=The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences | year=2009}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7petalJade.jpg | format=[[JPEG]] | type=image | title=Scanjet image of 7-petal flower from Jade plant approximately 25 years or more years old in Livermore, California |publisher= Wikimedia | access-date=20 September 2009 }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ (ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱘ canvas (᱕ × ᱑᱗) ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱡᱽ (non-prime) ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=dijusto>{{citation |last=Di Justo | first=Patrick | title=The Cicada's Love Affair With Prime Numbers | magazine=The New Yorker | date=13 May 2013 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-cicadas-love-affair-with-prime-numbers}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (hypothesis) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (ice ages) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ (hybridized), ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ [[prime number|ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshimura, J. |year=1997|title= The Evolutionary Origins of Periodical Cicadas During Ice Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1997-01_149_1/page/112 |journal= The American Naturalist|volume= 149|issue=1|pages= 112–124|doi=10.1086/285981|bibcode=1997ANat..149..112Y |s2cid=84915706}}</ref> ᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱰᱣᱮᱥᱴᱚᱨᱱ (midwestern) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱒᱒᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (᱑᱓ × ᱑᱗) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱐᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=milman/> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" > File:Emerging cicada.jpg|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ File:Cicada Close-Up.jpg|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ File:Cicada skin.jpg|ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ File:Cicada_exuviae_clinging_to_a_leaf.jpg|alt=An empty cicada skin captured in June 2024 in Rab Croatia|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ </gallery> === ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ (nymphs) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[oak|ᱳᱠ]], [[cypress|ᱥᱟᱭᱯᱨᱮᱥ]], [[willow|ᱩᱭᱞᱳ]], [[Fraxinus|ᱮᱥ]] ᱟᱨ [[maple|ᱢᱮᱯᱞ]] ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ (xylem) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Elliott, Lang, and Wil Hershberger. (2007). ''The Songs of Insects''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 184–185. {{ISBN|0618663975}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://insects.about.com/od/truebugs/p/percicadas.htm |title=Periodical Cicadas - Genus Magicicada |access-date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=21 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921220226/http://insects.about.com/od/truebugs/p/percicadas.htm }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ-ᱴᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ (excrete) ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-pee/ | title=Do cicadas pee? | date=28 June 2015 }}</ref> ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱴ (jet) ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱳᱣᱟᱧᱩ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ (mammals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/11/science/cicadas-pee-stream.html |title=When Cicadas Emerge, Things Might Get a Little Wet |work=The New York Times |date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Challita, E. J., & Bhamla, M. S. |date=2024 |title=Unifying fluidic excretion across life from cicadas to elephants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=121 |issue=13 |article-number=e2317878121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2317878121|pmid=38466877 |pmc=10990113 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12117878C }}</ref> === ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ (Locomotion) === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱣᱪᱮᱱᱳᱨᱦᱤᱱᱪᱷᱟ (Auchenorrhyncha) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱ (saltation) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burrows |first1=M. |title=Jumping mechanisms of treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae) |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=March 2013 |volume= 216|issue=5|pages=788–799 |doi=10.1242/jeb.078741 |pmid=23155084|doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾<ref name=Resh/> == ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=auto17> {{Cite web| url = https://www.aswangproject.com/formation-of-the-world-kapampangan-mythology/ | title = Formation of the World, Kapampangan Mythology | website = Aswang Project | date = 12 September 2017 }}</ref> }} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{cite book |last=Clausen |first=Lucy W. |date=1954 |title=Insect Fact and Folklore |publisher=Macmillan|oclc= |isbn= }} {{ISBN?}} * {{cite web |author=Egan, Rory B. |date=1994 |url=http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html |title=Cicada in Ancient Greece |access-date=28 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080531/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_ancgrcult.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Hoppensteadt | first1=Frank C | first2=Joseph B | last2=Keller | year=1976 | title=Synchronization of periodical cicada emergences | url=http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=194 | issue=4262 | pages=335–337 | bibcode=1976Sci...194..335H | doi=10.1126/science.987617 | pmid=987617 | access-date=3 August 2011 | archive-date=9 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109010853/http://www.math.pitt.edu/~bard/classes/mth3380/cicada_hi.pdf }} * {{cite web |last=Main |first=Douglas |title=Trillions of cicadas are coming to the U.S. Here's why that's a good thing. |date=3 May 2021 |website=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503173228/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/brood-x-cicadas-actually-good-fear-not|archive-date=3 May 2021}} * {{cite book | last=Myers |first=JG | year=1929 | title=Insect Singers: A Natural History of the Cicadas | publisher=Routledge|oclc= }}{{ISBN?}} * {{cite web | last=Ramel | first=Gordon | year=2005 | title=The Singing Cicadas | url=http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html | access-date=31 January 2007 | publisher=Earth Life | archive-date=10 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210194613/http://www.earthlife.net/insects/cicadidae.html | url-status=dead }} * {{cite book | last=Riegel | first=Garland | title=Cicada in Chinese Folklore | series=Melsheimer Entomological Series | issue=3rd | year=1994 | publisher=Bug bios | url=http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html | access-date=28 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110080636/http://www.bugbios.com/ced3/cicada_chfolk.html | archive-date=10 November 2006 }} * {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Annette | title=The Reed Handbook of Common New Zealand Insects | publisher=Reed | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-7900-0718-2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Cicadoidea}} {{Wikispecies|cicadidae}} {{wiktionary}} * [https://www.cicadamania.com/ Cicada Mania] – ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ * [http://www.masscic.org/ ''Massachusetts Cicadas''] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞ-ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ, ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ, ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ * [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cicadas-climb-trees-shadows To climb trees, cicadas look to the shadows] (ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱳᱴᱳᱴᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ (skototaxis) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱳᱠᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ [[Science News]], ᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒0᱒᱖ * [https://cicadas.uconn.edu/ Cicadas.uconn.edu/ Brood mapping project] – ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱭ ᱟ * [http://www.insectsingers.com/100th_meridian_cicadas/index.html ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ] * [https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bugs/cicadas.htm ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨᱤᱰᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ''Neocicada hieroglyphica'', ''Tibicen'', ''Diceroprocta'' ᱟᱨ ''Melampsalta'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ] [[University of Florida]]/[[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] ᱟᱜ ''Featured Creatures'' ᱨᱮ * [http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html Greater Cincinnati Cicada Information & Teaching Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416023248/http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/Site/Cicada_home.html |date=16 April 2013 }} – College of Mt Saint Joseph ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ * [https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/digital/metcalf/index.html ᱰᱨ. ᱢᱮᱴᱠᱟᱞᱯᱷ (DrMetcalf): ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ-ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱜ (leafhoppers), ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱦᱳᱯᱟᱨ, ᱥᱯᱤᱴᱚᱞᱵᱚᱜᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱞᱟᱰᱟᱜ (treehoppers) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ] {{Hemiptera|1}} {{Insects in culture}} {{Cicada Broods}} {{Meat}} {{Authority control}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1947892}} [[Category:ᱨᱮᱨᱮᱧ| ]] [[Category:Cicadomorpha]] [[Category:ᱡᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[Category:Extant Late Triassic first appearances]] [[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]] i8aaq0b3n42vbb96bpcik3z4ds70oto 0 35915 196418 192405 2026-08-12T04:42:22Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱐᱓–᱑᱙᱔᱐)}} {{Infobox person | name = ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ | image = Taghierani.jpg | native_name = تقی ارانی | native_name_lang = fa | birth_date = {{birth date|1903|09|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|02|04|1903|09|05|df=y}} | death_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ]] | occupation = ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ, ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ | criminal_charge = ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ }} '''ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|تقی ارانی}}; ᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ – ᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱐), ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ-ᱣᱤᱝ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' (''ᱫᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ'') ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd2Zr9Ilw8C|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|year=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199732159|page=352}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="mrg90">{{cite journal |author=M. Reza Ghods |date=October 1990 |title=The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_1990-10_26_4/page/508 |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]] |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=508 |jstor=4283395}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨ ᱩᱞ-ᱯᱷᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱳᱴᱮᱱᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱦᱳᱪᱥᱩᱞᱮ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ''ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ, ᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱷᱴᱤ-ᱛᱷᱨᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱚᱯᱷᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Afshari|first=Reza |title=Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran (review)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2002-02_24_1/page/290|journal=[[Human Rights Quarterly]]|year=2002|volume=24 |issue=1|pages=290–297|doi=10.1353/hrq.2002.0001|s2cid=145509961|issn=1085-794X}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ (ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ) ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarmayeh.net/ShowNews.php?43667|title=Sarmayeh.net - سرمایه Resources and Information|access-date=15 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054633/http://www.sarmayeh.net/ShowNews.php?43667|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author=Michael Pye|title=In the belly of the bear?: Soviet-Iranian relations during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9501|location=[[University of St Andrews]]|page=65|degree=PhD|date=2015}}</ref> [[File:Illustration of Taghi Arani trial by Samila.jpg|thumb|ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱫᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱯᱷᱴᱤ-ᱛᱷᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱫᱮᱦ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web |website=www.iranchamber.com |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/tudeh/tudeh_party01.php |title=History of Iran: History of the Tudeh Party of Iran |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427021202/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/tudeh/tudeh_party01.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghods|first=M. Reza |year=1990|title=The Iranian Communist Movement under Reza Shah|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_1990-10_26_4/page/506|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=26 |issue=4|pages=506–513|doi=10.1080/00263209008700833|jstor=4283395|issn=0026-3206}}</ref> == ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ<ref name=aliman>{{cite thesis|author=Ali Massoud Ansari|title=Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the myth of imperial authority|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1951728471|isbn=978-0-355-37592-3|id={{ProQuest|1951728471}}|location=SOAS, University of London|page=63|degree=PhD|year=1998}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱱ-ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨᱵᱟᱭᱡᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmadi|first1=Hamid|editor1-last=Kamrava|editor1-first=Mehran|title=The Great Game in West Asia: Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190869663|pages=297-298 (note 102)|chapter=The Clash of Nationalisms: Iranian response to Baku's irredentism}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=aliman/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Abrahamian|first=E.|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|last2=Alavi|first2=B.|title=ARĀNĪ, TAQĪ|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arani-taqi|volume=2|fascicle=3|pages=263-265}} * {{citation|first=Younes|last=Jalali|title=Taghi Erani, a Polymath in Interwar Berlin: Fundamental Science, Psychology, Orientalism, and Political Philosophy|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-97837-6|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97837-6|s2cid=189356398}} * {{cite book|last1=Mirsepassi|first1=Ali|title=The Discovery of Iran: Taghi Arani, a Radical Cosmopolitan|year=2021|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1503629141}} * {{cite journal |last1=Saffari |first1=Siavash |title=Taqi Erāni, Bizhan Jazani, and a Marxian Framework for the Critique of Religion in Twentieth Century Iranian Political Thought |journal=Iranian Studies |year=2021 |volume=54 |issue=5–6 |pages=859–877 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1855970|s2cid=234069935 }} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *{{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (ᱦᱚᱲ)]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱦᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱮᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] r0v8vgc37bsf3s2ezby9sv7qeyeq780 0 35968 196405 191997 2026-08-12T04:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱒᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱒)}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Hassan Nazih.jpg | caption = ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ | office = [[ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ | term_start = ᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | term_end = ᱒᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ | prime_minister = [[ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱ]] | predecessor = [[ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] | successor = | birth_date = ᱑᱙᱒᱑ | birth_place = [[ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ]], [[ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ {{death year and age|2012|1921}} | death_place = [[ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | occupation = ᱩᱠᱤᱞ | party = [[ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] (᱑᱙᱖᱑–᱑᱙᱗᱙)<ref name=Chehabi1990/> }} '''ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ''' ({{langx|fa|حسن نزیه}}; ᱑᱙᱒᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Chehabi1990/><ref name=sahimimuham18sep>{{cite news|author=Muhammad Sahimi|title=Hassan Nazih, opponent of Shah and Khomeini, dies|access-date=15 February 2013|work=PBS|date=18 September 2012 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/09/news-atom-chief-slams-iaea-reports-sabotage-khamenei-im-no-stalin.html}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95>{{cite journal|author=Nazie Isfahani|title=An Iranian Party in Exile: Is It a Realistic Hope?|journal=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=September 1995|volume=XI|issue=3|page=67 |url=https://www.wrmea.org/1995-september/an-iranian-party-in-exile-is-it-a-realistic-hope.html}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95/> == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱫᱽᱫᱮᱜᱽ ᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Chehabi1990>{{cite book|author-link=Houchang Chehabi|author=Houchang Chehabi|title=Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&pg=PA129|year=1990|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-198-5|location=Ithaca, NY |pages=87,129}}</ref><ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95/> ᱑᱙۷᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱮᱜᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |author=Muhammad Sahimi|title=The Nationalist-Religious Movement Part 2: The Revolutionary Era|access-date=15 February 2013|work=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/03/the-nationalist-religious-movement-part-2-the-revolutionary-era.html|date=31 March 2012}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ali Gheissari|author2=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr|title=Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url-access=registration|year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyiniranh00ghei|isbn=978-0-19-804087-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/democracyiniranh00ghei/page/67 67]|location=Oxford}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱮᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱗ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ NIOC ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Leftist foes warned by Khomeini|date=17 February 1979|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3eAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LFkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5217,1728286&dq=hassan+nazih&hl=en}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran Unleashes Might on Kurds|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=2 September 1979|agency=UPI|location=Tehran|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iuoeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IlwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6542,221594&dq=mostafa+chamran&hl=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=nikaz80>{{cite journal|author=Nicholas M. Nikazmerad|title=A Chronological Survey of the Iranian Revolution|journal=Iranian Studies|year=1980|volume=13|issue=1/4|pages=327–368 |jstor=4310346|doi=10.1080/00210868008701575}}</ref> ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱢᱳᱯᱷᱟᱛᱛᱮᱦ, ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤᱭ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=Sajid Rijvi|title=Directors of Iran's oil company resign|access-date=15 February 2013 |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=4 June 1979|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i01SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SHwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4422,3171000&dq=hassan+nazih&hl=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱭᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱨᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Fischer2003>{{cite book|author=Michael M. J. Fischer|title=Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC&pg=PA222|year=2003|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|location=Madison, WI|isbn=978-0-299-18473-5|page=222}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮ. ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eric Rouleau|title=Khomeini's Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_fall-1980_59_1/page/1|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|year=1980|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–20|jstor=20040651|doi=10.2307/20040651|author-link=Eric Rouleau}}</ref> ᱒᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ<ref name=nikaz80/><ref>{{cite news|title=Iran leader fires national oil firm head|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=29 September 1979|agency=AP|location=London |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UxSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b3wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6815,3494337&dq=hasan+nazih&hl=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱢᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Fischer2003/> ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱬᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Fischer2003/> ᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱳᱭᱤᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ NIOC ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Shaul Bakhash|title=The Politics of Oil and Revolution in Iran: A Staff Paper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytIm_6x4b78C&pg=PA13 |year=1982|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-1776-8|page=13|location=Washington, D.C.|author-link=Shaul Bakhash}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dilip Hiro|title=Iran Under the Ayatollahs|url=https://archive.org/details/iranunderayatoll0000hiro|url-access=registration |year=1987|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=978-0-7102-1123-1|location=London|author-link=Dilip Hiro|page=[https://archive.org/details/iranunderayatoll0000hiro/page/131 131]}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱤᱠᱤᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=Fischer2003/> == ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙۷᱙ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ,<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/><ref>{{cite news|title=Bani Sadr criticizes Khomeini for Iran's problems|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|access-date=15 February 2013|date=30 July 1981|agency=AP|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19810730&id=QTwaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UycEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6953,3865042|location=Paris}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱥᱨᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95/> ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=Chehabi1990/> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱳᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|author=Ehteshami Anous|isbn=978-0-415-10879-9|page=14|title=After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic|publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ_GC9O4Y1kC&pg=PA14|year=1995|location=London; New York}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱯᱨᱤᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱡᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=naz95/><ref>{{cite web|author=WM Millward |title=Commentary No. 63: Containing Iran|url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/iran/doctrine/com63e.htm|access-date=15 February 2013 |date=November 1995|publisher=Canadian Security Intelligence Service}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi|author2=Ali Mohammadi|jstor=3991849|title=Post-Revolutionary Iranian Exiles: A Study in Impotence|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|date=January 1987|volume=9|issue=1|pages=108–129|doi=10.1080/01436598708419964}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱡᱤᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱡᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=sahimimuham18sep/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *{{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱞᱡᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐-ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱫᱤ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ) ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱵᱽᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] cjjvqgyuo3sv6awi6p019zpb6azipt5 0 36059 196343 192962 2026-08-12T02:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ (᱑᱙᱒᱙–᱒᱐᱑᱙)}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Alinaghi Alikhani on BBC Persian (cropped).png | image_size = | caption = | office2 = ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | prime_minister2 = [[ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | term_start2 = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end2 = ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | office1 = ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ | prime_minister1 = {{ubl|[[ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] | [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ]] |[[ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ]]}} | predecessor1 = ''ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ'' | successor1 = [[ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] | term_start1 = ᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ | term_end1 = ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ | office = ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ | prime_minister = | predecessor = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱡᱽᱞᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ]] | successor = [[ᱦᱳᱣᱪᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱫᱤ]] | term_start = ᱑᱙᱖᱙ | term_end = ᱑᱙᱗᱑ | birth_date = ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ | birth_place = ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ, [[ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|6|25|1929|1|29|df=y}} | death_place = | resting_place = | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] | ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ}} | spouse = | parents = ᱟᱵᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ (ᱵᱟᱵᱟ) | children = ᱔ }} '''ᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱜᱷᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|علینقی عالیخانی}}&lrm;; ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ – ᱒᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ == ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ, ᱡᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08>{{cite book|author=Abbas Milani|year=2008 |title=Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC&pg=PA56 |volume=1-2|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-0907-0|location=Syracuse, NY|author-link=Abbas Milani}}</ref> ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ, ᱟᱵᱮᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ ᱯᱮᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name=opars>{{cite web|title=Iran Oral and Visual History Project Vol 4; Economic and Security: The Memoirs of Ali Naghi Alikhani|url=https://www.oparsbooks.com/product/iran-oral-and-visual-history-project-vol-4-economic-and-security-the-memoirs-of-ali-naghi-alikhani/|publisher=Opars Books|access-date=3 August 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616161230/https://www.oparsbooks.com/product/iran-oral-and-visual-history-project-vol-4-economic-and-security-the-memoirs-of-ali-naghi-alikhani/}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥᱮᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ (ᱞᱚ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱤᱡᱱᱮᱥ ᱮᱰᱢᱤᱱᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱮᱪᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/><ref name=ehsanee>{{cite thesis|author=Ehsanee Ian Sadr|title=To whisper in the king's ear: Economists in Pahlavi and Islamic Iran|id={{ProQuest|1432765052}}|location=[[University of Maryland, College Park]]|page=75 |degree=PhD|year=2013|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1432765052}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18/> ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> == ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ == [[File:Ghassem Rezai Mansoor.jpg|thumb|right|ᱟᱞᱤᱱᱟᱜᱷᱤ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ (ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ, ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱗ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱔ ᱨᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ|ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ]] ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ<ref name=grezaa/> ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱥᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/><ref name=ehsanee/> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱰ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=haru>{{cite web|title=Interview with Alikhani, Ali Naghi: Tape 07 |url=https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/iranian-oral-history-project/catalog/32-alikhani__ali-naghi07|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=3 August 2021|format=Project material}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18>{{cite book|author=Ramin Nassehi|editor=Roham Alvandi|title=The Age of Aryamer: Late Pahlavi Iran and Its Global Entanglements|publisher=Gingko|location=London|isbn=9781909942196|doi=10.2307/j.ctv7tq4nd.5|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv7tq4nd.5 |chapter=Domesticating Cold War Economic Ideas: The Rise of Iranian Developmentalism in the 1950s and 1960s|year=2018}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=ehsanee/> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱟᱫᱚᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronology September 16, 1962-March 15, 1963|journal=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=Winter–Spring 1963|volume=17|issue=1–2 |page=113|jstor=4323557}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱝᱜᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱯᱷᱟᱡᱳᱞᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=grezaa>{{cite book |author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-94216-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PA317|author-link=Gholam Reza Afkhami|page=317|location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=ra18/> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱥᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱜᱽᱨᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|title=Commercial Agreement between European Economic Community and the Imperial Government of Iran|journal=International Legal Materials|volume=3|issue=1|year=1964|doi=10.1017/s0020782900055911| pages=63–64}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱥᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱳᱵᱷᱮᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Chronology December 16, 1963 - March 15, 1964|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-1964_18_2/page/218|journal=The Middle East Journal |year=1964|volume=18|issue=2|page=218|jstor=4323704}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ, ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ, ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr>{{cite journal|author=Vali Nasr|title=Politics within the Late-Pahlavi State: The Ministry of Economy and Industrial Policy, 1963-69 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2000-02_32_1/page/105|volume=32|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|date=February 2000|issue=1|jstor=259537|doi=10.1017/S0020743800021061 |s2cid=154803890|pages=105, 108}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱤᱥᱛᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr/><ref name=chro69>{{cite journal|title=Chronology May 16, 1969-August 15, 1969|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-1969_23_4/page/512|journal=The Middle East Journal|year=1969|volume=23|issue=4|page=512|jstor=4324514 }}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=nasr/><ref name=chro69/> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱛᱤᱯᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱠᱠᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |page=193|year=2008|author=Fakhreddin Azimi|title=The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle against Authoritarian Rule|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, MA; London|isbn=978-0-674-02778-7|author-link=Fakhreddin Azimi}}</ref> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=haru/><ref name=mehr>{{cite book |author=Mehrzad Boroujerdi|editor=Ramin Jahanbegloo|title=Mapping the Role of Intellectuals in Iranian Modern and Contemporary History |year=2020|publisher=Lexington Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-7936-0007-3|editor-link=Ramin Jahanbegloo|page=120|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KgJEAAAQBAJ|chapter=Rethinking the Legacy of Intellectual-Statesmen in Iran}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=haru/><ref name=mehr/> ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱴᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=opars/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱥᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱯᱟᱦᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱞᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashraf Pahlavi|url=http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1419&img_cat=90&img_type=0|publisher=IICHS|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013707/http://www.iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1419&img_cat=90&img_type=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ === ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ''ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱭᱤ: ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ, ᱑᱙᱖᱘-᱗᱗'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱡᱽ'' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bahman Amini|title=Book review|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|issue=1 |date=January 1993|volume=29|jstor=4283547}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali Gheissari|title=Authorial Voices and the Sense of an Ending in Persian Diaries: Notes on Eʿtemād al-Saltaneh and ʿAlam|journal=Iranian Studies|year=2016|volume=49|issue=4|page=696|s2cid=163444354 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2016.1142285|author-link=Ali Gheissari}}</ref> == ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ == ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱟᱞᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=M08/> ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|author=Hamid Kayhan|work=[[BBC]] |title=علینقی عالیخانی، وزیر اقتصاد هویدا، علم و منصور درگذشت رادیو|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/business-48763000|access-date=3 August 2021 |language=fa|date=25 June 2019}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *{{Commons-inline}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ-ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] 6t7laxpmlmi3hocwff7ccx7k39sv5pj 0 36138 196350 192459 2026-08-12T02:27:37Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟᱦ (᱑᱙᱒᱖-᱒᱐᱑᱖)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[ᱥᱮᱭᱮᱫ]] | name = ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱠᱟᱨᱤᱢ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨᱫᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤ | honorific_suffix = | native_name = {{No bold|عبدالکریم موسوی اردبیلی}} | native_name_lang = fa | image = Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili 1981.jpg | caption = ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨᱫᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤ | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|1|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱵᱤᱞ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|11|23|1926|1|28|df=y}} | death_place = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ]] | resting_place = [[ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱤᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱢᱮᱦ ᱥᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ]], [[ᱠᱳᱢ]] | order = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ|ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ]] | appointer = [[ᱨᱩᱦᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ]] | term_start = ᱒᱘ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ | term_end = ᱑᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱙ | predecessor = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱵᱮᱦᱮᱥᱛᱤ]] | successor = [[ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱭᱟᱡᱽᱫᱤ]] | order1 = [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱴᱚᱨᱱᱤ-ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ|ᱟᱴᱚᱨᱱᱤ-ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ]] | term_start1 = ᱒᱓ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ | term_end1 = ᱒᱘ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ | appointer1 = [[ᱨᱩᱦᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ]] | predecessor1 = ᱯᱷᱟᱛᱷᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱟᱫᱨ | successor1 = ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ-ᱢᱮᱦᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱵᱽᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱢᱞᱟᱥᱤ | order2 = [[ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ|ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ]] | term_start2 = ᱑᱕ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ | term_end2 = ᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ | constituency2 = [[ᱛᱮᱦᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | party = [[ᱠᱳᱢ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ]] | other_party = [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] | alma_mater = [[ᱠᱳᱢ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ]] | occupation = | website = {{URL|http://www.ardebili.com/FA/Home/Index/|ardebili.com}} }} '''ᱟᱵᱽᱫᱳᱞᱠᱟᱨᱤᱢ ᱢᱳᱣᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨᱫᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤ''' ({{langx|fa|عبدالکریم موسوی اردبیلی}}, ᱒᱘ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ – ᱒᱓ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱖) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴ|ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤᱥᱴ]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱣᱮᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] [[ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] [[ᱢᱟᱨᱡᱟ']] ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ == ᱟᱨᱫᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟᱦ [[ᱨᱩᱦᱳᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ]] ᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ|ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ]] ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=jplaw>{{cite journal|last=Asayesh|first=Hossein|author2=Adlina Ab. Halim|author3=Jayum A. Jawan |author4=Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei|title=Political Party in Islamic Republic of Iran: A Review|journal=Journal of Politics and Law|date=March 2011|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.5539/jpl.v4n1p221 |url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jpl/article/view/9606/6898|access-date=29 July 2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱳᱢᱮᱭᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ [[ᱟᱵᱩᱞᱦᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱥᱟᱫᱨ]] ᱮ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱫᱮᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ|ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramazani |first=Rouhollah K. |date=Spring 1980 |title=Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-1980_34_2/page/181 |jstor=4326018 |journal=Middle East Journal |publisher=Middle East Institute |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924070-2,00.html ᱟᱭᱟᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ?], ''[[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ (ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ)|ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ]]'', ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨ, ᱒᱘ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱙᱒᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱜᱩᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱵᱤᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱣᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱮᱢᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ]] ev901h3b34q0nf5b8ynzsgx0n36z5ae 0 36219 196375 193195 2026-08-12T03:10:09Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ''' (Planetary Health) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ,<ref>Horton, Richard, and Selina Lo. "Planetary health: a new science for exceptional action." The Lancet 386.10007 (2015): 1921-1922.</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ" ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱠᱯᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ-ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028 | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱒᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Myers, S. and Frumkin, H., 2020. Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves. Island Press.</ref> == ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥᱴᱳᱱᱥ == ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱯᱴ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐-᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (WHO) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"<ref>Prescott, S.L. and Logan, A.C., 2019. Planetary health: from the wellspring of holistic medicine to personal and public health imperative. Explore, 15(2), pp.98-106.</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱞᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱠ '''"ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ"''' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱮᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱜᱮᱞᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: "ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱫᱮᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"<ref name=lancet>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X|title = Per Fugelli|journal = The Lancet|volume = 390|issue = 10107|page = 2032|year = 2017|last1 = Casassus|first1 = Barbara|doi-access = free}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ) ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱠᱩᱞᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱞᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ''ᱜᱟᱭᱟ: ᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱥᱤᱱ'' ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>Lovelock, James, and James E. Lovelock. "Gaia: The practical science of planetary medicine." (2000).</ref> === ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥᱴᱳᱱᱥ === ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ᱒᱐᱑᱔: ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ''ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱤᱯᱷᱮᱥᱴᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="thelancet.com">{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱑᱕-᱒᱐᱑᱗: ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱠᱯᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱥᱭᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}</ref> * ᱒᱐᱒᱑: ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱩᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱣᱟᱨᱠ' ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱰᱳᱢᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱣᱞᱳ ᱰᱮᱠᱞᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱒-᱒᱐᱒᱓: ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠᱦᱳᱞᱢ+᱕᱐ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱰᱮᱠᱞᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ * ᱒᱐᱒᱔: ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱳᱰᱢᱮᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ == ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱰᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱤᱠᱳᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ, ᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koplan|first1=Jeffrey P|last2=Bond|first2=T Christopher|last3=Merson|first3=Michael H|last4=Reddy|first4=K Srinath| last5=Rodriguez|first5=Mario Henry|last6=Sewankambo|first6=Nelson K|last7=Wasserheit|first7=Judith N|title=Towards a common definition of global health|journal=The Lancet| volume=373| issue=9679| pages=1993–1995| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60332-9|pmid=19493564| year=2009|pmc=9905260 |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.7968|s2cid=6919716}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Theodore M. |last2=Cueto| first2=Marcos| last3=Fee|first3=Elizabeth|date=2006-01-01|title=The World Health Organization and the Transition From "International" to "Global" Public Health|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2006-01_96_1/page/62|journal=American Journal of Public Health| volume=96| issue=1| pages=62–72|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831|pmid=16322464 |issn=0090-0036|pmc=1470434}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | doi=10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | title=Health beyond medicine. A planetary theory extension | date=2023 | last1=Roth | first1=Steffen | last2=Valentinov | first2=Vladislav | journal=Sociology of Health & Illness | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=331–345 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱯᱷ, ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱚᱱ, ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱤᱠᱳᱱᱚᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱭᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ "ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ – ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱵᱚᱞᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ᱾"<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2014 |title=Planetary Health - Economist Intelligence Unit |url=https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123031/https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |page=28 |access-date=2016-10-06 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱠᱯᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱛᱷ ᱨᱳᱰᱤᱱ, ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodin|first=Judith|title=Planetary Health: A New Discipline in Global Health|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|access-date=2016-10-06|date=2015-07-16|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419111111/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱭᱩᱨᱳ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱞᱮᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱰᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ"᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |last2=Oerther| first2=Sarah| last3=Peters|first3=Catherine A.| date=2024-01-18|title=Environmental Engineers Solve Problems of Planetary Health| journal=Environmental Engineering Science| volume=41| issue=1| pages=3-6|doi=10.1089/ees.2023.0301}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱳᱨᱴᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ (CUGH) ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱺᱫᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=CUGH |date=2024-09-05 |title=Planetary Health Learning Objectives (September 2024 Issue) |url=https://www.cugh.org/blog/planetary-health-learning-objectives-september-2024-issue/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Consortium of Universities for Global Health |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> CUGH ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱴᱩᱞᱠᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱱᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱳᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱣᱱᱴᱥᱤ ᱠᱞᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱹᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ," ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |date=2026-01-01|title=Hold Paramount the Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Public and the Planet| journal=Journal of Environmental Engineering| volume=152| issue=2|doi=10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8532}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ|2}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱥ] * [https://www.planetaryhealth.eu/ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱥ - ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱵᱽ]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/issue/current ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ] * ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ (KNAW) (᱒᱐᱒᱓). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ] == ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ == * ᱣᱦᱤᱴᱢᱤ, ᱮᱥ., ᱦᱮᱱᱥ, ᱮ., ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱟᱨ, ᱥᱤ., ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. ᱒᱐᱑᱕. ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱳᱯᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱮᱯᱳᱪ: ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱨᱚᱠᱯᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ–ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ. ᱓᱘᱖:᱑᱐᱐᱐᱗, ᱯᱤ᱑᱙᱗᱓-᱒᱐᱒᱘. ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 * ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱨᱥ, ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱢᱠᱤᱱ, ᱮᱪ., ᱒᱐᱒᱐. ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱱᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥᱮᱞᱵᱷᱥ. ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ. * ᱦᱮᱱᱥ, ᱮ. ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱢᱠᱤᱱ, ᱮᱪ., ᱒᱐᱒᱑. ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱥᱮᱯᱷᱜᱟᱨᱰᱤᱝ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱚᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱤᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱳᱯᱳᱥᱤᱱ. ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ. * ᱨᱳᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ (᱒᱐᱒᱓). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ] * ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱮᱱᱥ, ᱯᱤ. (᱒᱐᱒᱓). [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/136713009/Inaugural%20Speech%20Pim%20Martens.pdf ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱫᱟ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱪᱟᱨ]. ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱪᱴ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ. * ᱠᱳᱜᱞᱟᱱ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ.: [https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s42522-021-00053-8 ᱮ ᱵᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱳᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱮᱞ ᱴᱩ ᱚᱯᱴᱤᱢᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱚᱞ] ᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱞᱩᱠ, ᱒᱐᱒᱑. * ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱦᱳᱨᱴᱚᱱ [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32843-X/fulltext?elsca1=etoc ᱚᱯᱷᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ: ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷᱥ ᱱᱮᱠᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ—ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ] ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱱᱥᱮᱴ, ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱓᱙᱐, ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱐᱑᱐᱘, ᱯᱤ᱒᱑᱓᱒, ᱑᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗. [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] iyvs8tv5ylga8rtpmhq5rcvdvgrsdin 0 36225 196423 193204 2026-08-12T04:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ}} '''ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ-ᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ᱾<ref name=":1">United Nations General Assembly (1987) .[https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf ''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331195909/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf |date=2022-03-31 }}. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment.</ref><ref name=":72">{{cite web |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=20 March 1987 |title=''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future''; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1 |url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm |access-date=1 March 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robert |first1=Kates W. |last2=Parris |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Leiserowitz |first3=Anthony A. |title=What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment_2005-04_47_3/page/n8 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |date=2005 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=8–21 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444|bibcode=2005ESPSD..47c...8R |s2cid=154882898 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mensah |first1=Justice |title=Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=1653531 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ|ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]], [[ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ]] (ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱷᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ (sustainability) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:Normativity|ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Purvis">{{Cite journal |last1=Purvis |first1=Ben |last2=Mao |first2=Yong |last3=Robinson |first3=Darren |date=2019 |title=Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins |journal=Sustainability Science |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=681–695 |bibcode=2019SuSc...14..681P |doi=10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> [[ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ: "'ᱴᱣᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ' ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ 'ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ' ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟᱭ᱾"<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-03 |title=Sustainable Development |url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development/what-is-esd/sd |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref> ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ [[ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥ' (Rio Process) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ]] (SDGs) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Yunita |first1=Abbie |last2=Biermann |first2=Frank |last3=Kim |first3=Rakhyun E. |last4=Vijge |first4=Marjanneke J. |date=2022 |title=The (anti-)politics of policy coherence for sustainable development in the Netherlands: Logic, method, effects |journal=Geoforum |language=en |volume=128 |pages=92–102 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.12.002 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱤ]] (UNGA) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱚᱨᱮᱡ]], [[ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ]], [[ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱰᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱫ|ᱡᱤᱣᱤ-ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ]], ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[:en:oxymoron|ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱷᱟᱥ]] (ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=James H. |date=2015 |title=The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1027–1029 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biv117 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Colin C |last2=Millington |first2=Andrew C |date=2004 |title=The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=99–104 |bibcode=2004GeogJ.170...99W |doi=10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x |s2cid=143181802}}</ref> ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ (digitalization) ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱴᱤᱞ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱭᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ) ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ajay Kumar |last2=Jyoti |first2=Bhim |date=2023 |title=Impact of Digitalization on Global Sustainable Development Across Countries |journal=Green and Low-Carbon Economy |doi=10.26599/GLCE.2023.9030000 |doi-broken-date=30 November 2025 |url=https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/GLCE/article/view/1482 |access-date=October 30, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}} ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱯᱟᱥᱴᱚᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ (research) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Filho | first1 = WL | last2 = Wall | first2 = T | last3 = Salvia | first3 = AL | last4 = Dinis | first4 = MAP | last5 = Mifsud | first5 = M | title = The central role of climate action in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals | journal = Sci Rep | year = 2023 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | page = 20582 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-023-47746-w | pmid = 37996539 | pmc = 10667514 | bibcode = 2023NatSR..1320582F }}</ref> ==ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ== ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[:en:World Commission on Environment and Development|World Commission on Environment and Development]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''Our Common Future'' (ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ)᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ "ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (definition) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keeble |first1=Brian R. |title=The Brundtland report: 'Our common future' |journal=Medicine and War |date=1988 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=17–25 |doi=10.1080/07488008808408783}}</ref> {{Blockquote|ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * 'ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨ * ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ (ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾|author=[[World Commission on Environment and Development]]|source=''[[Our Common Future]]'' (1987)}}ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ|ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ]], [[ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ|ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ-ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ (market-driven) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱣᱦᱟᱱ, ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ-ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ (discourses) ᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=":6" /> == ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ == == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ == == ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ == == ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ == == ᱦᱚᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ == == ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == == ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ == == ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == 1jvscjek9vcc7fokwaoof184x8dyqsw 0 36260 196381 193073 2026-08-12T03:20:06Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196381 wikitext text/x-wiki ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱜᱮᱴ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ|ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ-ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ''ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤᱣᱴᱤᱠᱥ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lin |last2=Yang |first2=Zeyong |last3=Liu |first3=Henry |date=2023-02-17 |title=Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Where Are We Now in 2023? |journal=Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=396 |doi=10.3390/medicina59020396 |issn=1648-9144 |pmc=9962799 |pmid=36837597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ, ᱦᱤᱢᱳᱜᱽᱞᱳᱵᱤᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Citation |title=4 - Ventilation, Blood Flow, and Gas Exchange |date=2016 |work=Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |pages=58–59 |editor-last=Broaddus |editor-first=V. Courtney |editor-last2=Mason |editor-first2=Robert J. |editor-last3=Ernst |editor-first3=Joel D. |editor-last4=King, Jr. |editor-first4=Talmadge E. |editor-last5=Lazarus |editor-first5=Stephen C. |editor-last6=Murray |editor-first6=John F. |editor-last7=Nadel |editor-first7=Jay A. |editor-last8=Slutsky |editor-first8=Arthur S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hux1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |access-date=2025-09-09 |archive-url= |edition=6th |place=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5}}</ref> ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ-ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱦᱤᱢᱳᱜᱽᱞᱳᱵᱤᱱ-ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ (HBOC) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱯᱷᱞᱩᱨᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ-ᱵᱮᱥᱴ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henkel-Honke |first1=T. |last2=Oleck |first2=M. |year=2007 |title=Artificial oxygen carriers: A current review |url=http://www.aana.com/newsandjournal/Documents/henkelhanke205-211.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=AANA Journal |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=205–11 |pmid=17591302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185434/http://www.aana.com/newsandjournal/Documents/henkelhanke205-211.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-02-09}}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤᱣᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱡᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱜᱚᱡ ᱜᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱳᱞᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Boulton |first1=FE |date=December 2013 |title=Blood transfusion; additional historical aspects. Part 1. The birth of transfusion immunology. |journal=Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England) |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=375–81 |doi=10.1111/tme.12075 |pmid=24003949 |s2cid=9038280}}</ref> ᱑᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=S. |year=2008 |title=Artificial Blood |journal=Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=140–44 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.43685 |pmc=2738310 |pmid=19742251 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ,<ref name="pmid10749843">{{cite journal |last1=Lahiri |first1=S |date=April 2000 |title=Historical perspectives of cellular oxygen sensing and responses to hypoxia. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2000-04_88_4/page/1467 |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=1467–73 |doi=10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1467 |pmid=10749843 |s2cid=18810282}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥᱴᱮᱭᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱠᱚᱞᱯᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘᱗᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberman |first=H. A. |date=1969 |title=Early History of Blood Substitutes: Transfusion of Milk |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1537-2995.1969.tb04920.x |journal=Transfusion |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=74–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1537-2995.1969.tb04920.x |pmid=4886198 |issn=1537-2995|hdl=2027.42/74609 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zaleski |first=Andrew |date=July 5, 2024 |title=There will be blood |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr4067 |access-date=2025-09-09 |journal=Science |volume=385 |issue=6704 |pages=16–20 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.adr4067 |pmid=38963853 |bibcode=2024Sci...385...16Z |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪᱹᱟᱭᱹᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰ ᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="pmid11834811">{{cite journal |author=Squires JE |year=2002 |title=Artificial blood |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-02-08_295_5557/page/1002 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=295 |issue=5557 |pages=1002–05 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1002S |doi=10.1126/science.1068443 |pmid=11834811 |s2cid=35381400}}</ref><ref name="pmid9971869">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodnough LT, Brecher ME, Kanter MH, AuBuchon JP |year=1999 |title=Transfusion medicine. First of two parts – blood transfusion |journal=[[N. Engl. J. Med.]] |volume=340 |issue=6 |pages=438–47 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199902113400606 |pmid=9971869}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱢᱚᱱᱠᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Alayash2017">{{cite journal |last1=Alayash |first1=AI |date=4 January 2017 |title=Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitutes and the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease: More Harm than Help? |journal=Biomolecules |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.3390/biom7010002 |pmc=5372714 |pmid=28054978 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, DARPA ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Hanna |date=4 February 2023|title=DARPA puts $46.4M toward synthetic blood development |url=https://www.ems1.com/research/articles/darpa-puts-464m-toward-synthetic-blood-development-9Lh6u4pBF3sV3tud/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=EMS1 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist|35em}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial-blood3.htm ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ] [[HowStuffWorks]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱷᱤᱣᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ]] 8nzabjyljik6k1ndv8xwbe2il6hbe0y 0 36299 196414 194593 2026-08-12T04:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | education = ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱡᱚᱱᱥ ᱦᱚᱯᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱪ.-ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱡᱚᱱᱥ ᱦᱚᱯᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱰᱤ. | occupation = ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ. ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱱ | known_for = ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ./ᱮᱰᱥ }} '''ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷ ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱤᱱᱟ (ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ.) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱞᱤᱝᱥ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱭᱩᱠ-ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱳᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Suzanne Maman, PhD |url=https://sph.unc.edu/adv_profile/suzanne-maman-phd/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ./ᱮᱰᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Suzanne-Maman-10057030|title=Suzanne Maman's research works | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC (UNC) and other places}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to HIV self-tests in Kenya |url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/access-hiv-self-tests-kenya |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Penn Today |date=30 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ == ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱪᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ - ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱥ ᱦᱚᱯᱠᱤᱱᱥ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱞᱩᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱪ.-ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱰᱤ. ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱤᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ-ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱴᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱵᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ == ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱤᱢᱮᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱳᱞᱮᱱᱥ (ᱡᱩᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ./ᱮᱰᱥ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suzanne Maman, PhD |url=https://globalhealth.unc.edu/directory/suzanne-maman-phd-2/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925010117/https://globalhealth.unc.edu/directory/suzanne-maman-phd-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (WHO), ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱨᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ (CDC), ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (U.S.) ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Suzanne Maman {{!}} |url=https://rotarypeacecenternc.org/team-member/suzanne-maman/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=rotarypeacecenternc.org |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925150808/https://rotarypeacecenternc.org/team-member/suzanne-maman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱩᱞᱩ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱰᱳᱢᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱴᱩᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱣᱟᱡᱩᱞᱩ-ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maman |first=Suzanne |date=2012-09-10 |others=University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), University of KwaZulu |title=Efficacy of HIV Posttest Support for ANC in South Africa |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01683461}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱸᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ WHO ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ-ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱞᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ == * ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ./ᱮᱰᱥ-ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ: ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ./ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱱᱮᱜᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Genberg |first1=Becky L. |last2=Hlavka |first2=Zdenek |last3=Konda |first3=Kelika A. |last4=Maman |first4=Suzanne |last5=Chariyalertsak |first5=Suwat |last6=Chingono |first6=Alfred |last7=Mbwambo |first7=Jessie |last8=Modiba |first8=Precious |last9=Van Rooyen |first9=Heidi |last10=Celentano |first10=David D. |date=June 2009 |title=A comparison of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: Negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=2279–2287 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.005 |issn=0277-9536 |pmc=4029331 |pmid=19427086}}</ref> * ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱥᱮᱨᱳᱥᱴᱮᱴᱟᱥ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ: ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱾<ref name="z414">{{cite journal | last1=A | first1=Medley | last2=C | first2=Garcia-Moreno | last3=S | first3=McGill | last4=S | first4=Maman | title=Rates, barriers and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries: implications for prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes | journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization | date=2004 | publisher=Bull World Health Organ | volume=82 | issue=4 | pages=299–307 | issn=0042-9686 | pmid=15259260 | pmc=2585956 | url=https://www.scielosp.org/article/ssm/content/raw/?resource_ssm_path=/media/assets/bwho/v82n4/v82n4a13.pdf | access-date=2024-07-13 }}</ref> * ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.-ᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱱᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴᱟ: ᱫᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱛᱟᱸᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maman |first1=Suzanne |last2=Mbwambo |first2=Jessie K. |last3=Hogan |first3=Nora M. |last4=Kilonzo |first4=Gad P. |last5=Campbell |first5=Jacquelyn C. |last6=Weiss |first6=Ellen |last7=Sweat |first7=Michael D. |date=August 2002 |title=HIV-Positive Women Report More Lifetime Partner Violence: Findings From a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2002-08_92_8/page/1331 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=1331–1337 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.8.1331 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1447239 |pmid=12144993}}</ref> * ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.-᱑ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ: ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.-᱑ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maman |first1=S. |last2=Mbwambo |first2=J. |last3=Hogan |first3=N. M. |last4=Kilonzo |first4=G. P. |last5=Sweat |first5=M. |date=2001-10-01 |title=Women's barriers to HIV-1 testing and disclosure: Challenges for HIV-1 voluntary counselling and testing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120120063223 |journal=AIDS Care |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=595–603 |doi=10.1080/09540120120063223 |issn=0954-0121 |pmid=11571006|s2cid=29606656 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.-ᱱᱮᱜᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱦᱚᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thirumurthy |first1=Harsha |last2=Masters |first2=Samuel H |last3=Mavedzenge |first3=Sue Napierala |last4=Maman |first4=Suzanne |last5=Omanga |first5=Eunice |last6=Agot |first6=Kawango |date=2016-06-01 |title=Promoting male partner HIV testing and safer sexual decision making through secondary distribution of self-tests by HIV-negative female sex workers and women receiving antenatal and post-partum care in Kenya: a cohort study |journal=The Lancet HIV |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=e266–e274 |doi=10.1016/S2352-3018(16)00041-2 |pmid=27240789 |pmc=5488644 |issn=2352-3018}}</ref> * ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.-ᱥᱮᱨᱳᱥᱴᱮᱴᱟᱥ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ: ᱫᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱛᱟᱸᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maman |first1=Suzanne |last2=Mbwambo |first2=Jessie K. |last3=Hogan |first3=Nora M. |last4=Weiss |first4=Ellen |last5=Kilonzo |first5=Gad P. |last6=Sweat |first6=Michael D. |date=2003 |title=High rates and positive outcomes of HIV-serostatus disclosure to sexual partners: reasons for cautious optimism from a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=373–382 |doi=10.1023/b:aibe.0000004729.89102.d4 |issn=1090-7165 |pmid=14707534|s2cid=19440034 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|*]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱟᱞᱩᱢᱱᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ]] aebe9y2tg6pciq0wf8hij7vrt43c3ck 0 36300 196397 193267 2026-08-12T03:53:07Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ''' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱬᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm |title=Bamako Initiative |accessdate=2006-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm |archivedate=2006-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱤᱣᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ, ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱤ. ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Chetley book">{{cite book |last1=Chetley |first1=Andrew |title= A Healthy Business?: World Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry|date=1990 |isbn=978-0862327354 |pages=126–132 |edition=1st }}</ref> ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱚᱱ (᱑᱙᱙᱐; ᱕: ᱑᱘᱖-᱑᱘᱙)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hardon A |title=Ten best readings in … the Bamako Initiative |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-policy-and-planning_1990-06_5_2/page/186 |journal=Health Policy Plan. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=186–9 |year=1990 |doi=10.1093/heapol/5.2.186 |doi-access= }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ: {{quote|text=ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ / ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (WHO/UNICEF) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱘৭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ WHO ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱡᱟᱥᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: * ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ * ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ * ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ * ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱚᱞᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱰᱨᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾}} == ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/inf-new/child6.htm |title=Bamako Initiative revitalizes primary health care in Benin |accessdate=2006-12-28 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070106133809/http://www.who.int/inf-new/child6.htm| archivedate= 6 January 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref> == ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱾{{R|Chetley book|p=127}} ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱳ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{R|Chetley book|p=128}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references/> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == * [http://www.unicef.org/media/media_11991.html ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ - ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ] *{{cite journal |vauthors=Knippenberg R, Alihonou E, Soucat A |title=Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea |journal=Int J Health Plann Manage |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 1|pages=S29–47 |date=June 1997 |pmid=10173105 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199706)12:1+S29::AID-HPM4653.0.CO;2-U|display-authors=etal}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211344/http://www.medicusmundi.ch/mms/services/bulletin/bulletin200201/kap01/07kuechler.html ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060304214721/http://tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/Footsteps+31-40/Footsteps+37/Providnig+essential+drugs.htm ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ — ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱤᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ] *{{cite journal |vauthors=Uzochukwu BS, Onwujekwe OE, Akpala CO |title=Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria |journal=Health Policy Plan |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=378–83 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12424209 |doi=10.1093/heapol/17.4.378 |doi-access=free }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱵᱟᱢᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱑᱙᱘᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ: ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ]] 6yrpitiy2xt6kbd2hugwsan38us269z 0 36312 196334 193313 2026-08-12T01:57:24Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photograph-by-mikeCaiChen.jpg|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱮᱱ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱮᱱ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:BrainGate.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱤᱫ [[BrainGate|ᱵᱨᱮᱱᱜᱮᱴ]] ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫ ᱰᱚᱢᱤ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱵᱨᱮᱱ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ''' ('''ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ'''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ '''ᱵᱨᱮᱱ-ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ''' ('''ᱵᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱭᱤ''') ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱵᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨᱤ-ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ, ᱢᱮᱯᱤᱝ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ, ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱛ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Krucoff 584">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA | title = Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation | journal = Frontiers in Neuroscience | volume = 10 | page = 584 |year=2016 | pmid = 28082858 | pmc = 5186786 | doi = 10.3389/fnins.2016.00584 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ, ᱦᱮᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, Passaro EA, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ | display-authors = 6 | title = A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials | journal = IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10896180 | doi = 10.1109/86.847809 | bibcode = 2000ITRE....8..180L }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ) ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱰ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱱ-ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ (ᱤ.ᱤ.ᱡᱤ., ᱮᱢ.ᱤ.ᱡᱤ., ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱨ.ᱟᱭᱤ.), ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ (ᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ.ᱡᱤ. ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ (ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱰ ᱮᱨᱮ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Martini |first1=Michael L. |last2=Oermann |first2=Eric Karl |last3=Opie |first3=Nicholas L. |last4=Panov |first4=Fedor |last5=Oxley |first5=Thomas |last6=Yaeger |first6=Kurt |date=February 2020 |title=Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review |url=https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/abstract/2020/02000/sensor_modalities_for_brain_computer_interface.22.aspx |journal=Neurosurgery |language=en-US |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=E108–E117 |doi=10.1093/neuros/nyz286 |pmid=31361011 |issn=0148-396X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱠᱩᱭᱮᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱞᱚᱥ ᱮᱧᱡᱮᱞᱚᱥ (UCLA) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴᱥ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ (DARPA) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Vidal1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vidal JJ | title = Toward direct brain-computer communication | journal = Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 157–180 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4583653 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Vidal2">{{cite journal| vauthors = Vidal J |title=Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG| url = https://archive.org/details/ieee-proceedings_1977-05_65_5/page/633 |journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|year=1977|volume=65|pages=633–641|doi=10.1109/PROC.1977.10542|issue=5|bibcode=1977IEEEP..65..633V |s2cid=7928242}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱨᱮᱱ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱱ-ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ-ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱰᱟᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱤᱣᱡᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱜᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ, ᱜᱮᱢᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱴᱮᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱤᱱᱯᱩᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":12" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷᱱᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱵᱷᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷᱱᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ (ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ.) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱤᱢᱮᱡᱟᱨᱤ, ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱷᱢᱮᱴᱤᱠ (ᱢᱚᱱᱮ-ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ), ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |title=Brain-computer interfaces: principles and practice |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993268-9 |editor-last=Wolpaw |editor-first=Jonathan R. |location=New York; Oxford |editor-last2=Wolpaw |editor-first2=Elizabeth Winter}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱱᱯᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱵᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱞᱳᱰ, ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ, ᱞᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱤᱭᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱜᱽᱱᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Nicolas-Alonso |first=Luis Fernando |last2=Gomez-Gil |first2=Jaime |date=2012-01-31 |title=Brain Computer Interfaces, a Review |url=https://doi.org/10.3390/s120201211 |journal=Sensors |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1211–1279 |doi=10.3390/s120201211 |doi-access=free|issn=1424-8220 |pmc=3304110 |pmid=22438708}}</ref> ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱟᱯᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱴ, ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱤᱢᱩᱞᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ-ᱨᱤᱞᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":11" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱴᱤᱢᱩᱞᱟᱥ-ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ-ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱢᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebedev |first=Mikhail A. |last2=Nicolelis |first2=Miguel A.L. |date=September 2006 |title=Brain–machine interfaces: past, present and future |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166223606001470 |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=536–546 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.004 |issn=0166-2236|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱠᱚᱜᱽᱱᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":11" /> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱰᱵᱮᱠ, ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ==ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ== {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} evnw8jlk0ys25uweeudfybconhy1zhu 0 36753 196404 195406 2026-08-12T04:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ}} '''ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="pmid12604476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kindig D, Stoddart G | date = March 2003 | title = What is population health? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2003-03_93_3/page/380 | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 93 | issue = 3| pages = 380–3 | doi=10.2105/ajph.93.3.380 |pmid=12604476 | pmc=1447747}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ|ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ]]"᱾<ref name="pmid12604476" /> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡ]] (ᱥᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱳ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱳ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ (ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Determinants of Health overview tab. |url=http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39 |access-date=2026-07-12 |archive-date=2014-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927110448/http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ [[ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱱ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱰᱤᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱳ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>[https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/Conference_Report.pdf Meeting Report of World Conference of Social Determinants of Health] held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008.</ref> ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱐% ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮ.ᱰᱤ.ᱳ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 11900188 | doi=10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 | volume=21 | title=The case for more active policy attention to health promotion | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_march-april-2002_21_2/page/78 | year=2002 | author=McGinnis JM, Williams-Russo P, Knickman JR | journal=Health Aff (Millwood) | issue=2 | pages=78–93 }}. See also [http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10548.html National Academies Press free publication: The Future of Public Health in the 21st Century.]</ref> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱯ ᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟᱣ, ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Frankish, CJ et al. [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/impact-repercussions/hiatp2.php "Health Impact Assessment as a Tool for Population Health Promotion and Public Policy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308083354/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/impact-repercussions/hiatp2.php |date=8 March 2010 }}. Vancouver: Institute of Health Promotion Research, University of British Columbia, 1996. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ) ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ "ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ [[ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱩᱨᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="WHO definition">World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf ''WHO definition of Health''], Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. In {{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |year=2002|volume= 80 |issue=12|page=982|title=The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization|author=Grad, Frank P. |pmid=12571728|pmc=2567708}}</ref><ref name="WHO constitution">World Health Organization. 2006. [https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf ''Constitution of the World Health Organization''] – ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.</ref> ==ᱦᱮᱞᱫᱤ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱐== ᱦᱮᱞᱫᱤ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱐, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ. ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱥ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱓᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱜᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱑᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>[http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx ᱦᱮᱞᱫᱤ ᱯᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱐]</ref> ==ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ== ᱱᱮᱼᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ|ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ [[ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱯᱮᱯᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ|ᱟᱞᱥᱟᱨ]], [[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱒ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ]], [[ᱨᱤᱣᱢᱮᱴᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ]], ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢᱚᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ#ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|ᱮᱥᱹᱤᱹᱮᱥ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (ᱮ. ᱞᱮᱭ, ᱥᱤ. ᱡᱮᱱᱠᱥ, ᱮ. ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠᱣᱮᱥᱴ — ᱨᱟᱥᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱡᱽ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱤᱝ ᱯᱮᱯᱚᱨᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ) ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱤᱹ ᱣᱤᱞᱠᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ]], ᱡᱮᱹ ᱞᱤᱸᱪ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱹ ᱮᱹ ᱠᱟᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱦᱚᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤ|ᱦᱚᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱴᱟᱰᱤᱡᱽ]] — [[ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱤᱝᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱢ]], [[ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱧᱩ|ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴ ᱧᱩ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ|ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱑ ᱰᱟᱭᱵᱮᱴᱤᱥ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱨᱤᱣᱢᱮᱴᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱨᱟᱭᱴᱤᱥ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱭᱟ — ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ([[ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱴ) ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ{{ref|sci_amer_dec_2005}} — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱼᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱼᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ|ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ|ᱮᱥᱹᱤᱹᱮᱥ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱼᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯᱟ — ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ (ᱨᱟᱱᱼᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ)|ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ]] ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ᱾ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱣᱤᱞᱠᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾ [[ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱮᱭᱤᱪᱹ ᱮᱵᱳᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱨᱮᱱ [[ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱞᱥᱠᱤ]] ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾ == ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ == ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱐᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ)᱾<ref>{{cite book |author1=Chandra, A |author2=Skinner, JS | title= Geography and Racial Health Disparities, Chapter 16 of Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. |year=2004|publisher=National Research Council|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6555551.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dartmouthatlas.org/data/region/| title=Data by Region, the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ-ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞ, ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱓᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱳ.ᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ-ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ, ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ, ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ, ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Emily T.|last2=Shelton|first2=Nicola|last3=Norman|first3=Paul|last4=Head|first4=Jenny|date=2022-01-01|title=Measuring the health of people in places: A scoping review of OECD member countries|journal=Health & Place|language=en|volume=73|article-number=102731|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102731|pmid=34929525|s2cid=245322428|issn=1353-8292|doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮᱠᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱣᱨᱳ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ (ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ) ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ|ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥᱰ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱥ) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾{{cn|date=June 2023}} == ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coburn |first1=David |last2=Denny |first2=Keith |last3=Mykhalovskiy |first3=Eric |last4=McDonough |first4=Peggy |last5=Robertson |first5=Ann |last6=Love |first6=Rhonda |title=Population Health in Canada: A Brief Critique |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2003-03_93_3/page/392 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=2003 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=392–396 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.93.3.392 |pmid=12604479 |pmc=1447750 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raphael |first1=Dennis |last2=Bryant |first2=Toba |title=The limitations of population health as a model for a new public health |journal=Health Promotion International |date=1 June 2002 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1093/heapro/17.2.189 |pmid=11986300 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ == === ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ === [[ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱞᱮᱱᱤᱝ]] ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ([[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ]], [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=Tsui>{{cite journal|author1-link=Amy Tsui|vauthors=Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE |title=Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies |journal=Epidemiol Rev |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–74 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20570955 |pmc=3115338 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxq012 | quote=International studies confirm that family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions (80, 81). The cost savings stem from a reduction in unintended pregnancy, as well as a reduction in transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.}}</ref><!-- page 170 --> ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=Tsui /> ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, [[United States Agency for International Development|ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ:<ref>USAID. [http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/ Family planning] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015184505/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/ |date=15 October 2008 }}. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> * "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ" * "ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ" * "ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱮᱞᱤᱝ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱢ|ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱢ|ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱢ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/[[ᱮᱰᱥ]] ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" * "[[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ]] ᱠᱚᱢ" * "ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ" * "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ" === ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ === ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ; ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ, [[ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ [[ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ]] ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱪᱟᱨᱦᱮ]] ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳᱜᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Purtle|first1=Jonathan|last2=Nelson|first2=Katherine L.|last3=Counts|first3=Nathaniel Z.|last4=Yudell|first4=Michael|date=2020-04-02|title=Population-Based Approaches to Mental Health: History, Strategies, and Evidence|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|language=en|volume=41|issue=1|pages=201–221|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094247|pmid=31905323|pmc=8896325|issn=0163-7525|doi-access=free}}</ref> == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ == ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ-ᱟᱱ, ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[:en:morbidity|ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱯᱮᱴᱟᱨᱱ (ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref>Hillman, Michael. [http://waysandmeans.house.gov/Legacy/health/107cong/4-16-02/4-16hill.htm Testimony before the Subcommittee on Health of the House Committee on Ways and Means, hearing on promoting disease management in Medicare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508120322/https://waysandmeans.house.gov/Legacy/health/107cong/4-16-02/4-16hill.htm |date=8 May 2017 }}. 16 April 2002. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱤᱠ (ᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ)|ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ (ᱠᱨᱳᱱᱤᱠ)]] ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱱᱱᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ "ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞᱤᱝ]]" ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ (ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ)|ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>Howe, Rufus, and Christopher Spence. [http://www.healthways.com/assets/0/98/E4CDDEDB-5004-4E74-A5C9-E1973F5ABC05.pdf Population health management: Healthways' PopWorks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217114011/http://www.healthways.com/assets/0/98/E4CDDEDB-5004-4E74-A5C9-E1973F5ABC05.pdf |date=17 December 2008 }}. ''HCT Project'' 2004-07-17, volume 2, chapter 5, pages 291-297. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱴᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ" ᱟᱨ "ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ... ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ" ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coughlin JF, Pope J, Leedle BR | date = Apr 2006 | title = Old age, new technology, and future innovations in disease management and home health care | url = http://web.mit.edu/agelab/news_events/pdfs/home.health.care.pdf | journal = Home Health Care Management & Practice | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 196–207 | doi = 10.1177/1084822305281955 | s2cid = 26428539 | archive-date = 2009-03-19 | access-date = 2026-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090319212316/http://web.mit.edu/agelab/news_events/pdfs/home.health.care.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''[[ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ]]'' ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮ.ᱮᱢ: ᱫᱟ ᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱤᱱᱤᱣᱩᱢ ᱮᱞᱟᱭᱮᱱᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>DMAA: The Care Continuum Alliance. [http://www.dmaa.org/pubs_dm_journal.asp Publications. ''Population Health Management''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924053436/http://www.dmaa.org/pubs_dm_journal.asp |date=24 September 2008 }}. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref>Sanders, Dale [http://www.healthcatalyst.com/landmark-review-of-population-health-management-companies A Landmark, 12-Point Review of Population Health Management Companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621093206/https://www.healthcatalyst.com/landmark-review-of-population-health-management-companies/ |date=2021-06-21 }}. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</ref> * ᱴᱷᱤᱠ-ᱴᱷᱟᱠ [[ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ * ᱨᱩᱜᱤ-ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ * ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ * ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ * ᱢᱩᱞ [[ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ * ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ-ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱨᱤᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ * ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ * ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ * [[ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ|ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ * ᱟᱸᱴ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱮᱠᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ * ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱱᱱᱚᱭ * ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱟᱹᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱵᱟ-ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ]] ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱯᱤ.ᱯᱤ.ᱮ.ᱥᱤ.ᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ (ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ)|ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ]], ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Revised Medicare ACO Program: More Options ... And More Work Ahead|url = https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20150616.048573/|website = Health Affairs|year = 2015|doi = 10.1377/forefront.20150616.048573|access-date = 21 November 2015|url-access = subscription}}</ref> ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ (ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱮᱢ<ref>{{Cite web|title = The IHI Triple Aim|url = http://www.ihi.org/engage/initiatives/TripleAim/Pages/default.aspx|website = www.ihi.org|access-date = 21 November 2015}}</ref>)᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱚᱫᱷ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ]] (ᱮ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=DeVore S, Champion RW |title=Driving Population Health Through Accountable Care Organizations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2011-01_30_1/page/41 |journal=Health Affairs |year=2011|volume=30|issue=1|pages=41–50|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0935|pmid=21209436|doi-access=}}</ref> ᱮ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱸᱪᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Accountable Care Organizations, Explained|url = http://khn.org/news/aco-accountable-care-organization-faq/|website = Kaiser Health News|access-date = 21 November 2015|language = en-US|date = 2015-09-14}}</ref> ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ" ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>Kutscher B. [http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20120804/MAGAZINE/308049929 Outpatient care takes the inside track] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309204308/http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20120804/MAGAZINE/308049929 |date=2016-03-09 }}. Modern Healthcare. 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</ref> [[ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱕% ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Where Have All The Inpatients Gone? A Regional Study With National Implications|url = https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20140106.035895|website = Health Affairs|year = 2014|doi = 10.1377/forefront.20140106.035895|url-access = subscription}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Population Health Management: Hospitals' Changing Employer Role|url = http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/workforce-labor-management/population-health-management-hospitals-changing-employer-role.html|website = www.beckershospitalreview.com| date=26 February 2014 |access-date = 21 November 2015}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title = What is Population Health Management?|url = http://www.wellcentive.com/what-is-population-health-management/|website = Wellcentive|access-date = 21 November 2015|language = en-US|archive-date = 22 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122012444/http://www.wellcentive.com/what-is-population-health-management/|url-status = dead}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱱᱱᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱱᱱᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ [[human capital|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱨᱚᱥᱢᱮᱱ (Grossman) ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | author = Grossman M | year = 1972 | title = On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_march-april-1972_80_2/page/223 | journal = Journal of Political Economy | volume = 80 | issue = 2| pages = 223–255 | doi=10.1086/259880| citeseerx = 10.1.1.604.7202| s2cid = 27026628 }}</ref> ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":2">Folland S, Goodman A, Stano M. The economics of health and health care (Vol. 6): Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education; 2007.</ref> ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱜᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ, ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱱᱤᱣ ᱤᱭᱚᱨᱠ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱤᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Health Improvement Program |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/community/programs/population_health_improvement/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{cite web |title=ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pophealthtraining/whatis.html |website=[[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] |date=6 October 2020 |language=en-us}} * {{cite web |title=ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health.html |website=[[ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] |date=21 November 2001 |access-date=14 July 2026 |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102012459/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ |url=https://www.cihi.ca/en/population-health-and-health-care |website=[[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060211120720/http://policyresearch.gc.ca/doclib/horizonsv2n3e.pdf ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ] * {{cite web |title=ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ |url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/integratedcare/phm/ |website=[[NHS England|ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ]]}} * [[ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱟᱢ]] [http://depts.washington.edu/eqhlth ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ]] sfehs830if7d43loa8l5kmrbf49uw3r 0 36755 196358 194430 2026-08-12T02:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} {{For|ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱴᱟᱵᱮᱥ}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} [[File:World Health Organisation building from south.jpg|thumb| [[ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]]]] '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E | title = The World Health Organization and the transition of "international" to "global" public health | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–72 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16322464 | pmc = 1470434 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, [[ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ]], ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref name="Koplan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN | title = Towards a common definition of global health | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9679 | pages = 1993–5 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19493564 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9 | pmc = 9905260 | bibcode = 2009Lanc..373.1993K | s2cid = 6919716 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.610.7968 }}</ref> ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | last = Global Health Initiative | title = Why Global Health Matters | publisher = FamiliesUSA | year = 2008 | location = Washington, DC | url = http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ | access-date = 2008-06-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223639/http://www.familiesusa.org/issues/global-health/matters/ | archive-date = 2011-03-08 }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ([[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ]]), [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ|ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ]] ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Macfarlane SB, Jacobs M, Kaaya EE | title = In the name of global health: trends in academic institutions | journal = Journal of Public Health Policy | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 383–401 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19079297 | doi = 10.1057/jphp.2008.25 | s2cid = 46424271 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32381654">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fischer SE, Patil P, Zielinski C, Baxter L, Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Hussain S, Lai C, Walpole SC, Ohanyido F, Flood D, Singh A, Al-Shorbaji N | display-authors = 6 | title = Is it about the 'where' or the 'how'? Comment on ''Defining global health as public health somewhere else'' | journal = BMJ Global Health | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | date = May 2020 | article-number = e002567 | pmid = 32381654 | pmc = 7223010 | doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002567 }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱞᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ|ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ|ᱥᱤᱞᱯᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱜᱚᱲᱚ|ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=White F, Nanan DJ |chapter=International and Global Health | veditors = Wallace RB |title= Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-07-144198-8 |pages=1252–8 |edition=15th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Comparing Approaches to Research in Global and International Health: An Exploratory Study|journal=Annals of Global Health|date=2020-04-29|issn=2214-9996|pmc=7193757|pmid=32377512|pages=47|volume=86|issue=1|doi=10.5334/aogh.2799|first1=Kristy C. Y.|last1=Yiu|first2=Eva Merethe|last2=Solum|first3=Deborah D.|last3=DiLiberto|first4=Steffen|last4=Torp |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ᱾ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ)᱾<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = [[Max Roser|Roser M]], Ortiz-Ospina E, [[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie H]] |date=2013-05-23|title=Life Expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ<!--related and similar--> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Conrad PA, Meek LA, Dumit J | title = Operationalizing a One Health approach to global health challenges | journal = Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–6 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23711930 | doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL | title = Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives | journal = Nature Microbiology | volume = 4 | issue = 9 | pages = 1432–42 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31439928 | doi = 10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9 | s2cid = 201283254 | url = https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/srhreports/health/health/43 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinclair JR | title = Importance of a One Health approach in advancing global health security and the Sustainable Development Goals | journal = Revue Scientifique et Technique | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 145–154 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31564744 | doi = 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 | s2cid = 203608381 }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ (ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (WHO)᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱮᱯᱷ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ]] (WFP)᱾ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |title=Millennium Development Goals |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2013-03-15}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ WHO, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ == ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ == [[File:Open Global Health at OpenCon 2015.jpg|thumb|ᱳᱯᱮᱱᱠᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱯᱮᱱ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ * [[ᱨᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ|ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱨᱳᱜᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ]] ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB | title = Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 79 | issue = 8 | pages = 704–712 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11545326 | pmc = 2566499 }}</ref> * [[ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fried LP, Bentley ME, Buekens P, Burke DS, Frenk JJ, Klag MJ, Spencer HC | title = Global health is public health | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-13-19-2010_375_9714/page/535 | journal = Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9714 | pages = 535–7 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20159277 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60203-6 | s2cid = 38796542 }}</ref> * [[ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahern M, Kovats RS, Wilkinson P, Few R, Matthies F | title = Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence | journal = Epidemiologic Reviews | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–46 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15958425 | doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * [[ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Verano JW, Ubelake DH |title=Disease and demography in the Americas |date=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington |isbn=978-1-56098-163-3}}</ref> * [[ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ-ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M, O'Farrell D | display-authors = 6 | title = The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. | work = Program on the Global Demography of Aging | date = January 2012 | url = https://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html }}</ref> * ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]], [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ [[ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ|ᱱᱤᱛᱤᱜᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱠᱥ/ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱼᱤᱛᱷᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.globalsummit-berlin2016.de/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102034/https://www.globalsummit-berlin2016.de/ | archive-date = 4 April 2019 | title = Global Summits of National Ethics/Bioethics Councils | location = Berlin | date = 2016 }}</ref> == ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ), [[ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ|ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ), ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ|ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="etches2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Etches V, Frank J, Di Ruggiero E, Manuel D | title = Measuring population health: a review of indicators | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 27 | pages = 29–55 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16533108 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102141 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === [[Image:All causes DALYs per 100,000 people gradient world map (2021).svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ:<div style="text-align: left"> {{legend|#e0e0e0|ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#ffffcc|᱒۳,᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ}} {{legend|#ffeda0|᱒᱓,᱕᱐᱐-᱓᱑,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fed976|᱓᱑,᱐᱐᱐-᱓᱘,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#feb24c|᱓᱘,᱕᱐᱐-᱔᱖,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|᱔᱖,᱐᱐᱐-᱕᱓,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#fc4e2a|᱕᱓,᱕᱐᱐-᱖᱑,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#e31a1c|᱖᱑,᱐᱐᱐-᱖᱘,᱕᱐᱐}} {{legend|#bd0026|᱖᱘,᱕᱐᱐-᱗᱖,᱐᱐᱐}} {{legend|#800026|᱗᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ}} </div>]] {{Main|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ}} ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ|ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ|ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ]], ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ "ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ" ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ === ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === {{Main|ᱜᱩᱱ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ}} ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ (ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ)|ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ (ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ (ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ QALY ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱥᱚᱱᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱠᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="etches2006" /> === ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ === {{Main|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ|ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ}} ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱤᱣ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ|ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mulholland E, Smith L, Carneiro I, Becher H, Lehmann D | title = Equity and child-survival strategies | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 5 | pages = 399–407 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18545743 | pmc = 2647438 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.044545 }}</ref> === ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ === {{Main|ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ}} ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ [[ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ|ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ]], [[ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟ|ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ|ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == {{see also|ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱟᱨ}} [[File:Life expectancy by world region since 1770, OWID.svg|thumb|᱑᱗᱗᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ]] ᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ (ᱤᱡᱤᱯᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱨᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=History of WHO|author=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/library/historical/access/who/index.en.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207150944/http://www.who.int/library/historical/access/who/index.en.shtml|archive-date=2006-12-07}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ (WHO) ᱟᱡᱟᱜ [[WHO ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ|ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ]] ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙۷᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite report|title=Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care|location=Geneva|publisher=World Health Organization|year=1978|url=http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Alma_Ata_conference_1978_report.pdf|access-date=2014-05-06|archive-date=2017-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829195121/https://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Alma_Ata_conference_1978_report.pdf}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱢᱤᱞᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ]] (MDGs) ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, Kumar N, Vivekadhish S | title = Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Addressing Unfinished Agenda and Strengthening Sustainable Development and Partnership | journal = Indian Journal of Community Medicine | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | date = January–March 2016 | pmid = 26917865 | pmc = 4746946 | doi = 10.4103/0970-0218.170955 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 55/2|date=18 September 2000|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱳᱥᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ (MDG) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url = https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld | title = Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform | website = sustainabledevelopment.un.org | access-date = 2016-02-26 }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ|ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ]], ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱮᱢ.ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ]] (SDGs) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱑|ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | url = http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview/ | title = Sustainable Development Goals | website = UNDP | access-date = 2016-02-26 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031536/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sdgoverview/ }}</ref> ᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱙᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ: ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ''᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ [[ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱤ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱮᱰᱥ, ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]], ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]], ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ),<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Price N |title=Countries gather to fight poverty |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/647423631/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |work=The Sacramento Bee |date=March 23, 2002 |page=A13 }}</ref> ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Mark Dybul M | work = The Catalyst | publisher = George W. Bush Institute | url = https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/africa/dybul-advance-of-global-health.html | title = How HIV, SARS, and Ebola Put Global Health on the Agenda | date = Summer 2017 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ''[[ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ]]'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman SJ | title = Ending medical complicity in state-sponsored torture | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-29-november-4-2011_378_9802/page/1535 | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9802 | pages = 1535–7 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21944647 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60816-7 | ssrn = 2725729 | s2cid = 45829194 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱴᱚᱱ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱭᱳᱴ]] ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ, [[ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱵᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ]], [[ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ|ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ]], [[ᱫᱷᱩᱸᱜᱟᱹ ᱧᱩ|ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟᱠᱩᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, [[ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ]], ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱤᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ (decolonisation) ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kwete X, Tang K, Chen L, Ren R, Chen Q, Wu Z, Cai Y, Li H |date=January 2022 |title=Decolonizing global health: what should be the target of this movement and where does it lead us? |journal=Global Health Research and Policy |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=3 |doi=10.1186/s41256-022-00237-3 |pmc=8784247 |pmid=35067229 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasheed MA |date=December 2021 |title=Navigating the violent process of decolonisation in global health research: a guideline |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e1640–1 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00440-X |pmid=34798014 |s2cid=244286291 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Affun-Adegbulu C, Adegbulu O |date=August 2020 |title=Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |article-number=e002947 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947 |pmc=7443258 |pmid=32819916 |s2cid=221220715}}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫᱤ "ᱢᱩᱠᱩᱴ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Keshri VR, Bhaumik S |date=September 2022 |title=The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=7 |issue=9 |article-number=e010603 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603 |pmc=9516156 |pmid=36167407 |s2cid=252565623}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ == === ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ === ==== ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ==== {{Main|ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ}} ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Lopez AD 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ | title = Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-27-june-2-2006_367_9524/page/1747 | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9524 | pages = 1747–57 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16731270 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 | s2cid = 22609505 }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱦᱟᱢ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ]], [[ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱟ]], [[ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ|ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱤᱣᱢᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱮ ''[[ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱴᱤᱣᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱳᱥᱤᱥ]]'', ''[[ᱢᱚᱨᱵᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ]]'', ''[[ᱦᱤᱢᱳᱯᱷᱤᱞᱟᱥ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱤ]]'' ᱟᱨ ''[[ᱱᱤᱣᱢᱳᱠᱳᱠᱟᱭ]]'' ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱷᱩᱥᱯᱷᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizgerd JP | title = Lung infection--a public health priority | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | article-number = e76 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16401173 | pmc = 1326257 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030076 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ==== {{Main|ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} [[ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱑᱗% ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childinfo.org/709.htm |title=Statistics by Area — Diarrhoeal disease — The challenge |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=2013-01-12}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ [[sanitation|ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱤ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor CE, Greenough WB | title = Control of diarrheal diseases | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 10 | pages = 221–244 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2655632 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.pu.10.050189.001253 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R | title = Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 10 | pages = 1246–55 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11100619 | pmc = 2560623 }}</ref> ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱚᱪᱚ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱸᱠ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱳᱴᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ]] ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱮᱥᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rotavirusvaccine.org/documents/WHO_position_paper_rotavirus_2007_000.pdf |title=Rotavirus Vaccine Access and Delivery — PATH |publisher=Rotavirusvaccine.org |date=2011-12-07 |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222043141/http://www.rotavirusvaccine.org/documents/WHO_position_paper_rotavirus_2007_000.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-22 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valencia-Mendoza A, Bertozzi SM, Gutierrez JP, Itzler R | title = Cost-effectiveness of introducing a rotavirus vaccine in developing countries: the case of Mexico | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 8 | article-number = 103 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18664280 | pmc = 2527317 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-8-103 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ==== ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ==== {{Main|ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ|ᱮᱰᱥ}} ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coovadia HM, Hadingham J | title = HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks | journal = Globalization and Health | volume = 1 | article-number = 13 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16060961 | pmc = 1199613 | doi = 10.1186/1744-8603-1-13 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱗᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [᱓᱑.᱑–᱔᱓.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕-᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱐.᱘% [᱐.᱖–᱐.᱙%] ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱔.᱑%) ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/ |access-date=2018-11-01 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref> ᱦᱤᱣᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ (ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱥᱩᱭ, [[ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ]], ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱧᱩ ᱚᱪᱚ]] ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱓᱘% ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱓% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimated HIV transmission risk per exposure for specific activities and events |date=15 May 2020 |url=https://www.aidsmap.com/Estimated-risk-per-exposure/page/1324038/#item1324093}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱠᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱤᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱳᱰᱮᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ (ᱮᱰᱥ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ|ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱨᱮᱴᱨᱳᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ==== ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ==== {{Main|ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ}} ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱬᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱯᱞᱟᱡᱽᱢᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ]]'' ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ, ᱡᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Birn">{{cite book | vauthors = Birn A, Pillay Y, Holtz T |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofintern0000birn |title=Textbook of International Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-971985-3 |edition=3rd |page=[https://archive.org/details/textbookofintern0000birn/page/273 273] |url-access=registration}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱐% ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱙᱑% ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaria key facts |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱨᱤ|ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱟᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ [[ᱟᱨᱴᱮᱢᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱱ]]-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱵᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱯᱤ]] ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ [[ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ (ᱮᱯᱤᱰᱮᱢᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ)|ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ]] ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱱ]] ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱮᱴᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱩᱭᱳᱱ/ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱞ|ᱮᱴᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱩᱭᱳᱱ-ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱞ]], [[ᱰᱚᱠᱥᱤᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱤᱱ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱢᱮᱯᱷᱞᱳᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱢᱳᱯᱨᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱥ]] ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |publisher= U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2018-01-26 |title=Malaria – Travelers – Malaria Information and Prophylaxis, by Country |url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/country_table/a.html |access-date=2018-11-01 }}</ref> ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="pmid32152272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaves LS, Fry J, Malik A, Geschke A, Sallum MA, Lenzen M | title = Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1258 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32152272 | pmc = 7062889 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.1258C }}</ref> ==== ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ==== [[File:Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD super-region, 2019.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱯ|ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ]] ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ-ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ (ᱮ) ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ]] (ᱵᱤ)<ref name="Ikuta_2022"/>]] [[File:Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019.jpg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱓᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ-ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ<ref name="Ikuta_2022"/>]] ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱯ|ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ]] ᱫᱚ (᱓᱓) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱮᱴ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ|᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ]] ᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱫᱟ (ᱥᱮ ~᱗.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{tooltip|ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ|ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱓ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ"}} ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Ikuta_2022">{{cite journal | title = Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | journal = Lancet | volume = 400 | issue = 10369 | pages = 2221–48 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36423648 | pmc = 9763654 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7 | doi-access = free | vauthors = Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, Davis Weaver N, Wool EE, Han C, Gershberg Hayoon A, Aali A, Abate SM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abd-Elsalam S, Abebe G, Abedi A, Abhari AP, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Absalan A, Abubaker Ali H, Acuna JM, Adane TD, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adnan M, Adnani QE, Afzal MS, Afzal S | display-authors = 6 | bibcode = 2022Lanc..400.2221I }}</ref> == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ == == ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ == == ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ-ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ]] ** [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] *** [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ]] (ᱟᱭ.ᱮ.ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ) *** [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱠᱮ.ᱥᱤ) ** [[ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]] (ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱱ.ᱟᱭ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ.ᱮᱯᱷ) ** [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱯᱤ) * [[ᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (ᱯᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱪ.ᱳ) * [[ᱞᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ]] * [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ) * [[ᱮᱰᱥ, ᱴᱤᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ]] * [[ᱮᱰᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ]] (PEPFAR) ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * [[ᱢᱮᱰᱮᱥᱤᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ]] (ᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨᱥ ᱣᱤᱫᱟᱣᱩᱴ ᱵᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱥ, ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱯᱷ) * [[ᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟ ᱜᱮᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] === ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ === ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ; ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ-ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ"᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clinton C, Sridhar D | title = Who pays for cooperation in global health? A comparative analysis of WHO, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance | journal = Lancet | volume = 390 | issue = 10091 | pages = 324–332 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28139255 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32402-3 | hdl = 20.500.11820/6efaf7e1-836c-42a6-a582-c7e5c7b458fd | s2cid = 23911963 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/29477386/PURE_ID_29477293_LancetClintonSridharFinalDS.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref> [[State (polity)|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]-ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ, ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ, ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ, ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ-ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ" ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michaud J, Moss K, Licina D, Waldman R, Kamradt-Scott A, Bartee M, Lim M, Williamson J, Burkle F, Polyak CS, Thomson N, Heymann DL, Lillywhite L | display-authors = 6 | title = Militaries and global health: peace, conflict, and disaster response | journal = Lancet | volume = 393 | issue = 10168 | pages = 276–286 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30663597 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32838-1 | s2cid = 58624715 | doi-access = free }}</ref> === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟ (GHSA) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ"᱾ ᱒᱖–᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ, ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ, [[ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱤᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱨᱳᱢ (SARS)]], [[:en:H1N1 influenza|ᱮᱪ᱑ᱮᱱ᱑ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱞᱩᱭᱮᱱᱡᱟ]], [[:en:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ-ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱤᱣᱵᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱳᱥᱤᱥ]]—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ"᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/countermeasures/27450-u-s-critical-juncture-global-health-security-agenda/|title=U.S. at a critical juncture with Global Health Security Agenda| vauthors = Riley K |date=2018-03-21|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=2018-03-23 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ, ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ-ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ-ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱚᱥ-ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | title = Global Health Security Agenda: Action Packages | date = 23 July 2021 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/actionpackages/default.htm | via = U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref> ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ, ᱴᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Mcphee">{{cite journal | vauthors = McPhee E, Gronvall GK, Sell TK | title = Analysis of sectoral participation in the development of Joint External Evaluations | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | article-number = 631 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31122234 | pmc = 6533773 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-019-6978-8 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱼᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱥ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web | work = CDC | date = 2016 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/actionpackages/default.htm | title = Global Health Security Agenda: Action Packages | access-date = 18 November 2019 }}</ref> ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱴᱚᱨᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱣᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱣᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Mcphee" /> ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱤ᱗ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤ.ᱭᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (US) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ.ᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱭᱞᱚᱴ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱮᱨᱩ, ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ, ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱠᱨᱮᱱ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="pmid27314658">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolicki SB, Nuzzo JB, Blazes DL, Pitts DL, Iskander JK, Tappero JW | title = Public Health Surveillance: At the Core of the Global Health Security Agenda | journal = Health Security | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 185–8 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27314658 | pmc = 6937158 | doi = 10.1089/hs.2016.0002 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == jtvk2kpg900wvtcs875gf74ndbltt83 0 36901 196369 194576 2026-08-12T02:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ}} '''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel V, Prince M | title = Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age | journal = JAMA | volume = 303 | issue = 19 | pages = 1976–7 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20483977 | pmc = 3432444 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2010.616 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Pamela Y. |date=October 2020 |title=What is global mental health? |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=265–266 |doi=10.1002/wps.20728 |issn=1723-8617 |pmc=7491634 |pmid=32931115}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bump |first1=Jesse B. |title=Global Health and Its Limitations: An Historical Perspective |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-03-25 |journal=Health Systems & Reform |date=2025 |volume=11 |issue=2 |article-number=2478681 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2025.2478681 |pmid=40202995 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱱᱟᱶᱟ-ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱤᱠ]] ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ" ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Mental health, race and culture| vauthors = Suman F |date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-21271-8|edition=3rd|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=455800587}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Crazy like us| vauthors = Ethan W |isbn=978-1-84901-577-6|location=London|oclc=751584971|year = 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Mental health worldwide: culture, globalization and development| vauthors = Suman F | date = 11 April 2014 |isbn=978-1-137-32958-5|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=869802072}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">[http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/newsletter_archive/newsletter-may Movement for Global Mental Health Newsletter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902164146/http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/newsletter_archive/newsletter-may |date=2018-09-02 }}. May 2014.</ref> ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱨᱟᱦᱚᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=Lisa |date=December 2025 |title=Addressing the Global Mental Health Crisis: How a Human Rights Approach Can Help End the Search for Pharmaceutical Magic Bullets |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |issn=2150-4113 |pmc=12799051 |pmid=41536709}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chisholm |first1=Dan |last2=Sanderson |first2=Kristy |last3=Ayuso-Mateos |first3=Jose Luis |last4=Saxena |first4=Shekhar |date=May 2004 |title=Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/reducing-the-global-burden-of-depression/67B13E3506CF1DD31456F2F5F671DF58? |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=184 |issue=5 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.5.393 |pmid=15123502 |issn=0007-1250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Eric L. |last2=Vijan |first2=Sandeep |last3=Miller |first3=Erin M. |last4=Valenstein |first4=Marcia |last5=Zivin |first5=Kara |date=2019-12-03 |title=The Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Second-Generation Antidepressants for Initial Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the United States: A Decision Analytic Model |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=171 |issue=11 |pages=785–795 |doi=10.7326/M18-1480 |issn=1539-3704 |pmc=7188559 |pmid=31658472}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ]], [[ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ]], ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[File:Tavola disegno 17 copia 2.svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ]] ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A | title = No health without mental health | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9590 | pages = 859–77 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804063 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0 | bibcode = 2007Lanc..370..859P | s2cid = 32695269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H | title = Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9590 | pages = 878–89 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804062 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2 | s2cid = 8916770 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M | title = Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9594 | pages = 1241–52 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17804059 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61242-2 | s2cid = 21045215 }}</ref> == ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ == {{See also| ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} [[File:Neuropsychiatric conditions world map - DALY - WHO2002.svg|thumb|᱒᱐᱐᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]]:{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ}} {{legend|#ffff65|᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ}} {{legend|#fff200|᱑᱐–᱒᱐}} {{legend|#ffdc00|᱒᱐–᱓０}} {{legend|#ffc600|᱓᱐–᱔᱐}} {{legend|#ffb000|᱔᱐–᱕０}} {{legend|#ff9a00|᱕０–᱖᱐}} {{legend|#ff8400|᱖０–᱘᱐}} {{legend|#ff6e00|᱘᱐–᱑᱐０}} {{legend|#ff5800|᱑᱐᱐–᱑᱒᱐}} {{legend|#ff4200|᱑᱒０–᱑᱔᱐}} {{legend|#ff2c00|᱑᱔０–᱑᱕᱐}} {{legend|#cb0000|᱑᱕０ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ}} {{div col end}}]] ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, [[ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ]], ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ]] (ᱡᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱰᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050819102721/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bod/en/index.html ''Global burden of disease'']. Geneva, WHO Health statistics and health information systems. Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ/ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] (ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ]] ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱔% ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ]] ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱞ.ᱣᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱘% ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ – ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱳᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱤᱣᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ]] ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ-ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ [[ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]], [[ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]], [[ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ-ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱙.᱑% ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization: [https://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/development_targeting_mh_summary.pdf ''Mental Health and Development: Targeting People with Mental Health Conditions as Vulnerable Group''.] Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱯᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ [[ᱢᱮᱴᱟ-ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll of job loss |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/toll-job-loss |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱗᱖%-᱘᱕% ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-10-04 |title=Depresión, la gran epidemia de hoy |url=https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/depresion-la-gran-epidemia-de-hoy/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Gaceta UNAM |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanchez |first1=Erika |last2=Nicolini |first2=Humberto |last3=Villatoro |first3=Jorge |last4=Bustos |first4=Marycarmen |last5=Medina-Mora |first5=María Elena |last6=Mejía-Ortiz |first6=Paola |last7=Robles |first7=Beatriz |last8=Mondragón |first8=Diego |last9=Ibarra |first9=Gema |last10=Meza |first10=Daniela |last11=Genis-Mendoza |first11=Alma Delia |date=2025-08-02 |title=Current Status of Mental Health in Mexico City |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=8 |page=1217 |doi=10.3390/ijerph22081217 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=12386308 |pmid=40869803}}</ref> ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱔% ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reynales-Shigematsu |first1=Luz Myriam |last2=Rivera-Rivera |first2=Leonor |last3=Séris-Martínez |first3=Marina |last4=Saenz-de-Miera |first4=Belen |date=2024-03-13 |title=A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parental Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health in Mexico: Insights into Excessive Alcohol Intake, Tobacco Use, Suicidal Behavior, and Depressive Symptomatology |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=641 |doi=10.3390/healthcare12060641 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10970411 |pmid=38540607}}</ref> == ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == === ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ === {{Further| ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ| ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ#ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OKASHA|first=AHMED|date=February 2002|title=Mental health in Africa: the role of the WPA|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=1|pages=32–35|issn=1723-8617|pmc=1489826|pmid=16946819}}</ref> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱟᱨ/ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ᱓᱙/ᱟᱨ᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱮ.ᱮᱯᱷ.ᱟᱨ/ᱟᱨ.ᱥᱤ᱔᱐/ᱟᱨ᱙ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref name=":1a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gureje O, Alem A | title = Mental health policy development in Africa | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–82 | date = 2000 | pmid = 10885166 | pmc = 2560723 | url = https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(4)475.pdf }}</ref> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮ-ᱨᱳᱡᱽᱜᱟᱨ, ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ, ᱠᱨᱟᱭᱤᱢ (ᱠᱟᱹᱭ), ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2016-march-2017/mental-illness-invisible-devastating|title=Mental illness: Invisible but devastating {{!}} Africa Renewal|website=www.un.org|date=25 November 2016|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱮᱪ.ᱟᱭ.ᱵᱷᱤ/ᱮᱰᱥ, [[ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ]] ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱳᱠᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱫᱩᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱯᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱵᱳᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reardon S | title = Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa | journal = Nature | volume = 519 | issue = 7541 | pages = 13–4 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25739606 | doi = 10.1038/519013a | bibcode = 2015Natur.519...13R | s2cid = 4405855 | id = {{ProQuest|1662365135}} | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior| vauthors = Sue D |publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2017|isbn=978-1-305-65851-6|location=Boston, MA|page=7}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟᱛᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ [[ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ, "᱖᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ"᱾<ref name=":1a" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱙.᱐ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱑.᱔ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M | title = Mental health in Africa | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e954–e955 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30103990 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱯᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑,᱐᱕᱑ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ," ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱑᱔" ᱫᱟᱬᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱫᱷᱮᱠ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="un.org"/> ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ" ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪᱟ᱾<ref name="Jacob 1061–1077">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, Sreenivas V, Saxena S | display-authors = 6 | title = Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9592 | pages = 1061–77 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804052 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0 | s2cid = 12765072 }}</ref> ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱳᱱ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱙᱘.᱘% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ''ᱞᱮᱱᱥᱮᱴ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ (Lancet Global Health)''<ref name="Jacob 1061–1077"/> ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱔᱙% ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱒% ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ"᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ: "᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱗.᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱘.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,"᱾<ref name=":2" /> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠᱫᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ === ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ === === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ === ==== ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ==== {{See also|ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱓% ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱐% ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hossain MD, Ahmed HU, Chowdhury WA, Niessen LW, Alam DS | title = Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review | journal = BMC Psychiatry | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | article-number = 216 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25073970 | pmc = 4149198 | doi = 10.1186/s12888-014-0216-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱐᱐-᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖.᱕% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hosain GM, Chatterjee N, Ara N, Islam T | title = Prevalence, pattern and determinants of mental disorders in rural Bangladesh | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health_2007-01_121_1/page/18 | journal = Public Health | volume = 121 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–24 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17055545 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.018 }}</ref> ===== <small>ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ</small> ===== ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱖% ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱑᱐.᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱒% ᱨᱩᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱨᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱒-᱒.᱕ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giasuddin NA, Chowdhury NF, Hashimoto N, Fujisawa D, Waheed S | title = Pathways to psychiatric care in Bangladesh | journal = Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–36 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21076911 | doi = 10.1007/s00127-010-0315-y | s2cid = 21860217 }}</ref> ==== ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ==== ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑.᱔᱗ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Population (2026)|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Worldometer|language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ, ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱒᱐᱓᱐ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ $᱑.᱐᱓ ᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ ᱱᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental health - India|url=https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mental-health|access-date=2026-04-13|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meghrajani|first1=Vanee R.|last2=Marathe|first2=Manvi|last3=Sharma|first3=Ritika|last4=Potdukhe|first4=Ashwini|last5=Wanjari|first5=Mayur B.|last6=Taksande|first6=Avinash B.|date=July 2023|title=A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental Health Problems in India and the Role of Mental Asylums|journal=Cureus|volume=15|issue=7|article-number=e42559|doi=10.7759/cureus.42559|doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184|pmc=10460242|pmid=37637646}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱮ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒-᱓ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱦᱳᱛᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱒᱙.᱓% ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱔᱑.᱙% ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malhotra|first1=Savita|last2=Shah|first2=Ruchita|date=July 2015|title=Women and mental health in India: An overview|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=Suppl 2|pages=S205–211|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.161479|doi-access=free |issn=0019-5545|pmc=4539863|pmid=26330636}}</ref> == ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ == ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental disorders |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ "ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ" ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱗᱖–᱘᱕% ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱓᱕–᱕０% ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱴ ( ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱓᱓.᱕% ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱓.᱘% ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Mental Health By the Numbers {{!}} NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness |url=https://www.nami.org/mhstats |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130050820/https://www.nami.org/mhstats |archive-date=2022-11-30 }}</ref> ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Turekian V |title=Mental Health Diplomacy|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=2014-06-23|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2014/mental-health-diplomacy-building-global-response}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ – ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ – ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saraceno B, van Ommeren M, Batniji R, Cohen A, Gureje O, Mahoney J, Sridhar D, Underhill C | display-authors = 6 | title = Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9593 | pages = 1164–74 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17804061 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61263-X | s2cid = 20954187 }}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑.᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱥᱴ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱖᱒᱘,᱐᱐᱐ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱔᱙᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔.᱔ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (US$) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾<ref>Scheffler RM et al. (2011). [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501019_eng.pdf ''Human resources for mental health: workforce shortages in low- and middle-income countries'']. Geneva, World Health Organization Press.</ref> == ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱡᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ (᱘᱐%) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ [[ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ-ᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ|''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱑'']] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,<ref>World Health Organization. (2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211100112/http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/index.html ''The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope'']. Geneva, WHO Press.</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: # ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ # [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ # ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ # ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ # [[ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ|ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ]] ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ # ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ # ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱡᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ # ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱟᱥᱮᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱩᱞ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ,<ref>World Health Organization: [http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/WHO-AIMS/en/ ''Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems''.] Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> ᱥᱤᱡᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱮᱯᱤᱥᱳᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ-ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟᱢᱳᱜᱚᱛ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ US$᱐.᱓᱐ – ᱐.᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ- ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ᱾ === ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ === ᱠᱚᱢ- ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ-ᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ (ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱚᱞ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acharibasam |first1=Jeremiah W. |last2=Wynn |first2=Rolf |date=2018-11-01 |title=Telemental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |language=en |volume=2018 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2018/9602821 |issn=1687-6415 |pmc=6241375 |pmid=30519259 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱯᱨᱮᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ]] ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Kareem |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Catalina |last3=Barteit |first3=Sandra |date=2022-06-22 |title=Telemedicine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |article-number=914423 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.914423 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=9257012 |pmid=35812479 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ == ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱔ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ", ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤ.ᱭᱩ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ" ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-areas|title=NIMH » Research Areas|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ [[ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ]] ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱓.᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔.᱐ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="Anda2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH |date=April 2006 |title=The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=174–186 |doi=10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 |pmc=3232061 |pmid=16311898}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Center for Injury Prevention and Control |date=2020 |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences Prevention Strategy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/priority/ACEs-Strategic-Plan_Final_508.pdf}}</ref> [[ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ]] (ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC|date=2025-12-11|title=About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Mental Health|language=en-us}}</ref> ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC|date=2025-12-11|title=About Mental Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Mental Health|language=en-us}}</ref> == ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ: ''Power of Okay'' (ᱴᱷᱮᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ)<ref name="Now you see me">{{Citation |title=Now you see me |work=The Politics of Islamophobia |pages=41–59 |publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt183pdtq.6 |s2cid=73313498 }}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ "See Me" (ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱢᱮ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱴᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱯᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱚᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱤᱡ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "are you okay?" (ᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱢ ᱛᱚ?) ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ''Not Myself Today'' (ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ)<ref name="Now you see me"/> ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ]] (ᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ''ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ''ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ'' ᱴᱩᱞᱠᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ''Better Health-Every Mind Matters'' (ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ)'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ᱾ ᱯᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱮᱱ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱᱰ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ [https://www.nhs.uk/every-mind-matters/ Every Mind Matters website (ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱢ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱤᱯᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾ ''Stop The Stigma'' (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭ ᱢᱮ)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marniemi |first1=J. |last2=Parkki |first2=M. G. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1569–1572 |doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90080-5 |issn=0006-2952 |pmid=9}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ (ᱥᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱮ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱰᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, "ᱪᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱥᱮ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱮ, ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱢᱮ᱾" ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMillan |first=Ian |date=October 1997 |title=HEA grants promote positive action for world mental health day |journal=Mental Health Practice |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=5–6 |doi=10.7748/mhp.1.2.5.s7 |issn=1465-8720}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (᱑᱐ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱩᱠᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱒᱔-ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷᱥᱴᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ) === ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱱ.ᱰᱤ (ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱤᱢᱯᱨᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱚᱯᱢᱮᱱᱴ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ (mhGAP)᱾ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱮᱢ.ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱱ.ᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱯᱮᱥᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ (PIMHnet) # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ # ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ # ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ # ᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱢ (mhGAP) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ mhGAP ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱠᱦᱳᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ᱾ mhGAP ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ (mhGAP-IG) ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ, ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥ, ᱵᱟᱭᱯᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱨᱜᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱤᱢᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱰᱨᱟᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ/ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱡᱳᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ᱾ == ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱤᱠᱚᱞᱳᱱᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ: ᱫᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱡᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ'' ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ:<ref name=":1">Mills, China. [https://www.academia.edu/4905979/Decolonizing_Global_Mental_Health_The_Psychiatrization_of_the_Majority_World Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World]. Retrieved October 17, 2014, from</ref> {{Blockquote|text=ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ – ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ' ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾|sign=|source=}} ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱟᱥ: ᱫᱟ ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾<ref name=":0">Watters, Ethan (January 8, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The Americanization of Mental Illness]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱡᱳ ᱰᱤ ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱟ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱯᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱳᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Di Nicola V |year=2020|title=The Global South: An Emergent Epistemology for Social Psychiatry|url=http://www.worldsocpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=WKMP-0196;year=2020;volume=2;issue=1;spage=20;epage=26;aulast=Di;type=0|journal=World Social Psychiatry|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=20–26|doi=10.4103/WSP.WSP_1_20|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ᱾<ref name=":34">Rajabzadeh, Vian (March 23, 2021). [https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/3/e004631]. Retrieved September 29, 2021]</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱣ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱱᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * [https://www.who.int/mental_health/en/ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ: ''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090507070849/http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱥ: ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040915212438/http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ. (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ''ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱑—ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ: ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱱᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱟᱥᱟ''. ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟ, ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] 2p12eawlquxd3hhyq4bysyp1xppzp44 0 36904 196384 194583 2026-08-12T03:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ}} [[File:Psi with Rod of Asclepius.svg|thumb|ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱜᱞᱤᱯᱷ "'''ψ'''" ᱥᱮ "psi", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] '''ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ|ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ|ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ]] [[ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ]], [[ᱧᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ|ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ]] ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Mental Health? |date=8 November 2024 |url=https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱩ]] ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ [[ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ]] (ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱩ.ᱮᱭᱤᱪ.ᱳ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ [[ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ (ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ)|ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ]] ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ"᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being |title=Health and Well-Being |website=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ [[Stress (biology)|ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ]], [[interpersonal relationship|ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ]], ᱟᱨ [[decision-making|ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ]] ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱭ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=About Mental Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm |access-date=2022-04-11 |work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]], [[ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ]], [[ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]], ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱞᱚᱛᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=1|title= The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope |publisher= WHO |access-date= 4 May 2014}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="MedlinePlus" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Issitt |first=Micah |title=Opinions Throughout History: Mental Health |date=2023 |publisher=Grey House Publishing |isbn=978-1-63700-541-5 |location=Amenia, UNITED STATES}}</ref> [[ᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱦᱳᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ]] ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱱᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, Pedrotti JT |title=Positive psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-8195-8 |oclc=639574840 }}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Mental health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> [[ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ]], ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ "ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ" ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ == ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱲᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Aboujaoude2015" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Nesi2022" /> ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱞᱤᱝ, ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Li2024" /> == ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ == ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ-ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾<ref>World Health Organization. (2021). Adolescent mental health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health</ref> === ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ === {{Further|ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ| ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ|ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳᱯᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ}}{{see also|ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ| ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱜᱽᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ}} ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓% ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Polanczyk |first1=Guilherme V. |last2=Salum |first2=Giovanni A. |last3=Sugaya |first3=Luisa S. |last4=Caye |first4=Arthur |last5=Rohde |first5=Luis A. |date=March 2015 |title=Annual Research Review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12381 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=345–365 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12381 |pmid=25649325 |issn=0021-9630}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱐-᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱖᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web|title=Adolescent mental health|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mental health|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/mental-health/|access-date=2024-05-25| work = The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) |language=en}}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ, ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Vikram |last2=Flisher |first2=Alan J |last3=Hetrick |first3=Sarah |last4=McGorry |first4=Patrick |date=April 2007 |title=Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673607603687 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=369 |issue=9569 |pages=1302–1313 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7|pmid=17434406 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369.1302P }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ - ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱤᱞᱚᱛᱟ, ᱟᱭᱚ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ [[ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱡᱷᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beecham |first=Jennifer |date=June 2014 |title=Annual Research Review: Child and adolescent mental health interventions: a review of progress in economic studies across different disorders |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=714–732 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12216 |issn=0021-9630 |pmc=4657502 |pmid=24580503}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasileva |first1=Mira |last2=Graf |first2=Ramona K. |last3=Reinelt |first3=Tilman |last4=Petermann |first4=Ulrike |last5=Petermann |first5=Franz |date=April 2021 |title=Research review: A meta-analysis of the international prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in children between 1 and 7 years |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.13261 |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=372–381 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.13261 |pmid=32433792 |issn=0021-9630}}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-26|title=Mental health statistics: children and young people|url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics/mental-health-statistics-children-and-young-people|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Mental Health Foundation|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "2024Orben">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orben A, Meier A, Dalgleish T, Blakemore S | title = Mechanisms linking social media use to adolescent mental health vulnerability| journal = [[Nature Reviews Psychology]] | date = May 2024 | volume = 3| issue = 6| pages = 407–423| doi =10.1038/s44159-024-00307-y | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGrath JJ, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Altwaijri Y, Andrade LH, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, de Almeida JM, Chardoul S, Chiu WT, Degenhardt L, Demler OV, Ferry F, Gureje O, Haro JM, Karam EG, Karam G, Khaled SM, Kovess-Masfety V, Magno M, Medina-Mora ME, Moskalewicz J, Navarro-Mateu F, Nishi D, Plana-Ripoll O, Posada-Villa J, Rapsey C, Sampson NA, Stagnaro JC, Stein DJ, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Vladescu C, Woodruff PW, Zarkov Z, Kessler RC | collaboration = WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators | title = Age of onset and cumulative risk of mental disorders: a cross-national analysis of population surveys from 29 countries | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 668–681 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37531964 | doi = 10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00193-1 | pmc = 10529120 }}</ref> ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ (᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ) ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱗.᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (᱑᱘-᱒᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱖-᱔᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱑᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱓.᱗% (᱑᱘-᱒᱕) ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘.᱑% (᱒᱖-᱔᱙) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Mental Illness |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness |website=National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱵᱷᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱳ-ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoo A, Kim M, Ross MM, Vaughn-Lee A, Butler B, dosReis S | title = Engaging Caregivers in the Treatment of Youth with Complex Developmental and Mental Health Needs | journal = The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–453 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29520663 | doi = 10.1007/s11414-018-9604-0 | s2cid = 3801878 }}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱵᱽᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /> ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕-᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="www.who.int" /> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Larson S, Chapman S, Spetz J, Brindis CD | title = Chronic Childhood Trauma, Mental Health, Academic Achievement, and School-Based Health Center Mental Health Services | journal = The Journal of School Health | volume = 87 | issue = 9 | pages = 675–686 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28766317 | doi = 10.1111/josh.12541 | s2cid = 13713247 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6th2r852 }}</ref> ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kato N, Yanagawa T, Fujiwara T, Morawska A | title = Prevalence of Children's Mental Health Problems and the Effectiveness of Population-Level Family Interventions | journal = Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 25 | issue = 8 | pages = 507–16 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26250791 | pmc = 4517988 | doi = 10.2188/jea.JE20140198 }}</ref> ᱕᱐% ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /><ref name="Merikangas_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC | title = Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–20 | date = 2009 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/krmerikangas | pmid = 19432384 | pmc = 2807642 }}</ref> ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Merikangas_2009" /> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱒᱕% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Kato_2015" /> ᱘᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒-᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒᱗᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱔% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱙% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱑᱒-ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱚ-ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ-ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱘᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Teen mental health study |url=https://www.arc.gov.au/news-and-publications/media/teen-mental-health-study |website=Australian Research Council |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> === ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ === {{Further| ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ}} ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱞᱤᱥᱟ ᱜᱩᱰᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ, ᱢᱤᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤ.ᱴᱤ.ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱢᱤᱛ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱝᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱕᱓% ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜᱱᱳᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Homelessness as psychological traum">{{cite journal|vauthors=Goodman L, Saxe L, Harvey M|date=November 1991|title=Homelessness as psychological trauma. Broadening perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1991-11_46_11/page/1219|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=46|issue=11|pages=1219–25|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.46.11.1219|pmid=1772159}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮ-ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hwang SW, Tolomiczenko G, Kouyoumdjian FG, Garner RE|date=November 2005|title=Interventions to improve the health of the homeless: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2005-11_29_4/page/311|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume=29|issue=4|pages=311–9|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.017|pmid=16242595}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ᱾<ref name="Homelessness as psychological traum" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang" /> ᱠᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾<ref name="Hwang" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Library resources box}} * {{wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ (WHO) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ] * [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ] * {{cite web |title=ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |website=WHO ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ |url=http://www.emro.who.int/entity/mental-health/ }} * [https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ (ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ)] * [https://ec.europa.eu/health/non_communicable_diseases/mental_health_en ᱦᱮᱞᱛᱷ-ᱤ.ᱭᱩ (Health-EU) ᱯᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ] ᱤ.ᱭᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ * [http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Healthandsocialcaretopics/Mentalhealth/index.htm ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ (ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ)] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] 6vwd1jcmwamyuz9um5kmge4383kiaiu 0 37630 196412 196197 2026-08-12T04:26:48Z ARYAN MURMU 798 /* */ 196412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox country at games |CGA = IND |year = 2026 |games = Commonwealth Games |games_link= ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ |flagcaption= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] |CGAname= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] |website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}} |location= [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ |start_date= {{Start date|2026|7|23|df=y}} |end_date= {{End date|2026|8|2|df=y}} |competitors= ᱑᱒᱒ |sports= ᱑᱐ |flagbearer_open = [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] |flagbearer_close =[[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] |baton_bearer= [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |rank = ᱔ |gold = ᱑᱓ |silver= ᱑᱗ |bronze= ᱙ }} [[ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ|᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱒ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ (sports) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱤᱡ (Weightlifter) [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱫᱚ [[Standard-bearer|ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ]] (flag-bearer) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ (baton-bearer) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱑᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ| ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (᱔) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱰᱳ|ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ (᱒ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱞᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ|ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ (individual) ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ 9fpxbk8ilti2mfgsqv66k24zbizursz 196425 196412 2026-08-12T04:56:12Z ARYAN MURMU 798 /* */ 196425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox country at games |CGA = IND |year = 2026 |games = Commonwealth Games |games_link= ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ |flagcaption= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] |CGAname= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] |website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}} |location= [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ |start_date= {{Start date|2026|7|23|df=y}} |end_date= {{End date|2026|8|2|df=y}} |competitors= ᱑᱒᱒ |sports= ᱑᱐ |flagbearer_open = [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] |flagbearer_close =[[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] |baton_bearer= [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |rank = ᱔ |gold = ᱑᱓ |silver= ᱑᱗ |bronze= ᱙ }} [[ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ|᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱒ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ (sports) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱤᱡ (Weightlifter) [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱫᱚ [[Standard-bearer|ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ]] (flag-bearer) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ (baton-bearer) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱑᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ| ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (᱔) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱰᱳ|ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ (᱒ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱞᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ|ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ (individual) ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == [[2026 Commonwealth Games|᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Commonwealth Games|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Glasgow|ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], [[Scotland|ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Colman|first=Jonty|title=What are the Commonwealth Games?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=22 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722234724/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Full list of countries participating in Glasgow edition; Gabon and Togo set for debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2026-cwg-glasgow-full-list-of-countries-participating-debutants-gabon-togo-india/article71210222.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{efn|name=British India|᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱟᱨ [[1938 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱘]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾}} ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|title=Glasgow 2026 gets underway on Thursday as India eye strong start in lawn bowls|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=23 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723070415/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱴᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴᱚᱨ [[Mirabai Chanu|ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[Lovlina Borgohain|ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱫᱚ [[2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[Standard-bearer|ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026|archive-date=18 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718160111/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[Jaismine Lamboria|ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[2026 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|ᱠᱞᱚᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Boxer Jaisimine to be India's flag bearer for closing ceremony|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2026-boxer-jasimine-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-closing-ceremony-4096671|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bengaluru, India|date=2 August 2026|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> 7mix4j1ozeoq31ramnicjhtmi1uc269 196426 196425 2026-08-12T04:57:29Z ARYAN MURMU 798 /* ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ */ 196426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox country at games |CGA = IND |year = 2026 |games = Commonwealth Games |games_link= ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ |flagcaption= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] |CGAname= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] |website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}} |location= [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ |start_date= {{Start date|2026|7|23|df=y}} |end_date= {{End date|2026|8|2|df=y}} |competitors= ᱑᱒᱒ |sports= ᱑᱐ |flagbearer_open = [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] |flagbearer_close =[[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] |baton_bearer= [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |rank = ᱔ |gold = ᱑᱓ |silver= ᱑᱗ |bronze= ᱙ }} [[ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ|᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ]] ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱒ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ (sports) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱤᱡ (Weightlifter) [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱫᱚ [[Standard-bearer|ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ]] (flag-bearer) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ (baton-bearer) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ|ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱑᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ| ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (᱔) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱰᱳ|ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ (᱒ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱞᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ]] ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ|ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ (individual) ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ [[ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ]] ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == [[2026 Commonwealth Games|᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ [[Commonwealth Games|ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[Glasgow|ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], [[Scotland|ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Colman|first=Jonty|title=What are the Commonwealth Games?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=22 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722234724/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Full list of countries participating in Glasgow edition; Gabon and Togo set for debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2026-cwg-glasgow-full-list-of-countries-participating-debutants-gabon-togo-india/article71210222.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{efn|name=British India|᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱟᱨ [[1938 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱘]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾}} ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|title=Glasgow 2026 gets underway on Thursday as India eye strong start in lawn bowls|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=23 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723070415/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱴᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴᱚᱨ [[Mirabai Chanu|ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[Lovlina Borgohain|ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] ᱫᱚ [[2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[Standard-bearer|ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026|archive-date=18 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718160111/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ [[Jaismine Lamboria|ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ [[2026 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|ᱠᱞᱚᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Boxer Jaisimine to be India's flag bearer for closing ceremony|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2026-boxer-jasimine-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-closing-ceremony-4096671|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bengaluru, India|date=2 August 2026|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == s71hcps18buqa31h0yzcdc35n0skbed 196430 196426 2026-08-12T07:14:08Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 196430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=August 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}} {{Infobox country at games |CGA = IND |year = 2026 |games = Commonwealth Games |games_link= ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ |flagcaption= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] |CGAname= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] |website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}} |location= [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ |start_date= {{Start date|2026|7|23|df=y}} |end_date= {{End date|2026|8|2|df=y}} |competitors= ᱑᱒᱒ |sports= ᱑᱐ |flagbearer_open = [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] |flagbearer_close =[[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] |baton_bearer= [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |rank = ᱔ |gold = ᱑᱓ |silver= ᱑᱗ |bronze= ᱙ }} [[ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱒ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱤᱡ [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱑᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (᱔) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱩᱰᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ (᱒ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱞᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ, ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Colman|first=Jonty|title=What are the Commonwealth Games?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=22 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722234724/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Full list of countries participating in Glasgow edition; Gabon and Togo set for debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2026-cwg-glasgow-full-list-of-countries-participating-debutants-gabon-togo-india/article71210222.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{efn|name=British India|᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱟᱨ [[1938 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱘]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾}} ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|title=Glasgow 2026 gets underway on Thursday as India eye strong start in lawn bowls|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=23 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723070415/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱴᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026|archive-date=18 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718160111/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱚᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Boxer Jaisimine to be India's flag bearer for closing ceremony|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2026-boxer-jasimine-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-closing-ceremony-4096671|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bengaluru, India|date=2 August 2026|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> obv4p17ohf819q1v9ooc274bkbp6k6g 196431 196430 2026-08-12T07:14:27Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 196431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country at games |CGA = IND |year = 2026 |games = Commonwealth Games |games_link= ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ |flagcaption= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ]] |CGAname= [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ]] |website = {{URL|olympic.ind.in}} |location= [[ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ]], ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ |start_date= {{Start date|2026|7|23|df=y}} |end_date= {{End date|2026|8|2|df=y}} |competitors= ᱑᱒᱒ |sports= ᱑᱐ |flagbearer_open = [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] |flagbearer_close =[[ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ]] |baton_bearer= [[ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ]] |rank = ᱔ |gold = ᱑᱓ |silver= ᱑᱗ |bronze= ᱙ }} [[ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱒᱒ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱛᱩᱞᱤᱡ [[ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ]] ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱚᱵᱷᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱳᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱡᱮᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱑᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱑᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓᱙ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ (᱔) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱩᱰᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ (᱒ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱞᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱷᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ == ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ == ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱟᱥᱜᱳ, ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last=Colman|first=Jonty|title=What are the Commonwealth Games?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=22 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722234724/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce97z12y55go|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Full list of countries participating in Glasgow edition; Gabon and Togo set for debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2026-cwg-glasgow-full-list-of-countries-participating-debutants-gabon-togo-india/article71210222.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{efn|name=British India|᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱣᱟᱫᱷᱤᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[1934 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱔]] ᱟᱨ [[1938 Commonwealth Games|᱑᱙᱓᱘]] ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾}} ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱮᱞᱛᱷ ᱜᱮᱢᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|title=Glasgow 2026 gets underway on Thursday as India eye strong start in lawn bowls|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026|archive-date=23 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723070415/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/glasgow-2026-gets-underway-on-thursday-as-india-eye-strong-start-in-lawn-bowls-1503619636.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱣᱮᱴᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱱᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱞᱚᱵᱽᱞᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱦᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026|archive-date=18 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718160111/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱢᱵᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱚᱡᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Boxer Jaisimine to be India's flag bearer for closing ceremony|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2026-boxer-jasimine-to-be-indias-flag-bearers-for-closing-ceremony-4096671|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bengaluru, India|date=2 August 2026|access-date=2 August 2026}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == <references /> im8s3yl1m5qhzqq43410tjusvouyfi3 0 37697 196327 2026-08-11T13:54:11Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ 196327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ | image = Idiyappam with Egg Masala Curry.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ | alternate_name = ᱱᱩᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟ, ᱱᱩᱞᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱜᱟᱭ, ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ, ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ, ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ, ᱪᱳᱢᱟᱭ, ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱡᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ, ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱮᱳ | type = ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ | place_of_origin = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | course = | region = [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | associated_cuisine = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | creator = | mintime = | maxtime = | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ]] | minor_ingredient = | variations = | serving_size = 100 g | calories = | calories_ref = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = | other = }} '''ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱟ''', '''ᱱᱩᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱱᱩᱞᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ,''' '''ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱮᱳ''', '''ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱜᱟᱭ''', ᱥᱮ '''ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝ ᱦᱳᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱥᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱮ. ᱴᱤ. ᱟᱪᱟᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ, ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ, ᱤᱰᱞᱤ, ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮ.ᱰᱤ. (AD) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="The Story of our Food by K. T. Achaya">{{cite book | title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA80 | author=K. T. Achaya|date = November 2003| page=80| publisher=Universities Press| isbn=81-7371-293-X }}</ref> [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]] ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱳᱠᱳᱯᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱒᱕ CE) ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ-ᱚᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>"Lokopakara" Agri-History Bulletin No. 6 - (Trans) Ayangarya, Y. L. Nene, Nalini Sadhale, Valmiki Sreenivasa (Trans), 2004</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'ᱤᱰᱤ' ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ''ᱱᱩᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱱᱩᱞᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱱᱩᱞ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]] ᱛᱮ ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱰᱩᱯᱤ]] ᱨᱮ [[ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱩᱞᱩ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱜᱮ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱥᱮᱢᱮ ᱫᱟ ᱟᱫᱫᱟᱭᱮ'' ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱥᱤᱨᱵᱷᱟᱞᱮ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ (ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱰᱩᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱵᱷᱟ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Idiyappam|url=http://mariasmenu.com/vegetarian/idiyappam-nool-puttu-sevai|publisher=Marias Menu|access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == [[File:ಒಟ್ಟು ಶಾವಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಕ 2020.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱝᱜᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>Ottu shavige https://vegrecipesofkarnataka.com/235-ottu-shavige-akki-shavige-idiyappam-semettu-nool-puttu.php</ref> ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱜᱟᱭ'' ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱜᱟᱭ'' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Sevai Recipe (Santhagai) |url=https://www.yummytummyaarthi.com/sevai-recipe-sevai-mor-kuzhambu-vathal/ |website=Yummy Tummy |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱩ (ᱟᱞᱩ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱤᱥᱮᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱣᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱨ (ᱠᱷᱮᱡᱩᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ''ᱜᱩᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ'' (ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mstar.com.my/kolumnis/cerita.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F24%2FKOLUM%2FAROMA_RASA%2FAROMA_RASA_Heavenly_putu_piring&sec=mstar_kolum |title=AROMA RASA: Heavenly putu piring. |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618103300/http://mstar.com.my/kolumnis/cerita.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F24%2FKOLUM%2FAROMA_RASA%2FAROMA_RASA_Heavenly_putu_piring&sec=mstar_kolum |archive-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=July 2019}} == ᱮᱢᱚᱜ == [[File:Putumayam.jpg|thumb|''ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ'']] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱥᱴᱤᱣ ᱥᱮ [[ᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱞ]], ᱥᱮ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ]] [[ᱩᱛᱩ]], ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ, ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱝ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱰᱳᱞ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]], ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱱᱴ" ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery> File:Sandhavai manai-4-kottachedu-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟᱭ/ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ File:Sandhavai manai-2-kottachedu-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟᱭ/ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ File:ಒಟ್ಟು ಶಾವಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಕ 3.jpg|ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱾ File:Idiyappam Maker in wood.jpg|ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ File:Tradtional brass chakli presser and it's various parts.jpg|ᱥᱮᱵᱷᱟᱭ/ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱤᱛᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱾ File:IdiyappamMaking.ogg|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category-inline|Idiyappam}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱭᱮ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱰᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] f12luxhv1eobymu39hlprhk05jx0n0l 0 37698 196328 2026-08-11T16:09:07Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox food | name = ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ | image = Kozhukkatta-shraddha.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ/ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | national_cu..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ | image = Kozhukkatta-shraddha.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ/ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]] | national_cuisine = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] | creator = | course = [[ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] | served = | main_ingredient = ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ]], [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ]] ᱠᱚ | variations = | calories = | similar_dish = [[ᱢᱳᱱᱴ ᱞᱳᱱᱮ ᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱣ]], [[ᱠᱞᱮᱯᱳᱱ]], [[ᱵᱩᱣᱟ ᱞᱳᱭ]], [[ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱳᱢ ᱠᱷᱳ]], [[ᱛᱟᱝᱭᱩᱣᱟᱱ|ᱛᱟᱝᱭᱩᱣᱟᱱ]], [[ᱢᱳᱫᱟᱠ]] | other = }} '''ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ''' ({{langx|ml|കൊഴുക്കട്ട}}), '''ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ''' ({{langx|ta|கொழுகட்டை)}}, '''ᱠᱩᱰᱩᱢᱩ''' ([[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ:]] కుడుము), '''ᱢᱳᱫᱟᱠᱟ''' ({{Langx|kn|ಮೋದಕ}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱳᱫᱟᱠ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]] ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱤ, ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ, ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ (ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ == [[File:Kozhukatta Nasrani food.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ|ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ]] ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱚᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱠ ᱪᱚᱛᱩᱨᱛᱷᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ (''ᱱᱳᱭᱵᱮᱫᱽᱭᱚ'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱳᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiankeralafood.blogspot.in/2011/04/kozhukatta.html | title=Kerala Syrian Christian Cuisine: KOZHUKATTA | date=17 April 2011 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Lanka. Ediz. Inglese|date=2006|page=71}}</ref> ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱩᱯ ''ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ'' ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ "ᱢᱚᱴᱟ-ᱥᱚᱴᱟ" ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last1=McCormack|first1=Carol|title=Ethnography of Fertility and Birth|date=1994|publisher=Waveland Press|page=46}}</ref> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == <gallery mode="packed"> Image:കൊഴുക്കട്ട ഘട്ടം1.jpg|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ Image:കൊഴുക്കട്ട ഘട്ടം2.jpg|ᱜᱩᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣ Image:കൊഴുക്കട്ട ഘട്ടം3.jpg|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ Image:കൊഴുക്കട്ട ഘട്ടം4.jpg|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Kozhukkatta}} * [https://potpourrimasala.blogspot.com/2011/09/steamed-sweet-coconut-parcels.html ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8JVgvGltnA ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱩᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱭ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] ayhfx23tmjao3kpmly4krs7zfbyz0he 0 37699 196329 2026-08-11T16:20:16Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox food | name = ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ | alternate_name = ᱣᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱮ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱨᱟ | image = Medu Vadas.JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = [[ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], ᱥᱨ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ | alternate_name = ᱣᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱮ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱨᱟ | image = Medu Vadas.JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = [[ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]], [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]], [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]], [[ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ]], [[ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ]], [[ᱜᱩᱭᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]],<ref name="Mesthrie">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5uDwAAQBAJ&q=bara+indian+snack+in+south+africa&pg=PT144|title=Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa|first=Rajend|last=Mesthrie|date=14 September 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780429785788|access-date=3 October 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱥ]], [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]] | course = [[ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]], [[ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ]] | similar_dish = [[ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨᱥ]] }} '''ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ'''{{efn|ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ '''ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ''', '''ᱣᱟᱰᱟ''', '''ᱵᱟᱨᱟ''', ᱟᱨ '''ᱵᱳᱨᱟ''' ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ {{ipa|hi|ʋəɽaː|ipa}}}} ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱴᱟᱨ, ᱠᱟᱴᱞᱮᱴ, ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱢᱯᱞᱤᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZSH3ok5_SsC&pg=PA3 |title=Asian Dumplings |author=Andrea Nguyen |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781607740926 |page=3 }}</ref><ref name="VKJ_2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjg0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA401 |title=Indigenous Fermented Foods of South Asia |editor=V. K. Joshi |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781439887905 |page=401 }}</ref> ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮ, '''ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱴ]] ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱭᱳᱥᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱨᱳᱠᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸᱴᱷ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ (ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱚᱥ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱴᱤᱠᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱥ) ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱮ. ᱴᱤ. ᱟᱪᱟᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ (ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ. – ᱓᱐᱐ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ. ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014222427/http://hinduonnet.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 October 2007 |title=The Hindu : Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science : Changes in the Indian menu over the ages |work=hinduonnet.com |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱠᱟ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱳᱞᱞᱟᱥᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱠᱞᱳᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱢᱮᱥᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱓ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ, ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |author=Pat Chapman |title=India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tq5PwAACAAJ&pg=PA21 |year=2009 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-84537-619-2 |page=21 }}</ref> ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱵᱟᱨᱟ'' (ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱩᱝᱜᱳᱣᱨᱟ'' (ᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KTA_2003">{{cite book |author=K.T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA84 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |pages=84–85 }}</ref> ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱤᱨᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ, ᱜᱩᱭᱟᱱᱟ, [[ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ]], [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ]],<ref name="Mesthrie">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm5uDwAAQBAJ&q=bara+indian+snack+in+south+africa&pg=PT144|title=Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa|first=Rajend|last=Mesthrie|date=14 September 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780429785788|access-date=3 October 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱥ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="facebook.com">{{cite web|author=post |url=https://m.facebook.com/MatchstixGrillFood/posts/809929902376659 |title=History of doubles |publisher= M.facebook.com |access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref><ref name="Mohan 2015">{{cite web | last=Mohan | first=Neki | title=Street food of Trinidad, Tobago gains popularity worldwide | website=WPLG | date=June 28, 2015 | url=https://www.local10.com/news/street-food-of-trinidad-tobago-gains-popularity-in-south-florida | access-date=February 9, 2018 | archive-date=26 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626140851/https://www.local10.com/news/street-food-of-trinidad-tobago-gains-popularity-in-south-florida | url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱜᱩᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱣᱟᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == [[File:Vada food 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ]] ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]], ᱥᱟᱜᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱦᱮᱲ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ, ᱪᱟᱱᱟ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="UR_2001">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXHVH-hqVE4C&pg=PA294 |title=Basic Food Preparation |edition=3rd |editor=Usha Raina |display-editors=etal |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |isbn=9788125023005 |pages=294–295 }}</ref> ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ, [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]], ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ), ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ (fermentation) ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱩᱸᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱳᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱢᱤ'' ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="UR_2001"/> == ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ == ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * ''ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ'' ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱳᱱᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱞᱩᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ'', ''ᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ'', ''ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' ([[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]) ᱟᱨ ''ᱩᱡᱷᱩᱱᱱᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱮᱲ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ (ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱥᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ'' ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ'' (ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ) ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ) ᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱯᱯᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ (ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ), ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ-ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ * ''ᱟᱢᱵᱳᱰᱮ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ'' ᱾ * ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱨᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱤᱨᱩᱞᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱡᱤ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ: [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ * ''ᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱩ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱵᱳᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱞ ᱥᱟᱜᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱛᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'', ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' (ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱝ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'' (ᱟᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ) ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱯᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱱ]] (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱣ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱠᱤᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'', ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱵᱟᱰᱟ [[ᱩᱛᱩ]]'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱨ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ * ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ'': ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ, [[ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ]], ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ, ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ *ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱥ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱪᱟᱱᱟ'' ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mohan 2015"/> <gallery mode="packed"> File:PalakVada.jpg|ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ File:Uzhunnu vada.jpg|ᱢᱮᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ Parippuvada 2011.jpg|ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱯᱯᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ 'ᱟᱢᱟᱭ' ᱦᱚᱨᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ File:Batata Vada.jpg|ᱵᱟᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ File:Medur Vada 2.jpg|ᱢᱟᱫᱫᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ File:Neem Flower Vada.jpg|ᱱᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ File:Ulundu vada.jpg|ᱩᱞᱩᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟ File:FOOD Doubles 2.jpg|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ File:Bhalla Papri Chaat with saunth chutney.jpg|''ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱯᱲᱤ ᱪᱟᱴ'' ᱫᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱸᱴᱷ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ File:Dadvada.jpg|ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱵᱟᱰᱟ </gallery> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Vada (snack)}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱰ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱳᱱᱟᱴᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 3qpmwl8ryurecv1zjhqqnkhvh3vtf95 0 37700 196330 2026-08-11T16:28:20Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox prepared food | name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | image = Mini Uttappam.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱢᱤᱱᱤ-ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | alternate_name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ, ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟᱢ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = | course = | served..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | image = Mini Uttappam.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱢᱤᱱᱤ-ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | alternate_name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ, ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟᱢ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ]], [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ|ᱩᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱴᱟᱯᱟᱢ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ (toppings) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''", ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ [[ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ-ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ-ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱰᱞᱤ]], ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ''<!--with skins or without?--> ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑:᱓ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ (ratio) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱡᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url= http://www.bawarchi.com/contribution/contrib3669.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070329042023/http://www.bawarchi.com/contribution/contrib3669.html | archive-date= 2007-03-29| title= Uttapam | author= Mahendra Mehta | work= bawarchi.com| quote= Batter is made up of 1 portion of vigna mungo and 3 portions of rice. One half of the rice is boiled rice and other half is kolam or basmati or any rice other than boiled rice. (Boiled rice is not cooked rice but a variety of rice.)}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ (ferment) ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ (toppings) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]], ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱤᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ; ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Indian Pancake.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱚᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗)]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Uttapam}} * [http://www.upala.net/2014/06/varagarisi-tomato-uthappam.html Kodo Millet uthappam] * [https://neprecipe.com/how-to-make-easy-uttapam-batter-recipes/ Uttapam Batter Recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042815/https://neprecipe.com/how-to-make-easy-uttapam-batter-recipes/ |date=18 May 2021 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱮᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] 38oin6mys8rrdtgx0wpk1cb3u1kxka6 196331 196330 2026-08-11T16:34:39Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 196331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | image = Mini Uttappam.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱢᱤᱱᱤ-ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ | alternate_name = ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ, ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟᱢ | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ]], [[ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ|ᱩᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟᱢ''', '''ᱩᱴᱟᱯᱟᱢ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱮᱯ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ''", ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ [[ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ]] ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ-ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟ-ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱰᱞᱤ]], ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱳᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ''<!--with skins or without?--> ᱟᱨ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑:᱓ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ-ᱡᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url= http://www.bawarchi.com/contribution/contrib3669.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070329042023/http://www.bawarchi.com/contribution/contrib3669.html | archive-date= 2007-03-29| title= Uttapam | author= Mahendra Mehta | work= bawarchi.com| quote= Batter is made up of 1 portion of vigna mungo and 3 portions of rice. One half of the rice is boiled rice and other half is kolam or basmati or any rice other than boiled rice. (Boiled rice is not cooked rice but a variety of rice.)}}</ref> ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱚᱦᱚᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱤᱠᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ, [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]], ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱚ, ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱤᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱯᱤᱝᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ; ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ [[File:Indian Pancake.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱬᱚᱥᱤ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗)]] == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Uttapam}} * [http://www.upala.net/2014/06/varagarisi-tomato-uthappam.html Kodo Millet uthappam] * [https://neprecipe.com/how-to-make-easy-uttapam-batter-recipes/ Uttapam Batter Recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042815/https://neprecipe.com/how-to-make-easy-uttapam-batter-recipes/ |date=18 May 2021 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱮᱱᱠᱮᱠ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] bqaei4ay0caihjcmmafagpt4bd3qjki 0 37701 196332 2026-08-11T16:42:42Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ 196332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | image = Malabar Porotta (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ | image_alt = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | alternate_name = ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ | region = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] | type = [[ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ]] | main_ingredient = [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]], ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ | minor_ingredient = [[ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]] | other = | associated_cuisine = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | variations = [[ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] }} '''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ '''ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ; '''ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ''ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Simon" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ == [[File:A Aesthetic Parota making part 1.ogv|thumb|left|thumbtime=7|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ, ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=288}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒.᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok |first=Krish |date=23 October 2020 |title=Masala Lab {{!}} Why maida is not the supervillain of the flour world |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/masala-lab-why-maida-is-not-the-flour-world-villain-111603383026971.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱕ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}}<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{Convert|15|to|20|cm|in}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ {{Convert|5|to|7.5|mm|in}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1035}} ᱥᱮ {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Qarooni|1y=1996|1p=89|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=288}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱮᱪᱩᱞᱟ (spatula) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱯᱯᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{Convert|230|C|F|-1}} ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}{{efn|ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱖᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱑᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱑᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱭᱟ, ᱓᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}}} ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> {{Gallery | title=ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | width=180 | height=120 | File:മൈദ 6xv .jpg|alt1=ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ | File:Round spiralled ball of dough.jpg|alt2=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ | File:Parotta (deep fried) in making in Tuticorin district JEG2827.JPG|alt3=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ | Kerala Porotta making 02 (cropped).jpg|alt4=ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=76|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2pp=76–77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Jyotsna|Venkateswara Rao|2004|p=2131}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ (ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}}<ref name="Ghose">{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Sandip |date=2023-08-27 |title=Paratha, parotta, prata: How a humble flatbread went global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Aug/19/paratha-parotta-prata-how-a-humble-flatbread-went-global-2606881.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=93}} ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 270 | image1 = Parotta Beef-a local restaurant-Kerala (cropped).jpg | alt1 = ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ | image2 = Soru from south India parotta salna (cropped).jpg | alt2 = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾ | footer = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ|ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ]] (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ) ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Harikumar" /><ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ,<ref name="Simon" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Sannith" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Tirpude|Singh|2025|p=81}}<ref name="Sukanya" /> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == {{Multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=300 |image1=Porotta 04.jpg |alt1=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption1=ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |image2=Veechu Rotti.jpg |alt2=ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption2=ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾ |image3=Veg Kothu Parotta served in Tamil Nadu (cropped).JPG |alt3=ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱢᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption3=[[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ |image4=Pearl City's Poricha (Fried) Parotta with Mutton Saalna (cropped).jpg |alt4=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption4={{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image5=Bun Parotta-2-Rasipuram-namakkal-India.jpg |alt5=ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |caption5=ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱱ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image6=Coin porotta (cropped).jpg |alt6=ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption6=ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |image7=Nool porotta (cropped).jpg |alt7=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption7={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ |image8=Beef Kizhi Porotta.jpg |alt8=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ |caption8={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ (ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon">{{Cite news |last=Simon |first=Steni |date=11 November 2022 |title=We love parotta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Nov/11/we-love-parotta-2517387.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=A Taste of Kerala: The Malabar Parotta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-taste-of-kerala-the-malabar-parotta-news-203829 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya">{{Cite news |last=Sukanya |first=Indumathy |date=5 December 2022 |title=Have you tasted the legendary parottas of Madurai? |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/have-you-tasted-the-legendary-parottas-of-madurai-111670223368025.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ({{translation|ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}})<ref name="Simon" /> ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{Convert|2|cm|in|0}} ᱜᱟᱱ<ref name="Nagarajan" />—ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ, ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ (translucent) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="Kirch">{{Cite web |last=Kirch |first=John |date=31 July 2009 |title=Roti Canai - Kuala Lumpur takes a flatbread to new heights |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124893513501192849 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥ-ᱟᱯ-ᱥᱟᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:An image of Parotta.jpg|thumb|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ (sensory) ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2007|p=105}} ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhare|Inamdar|Soumya|Indrani|2014|p=4113}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=881|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=289}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Rajiv|Venkateswara Rao|2003|p=607}} ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Rajiv|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2003|1p=Prabhasankar|2a1=Indrani|2a2=Jyotsna|2a3=Venkateswara Rao|2y=2004|2p=2132}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=78}} ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱭᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Jyotsna|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2004|1p=2133|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2011|p=35}} ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱠᱚᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Fadda|Sanguinetti|Del Caro|Collar|2014|p=477}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=77|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ-ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ—ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ—ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Kirch" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ-ᱡᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ᱰ᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱞᱚᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth">{{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=Ajay |date=14 June 2020 |title=Porotta in huge demand as dine-in services pick up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jun/14/porotta-in-huge-demand-as-dine-in-services-pick-up-2156312.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ #handsofparotta ᱦᱮᱥᱴᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=18 June 2020 |title=Meet the parotta – the Kerala flatbread that attracts more GST than North Indian roti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parotta-kerala-more-gst-than-roti-6457742/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Harikumar">{{Cite news |last=Harikumar |first=J. S. |date=24 June 2020 |title=#handsoffporotta... Why Malayalis are up in arms against a GST ruling on their favourite parotta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/handsoffporotta-why-malayalis-are-up-in-arms-against-a-gst-ruling-on-their-favourite-porotta/article31833264.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == [[File:Barotta stall.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith">{{Cite web |last=Sannith |first=Jude |date=2020-07-17 |title=How the parotta became South India's favourite flatbread - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/how-the-parotta-became-south-indias-favourite-flatbread-6366721.htm |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kerala's signature dish, the Porotta, from Kanhangad to Kaliyikkavila |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/experience-the-layered-story-of-keralas-signature-dish-the-porotta-from-kanhangad-to-kaliyikkavila/article67557335.ece |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱨᱳᱣᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=79}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ—ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ<ref name="Sukanya" />—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{As of|2020}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth" /> {{As of|2022}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱯ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱜᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar">{{Cite news |last=Anilkumar |first=T. |date=28 December 2022 |title=Porotta is king in 2022, overtakes biriyani, idiyappam in online orders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Dec/29/porotta-is-king-in-2022-overtakes-biriyani-idiyappam-in-online-orders-2532655.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{lang|zh-Latn|ᱤᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱩᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱝ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=M. K. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Why these Indian Parotta Makers Want to Return to China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-these-indian-parotta-makers-want-to-return-to-china/articleshow/74113505.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ" ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar" /> ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱡᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ" ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar">{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=12 April 2018 |title=Three cheers for Salna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/parottas-without-the-flavoursome-salna-is-an-incomplete-meal-a-look-at-the-history-and-evolution-of-the-popular-street-food-that-locals-are-addicted-to/article23513533.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} === ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fadda |first=C. |last2=Sanguinetti |first2=A. M. |last3=Del Caro |first3=A. |last4=Collar |first4=C. |last5=Piga |first5=A. |date=July 2014 |title=Bread Staling: Updating the View |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=473–492 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12064 |issn=1541-4337|hdl=10261/137948 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite book |last=Haridas Rao |first=P. |title=Chapatis and Related Products |last2=Sai Manohar |first2=R. |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 |editor-last=Caballero |editor-first=Benjamin |edition=2nd |pages=1033–1044}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Jyothsna Rao |first2=S. |last3=Udaya Sankar |first3=K. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=June 2000 |title=Changes in the physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of parotta during storage |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=323–329 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00025-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=January 2000 |title=Effect of chemical composition of wheat flour and functional properties of dough on the quality of south Indian parotta |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00117-4}} * {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=March 2007 |title=Rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough as influenced by ingredients of parotta |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=100–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.033}} * {{Cite book |last1=Indrani |first1=Dasappa |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=Gandham |chapter=South Indian Parotta: An Unleavened Flat Bread |date=2011 |title=Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention |pages=27–36 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-380886-8.10003-0 |isbn=978-0-12-380886-8 |editor1-last=Preedy |editor1-first=Victor R. |editor2-last=Watson |editor2-first=Ronald Ross |editor3-last=Patel |editor3-first=Vinood B.}} * {{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Shabir Ahmad |title=Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry |last2=Shah |first2=Manzoor Ahmad |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-12-814045-1 |chapter=Indian Flatbreads: How Structure Influences Properties |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21697-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Qarooni |first=Jalal |chapter=Flat Breads |year=1996 |title=Flat Bread Technology |pages=67–119 |place=Boston |publisher=[[Springer US]] |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-1175-1_4 |isbn=978-1-4612-8498-7}} * {{Cite journal |last=Pant |first=Pushpesh |date=2013 |title=India: Food and the Making of the Nation |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |issn=0376-9771 |jstor=24393273}} * {{Cite journal |last=Parimala |first=K. R. |last2=Sudha |first2=M. L. |date=2015-01-02 |title=Wheat-Based Traditional Flat Breads of India |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.647121 |issn=1040-8398}} * {{Cite journal |last=Prabhasankar |first=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=R. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=December 2004 |title=Influence of enzymes on rheological, microstructure and quality characteristics of parotta—an unleavened Indian flat bread |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=84 |issue=15 |pages=2128–2134 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.1927 |issn=0022-5142}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Prabhasankar |first1=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=Rajiv |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=September 2003 |title=Scanning electron microscopic and electrophoretic studies of the baking process of south Indian parotta—an unleavened flat bread |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00017-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Prasada Rao |first=U. J. S. |chapter=Enzymes |date=2014-07-11 |title=Bakery Products Science and Technology |pages=275–294 |editor-last=Zhou |editor-first=Weibiao |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.1002/9781118792001.ch15 |isbn=978-1-119-96715-6 |last2=Hemalatha |first2=M. S. |editor2-last=Hui |editor2-first=Y. H. |editor3-last=De Leyn |editor3-first=I. |editor4-last=Pagani |editor4-first=M. A.}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sakhare |first=Suresh D. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh A. |last3=Soumya |first3=C. |last4=Indrani |first4=D. |last5=Venkateswara Rao |first5=G. |date=December 2014 |title=Effect of flour particle size on microstructural, rheological and physico-sensory characteristics of bread and south Indian parotta |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4252461/ |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=4108–4113 |doi=10.1007/s13197-013-0939-5 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=4252461 |pmid=25477689}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tirpude |first=Rahul |last2=Singh |first2=Sumer |date=July 2025 |title=A Comprehensive Study of use of Plant Leaves in Product Packaging |journal=Journal of Packaging Technology and Research |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1007/s41783-025-00184-7 |issn=2520-1034}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Parotta}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] 2g8pc0b92pgv79v2pzxekd1tgk6er66 196361 196332 2026-08-12T02:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 3665 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260811sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 196361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | image = Malabar Porotta (cropped).jpg | caption = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ | image_alt = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ | alternate_name = ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ | region = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] | type = [[ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ]] | main_ingredient = [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]], ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ | minor_ingredient = [[ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱤᱞᱤ]], [[ᱪᱤᱱᱤ]] | other = | associated_cuisine = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | variations = [[ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ]], [[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] }} '''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' (ᱥᱮ '''ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ '''ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ; '''ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ''' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ, ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ''ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱴᱟ'' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Simon" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ == [[File:A Aesthetic Parota making part 1.ogv|thumb|left|thumbtime=7|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ, ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=288}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒.᱕ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok |first=Krish |date=23 October 2020 |title=Masala Lab {{!}} Why maida is not the supervillain of the flour world |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/masala-lab-why-maida-is-not-the-flour-world-villain-111603383026971.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱕ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}}<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{Convert|15|to|20|cm|in}} ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ {{Convert|5|to|7.5|mm|in}} ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1035}} ᱥᱮ {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in}} ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Qarooni|1y=1996|1p=89|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=288}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱮᱪᱩᱞᱟ (spatula) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱥᱟᱯᱯᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{Convert|230|C|F|-1}} ᱨᱮ ᱒ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}{{efn|ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱖᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱑᱕ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱑᱐ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱭᱟ, ᱓᱐ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}}} ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> {{Gallery | title=ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | width=180 | height=120 | File:മൈദ 6xv .jpg|alt1=ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ (ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ)|ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ | File:Round spiralled ball of dough.jpg|alt2=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ | File:Parotta (deep fried) in making in Tuticorin district JEG2827.JPG|alt3=ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡᱟ ᱾ | Kerala Porotta making 02 (cropped).jpg|alt4=ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ, ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱢ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=76|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷᱯᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2pp=76–77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Jyotsna|Venkateswara Rao|2004|p=2131}} ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱟ (ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}}<ref name="Ghose">{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Sandip |date=2023-08-27 |title=Paratha, parotta, prata: How a humble flatbread went global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Aug/19/paratha-parotta-prata-how-a-humble-flatbread-went-global-2606881.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ,{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=93}} ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 270 | image1 = Parotta Beef-a local restaurant-Kerala (cropped).jpg | alt1 = ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ | image2 = Soru from south India parotta salna (cropped).jpg | alt2 = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ, ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾ | footer = ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱤᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ|ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ]] (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ]] (ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ) ᱾ }} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Harikumar" /><ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱥᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ,<ref name="Simon" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱳᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ;<ref name="Sannith" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱪᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Tirpude|Singh|2025|p=81}}<ref name="Sukanya" /> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == {{Multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=300 |image1=Porotta 04.jpg |alt1=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption1=ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |image2=Veechu Rotti.jpg |alt2=ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption2=ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ ᱾ |image3=Veg Kothu Parotta served in Tamil Nadu (cropped).JPG |alt3=ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱢᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |caption3=[[ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ |image4=Pearl City's Poricha (Fried) Parotta with Mutton Saalna (cropped).jpg |alt4=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption4={{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image5=Bun Parotta-2-Rasipuram-namakkal-India.jpg |alt5=ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ |caption5=ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱵᱟᱱ (ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ)|ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |image6=Coin porotta (cropped).jpg |alt6=ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption6=ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |image7=Nool porotta (cropped).jpg |alt7=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |caption7={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ |image8=Beef Kizhi Porotta.jpg |alt8=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱾ |caption8={{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ }} [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ (ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon">{{Cite news |last=Simon |first=Steni |date=11 November 2022 |title=We love parotta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Nov/11/we-love-parotta-2517387.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=A Taste of Kerala: The Malabar Parotta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-taste-of-kerala-the-malabar-parotta-news-203829 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱴᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya">{{Cite news |last=Sukanya |first=Indumathy |date=5 December 2022 |title=Have you tasted the legendary parottas of Madurai? |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/have-you-tasted-the-legendary-parottas-of-madurai-111670223368025.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱡᱽᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ({{translation|ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}})<ref name="Simon" /> ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Simon" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱯᱳᱨᱤᱪᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱯ-ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱩ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱟᱱ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ, ᱛᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ {{Convert|2|cm|in|0}} ᱜᱟᱱ<ref name="Nagarajan" />—ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱩ, ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ ᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Simon" /> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}}, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ (translucent) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ,<ref name="Kirch">{{Cite web |last=Kirch |first=John |date=31 July 2009 |title=Roti Canai - Kuala Lumpur takes a flatbread to new heights |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124893513501192849 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱫ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱤᱫᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱵᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥ-ᱟᱯ-ᱥᱟᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ == [[File:An image of Parotta.jpg|thumb|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ, ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴᱵᱨᱮᱰ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ (sensory) ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱤᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱠᱟᱴᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱠᱳᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2007|p=105}} ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱦᱤ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Sakhare|Inamdar|Soumya|Indrani|2014|p=4113}} ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱳᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=881|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=289}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱾{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Rajiv|Venkateswara Rao|2003|p=607}} ᱜᱞᱩᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Rajiv|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2003|1p=Prabhasankar|2a1=Indrani|2a2=Jyotsna|2a3=Venkateswara Rao|2y=2004|2p=2132}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱰᱤᱴᱤᱵᱷᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=78}} ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱟᱱᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱭᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Jyotsna|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2004|1p=2133|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2011|p=35}} ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱠᱚᱞᱳᱭᱮᱰᱥ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Fadda|Sanguinetti|Del Caro|Collar|2014|p=477}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=77|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Pillai" /> ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ-ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱢᱤᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱭ—ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ—ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Kirch" /> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ-ᱡᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱟᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar" /> ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ᱰ᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱴᱤᱠᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱱᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ}} ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱥ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙ ᱞᱚᱠᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth">{{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=Ajay |date=14 June 2020 |title=Porotta in huge demand as dine-in services pick up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jun/14/porotta-in-huge-demand-as-dine-in-services-pick-up-2156312.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱩᱞᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ #handsofparotta ᱦᱮᱥᱴᱮᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=18 June 2020 |title=Meet the parotta – the Kerala flatbread that attracts more GST than North Indian roti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parotta-kerala-more-gst-than-roti-6457742/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Harikumar">{{Cite news |last=Harikumar |first=J. S. |date=24 June 2020 |title=#handsoffporotta... Why Malayalis are up in arms against a GST ruling on their favourite parotta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/handsoffporotta-why-malayalis-are-up-in-arms-against-a-gst-ruling-on-their-favourite-porotta/article31833264.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ == [[File:Barotta stall.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟᱭ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾|ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith">{{Cite web |last=Sannith |first=Jude |date=2020-07-17 |title=How the parotta became South India's favourite flatbread - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/how-the-parotta-became-south-indias-favourite-flatbread-6366721.htm |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kerala's signature dish, the Porotta, from Kanhangad to Kaliyikkavila |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/experience-the-layered-story-of-keralas-signature-dish-the-porotta-from-kanhangad-to-kaliyikkavila/article67557335.ece |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱛᱷᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{lang|ta-Latn|ᱨᱳᱣᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sannith" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=79}} ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ—ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ<ref name="Sukanya" />—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{As of|2020}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kanth" /> {{As of|2022}}, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱯ ᱥᱩᱭᱤᱜᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱨᱰᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar">{{Cite news |last=Anilkumar |first=T. |date=28 December 2022 |title=Porotta is king in 2022, overtakes biriyani, idiyappam in online orders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Dec/29/porotta-is-king-in-2022-overtakes-biriyani-idiyappam-in-online-orders-2532655.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱾<ref name="Sukanya" /> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ {{lang|zh-Latn|ᱤᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱩᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱝ}} ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=M. K. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Why these Indian Parotta Makers Want to Return to China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-these-indian-parotta-makers-want-to-return-to-china/articleshow/74113505.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ" ᱾<ref name="Anilkumar" /> ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Nagarajan" /> ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name="Ghose" /> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref name="Pillai" /> ᱥᱟᱞᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱱᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱰᱤ ᱠᱩᱡᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱴᱴᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ" ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Shrikumar">{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=12 April 2018 |title=Three cheers for Salna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/parottas-without-the-flavoursome-salna-is-an-incomplete-meal-a-look-at-the-history-and-evolution-of-the-popular-street-food-that-locals-are-addicted-to/article23513533.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{notelist}} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} === ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fadda |first=C. |last2=Sanguinetti |first2=A. 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A.}} * {{Cite journal |last=Sakhare |first=Suresh D. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh A. |last3=Soumya |first3=C. |last4=Indrani |first4=D. |last5=Venkateswara Rao |first5=G. |date=December 2014 |title=Effect of flour particle size on microstructural, rheological and physico-sensory characteristics of bread and south Indian parotta |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4252461/ |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=4108–4113 |doi=10.1007/s13197-013-0939-5 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=4252461 |pmid=25477689}} * {{Cite journal |last=Tirpude |first=Rahul |last2=Singh |first2=Sumer |date=July 2025 |title=A Comprehensive Study of use of Plant Leaves in Product Packaging |journal=Journal of Packaging Technology and Research |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1007/s41783-025-00184-7 |issn=2520-1034}} {{refend}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Parotta}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] kecm8yos184r127z9j4rhpu2u996oyw 0 37702 196333 2026-08-11T16:52:28Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ 196333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ | image = Puttu (Rice Flour steamed cake).jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = | alternate_name = | country = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ]], [[ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ)|ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ (ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ)|ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | creator = | course = ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ]], [[ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ]], [[ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ''''' ᱥᱮ '''''ᱯᱤᱴᱴᱩ''''' ({{IPA|ml|ˈpuʈːɯ|pron}}; {{langx|ml|പുട്ട്}}; {{langx|ta|புட்டு , பிட்டு}}) ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱡᱟᱯᱷᱱᱟ]], ᱛᱨᱤᱱᱠᱳᱢᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱟᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱳᱣᱟ, ᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱜᱳᱢᱵᱳ, ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]], ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ, ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Rice_Puttu_with_Gram_Curry.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ᱪᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'']] ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ'' ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ- ᱥᱮ ᱤᱪᱟᱹᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ-ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱰᱩᱞᱥᱮ ᱰᱮ ᱞᱮᱪᱮ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipe for puttu | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/indianfoodmadeeasy/recipes/episode_1/puttu.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224083718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/indianfoodmadeeasy/recipes/episode_1/puttu.shtml | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-12-24 | work=Indian Food Made Easy |publisher=[[BBC]] | access-date=2010-08-13 }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == [[File:Neettuppeddi.jpg|thumb|ᱱᱤᱴᱨᱩ ᱯᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱛᱟᱞᱮ (ᱵᱚᱨᱟᱥᱩᱥ)|ᱛᱟᱞᱮ]] ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Puttu maker - cley.jpg|thumb|upright|ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ—ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ]] [[File:Chirattuputtu.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱤᱨᱨᱟᱴᱩ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ—ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ]] ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair (Life)|first=Rajeev|title='Puttu'ing plan B in place|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/-puttu-ing-plan-b-in-place|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞᱩᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ''<ref>{{Cite web|title='Puttu' ing it: Kicha from Kochi in 'The Ellen DeGeneres Show'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/foodie/kicha-chef-kichatube-ellen-degeneres-show-ellentube-puttu.html|access-date=2020-11-20|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref> ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ᱤᱰᱞᱤ]]'' ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾ == ᱮᱢᱚᱜ == ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ'' (ᱪᱟᱱᱟ) ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱟᱯᱚᱲ'' ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ, ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ, ᱩᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ]] ᱥᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ, ''ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱩᱛᱩ, ''ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱨ'' (ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ) ''[[ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ]]'' ᱥᱟᱶ ''ᱯᱟᱯᱚᱲ'', ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱸᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱤᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱳᱛᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱳᱞ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ-'' ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2020-11-19|title=This Kerala joint serves puttu to suit your political inclinations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/aminas-puttu-kada-in-thiruvananthapuram-serves-puttu-to-suit-your-political-inclinations-and-taste/article33132528.ece|access-date=2021-04-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ''ᱨᱟᱜᱤ'' (ᱠᱳᱰᱮ) ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱤᱨᱟᱪᱤᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brien |first1=Charmaine O' |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&q=puttu |language=en}}</ref> ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ [[ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱟᱥ]] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱱᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱣᱴᱳᱣ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ ᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱩ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lalitmauritius.org/dictionary.php?wrd=putu|title=Lalit|website=www.lalitmauritius.org}}</ref> ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ—ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ <gallery widths="200" heights="160"> File:Wheat puttu and banana.jpg|ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ File:Puttu with different flours.jpg|ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ, ᱨᱟᱜᱤ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' File:Puttu (പുട്ട്).jpg|ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ File:Puttu with Kadala.JPG|ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ </gallery> == ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ == ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱱ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱤᱞᱟᱭ'' (ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱜᱟᱭ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨᱤᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱢᱢᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱪᱳᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱳᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱪᱳᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱢᱢᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱠᱥᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱞᱟ'' ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩᱛᱷᱳᱯᱯᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-26 |title=Hundreds witness 'Puttu tiruvizha' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/hundreds-witness-puttu-tiruvizha/article7584726.ece |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-12 |title=Tale of yore re-enacted at Meenakshi temple |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tale-of-yore-re-enacted-at-meenakshi-temple/articleshow/54284341.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-06 |title=Divine episode enacted on Vaigai bank |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/divine-episode-enacted-on-vaigai-bank/article65858369.ece |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ == ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱑᱐-ᱯᱷᱩᱴ-ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱑᱒-ᱯᱷᱩᱴ-ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱮᱞᱩᱢᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱨᱮ, ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ᱜᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ) ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{citation | title=Kerala's Hotel Management Students Cook Up World Record Puttu |url=http://www.evalu8.org/staticpage?page=review&siteid=9948 | work=Indiatourism | access-date=2010-10-22}}</ref> == ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ == ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱩᱭᱮ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ'', [[ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱩ ᱯᱤᱨᱤᱝ'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ]] ᱛᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱳ ᱵᱩᱢᱵᱳᱝ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="BD1"/><ref name="delmundo">{{cite book|author=Angelita M. del Mundo|editor=Harlan Walker|title =Disappearing Foods: Studies in Food and Dishes at Risk|chapter =Emerging Versions of Some Traditional Philippine Rice Food Products|publisher =Prospect Books|series =Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1994|year =1995|page=64|isbn =9780907325628|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XR9YIaG0kIcC&pg=PA65}}</ref> [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ''ᱠᱩᱭᱮ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱱ'' ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱞᱮᱯᱳᱱ'' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱩᱭᱮ ᱯᱩᱴᱩ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="BD1">{{cite news|title='Kue Putu' Steamed Green Cake|author=Anggara Mahendra|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Baily Daily|url=http://www.thebalidaily.com/2013-06-13/kue-putu-steamed-green-cake.html|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615112957/http://www.thebalidaily.com/2013-06-13/kue-putu-steamed-green-cake.html|archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ, ''ᱯᱩᱴᱳ ᱵᱩᱢᱵᱳᱝ'' ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱤᱨᱩᱨᱩᱴᱳᱝ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱢᱟᱥ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="sas">{{cite web |last1=Sastrillo |first1=Berna |title=The Search for the Best Puto Bumbong in Manila |url=http://www.modernfilipina.ph/lifestyle/food/best-puto-bumbong-manila |website=ModernFilipina |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱴᱳ'' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱮᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] mbt4t7bwkjipu8cq9cosgae731swbaj 0 37703 196427 2026-08-12T06:42:48Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ 196427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dance |name=ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ |image= File:Kalankaval in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg |alt= |caption=ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ, [[ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱾ |native_name= കാളിയൂട്ട് (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ) |etymology= |genre= ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ |signature= |instruments= |inventor= |year= |origin=[[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ }} '''ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ''' ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱠᱟᱢ''' (ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ == ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱴᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |last1=B. |first1=Ravi kumar |title=ശാർക്കര കാളിയൂട്ട് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-27-05-2018/727249 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320073735/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-27-05-2018/727249 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱰᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱰᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (''ᱢᱩᱰᱤ'' ᱫᱚ ᱩᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱩᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ) ᱾<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web |title=കാളിയൂട്ട് - അനുഷ്ഠാന കല{{!}} Kaliyoottu - ritual art form |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/kaliyoottu/628 |website=www.keralaculture.org |publisher=Department of Culture, Kerala state |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320065805/http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/kaliyoottu/628 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱᱠᱤᱡᱷᱩ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kanjirathil |first=Renjith |date=14 February 2023 |title=തങ്കത്തിരുമുടിയിൽ ദേവി പുറത്തെഴുന്നെള്ളി: കേരളത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും ദൈർഘ്യമേറിയ ഉത്സവമായ വെള്ളായണി കാളിയൂട്ടിനു തുടക്കമായി. |work=[[Janam TV]] |url=https://janamtv.com/80658628/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320134334/https://janamtv.com/80658628/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱢᱩᱰᱤᱯᱩᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤ' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟᱞ'' (ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤᱛᱷᱳᱴᱴᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱘ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱩᱡᱷᱤᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱠᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱣᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱭᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱳ, ᱩᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="webdunia">{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Sasi Mohan |title=Spirituality enlightenes human beings and life |url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/spiritual/religion/hindu/0802/28/1080228054_1.htm |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320071148/https://malayalam.webdunia.com/spiritual/religion/hindu/0802/28/1080228054_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱔᱙ ᱮ.ᱰᱤ. (AD) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="webdunia"/> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Janmabhumi" /> == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ == [[File:Uchabali in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb|ᱩᱪᱟᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱾]] ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱷᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ (ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ/ᱢᱟᱨᱪ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱳᱴ (note) ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="webdunia"/><ref name="Janmabhumi">{{cite news |title=ശാര്‍ക്കര മഹാകാളിക്ക് കാളിയൂട്ട് |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/article-on-sharkara-temple |work=[[Janmabhumi]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085226/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/article-on-sharkara-temple |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱢᱮᱞᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ (ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ) ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="webdunia"/> ''ᱩᱪᱟᱵᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱪᱟᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱜᱚᱡ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱪᱟᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱑᱒.᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓.᱓᱐ ᱵᱟᱡᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ, ''ᱛᱩᱞᱞᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱢᱟᱰᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱠᱟᱢᱟᱰᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ [[ᱯᱩᱡᱟ (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ)|ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱢᱟᱰᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱜᱩᱭᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱴᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ-ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱴ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱱᱫᱤᱠᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩᱴ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱳᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱽᱬᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱯᱯ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱰ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱣᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱤᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱵᱷᱟᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ, ᱠᱳᱱᱴᱤᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱪᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱢᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱡᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱾<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱭᱳᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ, ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱕ ᱵᱟᱡᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱴᱮ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ (ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ''ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱛᱷᱤᱞ ᱯᱳᱨᱩ'' (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=പള്ളിയറ കാളിയൂട്ട് : ദാരികനെ നിഗ്രഹിച്ച് ദേവി മടങ്ങി: മനം നിറഞ്ഞ് ഭക്തരും |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.8400108 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085230/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.8400108 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ, ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title=ശാര്‍ക്കര കാളിയൂട്ട് സമാപിച്ചു; ഭക്തിസാന്ദ്രമായി നിലത്തില്‍പോര് {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/news/272617/140222 |work=www.madhyamam.com |agency=[[Madhyamam]] |date=22 February 2014 |language=ml |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085227/https://www.madhyamam.com/news/272617/140222 |url-status=live }}</ref> ᱟᱨᱟᱴᱴᱩ (ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱩᱢ) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kerala"/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] nio2eqydijvpolcjvxrc49qj0a6noq3 0 37704 196428 2026-08-12T07:03:24Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ 196428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Martial art | image = Kalari Pattu.jpg | imagecaption = | name = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ | aka = ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ<ref name=BlackBelt/> | focus = [[ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ|ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ]] | hardness = [[ᱯᱷᱩᱞ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]], [[ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱠᱴ]] | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | creator = [[ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ]] (ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ){{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} | formation = | famous pract = [[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ|ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ]] | parenthood = | descendant arts = | olympic = ᱵᱟᱝ | meaning = "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" }} {{Hinduism |schools}} '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɭɐɾipːɐjɐtːɨ̆|lang}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=P. C.|first=Anaswara|date=16 June 2018|title=Meet Gangadharan, First Indian With A PhD On Kalaripayattu Who Later Became A Practitioner Too|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/gangadharans-is-a-curious-cv-theorist-practitioner-of-kalaripayattu/312572|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑-᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalaripayattu}} ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ – {{lang|ml-Latn|[[ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ]]}} (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱟᱨ {{lang|ml-Latn|ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ}} (ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{lang|ml-Latn|Kalari}} ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ [[ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ]] ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ {{lang|ml-Latn|Khaloorika}} ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK">{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Sreenath|date=2017|title=Effect of Kalaripayattu on physical fitness variables among college students|url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2017/vol4issue4/PartG/4-4-23-934.pdf|journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health|volume=4|pages=1–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |date= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Shaji K. |date=2011 |title=Kalarippayattu: The Martial and healing art of Kerala |url=https://ia600303.us.archive.org/33/items/Kalarippayattu/Kalarippayattuebook.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi |first=Thanooja |date=November 2020 |title=THE KALARI, GYMNASIUM OF KERALA |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2011253.pdf}}</ref> ''ᱠᱟᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ'' ᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, {{lang|sa-Latn|ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱩᱨᱤᱠᱟ}} ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater | title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture | date=1946 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1 | title=Kamika Agama – Purva Pada (Shaivite Hindu Text) }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == === ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ === ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱐᱘ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱒᱑ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾{{sfnp|Shaji|2011|p=4}} ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱭᱟᱯᱯᱟ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ, ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱯᱟᱱᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/jan/24/in-memory-of-a-warrior-deity-709189.html | title=In Memory of a Warrior Deity | date=24 January 2015 }}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (᱖᱐᱐ BCE – ᱓᱐᱐ CE) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱟᱨᱜᱮᱴ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ, ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Subramanian, N. 1966">Subramanian, N. (1966). ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.111129|Sangam polity]]''. Bombay: Asian Publishing House – via Internet Archive.</ref> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ (''ᱵᱷᱮᱞ''), ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱞ''), ᱰᱷᱟᱞ (''ᱠᱮᱰᱟᱦᱟᱢ''), ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ (''ᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱢᱵᱩ'') ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<!--Language? Except for 'spear' these are similar to the Tamil words--> === ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (c. ᱑᱑᱐᱐ CE – c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ CE)=== ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ CE "ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ" ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱱᱡᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴᱟᱱ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}} ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱴᱟ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ<!-- Quite unlikely that children had anything like formal school-education. JJ 13 nov, 2023 --> ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}}<!-- According to Menon, unlike other parts of India, warriors in [[Kerala]] belonged to all castes and religions, and were from both sexes.{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}--> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last= T. Sreedharan Nair |first= Chirakkal |author-link= |date= |title=Kalarippayattu: The Complete Guide to Kerala's Ancient Martial Art |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=9789384030513}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ" ᱥᱮ "ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱨᱟᱢ") ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱳᱭᱛᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83-84}} ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ''ᱟᱱᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=83}} === ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (c. ᱑᱕᱐᱐ – c. ᱑᱙᱐᱐ CE)=== ==== ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ==== [[File:Gama route 1.svg|thumb|right|[[ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱔᱙᱗-᱑᱔᱙᱙) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ]] ᱑᱔᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal|first=Glenn |last=Ames|editor-first=Ivana |editor-last=Elbl|title=Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames) |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hld-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|year=2012|publisher=Trent University Press|pages=12–15 with footnotes, context: 11–32}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first1=M. O.|last1=Koshy|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC|year=1989|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-136-6|page=61}}</ref> ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ [[ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ]] ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱴᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱳᱥᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,{{sfnp|Wollok|2011|p=250}}{{sfnp|Arafath|2016}} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ:{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} {{blockquote|ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ, ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ (ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ) ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82}}}} ᱑᱖᱖᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱗᱖ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱰ, ''ᱦᱳᱨᱴᱩᱥ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤᱠᱩᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: {{blockquote|ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥ (ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ) ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱨᱳᱥ (ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIZHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+silgos%28chegos%29usually+serve+to+teach+nayros+in+the+fencing+school&pg=RA1-PA8|title = Hendrik Adriaan van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636–1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus|isbn = 9781351441070|last1 = Heniger|first1 = J.|year = 2017| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}} ==== ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ==== ᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱫᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱭᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="BlackBelt">{{cite web|last=Doctor|first=Fali E.|date=July 1973|title=Kalari Payat – Ancient Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdcDAAAAMBAJ|access-date=6 November 2020|publisher=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|pages=23–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&pg=PA38|title=Legacy of Kerala|date=2010-07-12|publisher=D. C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-3798-6|pages=38|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ" ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ'' (᱑᱗-᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}}) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱩ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ), ᱩᱱᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨᱪᱟ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ),<ref name="AK">{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=31 March 2019 |title=Kalaripayattu is alive and kicking |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalaripayattu-is-alive-and-kicking/articleshow/68644512.cms |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱵᱤᱨᱵᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=82–83}} ᱦᱤᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱭᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾{{sfnp|Menon|2011|p=81}} ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ [[File:Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal.jpg|thumb|150px|[[ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ]] (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱔᱑), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ]] ᱑᱘᱐᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, ᱑᱘᱐᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱠᱮᱞᱩ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱳᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱢᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /><ref name="MW" /> === ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ (᱒᱐-᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ)=== ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ<ref name="MW" /> ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱤᱝ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱮ. ᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ. ᱟᱨ. ᱰᱤ. ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱣᱮᱥᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱩᱠᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱗᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱦᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK"/> ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ, ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱱᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱳᱨᱟᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱱᱟᱴᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sobers|first=S. N. Venkatnag|date=31 October 2019|title=World Is A Stage For Vasundhara|work=[[Star of Mysore]]|url=https://starofmysore.com/world-is-a-stage-for-vasundhara/|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ᱒૦᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="SF" /><ref name="OD" /> ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ-ᱥᱟᱢᱴᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA">{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2021-01-10|title=Kalaripayattu academy braces for action|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kerala-govt-set-kalaripayattu-academy-062937244.html|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{Cite news|date=10 January 2021|title=Kerala govt to set up Kalaripayattu Academy to boost traditional martial art form|work=[[Asian News International]]|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-govt-to-set-up-kalaripayattu-academy-to-boost-traditional-martial-art-form20210110115811/|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱕᱐᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ ᱧᱟᱢᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KA" /><ref name="BT" /><ref name="AF" /> == ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ == [[File:Urumi in Kalaripayattu.webm|thumb|upright=1|[[ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ [[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]] ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱘᱙᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ (ethnographer) ᱮᱯᱷ. ᱯᱷᱳᱥᱮᱴ (F. Fawcett) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ [[ᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟᱭᱩᱨ|ᱯᱟᱭᱭᱳᱞᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ 'ᱣᱟᱴᱴᱟ' (ᱳᱴᱴᱟ) ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱨᱚᱜ, ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=S. R. D. |title=Kalaripayattu Vijnanakosham |year=2018 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789388087544 |page=212}}</ref>]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 3.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ]] [[File:Kalaripayattu performance 1.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] === ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩ-ᱥᱤᱥᱭᱟ'' ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD">{{Cite news |last=Khullar |first=Gagan |date=25 June 2019 |title=The ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu in Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-ancient-martial-art-of-kalaripayattu-in-delhi/article28136442.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱩᱞ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Art of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19}}</ref> === ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ, ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ, ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱢᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ-ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Jibin |last2=Christadoss |first2=B. Beneson Thilager |date=April 2020 |title=An Appraisal of Kalarippayattu and Its Association with the Culture of Kerala |url=http://www.bodhijournals.com/pdf/V4N3/Bodhi_V4N3_009.pdf |journal=Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1–2}}</ref> ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱰᱱᱟᱹ, ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ, ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1979}} === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === [[File:Kalari poothara pooja - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱚᱬ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kalaripayattu/training/poothara|title=Kalari Poothara - the seven-tiered platform &#124; Kalari Training &#124; Kalaripayattu and Kerala|website=Kalaripayattu}}</ref>]] ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱵᱟᱥᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ''<ref name="MH">{{Cite book|last=John|first=Shaji K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005 |title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2011 |location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=21}}</ref>ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensions) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ''ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱥᱮ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱛ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ-ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱞ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ, ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ,{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ''ᱫᱷᱟᱛᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱳᱥᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟ'' ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ") ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱤᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱳᱴᱴᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ-ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ''ᱯᱟᱫᱩᱠᱟ'', ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="MH" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱫᱽᱨᱚᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|date=9 March 2014|title=Warrior On The Stage|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/mar/09/warrior-on-the-stage-583937.html|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2019|title=Kalarivathukkal Thirumudi Utsavam & Pooram Mahotsavam|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kerala-festivals/pooram-thirumudi-utsavam/144/4|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Kerala Culture}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱞᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="KD"/> === ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱪᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱳᱭᱮᱱᱠᱞᱳᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. M.|date=3 October 2015|title=When Kalaripayattu dons new attire|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-kalaripayattu-dons-new-attire/article7718272.ece#|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="AK" /> === ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' === ᱟᱭᱢᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱳᱜᱟ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱰ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Luijendijk 08">Luijendijk, D. H. (2008). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1409226263 Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art]'', Oprat, {{ISBN|978-1-4092-2626-0}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ (''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'') ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'') ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/kalaripayattu.htm|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Topend Sports}}</ref> ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱵᱷᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱯᱳᱥᱪᱟᱨᱢ' ᱥᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱢᱮᱥᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1998}} === ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ === ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟ ᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ, ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ === ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ (''ᱩᱡᱷᱤᱪᱤᱞ'') ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱴᱪᱟ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="auto"/> == ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ <span class="anchor" id="Techniques"></span> == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{refn|group=note|''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ (speed) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ (technical application) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱟᱞᱤ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ)|ᱵᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "[[ᱵᱷᱤᱢ]] ᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ") ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="HA" />}} ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱾''<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kalaripayattu |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/about-kalaripayattu/ |access-date=2019-12-10 |website=Kalaripayattu Class |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327016876 |doi=10.1177/2455929618773388|title=Exploring the Relevance of Cultural Resource Management: A Case Study of Kalaripayattu |year=2018 |last1=Vinodan |first1=A. |last2=Meera |first2=S. |journal=Journal of Heritage Management |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |s2cid=158232813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kalaripayattu-to-have-a-mixed-syllabus-soon-463521.html |title=Kalaripayattu to have a mixed syllabus soon |date=9 April 2012}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨ" ᱥᱮ "ᱦᱚᱨᱟ") ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱦᱚᱱᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ''ᱵᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱡᱷᱤ'' ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾<ref name="HA">{{Cite book |last=John|first=Shaji K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/29708005|title=Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|year=2011|isbn=|location=Kottayam, Kerala|pages=19–20}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ, ᱮᱲᱮ, ᱫᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'', ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ, ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|last=Youseph|first=Ramon|date=2018-05-30|title=Martial Art of the Month: Kalaripayattu|url=https://kungfukingdom.com/martial-art-of-the-month-kalaripayattu/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Kung-fu Kingdom|language=en-GB}}</ref> ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ, ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{sfnp|Green|2001}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cruz|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJiDwAAQBAJ|title=Health, Longevity and the Martial Arts|publisher=Authorhouse|year=2018|isbn=9781546239796|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=Dick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISikpYZ9hYC|title=Kalarippayat|publisher=Lulu.com|date=July 2005|isbn=9781409226260|location=|pages=}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ''ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱞᱤ'', ''ᱳᱰᱤᱢᱩᱨᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ'', ''ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱟ'', ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱭᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱤ'' ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalaripayattuclass.com/manoeuvre-tryst-with-kalaripayattu-veteran-sri-srd-prasad-gurukkal-of-bharat-kalari/ |title=Manoeuvre tryst with Kalaripayattu Veteran Sri SRD Prasad Gurukkal of Bharat Kalari |date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/onathallu-marital-art--2985.php|title = Onathallu, Kayyankali, Martial art, Entertainment, Kerala, India, Video}}</ref><!-- Kalaripayattu has three forms, which are distinguished by their attacking and defensive patterns. They are ''Arappa Kayy'', ''Pilla Thangi'', and ''Vatten Thiripp''. --> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Northern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱟᱥᱚᱞ" ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=30 July 2018 |title=The 'kalari' burner |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-kalari-burner/article24551272.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟᱢ'' ᱥᱞᱳᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱴᱮ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱟᱴᱟ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ) ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱠᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱥ), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ''ᱠᱳᱞᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ), ''ᱟᱱᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ'' (ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱭ'' (ᱥᱟᱫᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ) ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anima|first=P.|date=30 May 2014|title=I am... Radhika M, Kalaripayattu Instructor|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/I-am...-Radhika-M-Kalaripayattu-Instructor/article11643987.ece|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱚᱫᱚ (ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.me/specialities/art-and-culture/kalaripayattu|title=Kalaripayattu {{!}} Art & Culture of Kerala |website=Kerala Tourist Information|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ <span class="anchor" id="Southern kalaripayattu"></span> === ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book|last1=DeMarco|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_cPEAAAQBAJ|title=Martial and Healing Traditions of India|last2=Zarrilli|last3=Nongmaithem|last4=Dipl|publisher=Independently Published|year=2020|isbn=9798694263177|pages=6|chapter=1|quote=The linguistic, social, religious, historical, technical and geographical differences briefly recounted above suggest that kalarippayattu and varma ati are closely related but distinct systems of martial practice. Historically, it is probable that the similarity between the two arts depended entirely on proximity, with the kalarippayattu styles and traditions of Malabar quite distinct from those of Tamil practitioners, while those in southern Kerala were not only similar to one another, but were probably mixed styles of practice.}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱛᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱭᱟᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤ-ᱛᱮ-ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱤᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2020|title=Kalari makes its first move Down Under|work=The Indian Sun|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2014/08/11/kalari-makes-first-move/|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱩᱰᱳ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="EK" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱮᱱᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ, ᱛᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱯᱮᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ'' ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ (ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|title=Agasthya Kalari – for Siddha Treatments, Kalari Marma Treatments and offers training in Kalari strictly based on ancient scripts – located in Cochin, Kerala, India|website=Agasthya Bharatha Kalari|access-date=2019-12-10|archive-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125233034/http://www.agasthyakalari.org/html/kalari-kerala.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' – ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' (ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱸᱥᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ-ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ (''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱪᱤᱠᱤᱛᱥᱟ'') ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marma Therapy |website=National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027234126/https://www.nhp.gov.in/marma-therapy_mtl|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱨᱤᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱽᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>Subhash Ranade (1993). ''Natural Healing Through Ayurveda'' (p. 161). Passage Press. Utah USA.</ref> ᱵᱮᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱤᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾{{sfnp|Zarrilli|1994}} ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ (c. ᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BCE) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱥᱚᱝᱦᱤᱛᱟ'' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). ''Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita''.</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱐᱗ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱖᱔ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Svinth">J. R. Svinth (2002). [http://ejmas.com/kronos "A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228093034/http://ejmas.com/kronos/ |date=28 December 2010 }} ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref> ᱥᱩᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱ-ᱢᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱤᱯᱞᱤᱱ ᱟᱭᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱫᱤ ᱾ == ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ (bodies) ᱠᱚ == ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (IKF) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalaripayattu eyes Olympics berth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalaripayattu-eyes-olympics-berth/article8634888.ece|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱳᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ranking">{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=Kacha Grading System to be introduced for Kalaripayattu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/jul/15/kacha-grading-system-to-be-introduced-for-kalaripayattu-496837.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱳᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title=Kalari Training by Fake Bodies Alleged|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/jun/30/kalari-training-by-fake-bodies-alleged-630393.html|access-date=19 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ == ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱓᱕), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱨᱳᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱟ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2018-10-04|title=Meet the Malabar warrior, S.R.D. Prasad Gurukkal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-the-malabar-warrior-kalarippayattu-exponent-srd-prasad-gurukkal/article25122777.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|date=2011-02-10|title=King of Kalarippayattu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/King-of-Kalarippayattu/article15285978.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱕-᱑᱙᱔᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "CVN" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ গᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ CVN ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="MW" /> ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱤ. ᱥᱨᱤᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱐᱙-᱑᱙᱘᱔), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ) ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'', ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ – ᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱤᱴ ᱜᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱴᱩ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'ᱥ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱾'' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="KK" /> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱟᱢᱢᱟ,<ref name="SF">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-37038134/the-sword-fighting-granny-showing-the-young-how-it-s-done|title = The sword-fighting granny|work = BBC News}}</ref><ref name="OD">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/meenakshi-amma-the-grand-old-dame-of-kalaripayattu/article25307782.ece|title=Meet Meenakshi Amma, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2018|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨᱟ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱪᱩᱱᱫᱟᱭᱤᱞ,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-26|title=An ambassador for Kalaripayattu worldwide|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-ambassador-for-kalaripayattu-worldwide/article38326385.ece|access-date=2022-01-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ'', ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ]] ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ [[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱚᱥᱨᱤ]] ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ == [[File:JasmineSimhalan-kalaripayatt-silamb.gif|right|ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ [[ᱡᱟᱥᱢᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱦᱟᱞᱟᱱ]] ''ᱢᱮᱭᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ |frame]]ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱱᱳᱵᱷᱮᱞ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱳᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ II – ᱭᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱟᱭᱴᱮᱞ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱡᱤᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴ (set) ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chhibber|first1=Mini Anthikad|date=24 August 2014|title=An equal music|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/writer-suhas-sundar-and-artist-deepak-sharma-feel-they-work-better-as-a-team/article6345035.ece|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> ''ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱱᱡᱽ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ''ᱚᱨᱡᱩᱱ: ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱥ'' (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱳᱞ-ᱯᱞᱮᱭᱤᱝ ᱜᱮᱢ ''ᱟᱥᱣᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟ – ᱫᱟ ᱤᱢᱢᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱥᱴᱤᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ''ᱥᱳᱞᱠᱮᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨ'' ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱰᱳ, ''ᱰᱮᱛᱷ ᱵᱮᱴᱮᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱩᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱤᱵᱷᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ''ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱪᱤ: ᱫᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱴᱤᱭᱮᱥᱴ ᱰᱤᱥᱟᱭᱯᱚᱞ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱ, ᱤᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cartoons">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Shreejaya|title=Comics go the Kalari way |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150911/lifestyle-offbeat/article/comics-go-kalari-way|access-date=20 November 2020|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟ, ''ᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱵᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN|date=25 May 2019|title=Kalaripayattu warrior Ravi to be the first Indian character in Manga comic|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kalaripayattu-warrior-ravi-to-be-first-indian-character-in-manga-comic/articleshow/68552880.cms|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤ.ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ''ᱫᱟ ᱣᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱫᱟ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ'' ᱾<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Dmt0WTZfKI0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200129025454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmt0WTZfKI0| title = The Way of the Warrior: Kalari, The Indian Way | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 September 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱠᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|title=Fight Quest India (Kalarippayattu) |website=IMDb|date=26 September 2008|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1298941/|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> === ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: {{colbegin}} *''ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱳᱛᱷᱮᱱᱟᱱ'' (᱑᱙᱖᱔) *''[[ᱟᱨᱳᱢᱟᱞᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱑᱙᱗᱒) *''[[ᱳᱱᱫᱟᱱᱳᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱫᱟᱞᱞᱤ]]'' ([[ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ]]) (᱑᱙᱗᱘) *''[[ᱪᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱖) *''[[ᱳᱨᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱜᱟᱛᱷᱟ]]'' (᱑᱙᱘᱙) *''[[ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞᱤᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱱᱮ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱑) *''[[ᱛᱷᱟᱪᱳᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱜᱷᱤᱥ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ]]'' (᱑᱙᱙᱕) *''[[ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱥᱳᱠᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱷ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱕) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱥᱴ ᱞᱤᱡᱚᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱗) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) *''[[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱐᱙) *''[[ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱐) ([[ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ]]) * ''[[ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱑) * ''[[ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ (᱒᱐১৩ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱳ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ (᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱖) * ''[[ᱯᱚᱫᱽᱢᱟᱵᱚᱛ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱳᱪᱩᱱᱱᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱘) * ''[[ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤ]]'' (᱒᱐১৯) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱱ]]'' (᱒᱐᱑᱙) * ''[[ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱠ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱑) ([[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ]]) * ''[[ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱢᱮᱱ: ᱮᱠᱨᱳᱥ ᱫᱟ ᱥᱯᱟᱭᱰᱟᱨ-ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱓) ([[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]]) * ''[[ARM (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)|ᱚᱡᱚᱭᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱫᱟᱢ ᱢᱳᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱔) * ''[[ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ (ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)]]'' (᱒᱐᱒᱕) {{colend}} == ᱱᱳᱴᱥ == {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs= <!-- P --> <!-- "Parashurama" --> {{refn|group=note|name="Parashurama"|ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ: * {{harvtxt|Green|2001|p=225}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ-ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾" * {{harvtxt|Zarrilli|1998|p=31}}: "ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱯᱚᱨᱥᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"}} }} == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{refbegin}} <!-- A --> * {{cite journal | last1=Arafath | first1=P. K. Yasser | title=The Nadapuram Enigma a History of Violence and Communalism in North Malabar (1957–2015) | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=51 | issue=15 | date=9 April 2016 | url=https://www.academia.edu/24354760 }}<!-- G --> * {{cite book| last =Green | first =Thomas A. | year =2001 | title =Martial Arts of the World: A–Q | publisher =ABC-CLIO | isbn =9781576071502 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC}}<!-- M --> * {{Cite book | last =Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | date =4 March 2011 | title =Kerala History and its Makers | publisher =D. C. Books | isbn =978-81-264-3782-5 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC | access-date =10 October 2021}}<!-- S --> * {{Cite book | last =Shaji | first =John K. | year =2011 | title =Kalaripayattu: The Martial and Healing Arts of Kerala | publisher=Published by the author | url =https://www.academia.edu/29708005}}<!-- W --> * {{cite book|last=Wollok|first=Jenniffer G.|year=2011|title=Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love|publisher=ABC Publishing|isbn=9780275984885|page=250|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orTn7RpmyZIC&dq=thiyyas+martial+arts&pg=PA250|access-date=18 January 2022}}<!-- Z --> * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1979 | title =Kalarippayatt, Martial Art of Kerala | journal =The Drama Review | volume =23 | issue =2 | pages =113–124 | doi =10.2307/1145220 | jstor =1145220 | url =https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-drama-review-tdr/article/abs/kalarippayatt-martial-art-of-kerala/3A948AB69C08CF861B11679A51F7DA06 | url-access =subscription }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1992 | title =To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu | journal =[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]] | volume =1 | issue =1 | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html }} * {{cite journal | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1994 | title =A South Indian Martial art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms | journal =Journal of Asian Martial Arts | url =https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | archive-date =16 September 2008 | access-date =23 February 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080916172804/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html | url-status =dead }}{{issue needed|date=June 2025}} * {{cite book | last =Zarrilli | first =Phillip B. | year =1998 | title =When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses, and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780195639407 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EP6BAAAAMAAJ }} {{refend}} == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱱ, ᱯᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱕) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ: ᱫᱟ ᱮᱱᱥᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ'', ᱥᱤ. ᱵᱷᱤ. ᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱫᱟᱱᱠᱩᱴᱴᱤ ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟ ᱑᱙᱙᱕, {{ASIN|B0006F9ONS}} * ᱰᱮᱱᱳᱰ, ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ (᱑᱙᱙᱖) ''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴ'', ᱵᱩᱰᱳᱥᱴᱳᱨ, {{ISBN|2-908580-62-4}} * ᱮᱞᱜᱩᱰ, ᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨᱴ (᱒᱐᱐᱕), ''ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ: ᱟᱨᱢᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨᱢᱳᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱑᱔᱐᱐-᱑᱘᱖᱕'', ᱮᱵᱩᱨᱳᱱ, {{ISBN|90-5972-020-2}} * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱒) "[https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html ᱴᱩ ᱦᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ/ᱚᱨ ᱴᱩ ᱦᱟᱨᱢ: ᱫᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱴᱟᱞ ᱥᱯᱚᱴᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱᱥ]" * ᱡᱟᱨᱨᱤᱞᱞᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱵᱤ. (᱑᱙᱙᱓), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628182657/http://www.phillipzarrilli.com/downloads/actualizing_power.pdf ᱮᱠᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱨᱟᱯᱷᱴᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ]"'', [[ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]]'' == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Kalarippayattu}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027154055/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/kalarippayatu.htm ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ - ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ([[Wayback Machine]] ᱠᱚᱯᱤ) * [https://youtube.com/@ParasuramaKalari?si=APJlGs0Sqrm24Js0 ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟᱴᱴᱩ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ]] f6o2dp83qmkob3mm9l3t3lhfeo1xgem 10 37705 196429 2026-08-12T07:05:45Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox | title = {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}} | subheader = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{native name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{if empty|{{{native_name|}}}|{{{native name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}}}} | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logosize|}}}|alt={{{logoalt|}}}|sizedefault=220px}} | cap..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = {{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}} | subheader = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{native name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{if empty|{{{native_name|}}}|{{{native name|}}}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}}}} | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{logo|}}}|size={{{logosize|}}}|alt={{{logoalt|}}}|sizedefault=220px}} | caption1 = {{{logocaption|}}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{imagesize|}}}|alt={{{imagealt|}}}|sizedefault=220px}} | caption2 = {{{imagecaption|}}} | label1 = ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ | data1 = {{if empty|{{{othername|}}}|{{{aka|}}}}} | label2 = ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ | data2 = {{{focus|}}} | label3 = ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ | data3 = {{{hardness|}}} | label4 = ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | data4 = {{if empty|{{{country|}}}|{{{origin|}}}}} | label5 = ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ | data5 = {{{formation|}}} | label6 = ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ | data6 = {{{creator|}}} | label7 = ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ | data7 = {{if empty|{{{famous pract|}}}|{{{famous_pract|}}}}} | label8 = ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱱᱴᱦᱩᱰ | data8 = {{{parenthood|}}} | label9 = ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ | data9 = {{if empty|{{{ancestor arts|}}}|{{{ancestor_arts|}}}}} | label10 = ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ | data10 = {{if empty|{{{descendant arts|}}}|{{{descendant_arts|}}}}} | label11 = ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚ | data11 = {{if empty|{{{related arts|}}}|{{{related_arts|}}}}} | label12 = ᱳᱞᱤᱢᱯᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ | data12 = {{{olympic|}}} | label13 = ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ | data13 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}}} | label14 = ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ | data14 = {{{meaning|}}} | label15 = ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ | data15 = {{{martialart|}}} | data16 = {{if empty|{{{misc|}}}|{{{module|}}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳᱵᱚᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview="_VALUE_" ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ [[Template:Infobox martial art]] ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ|ignoreblank=y| aka | ancestor arts | ancestor_arts | country | creator | descendant arts | descendant_arts | famous pract | famous_pract | focus | formation | hardness | homepage | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagesize | logo | logoalt | logocaption | logosize | martialart | meaning | misc | module | name | native name | native_name | native_name_lang | olympic | origin | othername | parenthood | related arts | related_arts | website }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ek7hdny3g7umprzgam042m66d46jgs1 0 37706 196432 2026-08-12T07:20:44Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = ᱵᱤᱥᱩ | type = ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ | longtype = ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ | image = Vishu Kani foods.jpg | caption = ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱾ | official_name = ᱵᱤᱥᱩ | observedby = ᱢᱟᱞ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = ᱵᱤᱥᱩ | type = ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ | longtype = ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ | image = Vishu Kani foods.jpg | caption = ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱾ | official_name = ᱵᱤᱥᱩ | observedby = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ]] | significance = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ) | date = ''ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱢ'' ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ([[ᱮᱨᱤᱥ (ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱴᱮᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ)|ᱮᱨᱤᱥ]]) [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ]] ᱨᱮ | duration = ᱑ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ | begins = ᱔:᱐᱐ am [[ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱚᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨᱛᱚ]] | ends = ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ | date2017 = ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ, ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | date2018 = ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | date2019 = ᱚᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | date2020 = ᱵᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | date2024 = ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | observances = ''ᱠᱟᱱᱤ'', ''ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'', ''ᱠᱟᱱᱡᱤ'', ''ᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ'', ''ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱢ'' (ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ) | relatedto = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] | alt = | nickname = | litcolor = | celebrations = | weekday = | month = | scheduling = | frequency = | firsttime = | startedby = | date2021 = ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | date2026 = ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ }} '''ᱵᱤᱥᱩ''' (ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ: വിഷു) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Vishu |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishu}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱢᱟᱦᱮ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱢᱟᱦᱮ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book |first=Roshen|last=Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA135 |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=135–137}}<br /></ref><ref name="mathr1">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-celebrates-vishu-with-traditional-food-colourful-rituals-1.8481614 |title=Kerala celebrates Vishu with traditional food, colourful rituals|date=15 April 2023|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="mano1">{{Cite web |url= https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2022/04/14/how-to-have-vishu-sadya-like-a-true-malayali.html|title=How to have Vishu Sadya like a true Malayali|date=15 April 2023|publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/culture-heritage/|title=Culture Heritage|access-date=14 April 2020}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Wish-you-all-a-Very-Happy-VISHU-and-a-Prosperous-New-Year.html|title=Wish you all a Very Happy VISHU and a Prosperous New Year|access-date=10 April 2020}}<br />- {{cite book |first=William D.|last=Crump|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0|page=116}}<br />- {{cite book |first=Christian|last=Roy|year=2005|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA479|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|pages=479–481}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱢ'' ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref name=vishugok>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/major-festivals|title=Major festivals|publisher=Government of Kerala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223210806/https://kerala.gov.in/major-festivals |archive-date=2016-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (᱑᱔ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ),<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |first=Kumar Suresh|last=Singh|year=2002|title=People of India, Volume 27, Part 1|isbn=978-81-85938-99-8 |page=479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQwAQAAIAAJ}}<br />- {{cite book|first=J. Gordon |last=Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA633|year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|page=633}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://aghr.cag.gov.in/holidays.pdf |title=2017 Official Central Government Holiday Calendar |access-date=4 March 2017 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ''' ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ '''ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ''' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱘᱒᱕ CE ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱝᱜᱷᱟᱢ (᱑᱖ ᱥᱮ ᱑૭ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>''Indian Journal on History of Sciences 1996, pg 94''. ''{{cite web |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |accessdate=2014-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-27 }}''</ref> ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔/᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ, [[ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ]], [[ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ]], ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, [[ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ]], [[ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ]], [[ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱝᱠᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laotiantimes.com/2019/04/14/dok-khoun-pimai-lao-new-year-cassia/|title=Blooms, Boun & Dok Khoun: New Year's Golden Shower for Pimai Lao|date=14 April 2019}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱨᱚᱝ-ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ (ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ) ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱢ (''ᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ'') ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ (ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ), ᱟᱨᱥᱤ, ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ, ᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱟ ᱾<ref name=vishugok/><ref name="Jagannathan2005p76">{{cite book |last=Jagannathan|first=Maithily|year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC|title=South Indian State Festivals and Traditions |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-415-8|pages=76–77}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-the-laburnum-blooms/article1696077.ece |title=When the Laburnum blooms |work=The Hindu |date=2011-04-14 |access-date=2013-09-27|author=Anitha C. S.}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=vishugok/><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=City celebrates Vishu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/city-celebrates-vishu/article399057.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2010-04-16 |access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ (''ᱠᱳᱰᱤ'') ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ''[[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]]'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ''ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱯᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ == ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩ'', ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ''ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5&direct=au&anz=100|title = Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱚᱠᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=vishugok/> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱚᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱔ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱒᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ/ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱢ ᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱᱚᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱾ == ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ == ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱟᱱᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟ, ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱠᱟᱱᱤ' ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishu 2025: Know the date, significance, celebrations and more about Malayalam New Year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/vishu-2025-know-the-date-significance-celebrations-and-more-about-malayalam-new-year-9919338/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=April 13, 2025}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱱᱚᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥᱩᱨ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Helpdesk |date=2025-04-14 |title=Vishu 2025: All You Need to Know About the Malayalam New Year – Date, Timings, Significance & Celebrations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/discover/quotes/2025/Apr/14/vishu-2025-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-malayalam-new-year-date-timings-significance-celebrations |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishu 2025: Date, Time, Rituals, History, Significance And Celebration Of Malayalam New Year |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/vishu-2025-date-time-rituals-history-significance-and-celebration-of-malayalam-new-year-ws-l-9293777.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723032428/https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/vishu-2025-date-time-rituals-history-significance-and-celebration-of-malayalam-new-year-ws-l-9293777.html |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Vishu kani, Calicut.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱴ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ]] == ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ == === ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ === {{multiple image | align = left | total_width = 330 | image1 = A TraditionalVishu Event - Vishukkani.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ | image2 = Bisu Kani in Tulunadu Coastal Karnataka (20).jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ }} ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ "ᱠᱟᱱᱤ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ," ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ "ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ ᱾<ref name="Jagannathan2005p76"/><ref name="Dalal2010p461">{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA461 |title=indianism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=461}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]], ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱩ, ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ [[ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ]], ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ, ᱠᱟᱱᱢᱟᱥᱤ, ᱯᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱤ (''ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱤ''), ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ''ᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ'' ᱵᱟᱦᱟ (''ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴᱩᱞᱟ'') ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ''ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱟᱠᱠᱩ'', ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Jagannathan2005p76"/> ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ 'ᱳᱢᱟᱱᱟᱠᱠᱩᱴᱴᱟᱱ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ) ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ: കണികാണും നേരം കമലാനേത്രന്റെ നിറമേറും മഞ്ഞത്തുകിൽ ചാർത്തീ കനകക്കിങ്ങിണി വളകൾ മോതിരം അണിഞ്ഞു കാണേണം ഭഗവാനേ (ᱮ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱞ-ᱢᱮᱫ ᱟᱱᱤᱡ, ᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ, ᱜᱷᱩᱝᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱣᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾) ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱨᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ, ᱢᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ ᱾<ref name="Jagannathan2005p76"/><ref name="Dalal2010p461"/> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱳᱝᱜᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ, ᱡᱚ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱱᱤ'' ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱨ, ᱩᱞ, ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱᱮᱯᱚᱞ, ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ, ᱯᱟᱱ-ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱹ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ'' (ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨᱥ) ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ-ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱯᱟᱠᱥᱤ'' ᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ === ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ === [[File:Vishu Sadya 2013 135212.jpg|thumb|left|᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱾]] [[File:Vishu katta.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ]] [[ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ]] (ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ''ᱠᱟᱱᱡᱤ'', ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ, ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱛᱷᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱰᱤᱥ, ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱯᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱢ'' (ᱱᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ) ᱟᱨ ''ᱢᱟᱢᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱯᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ [[ᱩᱞ]] ᱥᱩᱯ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vishu-delicacies/article302986.ece |title=Vishu delicacies |work=The Hindu |date=2009-04-09 |access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱟᱜ ''ᱵᱮᱣᱩ ᱵᱮᱞᱞᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱜᱩᱲ, ᱦᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱱᱤᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Jagannathan2005p76"/> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱡᱚᱡᱚ, ᱦᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]], ᱛᱮᱞᱮᱝᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱯᱟᱪᱪᱷᱟᱫᱤ'' ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱲᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱫᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=narayanan18>{{cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |title=Y51K and Still Counting: Some Hindu Views of Time |journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies |publisher=Butler University |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1999| pages=17–18 |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1205 |url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=jhcs |doi-access=free}}</ref> === ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱢ === [[File:Crackers vishu 2.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱢ]] ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ 'ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱢ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vishu 2017: History, legends, practices and all you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/vishu-2017-april-14-kerala-festival-history-legends-practices-971219-2017-04-13 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> === ᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ === [[File:konnamaram.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''[[ᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ|ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴᱩᱞᱟ]]'', ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ]] ᱠᱳᱱᱱᱟ (''ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱴᱩᱞᱟ''), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱰᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ === [[File:Kampithiri.JPG|thumb|right|upright|ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] [[File:Uruli festive arrangement of flowers, Malayali Hindus in Kerala.jpg|thumb|upright|left|ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ]] ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ '''''ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱩᱠᱳᱰᱤ''''' ᱥᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱳᱰᱤ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱥᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|first=Christian|last=Roy|year=2005 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA479 |pages=479–480}}</ref> ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱚᱥᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱯᱚᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ''ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ-ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ, ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ''ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱒᱑ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱕᱑ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱑᱐᱑ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ''ᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱴᱟᱢ'' ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱩᱫᱟᱭᱟᱢ === ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱩᱫᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢᱩᱫᱟᱭᱟᱢ' ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱨᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |title='Pathamudayam' celebrated |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=24 April 2013 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/apr/24/pathamudayam-celebrated-470999.html |accessdate=10 August 2021}}</ref> === ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱭᱩᱢ ᱠᱩᱢᱢᱟᱴᱴᱤᱭᱩᱢ === [[File:Elephants for Vaishaki Vishu festival parade kanda kerala.jpg|thumb|ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ'']] ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ - ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ'', ''ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱠᱩᱢᱢᱟᱴᱴᱤ'', ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ("''ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨ''") ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ "''ᱠᱩᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰᱟᱞ''" ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ - ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟ''/ ''ᱠᱩᱢᱢᱟᱴᱴᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ-ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ 'ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱢ' (ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱝᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ == ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱤᱥᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ, ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱤᱦᱩ]] ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion: Vaisakhi|author= Vishaal Lau|website=[[BBC]]|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/vaisakhi.shtml |access-date=22 January 2012}}<br />- Crump, William D. (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide], MacFarland, page 114</ref><ref name="PechilisRaj2013p48">{{cite book|first1=Karen|last1=Pechilis |first2=Selva J.|last2=Raj|title= South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA48| year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-44851-2|pages=48–49}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱑ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="PechilisRaj2013p48"/> ᱵᱤᱥᱩ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ [[ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ]] ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠᱷ ᱑ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ]] ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱜᱩᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱰᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="PechilisRaj2013p48"/> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] nir2tgfwe208enzti6u98og8tmhlogc 0 37707 196433 2026-08-12T07:33:31Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ | other_name = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Kochi, Fishing nets at sunset, Kerala, India.jpg | image_caption = | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|9.9658|N|76.2421|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = ᱥᱤᱧ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ | other_name = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Kochi, Fishing nets at sunset, Kerala, India.jpg | image_caption = | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|9.9658|N|76.2421|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | subdivision_name = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_type1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ|ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name1 = [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ|ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | parts_type = [[ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ|ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱟ]] ᱠᱚ | leader_title = ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 29 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 234990 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | demographics1_title1 = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ | demographics1_info1 = [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]], [[ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ]], [[ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ]] (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ) | timezone1 = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[ᱯᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱠᱥ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ|ᱯᱤᱱ]] | postal_code = 682001 | area_code_type = ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | area_code = 0484 | registration_plate = KL-43 | website = }} [[File:Kochi, Fishing nets, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|right|[[ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ]] (ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ)]] '''ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|tʃ|i}} {{respell|KOH|chee}}, {{IPA|ml|cò:çi kō:tā|lang|link=yes}}; ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ: ''Cochim de Baixo'', {{IPA|pt-PT|kuˈʃĩ ðɨ ˈβaʃu|lang}}), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ '''ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-01-05 |title=It's 127 Years Since 'Chandrabhanu' Gutted 'Cochi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/Jan/05/its-127-years-since-chandrabhanu-gutted-cochi-864792.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/fort-kochi.php |title=Fort Kochi, Ernakulam, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism - Kochi |language=en |access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/fort-kochi/ |title=FORT KOCHI {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |language=en-US |access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref><ref>[https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/fort-kochi/422/ Fort Kochi]</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vascohomestay.com/fort_cochin.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191212225025/http://www.vascohomestay.com/fort_cochin.html|archive-date = 12 December 2019|title = About Fort Cochin &#124; Vasco House Fort Cochin &#124; Homestay Fort Cochin &#124; Heritage House}}</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kimansion.com/fort-kochi.htm | title=THE MELTING POT OF CULTURES | publisher=Kimansion | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ''ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱜ "᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱚᱯ ᱒᱕ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/travel/story/book-trip-2020-national-geographic-67111675|title=Here's where you should book a trip in 2020|website=Good Morning America}}</ref> == ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ == ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ, ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱵᱷᱳ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱳᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱳ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ {{Citation needed|date=June 2026}} == ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ == BC ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱜᱨᱳᱵᱷ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱥᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪᱩ ᱟᱡᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱱ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱱ-ᱪᱮᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ''ᱪᱮᱨᱤ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱽ'' ᱥᱮ [[ᱜᱟᱹᱭ]] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱔᱑ AD ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ [[ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} ᱯᱮᱨᱩᱢᱯᱟᱫᱟᱯᱯᱩ ᱥᱣᱟᱨᱩᱯᱟᱢ, ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ, ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱩᱱᱤᱛᱷᱩᱨᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ''ᱢᱟᱫᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ]], ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱔᱙᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱳᱱᱥᱳ ᱰᱮ ᱟᱞᱵᱩᱠᱮᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱛᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱩᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱞᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱖᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱑᱗᱙᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱔᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[[File:Kerala St. Francis Church 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ|ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ]] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ]] ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ]] [[File:Kathedralbasilika Santa Cruz 2018-04-04a.jpg|thumb| right| ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱮᱰᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ]]]] [[File:Fort Cochin view.JPG|thumb|ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] [[File:Mad Crab.jpg|thumb|ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ]] [[File:Kerala jain temple.jpg|thumb|right|ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ [[ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ]] ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ, ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱸᱴ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱥᱟᱣᱩᱛᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱳᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱕᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱫᱽᱨᱳᱣᱟᱰᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Cochin |url=https://catholicism.en-academic.com/13839/Diocese_of_Cochin |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |language=en}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fort Kochi - History, Architecture |url=https://www.tradekerala.com/directory-trade_kerala/listing/santa-cruz-cathedral-basilica-fort-kochi-history-architecture/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Trade Kerala |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱳᱞᱰ ᱦᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱭ ᱚᱨᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ === ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ === ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ, ᱫᱟᱞᱪᱤᱱᱤ, ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ, ᱞᱚᱵᱚᱝ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱾ === ᱖᱐᱐ AD ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slapak |first=Orpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |publisher=The Israel Museum |year=2003 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |location=Jerusalem |pages=27}}</ref> === ᱑᱓᱔᱑ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ === ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱳ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱰᱨᱳ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱞ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱢᱳᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱵᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱨᱦᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱯᱛᱤᱥᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cochin.org.uk/culture/history.html | title=Cochin History | publisher=Cochin.org | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> === ᱑᱖᱖᱓ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ === ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷ ᱟᱪᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱖᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://travel.india.com/kochi/places-to-visit/forts-fort-kochi/ | title=Fort Kochi | publisher=Travel India | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=29 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629073150/http://travel.india.com/kochi/places-to-visit/forts-fort-kochi/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === ᱑᱗᱖᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱴᱤᱯᱩ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱴᱤᱯᱩ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱙᱐ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ === ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ === ᱑᱘᱑᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱖᱕ (ᱤᱢᱯᱨᱩᱵᱷᱢᱮᱱᱴᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱘᱕᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="c1881">{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="frowde">{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ]], ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{Commons category|Fort Kochi}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4TNrIoSfjk ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ] * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/column-of-fire/article5526421.ece/ ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ - ''ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ'' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ] * [https://josbinitty.com/travel/fort-kochi-its-beauty-culture-and-history. ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ - ᱡᱳᱥᱵᱤᱱ ᱤᱴᱴᱤ] {{Geographic Location | title = '''ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ''' | Northwest = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | North = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱤᱯᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ]] | Northeast = ''[[ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱨᱯᱟᱰᱟᱢ]] | West = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | Centre = ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ | East = ''[[ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ]]'' ᱟᱨ [[ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱝᱰᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ]] | Southwest = ''[[ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ]]'' | South = [[ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱢᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ]] | Southeast = [[ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱤ]] }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱑᱕᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] 7mlokb154jv5x7j3qbhruibrrhag590 0 37708 196434 2026-08-12T07:40:20Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|thumb|[[ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ]], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:Marine Drive View.JPG|thumb|ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱾ [[ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ|ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ]], ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱽ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|thumb|[[ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ]], ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:Marine Drive View.JPG|thumb|ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱾ [[ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ|ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ]], ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱵᱽᱞᱩ ᱟᱣᱟᱨ]] (blue hour) ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] '''ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/chinese-fishing-nets-kochi |title=Chinese Fishing Nets, Vasco da Gama Square, Cheenavala, Fort Kochi, Ernakulam, Kerala, India |website=Kerala Tourism - Kochi |language=en |access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iccicochin.com/kochi-heritage-tour/the-chinese-fishing-net-story/ |title=The Chinese Fishing Net Story {{!}} ICCI Cochin |language=en-US |access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref> (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ''ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ''ᱴᱟᱝᱠᱩᱞ'') ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱱᱮᱴ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/geartype?fid=255 Shore operated stationary lift nets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613191954/http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/geartype?fid=255 |date=13 June 2006 }}.</ref> ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱤᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱱ]] ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]]ᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/89228861 |title=Panoramio - Images from Kollam ashtamudi |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145919/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/89228861 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ‘ᱠᱳ-ᱪᱤᱱ', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ‘ᱪᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾’<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.backpackingbella.com/11-essential-experiences-kerala-backpacking-trip/|title=11 Essential Experiences for a Kerala Backpacking Trip}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ [[ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ]] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ [[ᱪᱤᱱ|ᱪᱤᱱᱟ]] ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱷᱮᱝ ᱦᱤ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref>''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', Volume 136, No 21, p. 53. 14 June 2004.</ref> ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱳᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <!-- when you add image to gallery ensure to conform [[WP:IG]] rules --> <gallery mode="packed" widths="200"> File:Chinese Fishing Net (Kochi, India).jpg|[[ᱠᱳᱪᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ File:Raising a Chinese fishing net.jpg|ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ File:Fort Cochin view.JPG|[[ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ]] ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ File:Fishing, Cà Mau.jpg|[[ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱣ]] ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱾ File:Chinese Fishing nets.webm|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ File:Cheenavala Fort Kochi.jpg|ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Chinese fishing nets}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010818064043/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/journey2001/india.html ᱡᱷᱮᱝ ᱦᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii81eUj6cXs ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱤ] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱞᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ]] 6ao1u5oss19c0scus5z152gixg5058v 0 37709 196435 2026-08-12T07:53:04Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox recurring event | name = ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ | native_name = കൊച്ചി-മുസിരിസ് ദ്വൈവാര്‍ഷിക കലാപ്രദര്‍ശനം | native_name_lang = ml | logo = Kochi-Muziris Biennale Logo.jpg | logo_caption = ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event | name = ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ | native_name = കൊച്ചി-മുസിരിസ് ദ്വൈവാര്‍ഷിക കലാപ്രദര്‍ശനം | native_name_lang = ml | logo = Kochi-Muziris Biennale Logo.jpg | logo_caption = ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱜᱳ | logo_size = 200px | founded = {{Start date and age|2012||}} | begins = ᱑᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ | ends = ᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ | genre = ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ([[ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ]]) | people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[ᱱᱤᱠᱷᱤᱞ ᱪᱳᱯᱲᱟ]]<br>{{small|(ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ)}}|[[ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ]]<br>{{small|(ᱥᱚᱦᱚ-ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ KBF ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ)}}}} | attendance = ᱖᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱖–᱑᱗)<ref name="attendance">{{cite news|title=LuLu Financial Group's Adeeb Ahamed pledges Rs 1 crore to 2018 Kochi-Muziris Biennale|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/lulu-financial-groups-adeeb-ahamed-pledges-rs-1-crore-to-2018-kochi-muziris-biennale-5290294/|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 August 2018}}</ref> | location = [[ᱠᱳᱪᱤ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ | website = {{URL|http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org}} }} '''ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ''' ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |author=Design Team-Bblewrap, Development Team-Faircode |url=https://kochimuzirisbiennale.org/ |title=Kochi Muziris Biennale - KMB |website=kochimuzirisbiennale.org |language=en |access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/kochi-muziris-biennale/117/ |title=Kochi Muziris Biennale {{!}} International Art Exhibition |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en |access-date=2026-08-10}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/14/i-want-kochi-biennale-to-go-onsays-ex-ceo-manju-sara-rajan-1801232.html|title=I want Kochi Biennale to go on, says ex-CEO Manju Sara Rajan|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/08/03/kochi-muziris-biennale-2018-final-list-of-artists-to-be-out-august-15.html|title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018: Final list of artists to be out on August 15|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=3 August 2018}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱩ ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱ, IAS ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ, ᱦᱚᱞ (halls), ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ, ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱯᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚᱡᱽ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱨ, ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱥᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kochimuzirisbiennale.org/# | title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2018}}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱩ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱮᱢ. ᱮ. ᱵᱮᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱳᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ == ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ == ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱪᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ KBF ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ == [[File:Aspinwall House.jpg|thumb|ᱮᱥᱯᱤᱱᱣᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ]] ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="1st Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{cite news|title=Kochi becomes Biennale city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/kochi-becomes-biennale-city/article4194320.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2012|access-date=2013-01-17}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱘᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱴᱷᱟᱶ-ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱥᱯᱤᱱᱣᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱓ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ₹᱕᱐ ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱧᱡᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱥᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ₹᱒᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ₹᱕᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [[ᱜᱩᱜᱚᱞ]] ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱗.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱱᱫᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱤ. ᱮᱢ. ᱡᱮᱠᱚᱵ, ᱴᱟᱴᱟ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ. ᱠᱮ. ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱨᱟᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱭᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱷᱤᱣᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱵᱩ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kochi’s gift">{{cite news|title=Kochi's gift to the world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/kochis-gift-to-the-world/article4448003.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 February 2013|access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} # ᱮᱥᱯᱤᱱᱣᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ # ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱦᱚᱞ # ᱯᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ # ᱢᱚᱭᱫᱩ'ᱥ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ # ᱫᱚᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱞ # ᱠᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱟᱨᱰ # ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱰ ᱜᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ # [[ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱴ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ]] # ᱠᱟᱥᱤ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ # ᱡᱤᱣ ᱴᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱜᱳᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ # ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ # ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ # ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱳᱤᱰᱤ (OED) # [[ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ ᱦᱳᱨᱵᱷᱤᱴᱡᱽ]] {{div col end}} == ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ == ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ₹᱑᱗ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱞᱮᱱ ₹᱑᱖.᱕ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ₹᱙ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ₹᱓ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱳᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱨᱟᱣᱰ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cppr.in">{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=Urban Space Dialogue- CPPR and Biennale |url=http://www.cppr.in/innews/urban-space-dialogue-cppr-and-biennale/}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱱᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ == ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱵᱽᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ (urban spaces) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱭᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cppr.in/article/urban-space-dialogue-a-fusion-of-creativity-and-reality/ | title=Urban Space Dialogue| date=2015-03-24}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱢ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱨᱩᱵᱟᱞ, ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱩᱨᱟᱡᱽ, ᱡᱤᱛᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱛ, ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="cppr.in" /> == ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ == ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/10/kochi-muziris-biennale-curatorial/ |title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale Announces The Curatorial Vision |date=1 October 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="attendance" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ<ref name="Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers">{{cite news |date=11 December 2016 |title=Biennale 2016: Kochi all set to open its heart for art lovers |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/11/biennale-2016-kochi-all-set-to-open-its-heart-for-art-lovers-1547818.html}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱙７ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2017 |title=12 MUST-SEE WORKS FROM KOCHI-MUZIRIS BIENNALE 2016 |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/12-must-see-works-from-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016 |publisher=Verve}}</ref> ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐১৫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱤ. ᱡᱳᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾<ref name="Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator of the Third Edition of Kochi-Muziris Biennale">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/07/kochi-biennale-foundation-announced-sudarshan-shetty-as-the-artistic-director-and-curator-of-the-third-edition-of-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Kochi Biennale Foundation Announced Sudarshan Shetty As The Artistic Director And Curator of the Third Edition of Kochi-Muziris Biennale |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ, ᱟᱛᱩᱞ ᱰᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ, [[ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱨ]] ᱟᱨ ᱡᱭᱳᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱩ, ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱨᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱦᱳᱥᱠᱳᱴᱮ, ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱫᱟᱨ, ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ KBF ᱴᱨᱟᱥᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱤ, ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱳᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="A People’s Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2016/03/a-peoples-biennale-a-conversation-with-kochi-muziris-biennale-co-founders-bose-krishnamachari-and-riyas-komu/ |title=A People's Biennale: A Conversation With Kochi-Muziris Biennale Co-Founders Bose Krishnamachari And Riyas Komu |date=9 March 2016 |publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱞᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱳ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱣᱟᱝᱡᱩ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ (᱒᱐᱐᱐), ᱴᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ, ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱑), ᱯᱷᱩᱠᱩᱳᱠᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ (᱒᱐᱐᱑), ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱢᱯᱤᱰᱳ, ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ (᱒᱐᱑᱑), ᱜᱩᱜᱮᱱᱦᱟᱭᱤᱢ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ (᱒᱐᱑᱐) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ (᱒᱐᱑᱒) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ == ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱫᱩᱵᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ == ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱜᱤ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮ ᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=10 May 2019|title=Artist Shubigi Rao to curate Kochi-Muziris Biennale|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/artist-shubigi-rao-to-curate-biennale/articleshow/69258502.cms|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726045900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/artist-shubigi-rao-to-curate-biennale/articleshow/69258502.cms|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> ᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Nanda|first=Akshita|date=10 May 2019|title=Singapore artist Shubigi Rao to helm South Asia's largest visual art biennale in 2020|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/singapore-artist-shubigi-rao-to-helm-south-asias-largest-visual-art-biennale-in-2020|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726044437/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/singapore-artist-shubigi-rao-to-helm-south-asias-largest-visual-art-biennale-in-2020|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> "In our Veins Flow Ink and Fire" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱛᱟ ᱥᱤᱝ, ᱰᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱱᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤ, ᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱤᱥᱥᱟ, ᱡᱳᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱥ, ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱴᱤ ᱥᱩᱨᱭᱳᱫᱟᱨᱢᱳ, ᱥᱮᱢᱥᱚᱱ ᱭᱚᱝ, ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱥ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ, ᱛᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱜᱩᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱤᱵᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tse|first=Fion|date=22 July 2020|title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2020 Reveals First Artist List|work=ArtAsiaPacific|url=http://www.artasiapacific.com/News/KochiMuzirisBiennale2020RevealsFirstArtistList?fbclid=IwAR2TBgrZwTNUgbZjKvFl-l3pTHIJ-D9GHXyDdcGNrhqk2j1P4_diVaCuNVM|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142718/http://www.artasiapacific.com/News/KochiMuzirisBiennale2020RevealsFirstArtistList|archive-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱳᱥ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟᱢᱟᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱜᱤ ᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ''ᱟᱨᱴᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱩ'' ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ "In Our Veins Flow Ink and Fire" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱰ-᱑᱙]] ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱑᱑ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ "ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ" ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/kochi-muziris-biennale-2022-shubigi-rao-exhibition-1234651000/|author=Pallavi Surana|date=December 22, 2022|title=India's Kochi-Muziris Biennale Return After Two Years of Delays, Full of Hope and Sound|work=ARTNews}}</ref> ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱚᱴᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱳᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱭᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Letter from the Artists of the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2022–23 - Notes - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/notes/510681/open-letter-from-the-artists-of-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-2022-23 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> == ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ == ᱴᱮᱴ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ) ᱾ ᱢᱮᱠᱠᱤᱱᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="Kochi’s gift" /> ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱭᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤ. ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱝᱜᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ—ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ, ᱵᱟᱨᱳᱰᱟ ᱥᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ]] ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2013 |title=Biennale reflects changing Indian art scene in a decade |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/biennale-reflects-changing-indian-art-scene-in-a-decade/article4422823.ece |access-date=2013-02-26}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱯᱮᱨᱮᱱᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2012 |title=Biennale will enhance Kochi's image: artist |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2798367.ece |access-date=2012-12-14}}</ref> ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱢᱳᱱᱤᱴᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ $᱑.᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱯᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ]], ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴ ᱰᱮᱢᱳᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱨᱚᱱᱴ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱵᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ, ᱪᱤᱱᱟ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ, ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ, ᱰᱟᱪᱽ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ-ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ₹᱗.᱕ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ-ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟᱱ" ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱵᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ-ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Anandan & Surya Praphulla |date=2022-12-12 |title=Art world dismayed over last-minute postponement of Kochi Biennale's main show |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/art-world-dismayed-over-last-minute-postponement-of-kochi-biennales-main-show/article66255575.ece |access-date=2022-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱴᱣᱚᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudeep |first=Theres |date=2022-11-16 |title=Kochi-Muziris Biennale is back again. So is its dirty war with angry, unpaid contractors |url=https://theprint.in/features/kochi-biennale-is-back-again-so-is-its-dirty-war-with-angry-unpaid-contractors/1217872/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> == ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱨᱤ == <gallery class="center"> Image:Kochi-Muziris Biennale.jpg|ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱥᱟᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ" (Fish cemetery) Image:What does the vessel contain, that the river does not.JPG|ᱥᱩᱵᱳᱫᱷ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "What does the vessel contain, that the river does not" Image:Viewers seeing the ship of tarship by prasad raghavan3.JPG|ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "The ship of Tarshish" Image:Curatorial Note.jpg|ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱴᱴᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱣᱨᱮᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱳᱴ (Curatorial note) Image:Pyramid - an exhibit.jpg|ᱟᱞᱮᱥ ᱥᱴᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "The Pyramid of Exiled Poets" Image:Stop over.JPG|ᱥᱤᱞᱟ ᱜᱚᱣᱰᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "Stop over" Image:Francesco Clementes peper tent at kochi muziris bienelle2014.JPG|ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱠᱞᱮᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "Pepper Tent" Image:Pk sadanandan in KM biennale 2016.jpg|ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱥᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ Image:Visitors at Backbone by Santha muddaya.jpeg|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱫᱟᱭᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "Backbone" Image:Visitors at Logics of disappearence by KM Madusudanan.JPG|ᱠᱮ. ᱮᱢ. ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱩᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "Logics of disappearance" Image:Black gold.JPG|ᱵᱷᱤᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "Black gold" </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == * {{Cite web |url=http://openart.in/2016/10/get-ready-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=Get Ready for Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |last=Malavika Byju |date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Open Art |work=News report}} * {{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/dipin-damodharan/3-must-see-artworks-from-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/ |title=3 Must-See Artworks From The Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016 |date=17 December 2016 |work=HuffPost}} * https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/no-plans-of-postponing-the-kochi-muziris-biennale-at-the-moment-bose-krishnamachari/article31268689.ece == ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ == * {{Cite web |url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2017/01/timely-provocations-the-3rd-kochi-muziris-biennale/ |title=Timely Provocations: The 3rd Kochi-Muziris Biennale |last=Robert E. D’Souza and Sunil Manghani |date=10 January 2017 |publisher=Biennial Foundation |page=Feature}} * ᱨᱟᱪᱮᱞ ᱮ. ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱜᱷᱤᱥ, ᱒᱐᱑᱗. "[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47623-0_9 Past as a Metaphor in the New Utopian Imaginations of Heritage in Kerala]", in Tereza Kuldova and Mathew A Varghese (Eds.). ''Urban Utopias: Excess and Expulsion in Neoliberal South Asia'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 169–180.{{ISBN|978-3-319-47622-3}}. {{commons category-inline|Kochi-Muziris Biennale}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ-ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ| ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱨᱴ ᱵᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ]] 8rrvi7xhnblbfwlsvnkiis9q0cawcvb 0 37710 196436 2026-08-12T08:07:22Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Chenda Melam.ogg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ (ചെണ്ട മേളം)]] [[File:Pandi Melam.ogg|thumb|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:Chendaa.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ (ചെണ്ട)]] [[File:Drum & stick.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ) (ചെണ്ടയും കോലും)]] '''ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ''' ({{langx|ml|ചെണ്ട}}, {{IPA|ml|tʃeɳʈa|}}) ᱫ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chenda Melam.ogg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ (ചെണ്ട മേളം)]] [[File:Pandi Melam.ogg|thumb|ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:Chendaa.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ (ചെണ്ട)]] [[File:Drum & stick.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱞ (ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ) (ചെണ്ടയും കോലും)]] '''ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ''' ({{langx|ml|ചെണ്ട}}, {{IPA|ml|tʃeɳʈa|}}) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ (ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ) ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱮ'' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱛᱨᱟᱵᱷᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱵᱷᱚᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱮᱫᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" (ഇടം തല)(ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" (വലം തല)(ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱮᱫᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ/ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ/ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱯᱟᱱᱟ) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱱᱪᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱢ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ {{convert|1|ft|cm}} ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ {{convert|1.5|in|cm}} ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱠᱠᱟ ᱯᱞᱟᱵᱷᱩ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ {{convert|0.25|in|cm}} ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ {{convert|4|in|cm}} ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱸᱡᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ (ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ) ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]], ᱠᱩᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ, ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ, ᱛᱷᱮᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱥᱚᱜᱟᱱᱟ (ᱛᱮᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱷᱤᱴᱴᱩ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ-ᱜᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱥᱚᱜᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱚᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟᱢ'' (ᱚᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:Chendahand.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱾]] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱩᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱩ, ᱱᱮᱢᱢᱟᱨᱟ, ᱞᱟᱠᱠᱤᱰᱤ, ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱨᱠᱟᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ "ᱯᱮᱨᱩᱢᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱱ" (ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱨ) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱟᱨᱠᱟᱰ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" (ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱮᱴᱴᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (എട്ടര വീച്ചാൺ ചെണ്ട) (᱘.᱕), "ᱳᱢᱯᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഒമ്പത് വീച്ചാൺ ചെണ്ട) (᱙), "ᱳᱢᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഒമ്പതേക്കാൽ വീച്ചാൺ ചെണ്ട)(᱙ ᱑/᱔), "ᱳᱢᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഒമ്പതര വീചാൻ ചെണ്ട)(᱙.᱕), "ᱳᱢᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱪᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഒൻപതേ മുക്കാൽ വീചാൻ ചെണ്ട) (᱙ ᱓/᱔), "ᱳᱢᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഒൻപതേ മുക്കാൽക്കാലേ വീചാൻ ചെണ്ട)(> ᱙ ᱓/᱔ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ < ᱑᱐) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (വീക് ചെണ്ട) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱪᱪᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (അച്ഛൻ ചെണ്ട), "ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഉരുട്ട് ചെണ്ട), "ᱢᱩᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ "ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (ഉരുട്ട് ചെണ്ട) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱠᱮᱥᱴᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟ" (ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" (ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ "ᱮᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" ᱥᱮ "ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱡ, ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ" (ഉരുട്ട്) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱮᱫ (ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ (ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (വീക്ക് ചെണ്ട) ᱥᱮ "ᱟᱪᱪᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" (അച്ഛൻ ചെണ്ട) ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (താളം) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" (ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ "ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ" ᱥᱮ "ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ == [[File:Chendamelam of Kerala 002.wav|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]], ᱠᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ, ᱛᱷᱮᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱓᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ "ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞ" ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ, ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ, ᱪᱮᱢᱯᱟᱰᱟ, ᱟᱫᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ, ᱟᱱᱪᱟᱫᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱫᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱖ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱪᱮᱢᱯᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ "ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ" ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ "ᱱᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ" ᱟᱨ "ᱠᱟᱞᱯᱟᱢ" ᱾ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱟᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱛᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ "ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ == [[File:ശിങ്കാരി മേളം 1.jpg|thumbnail|ᱥᱤᱱᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:CHENDA MELA.jpg|thumb]] [[File:CHENDA MELA GROUP.jpg|thumb|ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ]] ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱙ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱓ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱒.᱕ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ (വീക് ചെണ്ട) ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ (വലം തല) ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ" ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ (ഉര്രുട്ട് ചെണ്ട) ᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟ (ഇടം തല) ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱢᱲᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ (ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ (ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ "ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱭ" (ഗണപതി കൈ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱭ" ᱨᱮ ᱓᱗ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤ... ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱱᱟ.ᱠᱟ. ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱨᱟ. ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱤ. ᱠᱤ.ᱰᱟ. ᱫᱷᱤ.ᱠᱟ. ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱨᱟ. ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱱᱟ.ᱠᱟ. ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱨᱟ. ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱫᱷᱤ.ᱠᱤ. ᱱᱟ.ᱱᱟ. ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱫᱷᱤ.ᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱤ. ᱠᱤ.ᱰᱟ. ᱫᱷᱤ.ᱠᱟ. ᱛᱷᱟ.ᱨᱟ. ᱠᱟᱢ... ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ "G" (ഗീ) ᱟᱨ "K" (ക) ᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ഗീ.... കാം...... ണ ക ത ര കാം ധി രി കി ട ണ ക ത ര കാം ണ ക ത ര കാം ധി കാം... ധി കാം... ഡ് ധി രി കി ട ത ക ത ര കാം ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱭ" (ഗണപതി കൈ) ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ "ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ" (സാധകം) ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱚᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤ ᱴᱟ" ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ത കി ട സാധകം) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤ ᱴᱟ" ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ (ത കി ട സാധകം) ᱥᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (ഒന്നാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ (ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ) ᱨᱮ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (താളം) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (രണ്ടാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (മൂനാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤ ᱴᱟ" ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (രണ്ടാം കാലം) ᱫᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱾ "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (മൂനാം കാലം) ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱑᱒ ᱫᱟᱞ, "ᱱᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (നാലാം കാലം) ᱫᱚ ᱒୪ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (᱑᱒ ᱫᱟᱞ) ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱱᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱒୪ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (താളം) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ (ᱫᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ "ᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱤ ᱴᱟ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ '''"ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ"''' (വായി താരി), ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱾ ᱑ ᱞᱩ, ᱒ ᱥᱟᱨ, ᱓ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ "ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱤ" ᱾ ᱑. ᱠᱤ-(ᱴᱟ) ᱛᱷᱟ-(ᱠᱟ) ᱛᱷᱟ-(ᱨᱤ) → ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒. ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ → ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱓. ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ-ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ → ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱔. ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ-ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ-ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ-ᱠᱤ-ᱴᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱠᱟ-ᱛᱷᱟ-ᱨᱤ 1. കീ...ട ത...ക താ...രി 2. കീ...ട ത...ക താ...രി 3. കിട.തക തരി.കിട തക.തരി 4. കിടതക.തരികിട തകതരി.കിടതക തരികിട.തകതരി == ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Kalam-music.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (കാലം), ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ]] "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (കാലം) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (ഒന്നാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ (ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ) ᱨᱮ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (താളം) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱷᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (രണ്ടാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱢᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (മൂന്നാം കാലം) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱱᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱗, ᱘, ᱙ ᱥᱮ ᱑᱐ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ (ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ) ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (ഒന്നാം കാലം) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (രണ്ടാം കാലം) ᱫᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (മൂനാം കാലം) ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱑᱒ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, "ᱱᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (നാലാം കാലം) ᱫᱚ ᱒୪ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱔ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱘ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ, "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱑᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱔ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱔ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱒ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, "ᱢᱩᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢ" (താളവട്ടം) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱳᱱᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (ഒന്നാം കാലം) ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱢ" (താളം) ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == # Application of composite materials to the chenda, an Indian percussion instrument<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Damodaran|first=Ajith|last2=Mansour|first2=Hossein|last3=Lessard|first3=Larry|last4=Scavone|first4=Gary|last5=Suresh Babu|first5=A.|date=2015-02-01|title=Application of composite materials to the chenda, an Indian percussion instrument|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003682X14001996|journal=Applied Acoustics|language=en|volume=88|pages=1–5|doi=10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.07.013|issn=0003-682X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == *[http://www.chendamelam.net/ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ - ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ] *[http://www.chendamelam.info/ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱱᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ - ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216010756/http://www.chendamelam.info/ |date=16 February 2020 }} *[http://vadhyakalakal.blogspot.ae/2011/02/vadhyakalakal-vadhyakala-art-with.html ᱵᱟᱫᱷᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟ] *[http://chendatimes.blogspot.ae/ ചെണ്ട മേളം] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱛᱷᱚᱠᱚᱞᱤ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱮᱢᱵᱽᱨᱟᱱᱳᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ]] 0fhfl9piu3a3ysxhfu9e10p3qmzegjx 0 37711 196437 2026-08-12T08:16:15Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "[[File:Kerala Houseboat (191490747).jpeg|thumb|[[ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] [[File:Alappuzha Boat Beauty W.jpg|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ]] File:Kettuvallam Houseboat.jpg|th..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kerala Houseboat (191490747).jpeg|thumb|[[ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱱᱤ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ]] [[File:Alappuzha Boat Beauty W.jpg|thumb|[[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]], [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ]] [[File:Kettuvallam Houseboat.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ'' ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ]] '''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book">Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', ''Backwaters'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, p. 47, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3}}</ref> ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "News">{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/11/stories/2002031100370200.htm | title = Cruising along in designer houseboats | access-date = 2008-01-06 | last = Radhakrishnan | first = S. Anil | publisher = The Hindu, 11 March 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202145528/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/11/stories/2002031100370200.htm | archive-date = 2 February 2008 | url-status = usurped }}</ref> == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg|thumb|[[ᱱᱤᱞᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨ]], [[ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱟᱵᱽᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ]] ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ'']] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱩᱨᱩ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱳ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-boatmakers-of-beypore/article4884192.ece|title=The boat-makers of Beypore|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 July 2013|access-date=17 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|title=Ship building in Beypore|website=amartya.de|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051616/http://www.amartya.de/beypore1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book"/><ref name = "Boat2">{{cite web | url =http://www.kettuvallam.com/Content-16/Kerala-Houseboat.html | title =Cargo boats | access-date =2008-01-05 | publisher =Worldviewer | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071029111803/http://www.kettuvallam.com/Content-16/Kerala-Houseboat.html | archive-date =29 October 2007 | url-status =dead }}</ref> ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Book"/> == ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ == [[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|[[ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤᱠᱳᱰ|ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟᱴ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱵᱮᱯᱳᱨ]] ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''[[ᱩᱨᱩ (ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ)|ᱩᱨᱩ]]'', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱪᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨ]] ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾]] ᱢᱤᱫ '''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ''' ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱐.᱕ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱰᱞᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱢᱟᱫ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ, ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ, ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤ, ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱪᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''"ᱟᱱᱡᱤᱞᱤ"''' (''Artocarpus hirsuta'') ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥᱰ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ, ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name = "Boat4">{{cite web | url =http://www.keralatravels.com/houseboat/ | title = Unforgettable house boat ride| access-date = 2008-01-05 | work = Alleppey | publisher = Travel Division of Kerala.com}}</ref> ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱲᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱚᱨᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [[File:House boat fascia.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ]] ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱨᱩᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱰᱨᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱮᱠ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱱᱤ (balcony) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱴᱤᱝᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱴ, ᱥᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱠᱨᱤᱴ ᱥᱞᱮᱵᱽ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱤᱞ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ, ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭᱳ-ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱴᱮᱝᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯ, ᱴᱮᱝᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ == ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱨᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ 'ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ' ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/07/13/stories/111302c4.htm |title=Going beyond God's own country |access-date=2008-01-08 |last=Mathew |first=Mony K. |publisher=The Hindu Business Line, 13 July 2000 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220083148/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/07/13/stories/111302c4.htm |archive-date=20 December 2007 }}</ref> ᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, " 'ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ-ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ-ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"<ref name = "News"/> ᱙᱐０ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005/10/31/&prd=mp& | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520163825/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005/10/31/&prd=mp& | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 20 May 2009 | title = Eco-friendly boats to ply backwaters| access-date = 2008-01-06 | last = Abraham | first = Tanya | publisher = The Hindu, 31 October 2005 }}</ref> ᱴᱩᱨ ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱨᱤᱥᱳᱨᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ 'ᱱᱟᱫᱤ ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ' (ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031314030300.htm&date=2006/03/13/&prd=th& | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171002/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031314030300.htm&date=2006/03/13/&prd=th& | url-status =usurped | archive-date =11 July 2011 | title = Valapattanam attracting tourists| access-date = 2008-01-06 | publisher = The Hindu, 13 March 2006 }}</ref> ᱠᱟᱞᱩᱨ-ᱠᱟᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛᱷᱨᱟ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱩᱰ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news | title = Fish on the boat eating out | last = Priyadershini| first = S. | work = The Hindu | date = 13 December 2007 }}</ref> == ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ == <gallery class="center"> image:Kerala Launch.JPG|ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱤ image:Kerala Country Boat.jpg|ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫᱟ image:Enten backwaters.JPG|ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ image:Kerala Houseboat Breakfast.JPG|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ image:Kerala Houseboat View.JPG|ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ </gallery> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == <!----NO COMMERCIAL LINKS PLEASE---> {{commons category}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱵᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ]] 06ivsqfa1s80e1lxhm1zzi4r5w3j2vy 0 37712 196438 2026-08-12T08:32:31Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox food | name = ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ | image = {{multiple image |perrow = 3 |border = infobox |total_width = 300 |image1 = Pongal or Pongali being cooked in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg |image2 = Ven pongal with sambar and chutney.jpg |image3 = Sweetpongal.jpg |footer = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ); ᱵᱷᱮᱱ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ | image = {{multiple image |perrow = 3 |border = infobox |total_width = 300 |image1 = Pongal or Pongali being cooked in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg |image2 = Ven pongal with sambar and chutney.jpg |image3 = Sweetpongal.jpg |footer = ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ); ᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ (ᱛᱟᱞᱟ); ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ }} | image_size = | caption = | alternate_name = | country = ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ | region = [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | associated_cuisine = [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] | creator = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]] | variations = {{ubl|ᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ|ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ|ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ|ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ}} | calories = | other = }} '''''ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ''''' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱛᱳᱣᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ == ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱤᱨᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ]] ᱛᱮ "ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱣ" ᱥᱮ "ᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹᱣ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Festival">{{cite book|last=Verma|first=Priyanka|date= 2014|title=Pongal: Festival Of India|url={{Google books|_R8WBQAAQBAJ|page=PP4|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|pages=4}}</ref> ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞᱳ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ!" ('ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱢᱟ!') ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rambutan">{{cite book|last=Shanmugalingam|first=Cynthia|date=2022|title=Rambutan: Recipes from Sri Lanka|url={{Google books|U6VqEAAAQBAJ|page=PAPA210|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=210}}</ref> == ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ == [[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2017_-_Colnect_805331_-_Festival_Pongal.jpeg|thumb|[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ]] ᱴᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ]] ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Monk">{{cite book|author=Monks Of Kauai Aadheenam|date=1997|title=Monks' Cookbook|url={{Google books|37d_EAAAQBAJ|page=PT91|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|pages=91–92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|date= 2018|title=Everyday Ayurveda Cooking for a Calm, Clear Mind: 100 Simple Sattvic Recipes|url={{Google books|GJJPDwAAQBAJ|page=PA261|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Shambhala|pages=261}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱮᱱ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ("ᱵᱷᱮᱱ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ)<ref>{{cite dictionary|last=Winslow|first=Miron|entry=வெண் ''veṇ''|title=Winslow's A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/winslowscomprehe00mwin/page/958/mode/1up|page=958|date=1862}}</ref> ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱤᱪᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱤᱪᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱚᱨᱤᱪ, ᱟᱫᱟ, [[ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ]], ᱦᱤᱝ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱤ , ᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱴᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rambutan"/><ref name="Monk"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Manali|date= 2018|title=Vegetarian Indian Cooking with Your Instant Pot: 75 Traditional Recipes That Are Easier, Quicker and Healthier|url={{Google books|8GtuDwAAQBAJ|page=PA93|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Page Street Publishing|pages=93}}</ref> ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ("ᱥᱟᱠᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ) ᱫᱚ [[ᱜᱩᱲ]] ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ, ᱠᱟᱡᱩ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢ, ᱠᱤᱥᱢᱤᱥ, ᱡᱟᱭᱯᱷᱚᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rambutan"/><ref name="Monk" /> ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ("ᱠᱳᱡᱷᱤ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱳᱝᱜᱟᱞ ("ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ" ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱭᱟᱥᱤ) ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Rambutan" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ == {{Commons category|Pongal (dish)}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] er6k6iahestgda05x1rnj21l2z0mo08 0 37713 196439 2026-08-12T08:39:36Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox food | name = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | image = Meen curry 2 (cropped).JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Kerala-style) ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | alternate_name = ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | creator = | course = | type..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | image = Meen curry 2 (cropped).JPG | image_size = 250px | caption = ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (Kerala-style) ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | alternate_name = ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ | country = [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] | region = | creator = | course = | type = [[ᱩᱛᱩ]] | served = | main_ingredient = [[ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ)|ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱱ]], [[ᱩᱛᱩ]], [[ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ]] ([[ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱰᱤ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]]); [[ᱫᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱥᱮ [[ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ]] | variations = | calories = | other = |national_cuisine=[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]], [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ|ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]]}} '''ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱩᱛᱩ''', ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]]-ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱥᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱰᱤ ᱥᱮ [[ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱮᱞ, ᱠᱤᱝᱯᱷᱤᱥ, ᱥᱮ ᱯᱳᱢᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱫᱟᱠᱟ]] ᱥᱮ ᱴᱮᱯᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]], [[ᱜᱳᱣᱟ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLUnwHZKl0wC&dq=Malabar+matthi+curry&pg=PA41 | title=Flavours of Kerala | publisher=Dee Bee Info Publications | year=2005 | accessdate=February 21, 2012 |author1=Jacob, Hena |author2=Pushpanath, Salim | pages=40–41| isbn=9788188000074 }} {{ISBN|8188000078}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == [[File:Kerala_spicy_Fish_Curry.jpg|thumb|ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱷᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ]] [[File:TamarindAndhiaFishCurry.JPG|thumb|ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ]] ᱩᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱳᱴ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱩᱬ, ᱟᱫᱟ, ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ, ᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱜᱩᱸᱰᱟᱹ, ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ, ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ''ᱠᱩᱰᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱰᱮᱡ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱡᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱷᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱛᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="gulfvatti">{{Cite news |last=Varghese |first=Sobha |date=28 December 2022 |title=Recipe for mathi vattichathu or sardine curry |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/guide-cooking/video-recipe-for-mathi-vattichathu-or-sardine-curry-1.1672210188164 |access-date=26 July 2026 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> ''ᱠᱩᱰᱟᱢᱯᱩᱞᱤ'', ''ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱢᱢᱤ-ᱜᱩᱴᱴᱟ'' ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ, ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱡᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Regi |date=26 September 2020 |title=Kudampuli fish curry |url=https://scroll.in/food/971479/kudampuli-fish-curry |access-date=26 July 2026 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> ᱩᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ft">{{Cite journal |last1=Ashok |first1=Arathy |last2=Sreejith |first2=S. |last3=Benjamin |first3=Diana |last4=Bindu |first4=J. |last5=Gopal |first5=Nikita |year=2021 |title=Ethnic Foods and Food based Traditional Knowledge of Fishing community in Kerala, India |journal=Fishery Technology |volume=58 |pages=48–52 |url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/FT/article/view/110114/43280}}</ref> ᱮᱱ ᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥ, ''ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱷᱩᱰᱥ'' ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱢᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱴᱴᱤ'' ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="davis">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Ann Rose |year=2024 |title=Savoring traditions: culinary memory, familial identity, and authenticity of meen curry in Kerala |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=11 |at=article 41 |doi=10.1186/s42779-024-00256-0 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ-ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="ft" /> ᱤᱥᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="gulfvevi">{{Cite news |last=Varghese |first=Sobha |date=17 September 2021 |title=Traditional Kerala recipe for meen vevichathu or red fish curry |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/guide-cooking/traditional-kerala-recipe-for-meen-vevichathu-or-red-fish-curry-1.1631788381568 |access-date=26 July 2026 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbTFwAEACAAJ | title=The Complete Asian Cookbook | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=1976 | accessdate=February 21, 2012 | author=Solomon, Charmaine| isbn=9780804837576 }} {{ISBN|0070596360}}</ref> ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱪ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0956-7135(01)00058-5| title=Traditional Kerala style fish curry in indigenous retort pouch| journal=Food Control| volume=12| issue=8| pages=523–527| year=2001| last1=Gopal| first1=T.K.Srinivasa| last2=Vijayan| first2=P.K| last3=Balachandran| first3=K.K| last4=Madhavan| first4=P.| last5=Iyer| first5=T.S.G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Studies on heat processing and storage of seer fish curry in retort pouches | date=January–February 2002 | author=Shankar, C. N. Ravi| pages=3–7|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1002/pts.560 | volume=15 | journal=Packaging Technology and Science| doi-access=free }}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} === ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ === * {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501640 | title=Fifty years' reminiscences of India; a retrospect of travel, adventure and shikar | publisher=Arnold | year=1896 | accessdate=February 21, 2012 | author=Pollok, Fitz William Thomas | pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501640/page/n358 332]}} === ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ === * {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lY7AAAAMAAJ&dq=Fish+curry&pg=PA218 | title=For the Lenten Season. Food. | publisher=Good Housekeeping (Springfield, Mass) | date=March 15, 1890 | accessdate=February 21, 2012 | pages=218. Volume 10, Number 10 }} (ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱾) == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category|Fish curries of Kerala}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ]] gy0dlrdxyvod9vv4cdtrf6mb6j20ml0 0 37714 196440 2026-08-12T08:51:39Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 ᱱᱟᱣᱟ 196440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kerala boatrace.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᱩᱛᱷᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] [[File:Boat race chundan.jpg|thumb|ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ]] [[File:Nehru Trophy Boat Race - നെഹ്‌റു ട്രോഫി വള്ളംകളി - Wiki Loves Onam 2024.webm|thumb|right|ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ, ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱒᱐᱒᱔]] [[File:വെള്ളംകുളങ്ങര ചുണ്ടൻ വള്ളം.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨᱟ - ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ]] '''ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ''' (''[[ISO 15919|vaḷḷaṃ kaḷi]]'', ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ: ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ''' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱚ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0fxcuri0zw |title=Vallam Kali – Kerala's Sacred Boat Race Where Faith Rows Faster Than Speed #kerela #snakeboatrace |date=2025-08-03 |last=The Unknown India |access-date=2025-08-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref> ᱟᱨ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ|ᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ]] ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ == ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ == [[File:Vallam-kali.jpg|thumb|ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ]] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱢᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱩᱰᱟᱞ (feudal) ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱮᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ''ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ''<!--Capitalized as a proper noun in this case.--> ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karichalchundan.com/php/originVallam.php|title=karichal chundan - Nehru Trophy Winner 2016, karichal, karichalchundan, karichalchundan.com, payipad boat race, kerala snake boat race, snake boat race in india appi kerala|first=Prasanth|last=MS|website=Karichalchundan.com|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051413/http://www.karichalchundan.com/php/originVallam.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="NeethuAthul">{{Cite web |last=Neethu & Athul |date=2021-11-24 |title=Vallam Kali: The famous festival of boat race in Kerala |url=https://ourbackpacktales.com/vallam-kali-boat-race/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Our Backpack Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karichalchundan.com/php/originVallam.php|title=Origin of Vallamkali (Boat Race)|access-date=7 October 2013|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051413/http://www.karichalchundan.com/php/originVallam.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Salim M. |date=2025-07-06 |title=Boat Races (Vallam Kali) in Kerala: A Celebration of Tradition, Teamwork, and Heritage |url=https://www.klcottages.com/boat-races-vallam-kali-in-kerala-a-celebration-of-tradition-teamwork-and-heritage/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ILLIKKALAM Lakeside Cottages Kumarakom: Kumarakom Hotel Resort with Affordable Lakeside Lake Facing Cottages {{!}} Official Website. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halder |first=Asim Kumar |last2=Guohua |first2=Zheng |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Cultural Ecological Adaptation and Contemporary Development of Folk Sport: A Systematic Investigation Based on the Harvest Festival (Onam) Custom of Snake Boat Race (Vallam Kali) at Aranmula Village in Southern India |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/2277436X231207172 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |language=EN |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=120–133 |doi=10.1177/2277436X231207172 |issn=2277-436X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Famous snake boat races in Kerala {{!}} The Leela Palaces Hotels and Resorts |url=https://www.theleela.com/travel-diaries/famous-snake-boat-races-kerala |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=www.theleela.com}}</ref> ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱷᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /> ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ-ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ [[ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ]] ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Invest Kerala {{!}} The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is amongst the premier snake boat races in Kerala. |url=https://invest.kerala.gov.in/media-and-events/blogs/the-nehru-trophy-boat-race-is-amongst-the-premier-snake-boat-races-in-kerala/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=invest.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> === ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ (Globalization) === ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱠᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱯᱤᱮᱞ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥ ᱵᱳᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱟᱨᱴᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreelesh |first=V. K. |date=2019-06-27 |title=Kerala sets up SPV for Champion's Boat League {{!}} Kerala sets up SPV for Champion's Boat League |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/kerala/2019/jun/27/kerala-sets-spv-champions-boat-league |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref> ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=School Holiday on 28 August 2025: Closed in THESE States Due to Heavy Rain, Flood and Land Slide |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/school-holiday-on-28-august-2025-school-closed-in-these-states-due-to-rains-and-regional-festivals-180922 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱷᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾[[File:നെഹ്റു ട്രോഫി Nehru Trophy Boat Race 2012 7775.JPG|thumb|ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ]] === ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ === ''ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱷᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-fusion-twist-to-vanchipattu/article7514874.ece|title=A fusion twist to Vanchipattu|date=8 August 2015|first=R. Ramabhadran | last=Pillai | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=12 July 2019 }}</ref> == ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ == ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱮᱰᱟᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱱᱳ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ('ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ') ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ !ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ !ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ !ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ |- |ᱪᱩᱱᱰᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠ "ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱾" ᱑᱐᱐-᱑᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ |᱖᱔-᱑᱒᱘<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myshok |first=Mariia |date=2024-05-20 |title=Snake Boat Races (Vallam Kali) |url=https://rove.me/to/kerala/snake-boat-races-vallam-kali |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=rove.me |language=en}}</ref> |ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ) |- |ᱪᱩᱨᱩᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ, "ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱾" ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤ (symmetry) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ - ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ - ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱸᱪᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |᱓᱐-᱔᱐ |ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ |- |ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱯᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |"ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ganesh |first=K.N. |title=Exercises in Modern Kerala History |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd. |isbn=9788192282282 |edition=2nd |location=Kottayam |publication-date=2013-01-01 |pages=32–49 |language=en}}</ref> |᱒᱕-᱓᱐ |ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ |- |ᱳᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |"ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱾" ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱳ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ (sprints) ᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱤᱨᱩᱴᱴᱩᱠᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ("ᱧᱩᱛ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ") ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱧᱡᱽ (challenges) ᱟ ᱾"<ref name=":2" /> |ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ |ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ |- |ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱱᱳᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |"ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱾" ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ |ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ |- |ᱠᱳᱪᱩ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ |ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱮᱠᱴ (compact) ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱞᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱯᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ |ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ |ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ |} == ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱣᱟᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4">{{Cite web | url=https://nehrutrophy.nic.in/resources/pdf-files/2013/prd-press-release-2013-07-29-02-eng.pdf | title=Instruction for the participating boats | website=nehrutrophy.nic.in}}</ref> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱰᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱔ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱰᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=New code for Nehru Trophy Boat race: Main changes |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/08/08/new-code-of-conduct-nehru-trophy-boat-race.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ|₹]]᱑ [[ᱞᱟᱠᱷ]] ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱖ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱨᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":5" /> ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> == ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ == ᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱞᱚᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱫᱟᱱ (ᱠᱮᱯᱴᱮᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱫᱟᱱᱟᱭᱟᱢᱯᱩ (ᱨᱟᱰᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱮᱰᱟᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱯᱤᱪᱷᱤ ᱘᱐-᱑᱐᱐ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internationally famous Boat racing Festival of Kerala |url=https://www.keralapicnicspot.com/festivals/vallam-kali |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Kerala Picnic Spot |language=en-US}}</ref> ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ, ᱱᱟᱹᱬᱠᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱠᱟᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱩᱢᱟᱹᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱛᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name=":4" /> ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-15 |title=Famous Boat races in Kerala - Alleppey Houseboat Club 1 |url=https://alleppeyhouseboatclub.com/kerala-boat-race/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Boat Race: History, Types & Famous Events {{!}} keralafolklore.com |url=https://keralafolklore.com/kerala-boat-race.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=keralafolklore.com}}</ref> ᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱥᱟᱨᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ, ᱫᱷᱩᱝᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱾<ref name=":3" /> ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱥ ᱰᱨᱤᱞ (mass drill) ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /> == ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ == * ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥᱥᱟᱱᱠᱟᱫᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ * [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱱᱟᱢᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ *ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱨᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱠᱳᱱᱳᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱱᱟᱞ, ᱛᱨᱤᱯᱨᱟᱭᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ * ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟᱢᱛᱷᱤᱴᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ ᱩᱛᱷᱨᱟᱴᱴᱟᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ * ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱴᱟᱢᱩᱰᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱱᱴ'ᱥ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱞᱟᱫᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱱᱤᱨᱟᱴᱴᱩᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱢᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱯᱟᱭᱤᱯᱯᱟᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱞᱳᱛᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ * ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱜᱟᱯᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱛᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱛᱷᱟᱡᱷᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ, ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ * ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/gothuruth-boat-race.php|title=Gothuruthu Boat Race, Gothuruth Boat race, Ernakulam, Muziris Heritage Site, Kerala, India - Kerala Tourism|website=Keralatourism.org|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403113311/https://www.keralatourism.org/gothuruth-boat-race.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://gothuruthboatrace.com/ | title=Gothuruth Boat Race | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518075839/http://gothuruthboatrace.com/| archive-date=2014-05-18}}</ref> * ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱳᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱨᱟᱵᱷᱳᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱛᱷᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷᱤᱯᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ === ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ === * ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱳᱛᱷᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩᱢᱵᱷᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ * ATDC ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] * ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱱᱠᱩᱱᱱᱩ * ᱱᱤᱨᱮᱴᱴᱩᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱠᱟᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱴᱴᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟᱴᱴᱤᱱᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ * ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱢ ᱟᱨᱯᱩᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱢ * ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, [[ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ|ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ * ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱯᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ * ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱱ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱞᱳᱛᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱟᱱᱟ * ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ * ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ * ᱵᱤᱭᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱯᱳᱱᱱᱟᱱᱤ * ᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, ᱛᱷᱮᱡᱟᱥᱣᱤᱱᱤ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ, ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱜᱳᱰ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ * ᱤ. ᱠᱮ. ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ - ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱳᱞᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ, ᱢᱟᱝᱜᱟᱞᱟᱥᱥᱮᱨᱤ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ * ᱠᱩᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱯᱯᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ<ref name="kps">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapicnicspot.com/vallam-kali|title=The Internationally famous Boat racing Festival of Kerala|website=Keralapicnicspot.com|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420151542/http://www.keralapicnicspot.com/vallam-kali|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ᱠᱟᱴᱴᱟᱢᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]]<ref name="kps" /> * ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱭᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ, [[ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱭᱟᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱡᱷᱟᱭᱟᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ<ref name="kps" /> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ == {{Reflist}} == ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ == {{commons category}} * [http://snakeboatrace.com/ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37081393 ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ] * [https://championsboatleague.in/index.html ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥ ᱵᱳᱴ ᱞᱤᱜᱽ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014071203/https://championsboatleague.in/index.html |date=14 October 2022 }} * [http://www.aranmula.net ᱟᱨᱟᱱᱢᱩᱞᱟ] * [http://www.nehrutrophyboatrace.com ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803041721/http://www.nehrutrophyboatrace.com/ |date=3 August 2014 }} * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9081647335832289546 ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱳ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235114/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9081647335832289546 |date=19 May 2011 }} * [http://gamezindia.com/guest/gameplay.php?gId=46 www.gamezindia.com ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱢ]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * [http://www.alappuzhaonline.com/snake-boat-races-alappuzha.htm ᱵᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ] * [http://www.keralatourism.org/gothuruth-boat-race.php ᱑᱙᱓᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱛᱷᱩᱨᱩᱛᱷ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403113311/https://www.keralatourism.org/gothuruth-boat-race.php |date=3 April 2022 }} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱮᱰᱞᱤᱝ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱳᱰ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] 4i10yx37ocuxr723knd8pr9zzc1w86z 0 37715 196441 2026-08-12T09:02:06Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ | type = ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ | image = Shiva Nataraja and Parvati, Thousand-Pillared Hall, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai.jpg | caption = [[ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ | observances =..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ | type = ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ | image = Shiva Nataraja and Parvati, Thousand-Pillared Hall, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai.jpg | caption = [[ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱫᱚ [[ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ]] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱠᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]], [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]] ᱨᱮ | observances = [[ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ]], [[ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠᱟ]], [[ᱯᱩᱡᱟ (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ)|ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ]], ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ, [[ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱜᱟᱢ]], ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ | observedby = [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ]] | longtype = ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ | date = [[ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱡᱷᱤ|ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱞᱤ]] | date2023 = ᱖ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ (ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ); ᱒᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ (ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ)<ref>[https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/arudra-darshan/arudra-darshan-date-time.html?year=2023 Arudra Darshan]</ref> | significance = ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ [[ᱥᱤᱵᱽ]] ᱟᱜ [[ᱚᱨᱫᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ]] ᱨᱩᱯ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ | frequency = ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ / ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ | duration = ᱑᱐ ᱫᱤᱱ }} '''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ''' (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ '''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ''' ᱥᱮ '''ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ''' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ|ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ [[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3992&Cat=3|title=திருவாரூர் கோயிலில் திருவாதிரை திருவிழா – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155434/http://dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3992&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/2013-12-16-Spiritual-News--Happiness-gives-darshan-Arudra|title=Error -DailyThanthi|website=dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/arudra-darshan/arudra-darshan-date-time.html|title=2018 Arudra Darshan Date and Time for Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India|first=Adarsh Mobile Applications|last=LLP|website=drikpanchang.com}}</ref> ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ'' (ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱛᱮ "ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱣ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://captainnews.net/?p=14319|title=சிதம்பரம் நடராஜர் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசன திருவிழா – Captain News|website=captainnews.net|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220001808/http://captainnews.net/?p=14319|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.co.in/tag/arudra-darisanam-in-chidambaram |title=Arudra Darisanam in Chidambaram &#124; Festivals of India |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155333/http://www.festivalsofindia.co.in/tag/arudra-darisanam-in-chidambaram |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ (ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ-ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱤᱰᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱫᱟᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱛᱷᱟᱢᱠᱳᱨ ᱫᱮᱵᱟᱥᱣᱚᱢ ᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ, ᱟᱨ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ'' (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾ [[File:Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchipuram Natarajar.jpeg|thumb|220x200px|right|[[ᱮᱠᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ (ᱠᱟᱧᱪᱤᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ)]]]] ==ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ (ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ== ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱫᱤᱨᱟᱭ – ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ''ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ'' (halls) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ: # '''ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ''' (ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ) – ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ (ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ), ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ # '''ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ''' (ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱞ) – [[ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ # '''ᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ''' (ᱨᱩᱵᱤ ᱦᱚᱞ) – ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟᱱᱠᱟᱰᱩ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ # '''ᱛᱟᱢᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ''' (ᱛᱟᱢᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱞ) – [[ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱱᱮᱞᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ]], ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ # '''ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ''' (ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱞ) – ᱠᱩᱴᱨᱟᱞᱟᱢ (ᱠᱳᱨᱴᱟᱞᱞᱟᱢ), ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱞᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱤᱯᱤᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠᱟᱢ'' (ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱩᱢ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢᱟᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ (ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓:᱐᱐ AM) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱓-᱔ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱢ'' (ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ) ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ''ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ'' (ᱩᱠᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ, ''ᱯᱟᱱᱪᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱤᱛᱷᱤ ᱩᱞᱟ'' (ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱤᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱠᱟᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ (ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|last1=K|first1=Kandaswamy|title=Arudra Darisanam Schedule in Chidambaram|url=https://skanda-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/arudra-darisanam-date-chidambaram-schedule-thillai-thiruvathirai.html|website=Live Trend|publisher=K Kandaswamy|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱥᱟ (ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱧ) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱥᱭᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱭᱟᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱟᱫᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/arudra-darisanam-today-know-all-about-this-day-dedicated-to-lord-shiva/700691 Arudra Darisanam: Know all about this day dedicated to Lord Shiva]</ref> ==ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ== ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ (ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱟᱡᱷᱤ (ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ-ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱯᱩᱨᱱᱤᱢᱟ|ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ]] ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/arudra.html|title=Arudra Darisanam|first=Kanniks|last=Kannikeswaran|website=templenet.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=8148|title=Live Chennai: Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram – Commenced with Flag Hoisting, Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram, Flag Hoisting, Chidambaram, Natarajar Temple|last=J.Sampath|website=livechennai.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=1757&Cat=3|title=ஆடல் அரசனின் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219171453/http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=1757&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱑,᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ" ᱟᱨ ''ᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱛᱷᱤᱨ" ᱥᱮ "ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ") ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/sunday_kondattam/2013/07/28/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE/article1706041.ece|title=ஆடி மாதத்து ஆதிரை விழா|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://saivanarpani.org/home/?p=302 |title=திருவாதிரைத் திருநாள் &#124; Saivanarpani.org |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220052511/http://saivanarpani.org/home/?p=302 |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> ===ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱨᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ (Liturgical) ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠᱠᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ''ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱪᱟᱠᱟᱢ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ]] ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ''ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱮᱢᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱯᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱮᱞᱩᱪᱤ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ (ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤ (ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ) ᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ===ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ=== ᱛᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ (᱗-᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ CE) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ (ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱟᱯᱳᱨ, [[ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ]]) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaram.com/CompleteArticle.aspx?aid=541805&ln=ta |title=தமில் ஆக்ரிகேடர் &#124; Tamil news &#124; Tamil blogs &#124; Tamil movies &#124; Tamil songs &#124; kavita &#124; politics &#124; |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072400/http://www.haaram.com/CompleteArticle.aspx?aid=541805&ln=ta |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱨ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱗-ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱫᱷᱩ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱜᱟᱢ (᱑᱐-ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ) ᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saivanarpani.org/home/?question=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D|title=Saivanarpani|website=saivanarpani.org|date=24 March 2018 }}</ref> ᱟᱯᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ''᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ'' ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱨᱩᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaivam.org/tamil/thirumurai/thiru04_021.htm|title=Thiruvarur Thiruvathirai Thiruppathigam – முத்து விதான – திருவாரூர் திருவாதிரைத் திருப்பதிகம் – திருநாவுக்கரசர் தேவாரம்|website=shaivam.org|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706004036/http://www.shaivam.org/tamil/thirumurai/thiru04_021.htm|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l4100/l4100uri.jsp?song_no=1505&book_id=120&head_id=7&sub_id=1477 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219181511/http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l4100/l4100uri.jsp?song_no=1505&book_id=120&head_id=7&sub_id=1477 |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref> ===ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ=== ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ, ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ, ᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photofeature.templesonnet.com/arudra-darisanam/lord-natarajar.shtml|title=Lord Natarajar Chidambaram Thiruvathirai – Aarudhra Darshan Thiruvathirai – Arudra darisanam darshanam|website=photofeature.templesonnet.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219160600/http://photofeature.templesonnet.com/arudra-darisanam/lord-natarajar.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.astroved.com/blogs/appreciation-of-the-cosmic-dance-of-lord-shiva-arudra-darshan Appreciation of the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darshan]</ref><ref name="hindusphere"/> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ-ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ (''ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ'') ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref name="hindusphere">{{cite web|url=http://hindusphere.com/arudra-darisenam|title=Arudra Darshan|website=hindusphere.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2007/12/significance-of-arudhra-darshan.html|title=Significance of Arudhra Darshan – Date of Arudra Darshan in 2018 – Celebration of the Cosmic Dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darisanam in Margazhi Month – Hindu Blog|website=hindu-blog.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/rituals-ceremonies-pujas/3586-arudra-darisanam.html|title=Arudra Darisanam|website=tamilbrahmins.com|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010444/http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/rituals-ceremonies-pujas/3586-arudra-darisanam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾<ref name="hindusphere"/> ===ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ (Global) ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/religion/2013/12/19/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0/article1953474.ece|title=காஞ்சிபுரத்தில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் கோலாகலம்|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-namakkal/news/876610|title=சிவன் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்|date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/temple_videos.php|title=Temple Videos – Arudhra Festival – Uthirakosamangai – Uthirakosamangai Arudhra Festival – ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்|website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eegarai.net/t105780-topic|title=திருவாதிரை நட்சத்திர நாயகன்}}</ref> ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ([[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱟᱨ [[ᱫᱟᱹᱞ]] ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ''ᱱᱮᱭᱵᱷᱮᱫᱷᱭᱟᱢ'' (ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱱ) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeyashriskitchen.com/2012/01/thiruvadirai-kali-recipe-thiruvathira.html|title=THIRUVADIRAI KALI RECIPE -THIRUVATHIRA KALI|date=5 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10202:2013-12-02-14-04-37&catid=80:2010-12-15-03-42-47&Itemid=509|title=ஈழத்து சிதம்பரம் – காரைநகர் சிவன் ஆலய சிறப்பும் மார்கழி திருவாதிரை விழாவும்|last=Administrator|website=panippulam.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219202449/http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10202:2013-12-02-14-04-37&catid=80:2010-12-15-03-42-47&Itemid=509|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinakkathir.com/?p=55075|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205558/http://www.thinakkathir.com/?p=55075|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 January 2014|title=திருவெம்பாவை விரதத்தின் இறுதி நாளான இன்று திருவாதிரை சிறப்புப் பூஜைகள் நடைபெற்றன. – Thinakkathir|first=S.M Media|last=Network|website=thinakkathir.com}}</ref> [[ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ]] ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱭᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Eelathu Chithambaram (Karainagar Sivan Temple) |url=https://tourismnorth.lk/destinations/show/eelathu-chithambaram-karainagar-sivan-temple- |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=tourismnorth.lk |publisher=[[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] Tourism Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱨᱮᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟᱨ (ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱷᱤᱱᱱᱟᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ "ᱤᱞᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱷᱟᱢᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢ" ("ᱥᱤᱞᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ") ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱳᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ===ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ=== ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ-ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://templesinindiainfo.com/2023-arudra-darshan-pooja-time-and-puja-date/ 2023 Arudra Darshan Pooja Time And Puja Dates]</ref> ==ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ== ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱝᱜᱩᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱞ-ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱮᱢᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱱᱳᱱᱵᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>[http://www.puthiyatamil.net/t42295-topic#axzz2nuLl0IAv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219064347/http://www.puthiyatamil.net/t42295-topic#axzz2nuLl0IAv|date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=905:2010-12-11-13-44-16&catid=58:football&Itemid=386 |title=மார்கழி நோன்பு - திருவெம்பாவை விரதம் - திருவெம்பாவை, திருப்பாவை, திருபள்ளியெழுச்சி தோத்திரங்கள் இணைப்பு |access-date=2014-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204331/http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=905:2010-12-11-13-44-16&catid=58:football&Itemid=386 |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ (''ᱯᱟᱞᱞᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱟᱵᱷᱩ'') ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱟ ᱾ ===ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ=== ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * '''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ''': [[ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ]], [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱢᱩᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ, ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ, ᱮᱞᱟᱪᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ * '''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱡᱷᱩ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱩ''': ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱩᱛᱩ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱦᱸᱰᱟ, ᱮᱥ ᱜᱳᱨᱰ, ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱨᱠᱮᱸᱫᱽ, ᱥᱟᱨᱩ, ᱟᱞᱩ, ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ]] ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinaethal.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0 |title=திருவாதிரை களி திருவாதிரை கூட்டு &#124; Dinaethal |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073455/http://www.dinaethal.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0 |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> ===ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ=== ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ (ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱩᱯ) ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * '''ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚᱢ ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠᱟᱢ''': ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱢᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (''ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱛᱱᱚᱢ'') ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ [[ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ]], ᱢᱩᱝᱜᱟ, ᱢᱩᱛᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱩᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3995&Cat=3|title=ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்: சிவ ஆலயங்களில் நடராஜபெருமானுக்கு சிறப்பு அபிஷேகங்கள்! – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155322/http://dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3995&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''ᱨᱟᱛᱷᱳᱛᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱢ (ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ)''': ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱴᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤ (ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ''': ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱱᱫᱟ ᱛᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱷᱟ (ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱫᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ==ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ== [[File:Thiruvathirakkali.jpg|Thiruvathirakali|thumb|right]] [[File:Thiruvathira Kali During Onam.jpg|thumb|250px|ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]] ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱞᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ {{Transliteration|hi|ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟᱛᱨᱟ}} (ᱤᱯᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱤ ({{Transliteration|hi|ᱥᱟᱦᱟ-ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱤᱱᱤ}}) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱫᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱥᱣᱟᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ (ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱥᱤᱵᱽ, ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ) ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/tubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala/article30522721.ece|title=Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite book|last=Panikkar|first=T. K. Gopal|title=Malabar and its folk|publisher=G.A. Natesan|year=1900|url=https://archive.org/details/malabaranditsfo00aligoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/malabaranditsfo00aligoog/page/n121 103]|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref> ===ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ=== ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱵᱤᱥᱩ]] ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: * '''ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ''': ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ (''ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱭᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟᱛᱨᱟ'') ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [[File:Thiruvathira puzhukku 2.jpg|thumb|100x200px|right|ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱩᱡᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩ]] [[File:Thiruvathira ettangadi.jpg|thumb|300x140px|right|ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱮᱴᱴᱟᱝᱜᱟᱰᱤ]] * '''ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ''': ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: ** ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱢ ᱾ ** '''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱩᱡᱷᱩᱠᱠᱩ''': ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱡᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱩ (ᱥᱟᱨᱩ, ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱟᱞᱩ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱨᱠᱮᱸᱫᱽ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱵᱤᱱᱥ, ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱮᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱯᱮᱥᱴ ᱾ ** '''ᱠᱩᱵᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱭᱟᱥᱟᱢ''': ᱮᱨᱟᱨᱩᱴ ᱯᱟᱣᱰᱟᱨ, [[ᱜᱩᱲ]], ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱠᱚᱲ ᱛᱳᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱾ ===ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ=== ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ, ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ''ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱩ'' (ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱠᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ''ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞᱟᱠᱠᱩ'' (ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱟᱥᱭᱟ'' (ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ, ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ) ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/nirmala-paniker-on-the-history-and-significance-of-thiruvathirakali/article22287218.ece Blend of rhythm and grace]</ref> ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱫᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱠᱳᱴᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱤ – "ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱚ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ), ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' (ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ) ᱟᱨ ''ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩ'' (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱢᱮᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱣᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/thiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html|title=Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth}}</ref> ==ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ== ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱣᱮᱱᱴᱤ᱒᱐ ᱠᱤᱡᱷᱟᱠᱠᱟᱢᱵᱟᱞᱟᱢ, ᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱳᱱᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱴᱤ (CSR) ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ, ᱪᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱵᱷᱟᱱᱮᱱᱰᱩ ᱤᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱖,᱕᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱑᱐-᱗᱕) ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ [[ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ|ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱠᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ''ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱵᱷᱩ ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱩ'' ᱟᱨ ''ᱱᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ'' ᱛᱮ ᱑᱖-ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱝᱠᱨᱳᱱᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽᱰ (synchronized) ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱥ ᱮᱰᱡᱩᱰᱤᱠᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭ (certified) ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ===ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ=== * '''᱒᱐᱑᱕''': ᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒೦᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱤᱱᱡᱟᱞᱟᱠᱩᱰᱟ, ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱕,᱒᱑᱑ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾<ref name="TheHindu2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mega-dance-enters-guinness-records/article6850916.ece |title=Mega dance enters Guinness records |work=The Hindu |date=2015-02-03 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> * '''᱒೦᱑᱒''': ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱱᱰᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒೦᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ [[ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ]] ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱳᱢᱵᱤᱵᱷᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒,᱖᱓᱙ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱥ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱥ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤᱥ, ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱥ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱥ, ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱤᱜᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/A-new-%E2%80%98thiruvathira-world-record-in-the-offing/2013/11/06/article1874775.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220300/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/A-new-%E2%80%98thiruvathira-world-record-in-the-offing/2013/11/06/article1874775.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=A new 'thiruvathira' world record in the offing}}</ref> * '''᱒᱐᱑᱓''': ᱑᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒０᱑᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱓,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱟᱛᱷᱤᱨᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ (᱑᱘ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱓) ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾<ref name="TheHindu2015" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Thiruvathira-Dancers-Set-World-Record/2013/12/15/article1946539.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155718/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Thiruvathira-Dancers-Set-World-Record/2013/12/15/article1946539.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|title=Thiruvathira Dancers Set World Record}}</ref> == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱩᱨᱱᱤᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ]] svjo6osw3hbrb9jcvsepem4us206y1v 0 37716 196442 2026-08-12T09:07:30Z ᱤᱧ ᱢᱟᱛᱟᱞ 5347 "{{Infobox recurring event | name = ᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ | native_name = {{lang|ml|ഇരുപത്തിയെട്ടാം ഓണം}} | native_name_lang = ml | genre = ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱤᱨᱚᱜ | begins = [[ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ | location = [[ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ]], ᱠ..." ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 196442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event | name = ᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ | native_name = {{lang|ml|ഇരുപത്തിയെട്ടാം ഓണം}} | native_name_lang = ml | genre = ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱤᱨᱚᱜ | begins = [[ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ | location = [[ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ]], [[ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]], [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] | venue = [[ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ|ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ]] | status = ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ }} '''ᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ''' (ഇരുപത്തിയെട്ടാം ഓണം; ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ") ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ [[ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ]] ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱱᱟᱴᱴᱩᱠᱟᱨᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ [[ᱳᱱᱟᱢ]] ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱷᱤᱨᱩᱵᱷᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱒᱘ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ '''ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩ''' ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="KT_Kalakettu">{{cite web |title=Ochira Kalakettu of Ochira Parabrahma Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2018/ochira-kalakettu/842 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ == ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ == ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="KT_Kalavela">{{cite web |title=Oachira Kalavela - Onam Rituals |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/onam/onam-rituals/ochira-kalavela |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱤᱨᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱤᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴᱴᱟᱢ ᱳᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="DTPC">{{cite web |title=Oachira Parabrahma Temple |url=https://www.dtpckollam.com/destination/oachira-parabrahma-temple |website=DTPC Kollam |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ === ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ === ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ '''ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩ''' (ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱛᱚᱞ") ᱾ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱥ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ-ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ''ᱠᱮᱴᱴᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱟᱞ'' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="KT_Kalakettu"/> ᱾ * '''ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ:''' ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱵᱩᱥᱩᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="DTPC"/> ᱾ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱭᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨᱥᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ * '''ᱡᱟᱛᱨᱟ:''' ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱞᱮᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ''ᱠᱟᱨᱟ'' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ<ref name="Hindu_Kala">{{cite news |title=Grand finale to Oachira festival today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/grand-finale-to-oachira-festival-today/article7856721.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 November 2015 |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ === ᱴᱷᱟᱶ === ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ '''ᱯᱟᱫᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢ''' (ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱪᱤᱨᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱜᱽᱨᱤᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ<ref name="KTI">{{cite web |title=Oachira Parabrahma Temple |url=https://keralatemples.info/temple-details/oachira-parabrahma-temple |website=Kerala Temples Info |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱟ<ref name="Onam_Rituals">{{cite web |title=Oachira Kalavela |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/onam/onam-rituals/ochira-kalavela |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> ᱾ == ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ == {{reflist}} [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ]] [[ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ]] 0vzx0zzm21fomt928h8atb69mb2exvc